From: Petter Reinholdtsen Date: Sun, 29 Jul 2012 12:51:09 +0000 (+0200) Subject: Adjust to new XML. X-Git-Tag: edition-2015-10-10~2019 X-Git-Url: https://pere.pagekite.me/gitweb/text-free-culture-lessig.git/commitdiff_plain/5c5fcda0e0eba61073d95262562ae6ec39e9cd37?ds=inline Adjust to new XML. --- diff --git a/freeculture.nb.po b/freeculture.nb.po index 06a4e1f..3c86b11 100644 --- a/freeculture.nb.po +++ b/freeculture.nb.po @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: Free Culture by Lawrence Lessig\n" -"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-07-29 12:26+0300\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-07-29 14:45+0300\n" "PO-Revision-Date: 2012-07-13 21:50+0200\n" "Last-Translator: Petter Reinholdtsen \n" "Language-Team: Norwegian Bokmål \n" @@ -433,11 +433,11 @@ msgstr "" "endringene jeg beskriver påvirker verdier som begge sider av vår politiske " "kultur anser som grunnleggende." -#. type: Content of: +#. type: Content of: msgid "CodePink Women in Peace" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: +#. type: Content of: msgid "Safire, William" msgstr "Safire, William" @@ -634,11 +634,11 @@ msgstr "" "inngå en eksklusiv avtale med Delta Airlines? Kan vi gjennomføre en auksjon " "for å finne ut hvor mye disse rettighetene er verdt?" -#. type: Content of: +#. type: Content of: msgid "Causby, Thomas Lee" msgstr "Causby, Thomas Lee" -#. type: Content of: +#. type: Content of: msgid "Causby, Tinie" msgstr "Causby, Tinie" @@ -1426,7 +1426,7 @@ msgstr "" "internettets \"pirater\" også fjerne verdier fra vår kultur som har vært " "integrert til vår tradisjon helt fra starten." -#. type: Content of:
+#. type: Content of:
msgid "Netanel, Neil Weinstock" msgstr "Netanel, Neil Weinstock" @@ -5114,7 +5114,7 @@ msgstr "" "de betalte komponist (eller opphavsrettsinnehaver) gebyr som er angitt av " "Vedtektene." -#. type: Content of:
+#. type: Content of:
msgid "Grisham, John" msgstr "Grisham, John" @@ -5709,7 +5709,7 @@ msgstr "" "opphavsretten internasjonalt. Vi kan ha vært født en pirat nasjon, men vi " "tillater ikke noen annen nasjon til å ha en lignende barndom." -#. type: Content of: +#. type: Content of: msgid "Drahos, Peter" msgstr "Drahos, Peter" @@ -5755,7 +5755,7 @@ msgid "" "these nations, this piracy is wrong." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of:
+#. type: Content of:
msgid "Liebowitz, Stan" msgstr "Liebowitz, Stan" @@ -5843,7 +5843,7 @@ msgstr "" "for en tid-teknologien, er det galt å ta eiendom uten tillatelse fra eieren " "av en egenskap. Det er akkurat hva \"property\" betyr." -#. type: Content of:
+#. type: Content of:
msgid "Linux operating system" msgstr "" @@ -10845,7 +10845,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Fred Warshofsky, The Patent Wars (New York: Wiley, 1994), 170–71." -#. type: Content of: +#. type: Content of: msgid "Gates, Bill" msgstr "Gates, Bill" @@ -21095,11 +21095,11 @@ msgstr "" "eieren og fÃ¥ tillatelse til Ã¥ bygge pÃ¥ hans arbeid. fremtiden vil bli " "kontrollert av denne døde (og ofte unfindable) hÃ¥nden av fortiden." -#. type: Content of: +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> msgid "CONCLUSION" msgstr "Konklusjon" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "There are more than 35 million people with the AIDS virus worldwide. Twenty-" "five million of them live in sub-Saharan Africa. Seventeen million have " @@ -21112,7 +21112,7 @@ msgstr "" "proporsjonalt med syv millioner amerikanere. Viktigere er det at dette er " "17 millioner afrikanere." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "There is no cure for AIDS, but there are drugs to slow its progression. " "These antiretroviral therapies are still experimental, but they have already " @@ -21128,7 +21128,7 @@ msgstr "" "usynlig." #. f1. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, \"Final Report: Integrating " "Intellectual Property Rights and Development Policy\" (London, 2002), " @@ -21144,7 +21144,7 @@ msgstr "" "juli 2002, mottar kun 320 000 av de 6 millioner som trenger medisiner i " "utviklingsland dem de trenger—og halvparten av dem er i Brasil." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "These drugs are expensive. When they were first introduced in the United " "States, they cost between $10,000 and $15,000 per person per year. Today, " @@ -21163,7 +21163,7 @@ msgstr "" "\"0\"/>" #. PAGE BREAK 265 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "These prices are not high because the ingredients of the drugs are " "expensive. These prices are high because the drugs are protected by patents. " @@ -21179,7 +21179,7 @@ msgstr "" "hente ut sÃ¥ mye de kan fra markedet. Ved hjelp av denne makten holder de " "prisene høye." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "There are many who are skeptical of patents, especially drug patents. I am " "not. Indeed, of all the areas of research that might be supported by " @@ -21200,7 +21200,7 @@ msgstr "" "som vil argumentere for at loven skal avskaffe dette, i det minste uten " "andre endringer." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "But it is one thing to support patents, even drug patents. It is another " "thing to determine how best to deal with a crisis. And as African leaders " @@ -21214,11 +21214,11 @@ msgstr "" "se etter mÃ¥ter Ã¥ importere HIV-medisiner til kostnader betydelig under " "markedspris." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> msgid "Braithwaite, John" msgstr "Braithwaite, John" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism: " "Who Owns the Knowledge Economy?</citetitle> (New York: The New Press, 2003), " @@ -21230,7 +21230,7 @@ msgstr "" "37. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm" "\" id=\"1\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "In 1997, South Africa tried one tack. It passed a law to allow the " "importation of patented medicines that had been produced or sold in another " @@ -21249,7 +21249,7 @@ msgstr "" "<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" #. f3. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent " "Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a " @@ -21263,7 +21263,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f4. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent " "Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a " @@ -21275,7 +21275,7 @@ msgstr "" "rapport forberedt for the World Intellectual Property Organization</" "citetitle> (Washington, D.C., 2000), 15." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "However, the United States government opposed the bill. Indeed, more than " "opposed. As the International Intellectual Property Association " @@ -21313,7 +21313,7 @@ msgstr "" "effekt pÃ¥ behandlingen av AIDS i Sør-Afrika.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " "id=\"1\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "We should place the intervention by the United States in context. No doubt " "patents are not the most important reason that Africans don't have access to " @@ -21331,7 +21331,7 @@ msgstr "" "prisen. SÃ¥ uansett, massiv eller marginal, sÃ¥ var det en effekt av vÃ¥re " "myndigheters intervensjon for Ã¥ stoppe flyten av medisiner inn til Afrika." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "By stopping the flow of HIV treatment into Africa, the United States " "government was not saving drugs for United States citizens. This is not " @@ -21347,7 +21347,7 @@ msgstr "" "i Afrika og gjøre disse kjemikaliene om til medisiner som kan redde 15 til " "30 millioner liv." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "Nor was the intervention by the United States going to protect the profits " "of United States drug companies—at least, not substantially. It was " @@ -21367,7 +21367,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f5. #. PAGE BREAK 333 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "See Sabin Russell, \"New Crusade to Lower AIDS Drug Costs: Africa's Needs at " "Odds with Firms' Profit Motive,\" <citetitle>San Francisco Chronicle</" @@ -21383,7 +21383,7 @@ msgid "" "<citetitle>Widener Law Symposium Journal</citetitle> (Spring 2001): 175." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "Instead, the argument in favor of restricting this flow of information, " "which was needed to save the lives of millions, was an argument about the " @@ -21401,7 +21401,7 @@ msgstr "" "\"intellektuell eiendom\" som fikk disse myndighetsaktørene til Ã¥ " "intervenere mot Sør-Afrikas mottiltak mot AIDS." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "Now just step back for a moment. There will be a time thirty years from now " "when our children look back at us and ask, how could we have let this " @@ -21421,7 +21421,7 @@ msgstr "" "mange døde? Hva slags galskap er det egentlig som tillater at sÃ¥ mange dør " "for slik en abstraksjon?" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "Some blame the drug companies. I don't. They are corporations. Their " "managers are ordered by law to make money for the corporation. They push a " @@ -21437,7 +21437,7 @@ msgstr "" "penger pÃ¥ grunn av en slags korrupsjon i vÃ¥rt politiske system— en " "korrupsjon som farmasiselskapene helt klart ikke er ansvarlige for." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "The corruption is our own politicians' failure of integrity. For the drug " "companies would love—they say, and I believe them—to sell their " @@ -21454,7 +21454,7 @@ msgstr "" "overvunnet." #. PAGE BREAK 268 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "A different problem, however, could not be overcome. This is the fear of the " "grandstanding politician who would call the presidents of the drug companies " @@ -21481,7 +21481,7 @@ msgstr "" "rasjonelle strategien rammes dermed inn ved hjel av dette ideal—" "helligheten til en idé som kalles \"immaterielle rettigheter\"." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "So when the common sense of your child confronts you, what will you say? " "When the common sense of a generation finally revolts against what we have " @@ -21491,7 +21491,7 @@ msgstr "" "sunne fornuften hos en generasjon endelig gjør opprør mot hva vi har gjort, " "hvordan vil vi rettferdiggjøre det? Hva er argumentet?" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "A sensible patent policy could endorse and strongly support the patent " "system without having to reach everyone everywhere in exactly the same way. " @@ -21515,7 +21515,7 @@ msgstr "" "patentpolitikken i denne forstand vært balansert." #. PAGE BREAK 269 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "But we as a culture have lost this sense of balance. We have lost the " "critical eye that helps us see the difference between truth and extremism. " @@ -21549,7 +21549,7 @@ msgstr "" "som vil gjenvinne retten til Ã¥ dyrke vÃ¥r kultur er Ã¥ finne en mÃ¥te Ã¥ fÃ¥ " "denne sunne fornuften til Ã¥ Ã¥pne sine øyne." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "So far, common sense sleeps. There is no revolt. Common sense does not yet " "see what there could be to revolt about. The extremism that now dominates " @@ -21577,7 +21577,7 @@ msgstr "" "for fri kultur." #. f6. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> #, fuzzy #| msgid "" #| "Jonathan Krim, \"The Quiet War over Open-Source,\" Washington Post, " @@ -21608,11 +21608,11 @@ msgstr "" "National Journal's Technology Daily, 19. august 2003, tilgjengelig fra " "<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #61</ulink>." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "PLoS (Public Library of Science)" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "In August 2003, a fight broke out in the United States about a decision by " "the World Intellectual Property Organization to cancel a meeting." @@ -21654,7 +21654,7 @@ msgstr "" "frigjorde tidlig pÃ¥ 1980-tallet. Og det inkluderte \"Ã¥pen kildekode og fri " "programvare\". <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "The aim of the meeting was to consider this wide range of projects from one " "common perspective: that none of these projects relied upon intellectual " @@ -21669,13 +21669,13 @@ msgstr "" "begrensninger pÃ¥ hvordan proprietære krav kan bli brukt." #. f7. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "I should disclose that I was one of the people who asked WIPO for the " "meeting." msgstr "Jeg bør nevne at jeg var en av folkene som ba WIPO om dette møtet." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "From the perspective of this book, then, the conference was ideal." "<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The projects within its scope " @@ -21692,7 +21692,7 @@ msgstr "" "drev med immaterielle rettighetsspørsmÃ¥l." #. PAGE BREAK 271 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "Indeed, I was once publicly scolded for not recognizing this fact about " "WIPO. In February 2003, I delivered a keynote address to a preparatory " @@ -21734,7 +21734,7 @@ msgstr "" "immaterielle rettigheter som trengs, siden etter mitt syn, hadde selve ideen " "om en balanse rundt immaterielle rettigheter hadde gÃ¥tt tapt." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "So whether or not WSIS can discuss balance in intellectual property, I had " "thought it was taken for granted that WIPO could and should. And thus the " @@ -21746,7 +21746,7 @@ msgstr "" "møtet om \"Ã¥pne og samarbeidende prosjekter for Ã¥ skape fellesgoder\" virker " "Ã¥ passe perfekt for WIPOs agenda." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "But there is one project within that list that is highly controversial, at " "least among lobbyists. That project is \"open source and free software.\" " @@ -21769,7 +21769,7 @@ msgstr "" "programvare,\" til sine egne interne behov." #. f8. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> #, fuzzy #| msgid "" #| "Microsoft's position about free and open source software is more " @@ -21817,7 +21817,7 @@ msgstr "" "ved New York University Stern School of Business (3. mai 2001), tilgjengelig " "fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #63</ulink>." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, fuzzy #| msgid "" #| "I don't mean to enter that debate here. It is important only to make " @@ -21854,7 +21854,7 @@ msgstr "" "\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" #. PAGE BREAK 272 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "More important for our purposes, to support \"open source and free software" "\" is not to oppose copyright. \"Open source and free software\" is not " @@ -21886,7 +21886,7 @@ msgstr "" "opphavsrettsloven som Microsoft." #. f9. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Krim, \"The Quiet War over Open-Source,\" available at <ulink url=\"http://" "free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #64</ulink>." @@ -21894,7 +21894,7 @@ msgstr "" "Krim, \"The Quiet War over Open-Source,\" tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=" "\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #64</ulink>." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "It is therefore understandable that as a proprietary software developer, " "Microsoft would oppose this WIPO meeting, and understandable that it would " @@ -21914,7 +21914,7 @@ msgstr "" "slikt møte.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Og uten støtte fra USA " "ble møtet avlyst." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "I don't blame Microsoft for doing what it can to advance its own interests, " "consistent with the law. And lobbying governments is plainly consistent with " @@ -21928,7 +21928,7 @@ msgstr "" "lobbyvirksomhet, og ikke veldig overraskende at den mektigste " "programvareprodusenten i USA har lyktes med sin lobbyvirksomhet." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "What was surprising was the United States government's reason for opposing " "the meeting. Again, as reported by Krim, Lois Boland, acting director of " @@ -21946,11 +21946,11 @@ msgstr "" "holde et møte som har som formÃ¥l Ã¥ fraskrive seg eller frafalle slike " "rettigheter synes for oss Ã¥ være i strid med formÃ¥lene til WIPO.\"" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "These statements are astonishing on a number of levels." msgstr "Disse utsagnene er forbløffende pÃ¥ flere nivÃ¥er." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "First, they are just flat wrong. As I described, most open source and free " "software relies fundamentally upon the intellectual property right called " @@ -21970,7 +21970,7 @@ msgstr "" "jusstudent, men pinlig fra en høyt plassert statstjenestemann som hÃ¥ndterer " "utfordringer rundt immaterielle rettigheter." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "Second, who ever said that WIPO's exclusive aim was to \"promote\" " "intellectual property maximally? As I had been scolded at the preparatory " @@ -21995,7 +21995,7 @@ msgstr "" "immaterielle rettigheter? Ville det vært bedre om internettets protokoller " "hadde vært patentert?" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "Third, even if one believed that the purpose of WIPO was to maximize " "intellectual property rights, in our tradition, intellectual property rights " @@ -22022,7 +22022,7 @@ msgstr "" "\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" #. PAGE BREAK 274 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "When Ms. Boland says that there is something wrong with a meeting \"which " "has as its purpose to disclaim or waive such rights,\" she's saying that " @@ -22041,7 +22041,7 @@ msgstr "" "interessen til WIPO ikke bare er maksimale immaterielle rettigheter, men " "ogsÃ¥ at de skal utøves pÃ¥ den mest ekstreme og restriktive mulig mÃ¥ten." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "There is a history of just such a property system that is well known in the " "Anglo-American tradition. It is called \"feudalism.\" Under feudalism, not " @@ -22062,7 +22062,7 @@ msgstr "" "avhengig av maksimal kontroll og konsentrasjon. Det sloss mot enhver frihet " "som kunne forstyrre denne kontrollen." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> #, fuzzy #| msgid "" #| "See Drahos with Braithwaite, Information Feudalism, 210–20. " @@ -22074,7 +22074,7 @@ msgstr "" "Se Drahos og Braithwaite, Information Feudalism, 210–20. <placeholder " "type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "As Peter Drahos and John Braithwaite relate, this is precisely the choice we " "are now making about intellectual property.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" @@ -22089,7 +22089,7 @@ msgstr "" "<emphasis>fritt</emphasis> eller <emphasis>føydalt</emphasis>. Trenden er " "mot det føydale." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "When this battle broke, I blogged it. A spirited debate within the comment " "section ensued. Ms. Boland had a number of supporters who tried to show why " @@ -22102,7 +22102,7 @@ msgstr "" "kommentar som gjorde meg trist. En anonym kommentator skrev," #. PAGE BREAK 275 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> msgid "" "George, you misunderstand Lessig: He's only talking about the world as it " "should be (\"the goal of WIPO, and the goal of any government, should be to " @@ -22120,7 +22120,7 @@ msgstr "" "slik Lessig vil at den skal være, er det Ã¥penbart at hun har sagt noe galt. " "En mÃ¥ alltid være oppmerksom pÃ¥ forskjellen mellom Lessigs og vÃ¥r verden." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "I missed the irony the first time I read it. I read it quickly and thought " "the poster was supporting the idea that seeking balance was what our " @@ -22140,7 +22140,7 @@ msgstr "" "republikanere eller demokrater. Min eneste tilsynelatende illusjon er " "hvorvidt vÃ¥re myndigheter bør snakke sant eller ikke.)" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "Obviously, however, the poster was not supporting that idea. Instead, the " "poster was ridiculing the very idea that in the real world, the \"goal\" of " @@ -22156,7 +22156,7 @@ msgstr "" "avslørte Ã¥penbart, trodde han, min egen tÃ¥pelige utopisme. \"Typisk for en " "akademiker\", kunne forfatteren like gjerne ha fortsatt." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "I understand criticism of academic utopianism. I think utopianism is silly, " "too, and I'd be the first to poke fun at the absurdly unrealistic ideals of " @@ -22167,7 +22167,7 @@ msgstr "" "urealisistiske idealer til akademikere gjennom historien (og ikke bare i " "vÃ¥rt eget lands historie)." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "But when it has become silly to suppose that the role of our government " "should be to \"seek balance,\" then count me with the silly, for that means " @@ -22188,7 +22188,7 @@ msgstr "" "blitt?" #. PAGE BREAK 276 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "It might be crazy to expect a high government official to speak the truth. " "It might be crazy to believe that government policy will be something more " @@ -22202,11 +22202,11 @@ msgstr "" "for Ã¥ bevare en tradisjon som har vært en del av vÃ¥r tradisjon for " "mesteparten av vÃ¥r historie—fri kultur." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Turner, Ted" msgstr "Turner, Ted" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "If this is crazy, then let there be more crazies. Soon. There are moments " "of hope in this struggle. And moments that surprise. When the FCC was " @@ -22230,7 +22230,7 @@ msgstr "" "krav om flere høringer og et annet resultat. <placeholder type=\"indexterm" "\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "This activism did not stop the FCC, but soon after, a broad coalition in the " "Senate voted to reverse the FCC decision. The hostile hearings leading up to " @@ -22244,7 +22244,7 @@ msgstr "" "ingen betydnigsfull støtte for FCCs avgjørelse, mens det var bred og " "vedvarende støtte for Ã¥ bekjempe ytterligere konsentrasjon i media." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "But even this movement misses an important piece of the puzzle. Largeness " "as such is not bad. Freedom is not threatened just because some become very " @@ -22258,7 +22258,7 @@ msgstr "" "aktører. Den dÃ¥rlige kvaliteten til Big Macs eller Quartar Punders betyr " "ikke at du ikke kan fÃ¥ en god hamburger andre steder." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "The danger in media concentration comes not from the concentration, but " "instead from the feudalism that this concentration, tied to the change in " @@ -22276,7 +22276,7 @@ msgstr "" "eiendomsrettigheter i en historisk ekstrem form—som gjør størrelsen " "ille." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "It is therefore significant that so many would rally to demand competition " "and increased diversity. Still, if the rally is understood as being about " @@ -22290,7 +22290,7 @@ msgstr "" "historie med Ã¥ slÃ¥ss mot \"stort\", klokt eller ikke. At vi kan være " "motivert til Ã¥ slÃ¥ss mot \"store\" igjen ikke noe nytt." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "It would be something new, and something very important, if an equal number " "could be rallied to fight the increasing extremism built within the idea of " @@ -22306,7 +22306,7 @@ msgstr "" "tenke kritisk pÃ¥ omfanget av alt som kalles \"eiendom\" ikke er lenger er " "godt trent i denne tradisjonen." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "If we were Achilles, this would be our heel. This would be the place of our " "tragedy." @@ -22314,12 +22314,12 @@ msgstr "" "Hvis vi var Akilles, sÃ¥ ville dette være vÃ¥r hæl. Dette ville være stedet " "for vÃ¥re tragedie." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> msgid "Dylan, Bob" msgstr "Dylan, Bob" #. f11. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> #, fuzzy #| msgid "" #| "John Borland, \"RIAA Sues 261 File Swappers,\" CNET News.com, September " @@ -22362,7 +22362,7 @@ msgstr "" "ulink>." #. f12. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Jon Wiederhorn, \"Eminem Gets Sued . . . by a Little Old Lady,\" mtv.com, 17 " "September 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" @@ -22374,7 +22374,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f13. #. PAGE BREAK 334 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Kenji Hall, Associated Press, \"Japanese Book May Be Inspiration for Dylan " "Songs,\" Kansascity.com, 9 July 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-" @@ -22384,7 +22384,7 @@ msgstr "" "Songs,\" Kansascity.com, 9. juli 2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://" "free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #69</ulink>." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "As I write these final words, the news is filled with stories about the RIAA " "lawsuits against almost three hundred individuals.<placeholder type=" @@ -22417,16 +22417,16 @@ msgstr "" "Universiteter truer med Ã¥ utvise ungdommer som bruker en datamaskin for Ã¥ " "dele innhold." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> msgid "Creative Commons" msgstr "Creative Commons" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> msgid "Gil, Gilberto" msgstr "Gil, Gilberto" #. f14. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "\"BBC Plans to Open Up Its Archive to the Public,\" BBC press release, 24 " "August 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -22437,7 +22437,7 @@ msgstr "" "\">link #70</ulink>." #. f15. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "\"Creative Commons and Brazil,\" Creative Commons Weblog, 6 August 2003, " "available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #71</ulink>." @@ -22447,7 +22447,7 @@ msgstr "" "ulink>." #. PAGE BREAK 278 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "Yet on the other side of the Atlantic, the BBC has just announced that it " "will build a \"Creative Archive,\" from which British citizens can download " @@ -22476,7 +22476,7 @@ msgstr "" "viktigere, det vil kreve at noen omforme RCAene av i dag til Causbyere." #. PAGE BREAK 279 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "Common sense must revolt. It must act to free culture. Soon, if this " "potential is ever to be realized." @@ -22484,12 +22484,12 @@ msgstr "" "Sunn fornuft mÃ¥ gjøre opprør. Den mÃ¥ handle for Ã¥ frigjøre kulturen. Og " "snart, hvis dette potensialet skal noen gang bli realisert." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> msgid "AFTERWORD" msgstr "Etterord" #. PAGE BREAK 280 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "At least some who have read this far will agree with me that something must " "be done to change where we are heading. The balance of this book maps what " @@ -22499,7 +22499,7 @@ msgstr "" "noe mÃ¥ gjøres for Ã¥ endre retningen vi holder. Balansen i denne boken " "kartlegger hva som kan gjøres." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I divide this map into two parts: that which anyone can do now, and that " @@ -22512,7 +22512,7 @@ msgstr "" "remaking sunn fornuft, er det at det krever remaking hvor mange mennesker " "tenker om det samme problemet." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "That means this movement must begin in the streets. It must recruit a " @@ -22525,7 +22525,7 @@ msgstr "" "musikere, filmskapere, forskere—alle for Ã¥ fortelle historien med egne " "ord og Ã¥ fortelle sine naboer hvorfor denne kampen er sÃ¥ viktig." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Once this movement has its effect in the streets, it has some hope of having " @@ -22540,11 +22540,11 @@ msgstr "" "sÃ¥ledes, i den andre delen nedenfor jeg skissere endringer som Kongressen " "kan gjøre for Ã¥ sikre bedre en fri kultur." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> msgid "US, NOW" msgstr "Oss, nÃ¥" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "Common sense is with the copyright warriors because the debate so far has " "been framed at the extremes—as a grand either/or: either property or " @@ -22552,7 +22552,7 @@ msgid "" "the choice, then the warriors should win." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The mistake here is the error of the excluded middle. There are extremes in " @@ -22574,7 +22574,7 @@ msgstr "" "du ønsker, uavhengig av om du har tillatelse eller ikke." #. PAGE BREAK 282 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "When the Internet was first born, its initial architecture effectively " @@ -22591,7 +22591,7 @@ msgstr "" "Internett var \"ingen rettigheter reservert.\" innhold ble \"tatt\" " "uavhengig av rettighetene. alle rettigheter som var effektivt ubeskyttet." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This initial character produced a reaction (opposite, but not quite equal) " @@ -22618,7 +22618,7 @@ msgstr "" "Internett i dag vil bli en \"fÃ¥ tillatelse til Ã¥ klippe og lime\" verden som " "er en creator mareritt." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "What's needed is a way to say something in the middle—neither \"all " @@ -22633,11 +22633,11 @@ msgstr "" "gratis innhold som de ønsker. med andre ord, trenger vi en mÃ¥te Ã¥ " "gjenopprette et sett med andre friheter som vi bare kunne ta for gitt før." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "Rebuilding Freedoms Previously Presumed: Examples" msgstr "Gjenoppbygging av friheter som tidligere var antatt: Eksempler" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "If you step back from the battle I've been describing here, you will " @@ -22656,11 +22656,11 @@ msgstr "" "Internett-vanene dine naboer eller sjefen. du surfer vaner \"personvern\" " "var trygg pÃ¥." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "What made it assured?" msgstr "Hva gjorde at det var sikret?" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Well, if we think in terms of the modalities I described in chapter 10, your " @@ -22690,11 +22690,11 @@ msgstr "" "normer (snooping og sladder er bare morsomt), men i stedet av kostnader som " "friksjon pÃ¥legger pÃ¥ alle som ønsker Ã¥ spy." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> msgid "Amazon" msgstr "Amazon" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Enter the Internet, where the cost of tracking browsing in particular has " @@ -22714,7 +22714,7 @@ msgstr "" "enklere Ã¥ samle inn data enn ikke. friksjonen har forsvunnet, og dermed alle " "\"personvern\" beskyttet av friksjonen forsvinner, ogsÃ¥." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Amazon, of course, is not the problem. But we might begin to worry about " @@ -22734,7 +22734,7 @@ msgstr "" "friksjon i gÃ¥r." #. f1. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "See, for example, Marc Rotenberg, \"Fair Information Practices and the " "Architecture of Privacy (What Larry Doesn't Get),\" <citetitle>Stanford " @@ -22747,7 +22747,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 284 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "It is this reality that explains the push of many to define \"privacy\" on " "the Internet. It is the recognition that technology can remove what friction " @@ -22759,7 +22759,7 @@ msgid "" "affirmatively act where, before, privacy was given by default." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "A similar story could be told about the birth of the free software movement. " @@ -22775,11 +22775,11 @@ msgstr "" "maskinen pÃ¥ en ibm-maskin, slik at data Generelt og ibm ikke vare mye om " "hvordan du styrer deres programvare." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> msgid "Stallman, Richard" msgstr "Stallman, Richard" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "That was the world Richard Stallman was born into, and while he was a " "researcher at MIT, he grew to love the community that developed when one was " @@ -22793,7 +22793,7 @@ msgstr "" "smarte sorten selv, og en talentfull programmerer, begynte Stallman Ã¥ basere " "seg frihet til Ã¥ legge til eller endre pÃ¥ andre personers arbeid." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In an academic setting, at least, that's not a terribly radical idea. In a " @@ -22815,7 +22815,7 @@ msgstr "" "være gratis Ã¥ tinker med og forbedre koden som kjørte en maskin. Dette, " "ogsÃ¥, var kunnskap. Hvorfor bør ikke være Ã¥pen for kritikk som noe annet?" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "No one answered that question. Instead, the architecture of revenue for " @@ -22835,7 +22835,7 @@ msgstr "" "meg Ã¥ selge en skriver til markedet enn det var for deg." #. PAGE BREAK 285 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Thus, the practice of proprietary code began to spread, and by the early " @@ -22850,7 +22850,7 @@ msgstr "" "og som han mente, hvis han gjorde ikke noe om det, og frihet til Ã¥ endre og " "dele programvare ville være grundig svekket." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Therefore, in 1984, Stallman began a project to build a free operating " "system, so that at least a strain of free software would survive. That was " @@ -22859,7 +22859,7 @@ msgid "" "\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Stallman's technique was to use copyright law to build a world of software " @@ -22880,7 +22880,7 @@ msgstr "" "andre Ã¥ bygge pÃ¥. hans grunnleggende mÃ¥let var frihet; nyskapende, kreative " "koden var en byproduct." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Stallman was thus doing for software what privacy advocates now do for " @@ -22897,7 +22897,7 @@ msgstr "" "gjenerobring et mellomrom der fri programvare ville overleve. Han var aktivt " "beskytter hva før hadde vært passivt garantert." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Finally, consider a very recent example that more directly resonates with " @@ -22909,7 +22909,7 @@ msgstr "" "journaler er produsert." #. PAGE BREAK 286 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "As digital technologies develop, it is becoming obvious to many that " @@ -22937,7 +22937,7 @@ msgstr "" "den, er lexis og westlaw ogsÃ¥ gjerne Belast brukerne for privilegiet av Ã¥ fÃ¥ " "tilgang til at Høyesterett mening gjennom sine respektive tjenester." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "There's nothing wrong in general with this, and indeed, the ability to " @@ -22955,7 +22955,7 @@ msgstr "" "ingenting galt med Ã¥ selge allemannseie, det kan være noe galt i prinsippet " "med selger tilgang til materiale som ikke er allemannseie." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But what if the only way to get access to social and scientific data was " @@ -22966,7 +22966,7 @@ msgstr "" "gjennom proprietære tjenester? Hva om ingen hadde muligheten til Ã¥ bla " "gjennom denne data unntatt ved Ã¥ betale for et abonnement?" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "As many are beginning to notice, this is increasingly the reality with " @@ -22991,7 +22991,7 @@ msgstr "" "journaler (arkitektur)—nemlig at det var svært vanskelig Ã¥ kontrollere " "tilgangen til en papir-journal." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "As journals become electronic, however, the publishers are demanding that " @@ -23006,7 +23006,7 @@ msgstr "" "SÃ¥ledes, som med personvern og med programvare, en skiftende teknologi og " "markedet forminske en frihet tatt for gitt før." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This shrinking freedom has led many to take affirmative steps to restore the " @@ -23031,7 +23031,7 @@ msgstr "" "utskriftsversjon av sitt arbeid, men opphavsretten for utskrift journal " "forhindre ikke høyre for noen til Ã¥ videredistribuere arbeidet gratis." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This is one of many such efforts to restore a freedom taken for granted " @@ -23048,11 +23048,11 @@ msgstr "" "konkurransen i vÃ¥r tradisjon er presumptively en god—spesielt nÃ¥r det " "bidrar til Ã¥ spre kunnskap og vitenskap." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "Rebuilding Free Culture: One Idea" msgstr "Gjenoppbyggeing av fri kultur: En idé" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The same strategy could be applied to culture, as a response to the " @@ -23061,7 +23061,7 @@ msgstr "" "samme strategi som kan brukes til kultur, som et svar pÃ¥ økende kontrollen " "berørt gjennom lov og teknologi." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Enter the Creative Commons. The Creative Commons is a nonprofit corporation " @@ -23082,7 +23082,7 @@ msgstr "" "vanntett lisenser, gjør dette mulig." #. PAGE BREAK 288 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "<emphasis>Simple</emphasis>—which means without a middleman, or " @@ -23112,7 +23112,7 @@ msgstr "" "annet enn \"all\" eller \"Nei\" ekstreme. innholdet er merket med kopi-" "merket, som ikke betyr at copyright fratres, men at visse friheter er gitt." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "These freedoms are beyond the freedoms promised by fair use. Their precise " @@ -23134,7 +23134,7 @@ msgstr "" "bruk, sÃ¥ lenge alle kopiene ikke er laget. eller til slutt, noen pedagogisk " "bruk." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "These choices thus establish a range of freedoms beyond the default of " @@ -23155,11 +23155,11 @@ msgstr "" "enkeltpersoner og skaperne vil gjøre dette innholdet tilgjengelig. og at " "innholdet i sin tur kan vi bygge et offentlig-domene." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Garlick, Mia" msgstr "Garlick, Mia" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This is just one project among many within the Creative Commons. And of " @@ -23181,7 +23181,7 @@ msgstr "" "kaller dem) hvem hjelpe bygge allemannseie, og ved deres arbeid, demonstrere " "viktigheten av public domain til andre kreativitet." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The aim is not to fight the \"All Rights Reserved\" sorts. The aim is to " @@ -23204,7 +23204,7 @@ msgstr "" "bruke dem – er nødvendig. Creative commons gir folk en mÃ¥te for effektivt Ã¥ " "begynne Ã¥ bygge disse reglene." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Why would creators participate in giving up total control? Some participate " @@ -23219,7 +23219,7 @@ msgstr "" "nettet og gratis, under en creative commons-lisens pÃ¥ samme dag som det gikk " "pÃ¥ salg i bokhandler." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Why would a publisher ever agree to this? I suspect his publisher reasoned " @@ -23242,7 +23242,7 @@ msgstr "" "(2)-varer enn dÃ¥rlig-(1) s, strategien for lanserer cory bok gratis on-line " "trolig vil øke salg av cory's bok." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Indeed, the experience of his publisher clearly supports that conclusion. " @@ -23254,7 +23254,7 @@ msgstr "" "første romanen av en science fiction-forfatteren var en total suksess." #. PAGE BREAK 290 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The idea that free content might increase the value of nonfree content was " @@ -23274,7 +23274,7 @@ msgstr "" "ogsÃ¥." #. f2. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "<citetitle>Willful Infringement: A Report from the Front Lines of the Real " "Culture Wars</citetitle> (2003), produced by Jed Horovitz, directed by Greg " @@ -23282,7 +23282,7 @@ msgid "" "culture.cc/notes/\">link #72</ulink>." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "These are examples of using the Commons to better spread proprietary " "content. I believe that is a wonderful and common use of the Commons. There " @@ -23301,7 +23301,7 @@ msgid "" "creativity might grow." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Finally, there are many who mark their content with a Creative Commons " @@ -23325,7 +23325,7 @@ msgstr "" "det til andre." #. PAGE BREAK 291 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In the first six months of the Creative Commons experiment, over 1 million " @@ -23342,7 +23342,7 @@ msgstr "" "med creative commons-friheter. sÃ¥ er neste trinn Ã¥ se pÃ¥ og feire skaperne " "som bygger innhold basert pÃ¥ innhold satt fri." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "These are first steps to rebuilding a public domain. They are not mere " @@ -23357,7 +23357,7 @@ msgstr "" "commons, avhengig av frivillig tiltak for Ã¥ oppnÃ¥ dette Ã¥ gjenoppbygge. de " "vil føre til en verden der flere frivillige trinnene er mulig." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Creative Commons is just one example of voluntary efforts by individuals and " @@ -23374,11 +23374,11 @@ msgstr "" "forfattere og skaperne Ã¥ utøve sine rettigheter, mer fleksibelt og billig. " "at vi tror forskjellen, aktiverer kreativitet Ã¥ spre lettere." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> msgid "THEM, SOON" msgstr "Dem, snart" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "We will not reclaim a free culture by individual action alone. It will also " @@ -23392,7 +23392,7 @@ msgstr "" "til disse idéene og implementere disse reformene. men det betyr ogsÃ¥ at vi " "har tid til Ã¥ bygge opp bevisstheten rundt endringene som vi trenger." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In this chapter, I outline five kinds of changes: four that are general, and " @@ -23405,11 +23405,11 @@ msgstr "" "skritt, ikke en slutt. men noen av disse trinnene vil bære oss en lang vei " "til vÃ¥r side." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "1. More Formalities" msgstr "1. Flere formaliteter" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "If you buy a house, you have to record the sale in a deed. If you buy land " @@ -23423,7 +23423,7 @@ msgstr "" "flybillett, har navnet ditt pÃ¥ den." #. PAGE BREAK 293 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "These are all formalities associated with property. They are requirements " @@ -23432,7 +23432,7 @@ msgstr "" "disse er alle formaliteter knyttet til egenskapen. de er krav som vi alle mÃ¥ " "bære hvis vi ønsker vÃ¥r eiendom skal beskyttes." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In contrast, under current copyright law, you automatically get a copyright, " @@ -23445,12 +23445,12 @@ msgstr "" "registrere deg. du trenger ikke engang Ã¥ merke innholdet. standard er " "kontrollen, og \"formaliteter\" er kastet ut." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Why?" msgstr "hvorfor?" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "As I suggested in chapter 10, the motivation to abolish formalities was a " @@ -23465,7 +23465,7 @@ msgstr "" "loven avslappet formelle krav som en opphavsrettsinnehaveren mÃ¥ bære Ã¥ " "beskytte og sikre hans arbeid. disse formaliteter var komme i veien." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But the Internet changes all this. Formalities today need not be a burden. " @@ -23489,7 +23489,7 @@ msgstr "" "styrker mange i stillhet der de ellers kunne snakke." #. f1. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The proposal I am advancing here would apply to American works only. " @@ -23500,7 +23500,7 @@ msgstr "" "jeg tror det vil være fordelaktig for samme idéen om Ã¥ bli vedtatt av andre " "land ogsÃ¥." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The law should therefore change this requirement<placeholder type=\"footnote" "\" id=\"0\"/>—but it should not change it by going back to the old, " @@ -23509,7 +23509,7 @@ msgid "" "formalities." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The important formalities are three: marking copyrighted work, registering " @@ -23525,11 +23525,11 @@ msgstr "" "gjorde. men et revidert system av formaliteter ville forvise regjeringen fra " "prosessen, unntatt for formÃ¥let Ã¥ godkjenne standarder utviklet av andre." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title> msgid "REGISTRATION AND RENEWAL" msgstr "Registrering og fornying" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Under the old system, a copyright owner had to file a registration with the " @@ -23554,7 +23554,7 @@ msgstr "" "første reaksjon er panikk—ingenting kunne være verre enn tvinge folk " "til Ã¥ hÃ¥ndtere rotet som er copyright kontoret." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Yet it is always astonishing to me that we, who come from a tradition of " @@ -23573,7 +23573,7 @@ msgstr "" "private selskaper Ã¥ tjene allmennheten, underlagt standarder som regjeringen " "angir." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In the context of registration, one obvious model is the Internet. There " @@ -23594,7 +23594,7 @@ msgstr "" "opp." #. PAGE BREAK 295 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "We should adopt a similar model for the registration and renewal of " @@ -23617,11 +23617,11 @@ msgstr "" "lavere byrden av denne formalitet—mens en database med registreringer " "som ville forenkler lisensiering av innhold." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title> msgid "MARKING" msgstr "Merking" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "It used to be that the failure to include a copyright notice on a creative " @@ -23640,7 +23640,7 @@ msgstr "" "og enda viktigere, det er ingen grunn et merking krav mÃ¥ hÃ¥ndheves jevnt pÃ¥ " "tvers av alle medier." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The aim of marking is to signal to the public that this work is copyrighted " @@ -23652,7 +23652,7 @@ msgstr "" "mark gjør det ogsÃ¥ enkelt Ã¥ finne en som har opphavsrettighetene for Ã¥ sikre " "tillatelse til Ã¥ bruke arbeidet." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "One of the problems the copyright system confronted early on was that " @@ -23674,7 +23674,7 @@ msgstr "" "retten til Ã¥ straffe noen for ikke Ã¥ fÃ¥ tillatelse først." #. f2. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "There would be a complication with derivative works that I have not solved " @@ -23686,7 +23686,7 @@ msgstr "" "enn er rettferdiggjort av marginale incitament opprettes." #. PAGE BREAK 296 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> msgid "" "Let's start with the last point. If a copyright owner allows his work to be " "published without a copyright notice, the consequence of that failure need " @@ -23700,7 +23700,7 @@ msgid "" "would create a strong incentive for copyright owners to mark their work." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "That in turn raises the question about how work should best be marked. Here " @@ -23715,7 +23715,7 @@ msgstr "" "for Ã¥ godkjenne standarder for Ã¥ merke innhold som har vært laget andre " "steder." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "For example, if a recording industry association devises a method for " @@ -23737,7 +23737,7 @@ msgstr "" "skape noe nytt; men vi vil stole pÃ¥ regjeringen for Ã¥ holde produktet av " "innovasjon i trÃ¥d med sin andre viktige funksjoner." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Finally, marking content clearly would simplify registration requirements. " @@ -23753,7 +23753,7 @@ msgstr "" "som er tatt i et bestemt Ã¥r i ett trinn. MÃ¥let med formalitet er Ã¥ unngÃ¥ " "unødige belastninger skaperen; selve systemet bør holdes sÃ¥ enkelt som mulig." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The objective of formalities is to make things clear. The existing system " @@ -23764,7 +23764,7 @@ msgstr "" "ingenting for Ã¥ gjøre ting klart. Ja, det synes designet for Ã¥ gjøre ting " "som er uklart." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "If formalities such as registration were reinstated, one of the most " @@ -23781,11 +23781,11 @@ msgstr "" "type innhold; det ville være enkelt Ã¥ hevde de rettighetene og Ã¥ fornye at " "pÃ¥standen pÃ¥ riktig tidspunkt." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "2. Shorter Terms" msgstr "2. Kortere vernetid" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The term of copyright has gone from fourteen years to ninety-five years for " "corporate authors, and life of the author plus seventy years for natural " @@ -23796,7 +23796,7 @@ msgstr "" "for individuelle forfattere." #. f3. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "\"A Radical Rethink,\" <citetitle>Economist</citetitle>, 366:8308 (25 " "January 2003): 15, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" @@ -23806,7 +23806,7 @@ msgstr "" "januar 2003): 15, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" "\">link #74</ulink>." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "In <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>, I proposed a seventy-five-" "year term, granted in five-year increments with a requirement of renewal " @@ -23818,7 +23818,7 @@ msgid "" "patents." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I agree with those who believe that we need a radical change in copyright's " @@ -23830,7 +23830,7 @@ msgstr "" "viktig Ã¥ huske pÃ¥ om opphavsrett terms." #. (1) -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it short:</emphasis> The term should be as long as necessary " @@ -23849,7 +23849,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (2) #. PAGE BREAK 298 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it simple:</emphasis> The line between the public domain and " "protected content must be kept clear. Lawyers like the fuzziness of \"fair " @@ -23871,7 +23871,7 @@ msgstr "" "nødvendig Ã¥ hÃ¥ndtere." #. f4. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Department of Veterans Affairs, Veteran's Application for Compensation and/" "or Pension, VA Form 21-526 (OMB Approved No. 2900-0001), available at <ulink " @@ -23881,11 +23881,11 @@ msgstr "" "or Pension, VA Form 21-526 (OMB Approved No. 2900-0001), tilgjengelig fra " "<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #75</ulink>." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "veterans' pensions" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it alive:</emphasis> Copyright should have to be renewed. " "Especially if the maximum term is long, the copyright owner should be " @@ -23899,7 +23899,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (4) -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it prospective:</emphasis> Whatever the term of copyright " @@ -23927,7 +23927,7 @@ msgstr "" "usynlig). men øke deres belønning vil ikke øke sin kreativitet i 1923. Hva " "er ikke gjort er ikke gjort, og det er ingenting vi kan gjøre med det nÃ¥." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "These changes together should produce an <emphasis>average</emphasis> " "copyright term that is much shorter than the current term. Until 1976, the " @@ -23938,7 +23938,7 @@ msgstr "" "Frem til 1976 var gjennomsnittelig vernetid kun 32.2 Ã¥r. VÃ¥rt mÃ¥l bør være " "det samme." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "No doubt the extremists will call these ideas \"radical.\" (After all, I " "call them \"extremists.\") But again, the term I recommended was longer than " @@ -23950,11 +23950,11 @@ msgstr "" "lengre enn vernetiden under Richard Nixon. hvor \"radikalt\" kan det være Ã¥ " "be om en mer sjenerøs opphavsrettighet enn da Richard Nixon var president?" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "3. Free Use Vs. Fair Use" msgstr "3. Fri Bruk vs. rimelig bruk" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "As I observed at the beginning of this book, property law originally granted " @@ -23971,7 +23971,7 @@ msgstr "" "gjorde ingen sans lenger for Ã¥ gi sÃ¥ mye kontroll, gitt fremveksten av den " "nye teknologien." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Our Constitution gives Congress the power to give authors \"exclusive right" @@ -23989,7 +23989,7 @@ msgstr "" "til Ã¥ frigi den filmen, selv om filmen ikke er \"min skrive.\"" #. f5. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Benjamin Kaplan, <citetitle>An Unhurried View of Copyright</citetitle> (New " "York: Columbia University Press, 1967), 32." @@ -23997,7 +23997,7 @@ msgstr "" "Benjamin Kaplan, <citetitle>An Unhurried View of Copyright</citetitle> (New " "York: Columbia University Press, 1967), 32." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Congress granted the beginnings of this right in 1870, when it expanded the " "exclusive right of copyright to include a right to control translations and " @@ -24008,12 +24008,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f6. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Ibid., 56." msgstr "ibid., 56." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para> msgid "" "So inured have we become to the extension of the monopoly to a large range " "of so-called derivative works, that we no longer sense the oddity of " @@ -24021,7 +24021,7 @@ msgid "" "abracadabra of idea and expression.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I think it's time to recognize that there are airplanes in this field and " @@ -24036,7 +24036,7 @@ msgstr "" "de har ikke noen mening som en formløse grant. vurdere hver begrensning " "igjen." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "<emphasis>Term:</emphasis> If Congress wants to grant a derivative right, " @@ -24055,7 +24055,7 @@ msgstr "" "inducing kreativitet; Det er ikke viktig lenge etter skapende arbeid er " "gjort." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "<emphasis>Scope:</emphasis> Likewise should the scope of derivative rights " @@ -24080,7 +24080,7 @@ msgstr "" "denne generelle krav om tillatelse betyr for den kreative prosessen. " "Smothers det." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This was the point that Alben made when describing the making of the Clint " @@ -24095,11 +24095,11 @@ msgstr "" "poengsum—det ikke fornuftig Ã¥ kreve forhandling for den unforeseeable. " "her, ville en lovfestet rett gjøre mye mer fornuftig." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Goldstein, Paul" msgstr "Goldstein, Paul" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Paul Goldstein, <citetitle>Copyright's Highway: From Gutenberg to the " "Celestial Jukebox</citetitle> (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), " @@ -24109,7 +24109,7 @@ msgstr "" "Celestial Jukebox</citetitle> (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), " "187–216. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "In each of these cases, the law should mark the uses that are protected, and " "the presumption should be that other uses are not protected. This is the " @@ -24118,7 +24118,7 @@ msgid "" "that expanded protections follow expanded uses." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Goldstein's analysis would make perfect sense if the cost of the legal " @@ -24134,7 +24134,7 @@ msgstr "" "med innovasjon." #. PAGE BREAK 301 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The law could remedy this problem either by removing protection beyond the " @@ -24149,11 +24149,11 @@ msgstr "" "kultur for andre Ã¥ dyrke. og under en lovbestemte rettigheter-regimet at " "gjenbruk ville tjene artister mer inntekter." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "4. Liberate the Music—Again" msgstr "4. Frigjør musikken—igjen" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The battle that got this whole war going was about music, so it wouldn't be " @@ -24167,7 +24167,7 @@ msgstr "" "fleste, de fleste presserende—musikk. Det er ingen andre spørsmÃ¥l som " "bedre lærer erfaringene fra denne boken enn slagene rundt deling av musikk." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The appeal of file-sharing music was the crack cocaine of the Internet's " @@ -24185,7 +24185,7 @@ msgstr "" "etterspørselen etter forskrifter som til slutt drepe innovasjon pÃ¥ " "nettverket." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The aim of copyright, with respect to content in general and music in " @@ -24200,7 +24200,7 @@ msgstr "" "offentlig fremføring av sitt arbeid, og til en profesjonell artist Ã¥ " "kontrollere kopier av hennes ytelse." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "File-sharing networks complicate this model by enabling the spread of " @@ -24214,7 +24214,7 @@ msgstr "" "fire forskjellige typer deling:" #. A. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "There are some who are using sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing " "CDs." @@ -24222,7 +24222,7 @@ msgstr "" "Det er noen som bruker delingsnettverk som erstatninger for Ã¥ kjøpe CDer." #. B. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "There are also some who are using sharing networks to sample, on the way to " @@ -24233,7 +24233,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 302 #. C. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content " "that is no longer sold but is still under copyright or that would have been " @@ -24244,7 +24244,7 @@ msgstr "" "ha vært altfor vanskelig Ã¥ fÃ¥ kjøpt via nettet." #. D. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content " "that is not copyrighted or to get access that the copyright owner plainly " @@ -24254,7 +24254,7 @@ msgstr "" "ikke er opphavsrettsbeskyttet, eller for Ã¥ fÃ¥ tilgang som " "opphavsrettsinnehaveren Ã¥penbart gÃ¥r god for." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Any reform of the law needs to keep these different uses in focus. It must " @@ -24269,7 +24269,7 @@ msgstr "" "omfanget av typen b. som med videospillere, hvis netto effekt av en deling " "er faktisk ikke svært skadelige, behovet for regulering er betydelig svekket." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "As I said in chapter 5, the actual harm caused by sharing is controversial. " @@ -24282,7 +24282,7 @@ msgstr "" "Jeg antar, med andre ord, denne typen en deling er betydelig større enn type " "b, og er dominerende bruk av deling av nettverk." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Nonetheless, there is a crucial fact about the current technological context " "that we must keep in mind if we are to understand how the law should respond." @@ -24290,7 +24290,7 @@ msgstr "" "Uansett, det er et avgjørende faktum om den gjeldende teknologiske " "omgivelsen som vi mÃ¥ huske pÃ¥ hvis vi skal forstÃ¥ hvordan loven bør reagere." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Today, file sharing is addictive. In ten years, it won't be. It is addictive " @@ -24315,7 +24315,7 @@ msgstr "" "idé." #. PAGE BREAK 303 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But it will become a reality, and that means the way we get access to the " @@ -24343,7 +24343,7 @@ msgstr "" "Internett." #. f8. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "See, for example, \"Music Media Watch,\" The J@pan Inc. Newsletter, 3 April " "2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #76</" @@ -24353,7 +24353,7 @@ msgstr "" "2002, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " "#76</ulink>." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "In that world, it will be extremely easy to connect to services that give " "you access to content on the fly—such as Internet radio, content that " @@ -24374,7 +24374,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 304 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This point about the future is meant to suggest a perspective on the " @@ -24400,7 +24400,7 @@ msgstr "" "betalt, under denne overgangen mellom 1900-tallet modeller for Ã¥ gjøre " "forretnings- og tyve-første-tallet teknologier." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The answer begins with recognizing that there are different \"problems\" " @@ -24422,7 +24422,7 @@ msgstr "" "med ransoms. det ville være feil Ã¥ utestenge betale telefoner for Ã¥ " "eliminere kidnapping." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Type C content raises a different \"problem.\" This is content that was, at " @@ -24439,7 +24439,7 @@ msgstr "" "arbeidet er glemt. Uansett bør sikte pÃ¥ loven Ã¥ forenkle tilgang til dette " "innholdet, ideelt pÃ¥ en mÃ¥te som returnerer noe til kunstneren." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Again, the model here is the used book store. Once a book goes out of print, " @@ -24459,7 +24459,7 @@ msgstr "" "perspektiv, denne \"deling\" av hans innhold uten hans blir kompensert er " "mindre enn ideell." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The model of used book stores suggests that the law could simply deem out-of-" @@ -24479,7 +24479,7 @@ msgstr "" "gratis som handel bøker." #. PAGE BREAK 305 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Alternatively, the law could create a statutory license that would ensure " @@ -24498,7 +24498,7 @@ msgstr "" "utvikle rundt idéen om handel dette innholdet, og kunstnere vil dra nytte av " "denne handelen." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This system would also create an incentive for publishers to keep works " @@ -24518,7 +24518,7 @@ msgstr "" "royalty skyldte for slike kopiering bør være mye mindre enn beløpet skyldte " "en kommersiell utgiver." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The hard case is content of types A and B, and again, this case is hard only " @@ -24534,7 +24534,7 @@ msgstr "" "som problemet er, forstÃ¥ at vi er midt i en radikal endring i teknologien " "for Ã¥ levere og tilgang til innhold." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "So here's a solution that will at first seem very strange to both sides in " "this war, but which upon reflection, I suggest, should make some sense." @@ -24543,7 +24543,7 @@ msgstr "" "sider i denne krigen, men som jeg tror vil gi mer mening nÃ¥r en fÃ¥r tenkt " "seg om." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Stripped of the rhetoric about the sanctity of property, the basic claim of " @@ -24565,7 +24565,7 @@ msgstr "" "innhold industrien." #. PAGE BREAK 306 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "I love the Internet, and so I don't like likening it to tobacco or " "asbestos. But the analogy is a fair one from the perspective of the law. " @@ -24580,11 +24580,11 @@ msgstr "" "eller p2p-teknologien som i dag skader innholdsleverandører pÃ¥ internett, sÃ¥ " "bør vi finne en relativt enkel mÃ¥te Ã¥ kompensere de som blir skadelidende." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Fisher, William" msgstr "Fisher, William" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "William Fisher, <citetitle>Digital Music: Problems and Possibilities</" "citetitle> (last revised: 10 October 2000), available at <ulink url=\"http://" @@ -24620,7 +24620,7 @@ msgid "" "\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The idea would be a modification of a proposal that has been floated by " "Harvard law professor William Fisher.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/" @@ -24634,7 +24634,7 @@ msgid "" "be paid for by (4) an appropriate tax." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Fisher's proposal is careful and comprehensive. It raises a million " @@ -24664,7 +24664,7 @@ msgstr "" "tilgangen." #. PAGE BREAK 307 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Fisher would balk at the idea of allowing the system to lapse. His aim is " @@ -24684,7 +24684,7 @@ msgstr "" "ville ikke sterkt belaster semiotic demokrati Hvis det var noen " "begrensninger pÃ¥ hva en var tillatt Ã¥ gjøre med selve innholdet." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "No doubt it would be difficult to calculate the proper measure of \"harm\" " @@ -24713,7 +24713,7 @@ msgstr "" "en sang. og ingen tvil om det vil være mye konkurranse Ã¥ tilby og selge " "musikk pÃ¥ nettet." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This competition has already occurred against the background of \"free\" " @@ -24737,7 +24737,7 @@ msgstr "" "seter og mÃ¥ltider servert mens du ser en film—er de kampen og lykkes i " "Ã¥ finne mÃ¥ter Ã¥ konkurrere med \"gratis\"." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "This regime of competition, with a backstop to assure that artists don't " "lose, would facilitate a great deal of innovation in the delivery of " @@ -24753,12 +24753,12 @@ msgstr "" "bruke innhold, og ikke lenger frykte usikre og barbarisk strenge straffer " "fra loven." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "In summary, then, my proposal is this:" msgstr "Oppsummert, sÃ¥ er dette mitt forslag:" #. PAGE BREAK 308 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The Internet is in transition. We should not be regulating a technology in " "transition. We should instead be regulating to minimize the harm to " @@ -24770,18 +24770,18 @@ msgstr "" "denne teknologiske endringen, samtidig vi muliggjør, og oppmuntrer, den mest " "effektive teknologien vi kan lage." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "We can minimize that harm while maximizing the benefit to innovation by" msgstr "" "Vi kan minimere skaden og samtidig maksimere fordelen med innovasjon ved Ã¥" #. 1. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "guaranteeing the right to engage in type D sharing;" msgstr "garantere retten til Ã¥ engasjere seg i type-D-deling;" #. 2. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "permitting noncommercial type C sharing without liability, and commercial " "type C sharing at a low and fixed rate set by statute;" @@ -24790,7 +24790,7 @@ msgstr "" "kommersiell type-C-deling med en lav og fast rate fastsatt ved lov." #. 3. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "while in this transition, taxing and compensating for type A sharing, to the " "extent actual harm is demonstrated." @@ -24798,7 +24798,7 @@ msgstr "" "mens denne overgangen pÃ¥gÃ¥r, skattlegge og kompensere for type-A-deling, i " "den grad faktiske skade kan pÃ¥vises." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "But what if \"piracy\" doesn't disappear? What if there is a competitive " "market providing content at a low cost, but a significant number of " @@ -24810,7 +24810,7 @@ msgstr "" "signifikant antall av forbrukere fortsetter Ã¥ \"ta\" innhold uten Ã¥ betale? " "Burde loven gjøre noe da?" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Yes, it should. But, again, what it should do depends upon how the facts " "develop. These changes may not eliminate type A sharing. But the real issue " @@ -24838,7 +24838,7 @@ msgstr "" "finne mÃ¥ter Ã¥ spore opp de smÃ¥lige piratene." #. PAGE BREAK 309 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "But we're a long way away from whittling the problem down to this subset of " "type A sharers. And our focus until we're there should not be on finding " @@ -24852,11 +24852,11 @@ msgstr "" "fÃ¥r betalt, mens vi beskytter rommet for nyskapning og kreativitet som " "internettet er." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "5. Fire Lots of Lawyers" msgstr "5. Spark en masse advokater" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "I'm a lawyer. I make lawyers for a living. I believe in the law. I believe " "in the law of copyright. Indeed, I have devoted my life to working in law, " @@ -24868,7 +24868,7 @@ msgstr "" "ikke fordi det er mye penger Ã¥ tjene, men fordi det innebærer idealer som " "jeg elsker Ã¥ leve opp til." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Yet much of this book has been a criticism of lawyers, or the role lawyers " "have played in this debate. The law speaks to ideals, but it is my view that " @@ -24884,7 +24884,7 @@ msgstr "" "synet ødelegge loven." #. f10. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Lawrence Lessig, \"Copyright's First Amendment\" (Melville B. Nimmer " "Memorial Lecture), <citetitle>UCLA Law Review</citetitle> 48 (2001): 1057, " @@ -24894,7 +24894,7 @@ msgstr "" "Memorial Lecture), <citetitle>UCLA law Review</citetitle> 48 (2001): 1057, " "1069–70." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The evidence of this bending is compelling. I'm attacked as a \"radical\" by " "many within the profession, yet the positions that I am advocating are " @@ -24914,7 +24914,7 @@ msgstr "" "utøver i opphavsrettsfeltet, Melville Nimmer, at den var Ã¥penbar." "<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "However, my criticism of the role that lawyers have played in this debate is " "not just about a professional bias. It is more importantly about our failure " @@ -24924,7 +24924,7 @@ msgstr "" "imidlertid ikke bare om en profesjonell skjevhet. Det handler enda viktigere " "om vÃ¥r manglende evne til Ã¥ faktisk ta inn over oss hva loven koster." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "A good example is the work of Professor Stan Liebowitz. Liebowitz is to be " "commended for his careful review of data about infringement, leading him to " @@ -24958,7 +24958,7 @@ msgstr "" "eksempel, <citetitle>Rethinking</citetitle>, 174–76. <placeholder " "type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Economists are supposed to be good at reckoning costs and benefits. But " "more often than not, economists, with no clue about how the legal system " @@ -24975,7 +24975,7 @@ msgstr "" "samfunnsfagsundervisning lærte dem at det fungerer." #. PAGE BREAK 310 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "But the legal system doesn't work. Or more accurately, it doesn't work for " "anyone except those with the most resources. Not because the system is " @@ -24990,7 +24990,7 @@ msgstr "" "med vÃ¥rt juridiske systemet er sÃ¥ hÃ¥rreisende høyt vil en praktisk talt " "aldri oppnÃ¥ rettferdighet." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "These costs distort free culture in many ways. A lawyer's time is billed at " "the largest firms at more than $400 per hour. How much time should such a " @@ -25009,7 +25009,7 @@ msgstr "" "av doktrine er avhengig av nøyaktig arbeid. Men nøyaktig arbeid koster for " "mye, bortsett fra i de mest høyprofilerte og kostbare sakene." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The costliness and clumsiness and randomness of this system mock our " "tradition. And lawyers, as well as academics, should consider it their duty " @@ -25025,7 +25025,7 @@ msgstr "" "prosenten av klientene. Det kan gjøres radikalt mer effektivt, og billig, " "og dermed radikalt mer rettferdig." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "But until that reform is complete, we as a society should keep the law away " "from areas that we know it will only harm. And that is precisely what the " @@ -25035,7 +25035,7 @@ msgstr "" "unna omrÃ¥der der vi vet den bare vil skade. Og det er nettopp det loven " "altfor ofte vil gjøre hvis for mye av vÃ¥r kultur er lovregulert." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Think about the amazing things your kid could do or make with digital " "technology—the film, the music, the Web page, the blog. Or think about " @@ -25054,7 +25054,7 @@ msgstr "" "virkeligheten slik den var i Brezhnevs Russland." #. PAGE BREAK 311 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The law should regulate in certain areas of culture—but it should " "regulate culture only where that regulation does good. Yet lawyers rarely " @@ -25068,7 +25068,7 @@ msgstr "" "spørsmÃ¥let: \"vil det bidra positivt?\". NÃ¥r de blir utfordret om det " "utvidede rekkevidden til loven, er advokat-svaret, \"Hvorfor ikke?\"" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "We should ask, \"Why?\" Show me why your regulation of culture is needed. " "Show me how it does good. And until you can show me both, keep your lawyers " diff --git a/freeculture.pot b/freeculture.pot index 2063632..60ae6cf 100644 --- a/freeculture.pot +++ b/freeculture.pot @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n" -"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-07-29 10:14+0300\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-07-29 14:45+0300\n" "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n" "Last-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL@ADDRESS>\n" "Language-Team: LANGUAGE <LL@li.org>\n" @@ -409,13 +409,13 @@ msgid "" "that both sides of our political culture deem fundamental." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:358 freeculture.xml:12702 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:358 freeculture.xml:12709 msgid "CodePink Women in Peace" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:369 freeculture.xml:379 freeculture.xml:12715 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:369 freeculture.xml:379 freeculture.xml:12722 msgid "Safire, William" msgstr "" @@ -548,13 +548,13 @@ msgid "" "how much these rights are worth?" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:464 freeculture.xml:477 freeculture.xml:508 freeculture.xml:527 freeculture.xml:928 freeculture.xml:945 freeculture.xml:991 freeculture.xml:8746 freeculture.xml:12103 freeculture.xml:12806 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:464 freeculture.xml:477 freeculture.xml:508 freeculture.xml:527 freeculture.xml:928 freeculture.xml:945 freeculture.xml:991 freeculture.xml:8754 freeculture.xml:12111 freeculture.xml:12813 msgid "Causby, Thomas Lee" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:465 freeculture.xml:478 freeculture.xml:509 freeculture.xml:528 freeculture.xml:929 freeculture.xml:946 freeculture.xml:992 freeculture.xml:8747 freeculture.xml:12104 freeculture.xml:12807 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:465 freeculture.xml:478 freeculture.xml:509 freeculture.xml:528 freeculture.xml:929 freeculture.xml:946 freeculture.xml:992 freeculture.xml:8755 freeculture.xml:12112 freeculture.xml:12814 msgid "Causby, Tinie" msgstr "" @@ -983,7 +983,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:797 freeculture.xml:9281 +#: freeculture.xml:797 freeculture.xml:9289 msgid "Litman, Jessica" msgstr "" @@ -1098,8 +1098,8 @@ msgid "" "values that have been integral to our tradition from the start." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:892 freeculture.xml:14063 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:892 freeculture.xml:14067 msgid "Netanel, Neil Weinstock" msgstr "" @@ -1987,7 +1987,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1567 freeculture.xml:2750 freeculture.xml:4362 freeculture.xml:4589 freeculture.xml:7145 freeculture.xml:8206 +#: freeculture.xml:1567 freeculture.xml:2750 freeculture.xml:4362 freeculture.xml:4589 freeculture.xml:7147 freeculture.xml:8214 msgid "Vaidhyanathan, Siva" msgstr "" @@ -2597,7 +2597,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f31 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2022 freeculture.xml:3734 freeculture.xml:4775 freeculture.xml:7933 +#: freeculture.xml:2022 freeculture.xml:3734 freeculture.xml:4775 freeculture.xml:7941 msgid "Ibid." msgstr "" @@ -2738,7 +2738,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2130 freeculture.xml:7871 +#: freeculture.xml:2130 freeculture.xml:7879 msgid "ABC" msgstr "" @@ -3622,7 +3622,7 @@ msgid "General Film Company" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2799 freeculture.xml:3044 freeculture.xml:4138 freeculture.xml:9471 +#: freeculture.xml:2799 freeculture.xml:3044 freeculture.xml:4138 freeculture.xml:9479 msgid "Picker, Randal C." msgstr "" @@ -3853,8 +3853,8 @@ msgid "" "statute." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2966 freeculture.xml:13735 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:2966 freeculture.xml:13739 msgid "Grisham, John" msgstr "" @@ -3983,7 +3983,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3061 freeculture.xml:8569 freeculture.xml:9025 freeculture.xml:11919 +#: freeculture.xml:3061 freeculture.xml:8577 freeculture.xml:9033 freeculture.xml:11927 msgid "Lovett, Lyle" msgstr "" @@ -4348,8 +4348,8 @@ msgid "" "but we will not allow any other nation to have a similar childhood." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3330 freeculture.xml:12199 freeculture.xml:12626 freeculture.xml:12633 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:3330 freeculture.xml:12206 freeculture.xml:12633 freeculture.xml:12640 msgid "Drahos, Peter" msgstr "" @@ -4384,8 +4384,8 @@ msgid "" "these nations, this piracy is wrong." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3350 freeculture.xml:3613 freeculture.xml:14262 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:3350 freeculture.xml:3613 freeculture.xml:14266 msgid "Liebowitz, Stan" msgstr "" @@ -4446,8 +4446,8 @@ msgid "" "owner. That is exactly what \"property\" means." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3396 freeculture.xml:3423 freeculture.xml:11060 freeculture.xml:12509 freeculture.xml:13059 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:3396 freeculture.xml:3423 freeculture.xml:11068 freeculture.xml:12516 freeculture.xml:13063 msgid "Linux operating system" msgstr "" @@ -4585,7 +4585,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3492 freeculture.xml:8002 +#: freeculture.xml:3492 freeculture.xml:8010 msgid "Christensen, Clayton M." msgstr "" @@ -6598,7 +6598,7 @@ msgid "Allen, Paul" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5009 freeculture.xml:5017 freeculture.xml:5028 freeculture.xml:5043 freeculture.xml:5052 freeculture.xml:5057 freeculture.xml:5109 freeculture.xml:5125 freeculture.xml:5148 freeculture.xml:5211 freeculture.xml:9574 +#: freeculture.xml:5009 freeculture.xml:5017 freeculture.xml:5028 freeculture.xml:5043 freeculture.xml:5052 freeculture.xml:5057 freeculture.xml:5109 freeculture.xml:5125 freeculture.xml:5148 freeculture.xml:5211 freeculture.xml:9582 msgid "Alben, Alex" msgstr "" @@ -8147,8 +8147,8 @@ msgid "" "1994), 170–71." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6225 freeculture.xml:12600 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:6225 freeculture.xml:12607 msgid "Gates, Bill" msgstr "" @@ -9349,13 +9349,13 @@ msgid "Casablanca" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7122 freeculture.xml:7292 +#: freeculture.xml:7122 freeculture.xml:7301 msgid "Marx Brothers" msgstr "" #. f19 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7135 +#: freeculture.xml:7136 msgid "" "See David Lange, \"Recognizing the Public Domain,\" <citetitle>Law and " "Contemporary Problems</citetitle> 44 (1981): 172–73." @@ -9373,7 +9373,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7144 +#: freeculture.xml:7145 msgid "" "Ibid. See also Vaidhyanathan, <citetitle>Copyrights and " "Copywrongs</citetitle>, 1–3. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " @@ -9381,7 +9381,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7140 +#: freeculture.xml:7141 msgid "" "This led the Marx Brothers to respond in kind. They warned Warner Brothers " "that the Marx Brothers \"were brothers long before you were.\"<placeholder " @@ -9392,7 +9392,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7152 +#: freeculture.xml:7155 msgid "" "An absurd and hollow threat, of course, because Warner Brothers, like the " "Marx Brothers, knew that no court would ever enforce such a silly " @@ -9401,7 +9401,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7158 +#: freeculture.xml:7161 msgid "" "On the Internet, however, there is no check on silly rules, because on the " "Internet, increasingly, rules are enforced not by a human but by a machine: " @@ -9412,13 +9412,18 @@ msgid "" "Marx Brothers. The consequence of that is not at all funny." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:7174 +msgid "Adobe eBook Reader" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7170 +#: freeculture.xml:7177 msgid "Consider the life of my Adobe eBook Reader." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7173 +#: freeculture.xml:7180 msgid "" "An e-book is a book delivered in electronic form. An Adobe eBook is not a " "book that Adobe has published; Adobe simply produces the software that " @@ -9427,13 +9432,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7180 +#: freeculture.xml:7187 msgid "On the next page is a picture of an old version of my Adobe eBook Reader." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 160 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7184 +#: freