msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: Free Culture by Lawrence Lessig\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-07-29 12:26+0300\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-07-29 14:45+0300\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2012-07-13 21:50+0200\n"
"Last-Translator: Petter Reinholdtsen <pere@hungry.com>\n"
"Language-Team: Norwegian Bokmål <i18n-nb@lister.ping.uio.no>\n"
"endringene jeg beskriver påvirker verdier som begge sider av vår politiske "
"kultur anser som grunnleggende."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><indexterm><primary>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><indexterm><primary>
msgid "CodePink Women in Peace"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para><indexterm><primary>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Safire, William"
msgstr "Safire, William"
"inngå en eksklusiv avtale med Delta Airlines? Kan vi gjennomføre en auksjon "
"for å finne ut hvor mye disse rettighetene er verdt?"
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><indexterm><primary>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Causby, Thomas Lee"
msgstr "Causby, Thomas Lee"
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><indexterm><primary>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Causby, Tinie"
msgstr "Causby, Tinie"
"internettets \"pirater\" også fjerne verdier fra vår kultur som har vært "
"integrert til vår tradisjon helt fra starten."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Netanel, Neil Weinstock"
msgstr "Netanel, Neil Weinstock"
"de betalte komponist (eller opphavsrettsinnehaver) gebyr som er angitt av "
"Vedtektene."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Grisham, John"
msgstr "Grisham, John"
"opphavsretten internasjonalt. Vi kan ha vært født en pirat nasjon, men vi "
"tillater ikke noen annen nasjon til å ha en lignende barndom."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Drahos, Peter"
msgstr "Drahos, Peter"
"these nations, this piracy is wrong."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Liebowitz, Stan"
msgstr "Liebowitz, Stan"
"for en tid-teknologien, er det galt å ta eiendom uten tillatelse fra eieren "
"av en egenskap. Det er akkurat hva \"property\" betyr."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Linux operating system"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
"Fred Warshofsky, The Patent Wars (New York: Wiley, 1994), 170–71."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para><indexterm><primary>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Gates, Bill"
msgstr "Gates, Bill"
"eieren og få tillatelse til å bygge på hans arbeid. fremtiden vil bli "
"kontrollert av denne døde (og ofte unfindable) hånden av fortiden."
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><title>
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
msgid "CONCLUSION"
msgstr "Konklusjon"
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"There are more than 35 million people with the AIDS virus worldwide. Twenty-"
"five million of them live in sub-Saharan Africa. Seventeen million have "
"proporsjonalt med syv millioner amerikanere. Viktigere er det at dette er "
"17 millioner afrikanere."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"There is no cure for AIDS, but there are drugs to slow its progression. "
"These antiretroviral therapies are still experimental, but they have already "
"usynlig."
#. f1.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, \"Final Report: Integrating "
"Intellectual Property Rights and Development Policy\" (London, 2002), "
"juli 2002, mottar kun 320 000 av de 6 millioner som trenger medisiner i "
"utviklingsland dem de trenger—og halvparten av dem er i Brasil."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"These drugs are expensive. When they were first introduced in the United "
"States, they cost between $10,000 and $15,000 per person per year. Today, "
"\"0\"/>"
#. PAGE BREAK 265
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"These prices are not high because the ingredients of the drugs are "
"expensive. These prices are high because the drugs are protected by patents. "
"hente ut så mye de kan fra markedet. Ved hjelp av denne makten holder de "
"prisene høye."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"There are many who are skeptical of patents, especially drug patents. I am "
"not. Indeed, of all the areas of research that might be supported by "
"som vil argumentere for at loven skal avskaffe dette, i det minste uten "
"andre endringer."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"But it is one thing to support patents, even drug patents. It is another "
"thing to determine how best to deal with a crisis. And as African leaders "
"se etter måter å importere HIV-medisiner til kostnader betydelig under "
"markedspris."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><indexterm><primary>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Braithwaite, John"
msgstr "Braithwaite, John"
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism: "
"Who Owns the Knowledge Economy?</citetitle> (New York: The New Press, 2003), "
"37. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm"
"\" id=\"1\"/>"
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"In 1997, South Africa tried one tack. It passed a law to allow the "
"importation of patented medicines that had been produced or sold in another "
"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
#. f3.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent "
"Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a "
msgstr ""
#. f4.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent "
"Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a "
"rapport forberedt for the World Intellectual Property Organization</"
"citetitle> (Washington, D.C., 2000), 15."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"However, the United States government opposed the bill. Indeed, more than "
"opposed. As the International Intellectual Property Association "
"effekt på behandlingen av AIDS i Sør-Afrika.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
"id=\"1\"/>"
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"We should place the intervention by the United States in context. No doubt "
"patents are not the most important reason that Africans don't have access to "
"prisen. Så uansett, massiv eller marginal, så var det en effekt av våre "
"myndigheters intervensjon for å stoppe flyten av medisiner inn til Afrika."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"By stopping the flow of HIV treatment into Africa, the United States "
"government was not saving drugs for United States citizens. This is not "
"i Afrika og gjøre disse kjemikaliene om til medisiner som kan redde 15 til "
"30 millioner liv."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"Nor was the intervention by the United States going to protect the profits "
"of United States drug companies—at least, not substantially. It was "
#. f5.
#. PAGE BREAK 333
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"See Sabin Russell, \"New Crusade to Lower AIDS Drug Costs: Africa's Needs at "
"Odds with Firms' Profit Motive,\" <citetitle>San Francisco Chronicle</"
"<citetitle>Widener Law Symposium Journal</citetitle> (Spring 2001): 175."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"Instead, the argument in favor of restricting this flow of information, "
"which was needed to save the lives of millions, was an argument about the "
"\"intellektuell eiendom\" som fikk disse myndighetsaktørene til å "
"intervenere mot Sør-Afrikas mottiltak mot AIDS."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"Now just step back for a moment. There will be a time thirty years from now "
"when our children look back at us and ask, how could we have let this "
"mange døde? Hva slags galskap er det egentlig som tillater at så mange dør "
"for slik en abstraksjon?"
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"Some blame the drug companies. I don't. They are corporations. Their "
"managers are ordered by law to make money for the corporation. They push a "
"penger på grunn av en slags korrupsjon i vårt politiske system— en "
"korrupsjon som farmasiselskapene helt klart ikke er ansvarlige for."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"The corruption is our own politicians' failure of integrity. For the drug "
"companies would love—they say, and I believe them—to sell their "
"overvunnet."
#. PAGE BREAK 268
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"A different problem, however, could not be overcome. This is the fear of the "
"grandstanding politician who would call the presidents of the drug companies "
"rasjonelle strategien rammes dermed inn ved hjel av dette ideal—"
"helligheten til en idé som kalles \"immaterielle rettigheter\"."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"So when the common sense of your child confronts you, what will you say? "
"When the common sense of a generation finally revolts against what we have "
"sunne fornuften hos en generasjon endelig gjør opprør mot hva vi har gjort, "
"hvordan vil vi rettferdiggjøre det? Hva er argumentet?"
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"A sensible patent policy could endorse and strongly support the patent "
"system without having to reach everyone everywhere in exactly the same way. "
"patentpolitikken i denne forstand vært balansert."
#. PAGE BREAK 269
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"But we as a culture have lost this sense of balance. We have lost the "
"critical eye that helps us see the difference between truth and extremism. "
"som vil gjenvinne retten til å dyrke vår kultur er å finne en måte å få "
"denne sunne fornuften til å åpne sine øyne."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"So far, common sense sleeps. There is no revolt. Common sense does not yet "
"see what there could be to revolt about. The extremism that now dominates "
"for fri kultur."
#. f6.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para><footnote><para>
#, fuzzy
#| msgid ""
#| "Jonathan Krim, \"The Quiet War over Open-Source,\" Washington Post, "
"National Journal's Technology Daily, 19. august 2003, tilgjengelig fra "
"<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #61</ulink>."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
msgid "PLoS (Public Library of Science)"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"In August 2003, a fight broke out in the United States about a decision by "
"the World Intellectual Property Organization to cancel a meeting."
"frigjorde tidlig på 1980-tallet. Og det inkluderte \"åpen kildekode og fri "
"programvare\". <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"The aim of the meeting was to consider this wide range of projects from one "
"common perspective: that none of these projects relied upon intellectual "
"begrensninger på hvordan proprietære krav kan bli brukt."
#. f7.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"I should disclose that I was one of the people who asked WIPO for the "
"meeting."
msgstr "Jeg bør nevne at jeg var en av folkene som ba WIPO om dette møtet."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"From the perspective of this book, then, the conference was ideal."
"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The projects within its scope "
"drev med immaterielle rettighetsspørsmål."
#. PAGE BREAK 271
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"Indeed, I was once publicly scolded for not recognizing this fact about "
"WIPO. In February 2003, I delivered a keynote address to a preparatory "
"immaterielle rettigheter som trengs, siden etter mitt syn, hadde selve ideen "
"om en balanse rundt immaterielle rettigheter hadde gått tapt."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"So whether or not WSIS can discuss balance in intellectual property, I had "
"thought it was taken for granted that WIPO could and should. And thus the "
"møtet om \"åpne og samarbeidende prosjekter for å skape fellesgoder\" virker "
"å passe perfekt for WIPOs agenda."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"But there is one project within that list that is highly controversial, at "
"least among lobbyists. That project is \"open source and free software.\" "
"programvare,\" til sine egne interne behov."
#. f8.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para><footnote><para>
#, fuzzy
#| msgid ""
#| "Microsoft's position about free and open source software is more "
"ved New York University Stern School of Business (3. mai 2001), tilgjengelig "
"fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #63</ulink>."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
#, fuzzy
#| msgid ""
#| "I don't mean to enter that debate here. It is important only to make "
"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
#. PAGE BREAK 272
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"More important for our purposes, to support \"open source and free software"
"\" is not to oppose copyright. \"Open source and free software\" is not "
"opphavsrettsloven som Microsoft."
#. f9.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Krim, \"The Quiet War over Open-Source,\" available at <ulink url=\"http://"
"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #64</ulink>."
"Krim, \"The Quiet War over Open-Source,\" tilgjengelig fra <ulink url="
"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #64</ulink>."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"It is therefore understandable that as a proprietary software developer, "
"Microsoft would oppose this WIPO meeting, and understandable that it would "
"slikt møte.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Og uten støtte fra USA "
"ble møtet avlyst."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"I don't blame Microsoft for doing what it can to advance its own interests, "
"consistent with the law. And lobbying governments is plainly consistent with "
"lobbyvirksomhet, og ikke veldig overraskende at den mektigste "
"programvareprodusenten i USA har lyktes med sin lobbyvirksomhet."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"What was surprising was the United States government's reason for opposing "
"the meeting. Again, as reported by Krim, Lois Boland, acting director of "
"holde et møte som har som formål å fraskrive seg eller frafalle slike "
"rettigheter synes for oss å være i strid med formålene til WIPO.\""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid "These statements are astonishing on a number of levels."
msgstr "Disse utsagnene er forbløffende på flere nivåer."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"First, they are just flat wrong. As I described, most open source and free "
"software relies fundamentally upon the intellectual property right called "
"jusstudent, men pinlig fra en høyt plassert statstjenestemann som håndterer "
"utfordringer rundt immaterielle rettigheter."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"Second, who ever said that WIPO's exclusive aim was to \"promote\" "
"intellectual property maximally? As I had been scolded at the preparatory "
"immaterielle rettigheter? Ville det vært bedre om internettets protokoller "
"hadde vært patentert?"
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"Third, even if one believed that the purpose of WIPO was to maximize "
"intellectual property rights, in our tradition, intellectual property rights "
"\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
#. PAGE BREAK 274
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"When Ms. Boland says that there is something wrong with a meeting \"which "
"has as its purpose to disclaim or waive such rights,\" she's saying that "
"interessen til WIPO ikke bare er maksimale immaterielle rettigheter, men "
"også at de skal utøves på den mest ekstreme og restriktive mulig måten."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"There is a history of just such a property system that is well known in the "
"Anglo-American tradition. It is called \"feudalism.\" Under feudalism, not "
"avhengig av maksimal kontroll og konsentrasjon. Det sloss mot enhver frihet "
"som kunne forstyrre denne kontrollen."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para><footnote><para>
#, fuzzy
#| msgid ""
#| "See Drahos with Braithwaite, Information Feudalism, 210–20. "
"Se Drahos og Braithwaite, Information Feudalism, 210–20. <placeholder "
"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"As Peter Drahos and John Braithwaite relate, this is precisely the choice we "
"are now making about intellectual property.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id="
"<emphasis>fritt</emphasis> eller <emphasis>føydalt</emphasis>. Trenden er "
"mot det føydale."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"When this battle broke, I blogged it. A spirited debate within the comment "
"section ensued. Ms. Boland had a number of supporters who tried to show why "
"kommentar som gjorde meg trist. En anonym kommentator skrev,"
#. PAGE BREAK 275
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><blockquote><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><blockquote><para>
msgid ""
"George, you misunderstand Lessig: He's only talking about the world as it "
"should be (\"the goal of WIPO, and the goal of any government, should be to "
"slik Lessig vil at den skal være, er det åpenbart at hun har sagt noe galt. "
"En må alltid være oppmerksom på forskjellen mellom Lessigs og vår verden."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"I missed the irony the first time I read it. I read it quickly and thought "
"the poster was supporting the idea that seeking balance was what our "
"republikanere eller demokrater. Min eneste tilsynelatende illusjon er "
"hvorvidt våre myndigheter bør snakke sant eller ikke.)"
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"Obviously, however, the poster was not supporting that idea. Instead, the "
"poster was ridiculing the very idea that in the real world, the \"goal\" of "
"avslørte åpenbart, trodde han, min egen tåpelige utopisme. \"Typisk for en "
"akademiker\", kunne forfatteren like gjerne ha fortsatt."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"I understand criticism of academic utopianism. I think utopianism is silly, "
"too, and I'd be the first to poke fun at the absurdly unrealistic ideals of "
"urealisistiske idealer til akademikere gjennom historien (og ikke bare i "
"vårt eget lands historie)."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"But when it has become silly to suppose that the role of our government "
"should be to \"seek balance,\" then count me with the silly, for that means "
"blitt?"
#. PAGE BREAK 276
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"It might be crazy to expect a high government official to speak the truth. "
"It might be crazy to believe that government policy will be something more "
"for å bevare en tradisjon som har vært en del av vår tradisjon for "
"mesteparten av vår historie—fri kultur."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para><indexterm><primary>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Turner, Ted"
msgstr "Turner, Ted"
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"If this is crazy, then let there be more crazies. Soon. There are moments "
"of hope in this struggle. And moments that surprise. When the FCC was "
"krav om flere høringer og et annet resultat. <placeholder type=\"indexterm"
"\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"This activism did not stop the FCC, but soon after, a broad coalition in the "
"Senate voted to reverse the FCC decision. The hostile hearings leading up to "
"ingen betydnigsfull støtte for FCCs avgjørelse, mens det var bred og "
"vedvarende støtte for å bekjempe ytterligere konsentrasjon i media."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"But even this movement misses an important piece of the puzzle. Largeness "
"as such is not bad. Freedom is not threatened just because some become very "
"aktører. Den dårlige kvaliteten til Big Macs eller Quartar Punders betyr "
"ikke at du ikke kan få en god hamburger andre steder."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"The danger in media concentration comes not from the concentration, but "
"instead from the feudalism that this concentration, tied to the change in "
"eiendomsrettigheter i en historisk ekstrem form—som gjør størrelsen "
"ille."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"It is therefore significant that so many would rally to demand competition "
"and increased diversity. Still, if the rally is understood as being about "
"historie med å slåss mot \"stort\", klokt eller ikke. At vi kan være "
"motivert til å slåss mot \"store\" igjen ikke noe nytt."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"It would be something new, and something very important, if an equal number "
"could be rallied to fight the increasing extremism built within the idea of "
"tenke kritisk på omfanget av alt som kalles \"eiendom\" ikke er lenger er "
"godt trent i denne tradisjonen."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"If we were Achilles, this would be our heel. This would be the place of our "
"tragedy."
"Hvis vi var Akilles, så ville dette være vår hæl. Dette ville være stedet "
"for våre tragedie."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><indexterm><primary>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Dylan, Bob"
msgstr "Dylan, Bob"
#. f11.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para><footnote><para>
#, fuzzy
#| msgid ""
#| "John Borland, \"RIAA Sues 261 File Swappers,\" CNET News.com, September "
"ulink>."
#. f12.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Jon Wiederhorn, \"Eminem Gets Sued . . . by a Little Old Lady,\" mtv.com, 17 "
"September 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/"
#. f13.
#. PAGE BREAK 334
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Kenji Hall, Associated Press, \"Japanese Book May Be Inspiration for Dylan "
"Songs,\" Kansascity.com, 9 July 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-"
"Songs,\" Kansascity.com, 9. juli 2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://"
"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #69</ulink>."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"As I write these final words, the news is filled with stories about the RIAA "
"lawsuits against almost three hundred individuals.<placeholder type="
"Universiteter truer med å utvise ungdommer som bruker en datamaskin for å "
"dele innhold."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Creative Commons"
msgstr "Creative Commons"
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><indexterm><primary>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Gil, Gilberto"
msgstr "Gil, Gilberto"
#. f14.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"\"BBC Plans to Open Up Its Archive to the Public,\" BBC press release, 24 "
"August 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
"\">link #70</ulink>."
#. f15.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"\"Creative Commons and Brazil,\" Creative Commons Weblog, 6 August 2003, "
"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #71</ulink>."
"ulink>."
#. PAGE BREAK 278
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"Yet on the other side of the Atlantic, the BBC has just announced that it "
"will build a \"Creative Archive,\" from which British citizens can download "
"viktigere, det vil kreve at noen omforme RCAene av i dag til Causbyere."
#. PAGE BREAK 279
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"Common sense must revolt. It must act to free culture. Soon, if this "
"potential is ever to be realized."
"Sunn fornuft må gjøre opprør. Den må handle for å frigjøre kulturen. Og "
"snart, hvis dette potensialet skal noen gang bli realisert."
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><title>
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
msgid "AFTERWORD"
msgstr "Etterord"
#. PAGE BREAK 280
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
msgid ""
"At least some who have read this far will agree with me that something must "
"be done to change where we are heading. The balance of this book maps what "
"noe må gjøres for å endre retningen vi holder. Balansen i denne boken "
"kartlegger hva som kan gjøres."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"I divide this map into two parts: that which anyone can do now, and that "
"remaking sunn fornuft, er det at det krever remaking hvor mange mennesker "
"tenker om det samme problemet."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"That means this movement must begin in the streets. It must recruit a "
"musikere, filmskapere, forskere—alle for å fortelle historien med egne "
"ord og å fortelle sine naboer hvorfor denne kampen er så viktig."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Once this movement has its effect in the streets, it has some hope of having "
"således, i den andre delen nedenfor jeg skissere endringer som Kongressen "
"kan gjøre for å sikre bedre en fri kultur."
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><title>
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
msgid "US, NOW"
msgstr "Oss, nå"
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"Common sense is with the copyright warriors because the debate so far has "
"been framed at the extremes—as a grand either/or: either property or "
"the choice, then the warriors should win."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The mistake here is the error of the excluded middle. There are extremes in "
"du ønsker, uavhengig av om du har tillatelse eller ikke."
#. PAGE BREAK 282
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"When the Internet was first born, its initial architecture effectively "
"Internett var \"ingen rettigheter reservert.\" innhold ble \"tatt\" "
"uavhengig av rettighetene. alle rettigheter som var effektivt ubeskyttet."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This initial character produced a reaction (opposite, but not quite equal) "
"Internett i dag vil bli en \"få tillatelse til å klippe og lime\" verden som "
"er en creator mareritt."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"What's needed is a way to say something in the middle—neither \"all "
"gratis innhold som de ønsker. med andre ord, trenger vi en måte å "
"gjenopprette et sett med andre friheter som vi bare kunne ta for gitt før."
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><title>
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Rebuilding Freedoms Previously Presumed: Examples"
msgstr "Gjenoppbygging av friheter som tidligere var antatt: Eksempler"
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"If you step back from the battle I've been describing here, you will "
"Internett-vanene dine naboer eller sjefen. du surfer vaner \"personvern\" "
"var trygg på."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "What made it assured?"
msgstr "Hva gjorde at det var sikret?"
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Well, if we think in terms of the modalities I described in chapter 10, your "
"normer (snooping og sladder er bare morsomt), men i stedet av kostnader som "
"friksjon pålegger på alle som ønsker å spy."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Amazon"
msgstr "Amazon"
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Enter the Internet, where the cost of tracking browsing in particular has "
"enklere å samle inn data enn ikke. friksjonen har forsvunnet, og dermed alle "
"\"personvern\" beskyttet av friksjonen forsvinner, også."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Amazon, of course, is not the problem. But we might begin to worry about "
"friksjon i går."
#. f1.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"See, for example, Marc Rotenberg, \"Fair Information Practices and the "
"Architecture of Privacy (What Larry Doesn't Get),\" <citetitle>Stanford "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 284
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"It is this reality that explains the push of many to define \"privacy\" on "
"the Internet. It is the recognition that technology can remove what friction "
"affirmatively act where, before, privacy was given by default."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"A similar story could be told about the birth of the free software movement. "
"maskinen på en ibm-maskin, slik at data Generelt og ibm ikke vare mye om "
"hvordan du styrer deres programvare."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Stallman, Richard"
msgstr "Stallman, Richard"
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"That was the world Richard Stallman was born into, and while he was a "
"researcher at MIT, he grew to love the community that developed when one was "
"smarte sorten selv, og en talentfull programmerer, begynte Stallman å basere "
"seg frihet til å legge til eller endre på andre personers arbeid."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"In an academic setting, at least, that's not a terribly radical idea. In a "
"være gratis å tinker med og forbedre koden som kjørte en maskin. Dette, "
"også, var kunnskap. Hvorfor bør ikke være åpen for kritikk som noe annet?"
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"No one answered that question. Instead, the architecture of revenue for "
"meg å selge en skriver til markedet enn det var for deg."
#. PAGE BREAK 285
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Thus, the practice of proprietary code began to spread, and by the early "
"og som han mente, hvis han gjorde ikke noe om det, og frihet til å endre og "
"dele programvare ville være grundig svekket."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Therefore, in 1984, Stallman began a project to build a free operating "
"system, so that at least a strain of free software would survive. That was "
"\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Stallman's technique was to use copyright law to build a world of software "
"andre å bygge på. hans grunnleggende målet var frihet; nyskapende, kreative "
"koden var en byproduct."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Stallman was thus doing for software what privacy advocates now do for "
"gjenerobring et mellomrom der fri programvare ville overleve. Han var aktivt "
"beskytter hva før hadde vært passivt garantert."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Finally, consider a very recent example that more directly resonates with "
"journaler er produsert."
#. PAGE BREAK 286
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"As digital technologies develop, it is becoming obvious to many that "
"den, er lexis og westlaw også gjerne Belast brukerne for privilegiet av å få "
"tilgang til at Høyesterett mening gjennom sine respektive tjenester."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"There's nothing wrong in general with this, and indeed, the ability to "
"ingenting galt med å selge allemannseie, det kan være noe galt i prinsippet "
"med selger tilgang til materiale som ikke er allemannseie."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"But what if the only way to get access to social and scientific data was "
"gjennom proprietære tjenester? Hva om ingen hadde muligheten til å bla "
"gjennom denne data unntatt ved å betale for et abonnement?"
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"As many are beginning to notice, this is increasingly the reality with "
"journaler (arkitektur)—nemlig at det var svært vanskelig å kontrollere "
"tilgangen til en papir-journal."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"As journals become electronic, however, the publishers are demanding that "
"Således, som med personvern og med programvare, en skiftende teknologi og "
"markedet forminske en frihet tatt for gitt før."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This shrinking freedom has led many to take affirmative steps to restore the "
"utskriftsversjon av sitt arbeid, men opphavsretten for utskrift journal "
"forhindre ikke høyre for noen til å videredistribuere arbeidet gratis."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This is one of many such efforts to restore a freedom taken for granted "
"konkurransen i vår tradisjon er presumptively en god—spesielt når det "
"bidrar til å spre kunnskap og vitenskap."
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><title>
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Rebuilding Free Culture: One Idea"
msgstr "Gjenoppbyggeing av fri kultur: En idé"
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The same strategy could be applied to culture, as a response to the "
"samme strategi som kan brukes til kultur, som et svar på økende kontrollen "
"berørt gjennom lov og teknologi."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Enter the Creative Commons. The Creative Commons is a nonprofit corporation "
"vanntett lisenser, gjør dette mulig."
#. PAGE BREAK 288
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Simple</emphasis>—which means without a middleman, or "
"annet enn \"all\" eller \"Nei\" ekstreme. innholdet er merket med kopi-"
"merket, som ikke betyr at copyright fratres, men at visse friheter er gitt."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"These freedoms are beyond the freedoms promised by fair use. Their precise "
"bruk, så lenge alle kopiene ikke er laget. eller til slutt, noen pedagogisk "
"bruk."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"These choices thus establish a range of freedoms beyond the default of "
"enkeltpersoner og skaperne vil gjøre dette innholdet tilgjengelig. og at "
"innholdet i sin tur kan vi bygge et offentlig-domene."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Garlick, Mia"
msgstr "Garlick, Mia"
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This is just one project among many within the Creative Commons. And of "
"kaller dem) hvem hjelpe bygge allemannseie, og ved deres arbeid, demonstrere "
"viktigheten av public domain til andre kreativitet."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The aim is not to fight the \"All Rights Reserved\" sorts. The aim is to "
"bruke dem – er nødvendig. Creative commons gir folk en måte for effektivt å "
"begynne å bygge disse reglene."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Why would creators participate in giving up total control? Some participate "
"nettet og gratis, under en creative commons-lisens på samme dag som det gikk "
"på salg i bokhandler."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Why would a publisher ever agree to this? I suspect his publisher reasoned "
"(2)-varer enn dårlig-(1) s, strategien for lanserer cory bok gratis on-line "
"trolig vil øke salg av cory's bok."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Indeed, the experience of his publisher clearly supports that conclusion. "
"første romanen av en science fiction-forfatteren var en total suksess."
#. PAGE BREAK 290
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The idea that free content might increase the value of nonfree content was "
"også."
#. f2.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"<citetitle>Willful Infringement: A Report from the Front Lines of the Real "
"Culture Wars</citetitle> (2003), produced by Jed Horovitz, directed by Greg "
"culture.cc/notes/\">link #72</ulink>."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"These are examples of using the Commons to better spread proprietary "
"content. I believe that is a wonderful and common use of the Commons. There "
"creativity might grow."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Finally, there are many who mark their content with a Creative Commons "
"det til andre."
#. PAGE BREAK 291
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"In the first six months of the Creative Commons experiment, over 1 million "
"med creative commons-friheter. så er neste trinn å se på og feire skaperne "
"som bygger innhold basert på innhold satt fri."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"These are first steps to rebuilding a public domain. They are not mere "
"commons, avhengig av frivillig tiltak for å oppnå dette å gjenoppbygge. de "
"vil føre til en verden der flere frivillige trinnene er mulig."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Creative Commons is just one example of voluntary efforts by individuals and "
"forfattere og skaperne å utøve sine rettigheter, mer fleksibelt og billig. "
"at vi tror forskjellen, aktiverer kreativitet å spre lettere."
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><title>
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
msgid "THEM, SOON"
msgstr "Dem, snart"
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"We will not reclaim a free culture by individual action alone. It will also "
"til disse idéene og implementere disse reformene. men det betyr også at vi "
"har tid til å bygge opp bevisstheten rundt endringene som vi trenger."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"In this chapter, I outline five kinds of changes: four that are general, and "
"skritt, ikke en slutt. men noen av disse trinnene vil bære oss en lang vei "
"til vår side."
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><title>
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "1. More Formalities"
msgstr "1. Flere formaliteter"
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"If you buy a house, you have to record the sale in a deed. If you buy land "
"flybillett, har navnet ditt på den."
#. PAGE BREAK 293
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"These are all formalities associated with property. They are requirements "
"disse er alle formaliteter knyttet til egenskapen. de er krav som vi alle må "
"bære hvis vi ønsker vår eiendom skal beskyttes."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"In contrast, under current copyright law, you automatically get a copyright, "
"registrere deg. du trenger ikke engang å merke innholdet. standard er "
"kontrollen, og \"formaliteter\" er kastet ut."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "Why?"
msgstr "hvorfor?"
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"As I suggested in chapter 10, the motivation to abolish formalities was a "
"loven avslappet formelle krav som en opphavsrettsinnehaveren må bære å "
"beskytte og sikre hans arbeid. disse formaliteter var komme i veien."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"But the Internet changes all this. Formalities today need not be a burden. "
"styrker mange i stillhet der de ellers kunne snakke."
#. f1.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The proposal I am advancing here would apply to American works only. "
"jeg tror det vil være fordelaktig for samme idéen om å bli vedtatt av andre "
"land også."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The law should therefore change this requirement<placeholder type=\"footnote"
"\" id=\"0\"/>—but it should not change it by going back to the old, "
"formalities."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The important formalities are three: marking copyrighted work, registering "
"gjorde. men et revidert system av formaliteter ville forvise regjeringen fra "
"prosessen, unntatt for formålet å godkjenne standarder utviklet av andre."
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><title>
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title>
msgid "REGISTRATION AND RENEWAL"
msgstr "Registrering og fornying"
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Under the old system, a copyright owner had to file a registration with the "
"første reaksjon er panikk—ingenting kunne være verre enn tvinge folk "
"til å håndtere rotet som er copyright kontoret."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Yet it is always astonishing to me that we, who come from a tradition of "
"private selskaper å tjene allmennheten, underlagt standarder som regjeringen "
"angir."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"In the context of registration, one obvious model is the Internet. There "
"opp."
#. PAGE BREAK 295
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"We should adopt a similar model for the registration and renewal of "
"lavere byrden av denne formalitet—mens en database med registreringer "
"som ville forenkler lisensiering av innhold."
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><title>
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title>
msgid "MARKING"
msgstr "Merking"
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"It used to be that the failure to include a copyright notice on a creative "
"og enda viktigere, det er ingen grunn et merking krav må håndheves jevnt på "
"tvers av alle medier."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The aim of marking is to signal to the public that this work is copyrighted "
"mark gjør det også enkelt å finne en som har opphavsrettighetene for å sikre "
"tillatelse til å bruke arbeidet."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"One of the problems the copyright system confronted early on was that "
"retten til å straffe noen for ikke å få tillatelse først."
#. f2.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><section><para><footnote><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><section><para><footnote><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"There would be a complication with derivative works that I have not solved "
"enn er rettferdiggjort av marginale incitament opprettes."
#. PAGE BREAK 296
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Let's start with the last point. If a copyright owner allows his work to be "
"published without a copyright notice, the consequence of that failure need "
"would create a strong incentive for copyright owners to mark their work."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"That in turn raises the question about how work should best be marked. Here "
"for å godkjenne standarder for å merke innhold som har vært laget andre "
"steder."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"For example, if a recording industry association devises a method for "
"skape noe nytt; men vi vil stole på regjeringen for å holde produktet av "
"innovasjon i tråd med sin andre viktige funksjoner."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Finally, marking content clearly would simplify registration requirements. "
"som er tatt i et bestemt år i ett trinn. Målet med formalitet er å unngå "
"unødige belastninger skaperen; selve systemet bør holdes så enkelt som mulig."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The objective of formalities is to make things clear. The existing system "
"ingenting for å gjøre ting klart. Ja, det synes designet for å gjøre ting "
"som er uklart."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"If formalities such as registration were reinstated, one of the most "
"type innhold; det ville være enkelt å hevde de rettighetene og å fornye at "
"påstanden på riktig tidspunkt."
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><title>
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "2. Shorter Terms"
msgstr "2. Kortere vernetid"
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The term of copyright has gone from fourteen years to ninety-five years for "
"corporate authors, and life of the author plus seventy years for natural "
"for individuelle forfattere."
#. f3.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"\"A Radical Rethink,\" <citetitle>Economist</citetitle>, 366:8308 (25 "
"January 2003): 15, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/"
"januar 2003): 15, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/"
"\">link #74</ulink>."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"In <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>, I proposed a seventy-five-"
"year term, granted in five-year increments with a requirement of renewal "
"patents."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"I agree with those who believe that we need a radical change in copyright's "
"viktig å huske på om opphavsrett terms."
#. (1)
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Keep it short:</emphasis> The term should be as long as necessary "
#. (2)
#. PAGE BREAK 298
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Keep it simple:</emphasis> The line between the public domain and "
"protected content must be kept clear. Lawyers like the fuzziness of \"fair "
"nødvendig å håndtere."
#. f4.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Department of Veterans Affairs, Veteran's Application for Compensation and/"
"or Pension, VA Form 21-526 (OMB Approved No. 2900-0001), available at <ulink "
"or Pension, VA Form 21-526 (OMB Approved No. 2900-0001), tilgjengelig fra "
"<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #75</ulink>."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><indexterm><primary>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><indexterm><primary>
msgid "veterans' pensions"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Keep it alive:</emphasis> Copyright should have to be renewed. "
"Especially if the maximum term is long, the copyright owner should be "
msgstr ""
#. (4)
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Keep it prospective:</emphasis> Whatever the term of copyright "
"usynlig). men øke deres belønning vil ikke øke sin kreativitet i 1923. Hva "
"er ikke gjort er ikke gjort, og det er ingenting vi kan gjøre med det nå."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"These changes together should produce an <emphasis>average</emphasis> "
"copyright term that is much shorter than the current term. Until 1976, the "
"Frem til 1976 var gjennomsnittelig vernetid kun 32.2 år. Vårt mål bør være "
"det samme."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"No doubt the extremists will call these ideas \"radical.\" (After all, I "
"call them \"extremists.\") But again, the term I recommended was longer than "
"lengre enn vernetiden under Richard Nixon. hvor \"radikalt\" kan det være å "
"be om en mer sjenerøs opphavsrettighet enn da Richard Nixon var president?"
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><title>
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "3. Free Use Vs. Fair Use"
msgstr "3. Fri Bruk vs. rimelig bruk"
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"As I observed at the beginning of this book, property law originally granted "
"gjorde ingen sans lenger for å gi så mye kontroll, gitt fremveksten av den "
"nye teknologien."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Our Constitution gives Congress the power to give authors \"exclusive right"
"til å frigi den filmen, selv om filmen ikke er \"min skrive.\""
#. f5.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Benjamin Kaplan, <citetitle>An Unhurried View of Copyright</citetitle> (New "
"York: Columbia University Press, 1967), 32."
"Benjamin Kaplan, <citetitle>An Unhurried View of Copyright</citetitle> (New "
"York: Columbia University Press, 1967), 32."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Congress granted the beginnings of this right in 1870, when it expanded the "
"exclusive right of copyright to include a right to control translations and "
msgstr ""
#. f6.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "Ibid., 56."
msgstr "ibid., 56."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><blockquote><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><blockquote><para>
msgid ""
"So inured have we become to the extension of the monopoly to a large range "
"of so-called derivative works, that we no longer sense the oddity of "
"abracadabra of idea and expression.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"I think it's time to recognize that there are airplanes in this field and "
"de har ikke noen mening som en formløse grant. vurdere hver begrensning "
"igjen."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Term:</emphasis> If Congress wants to grant a derivative right, "
"inducing kreativitet; Det er ikke viktig lenge etter skapende arbeid er "
"gjort."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Scope:</emphasis> Likewise should the scope of derivative rights "
"denne generelle krav om tillatelse betyr for den kreative prosessen. "
"Smothers det."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This was the point that Alben made when describing the making of the Clint "
"poengsum—det ikke fornuftig å kreve forhandling for den unforeseeable. "
"her, ville en lovfestet rett gjøre mye mer fornuftig."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Goldstein, Paul"
msgstr "Goldstein, Paul"
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Paul Goldstein, <citetitle>Copyright's Highway: From Gutenberg to the "
"Celestial Jukebox</citetitle> (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), "
"Celestial Jukebox</citetitle> (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), "
"187–216. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"In each of these cases, the law should mark the uses that are protected, and "
"the presumption should be that other uses are not protected. This is the "
"that expanded protections follow expanded uses."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Goldstein's analysis would make perfect sense if the cost of the legal "
"med innovasjon."
#. PAGE BREAK 301
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The law could remedy this problem either by removing protection beyond the "
"kultur for andre å dyrke. og under en lovbestemte rettigheter-regimet at "
"gjenbruk ville tjene artister mer inntekter."
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><title>
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "4. Liberate the Music—Again"
msgstr "4. Frigjør musikken—igjen"
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The battle that got this whole war going was about music, so it wouldn't be "
"fleste, de fleste presserende—musikk. Det er ingen andre spørsmål som "
"bedre lærer erfaringene fra denne boken enn slagene rundt deling av musikk."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The appeal of file-sharing music was the crack cocaine of the Internet's "
"etterspørselen etter forskrifter som til slutt drepe innovasjon på "
"nettverket."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The aim of copyright, with respect to content in general and music in "
"offentlig fremføring av sitt arbeid, og til en profesjonell artist å "
"kontrollere kopier av hennes ytelse."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"File-sharing networks complicate this model by enabling the spread of "
"fire forskjellige typer deling:"
#. A.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"There are some who are using sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing "
"CDs."
"Det er noen som bruker delingsnettverk som erstatninger for å kjøpe CDer."
#. B.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"There are also some who are using sharing networks to sample, on the way to "
#. PAGE BREAK 302
#. C.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content "
"that is no longer sold but is still under copyright or that would have been "
"ha vært altfor vanskelig å få kjøpt via nettet."
#. D.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content "
"that is not copyrighted or to get access that the copyright owner plainly "
"ikke er opphavsrettsbeskyttet, eller for å få tilgang som "
"opphavsrettsinnehaveren åpenbart går god for."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Any reform of the law needs to keep these different uses in focus. It must "
"omfanget av typen b. som med videospillere, hvis netto effekt av en deling "
"er faktisk ikke svært skadelige, behovet for regulering er betydelig svekket."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"As I said in chapter 5, the actual harm caused by sharing is controversial. "
"Jeg antar, med andre ord, denne typen en deling er betydelig større enn type "
"b, og er dominerende bruk av deling av nettverk."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Nonetheless, there is a crucial fact about the current technological context "
"that we must keep in mind if we are to understand how the law should respond."
"Uansett, det er et avgjørende faktum om den gjeldende teknologiske "
"omgivelsen som vi må huske på hvis vi skal forstå hvordan loven bør reagere."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Today, file sharing is addictive. In ten years, it won't be. It is addictive "
"idé."
#. PAGE BREAK 303
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"But it will become a reality, and that means the way we get access to the "
"Internett."
#. f8.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"See, for example, \"Music Media Watch,\" The J@pan Inc. Newsletter, 3 April "
"2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #76</"
"2002, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
"#76</ulink>."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"In that world, it will be extremely easy to connect to services that give "
"you access to content on the fly—such as Internet radio, content that "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 304
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This point about the future is meant to suggest a perspective on the "
"betalt, under denne overgangen mellom 1900-tallet modeller for å gjøre "
"forretnings- og tyve-første-tallet teknologier."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The answer begins with recognizing that there are different \"problems\" "
"med ransoms. det ville være feil å utestenge betale telefoner for å "
"eliminere kidnapping."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Type C content raises a different \"problem.\" This is content that was, at "
"arbeidet er glemt. Uansett bør sikte på loven å forenkle tilgang til dette "
"innholdet, ideelt på en måte som returnerer noe til kunstneren."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Again, the model here is the used book store. Once a book goes out of print, "
"perspektiv, denne \"deling\" av hans innhold uten hans blir kompensert er "
"mindre enn ideell."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The model of used book stores suggests that the law could simply deem out-of-"
"gratis som handel bøker."
#. PAGE BREAK 305
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Alternatively, the law could create a statutory license that would ensure "
"utvikle rundt idéen om handel dette innholdet, og kunstnere vil dra nytte av "
"denne handelen."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This system would also create an incentive for publishers to keep works "
"royalty skyldte for slike kopiering bør være mye mindre enn beløpet skyldte "
"en kommersiell utgiver."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"The hard case is content of types A and B, and again, this case is hard only "
"som problemet er, forstå at vi er midt i en radikal endring i teknologien "
"for å levere og tilgang til innhold."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"So here's a solution that will at first seem very strange to both sides in "
"this war, but which upon reflection, I suggest, should make some sense."
"sider i denne krigen, men som jeg tror vil gi mer mening når en får tenkt "
"seg om."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Stripped of the rhetoric about the sanctity of property, the basic claim of "
"innhold industrien."
#. PAGE BREAK 306
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"I love the Internet, and so I don't like likening it to tobacco or "
"asbestos. But the analogy is a fair one from the perspective of the law. "
"eller p2p-teknologien som i dag skader innholdsleverandører på internett, så "
"bør vi finne en relativt enkel måte å kompensere de som blir skadelidende."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Fisher, William"
msgstr "Fisher, William"
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"William Fisher, <citetitle>Digital Music: Problems and Possibilities</"
"citetitle> (last revised: 10 October 2000), available at <ulink url=\"http://"
"\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The idea would be a modification of a proposal that has been floated by "
"Harvard law professor William Fisher.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/"
"be paid for by (4) an appropriate tax."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Fisher's proposal is careful and comprehensive. It raises a million "
"tilgangen."
#. PAGE BREAK 307
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Fisher would balk at the idea of allowing the system to lapse. His aim is "
"ville ikke sterkt belaster semiotic demokrati Hvis det var noen "
"begrensninger på hva en var tillatt å gjøre med selve innholdet."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"No doubt it would be difficult to calculate the proper measure of \"harm\" "
"en sang. og ingen tvil om det vil være mye konkurranse å tilby og selge "
"musikk på nettet."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"This competition has already occurred against the background of \"free\" "
"seter og måltider servert mens du ser en film—er de kampen og lykkes i "
"å finne måter å konkurrere med \"gratis\"."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"This regime of competition, with a backstop to assure that artists don't "
"lose, would facilitate a great deal of innovation in the delivery of "
"bruke innhold, og ikke lenger frykte usikre og barbarisk strenge straffer "
"fra loven."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "In summary, then, my proposal is this:"
msgstr "Oppsummert, så er dette mitt forslag:"
#. PAGE BREAK 308
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The Internet is in transition. We should not be regulating a technology in "
"transition. We should instead be regulating to minimize the harm to "
"denne teknologiske endringen, samtidig vi muliggjør, og oppmuntrer, den mest "
"effektive teknologien vi kan lage."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "We can minimize that harm while maximizing the benefit to innovation by"
msgstr ""
"Vi kan minimere skaden og samtidig maksimere fordelen med innovasjon ved å"
#. 1.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid "guaranteeing the right to engage in type D sharing;"
msgstr "garantere retten til å engasjere seg i type-D-deling;"
#. 2.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"permitting noncommercial type C sharing without liability, and commercial "
"type C sharing at a low and fixed rate set by statute;"
"kommersiell type-C-deling med en lav og fast rate fastsatt ved lov."
#. 3.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"while in this transition, taxing and compensating for type A sharing, to the "
"extent actual harm is demonstrated."
"mens denne overgangen pågår, skattlegge og kompensere for type-A-deling, i "
"den grad faktiske skade kan påvises."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"But what if \"piracy\" doesn't disappear? What if there is a competitive "
"market providing content at a low cost, but a significant number of "
"signifikant antall av forbrukere fortsetter å \"ta\" innhold uten å betale? "
"Burde loven gjøre noe da?"
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Yes, it should. But, again, what it should do depends upon how the facts "
"develop. These changes may not eliminate type A sharing. But the real issue "
"finne måter å spore opp de smålige piratene."
#. PAGE BREAK 309
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"But we're a long way away from whittling the problem down to this subset of "
"type A sharers. And our focus until we're there should not be on finding "
"får betalt, mens vi beskytter rommet for nyskapning og kreativitet som "
"internettet er."
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><title>
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "5. Fire Lots of Lawyers"
msgstr "5. Spark en masse advokater"
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"I'm a lawyer. I make lawyers for a living. I believe in the law. I believe "
"in the law of copyright. Indeed, I have devoted my life to working in law, "
"ikke fordi det er mye penger å tjene, men fordi det innebærer idealer som "
"jeg elsker å leve opp til."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Yet much of this book has been a criticism of lawyers, or the role lawyers "
"have played in this debate. The law speaks to ideals, but it is my view that "
"synet ødelegge loven."
#. f10.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Lawrence Lessig, \"Copyright's First Amendment\" (Melville B. Nimmer "
"Memorial Lecture), <citetitle>UCLA Law Review</citetitle> 48 (2001): 1057, "
"Memorial Lecture), <citetitle>UCLA law Review</citetitle> 48 (2001): 1057, "
"1069–70."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The evidence of this bending is compelling. I'm attacked as a \"radical\" by "
"many within the profession, yet the positions that I am advocating are "
"utøver i opphavsrettsfeltet, Melville Nimmer, at den var åpenbar."
"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"However, my criticism of the role that lawyers have played in this debate is "
"not just about a professional bias. It is more importantly about our failure "
"imidlertid ikke bare om en profesjonell skjevhet. Det handler enda viktigere "
"om vår manglende evne til å faktisk ta inn over oss hva loven koster."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"A good example is the work of Professor Stan Liebowitz. Liebowitz is to be "
"commended for his careful review of data about infringement, leading him to "
"eksempel, <citetitle>Rethinking</citetitle>, 174–76. <placeholder "
"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Economists are supposed to be good at reckoning costs and benefits. But "
"more often than not, economists, with no clue about how the legal system "
"samfunnsfagsundervisning lærte dem at det fungerer."
#. PAGE BREAK 310
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"But the legal system doesn't work. Or more accurately, it doesn't work for "
"anyone except those with the most resources. Not because the system is "
"med vårt juridiske systemet er så hårreisende høyt vil en praktisk talt "
"aldri oppnå rettferdighet."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"These costs distort free culture in many ways. A lawyer's time is billed at "
"the largest firms at more than $400 per hour. How much time should such a "
"av doktrine er avhengig av nøyaktig arbeid. Men nøyaktig arbeid koster for "
"mye, bortsett fra i de mest høyprofilerte og kostbare sakene."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The costliness and clumsiness and randomness of this system mock our "
"tradition. And lawyers, as well as academics, should consider it their duty "
"prosenten av klientene. Det kan gjøres radikalt mer effektivt, og billig, "
"og dermed radikalt mer rettferdig."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"But until that reform is complete, we as a society should keep the law away "
"from areas that we know it will only harm. And that is precisely what the "
"unna områder der vi vet den bare vil skade. Og det er nettopp det loven "
"altfor ofte vil gjøre hvis for mye av vår kultur er lovregulert."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Think about the amazing things your kid could do or make with digital "
"technology—the film, the music, the Web page, the blog. Or think about "
"virkeligheten slik den var i Brezhnevs Russland."
#. PAGE BREAK 311
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"The law should regulate in certain areas of culture—but it should "
"regulate culture only where that regulation does good. Yet lawyers rarely "
"spørsmålet: \"vil det bidra positivt?\". Når de blir utfordret om det "
"utvidede rekkevidden til loven, er advokat-svaret, \"Hvorfor ikke?\""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"We should ask, \"Why?\" Show me why your regulation of culture is needed. "
"Show me how it does good. And until you can show me both, keep your lawyers "
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-07-29 10:14+0300\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-07-29 14:45+0300\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
"Last-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL@ADDRESS>\n"
"Language-Team: LANGUAGE <LL@li.org>\n"
"that both sides of our political culture deem fundamental."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:358 freeculture.xml:12702
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:358 freeculture.xml:12709
msgid "CodePink Women in Peace"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:369 freeculture.xml:379 freeculture.xml:12715
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:369 freeculture.xml:379 freeculture.xml:12722
msgid "Safire, William"
msgstr ""
"how much these rights are worth?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:464 freeculture.xml:477 freeculture.xml:508 freeculture.xml:527 freeculture.xml:928 freeculture.xml:945 freeculture.xml:991 freeculture.xml:8746 freeculture.xml:12103 freeculture.xml:12806
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:464 freeculture.xml:477 freeculture.xml:508 freeculture.xml:527 freeculture.xml:928 freeculture.xml:945 freeculture.xml:991 freeculture.xml:8754 freeculture.xml:12111 freeculture.xml:12813
msgid "Causby, Thomas Lee"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:465 freeculture.xml:478 freeculture.xml:509 freeculture.xml:528 freeculture.xml:929 freeculture.xml:946 freeculture.xml:992 freeculture.xml:8747 freeculture.xml:12104 freeculture.xml:12807
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:465 freeculture.xml:478 freeculture.xml:509 freeculture.xml:528 freeculture.xml:929 freeculture.xml:946 freeculture.xml:992 freeculture.xml:8755 freeculture.xml:12112 freeculture.xml:12814
msgid "Causby, Tinie"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:797 freeculture.xml:9281
+#: freeculture.xml:797 freeculture.xml:9289
msgid "Litman, Jessica"
msgstr ""
"values that have been integral to our tradition from the start."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:892 freeculture.xml:14063
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:892 freeculture.xml:14067
msgid "Netanel, Neil Weinstock"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1567 freeculture.xml:2750 freeculture.xml:4362 freeculture.xml:4589 freeculture.xml:7145 freeculture.xml:8206
+#: freeculture.xml:1567 freeculture.xml:2750 freeculture.xml:4362 freeculture.xml:4589 freeculture.xml:7147 freeculture.xml:8214
msgid "Vaidhyanathan, Siva"
msgstr ""
#. f31
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2022 freeculture.xml:3734 freeculture.xml:4775 freeculture.xml:7933
+#: freeculture.xml:2022 freeculture.xml:3734 freeculture.xml:4775 freeculture.xml:7941
msgid "Ibid."
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2130 freeculture.xml:7871
+#: freeculture.xml:2130 freeculture.xml:7879
msgid "ABC"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2799 freeculture.xml:3044 freeculture.xml:4138 freeculture.xml:9471
+#: freeculture.xml:2799 freeculture.xml:3044 freeculture.xml:4138 freeculture.xml:9479
msgid "Picker, Randal C."
msgstr ""
"statute."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2966 freeculture.xml:13735
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:2966 freeculture.xml:13739
msgid "Grisham, John"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3061 freeculture.xml:8569 freeculture.xml:9025 freeculture.xml:11919
+#: freeculture.xml:3061 freeculture.xml:8577 freeculture.xml:9033 freeculture.xml:11927
msgid "Lovett, Lyle"
msgstr ""
"but we will not allow any other nation to have a similar childhood."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3330 freeculture.xml:12199 freeculture.xml:12626 freeculture.xml:12633
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:3330 freeculture.xml:12206 freeculture.xml:12633 freeculture.xml:12640
msgid "Drahos, Peter"
msgstr ""
"these nations, this piracy is wrong."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3350 freeculture.xml:3613 freeculture.xml:14262
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:3350 freeculture.xml:3613 freeculture.xml:14266
msgid "Liebowitz, Stan"
msgstr ""
"owner. That is exactly what \"property\" means."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3396 freeculture.xml:3423 freeculture.xml:11060 freeculture.xml:12509 freeculture.xml:13059
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:3396 freeculture.xml:3423 freeculture.xml:11068 freeculture.xml:12516 freeculture.xml:13063
msgid "Linux operating system"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3492 freeculture.xml:8002
+#: freeculture.xml:3492 freeculture.xml:8010
msgid "Christensen, Clayton M."
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5009 freeculture.xml:5017 freeculture.xml:5028 freeculture.xml:5043 freeculture.xml:5052 freeculture.xml:5057 freeculture.xml:5109 freeculture.xml:5125 freeculture.xml:5148 freeculture.xml:5211 freeculture.xml:9574
+#: freeculture.xml:5009 freeculture.xml:5017 freeculture.xml:5028 freeculture.xml:5043 freeculture.xml:5052 freeculture.xml:5057 freeculture.xml:5109 freeculture.xml:5125 freeculture.xml:5148 freeculture.xml:5211 freeculture.xml:9582
msgid "Alben, Alex"
msgstr ""
"1994), 170–71."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6225 freeculture.xml:12600
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:6225 freeculture.xml:12607
msgid "Gates, Bill"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7122 freeculture.xml:7292
+#: freeculture.xml:7122 freeculture.xml:7301
msgid "Marx Brothers"
msgstr ""
#. f19
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7135
+#: freeculture.xml:7136
msgid ""
"See David Lange, \"Recognizing the Public Domain,\" <citetitle>Law and "
"Contemporary Problems</citetitle> 44 (1981): 172–73."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7144
+#: freeculture.xml:7145
msgid ""
"Ibid. See also Vaidhyanathan, <citetitle>Copyrights and "
"Copywrongs</citetitle>, 1–3. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7140
+#: freeculture.xml:7141
msgid ""
"This led the Marx Brothers to respond in kind. They warned Warner Brothers "
"that the Marx Brothers \"were brothers long before you were.\"<placeholder "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7152
+#: freeculture.xml:7155
msgid ""
"An absurd and hollow threat, of course, because Warner Brothers, like the "
"Marx Brothers, knew that no court would ever enforce such a silly "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7158
+#: freeculture.xml:7161
msgid ""
"On the Internet, however, there is no check on silly rules, because on the "
"Internet, increasingly, rules are enforced not by a human but by a machine: "
"Marx Brothers. The consequence of that is not at all funny."
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:7174
+msgid "Adobe eBook Reader"
+msgstr ""
+
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7170
+#: freeculture.xml:7177
msgid "Consider the life of my Adobe eBook Reader."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7173
+#: freeculture.xml:7180
msgid ""
"An e-book is a book delivered in electronic form. An Adobe eBook is not a "
"book that Adobe has published; Adobe simply produces the software that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7180
+#: freeculture.xml:7187
msgid "On the next page is a picture of an old version of my Adobe eBook Reader."
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 160
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7184
+#: freeculture.xml:7191
msgid ""
"As you can see, I have a small collection of e-books within this e-book "
"library. Some of these books reproduce content that is in the public domain: "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7195
+#: freeculture.xml:7204
msgid "Picture of an old version of Adobe eBook Reader"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7196
+#: freeculture.xml:7205
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1611.png\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7199
+#: freeculture.xml:7208
msgid ""
"If you click on the Permissions button, you'll see a list of the permissions "
"that the publisher purports to grant with this book."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7203
+#: freeculture.xml:7212
msgid "List of the permissions that the publisher purports to grant."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7204
+#: freeculture.xml:7213
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1612.png\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 161
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7208
+#: freeculture.xml:7217
msgid ""
"According to my eBook Reader, I have the permission to copy to the clipboard "
"of the computer ten text selections every ten days. (So far, I've copied no "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7218
+#: freeculture.xml:7227
msgid "Aristotle"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7219
+#: freeculture.xml:7228
msgid "<citetitle>Politics</citetitle>, (Aristotle)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7216
+#: freeculture.xml:7225
msgid ""
"Here's the e-book for another work in the public domain (including the "
"translation): Aristotle's <citetitle>Politics</citetitle>. <placeholder "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7222
+#: freeculture.xml:7231
msgid "E-book of Aristotle;s "Politics""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7223
+#: freeculture.xml:7232
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1621.png\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7226
+#: freeculture.xml:7235
msgid ""
"According to its permissions, no printing or copying is permitted at "
"all. But fortunately, you can use the Read Aloud button to hear the book."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7231
+#: freeculture.xml:7240
msgid "List of the permissions for Aristotle;s "Politics"."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7232
+#: freeculture.xml:7241
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1622.png\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7235
+#: freeculture.xml:7244
msgid ""
"Finally (and most embarrassingly), here are the permissions for the original "
"e-book version of my last book, <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>:"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7241
+#: freeculture.xml:7250
msgid "List of the permissions for "The Future of Ideas"."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7242
+#: freeculture.xml:7251
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1631.png\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7245
+#: freeculture.xml:7254
msgid "No copying, no printing, and don't you dare try to listen to this book!"
msgstr ""
#. f21
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7255
+#: freeculture.xml:7264
msgid ""
"In principle, a contract might impose a requirement on me. I might, for "
"example, buy a book from you that includes a contract that says I will read "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7248
+#: freeculture.xml:7257
msgid ""
"Now, the Adobe eBook Reader calls these controls \"permissions\"— as "
"if the publisher has the power to control how you use these works. For "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7270
+#: freeculture.xml:7279
msgid ""
"The control comes instead from the code—from the technology within "
"which the e-book \"lives.\" Though the e-book says that these are "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7288
+#: freeculture.xml:7297
msgid ""
"These are <emphasis>controls</emphasis>, not permissions. Imagine a world "
"where the Marx Brothers sold word processing software that, when you tried "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7295
+#: freeculture.xml:7304
msgid ""
"This is the future of copyright law: not so much copyright "
"<emphasis>law</emphasis> as copyright <emphasis>code</emphasis>. The "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7304
+#: freeculture.xml:7313
msgid ""
"How significant is this? Isn't it always possible to get around the controls "
"built into the technology? Software used to be sold with technologies that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7311
+#: freeculture.xml:7320
msgid ""
"We've only scratched the surface of this story. Return to the Adobe eBook "
"Reader."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7315
+#: freeculture.xml:7324
msgid ""
"Early in the life of the Adobe eBook Reader, Adobe suffered a public "
"relations nightmare. Among the books that you could download for free on the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7323
+#: freeculture.xml:7332
msgid "List of the permissions for "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland"."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7325
+#: freeculture.xml:7334
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1641.png\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 164
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7329
+#: freeculture.xml:7338
msgid ""
"Here was a public domain children's book that you were not allowed to copy, "
"not allowed to lend, not allowed to give, and, as the \"permissions\" "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7336
+#: freeculture.xml:7343
msgid ""
"The public relations nightmare attached to that final permission. For the "
"text did not say that you were not permitted to use the Read Aloud button; "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7344
+#: freeculture.xml:7351
msgid ""
"Adobe responded quickly that it was absurd to think that it was trying to "
"restrict the right to read a book aloud. Obviously it was only restricting "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7357
+#: freeculture.xml:7364
msgid ""
"The point is not to blame Adobe. Indeed, Adobe is among the most innovative "
"companies developing strategies to balance open access to content with "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7365
+#: freeculture.xml:7373
msgid ""
"To see the point in a particularly absurd context, consider a favorite story "
"of mine that makes the same point."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7369
+#: freeculture.xml:7377
msgid "Aibo robotic dog"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7372
+#: freeculture.xml:7380
msgid ""
"Consider the robotic dog made by Sony named \"Aibo.\" The Aibo learns "
"tricks, cuddles, and follows you around. It eats only electricity and that "
#. PAGE BREAK 165
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7377
+#: freeculture.xml:7385
msgid ""
"The Aibo is expensive and popular. Fans from around the world have set up "
"clubs to trade stories. One fan in particular set up a Web site to enable "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7386
+#: freeculture.xml:7394
msgid ""
"\"Teach\" here has a special meaning. Aibos are just cute computers. You "
"teach a computer how to do something by programming it differently. So to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7394
+#: freeculture.xml:7402
msgid ""
"If you're not a programmer or don't know many programmers, the word "
"<citetitle>hack</citetitle> has a particularly unfriendly "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7406
+#: freeculture.xml:7414
msgid ""
"Some hacks are easy. Some are unbelievably hard. Hackers as a community like "
"to challenge themselves and others with increasingly difficult "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7413
+#: freeculture.xml:7421
msgid ""
"The Aibo fan was displaying a bit of both when he hacked the program and "
"offered to the world a bit of code that would enable the Aibo to dance "
#. PAGE BREAK 166
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7421
+#: freeculture.xml:7429
msgid ""
"I've told this story in many contexts, both inside and outside the United "
"States. Once I was asked by a puzzled member of the audience, is it "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7437
+#: freeculture.xml:7445
msgid ""
"Let's put the dog to sleep for a minute, and turn to a pony show— not "
"literally a pony show, but rather a paper that a Princeton academic named Ed "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7460 freeculture.xml:9887
+#: freeculture.xml:7468 freeculture.xml:9895
msgid "Electronic Frontier Foundation"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7450
+#: freeculture.xml:7458
msgid ""
"See Pamela Samuelson, \"Anticircumvention Rules: Threat to Science,\" "
"<citetitle>Science</citetitle> 293 (2001): 2028; Brendan I. Koerner, \"Play "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7448
+#: freeculture.xml:7456
msgid ""
"But Felten's bravery was really tested in April 2001.<placeholder "
"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> He and a group of colleagues were working on a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7468
+#: freeculture.xml:7476
msgid ""
"The SDMI coalition had as its goal a technology to enable content owners to "
"exercise much better control over their content than the Internet, as it "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7478
+#: freeculture.xml:7486
msgid ""
"When SDMI thought it was close to a standard, it set up a competition. In "
"exchange for providing contestants with the code to an SDMI-encrypted bit of "
#. PAGE BREAK 167
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7485
+#: freeculture.xml:7493
msgid ""
"Felten and his team figured out the encryption system quickly. He and the "
"team saw the weakness of this system as a type: Many encryption systems "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7491
+#: freeculture.xml:7499
msgid ""
"Let's review just what Felten was doing. Again, this is the United "
"States. We have a principle of free speech. We have this principle not just "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7499
+#: freeculture.xml:7507
msgid ""
"What Felten and his colleagues were doing was publishing a paper describing "
"the weakness in a technology. They were not spreading free music, or "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7507
+#: freeculture.xml:7515
msgid ""
"What links these two, aibopet.com and Felten, is the letters they then "
"received. Aibopet.com received a letter from Sony about the aibopet.com "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7514
+#: freeculture.xml:7522
msgid ""
"Your site contains information providing the means to circumvent AIBO-ware's "
"copy protection protocol constituting a violation of the anti-circumvention "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7520
+#: freeculture.xml:7528
msgid ""
"And though an academic paper describing the weakness in a system of "
"encryption should also be perfectly legal, Felten received a letter from an "
#. PAGE BREAK 168
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7526
+#: freeculture.xml:7534
msgid ""
"Any disclosure of information gained from participating in the Public "
"Challenge would be outside the scope of activities permitted by the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7534
+#: freeculture.xml:7542
msgid ""
"In both cases, this weirdly Orwellian law was invoked to control the spread "
"of information. The Digital Millennium Copyright Act made spreading such "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7539
+#: freeculture.xml:7547
msgid ""
"The DMCA was enacted as a response to copyright owners' first fear about "
"cyberspace. The fear was that copyright control was effectively dead; the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7550
+#: freeculture.xml:7558
msgid ""
"The DMCA was a bit of law intended to back up the protection of this code "
"designed to protect copyrighted material. It was, we could say, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7557
+#: freeculture.xml:7565
msgid ""
"But the DMCA was not designed merely to protect copyrighted works to the "
"extent copyright law protected them. Its protection, that is, did not end at "
#. PAGE BREAK 169
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7566
+#: freeculture.xml:7574
msgid ""
"Aibopet.com and Felten make the point. The Aibo hack circumvented a "
"copyright protection system for the purpose of enabling the dog to dance "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7578
+#: freeculture.xml:7586
msgid ""
"The threat against Felten was more attenuated, but it followed the same line "
"of reasoning. By publishing a paper describing how a copyright protection "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7586
+#: freeculture.xml:7594
msgid ""
"The bizarreness of these arguments is captured in a cartoon drawn in 1981 by "
"Paul Conrad. At that time, a court in California had held that the VCR could "
#. f23
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7612
+#: freeculture.xml:7620
msgid ""
"<citetitle>Sony Corporation of America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal "
"City Studios, Inc</citetitle>., 464 U.S. 417, 455 fn. 27 (1984). Rogers "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7597
+#: freeculture.xml:7605
msgid ""
"Some public stations, as well as commercial stations, program the "
"\"Neighborhood\" at hours when some children cannot use it. I think that "
#. PAGE BREAK 170
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7621
+#: freeculture.xml:7629
msgid ""
"Even though there were uses that were legal, because there were some uses "
"that were illegal, the court held the companies producing the VCR "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7626
+#: freeculture.xml:7634
msgid "This led Conrad to draw the cartoon below, which we can adopt to the DMCA."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7630
+#: freeculture.xml:7638
msgid "No argument I have can top this picture, but let me try to get close."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7633
+#: freeculture.xml:7641
msgid ""
"The anticircumvention provisions of the DMCA target copyright circumvention "
"technologies. Circumvention technologies can be used for different "
#. PAGE BREAK 171
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7641
+#: freeculture.xml:7649
msgid ""
"A handgun can be used to shoot a police officer or a child. Most would agree "
"such a use is bad. Or a handgun can be used for target practice or to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7649
+#: freeculture.xml:7657
msgid "VCR/handgun cartoon."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7650
+#: freeculture.xml:7658
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1711.png\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7653
+#: freeculture.xml:7661
msgid ""
"The obvious point of Conrad's cartoon is the weirdness of a world where guns "
"are legal, despite the harm they can do, while VCRs (and circumvention "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7661
+#: freeculture.xml:7669
msgid ""
"The Aibo and RIAA examples demonstrate how copyright owners are changing the "
"balance that copyright law grants. Using code, copyright owners restrict "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7669
+#: freeculture.xml:7677
msgid ""
"This is how <emphasis>code</emphasis> becomes <emphasis>law</emphasis>. The "
"controls built into the technology of copy and access protection become "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7681
+#: freeculture.xml:7689
msgid ""
"There is one final aspect of the interaction between architecture and law "
"that contributes to the force of copyright's regulation. This is the ease "
#. f24
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7700
+#: freeculture.xml:7708
msgid ""
"For an early and prescient analysis, see Rebecca Tushnet, \"Legal Fictions, "
"Copyright, Fan Fiction, and a New Common Law,\" <citetitle>Loyola of Los "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7694
+#: freeculture.xml:7702
msgid ""
"For example, imagine you were part of a <citetitle>Star Trek</citetitle> fan "
"club. You gathered every month to share trivia, and maybe to enact a kind of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7706
+#: freeculture.xml:7714
msgid ""
"Before the Internet, this was, in effect, a totally unregulated activity. "
"No matter what happened inside your club room, you would never be interfered "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7713
+#: freeculture.xml:7721
msgid ""
"But if you moved your club onto the Internet, and made it generally "
"available for others to join, the story would be very different. Bots "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7723
+#: freeculture.xml:7731
msgid ""
"This change in the effective force of the law is caused by a change in the "
"ease with which the law can be enforced. That change too shifts the law's "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7732
+#: freeculture.xml:7740
msgid "Market: Concentration"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 173
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7734
+#: freeculture.xml:7742
msgid ""
"So copyright's duration has increased dramatically—tripled in the past "
"thirty years. And copyright's scope has increased as well—from "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7752
+#: freeculture.xml:7760
msgid ""
"Still, in my view, all of these changes would not matter much if it weren't "
"for one more change that we must also consider. This is a change that is in "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7759
+#: freeculture.xml:7767
msgid ""
"This is the change in the concentration and integration of the media. In "
"the past twenty years, the nature of media ownership has undergone a radical "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7770
+#: freeculture.xml:7778
msgid "These changes are of two sorts: the scope of concentration, and its nature."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7773
+#: freeculture.xml:7781
msgid "BMG"
msgstr ""
#. f25
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7779
+#: freeculture.xml:7787
msgid ""
"FCC Oversight: Hearing Before the Senate Commerce, Science and "
"Transportation Committee, 108th Cong., 1st sess. (22 May 2003) (statement "
#. f26
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7786
+#: freeculture.xml:7794
msgid ""
"Lynette Holloway, \"Despite a Marketing Blitz, CD Sales Continue to Slide,\" "
"<citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 23 December 2002."
#. f27
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7792
+#: freeculture.xml:7800
msgid ""
"Molly Ivins, \"Media Consolidation Must Be Stopped,\" <citetitle>Charleston "
"Gazette</citetitle>, 31 May 2003."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7795
+#: freeculture.xml:7803
msgid "McCain, John"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7775
+#: freeculture.xml:7783
msgid ""
"Changes in scope are the easier ones to describe. As Senator John McCain "
"summarized the data produced in the FCC's review of media ownership, \"five "
#. PAGE BREAK 174
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7798
+#: freeculture.xml:7806
msgid ""
"The story with radio is even more dramatic. Before deregulation, the "
"nation's largest radio broadcasting conglomerate owned fewer than "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7809
+#: freeculture.xml:7817
msgid ""
"Newspaper ownership is becoming more concentrated as well. Today, there are "
"six hundred fewer daily newspapers in the United States than there were "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7823 freeculture.xml:7840
+#: freeculture.xml:7831 freeculture.xml:7848
msgid "Fallows, James"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7820
+#: freeculture.xml:7828
msgid ""
"Concentration in size alone is one thing. The more invidious change is in "
"the nature of that concentration. As author James Fallows put it in a recent "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7838
+#: freeculture.xml:7846
msgid ""
"James Fallows, \"The Age of Murdoch,\" <citetitle>Atlantic "
"Monthly</citetitle> (September 2003): 89. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7827
+#: freeculture.xml:7835
msgid ""
"Murdoch's companies now constitute a production system unmatched in its "
"integration. They supply content—Fox movies . . . Fox TV shows "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7845
+#: freeculture.xml:7853
msgid ""
"The pattern with Murdoch is the pattern of modern media. Not just large "
"companies owning many radio stations, but a few companies owning as many "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7851
+#: freeculture.xml:7859
msgid "Pattern of modern media ownership."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7852
+#: freeculture.xml:7860
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1761.png\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 175
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7856
+#: freeculture.xml:7864
msgid ""
"Does this concentration matter? Will it affect what is made, or what is "
"distributed? Or is it merely a more efficient way to produce and distribute "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7861
+#: freeculture.xml:7869
msgid ""
"My view was that concentration wouldn't matter. I thought it was nothing "
"more than a more efficient financial structure. But now, after reading and "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7867
+#: freeculture.xml:7875
msgid ""
"Here's a representative story that begins to suggest how this integration "
"may matter."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7870
+#: freeculture.xml:7878
msgid "Lear, Norman"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7872 freeculture.xml:7936
+#: freeculture.xml:7880 freeculture.xml:7944
msgid "All in the Family"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7874
+#: freeculture.xml:7882
msgid ""
"In 1969, Norman Lear created a pilot for <citetitle>All in the "
"Family</citetitle>. He took the pilot to ABC. The network didn't like it. It "
#. f29
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7886
+#: freeculture.xml:7894
msgid ""
"Leonard Hill, \"The Axis of Access,\" remarks before Weidenbaum Center "
"Forum, \"Entertainment Economics: The Movie Industry,\" St. Louis, Missouri, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7881
+#: freeculture.xml:7889
msgid ""
"Rather than comply, Lear simply took the show elsewhere. CBS was happy to "
"have the series; ABC could not stop Lear from walking. The copyrights that "
#. PAGE BREAK 176
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7898
+#: freeculture.xml:7906
msgid ""
"The network did not control those copyrights because the law forbade the "
"networks from controlling the content they syndicated. The law required a "
#. f30
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7917
+#: freeculture.xml:7925
msgid ""
"NewsCorp./DirecTV Merger and Media Consolidation: Hearings on Media "
"Ownership Before the Senate Commerce Committee, 108th Cong., 1st "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7907
+#: freeculture.xml:7915
msgid ""
"In 1994, the FCC abandoned the rules that required this independence. After "
"that change, the networks quickly changed the balance. In 1985, there were "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7938
+#: freeculture.xml:7946
msgid ""
"Today, another Norman Lear with another <citetitle>All in the "
"Family</citetitle> would find that he had the choice either to make the show "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7947
+#: freeculture.xml:7955
msgid "Diller, Barry"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7948
+#: freeculture.xml:7956
msgid "Moyers, Bill"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7944
+#: freeculture.xml:7952
msgid ""
"While the number of channels has increased dramatically, the ownership of "
"those channels has narrowed to an ever smaller and smaller few. As Barry "
#. f32
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7961
+#: freeculture.xml:7969
msgid ""
"\"Barry Diller Takes on Media Deregulation,\" <citetitle>Now with Bill "
"Moyers</citetitle>, Bill Moyers, 25 April 2003, edited transcript available "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7952
+#: freeculture.xml:7960
msgid ""
"Well, if you have companies that produce, that finance, that air on their "
"channel and then distribute worldwide everything that goes through their "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7968
+#: freeculture.xml:7976
msgid ""
"This narrowing has an effect on what is produced. The product of such large "
"and concentrated networks is increasingly homogenous. Increasingly "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7979
+#: freeculture.xml:7987
msgid "Clark, Kim B."
msgstr ""
#. f33
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7988
+#: freeculture.xml:7996
msgid ""
"Clayton M. Christensen, <citetitle>The Innovator's Dilemma: The "
"Revolutionary National Bestseller that Changed the Way We Do "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7981
+#: freeculture.xml:7989
msgid ""
"Economics itself offers a parallel that explains why this integration "
"affects creativity. Clay Christensen has written about the \"Innovator's "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8005
+#: freeculture.xml:8013
msgid ""
"I don't think we know enough about the economics of the media market to say "
"with certainty what concentration and integration will do. The efficiencies "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8011
+#: freeculture.xml:8019
msgid ""
"But there is a quintessentially obvious example that does strongly suggest "
"the concern."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8015
+#: freeculture.xml:8023
msgid ""
"In addition to the copyright wars, we're in the middle of the drug "
"wars. Government policy is strongly directed against the drug cartels; "
#. PAGE BREAK 178
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8020
+#: freeculture.xml:8028
msgid ""
"Let me hereby disqualify myself from any possible appointment to any "
"position in government by saying I believe this war is a profound mistake. I "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8039
+#: freeculture.xml:8047
msgid ""
"You may not be convinced. That's fine. We live in a democracy, and it is "
"through votes that we are to choose policy. But to do that, we depend "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8045
+#: freeculture.xml:8053
msgid ""
"Beginning in 1998, the Office of National Drug Control Policy launched a "
"media campaign as part of the \"war on drugs.\" The campaign produced scores "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8057
+#: freeculture.xml:8065
msgid ""
"Fair enough. It's a good ad. Not terribly misleading. It delivers its "
"message well. It's a fair and reasonable message."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8061
+#: freeculture.xml:8069
msgid ""
"But let's say you think it is a wrong message, and you'd like to run a "
"countercommercial. Say you want to run a series of ads that try to "
#. PAGE BREAK 179
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8067
+#: freeculture.xml:8075
msgid ""
"Well, obviously, these ads cost lots of money. Assume you raise the "
"money. Assume a group of concerned citizens donates all the money in the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8108
+#: freeculture.xml:8116
msgid "Comcast"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8109
+#: freeculture.xml:8117
msgid "Marijuana Policy Project"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8110
+#: freeculture.xml:8118
msgid "WJOA"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8084
+#: freeculture.xml:8092
msgid ""
"The Marijuana Policy Project, in February 2003, sought to place ads that "
"directly responded to the Nick and Norm series on stations within the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8074
+#: freeculture.xml:8082
msgid ""
"No. You cannot. Television stations have a general policy of avoiding "
"\"controversial\" ads. Ads sponsored by the government are deemed "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8114
+#: freeculture.xml:8122
msgid ""
"I'd be happy to defend the networks' rights, as well—if we lived in a "
"media market that was truly diverse. But concentration in the media throws "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:8126
+#: freeculture.xml:8134
msgid "Together"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8128
+#: freeculture.xml:8136
msgid ""
"There is something innocent and obvious about the claim of the copyright "
"warriors that the government should \"protect my property.\" In the "
#. PAGE BREAK 180
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8134
+#: freeculture.xml:8142
msgid ""
"But when we see how dramatically this \"property\" has changed— when "
"we recognize how it might now interact with both technology and markets to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8150
+#: freeculture.xml:8158
msgid ""
"Not starkly. Or absolutely. My point is not that we should abolish copyright "
"or go back to the eighteenth century. That would be a total mistake, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8156
+#: freeculture.xml:8164
msgid ""
"But there is a space between zero and one, Internet culture "
"notwithstanding. And these massive shifts in the effective power of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8168
+#: freeculture.xml:8176
msgid ""
"Copyright law has not been a rock of Gibraltar. It's not a set of constant "
"commitments that, for some mysterious reason, teenagers and geeks now "
#. PAGE BREAK 181
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8180
+#: freeculture.xml:8188
msgid ""
"For the single point that is lost in this war on pirates is a point that we "
"see only after surveying the range of these changes. When you add together "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8204
+#: freeculture.xml:8212
msgid ""
"Siva Vaidhyanathan captures a similar point in his \"four surrenders\" of "
"copyright law in the digital age. See Vaidhyanathan, 159–60. "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8189
+#: freeculture.xml:8197
msgid ""
"Not when copyrights were perpetual, for when copyrights were perpetual, they "
"affected only that precise creative work. Not when only publishers had the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8210
+#: freeculture.xml:8218
msgid "This has been a long chapter. Its point can now be briefly stated."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8213
+#: freeculture.xml:8221
msgid ""
"At the start of this book, I distinguished between commercial and "
"noncommercial culture. In the course of this chapter, I have distinguished "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:8226 freeculture.xml:8264
+#: freeculture.xml:8234 freeculture.xml:8272
msgid "PUBLISH"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:8227 freeculture.xml:8265 freeculture.xml:8304 freeculture.xml:8337
+#: freeculture.xml:8235 freeculture.xml:8273 freeculture.xml:8312 freeculture.xml:8345
msgid "TRANSFORM"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:8232 freeculture.xml:8270 freeculture.xml:8309 freeculture.xml:8342
+#: freeculture.xml:8240 freeculture.xml:8278 freeculture.xml:8317 freeculture.xml:8350
msgid "Commercial"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:8233 freeculture.xml:8271 freeculture.xml:8272 freeculture.xml:8310 freeculture.xml:8311 freeculture.xml:8343 freeculture.xml:8344 freeculture.xml:8348 freeculture.xml:8349
+#: freeculture.xml:8241 freeculture.xml:8279 freeculture.xml:8280 freeculture.xml:8318 freeculture.xml:8319 freeculture.xml:8351 freeculture.xml:8352 freeculture.xml:8356 freeculture.xml:8357
msgid "©"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:8234 freeculture.xml:8238 freeculture.xml:8239 freeculture.xml:8276 freeculture.xml:8277 freeculture.xml:8316
+#: freeculture.xml:8242 freeculture.xml:8246 freeculture.xml:8247 freeculture.xml:8284 freeculture.xml:8285 freeculture.xml:8324
msgid "Free"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:8237 freeculture.xml:8275 freeculture.xml:8314 freeculture.xml:8347
+#: freeculture.xml:8245 freeculture.xml:8283 freeculture.xml:8322 freeculture.xml:8355
msgid "Noncommercial"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 182
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8246
+#: freeculture.xml:8254
msgid ""
"The act of publishing a map, chart, and book was regulated by copyright "
"law. Nothing else was. Transformations were free. And as copyright attached "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8255
+#: freeculture.xml:8263
msgid "By the end of the nineteenth century, the law had changed to this:"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8284
+#: freeculture.xml:8292
msgid ""
"Derivative works were now regulated by copyright law—if published, "
"which again, given the economics of publishing at the time, means if offered "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8290
+#: freeculture.xml:8298
msgid ""
"In 1909 the law changed to regulate copies, not publishing, and after this "
"change, the scope of the law was tied to technology. As the technology of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:8303 freeculture.xml:8336
+#: freeculture.xml:8311 freeculture.xml:8344
msgid "COPY"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:8315
+#: freeculture.xml:8323
msgid "©/Free"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8323
+#: freeculture.xml:8331
msgid ""
"The law was interpreted to reach noncommercial copying through, say, copy "
"machines, but still much of copying outside of the commercial market "
#. PAGE BREAK 183
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8356
+#: freeculture.xml:8364
msgid ""
"Every realm is governed by copyright law, whereas before most creativity was "
"not. The law now regulates the full range of creativity— commercial or "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8364
+#: freeculture.xml:8372
msgid ""
"Obviously, copyright law is not the enemy. The enemy is regulation that does "
"no good. So the question that we should be asking just now is whether "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8370
+#: freeculture.xml:8378
msgid ""
"I have no doubt that it does good in regulating commercial copying. But I "
"also have no doubt that it does more harm than good when regulating (as it "
#. f36
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8386
+#: freeculture.xml:8394
msgid ""
"It was the single most important contribution of the legal realist movement "
"to demonstrate that all property rights are always crafted to balance public "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8380
+#: freeculture.xml:8388
msgid ""
"The issue is therefore not simply whether copyright is property. Of course "
"copyright is a kind of \"property,\" and of course, as with any property, "
#. PAGE BREAK 184
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8403
+#: freeculture.xml:8411
msgid ""
"We achieved that free culture because our law respected important limits on "
"the scope of the interests protected by \"property.\" The very birth of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8422
+#: freeculture.xml:8430
msgid ""
"Free culture is increasingly the casualty in this war on piracy. In response "
"to a real, if not yet quantified, threat that the technologies of the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:8439
+#: freeculture.xml:8447
msgid "PUZZLES"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:8443
+#: freeculture.xml:8451
msgid "CHAPTER ELEVEN: Chimera"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8445
+#: freeculture.xml:8453
msgid "chimeras"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8448
+#: freeculture.xml:8456
msgid "Wells, H. G."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8451
+#: freeculture.xml:8459
msgid ""Country of the Blind, The" (Wells)"
msgstr ""
#. f1.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8459
+#: freeculture.xml:8467
msgid ""
"H. G. Wells, \"The Country of the Blind\" (1904, 1911). See H. G. Wells, "
"<citetitle>The Country of the Blind and Other Stories</citetitle>, Michael "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8455
+#: freeculture.xml:8463
msgid ""
"In a well-known short story by H. G. Wells, a mountain climber named Nunez "
"trips (literally, down an ice slope) into an unknown and isolated valley in "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8471
+#: freeculture.xml:8479
msgid ""
"Things don't go quite as he planned. He tries to explain the idea of sight "
"to the villagers. They don't understand. He tells them they are \"blind.\" "
#. PAGE BREAK 187
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8483
+#: freeculture.xml:8491
msgid ""
"The villagers don't leave him alone. Nor do they see (so to speak) the "
"virtue of his special power. Not even the ultimate target of his affection, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8494
+#: freeculture.xml:8502
msgid ""
"When Nunez announces his desire to marry his \"mysteriously delighted\" "
"love, the father and the village object. \"You see, my dear,\" her father "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8500
+#: freeculture.xml:8508
msgid ""
"After a careful examination, the doctor gives his opinion. \"His brain is "
"affected,\" he reports."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8504
+#: freeculture.xml:8512
msgid ""
"\"What affects it?\" the father asks. \"Those queer things that are called "
"the eyes . . . are diseased . . . in such a way as to affect his brain.\""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8509
+#: freeculture.xml:8517
msgid ""
"The doctor continues: \"I think I may say with reasonable certainty that in "
"order to cure him completely, all that we need to do is a simple and easy "
#. PAGE BREAK 188
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8515
+#: freeculture.xml:8523
msgid ""
"\"Thank Heaven for science!\" says the father to the doctor. They inform "
"Nunez of this condition necessary for him to be allowed his bride. (You'll "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8532
+#: freeculture.xml:8540
msgid ""
"Before I had read about chimeras, I would have said they were impossible. A "
"single person can't have two sets of DNA. The very idea of DNA is that it is "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8540
+#: freeculture.xml:8548
msgid ""
"The more I work to understand the current struggle over copyright and "
"culture, which I've sometimes called unfairly, and sometimes not unfairly "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8554
+#: freeculture.xml:8562
msgid ""
"But the description is also false in part. For when my p2p server is on a "
"p2p network through which anyone can get access to my music, then sure, my "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8563
+#: freeculture.xml:8571
msgid ""
"Likewise, when the other side says, \"File sharing is just like walking into "
"a Tower Records and taking a CD off the shelf and walking out with it,\" "
#. PAGE BREAK 189
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8574
+#: freeculture.xml:8582
msgid ""
"But it is not quite stealing from Tower. After all, when I take a CD from "
"Tower Records, Tower has one less CD to sell. And when I take a CD from "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8584
+#: freeculture.xml:8592
msgid ""
"The point is not that it is as neither side describes. The point is that it "
"is both—both as the RIAA describes it and as Kazaa describes it. It is "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8630 freeculture.xml:9331
+#: freeculture.xml:8638 freeculture.xml:9339
msgid "Berman, Howard L."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8600
+#: freeculture.xml:8608
msgid ""
"For an excellent summary, see the report prepared by GartnerG2 and the "
"Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard Law School, \"Copyright "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8591
+#: freeculture.xml:8599
msgid ""
"We could respond by simply pretending that it is not a chimera. We could, "
"with the RIAA, decide that every act of file sharing should be a felony. We "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8636
+#: freeculture.xml:8644
msgid ""
"Alternatively, we could respond to file sharing the way many kids act as "
"though we've responded. We could totally legalize it. Let there be no "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8643
+#: freeculture.xml:8651
msgid ""
"Either response is possible. I think either would be a mistake. Rather than "
"embrace one of these two extremes, we should embrace something that "
#. PAGE BREAK 190
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8655
+#: freeculture.xml:8663
msgid ""
"Yet zero tolerance is increasingly our government's policy. In the middle of "
"the chaos that the Internet has created, an extraordinary land grab is "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8663
+#: freeculture.xml:8671
msgid ""
"I'm not talking about the opportunities for kids to \"steal\" music. My "
"focus instead is the commercial and cultural innovation that this war will "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8676
+#: freeculture.xml:8684
msgid ""
"eMusic opposes music piracy. We are a distributor of copyrighted material, "
"and we want to protect those rights."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8680
+#: freeculture.xml:8688
msgid ""
"But building a technology fortress that locks in the clout of the major "
"labels is by no means the only way to protect copyright interests, nor is it "
#. f3.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8698
+#: freeculture.xml:8706
msgid ""
"WIPO and the DMCA One Year Later: Assessing Consumer Access to Digital "
"Entertainment on the Internet and Other Media: Hearing Before the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8688
+#: freeculture.xml:8696
msgid ""
"This is a critical point. The choices that industry sectors make with "
"respect to these systems will in many ways directly shape the market for "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8712 freeculture.xml:9061
+#: freeculture.xml:8720 freeculture.xml:9069
msgid "Vivendi Universal"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8709
+#: freeculture.xml:8717
msgid ""
"In April 2001, eMusic.com was purchased by Vivendi Universal, one of \"the "
"major labels.\" Its position on these matters has now changed. <placeholder "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8715
+#: freeculture.xml:8723
msgid ""
"Reversing our tradition of tolerance now will not merely quash piracy. It "
"will sacrifice values that are important to this culture, and will kill "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:8723
+#: freeculture.xml:8731
msgid "CHAPTER TWELVE: Harms"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8726
+#: freeculture.xml:8734
msgid ""
"To fight \"piracy,\" to protect \"property,\" the content industry has "
"launched a war. Lobbying and lots of campaign contributions have now brought "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8734
+#: freeculture.xml:8742
msgid ""
"My aim so far has been to describe the consequences of this war, in "
"particular, the consequences for \"free culture.\" But my aim now is to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8741
+#: freeculture.xml:8749
msgid ""
"In my view, it is not. There is no good reason why this time, for the first "
"time, the law should defend the old against the new, just when the power of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8749
+#: freeculture.xml:8757
msgid ""
"Yet \"common sense\" does not see it this way. Common sense is still on the "
"side of the Causbys and the content industry. The extreme claims of control "
#. PAGE BREAK 193
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8756
+#: freeculture.xml:8764
msgid ""
"There will be many consequences of continuing this war. I want to describe "
"just three. All three might be said to be unintended. I am quite confident "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:8763
+#: freeculture.xml:8771
msgid "Constraining Creators"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8765
+#: freeculture.xml:8773
msgid ""
"In the next ten years we will see an explosion of digital technologies. "
"These technologies will enable almost anyone to capture and share "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8780
+#: freeculture.xml:8788
msgid ""
"This digital \"capturing and sharing\" is in part an extension of the "
"capturing and sharing that has always been integral to our culture, and in "
#. PAGE BREAK 194
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8791
+#: freeculture.xml:8799
msgid ""
"Technology has thus given us an opportunity to do something with culture "
"that has only ever been possible for individuals in small groups, isolated "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8801
+#: freeculture.xml:8809
msgid ""
"Yet all this is possible only if the activity is presumptively legal. In the "
"current regime of legal regulation, it is not. Forget file sharing for a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8829 freeculture.xml:8850
+#: freeculture.xml:8837 freeculture.xml:8858
msgid "Worldcom"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8824
+#: freeculture.xml:8832
msgid ""
"See Lynne W. Jeter, <citetitle>Disconnected: Deceit and Betrayal at "
"WorldCom</citetitle> (Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, 2003), 176, 204; "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8845
+#: freeculture.xml:8853
msgid "Bush, George W."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8836
+#: freeculture.xml:8844
msgid ""
"The bill, modeled after California's tort reform model, was passed in the "
"House of Representatives but defeated in a Senate vote in July 2003. For an "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8812
+#: freeculture.xml:8820
msgid ""
"That presumption will increasingly chill creativity, as the examples of "
"extreme penalties for vague infringements continue to proliferate. It is "
#. f3.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8872
+#: freeculture.xml:8880
msgid ""
"See Danit Lidor, \"Artists Just Wanna Be Free,\" "
"<citetitle>Wired</citetitle>, 7 July 2003, available at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8853
+#: freeculture.xml:8861
msgid ""
"The consequence of this legal uncertainty, tied to these extremely high "
"penalties, is that an extraordinary amount of creativity will either never "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8882
+#: freeculture.xml:8890
msgid ""
"Part of the reason for this fear of illegality has to do with the changing "
"law. I described that change in detail in chapter 10. But an even bigger "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8893
+#: freeculture.xml:8901
msgid ""
"Never in our history has a painter had to worry about whether his painting "
"infringed on someone else's work; but the modern-day painter, using the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8904
+#: freeculture.xml:8912
msgid ""
"Lawyers rarely see this because lawyers are rarely empirical. As I described "
"in chapter 7, in response to the story about documentary filmmaker Jon Else, "
#. PAGE BREAK 196
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8913
+#: freeculture.xml:8921
msgid ""
"But fair use in America simply means the right to hire a lawyer to defend "
"your right to create. And as lawyers love to forget, our system for "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8923
+#: freeculture.xml:8931
msgid ""
"Judges and lawyers can tell themselves that fair use provides adequate "
"\"breathing room\" between regulation by the law and the access the law "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8934
+#: freeculture.xml:8942
msgid ""
"For in a world that threatens $150,000 for a single willful infringement of "
"a copyright, and which demands tens of thousands of dollars to even defend "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8945
+#: freeculture.xml:8953
msgid "As Jed Horovitz, the businessman behind Video Pipeline, said to me,"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 197
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8949
+#: freeculture.xml:8957
msgid ""
"We're losing [creative] opportunities right and left. Creative people are "
"being forced not to express themselves. Thoughts are not being "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:8962
+#: freeculture.xml:8970
msgid "Constraining Innovators"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8964
+#: freeculture.xml:8972
msgid ""
"The story of the last section was a crunchy-lefty story—creativity "
"quashed, artists who can't speak, yada yada yada. Maybe that doesn't get you "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8972
+#: freeculture.xml:8980
msgid ""
"But there's an aspect of this story that is not lefty in any sense. Indeed, "
"it is an aspect that could be written by the most extreme promarket "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8981
+#: freeculture.xml:8989
msgid ""
"The charge I've been making about the regulation of culture is the same "
"charge free marketers make about regulating markets. Everyone, of course, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8993 freeculture.xml:9099
+#: freeculture.xml:9001 freeculture.xml:9107
msgid "Barry, Hank"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 198
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8995
+#: freeculture.xml:9003
msgid ""
"This is the single most dramatic effect of the shift in regulatory strategy "
"that I described in chapter 10. The consequence of this massive threat of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9007
+#: freeculture.xml:9015
msgid ""
"Consider one example to make the point, a story whose beginning I told in "
"<citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle> and which has progressed in a way "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9012
+#: freeculture.xml:9020
msgid ""
"In 1997, Michael Roberts launched a company called MP3.com. MP3.com was "
"keen to remake the music business. Their goal was not just to facilitate new "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9020
+#: freeculture.xml:9028
msgid ""
"To make this system work, however, MP3.com needed a reliable way to "
"recommend music to its users. The idea behind this alternative was to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9028
+#: freeculture.xml:9036
msgid ""
"This idea required a simple way to gather data about user preferences. "
"MP3.com came up with an extraordinarily clever way to gather this preference "
#. PAGE BREAK 199
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9040
+#: freeculture.xml:9048
msgid ""
"No doubt some could use this system to illegally copy content. But that "
"opportunity existed with or without MP3.com. The aim of the my.mp3.com "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9049
+#: freeculture.xml:9057
msgid ""
"To make this system function, however, MP3.com needed to copy 50,000 CDs to "
"a server. (In principle, it could have been the user who uploaded the music, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9064
+#: freeculture.xml:9072
msgid ""
"Nine days after MP3.com launched its service, the five major labels, headed "
"by the RIAA, brought a lawsuit against MP3.com. MP3.com settled with four of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9074
+#: freeculture.xml:9082
msgid "That part of the story I have told before. Now consider its conclusion."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9077
+#: freeculture.xml:9085
msgid ""
"After Vivendi purchased MP3.com, Vivendi turned around and filed a "
"malpractice lawsuit against the lawyers who had advised it that they had a "
#. PAGE BREAK 200
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9087
+#: freeculture.xml:9095
msgid ""
"The clear purpose of this lawsuit (which was settled for an unspecified "
"amount shortly after the story was no longer covered in the press) was to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9098
+#: freeculture.xml:9106
msgid "Hummer, John"
msgstr ""
#. f4.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9107
+#: freeculture.xml:9115
msgid ""
"See Joseph Menn, \"Universal, EMI Sue Napster Investor,\" <citetitle>Los "
"Angeles Times</citetitle>, 23 April 2003. For a parallel argument about the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9101
+#: freeculture.xml:9109
msgid ""
"This strategy is not just limited to the lawyers. In April 2003, Universal "
"and EMI brought a lawsuit against Hummer Winblad, the venture capital firm "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9128
+#: freeculture.xml:9136
msgid "BMW"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9143
+#: freeculture.xml:9151
msgid "Needleman, Rafe"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9139
+#: freeculture.xml:9147
msgid ""
"Rafe Needleman, \"Driving in Cars with MP3s,\" <citetitle>Business "
"2.0</citetitle>, 16 June 2003, available at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9130
+#: freeculture.xml:9138
msgid ""
"I asked why, with all the storage capacity and computer power in the car, "
"there was no way to play MP3 files. I was told that BMW engineers in Germany "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9148
+#: freeculture.xml:9156
msgid ""
"This is the world of the mafia—filled with \"your money or your life\" "
"offers, governed in the end not by courts but by the threats that the law "
#. PAGE BREAK 201
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9158
+#: freeculture.xml:9166
msgid ""
"The point is not that businesses should have a right to start illegal "
"enterprises. The point is the definition of \"illegal.\" The law is a mess "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9173
+#: freeculture.xml:9181
msgid ""
"The point is directly parallel to the crunchy-lefty point about fair "
"use. Whatever the \"real\" law is, realism about the effect of law in both "
#. PAGE BREAK 202
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9185
+#: freeculture.xml:9193
msgid ""
"The building of a permission culture, rather than a free culture, is the "
"first important way in which the changes I have described will burden "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9207
+#: freeculture.xml:9215
msgid ""
"The motivation for this response is obvious. The Internet enables the "
"efficient spread of content. That efficiency is a feature of the Internet's "
#. f6.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9221
+#: freeculture.xml:9229
msgid ""
"\"Copyright and Digital Media in a Post-Napster World,\" GartnerG2 and the "
"Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard Law School (2003), "
#. f7.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9237
+#: freeculture.xml:9245
msgid "GartnerG2, 26–27."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9217
+#: freeculture.xml:9225
msgid ""
"The examples of this form of legislation are many. At the urging of the "
"content industry, some in Congress have threatened legislation that would "
#. PAGE BREAK 203
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9242
+#: freeculture.xml:9250
msgid ""
"In one sense, these solutions seem sensible. If the problem is the code, why "
"not regulate the code to remove the problem. But any regulation of technical "
#. f8.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9256
+#: freeculture.xml:9264
msgid ""
"See David McGuire, \"Tech Execs Square Off Over Piracy,\" Newsbytes, "
"February 2002 (Entertainment)."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9253
+#: freeculture.xml:9261
msgid ""
"In March 2002, a broad coalition of technology companies, led by Intel, "
"tried to get Congress to see the harm that such legislation would "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9264
+#: freeculture.xml:9272
msgid ""
"There is one more obvious way in which this war has harmed "
"innovation—again, a story that will be quite familiar to the free "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9270
+#: freeculture.xml:9278
msgid ""
"Copyright may be property, but like all property, it is also a form of "
"regulation. It is a regulation that benefits some and harms others. When "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9279
+#: freeculture.xml:9287
msgid ""
"Jessica Litman, <citetitle>Digital Copyright</citetitle> (Amherst, N.Y.: "
"Prometheus Books, 2001). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9276
+#: freeculture.xml:9284
msgid ""
"As I described in chapter 10, despite this feature of copyright as "
"regulation, and subject to important qualifications outlined by Jessica "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9290
+#: freeculture.xml:9298
msgid ""
"But that pattern of deference to new technologies has now changed with the "
"rise of the Internet. Rather than striking a balance between the claims of a "
#. f10.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9299
+#: freeculture.xml:9307
msgid ""
"The only circuit court exception is found in <citetitle>Recording Industry "
"Association of America (RIAA)</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Diamond Multimedia "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9317
+#: freeculture.xml:9325
msgid ""
"For example, in July 2002, Representative Howard Berman introduced the "
"Peer-to-Peer Piracy Prevention Act (H.R. 5211), which would immunize "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9297
+#: freeculture.xml:9305
msgid ""
"The response by the courts has been fairly universal.<placeholder "
"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It has been mirrored in the responses "
#. PAGE BREAK 204
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9339
+#: freeculture.xml:9347
msgid ""
"As I described in chapter 4, when a radio station plays a song, the "
"recording artist doesn't get paid for that \"radio performance\" unless he "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9349
+#: freeculture.xml:9357
msgid ""
"The reasoning behind this balance struck by Congress makes some sense. The "
"justification was that radio was a kind of advertising. The recording artist "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9360
+#: freeculture.xml:9368
msgid ""
"Enter Internet radio. Like regular radio, Internet radio is a technology to "
"stream content from a broadcaster to a listener. The broadcast travels "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9369
+#: freeculture.xml:9377
msgid ""
"This feature of the architecture of Internet radio means that there are "
"potentially an unlimited number of radio stations that a user could tune in "
#. PAGE BREAK 205
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9384
+#: freeculture.xml:9392
msgid ""
"Internet radio is thus to radio what FM was to AM. It is an improvement "
"potentially vastly more significant than the FM improvement over AM, since "
#. f12.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9408
+#: freeculture.xml:9416
msgid "Lessing, 239."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9394
+#: freeculture.xml:9402
msgid ""
"An almost unlimited number of FM stations was possible in the shortwaves, "
"thus ending the unnatural restrictions imposed on radio in the crowded "
#. f13.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9418
+#: freeculture.xml:9426
msgid "Ibid., 229."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9413
+#: freeculture.xml:9421
msgid ""
"This potential for FM radio was never realized—not because Armstrong "
"was wrong about the technology, but because he underestimated the power of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9423
+#: freeculture.xml:9431
msgid ""
"Now the very same claim could be made about Internet radio. For again, there "
"is no technical limitation that could restrict the number of Internet radio "
#. PAGE BREAK 206
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9431
+#: freeculture.xml:9439
msgid ""
"But here the power of the lobbyists is reversed. Internet radio is a new "
"industry. The recording artists, on the other hand, have a very powerful "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9470
+#: freeculture.xml:9478
msgid "CARP (Copyright Arbitration Royalty Panel)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9453
+#: freeculture.xml:9461
msgid ""
"This example was derived from fees set by the original Copyright Arbitration "
"Royalty Panel (CARP) proceedings, and is drawn from an example offered by "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9446
+#: freeculture.xml:9454
msgid ""
"This financial burden is not slight. As Harvard law professor William Fisher "
"estimates, if an Internet radio station distributed adfree popular music to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9477
+#: freeculture.xml:9485
msgid ""
"The burden is not financial only. Under the original rules that were "
"proposed, an Internet radio station (but not a terrestrial radio station) "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9485
+#: freeculture.xml:9493
msgid "name of the service;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9488
+#: freeculture.xml:9496
msgid "channel of the program (AM/FM stations use station ID);"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9491
+#: freeculture.xml:9499
msgid "type of program (archived/looped/live);"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9494
+#: freeculture.xml:9502
msgid "date of transmission;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9497
+#: freeculture.xml:9505
msgid "time of transmission;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9500
+#: freeculture.xml:9508
msgid "time zone of origination of transmission;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9503
+#: freeculture.xml:9511
msgid "numeric designation of the place of the sound recording within the program;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9506
+#: freeculture.xml:9514
msgid "duration of transmission (to nearest second);"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9509
+#: freeculture.xml:9517
msgid "sound recording title;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9512
+#: freeculture.xml:9520
msgid "ISRC code of the recording;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9515
+#: freeculture.xml:9523
msgid ""
"release year of the album per copyright notice and in the case of "
"compilation albums, the release year of the album and copy- right date of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9518
+#: freeculture.xml:9526
msgid "featured recording artist;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9521
+#: freeculture.xml:9529
msgid "retail album title;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9524
+#: freeculture.xml:9532
msgid "recording label;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9527
+#: freeculture.xml:9535
msgid "UPC code of the retail album;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9530
+#: freeculture.xml:9538
msgid "catalog number;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9533
+#: freeculture.xml:9541
msgid "copyright owner information;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9536
+#: freeculture.xml:9544
msgid "musical genre of the channel or program (station format);"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9539
+#: freeculture.xml:9547
msgid "name of the service or entity;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9542
+#: freeculture.xml:9550
msgid "channel or program;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9545
+#: freeculture.xml:9553
msgid "date and time that the user logged in (in the user's time zone);"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9548
+#: freeculture.xml:9556
msgid "date and time that the user logged out (in the user's time zone);"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9551
+#: freeculture.xml:9559
msgid "time zone where the signal was received (user);"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9554
+#: freeculture.xml:9562
msgid "Unique User identifier;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9557
+#: freeculture.xml:9565
msgid "the country in which the user received the transmissions."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9562
+#: freeculture.xml:9570
msgid ""
"The Librarian of Congress eventually suspended these reporting requirements, "
"pending further study. And he also changed the original rates set by the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9570
+#: freeculture.xml:9578
msgid ""
"Why? What justifies this difference? Was there any study of the economic "
"consequences from Internet radio that would justify these differences? Was "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9576
+#: freeculture.xml:9584
msgid ""
"In a rare bit of candor, one RIAA expert admitted what seemed obvious to "
"everyone at the time. As Alex Alben, vice president for Public Policy at "
#. PAGE BREAK 208
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9582
+#: freeculture.xml:9590
msgid ""
"The RIAA, which was representing the record labels, presented some testimony "
"about what they thought a willing buyer would pay to a willing seller, and "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9598
+#: freeculture.xml:9606
msgid ""
"And the RIAA experts said, \"Well, we don't really model this as an industry "
"with thousands of webcasters, <emphasis>we think it should be an industry "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9606
+#: freeculture.xml:9614
msgid ""
"Translation: The aim is to use the law to eliminate competition, so that "
"this platform of potentially immense competition, which would cause the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:9616
+#: freeculture.xml:9624
msgid "Corrupting Citizens"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9618
+#: freeculture.xml:9626
msgid ""
"Overregulation stifles creativity. It smothers innovation. It gives "
"dinosaurs a veto over the future. It wastes the extraordinary opportunity "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9624
+#: freeculture.xml:9632
msgid ""
"In addition to these important harms, there is one more that was important "
"to our forebears, but seems forgotten today. Overregulation corrupts "
#. f15.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9633
+#: freeculture.xml:9641
msgid ""
"Mike Graziano and Lee Rainie, \"The Music Downloading Deluge,\" Pew Internet "
"and American Life Project (24 April 2001), available at <ulink "
#. PAGE BREAK 209
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9629
+#: freeculture.xml:9637
msgid ""
"The war that is being waged today is a war of prohibition. As with every war "
"of prohibition, it is targeted against the behavior of a very large number "
#. f16.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9667
+#: freeculture.xml:9675
msgid ""
"Alex Pham, \"The Labels Strike Back: N.Y. Girl Settles RIAA Case,\" "
"<citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 10 September 2003, Business."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9654
+#: freeculture.xml:9662
msgid ""
"The content industry's tactics exploit the failings of the American legal "
"system. When the RIAA brought suit against Jesse Jordan, it knew that in "
#. f17.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9689
+#: freeculture.xml:9697
msgid ""
"Jeffrey A. Miron and Jeffrey Zwiebel, \"Alcohol Consumption During "
"Prohibition,\" <citetitle>American Economic Review</citetitle> 81, no. 2 "
#. f18.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9697
+#: freeculture.xml:9705
msgid ""
"National Drug Control Policy: Hearing Before the House Government Reform "
"Committee, 108th Cong., 1st sess. (5 March 2003) (statement of John "
#. f19.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9707
+#: freeculture.xml:9715
msgid ""
"See James Andreoni, Brian Erard, and Jonathon Feinstein, \"Tax Compliance,\" "
"<citetitle>Journal of Economic Literature</citetitle> 36 (1998): 818 (survey "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9679
+#: freeculture.xml:9687
msgid ""
"Wars of prohibition are nothing new in America. This one is just something "
"more extreme than anything we've seen before. We experimented with alcohol "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9716
+#: freeculture.xml:9724
msgid ""
"This state of affairs is not without consequence. It is a particularly "
"salient issue for teachers like me, whose job it is to teach law students "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9733
+#: freeculture.xml:9741
msgid ""
"The response to this general illegality is either to enforce the law more "
"severely or to change the law. We, as a society, have to learn how to make "
#. PAGE BREAK 211
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9746
+#: freeculture.xml:9754
msgid ""
"My point is not the idiotic one: Just because people violate a law, we "
"should therefore repeal it. Obviously, we could reduce murder statistics "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9753
+#: freeculture.xml:9761
msgid ""
"My point is instead one that democracies understood for generations, but "
"that we recently have learned to forget. The rule of law depends upon people "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9767
+#: freeculture.xml:9775
msgid ""
"When at least forty-three million citizens download content from the "
"Internet, and when they use tools to combine that content in ways "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9779
+#: freeculture.xml:9787
msgid "This abstract point can be made more clear with a particular example."
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 212
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9782
+#: freeculture.xml:9790
msgid ""
"We all own CDs. Many of us still own phonograph records. These pieces of "
"plastic encode music that in a certain sense we have bought. The law "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9793
+#: freeculture.xml:9801
msgid ""
"But as the MP3 craze has demonstrated, there is another use of phonograph "
"records that is effectively free. Because these recordings were made without "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9801
+#: freeculture.xml:9809
msgid "Adromeda"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9803
+#: freeculture.xml:9811
msgid ""
"This \"use\" of my records is certainly valuable. I have begun a large "
"process at home of ripping all of my and my wife's CDs, and storing them in "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9814
+#: freeculture.xml:9822
msgid ""
"This use is enabled by unprotected media—either CDs or records. But "
"unprotected media also enable file sharing. File sharing threatens (or so "
#. PAGE BREAK 213
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9824
+#: freeculture.xml:9832
msgid ""
"If these technologies took off, then the building of large archives of your "
"own music would become quite difficult. You might hang in hacker circles, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9838
+#: freeculture.xml:9846
msgid ""
"If the only way to assure that artists get paid were the elimination of the "
"ability to freely move content, then these technologies to interfere with "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9847
+#: freeculture.xml:9855
msgid ""
"My point just now is not to prove that there is such a system. I offer a "
"version of such a system in the last chapter of this book. For now, the only "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9858
+#: freeculture.xml:9866
msgid ""
"I believe there is a way to assure that artists are paid without turning "
"forty-three million Americans into felons. But the salient feature of this "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9867
+#: freeculture.xml:9875
msgid ""
"Except that this generation's buggy manufacturers have already saddled "
"Congress, and are riding the law to protect themselves against this new form "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9873
+#: freeculture.xml:9881
msgid ""
"It is understandable why they choose as they do. It is not understandable "
"why we as a democracy continue to choose as we do. Jack Valenti is charming; "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9892 freeculture.xml:10001
+#: freeculture.xml:9900 freeculture.xml:10009
msgid "von Lohmann, Fred"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9890
+#: freeculture.xml:9898
msgid ""
"\"If you can treat someone as a putative lawbreaker,\" von Lohmann explains, "
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9896
+#: freeculture.xml:9904
msgid ""
"then all of a sudden a lot of basic civil liberty protections evaporate to "
"one degree or another. . . . If you're a copyright infringer, how can you "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9908
+#: freeculture.xml:9916
msgid ""
"And the consequence of this transformation of the American public into "
"criminals is that it becomes trivial, as a matter of due process, to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9913
+#: freeculture.xml:9921
msgid ""
"Users of the Internet began to see this generally in 2003 as the RIAA "
"launched its campaign to force Internet service providers to turn over the "
#. f20.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9931
+#: freeculture.xml:9939
msgid ""
"See Frank Ahrens, \"RIAA's Lawsuits Meet Surprised Targets; Single Mother in "
"Calif., 12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. Among Defendants,\" <citetitle>Washington "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9922
+#: freeculture.xml:9930
msgid ""
"The RIAA then expanded this campaign, by announcing a general strategy to "
"sue individual users of the Internet who are alleged to have downloaded "
#. f21.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9949
+#: freeculture.xml:9957
msgid ""
"See \"Revealed: How RIAA Tracks Downloaders: Music Industry Discloses Some "
"Methods Used,\" CNN.com, available at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9945
+#: freeculture.xml:9953
msgid ""
"Even this understates the espionage that is being waged by the RIAA. A "
"report from CNN late last summer described a strategy the RIAA had adopted "
#. f22.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9970
+#: freeculture.xml:9978
msgid ""
"See Jeff Adler, \"Cambridge: On Campus, Pirates Are Not Penitent,\" "
"<citetitle>Boston Globe</citetitle>, 18 May 2003, City Weekly, 1; Frank "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9958
+#: freeculture.xml:9966
msgid ""
"So imagine the following not-implausible scenario: Imagine a friend gives a "
"CD to your daughter—a collection of songs just like the cassettes you "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9989
+#: freeculture.xml:9997
msgid ""
"Now, of course, she'll have the right to defend herself. You can hire a "
"lawyer for her (at $300 per hour, if you're lucky), and she can plead that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10005
+#: freeculture.xml:10013
msgid ""
"So when we're talking about numbers like forty to sixty million Americans "
"that are essentially copyright infringers, you create a situation where the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10025
+#: freeculture.xml:10033
msgid ""
"When forty to sixty million Americans are considered \"criminals\" under the "
"law, and when the law could achieve the same objective— securing "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:10038
+#: freeculture.xml:10046
msgid "BALANCES"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10043
+#: freeculture.xml:10051
msgid ""
"So here's the picture: You're standing at the side of the road. Your car is "
"on fire. You are angry and upset because in part you helped start the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10049
+#: freeculture.xml:10057
msgid ""
"As you ponder the mess, someone else comes along. In a panic, she grabs the "
"bucket. Before you have a chance to tell her to stop—or before she "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10057
+#: freeculture.xml:10065
msgid ""
"A war about copyright rages all around—and we're all focusing on the "
"wrong thing. No doubt, current technologies threaten existing businesses. "
#. PAGE BREAK 219
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10066
+#: freeculture.xml:10074
msgid ""
"Yet policy makers are not willing to leave this fire to itself. Primed with "
"plenty of lobbyists' money, they are keen to intervene to eliminate the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10074
+#: freeculture.xml:10082
msgid ""
"Somehow we have to find a way to turn attention to this more important and "
"fundamental issue. Somehow we have to find a way to avoid pouring gasoline "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10079
+#: freeculture.xml:10087
msgid ""
"We have not found that way yet. Instead, we seem trapped in a simpler, "
"binary view. However much many people push to frame this debate more "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10085
+#: freeculture.xml:10093
msgid ""
"This challenge has been my life these last few years. It has also been my "
"failure. In the two chapters that follow, I describe one small brace of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:10095
+#: freeculture.xml:10103
msgid "CHAPTER THIRTEEN: Eldred"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10097
+#: freeculture.xml:10105
msgid ""
"In 1995, a father was frustrated that his daughters didn't seem to like "
"Hawthorne. No doubt there was more than one such father, but at least one "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10106
+#: freeculture.xml:10114
msgid ""
"It didn't work—at least for his daughters. They didn't find Hawthorne "
"any more interesting than before. But Eldred's experiment gave birth to a "
#. PAGE BREAK 221
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10113
+#: freeculture.xml:10121
msgid ""
"Eldred's library was not simply a copy of certain public domain works, "
"though even a copy would have been of great value to people across the world "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10124
+#: freeculture.xml:10132
msgid ""
"Eldred's freedom to do this with Hawthorne's work grew from the same source "
"as Disney's. Hawthorne's <citetitle>Scarlet Letter</citetitle> had passed "
#. f1.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10147
+#: freeculture.xml:10155
msgid ""
"There's a parallel here with pornography that is a bit hard to describe, but "
"it's a strong one. One phenomenon that the Internet created was a world of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10136
+#: freeculture.xml:10144
msgid ""
"The Internet created the possibility of noncommercial publications of public "
"domain works. Eldred's is just one example. There are literally thousands of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10164
+#: freeculture.xml:10172
msgid ""
"As I said, Eldred lives in New Hampshire. In 1998, Robert Frost's collection "
"of poems <citetitle>New Hampshire</citetitle> was slated to pass into the "
#. f2.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10184
+#: freeculture.xml:10192
msgid ""
"The full text is: \"Sonny [Bono] wanted the term of copyright protection to "
"last forever. I am informed by staff that such a change would violate the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10179
+#: freeculture.xml:10187
msgid ""
"This was the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA), enacted in "
"memory of the congressman and former musician Sonny Bono, who, his widow, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10195
+#: freeculture.xml:10203
msgid ""
"Eldred decided to fight this law. He first resolved to fight it through "
"civil disobedience. In a series of interviews, Eldred announced that he "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10204
+#: freeculture.xml:10212
msgid ""
"It was here that I became involved in Eldred's battle. I was a "
"constitutional scholar whose first passion was constitutional "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10215
+#: freeculture.xml:10223
msgid ""
"Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science . . . by securing "
"for limited Times to Authors . . . exclusive Right to their "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10221
+#: freeculture.xml:10229
msgid ""
"As I've described, this clause is unique within the power-granting clause of "
"Article I, section 8 of our Constitution. Every other clause granting power "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10240 freeculture.xml:11683
+#: freeculture.xml:10248 freeculture.xml:11691
msgid "Jaszi, Peter"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10231
+#: freeculture.xml:10239
msgid ""
"In the past forty years, Congress has gotten into the practice of extending "
"existing terms of copyright protection. What puzzled me about this was, if "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10243
+#: freeculture.xml:10251
msgid ""
"As an academic, my first response was to hit the books. I remember sitting "
"late at the office, scouring on-line databases for any serious consideration "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10254
+#: freeculture.xml:10262
msgid ""
"For this is the core of the corruption in our present system of "
"government. \"Corruption\" not in the sense that representatives are "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10263
+#: freeculture.xml:10271
msgid ""
"If that's not obvious to you, consider the following: Say you're one of the "
"very few lucky copyright owners whose copyright continues to make money one "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10273
+#: freeculture.xml:10281
msgid ""
"So imagine the Robert Frost estate is earning $100,000 a year from three of "
"Frost's poems. And imagine the copyright for those poems is about to "
#. PAGE BREAK 224
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10280
+#: freeculture.xml:10288
msgid ""
"\"Next year,\" the adviser announces, \"our copyrights in works A, B, and C "
"will expire. That means that after next year, we will no longer be receiving "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10288
+#: freeculture.xml:10296
msgid ""
"\"There's a proposal in Congress, however,\" she continues, \"that could "
"change this. A few congressmen are floating a bill to extend the terms of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10294
+#: freeculture.xml:10302
msgid ""
"\"Hope?\" a fellow board member says. \"Can't we be doing something about "
"it?\""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10298
+#: freeculture.xml:10306
msgid ""
"\"Well, obviously, yes,\" the adviser responds. \"We could contribute to the "
"campaigns of a number of representatives to try to assure that they support "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10303
+#: freeculture.xml:10311
msgid ""
"You hate politics. You hate contributing to campaigns. So you want to know "
"whether this disgusting practice is worth it. \"How much would we get if "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10309
+#: freeculture.xml:10317
msgid ""
"\"Well,\" the adviser says, \"if you're confident that you will continue to "
"get at least $100,000 a year from these copyrights, and you use the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10315
+#: freeculture.xml:10323
msgid ""
"You're a bit shocked by the number, but you quickly come to the correct "
"conclusion:"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10319
+#: freeculture.xml:10327
msgid ""
"\"So you're saying it would be worth it for us to pay more than $1,000,000 "
"in campaign contributions if we were confident those contributions would "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10325
+#: freeculture.xml:10333
msgid ""
"\"Absolutely,\" the adviser responds. \"It is worth it to you to contribute "
"up to the `present value' of the income you expect from these "
#. PAGE BREAK 225
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10331
+#: freeculture.xml:10339
msgid ""
"You quickly get the point—you as the member of the board and, I trust, "
"you the reader. Each time copyrights are about to expire, every beneficiary "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10342
+#: freeculture.xml:10350
msgid ""
"Thus a congressional perpetual motion machine: So long as legislation can be "
"bought (albeit indirectly), there will be all the incentive in the world to "
#. f3.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10354
+#: freeculture.xml:10362
msgid ""
"Associated Press, \"Disney Lobbying for Copyright Extension No Mickey Mouse "
"Effort; Congress OKs Bill Granting Creators 20 More Years,\" "
#. f4.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10361
+#: freeculture.xml:10369
msgid ""
"See Nick Brown, \"Fair Use No More?: Copyright in the Information Age,\" "
"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #49</ulink>."
#. f5.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10369
+#: freeculture.xml:10377
msgid ""
"Alan K. Ota, \"Disney in Washington: The Mouse That Roars,\" "
"<citetitle>Congressional Quarterly This Week</citetitle>, 8 August 1990, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10347
+#: freeculture.xml:10355
msgid ""
"In the lobbying that led to the passage of the Sonny Bono Copyright Term "
"Extension Act, this \"theory\" about incentives was proved real. Ten of the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10376
+#: freeculture.xml:10384
msgid ""
"Constitutional law is not oblivious to the obvious. Or at least, it need not "
"be. So when I was considering Eldred's complaint, this reality about the "
#. PAGE BREAK 226
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10389
+#: freeculture.xml:10397
msgid ""
"It was also my judgment that <emphasis>this</emphasis> Supreme Court would "
"not allow Congress to extend existing terms. As anyone close to the Supreme "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10402
+#: freeculture.xml:10410
msgid ""
"Since 1937, the Supreme Court had interpreted Congress's granted powers very "
"broadly; so, while the Constitution grants Congress the power to regulate "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10412
+#: freeculture.xml:10420
msgid ""
"As the economy grew, this standard increasingly meant that there was no "
"limit to Congress's power to regulate, since just about every activity, when "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10419
+#: freeculture.xml:10427
msgid ""
"The Supreme Court, under Chief Justice Rehnquist's command, changed that in "
"<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>. The "
#. f6.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10434
+#: freeculture.xml:10442
msgid ""
"<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>, 514 "
"U.S. 549, 564 (1995)."
#. f7.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10441
+#: freeculture.xml:10449
msgid ""
"<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Morrison</citetitle>, 529 "
"U.S. 598 (2000)."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10432
+#: freeculture.xml:10440
msgid ""
"\"We pause to consider the implications of the government's arguments,\" the "
"Chief Justice wrote.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> If anything "
#. f8.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10448
+#: freeculture.xml:10456
msgid ""
"If it is a principle about enumerated powers, then the principle carries "
"from one enumerated power to another. The animating point in the context of "
#. PAGE BREAK 227
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10445
+#: freeculture.xml:10453
msgid ""
"If a principle were at work here, then it should apply to the Progress "
"Clause as much as the Commerce Clause.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10469
+#: freeculture.xml:10477
msgid ""
"<emphasis>If</emphasis>, that is, the principle announced in "
"<citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> stood for a principle. Many believed the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10482
+#: freeculture.xml:10490
msgid ""
"Now let's pause for a moment to make sure we understand what the argument in "
"<citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> was not about. By insisting on the "
#. f9.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10505
+#: freeculture.xml:10513
msgid ""
"Brief of the Nashville Songwriters Association, "
"<citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 537 U.S. "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10499
+#: freeculture.xml:10507
msgid ""
"Some people view the public domain with contempt. In their brief before the "
"Supreme Court, the Nashville Songwriters Association wrote that the public "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10515
+#: freeculture.xml:10523
msgid ""
"As we've seen, our constitutional system requires limits on copyright as a "
"way to assure that copyright holders do not too heavily influence the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10527
+#: freeculture.xml:10535
msgid ""
"It is valuable copyrights that are responsible for terms being extended. "
"Mickey Mouse and \"Rhapsody in Blue.\" These works are too valuable for "
#. f10.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10548
+#: freeculture.xml:10556
msgid ""
"The figure of 2 percent is an extrapolation from the study by the "
"Congressional Research Service, in light of the estimated renewal "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10542
+#: freeculture.xml:10550
msgid ""
"If you look at the work created in the first twenty years (1923 to 1942) "
"affected by the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act, 2 percent of that "
#. PAGE BREAK 229
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10557
+#: freeculture.xml:10565
msgid ""
"Think practically about the consequence of this extension—practically, "
"as a businessperson, and not as a lawyer eager for more legal work. In 1930, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10569
+#: freeculture.xml:10577
msgid ""
"Well, first, you'd have to determine which of the 9,873 books were still "
"under copyright. That requires going to a library (these data are not "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10577
+#: freeculture.xml:10585
msgid ""
"Then for the books still under copyright, you would need to locate the "
"current copyright owners. How would you do that?"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10581
+#: freeculture.xml:10589
msgid ""
"Most people think that there must be a list of these copyright owners "
"somewhere. Practical people think this way. How could there be thousands and "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10588
+#: freeculture.xml:10596
msgid ""
"But there is no list. There may be a name from 1930, and then in 1959, of "
"the person who registered the copyright. But just think practically about "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10597
+#: freeculture.xml:10605
msgid ""
"\"But there isn't a list of who owns property generally,\" the apologists "
"for the system respond. \"Why should there be a list of copyright owners?\""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10602
+#: freeculture.xml:10610
msgid ""
"Well, actually, if you think about it, there <emphasis>are</emphasis> plenty "
"of lists of who owns what property. Think about deeds on houses, or titles "
#. PAGE BREAK 230
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10611
+#: freeculture.xml:10619
msgid ""
"So: You walk down a street and see a house. You can know who owns the house "
"by looking it up in the courthouse registry. If you see a car, there is "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10626
+#: freeculture.xml:10634
msgid ""
"Compare this story to intangible property. You go into a library. The "
"library owns the books. But who owns the copyrights? As I've already "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10638
+#: freeculture.xml:10646
msgid ""
"The consequence with respect to old books is that they won't be digitized, "
"and hence will simply rot away on shelves. But the consequence for other "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10643
+#: freeculture.xml:10651
msgid "Agee, Michael"
msgstr ""
#. f11.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10656
+#: freeculture.xml:10664
msgid ""
"See David G. Savage, \"High Court Scene of Showdown on Copyright Law,\" "
"<citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 6 October 2002; David Streitfeld, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10662
+#: freeculture.xml:10670
msgid "Lucky Dog, The"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10645
+#: freeculture.xml:10653
msgid ""
"Consider the story of Michael Agee, chairman of Hal Roach Studios, which "
"owns the copyrights for the Laurel and Hardy films. Agee is a direct "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10665
+#: freeculture.xml:10673
msgid ""
"Yet Agee opposed the CTEA. His reasons demonstrate a rare virtue in this "
"culture: selflessness. He argued in a brief before the Supreme Court that "
#. PAGE BREAK 231
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10671
+#: freeculture.xml:10679
msgid ""
"His argument is straightforward. A tiny fraction of this work has any "
"continuing commercial value. The rest—to the extent it survives at "
#. f12.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10689
+#: freeculture.xml:10697
msgid ""
"Brief of Hal Roach Studios and Michael Agee as Amicus Curiae Supporting the "
"Petitoners, <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10682
+#: freeculture.xml:10690
msgid ""
"We can't know the benefits, but we do know a lot about the costs. For most "
"of the history of film, the costs of restoring film were very high; digital "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10699
+#: freeculture.xml:10707
msgid ""
"Restoration technology is not the only cost, nor the most important. "
"Lawyers, too, are a cost, and increasingly, a very important one. In "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10707
+#: freeculture.xml:10715
msgid ""
"Or more accurately, <emphasis>owners</emphasis>. As we've seen, there isn't "
"only a single copyright associated with a film; there are many. There isn't "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10715
+#: freeculture.xml:10723
msgid ""
"\"But can't you just restore the film, distribute it, and then pay the "
"copyright owner when she shows up?\" Sure, if you want to commit a "
#. PAGE BREAK 232
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10726
+#: freeculture.xml:10734
msgid ""
"For some films, the benefit of releasing the film may well exceed these "
"costs. But for the vast majority of them, there is no way the benefit would "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10736
+#: freeculture.xml:10744
msgid ""
"But by the time the copyright for these films expires, the film will have "
"expired. These films were produced on nitrate-based stock, and nitrate stock "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10744
+#: freeculture.xml:10752
msgid ""
"Of all the creative work produced by humans anywhere, a tiny fraction has "
"continuing commercial value. For that tiny fraction, the copyright is a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10753
+#: freeculture.xml:10761
msgid ""
"But even for that tiny fraction, the actual time during which the creative "
"work has a commercial life is extremely short. As I've indicated, most books "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10763
+#: freeculture.xml:10771
msgid ""
"Yet that doesn't mean the life of the creative work ends. We don't keep "
"libraries of books in order to compete with Barnes & Noble, and we don't "
#. PAGE BREAK 233
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10776
+#: freeculture.xml:10784
msgid ""
"Copyrights in this context do not drive an engine of free expression. In "
"this context, there is no need for an exclusive right. Copyrights in this "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10783
+#: freeculture.xml:10791
msgid ""
"Yet, for most of our history, they also did little harm. For most of our "
"history, when a work ended its commercial life, there was no "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10794
+#: freeculture.xml:10802
msgid ""
"The same was effectively true of film. Because the costs of restoring a "
"film—the real economic costs, not the lawyer costs—were so high, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10803
+#: freeculture.xml:10811
msgid ""
"In other words, though copyright has been relatively short for most of our "
"history, long copyrights wouldn't have mattered for the works that lost "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10809
+#: freeculture.xml:10817
msgid "But this situation has now changed."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10812
+#: freeculture.xml:10820
msgid ""
"One crucially important consequence of the emergence of digital technologies "
"is to enable the archive that Brewster Kahle dreams of. Digital "
#. PAGE BREAK 234
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10825
+#: freeculture.xml:10833
msgid ""
"And now copyright law does get in the way. Every step of producing this "
"digital archive of our culture infringes on the exclusive right of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10835
+#: freeculture.xml:10843
msgid ""
"Here is the core of the harm that comes from extending terms: Now that "
"technology enables us to rebuild the library of Alexandria, the law gets in "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10846
+#: freeculture.xml:10854
msgid ""
"You may well ask, \"But if digital technologies lower the costs for Brewster "
"Kahle, then they will lower the costs for Random House, too. So won't "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10852
+#: freeculture.xml:10860
msgid ""
"Maybe. Someday. But there is absolutely no evidence to suggest that "
"publishers would be as complete as libraries. If Barnes & Noble offered "
#. f13.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10875
+#: freeculture.xml:10883
msgid ""
"Jason Schultz, \"The Myth of the 1976 Copyright `Chaos' Theory,\" 20 "
"December 2002, available at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10863
+#: freeculture.xml:10871
msgid ""
"I would be the first to agree that it should do as much as it can: We should "
"rely upon the market as much as possible to spread and enable culture. My "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10882
+#: freeculture.xml:10890
msgid ""
"In January 1999, we filed a lawsuit on Eric Eldred's behalf in federal "
"district court in Washington, D.C., asking the court to declare the Sonny "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10890
+#: freeculture.xml:10898
msgid ""
"The district court dismissed our claims without even hearing an argument. A "
"panel of the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit also dismissed our "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10897
+#: freeculture.xml:10905
msgid ""
"Judge David Sentelle said the CTEA violated the requirement that copyrights "
"be for \"limited Times\" only. His argument was as elegant as it was simple: "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10908
+#: freeculture.xml:10916
msgid ""
"We asked the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit as a whole to hear the "
"case. Cases are ordinarily heard in panels of three, except for important "
#. PAGE BREAK 236
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10914
+#: freeculture.xml:10922
msgid ""
"The Court of Appeals rejected our request to hear the case en banc. This "
"time, Judge Sentelle was joined by the most liberal member of the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10923
+#: freeculture.xml:10931
msgid ""
"It was here that most expected Eldred v. Ashcroft would die, for the Supreme "
"Court rarely reviews any decision by a court of appeals. (It hears about one "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10930
+#: freeculture.xml:10938
msgid ""
"But in February 2002, the Supreme Court surprised the world by granting our "
"petition to review the D.C. Circuit opinion. Argument was set for October of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10936
+#: freeculture.xml:10944
msgid ""
"It is over a year later as I write these words. It is still astonishingly "
"hard. If you know anything at all about this story, you know that we lost "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10946
+#: freeculture.xml:10954
msgid ""
"But my client and these friends were wrong. This case could have been "
"won. It should have been won. And no matter how hard I try to retell this "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10951 freeculture.xml:10965
+#: freeculture.xml:10959 freeculture.xml:10973
msgid "Steward, Geoffrey"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 237
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10953
+#: freeculture.xml:10961
msgid ""
"The mistake was made early, though it became obvious only at the very "
"end. Our case had been supported from the very beginning by an extraordinary "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10963 freeculture.xml:11304 freeculture.xml:11319 freeculture.xml:11412 freeculture.xml:11626 freeculture.xml:11657 freeculture.xml:11745
+#: freeculture.xml:10971 freeculture.xml:11312 freeculture.xml:11327 freeculture.xml:11420 freeculture.xml:11634 freeculture.xml:11665 freeculture.xml:11753
msgid "Ayer, Don"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10964
+#: freeculture.xml:10972
msgid "Bromberg, Dan"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10967
+#: freeculture.xml:10975
msgid ""
"There were three key lawyers on the case from Jones Day. Geoff Stewart was "
"the first, but then Dan Bromberg and Don Ayer became quite "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10977
+#: freeculture.xml:10985
msgid ""
"I hate this view of the law. Of course I thought the Sonny Bono Act was a "
"dramatic harm to free speech and free culture. Of course I still think it "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10998
+#: freeculture.xml:11006
msgid ""
"In any case, I thought, the Court must already see the danger and the harm "
"caused by this sort of law. Why else would they grant review? There was no "
#. PAGE BREAK 238
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11006
+#: freeculture.xml:11014
msgid ""
"There was one way, however, in which I felt politics would matter and in "
"which I thought a response was appropriate. I was convinced that the Court "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11037 freeculture.xml:11061
+#: freeculture.xml:11045 freeculture.xml:11069
msgid "Eagle Forum"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11038
+#: freeculture.xml:11046
msgid "Schlafly, Phyllis"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11025
+#: freeculture.xml:11033
msgid ""
"The first step happened all by itself. Phyllis Schlafly's organization, "
"Eagle Forum, had been an opponent of the CTEA from the very beginning. "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11041
+#: freeculture.xml:11049
msgid ""
"In the Court of Appeals, Eagle Forum was eager to file a brief supporting "
"our position. Their brief made the argument that became the core claim in "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11049
+#: freeculture.xml:11057
msgid ""
"In the Supreme Court, the briefs on our side were about as diverse as it "
"gets. They included an extraordinary historical brief by the Free Software "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11064
+#: freeculture.xml:11072
msgid ""
"Those briefs framed a legal argument. Then to support the legal argument, "
"there were a number of powerful briefs by libraries and archives, including "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11070
+#: freeculture.xml:11078
msgid ""
"But two briefs captured the policy argument best. One made the argument I've "
"already described: A brief by Hal Roach Studios argued that unless the law "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11076
+#: freeculture.xml:11084
msgid "Akerlof, George"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11077
+#: freeculture.xml:11085
msgid "Arrow, Kenneth"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11078
+#: freeculture.xml:11086
msgid "Buchanan, James"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11079
+#: freeculture.xml:11087
msgid "Coase, Ronald"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11080
+#: freeculture.xml:11088
msgid "Friedman, Milton"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11082
+#: freeculture.xml:11090
msgid ""
"This economists' brief was signed by seventeen economists, including five "
"Nobel Prize winners, including Ronald Coase, James Buchanan, Milton "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11105 freeculture.xml:11118 freeculture.xml:11310 freeculture.xml:11662
+#: freeculture.xml:11113 freeculture.xml:11126 freeculture.xml:11318 freeculture.xml:11670
msgid "Fried, Charles"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11093
+#: freeculture.xml:11101
msgid ""
"The same effort at balance was reflected in the legal team we gathered to "
"write our briefs in the case. The Jones Day lawyers had been with us from "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11108
+#: freeculture.xml:11116
msgid ""
"Fried was a special victory for our side. Every other former solicitor "
"general was hired by the other side to defend Congress's power to give media "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11121
+#: freeculture.xml:11129
msgid ""
"The government, in defending the statute, had its collection of friends, as "
"well. Significantly, however, none of these \"friends\" included historians "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11128
+#: freeculture.xml:11136
msgid ""
"The media companies were not surprising. They had the most to gain from the "
"law. The congressmen were not surprising either—they were defending "
#. f14.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11144
+#: freeculture.xml:11152
msgid ""
"Brief of Amici Dr. Seuss Enterprise et al., <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> "
"v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 537 U.S. (2003) (No. 01-618), 19."
#. f15.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11152
+#: freeculture.xml:11160
msgid ""
"Dinitia Smith, \"Immortal Words, Immortal Royalties? Even Mickey Mouse Joins "
"the Fray,\" <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 28 March 1998, B7."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11159
+#: freeculture.xml:11167
msgid "Gershwin, George"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11137
+#: freeculture.xml:11145
msgid ""
"Dr. Seuss's representatives, for example, argued that it was better for the "
"Dr. Seuss estate to control what happened to Dr. Seuss's work— better "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11162
+#: freeculture.xml:11170
msgid ""
"This argument made clear a theme that is rarely noticed in this debate. "
"When Congress decides to extend the term of existing copyrights, Congress is "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11174
+#: freeculture.xml:11182
msgid ""
"We argued as much in a final brief. Not only would upholding the CTEA mean "
"that there was no limit to the power of Congress to extend "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11183
+#: freeculture.xml:11191
msgid ""
"The Supreme Court was divided into two important camps. One camp we called "
"\"the Conservatives.\" The other we called \"the Rest.\" The Conservatives "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11192 freeculture.xml:11216 freeculture.xml:11555 freeculture.xml:11567
+#: freeculture.xml:11200 freeculture.xml:11224 freeculture.xml:11563 freeculture.xml:11575
msgid "Breyer, Stephen"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 242
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11194
+#: freeculture.xml:11202
msgid ""
"The Rest were the four Justices who had strongly opposed limits on "
"Congress's power. These four—Justice Stevens, Justice Souter, Justice "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11206
+#: freeculture.xml:11214
msgid ""
"In particular, the least likely was Justice Ginsburg's. In addition to her "
"general view about deference to Congress (except where issues of gender are "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11218
+#: freeculture.xml:11226
msgid ""
"Close behind Justice Ginsburg were two justices whom we also viewed as "
"unlikely allies, though possible surprises. Justice Souter strongly favored "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11226
+#: freeculture.xml:11234
msgid ""
"The only vote we could be confident about was that of Justice "
"Stevens. History will record Justice Stevens as one of the greatest judges "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11234
+#: freeculture.xml:11242
msgid ""
"This analysis of \"the Rest\" showed most clearly where our focus had to be: "
"on the Conservatives. To win this case, we had to crack open these five and "
#. PAGE BREAK 243
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11244
+#: freeculture.xml:11252
msgid ""
"This then was the core of our strategy—a strategy for which I am "
"responsible. We would get the Court to see that just as with the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11258
+#: freeculture.xml:11266
msgid ""
"The argument on the government's side came down to this: Congress has done "
"it before. It should be allowed to do it again. The government claimed that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11265
+#: freeculture.xml:11273
msgid ""
"There was some truth to the government's claim, but not much. We certainly "
"agreed that Congress had extended existing terms in and in 1909. And of "
#. PAGE BREAK 244
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11272
+#: freeculture.xml:11280
msgid ""
"But this \"consistency\" should be kept in perspective. Congress extended "
"existing terms once in the first hundred years of the Republic. It then "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11295
+#: freeculture.xml:11303
msgid ""
"I was convinced that to win, I had to keep the Court focused on a single "
"point: that if this extension is permitted, then there is no limit to the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11306
+#: freeculture.xml:11314
msgid ""
"One moot was before the lawyers at Jones Day. Don Ayer was the skeptic. He "
"had served in the Reagan Justice Department with Solicitor General Charles "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11313
+#: freeculture.xml:11321
msgid ""
"\"I'm just afraid that unless they really see the harm, they won't be "
"willing to upset this practice that the government says has been a "
#. PAGE BREAK 245
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11321
+#: freeculture.xml:11329
msgid ""
"He may have argued many cases before this Court, I thought, but he didn't "
"understand its soul. As a clerk, I had seen the Justices do the right "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11338
+#: freeculture.xml:11346
msgid ""
"Not everyone has to wait in line. People who know the Justices can ask for "
"seats they control. (I asked Justice Scalia's chambers for seats for my "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11353
+#: freeculture.xml:11361
msgid ""
"When the Chief Justice called me to begin my argument, I began where I "
"intended to stay: on the question of the limits on Congress's power. This "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11359
+#: freeculture.xml:11367
msgid ""
"Justice O'Connor stopped me within one minute of my opening. The history "
"was bothering her."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11364
+#: freeculture.xml:11372
msgid ""
"justice o'connor: Congress has extended the term so often through the years, "
"and if you are right, don't we run the risk of upsetting previous extensions "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11371
+#: freeculture.xml:11379
msgid ""
"She was quite willing to concede \"that this flies directly in the face of "
"what the framers had in mind.\" But my response again and again was to "
#. PAGE BREAK 246
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11377
+#: freeculture.xml:11385
msgid ""
"mr. lessig: Well, if it flies in the face of what the framers had in mind, "
"then the question is, is there a way of interpreting their words that gives "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11385
+#: freeculture.xml:11393
msgid ""
"There were two points in this argument when I should have seen where the "
"Court was going. The first was a question by Justice Kennedy, who observed,"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11391
+#: freeculture.xml:11399
msgid ""
"justice kennedy: Well, I suppose implicit in the argument that the '76 act, "
"too, should have been declared void, and that we might leave it alone "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11399
+#: freeculture.xml:11407
msgid ""
"Here follows my clear mistake. Like a professor correcting a student, I "
"answered,"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11405
+#: freeculture.xml:11413
msgid ""
"mr. lessig: Justice, we are not making an empirical claim at all. Nothing "
"in our Copyright Clause claim hangs upon the empirical assertion about "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11414
+#: freeculture.xml:11422
msgid ""
"That was a correct answer, but it wasn't the right answer. The right answer "
"was instead that there was an obvious and profound harm. Any number of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11421
+#: freeculture.xml:11429
msgid ""
"The second came from the Chief, for whom the whole case had been "
"crafted. For the Chief Justice had crafted the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> "
#. PAGE BREAK 247
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11426
+#: freeculture.xml:11434
msgid ""
"It was clear a second into his question that he wasn't at all sympathetic. "
"To him, we were a bunch of anarchists. As he asked:"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11433
+#: freeculture.xml:11441
msgid ""
"chief justice: Well, but you want more than that. You want the right to copy "
"verbatim other people's books, don't you?"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11437
+#: freeculture.xml:11445
msgid ""
"mr. lessig: We want the right to copy verbatim works that should be in the "
"public domain and would be in the public domain but for a statute that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11446
+#: freeculture.xml:11454
msgid ""
"Things went better for us when the government gave its argument; for now the "
"Court picked up on the core of our claim. As Justice Scalia asked Solicitor "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11452
+#: freeculture.xml:11460
msgid ""
"justice scalia: You say that the functional equivalent of an unlimited time "
"would be a violation [of the Constitution], but that's precisely the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11460
+#: freeculture.xml:11468
msgid ""
"When Olson was finished, it was my turn to give a closing rebuttal. Olson's "
"flailing had revived my anger. But my anger still was directed to the "
#. PAGE BREAK 248
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11473
+#: freeculture.xml:11481
msgid ""
"As I left the court that day, I knew there were a hundred points I wished I "
"could remake. There were a hundred questions I wished I had answered "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11481
+#: freeculture.xml:11489
msgid ""
"The government had been asked over and over again, what is the limit? Over "
"and over again, it had answered there is no limit. This was precisely the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11496
+#: freeculture.xml:11504
msgid ""
"The morning of January 15, 2003, I was five minutes late to the office and "
"missed the 7:00 A.M. call from the Supreme Court clerk. Listening to the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11503
+#: freeculture.xml:11511
msgid ""
"A few seconds later, the opinions arrived by e-mail. I took the phone off "
"the hook, posted an announcement to our blog, and sat down to see where I "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11508
+#: freeculture.xml:11516
msgid ""
"My <emphasis>reasoning</emphasis>. Here was a case that pitted all the money "
"in the world against <emphasis>reasoning</emphasis>. And here was the last "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11514
+#: freeculture.xml:11522
msgid ""
"I first scoured the opinion, looking for how the Court would distinguish the "
"principle in this case from the principle in "
#. PAGE BREAK 249
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11523
+#: freeculture.xml:11531
msgid ""
"Justice Ginsburg simply ignored the enumerated powers argument. Consistent "
"with her view that Congress's power was not limited generally, she had found "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11528
+#: freeculture.xml:11536
msgid ""
"Her opinion was perfectly reasonable—for her, and for Justice "
"Souter. Neither believes in <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>. It would be too "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11534
+#: freeculture.xml:11542
msgid ""
"But as I realized what had happened, I couldn't quite believe what I was "
"reading. I had said there was no way this Court could reconcile limited "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11545
+#: freeculture.xml:11553
msgid ""
"Yet by what right did they get to choose which of the framers' values they "
"would respect? By what right did they—the silent five—get to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11557
+#: freeculture.xml:11565
msgid ""
"Justices Breyer and Stevens wrote very strong dissents. Stevens's opinion "
"was crafted internal to the law: He argued that the tradition of "
#. PAGE BREAK 250
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11570
+#: freeculture.xml:11578
msgid ""
"Justice Breyer's opinion, perhaps the best opinion he has ever written, was "
"external to the Constitution. He argued that the term of copyrights has "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11581
+#: freeculture.xml:11589
msgid ""
"These two justices understood all the arguments we had made. But because "
"neither believed in the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> case, neither was "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11588
+#: freeculture.xml:11596
msgid ""
"Defeat brings depression. They say it is a sign of health when depression "
"gives way to anger. My anger came quickly, but it didn't cure the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11593
+#: freeculture.xml:11601
msgid ""
"It was first anger with the five \"Conservatives.\" It would have been one "
"thing for them to have explained why the principle of "
#. PAGE BREAK 251
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11606
+#: freeculture.xml:11614
msgid ""
"Here, they had joined an opinion that never once tried to explain what the "
"framers had meant by crafting the Progress Clause as they did; they joined "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11621
+#: freeculture.xml:11629
msgid ""
"My anger with the Conservatives quickly yielded to anger with myself. For I "
"had let a view of the law that I liked interfere with a view of the law as "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11628
+#: freeculture.xml:11636
msgid ""
"Most lawyers, and most law professors, have little patience for idealism "
"about courts in general and this Supreme Court in particular. Most have a "
#. PAGE BREAK 252
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11639
+#: freeculture.xml:11647
msgid ""
"As I read back over the transcript from that argument in October, I can see "
"a hundred places where the answers could have taken the conversation in "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11659
+#: freeculture.xml:11667
msgid ""
"Would it have been different if I had argued it differently? Would it have "
"been different if Don Ayer had argued it? Or Charles Fried? Or Kathleen "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11665
+#: freeculture.xml:11673
msgid ""
"My friends huddled around me to insist it would not. The Court was not "
"ready, my friends insisted. This was a loss that was destined. It would take "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11671
+#: freeculture.xml:11679
msgid ""
"Maybe, but I doubt it. These Justices have no financial interest in doing "
"anything except the right thing. They are not lobbied. They have little "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11678
+#: freeculture.xml:11686
msgid ""
"And even if I couldn't, then that doesn't excuse what happened in "
"January. For at the start of this case, one of America's leading "
#. PAGE BREAK 253
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11686
+#: freeculture.xml:11694
msgid ""
"After the argument and after the decision, Peter said to me, and publicly, "
"that he was wrong. But if indeed that Court could not have been persuaded, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11707
+#: freeculture.xml:11715
msgid ""
"In effect, the Supreme Court's decision makes it likely that we are seeing "
"the beginning of the end of public domain and the birth of copyright "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11721
+#: freeculture.xml:11729
msgid "Bolling, Ruben"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11716
+#: freeculture.xml:11724
msgid ""
"The best responses were in the cartoons. There was a gaggle of hilarious "
"images—of Mickey in jail and the like. The best, from my view of the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11724
+#: freeculture.xml:11732
msgid ""
"The image that will always stick in my head is that evoked by the quote from "
"<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle>. That \"grand experiment\" we call "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:11735
+#: freeculture.xml:11743
msgid "CHAPTER FOURTEEN: Eldred II"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11737
+#: freeculture.xml:11745
msgid ""
"The day <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> was decided, fate would have it that I "
"was to travel to Washington, D.C. (The day the rehearing petition in "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11747
+#: freeculture.xml:11755
msgid ""
"It was an act of contrition. During the whole of the flight from San "
"Francisco to Washington, I had heard over and over again in my head the same "
#. PAGE BREAK 256
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11757
+#: freeculture.xml:11765
msgid ""
"<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle> published the piece. In it, I "
"proposed a simple fix: Fifty years after a work has been published, the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11765
+#: freeculture.xml:11773
msgid ""
"We called this the Eldred Act, but that was just to give it a name. Eric "
"Eldred was kind enough to let his name be used once again, but as he said "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11770
+#: freeculture.xml:11778
msgid ""
"Or another two names. For depending upon your perspective, this is either "
"the \"Public Domain Enhancement Act\" or the \"Copyright Term Deregulation "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11778 freeculture.xml:11977
+#: freeculture.xml:11786 freeculture.xml:11985
msgid "Forbes, Steve"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11780
+#: freeculture.xml:11788
msgid ""
"The reaction to this idea was amazingly strong. Steve Forbes endorsed it in "
"an editorial. I received an avalanche of e-mail and letters expressing "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11792
+#: freeculture.xml:11800
msgid ""
"Indeed, many recognized the obvious benefit of the registration "
"requirement. For one of the hardest things about the current system for "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11802
+#: freeculture.xml:11810
msgid "Berlin Act (1908)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11803 freeculture.xml:11842
+#: freeculture.xml:11811 freeculture.xml:11850
msgid "Berne Convention (1908)"
msgstr ""
#. f1.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11810
+#: freeculture.xml:11818
msgid ""
"Until the 1908 Berlin Act of the Berne Convention, national copyright "
"legislation sometimes made protection depend upon compliance with "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11806
+#: freeculture.xml:11814
msgid ""
"As I described in chapter 10, formalities in copyright law were removed in "
"1976, when Congress followed the Europeans by abandoning any formal "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11836
+#: freeculture.xml:11844
msgid ""
"That's great rhetoric. It sounds wonderfully romantic. But it is absurd "
"copyright policy. It is absurd especially for authors, because a world "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11844
+#: freeculture.xml:11852
msgid ""
"The fight against formalities achieved its first real victory in Berlin in "
"1908. International copyright lawyers amended the Berne Convention in 1908, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11854
+#: freeculture.xml:11862
msgid ""
"These complaints were real and sensible. And the strictness of the "
"formalities, especially in the United States, was absurd. The law should "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11862
+#: freeculture.xml:11870
msgid ""
"Even that would have been resisted, however, because registration in the "
"nineteenth and twentieth centuries was still expensive. It was also a "
#. PAGE BREAK 258
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11870
+#: freeculture.xml:11878
msgid ""
"In addition to the practical complaint of authors in 1908, there was a moral "
"claim as well. There was no reason that creative property should be a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11882
+#: freeculture.xml:11890
msgid ""
"This argument is correct, but its implications are misleading. For the "
"argument in favor of formalities does not depend upon creative property "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11891
+#: freeculture.xml:11899
msgid ""
"No one thinks, for example, that land is second-class property just because "
"you have to register a deed with a court if your sale of land is to be "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11907
+#: freeculture.xml:11915
msgid ""
"It is similarly special physics that makes formalities important in "
"copyright law. Unlike a carpenter's table, there's nothing in nature that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11922
+#: freeculture.xml:11930
msgid ""
"This was the understanding of the problem with the Sonny Bono Act that we "
"tried to demonstrate to the Court. This was the part it didn't \"get.\" "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11932
+#: freeculture.xml:11940
msgid ""
"But now that copyrights can be just about a century long, the inability to "
"know what is protected and what is not protected becomes a huge and obvious "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11941
+#: freeculture.xml:11949
msgid ""
"The Eldred Act was designed to respond to exactly this problem. If it is "
"worth $1 to you, then register your work and you can get the longer "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11948
+#: freeculture.xml:11956
msgid ""
"If it isn't worth it to you to register to get the benefit of an extended "
"term, then it shouldn't be worth it for the government to defend your "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11955
+#: freeculture.xml:11963
msgid ""
"Some worry about the burden on authors. Won't the burden of registering the "
"work mean that the $1 is really misleading? Isn't the hassle worth more than "
#. PAGE BREAK 260
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11961
+#: freeculture.xml:11969
msgid ""
"It is. The hassle is terrible. The system that exists now is awful. I "
"completely agree that the Copyright Office has done a terrible job (no doubt "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11979
+#: freeculture.xml:11987
msgid ""
"When Steve Forbes endorsed the idea, some in Washington began to pay "
"attention. Many people contacted me pointing to representatives who might be "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11992
+#: freeculture.xml:12000
msgid "Lofgren, Zoe"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11985
+#: freeculture.xml:11993
msgid ""
"One representative, Zoe Lofgren of California, went so far as to get the "
"bill drafted. The draft solved any problem with international law. It "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11995
+#: freeculture.xml:12003
msgid ""
"But at this stage, the lobbyists began to intervene. Jack Valenti and the "
"MPAA general counsel came to the congresswoman's office to give the view of "
#. PAGE BREAK 261
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12003
+#: freeculture.xml:12011
msgid ""
"The MPAA argued first that Congress had \"firmly rejected the central "
"concept in the proposed bill\"—that copyrights be renewed. That was "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12024
+#: freeculture.xml:12032
msgid ""
"Finally, the MPAA argued that existing law enabled copyright owners to do "
"this if they wanted. But the whole point is that there are thousands of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12032
+#: freeculture.xml:12040
msgid ""
"At the beginning of this book, I told two stories about the law reacting to "
"changes in technology. In the one, common sense prevailed. In the other, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12042
+#: freeculture.xml:12050
msgid ""
"I used these two cases as a way to frame the war that this book has been "
"about. For here, too, a new technology is forcing the law to react. And "
#. PAGE BREAK 262
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12051
+#: freeculture.xml:12059
msgid ""
"When the issue is piracy, it is right for the law to back the copyright "
"owners. The commercial piracy that I described is wrong and harmful, and the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12062
+#: freeculture.xml:12070
msgid ""
"But when the copyright owners oppose a proposal such as the Eldred Act, "
"then, finally, there is an example that lays bare the naked selfinterest "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12072
+#: freeculture.xml:12080
msgid "What does this industry really want?"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12075
+#: freeculture.xml:12083
msgid ""
"With very little effort, the warriors could protect their content. So the "
"effort to block something like the Eldred Act is not really about protecting "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12086
+#: freeculture.xml:12094
msgid ""
"The opposition to the Eldred Act reveals how extreme the other side is. The "
"most powerful and sexy and well loved of lobbies really has as its aim not "
#. PAGE BREAK 263
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12094
+#: freeculture.xml:12102
msgid ""
"It is not hard to understand why the warriors take this view. It is not hard "
"to see why it would benefit them if the competition of the public domain "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12106
+#: freeculture.xml:12114
msgid ""
"What is hard to understand is why the public takes this view. It is as if "
"the law made airplanes trespassers. The MPAA stands with the Causbys and "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12113
+#: freeculture.xml:12121
msgid ""
"All this seems to follow easily from this untroubled acceptance of the "
"\"property\" in intellectual property. Common sense supports it, and so long "
"dead (and often unfindable) hand of the past."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:12125
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
+#: freeculture.xml:12133
msgid "CONCLUSION"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12128
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12135
msgid ""
"There are more than 35 million people with the AIDS virus "
"worldwide. Twenty-five million of them live in sub-Saharan Africa. "
"it is seventeen million Africans."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12135
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12142
msgid ""
"There is no cure for AIDS, but there are drugs to slow its progression. "
"These antiretroviral therapies are still experimental, but they have already "
msgstr ""
#. f1.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12150
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12157
msgid ""
"Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, \"Final Report: Integrating "
"Intellectual Property Rights and Development Policy\" (London, 2002), "
"world receive them—and half of them are in Brazil."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12143
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12150
msgid ""
"These drugs are expensive. When they were first introduced in the United "
"States, they cost between $10,000 and $15,000 per person per year. Today, "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 265
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12161
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12168
msgid ""
"These prices are not high because the ingredients of the drugs are "
"expensive. These prices are high because the drugs are protected by "
"used to keep the prices high."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12169
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12176
msgid ""
"There are many who are skeptical of patents, especially drug patents. I am "
"not. Indeed, of all the areas of research that might be supported by "
"it, at least without other changes."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12180
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12187
msgid ""
"But it is one thing to support patents, even drug patents. It is another "
"thing to determine how best to deal with a crisis. And as African leaders "
"market price."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12198 freeculture.xml:12627
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:12205 freeculture.xml:12634
msgid "Braithwaite, John"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12196
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12203
msgid ""
"See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism: "
"Who Owns the Knowledge Economy?</citetitle> (New York: The New Press, 2003), "
"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12187
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12194
msgid ""
"In 1997, South Africa tried one tack. It passed a law to allow the "
"importation of patented medicines that had been produced or sold in another "
msgstr ""
#. f3.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12209
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12216
msgid ""
"International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent "
"Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a "
msgstr ""
#. f4.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12236
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12243
msgid ""
"International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent "
"Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a "
"(Washington, D.C., 2000), 15."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12203
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12210
msgid ""
"However, the United States government opposed the bill. Indeed, more than "
"opposed. As the International Intellectual Property Association "
"type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12242
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12249
msgid ""
"We should place the intervention by the United States in context. No doubt "
"patents are not the most important reason that Africans don't have access to "
"our government's intervention to stop the flow of medications into Africa."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12252
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12259
msgid ""
"By stopping the flow of HIV treatment into Africa, the United States "
"government was not saving drugs for United States citizens. This is not "
"chemicals into drugs that would save 15 to 30 million lives."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12260
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12267
msgid ""
"Nor was the intervention by the United States going to protect the profits "
"of United States drug companies—at least, not substantially. It was "
#. f5.
#. PAGE BREAK 333
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12275
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12282
msgid ""
"See Sabin Russell, \"New Crusade to Lower AIDS Drug Costs: Africa's Needs at "
"Odds with Firms' Profit Motive,\" <citetitle>San Francisco "
"Journal</citetitle> (Spring 2001): 175."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12269
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12276
msgid ""
"Instead, the argument in favor of restricting this flow of information, "
"which was needed to save the lives of millions, was an argument about the "
"against the South African response to AIDS."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12296
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12303
msgid ""
"Now just step back for a moment. There will be a time thirty years from now "
"when our children look back at us and ask, how could we have let this "
"abstraction?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12306
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12313
msgid ""
"Some blame the drug companies. I don't. They are corporations. Their "
"managers are ordered by law to make money for the corporation. They push a "
"corruption the drug companies are certainly not responsible for."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12314
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12321
msgid ""
"The corruption is our own politicians' failure of integrity. For the drug "
"companies would love—they say, and I believe them—to sell their "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 268
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12322
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12329
msgid ""
"A different problem, however, could not be overcome. This is the fear of the "
"grandstanding politician who would call the presidents of the drug companies "
"ideal—the sanctity of an idea called \"intellectual property.\""
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12337
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12344
msgid ""
"So when the common sense of your child confronts you, what will you say? "
"When the common sense of a generation finally revolts against what we have "
"done, how will we justify what we have done? What is the argument?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12343
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12350
msgid ""
"A sensible patent policy could endorse and strongly support the patent "
"system without having to reach everyone everywhere in exactly the same "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 269
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12355
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12362
msgid ""
"But we as a culture have lost this sense of balance. We have lost the "
"critical eye that helps us see the difference between truth and extremism. "
"to make this common sense open its eyes."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12375
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12382
msgid ""
"So far, common sense sleeps. There is no revolt. Common sense does not yet "
"see what there could be to revolt about. The extremism that now dominates "
msgstr ""
#. f6.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12392
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12399
msgid ""
"Jonathan Krim, \"The Quiet War over Open-Source,\" <citetitle>Washington "
"Post</citetitle>, August 2003, E1, available at <ulink "
"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #61</ulink>."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12420 freeculture.xml:13147
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:12427 freeculture.xml:13151
msgid "PLoS (Public Library of Science)"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12389
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12396
msgid ""
"In August 2003, a fight broke out in the United States about a decision by "
"the World Intellectual Property Organization to cancel a "
"source and free software.\" <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12423
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12430
msgid ""
"The aim of the meeting was to consider this wide range of projects from one "
"common perspective: that none of these projects relied upon intellectual "
msgstr ""
#. f7.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12431
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12438
msgid ""
"I should disclose that I was one of the people who asked WIPO for the "
"meeting."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12430
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12437
msgid ""
"From the perspective of this book, then, the conference was "
"ideal.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The projects within its "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 271
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12441
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12448
msgid ""
"Indeed, I was once publicly scolded for not recognizing this fact about "
"WIPO. In February 2003, I delivered a keynote address to a preparatory "
"balance in intellectual property had been lost."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12465
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12472
msgid ""
"So whether or not WSIS can discuss balance in intellectual property, I had "
"thought it was taken for granted that WIPO could and should. And thus the "
"seemed perfectly appropriate within the WIPO agenda."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12471
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12478
msgid ""
"But there is one project within that list that is highly controversial, at "
"least among lobbyists. That project is \"open source and free software.\" "
msgstr ""
#. f8.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12493
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12500
msgid ""
"Microsoft's position about free and open source software is more "
"sophisticated. As it has repeatedly asserted, it has no problem with \"open "
"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #63</ulink>."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12482
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12489
msgid ""
"I don't mean to enter that debate here. It is important only to make clear "
"that the distinction is not between commercial and noncommercial "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 272
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12512
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12519
msgid ""
"More important for our purposes, to support \"open source and free "
"software\" is not to oppose copyright. \"Open source and free software\" is "
msgstr ""
#. f9.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12538
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12545
msgid ""
"Krim, \"The Quiet War over Open-Source,\" available at <ulink "
"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #64</ulink>."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12530
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12537
msgid ""
"It is therefore understandable that as a proprietary software developer, "
"Microsoft would oppose this WIPO meeting, and understandable that it would "
"the meeting was canceled."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12544
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12551
msgid ""
"I don't blame Microsoft for doing what it can to advance its own interests, "
"consistent with the law. And lobbying governments is plainly consistent with "
"States having succeeded in its lobbying efforts."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12552
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12559
msgid ""
"What was surprising was the United States government's reason for opposing "
"the meeting. Again, as reported by Krim, Lois Boland, acting director of "
"us to be contrary to the goals of WIPO.\""
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12562
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12569
msgid "These statements are astonishing on a number of levels."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12566
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12573
msgid ""
"First, they are just flat wrong. As I described, most open source and free "
"software relies fundamentally upon the intellectual property right called "
"with intellectual property issues."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12576
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12583
msgid ""
"Second, who ever said that WIPO's exclusive aim was to \"promote\" "
"intellectual property maximally? As I had been scolded at the preparatory "
"it have been better if the protocols of the Internet had been patented?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12589
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12596
msgid ""
"Third, even if one believed that the purpose of WIPO was to maximize "
"intellectual property rights, in our tradition, intellectual property rights "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 274
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12603
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12610
msgid ""
"When Ms. Boland says that there is something wrong with a meeting \"which "
"has as its purpose to disclaim or waive such rights,\" she's saying that "
"most extreme and restrictive way possible."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12615
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12622
msgid ""
"There is a history of just such a property system that is well known in the "
"Anglo-American tradition. It is called \"feudalism.\" Under feudalism, not "
"might interfere with that control."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12632
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12639
msgid ""
"See Drahos with Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism</citetitle>, "
"210–20. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12629
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12636
msgid ""
"As Peter Drahos and John Braithwaite relate, this is precisely the choice we "
"are now making about intellectual property.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
"toward the feudal."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12641
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12648
msgid ""
"When this battle broke, I blogged it. A spirited debate within the comment "
"section ensued. Ms. Boland had a number of supporters who tried to show why "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 275
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12648
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12655
msgid ""
"George, you misunderstand Lessig: He's only talking about the world as it "
"should be (\"the goal of WIPO, and the goal of any government, should be to "
"ours."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12660
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12667
msgid ""
"I missed the irony the first time I read it. I read it quickly and thought "
"the poster was supporting the idea that seeking balance was what our "
"truth or not.)"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12670
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12677
msgid ""
"Obviously, however, the poster was not supporting that idea. Instead, the "
"poster was ridiculing the very idea that in the real world, the \"goal\" of "
"might well have continued."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12678
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12685
msgid ""
"I understand criticism of academic utopianism. I think utopianism is silly, "
"too, and I'd be the first to poke fun at the absurdly unrealistic ideals of "
"academics throughout history (and not just in our own country's history)."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12684
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12691
msgid ""
"But when it has become silly to suppose that the role of our government "
"should be to \"seek balance,\" then count me with the silly, for that means "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 276
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12695
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12702
msgid ""
"It might be crazy to expect a high government official to speak the "
"truth. It might be crazy to believe that government policy will be something "
"tradition for most of our history—free culture."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12714
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:12721
msgid "Turner, Ted"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12704
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12711
msgid ""
"If this is crazy, then let there be more crazies. Soon. There are moments "
"of hope in this struggle. And moments that surprise. When the FCC was "
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12718
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12725
msgid ""
"This activism did not stop the FCC, but soon after, a broad coalition in the "
"Senate voted to reverse the FCC decision. The hostile hearings leading up to "
"sustained support for fighting further concentration in the media."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12726
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12733
msgid ""
"But even this movement misses an important piece of the puzzle. Largeness "
"as such is not bad. Freedom is not threatened just because some become very "
"hamburger from somewhere else."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12733
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12740
msgid ""
"The danger in media concentration comes not from the concentration, but "
"instead from the feudalism that this concentration, tied to the change in "
"their bigness bad."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12743
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12750
msgid ""
"It is therefore significant that so many would rally to demand competition "
"and increased diversity. Still, if the rally is understood as being about "
"fight \"big\" again is not something new."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12750
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12757
msgid ""
"It would be something new, and something very important, if an equal number "
"could be rallied to fight the increasing extremism built within the idea of "
"exercised within this tradition anymore."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12758
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12765
msgid ""
"If we were Achilles, this would be our heel. This would be the place of our "
"tragedy."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12761
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:12768
msgid "Dylan, Bob"
msgstr ""
#. f11.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12766
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12773
msgid ""
"John Borland, \"RIAA Sues 261 File Swappers,\" CNET News.com, September "
"2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
msgstr ""
#. f12.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12784
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12791
msgid ""
"Jon Wiederhorn, \"Eminem Gets Sued . . . by a Little Old Lady,\" mtv.com, 17 "
"September 2003, available at <ulink "
#. f13.
#. PAGE BREAK 334
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12791
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12798
msgid ""
"Kenji Hall, Associated Press, \"Japanese Book May Be Inspiration for Dylan "
"Songs,\" Kansascity.com, 9 July 2003, available at <ulink "
"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #69</ulink>."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12763
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12770
msgid ""
"As I write these final words, the news is filled with stories about the RIAA "
"lawsuits against almost three hundred individuals.<placeholder "
"for kids who use a computer to share content."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12808 freeculture.xml:13163
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:12815 freeculture.xml:13167
msgid "Creative Commons"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12809
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:12816
msgid "Gil, Gilberto"
msgstr ""
#. f14.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12814
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12821
msgid ""
"\"BBC Plans to Open Up Its Archive to the Public,\" BBC press release, 24 "
"August 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
msgstr ""
#. f15.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12823
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12830
msgid ""
"\"Creative Commons and Brazil,\" Creative Commons Weblog, 6 August 2003, "
"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #71</ulink>."
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 278
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12811
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12818
msgid ""
"Yet on the other side of the Atlantic, the BBC has just announced that it "
"will build a \"Creative Archive,\" from which British citizens can download "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 279
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12837
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12844
msgid ""
"Common sense must revolt. It must act to free culture. Soon, if this "
"potential is ever to be realized."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:12847
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
+#: freeculture.xml:12852
msgid "AFTERWORD"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 280
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12852
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12856
msgid ""
"At least some who have read this far will agree with me that something must "
"be done to change where we are heading. The balance of this book maps what "
"might be done."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12857
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12861
msgid ""
"I divide this map into two parts: that which anyone can do now, and that "
"which requires the help of lawmakers. If there is one lesson that we can "
"remaking how many people think about the very same issue."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12863
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12867
msgid ""
"That means this movement must begin in the streets. It must recruit a "
"significant number of parents, teachers, librarians, creators, authors, "
"words, and to tell their neighbors why this battle is so important."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12870
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12874
msgid ""
"Once this movement has its effect in the streets, it has some hope of having "
"an effect in Washington. We are still a democracy. What people think "
"Congress could make to better secure a free culture."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:12879
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
+#: freeculture.xml:12883
msgid "US, NOW"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12881
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12885
msgid ""
"Common sense is with the copyright warriors because the debate so far has "
"been framed at the extremes—as a grand either/or: either property or "
"the choice, then the warriors should win."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12887
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12891
msgid ""
"The mistake here is the error of the excluded middle. There are extremes in "
"this debate, but the extremes are not all that there is. There are those who "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 282
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12897
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12901
msgid ""
"When the Internet was first born, its initial architecture effectively "
"tilted in the \"no rights reserved\" direction. Content could be copied "
"\"taken\" regardless of the rights. Any rights were effectively unprotected."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12909
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12913
msgid ""
"This initial character produced a reaction (opposite, but not quite equal) "
"by copyright owners. That reaction has been the topic of this book. Through "
"paste\" world that is a creator's nightmare."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12923
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12927
msgid ""
"What's needed is a way to say something in the middle—neither \"all "
"rights reserved\" nor \"no rights reserved\" but \"some rights "
"set of freedoms that we could just take for granted before."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:12932
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
+#: freeculture.xml:12936
msgid "Rebuilding Freedoms Previously Presumed: Examples"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12934
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12938
msgid ""
"If you step back from the battle I've been describing here, you will "
"recognize this problem from other contexts. Think about privacy. Before the "
"of your browsing habits was assured."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12944
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12948
msgid "What made it assured?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12948
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12952
msgid ""
"Well, if we think in terms of the modalities I described in chapter 10, your "
"privacy was assured because of an inefficient architecture for gathering "
"by the costs that friction imposes on anyone who would want to spy."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12962
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:12966
msgid "Amazon"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12964
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12968
msgid ""
"Enter the Internet, where the cost of tracking browsing in particular has "
"become quite tiny. If you're a customer at Amazon, then as you browse the "
"disappears, too."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12974
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12978
msgid ""
"Amazon, of course, is not the problem. But we might begin to worry about "
"libraries. If you're one of those crazy lefties who thinks that people "
msgstr ""
#. f1.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12990
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12994
msgid ""
"See, for example, Marc Rotenberg, \"Fair Information Practices and the "
"Architecture of Privacy (What Larry Doesn't Get),\" <citetitle>Stanford "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 284
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12984
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:12988
msgid ""
"It is this reality that explains the push of many to define \"privacy\" on "
"the Internet. It is the recognition that technology can remove what friction "
"affirmatively act where, before, privacy was given by default."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13008
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13012
msgid ""
"A similar story could be told about the birth of the free software "
"movement. When computers with software were first made available "
"about controlling their software."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13015
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:13019
msgid "Stallman, Richard"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13017
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13021
msgid ""
"That was the world Richard Stallman was born into, and while he was a "
"researcher at MIT, he grew to love the community that developed when one was "
"the freedom to add to or modify other people's work."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13025
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13029
msgid ""
"In an academic setting, at least, that's not a terribly radical idea. In a "
"math department, anyone would be free to tinker with a proof that someone "
"else?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13037
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13041
msgid ""
"No one answered that question. Instead, the architecture of revenue for "
"computing changed. As it became possible to import programs from one system "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 285
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13046
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13050
msgid ""
"Thus, the practice of proprietary code began to spread, and by the early "
"1980s, Stallman found himself surrounded by proprietary code. The world of "
"share software would be fundamentally weakened."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13055
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13059
msgid ""
"Therefore, in 1984, Stallman began a project to build a free operating "
"system, so that at least a strain of free software would survive. That was "
"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13062
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13066
msgid ""
"Stallman's technique was to use copyright law to build a world of software "
"that must be kept free. Software licensed under the Free Software "
"innovative creative code was a byproduct."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13073
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13077
msgid ""
"Stallman was thus doing for software what privacy advocates now do for "
"privacy. He was seeking a way to rebuild a kind of freedom that was taken "
"passively guaranteed."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13081
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13085
msgid ""
"Finally, consider a very recent example that more directly resonates with "
"the story of this book. This is the shift in the way academic and scientific "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 286
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13086
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13090
msgid ""
"As digital technologies develop, it is becoming obvious to many that "
"printing thousands of copies of journals every month and sending them to "
"opinion through their respective services."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13102
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13106
msgid ""
"There's nothing wrong in general with this, and indeed, the ability to "
"charge for access to even public domain materials is a good incentive for "
"the public domain."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13111
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13115
msgid ""
"But what if the only way to get access to social and scientific data was "
"through proprietary services? What if no one had the ability to browse this "
"data except by paying for a subscription?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13116
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13120
msgid ""
"As many are beginning to notice, this is increasingly the reality with "
"scientific journals. When these journals were distributed in paper form, "
"paper journal."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13128
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13132
msgid ""
"As journals become electronic, however, the publishers are demanding that "
"libraries not give the general public access to the journals. This means "
"and market shrink a freedom taken for granted before."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13136
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13140
msgid ""
"This shrinking freedom has led many to take affirmative steps to restore the "
"freedom that has been lost. The Public Library of Science (PLoS), for "
"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13150
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13154
msgid ""
"This is one of many such efforts to restore a freedom taken for granted "
"before, but now threatened by changing technology and markets. There's no "
"it helps spread knowledge and science."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:13161
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
+#: freeculture.xml:13165
msgid "Rebuilding Free Culture: One Idea"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13166
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13170
msgid ""
"The same strategy could be applied to culture, as a response to the "
"increasing control effected through law and technology."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13170
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13174
msgid ""
"Enter the Creative Commons. The Creative Commons is a nonprofit corporation "
"established in Massachusetts, but with its home at Stanford University. Its "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 288
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13181
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13185
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Simple</emphasis>—which means without a middleman, or "
"without a lawyer. By developing a free set of licenses that people can "
"does not mean that copyright is waived, but that certain freedoms are given."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13199
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13203
msgid ""
"These freedoms are beyond the freedoms promised by fair use. Their precise "
"contours depend upon the choices the creator makes. The creator can choose a "
"long as full copies are not made. Or lastly, any educational use."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13210
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13214
msgid ""
"These choices thus establish a range of freedoms beyond the default of "
"copyright law. They also enable freedoms that go beyond traditional fair "
"that content will in turn enable us to rebuild a public domain."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13231
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:13235
msgid "Garlick, Mia"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13221
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13225
msgid ""
"This is just one project among many within the Creative Commons. And of "
"course, Creative Commons is not the only organization pursuing such "
"creativity. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13234
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13238
msgid ""
"The aim is not to fight the \"All Rights Reserved\" sorts. The aim is to "
"complement them. The problems that the law creates for us as a culture are "
"gives people a way effectively to begin to build those rules."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13246
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13250
msgid ""
"Why would creators participate in giving up total control? Some participate "
"to better spread their content. Cory Doctorow, for example, is a science "
"Commons license, on the same day that it went on sale in bookstores."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13253
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13257
msgid ""
"Why would a publisher ever agree to this? I suspect his publisher reasoned "
"like this: There are two groups of people out there: (1) those who will buy "
"will probably <emphasis>increase</emphasis> sales of Cory's book."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13265
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13269
msgid ""
"Indeed, the experience of his publisher clearly supports that conclusion. "
"The book's first printing was exhausted months before the publisher had "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 290
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13271
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13275
msgid ""
"The idea that free content might increase the value of nonfree content was "
"confirmed by the experience of another author. Peter Wayner, who wrote a "
msgstr ""
#. f2.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13298
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13302
msgid ""
"<citetitle>Willful Infringement: A Report from the Front Lines of the Real "
"Culture Wars</citetitle> (2003), produced by Jed Horovitz, directed by Greg "
"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #72</ulink>."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13282
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13286
msgid ""
"These are examples of using the Commons to better spread proprietary "
"content. I believe that is a wonderful and common use of the Commons. There "
"creativity might grow."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13307
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13311
msgid ""
"Finally, there are many who mark their content with a Creative Commons "
"license just because they want to express to others the importance of "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 291
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13319
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13323
msgid ""
"In the first six months of the Creative Commons experiment, over 1 million "
"objects were licensed with these free-culture licenses. The next step is "
"build content based upon content set free."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13329
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13333
msgid ""
"These are first steps to rebuilding a public domain. They are not mere "
"arguments; they are action. Building a public domain is the first step to "
"possible."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13337
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13341
msgid ""
"Creative Commons is just one example of voluntary efforts by individuals and "
"creators to change the mix of rights that now govern the creative field. The "
"difference, we believe, will enable creativity to spread more easily."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:13351
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
+#: freeculture.xml:13355
msgid "THEM, SOON"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13353
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13357
msgid ""
"We will not reclaim a free culture by individual action alone. It will also "
"take important reforms of laws. We have a long way to go before the "
"we need."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13360
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13364
msgid ""
"In this chapter, I outline five kinds of changes: four that are general, and "
"one that's specific to the most heated battle of the day, music. Each is a "
"end."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:13367
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
+#: freeculture.xml:13371
msgid "1. More Formalities"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13369
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13373
msgid ""
"If you buy a house, you have to record the sale in a deed. If you buy land "
"upon which to build a house, you have to record the purchase in a deed. If "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 293
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13376
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13380
msgid ""
"These are all formalities associated with property. They are requirements "
"that we all must bear if we want our property to be protected."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13381
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13385
msgid ""
"In contrast, under current copyright law, you automatically get a copyright, "
"regardless of whether you comply with any formality. You don't have to "
"and \"formalities\" are banished."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13387
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13391
msgid "Why?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13390
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13394
msgid ""
"As I suggested in chapter 10, the motivation to abolish formalities was a "
"good one. In the world before digital technologies, formalities imposed a "
"protect and secure his work. Those formalities were getting in the way."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13398
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13402
msgid ""
"But the Internet changes all this. Formalities today need not be a "
"burden. Rather, the world without formalities is the world that burdens "
msgstr ""
#. f1.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13412
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13416
msgid ""
"The proposal I am advancing here would apply to American works only. "
"Obviously, I believe it would be beneficial for the same idea to be adopted "
"by other countries as well."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13410
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13414
msgid ""
"The law should therefore change this requirement<placeholder "
"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>—but it should not change it by going back "
"these formalities."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13420
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13424
msgid ""
"The important formalities are three: marking copyrighted work, registering "
"copyrights, and renewing the claim to copyright. Traditionally, the first of "
"approving standards developed by others."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:13432
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title>
+#: freeculture.xml:13436
msgid "REGISTRATION AND RENEWAL"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13434
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13438
msgid ""
"Under the old system, a copyright owner had to file a registration with the "
"Copyright Office to register or renew a copyright. When filing that "
"deal with the mess that is the Copyright Office."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13447
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13451
msgid ""
"Yet it is always astonishing to me that we, who come from a tradition of "
"extraordinary innovation in governmental design, can no longer think "
"that the government sets."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13456
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13460
msgid ""
"In the context of registration, one obvious model is the Internet. There "
"are at least 32 million Web sites registered around the world. Domain name "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 295
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13466
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13470
msgid ""
"We should adopt a similar model for the registration and renewal of "
"copyrights. The Copyright Office may well serve as the central registry, but "
"would facilitate the licensing of content."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:13481
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title>
+#: freeculture.xml:13485
msgid "MARKING"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13483
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13487
msgid ""
"It used to be that the failure to include a copyright notice on a creative "
"work meant that the copyright was forfeited. That was a harsh punishment for "
"be enforced uniformly across all media."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13493
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13497
msgid ""
"The aim of marking is to signal to the public that this work is copyrighted "
"and that the author wants to enforce his rights. The mark also makes it easy "
"to locate a copyright owner to secure permission to use the work."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13499
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13503
msgid ""
"One of the problems the copyright system confronted early on was that "
"different copyrighted works had to be differently marked. It wasn't clear "
msgstr ""
#. f2.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13516
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13520
msgid ""
"There would be a complication with derivative works that I have not solved "
"here. In my view, the law of derivatives creates a more complicated system "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 296
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13509
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13513
msgid ""
"Let's start with the last point. If a copyright owner allows his work to be "
"published without a copyright notice, the consequence of that failure need "
"their work."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13529
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13533
msgid ""
"That in turn raises the question about how work should best be marked. Here "
"again, the system needs to adjust as the technologies evolve. The best way "
"elsewhere."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13536
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13540
msgid ""
"For example, if a recording industry association devises a method for "
"marking CDs, it would propose that to the Copyright Office. The Copyright "
"its other important functions."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13548
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13552
msgid ""
"Finally, marking content clearly would simplify registration requirements. "
"If photographs were marked by author and year, there would be little reason "
"possible."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13556
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13560
msgid ""
"The objective of formalities is to make things clear. The existing system "
"does nothing to make things clear. Indeed, it seems designed to make things "
"unclear."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13561
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13565
msgid ""
"If formalities such as registration were reinstated, one of the most "
"difficult aspects of relying upon the public domain would be removed. It "
"the appropriate time."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:13573
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
+#: freeculture.xml:13577
msgid "2. Shorter Terms"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13575
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13579
msgid ""
"The term of copyright has gone from fourteen years to ninety-five years for "
"corporate authors, and life of the author plus seventy years for natural "
msgstr ""
#. f3.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13588
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13592
msgid ""
"\"A Radical Rethink,\" <citetitle>Economist</citetitle>, 366:8308 (25 "
"January 2003): 15, available at <ulink "
"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #74</ulink>."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13580
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13584
msgid ""
"In <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>, I proposed a "
"seventy-five-year term, granted in five-year increments with a requirement "
"Others have proposed tying the term to the term for patents."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13595
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13599
msgid ""
"I agree with those who believe that we need a radical change in copyright's "
"term. But whether fourteen years or seventy-five, there are four principles "
msgstr ""
#. (1)
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13603
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13607
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Keep it short:</emphasis> The term should be as long as necessary "
"to give incentives to create, but no longer. If it were tied to very strong "
#. (2)
#. PAGE BREAK 298
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13612
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13616
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Keep it simple:</emphasis> The line between the public domain and "
"protected content must be kept clear. Lawyers like the fuzziness of \"fair "
msgstr ""
#. f4.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13633
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13637
msgid ""
"Department of Veterans Affairs, Veteran's Application for Compensation "
"and/or Pension, VA Form 21-526 (OMB Approved No. 2900-0001), available at "
"<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #75</ulink>."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13641
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:13645
msgid "veterans' pensions"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13625
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13629
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Keep it alive:</emphasis> Copyright should have to be renewed. "
"Especially if the maximum term is long, the copyright owner should be "
msgstr ""
#. (4)
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13645
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13649
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Keep it prospective:</emphasis> Whatever the term of copyright "
"should be, the clearest lesson that economists teach is that a term once "
"not done is not done, and there's nothing we can do about that now."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13661
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13665
msgid ""
"These changes together should produce an <emphasis>average</emphasis> "
"copyright term that is much shorter than the current term. Until 1976, the "
"average term was just 32.2 years. We should be aiming for the same."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13667
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13671
msgid ""
"No doubt the extremists will call these ideas \"radical.\" (After all, I "
"call them \"extremists.\") But again, the term I recommended was longer than "
"generous copyright law than Richard Nixon presided over?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:13677
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
+#: freeculture.xml:13681
msgid "3. Free Use Vs. Fair Use"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13679
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13683
msgid ""
"As I observed at the beginning of this book, property law originally granted "
"property owners the right to control their property from the ground to the "
"technology."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13687
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13691
msgid ""
"Our Constitution gives Congress the power to give authors \"exclusive "
"right\" to \"their writings.\" Congress has given authors an exclusive right "
msgstr ""
#. f5.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13700
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13704
msgid ""
"Benjamin Kaplan, <citetitle>An Unhurried View of Copyright</citetitle> (New "
"York: Columbia University Press, 1967), 32."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13696
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13700
msgid ""
"Congress granted the beginnings of this right in 1870, when it expanded the "
"exclusive right of copyright to include a right to control translations and "
msgstr ""
#. f6.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13713
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13717
msgid "Ibid., 56."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13709
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><blockquote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13713
msgid ""
"So inured have we become to the extension of the monopoly to a large range "
"of so-called derivative works, that we no longer sense the oddity of "
"abracadabra of idea and expression.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13718
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13722
msgid ""
"I think it's time to recognize that there are airplanes in this field and "
"the expansiveness of these rights of derivative use no longer make "
"each limitation in turn."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13725
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13729
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Term:</emphasis> If Congress wants to grant a derivative right, "
"then that right should be for a much shorter term. It makes sense to protect "
"after the creative work is done. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13738
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13742
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Scope:</emphasis> Likewise should the scope of derivative rights "
"be narrowed. Again, there are some cases in which derivative rights are "
"to the creative process. Smothers it."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13751
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13755
msgid ""
"This was the point that Alben made when describing the making of the Clint "
"Eastwood CD. While it makes sense to require negotiation for foreseeable "
"unforeseeable. Here, a statutory right would make much more sense."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13767
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:13771
msgid "Goldstein, Paul"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13765
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13769
msgid ""
"Paul Goldstein, <citetitle>Copyright's Highway: From Gutenberg to the "
"Celestial Jukebox</citetitle> (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), "
"187–216. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13759
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13763
msgid ""
"In each of these cases, the law should mark the uses that are protected, and "
"the presumption should be that other uses are not protected. This is the "
"that expanded protections follow expanded uses."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13773
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13777
msgid ""
"Goldstein's analysis would make perfect sense if the cost of the legal "
"system were small. But as we are currently seeing in the context of the "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 301
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13780
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13784
msgid ""
"The law could remedy this problem either by removing protection beyond the "
"part explicitly drawn or by granting reuse rights upon certain statutory "
"would earn artists more income."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:13790
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
+#: freeculture.xml:13794
msgid "4. Liberate the Music—Again"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13792
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13796
msgid ""
"The battle that got this whole war going was about music, so it wouldn't be "
"fair to end this book without addressing the issue that is, to most people, "
"music."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13799
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13803
msgid ""
"The appeal of file-sharing music was the crack cocaine of the Internet's "
"growth. It drove demand for access to the Internet more powerfully than any "
"regulations that in the end kill innovation on the network."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13808
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13812
msgid ""
"The aim of copyright, with respect to content in general and music in "
"particular, is to create the incentives for music to be composed, performed, "
"performing artist to control copies of her performance."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13815
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13819
msgid ""
"File-sharing networks complicate this model by enabling the spread of "
"content for which the performer has not been paid. But of course, that's not "
msgstr ""
#. A.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13823
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13827
msgid ""
"There are some who are using sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing "
"CDs."
msgstr ""
#. B.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13828
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13832
msgid ""
"There are also some who are using sharing networks to sample, on the way to "
"purchasing CDs."
#. PAGE BREAK 302
#. C.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13834
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13838
msgid ""
"There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content "
"that is no longer sold but is still under copyright or that would have been "
msgstr ""
#. D.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13840
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13844
msgid ""
"There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content "
"that is not copyrighted or to get access that the copyright owner plainly "
"endorses."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13846
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13850
msgid ""
"Any reform of the law needs to keep these different uses in focus. It must "
"avoid burdening type D even if it aims to eliminate type A. The eagerness "
"weakened."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13854
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13858
msgid ""
"As I said in chapter 5, the actual harm caused by sharing is controversial. "
"For the purposes of this chapter, however, I assume the harm is real. I "
"type B, and is the dominant use of sharing networks."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13861
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13865
msgid ""
"Nonetheless, there is a crucial fact about the current technological context "
"that we must keep in mind if we are to understand how the law should "
"respond."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13866
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13870
msgid ""
"Today, file sharing is addictive. In ten years, it won't be. It is addictive "
"today because it is the easiest way to gain access to a broad range of "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 303
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13878
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13882
msgid ""
"But it will become a reality, and that means the way we get access to the "
"Internet today is a technology in transition. Policy makers should not make "
msgstr ""
#. f8.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13911
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13915
msgid ""
"See, for example, \"Music Media Watch,\" The J@pan Inc. Newsletter, 3 April "
"2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
"#76</ulink>."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13893
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13897
msgid ""
"In that world, it will be extremely easy to connect to services that give "
"you access to content on the fly—such as Internet radio, content that "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 304
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13918
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13922
msgid ""
"This point about the future is meant to suggest a perspective on the "
"present: It is emphatically temporary. The \"problem\" with file "
"twenty-first-century technologies."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13934
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13938
msgid ""
"The answer begins with recognizing that there are different \"problems\" "
"here to solve. Let's start with type D content—uncopyrighted content "
"ban pay phones in order to eliminate kidnapping."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13945
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13949
msgid ""
"Type C content raises a different \"problem.\" This is content that was, at "
"one time, published and is no longer available. It may be unavailable "
"to this content, ideally in a way that returns something to the artist."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13954
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13958
msgid ""
"Again, the model here is the used book store. Once a book goes out of print, "
"it may still be available in libraries and used book stores. But libraries "
"of his content without his being compensated is less than ideal."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13964
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13968
msgid ""
"The model of used book stores suggests that the law could simply deem "
"out-of-print music fair game. If the publisher does not make copies of the "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 305
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13975
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13979
msgid ""
"Alternatively, the law could create a statutory license that would ensure "
"that artists get something from the trade of their work. For example, if the "
"artists would benefit from this trade."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13985
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13989
msgid ""
"This system would also create an incentive for publishers to keep works "
"available commercially. Works that are available commercially would not be "
"publisher."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13995
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13999
msgid ""
"The hard case is content of types A and B, and again, this case is hard only "
"because the extent of the problem will change over time, as the technologies "
"content."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14003
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:14007
msgid ""
"So here's a solution that will at first seem very strange to both sides in "
"this war, but which upon reflection, I suggest, should make some sense."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14007
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:14011
msgid ""
"Stripped of the rhetoric about the sanctity of property, the basic claim of "
"the content industry is this: A new technology (the Internet) has harmed a "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 306
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14018
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:14022
msgid ""
"I love the Internet, and so I don't like likening it to tobacco or "
"asbestos. But the analogy is a fair one from the perspective of the law. "
"compensate those who are harmed."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14064
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:14068
msgid "Fisher, William"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14030
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:14034
msgid ""
"William Fisher, <citetitle>Digital Music: Problems and "
"Possibilities</citetitle> (last revised: 10 October 2000), available at "
"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14026
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:14030
msgid ""
"The idea would be a modification of a proposal that has been floated by "
"Harvard law professor William Fisher.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
"compensation would be paid for by (4) an appropriate tax."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14077
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:14081
msgid ""
"Fisher's proposal is careful and comprehensive. It raises a million "
"questions, most of which he answers well in his upcoming book, "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 307
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14092
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:14096
msgid ""
"Fisher would balk at the idea of allowing the system to lapse. His aim is "
"not just to ensure that artists are paid, but also to ensure that the system "
"the content itself."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14105
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:14109
msgid ""
"No doubt it would be difficult to calculate the proper measure of \"harm\" "
"to an industry. But the difficulty of making that calculation would be "
"sell music on-line."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14120
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:14124
msgid ""
"This competition has already occurred against the background of \"free\" "
"music from p2p systems. As the sellers of cable television have known for "
"\"free.\""
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14132
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:14136
msgid ""
"This regime of competition, with a backstop to assure that artists don't "
"lose, would facilitate a great deal of innovation in the delivery of "
"barbarically severe punishments of the law."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14141
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:14145
msgid "In summary, then, my proposal is this:"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 308
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14146
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:14150
msgid ""
"The Internet is in transition. We should not be regulating a technology in "
"transition. We should instead be regulating to minimize the harm to "
"encouraging, the most efficient technology we can create."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14153
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:14157
msgid "We can minimize that harm while maximizing the benefit to innovation by"
msgstr ""
#. 1.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14159
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:14163
msgid "guaranteeing the right to engage in type D sharing;"
msgstr ""
#. 2.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14163
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:14167
msgid ""
"permitting noncommercial type C sharing without liability, and commercial "
"type C sharing at a low and fixed rate set by statute;"
msgstr ""
#. 3.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14169
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:14173
msgid ""
"while in this transition, taxing and compensating for type A sharing, to the "
"extent actual harm is demonstrated."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14174
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:14178
msgid ""
"But what if \"piracy\" doesn't disappear? What if there is a competitive "
"market providing content at a low cost, but a significant number of "
"something then?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14180
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:14184
msgid ""
"Yes, it should. But, again, what it should do depends upon how the facts "
"develop. These changes may not eliminate type A sharing. But the real issue "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 309
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14194
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:14198
msgid ""
"But we're a long way away from whittling the problem down to this subset of "
"type A sharers. And our focus until we're there should not be on finding "
"and creativity that the Internet is."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14205
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
+#: freeculture.xml:14209
msgid "5. Fire Lots of Lawyers"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14207
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:14211
msgid ""
"I'm a lawyer. I make lawyers for a living. I believe in the law. I believe "
"in the law of copyright. Indeed, I have devoted my life to working in law, "
"the end that I would love to live."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14213
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:14217
msgid ""
"Yet much of this book has been a criticism of lawyers, or the role lawyers "
"have played in this debate. The law speaks to ideals, but it is my view that "
msgstr ""
#. f10.
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14230
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:14234
msgid ""
"Lawrence Lessig, \"Copyright's First Amendment\" (Melville B. Nimmer "
"Memorial Lecture), <citetitle>UCLA Law Review</citetitle> 48 (2001): 1057, "
"1069–70."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14221
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:14225
msgid ""
"The evidence of this bending is compelling. I'm attacked as a \"radical\" by "
"many within the profession, yet the positions that I am advocating are "
"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14236
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:14240
msgid ""
"However, my criticism of the role that lawyers have played in this debate is "
"not just about a professional bias. It is more importantly about our failure "
"to actually reckon the costs of the law."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14246
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:14250
msgid ""
"A good example is the work of Professor Stan Liebowitz. Liebowitz is to be "
"commended for his careful review of data about infringement, leading him to "
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14241
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:14245
msgid ""
"Economists are supposed to be good at reckoning costs and benefits. But "
"more often than not, economists, with no clue about how the legal system "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 310
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14270
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:14274
msgid ""
"But the legal system doesn't work. Or more accurately, it doesn't work for "
"anyone except those with the most resources. Not because the system is "
"astonishingly high that justice can practically never be done."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14278
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:14282
msgid ""
"These costs distort free culture in many ways. A lawyer's time is billed at "
"the largest firms at more than $400 per hour. How much time should such a "
"and costly cases."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14288
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:14292
msgid ""
"The costliness and clumsiness and randomness of this system mock our "
"tradition. And lawyers, as well as academics, should consider it their duty "
"and hence radically more just."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14296
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:14300
msgid ""
"But until that reform is complete, we as a society should keep the law away "
"from areas that we know it will only harm. And that is precisely what the "
"law will too often do if too much of our culture is left to its review."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14302
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:14306
msgid ""
"Think about the amazing things your kid could do or make with digital "
"technology—the film, the music, the Web page, the blog. Or think about "
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 311
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14311
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:14315
msgid ""
"The law should regulate in certain areas of culture—but it should "
"regulate culture only where that regulation does good. Yet lawyers rarely "
"the law, the lawyer answers, \"Why not?\""
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14320
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:14324
msgid ""
"We should ask, \"Why?\" Show me why your regulation of culture is "
"needed. Show me how it does good. And until you can show me both, keep your "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14331
+#: freeculture.xml:14333
msgid "NOTES"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14333
+#: freeculture.xml:14335
msgid ""
"Throughout this text, there are references to links on the World Wide "
"Web. As anyone who has tried to use the Web knows, these links can be highly "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14348
+#: freeculture.xml:14350
msgid "ACKNOWLEDGMENTS"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14350
+#: freeculture.xml:14352
msgid ""
"This book is the product of a long and as yet unsuccessful struggle that "
"began when I read of Eric Eldred's war to keep books free. Eldred's work "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14356
+#: freeculture.xml:14358
msgid ""
"I received guidance in various places from friends and academics, including "
"Glenn Brown, Peter DiCola, Jennifer Mnookin, Richard Posner, Mark Rose, and "
#. PAGE BREAK 337
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14369
+#: freeculture.xml:14371
msgid ""
"Yuko Noguchi helped me to understand the laws of Japan as well as its "
"culture. I am thankful to her, and to the many in Japan who helped me "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14380
+#: freeculture.xml:14382
msgid ""
"These are the traditional sorts of help that academics regularly draw "
"upon. But in addition to them, the Internet has made it possible to receive "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14400
+#: freeculture.xml:14402
msgid ""
"Richard Stallman and Michael Carroll each read the whole book in draft, and "
"each provided extremely helpful correction and advice. Michael helped me to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14409
+#: freeculture.xml:14411
msgid ""
"Finally, and forever, I am thankful to Bettina, who has always insisted that "
"there would be unending happiness away from these battles, and who has "
projects / text-free-culture-lessig.git / commitdiff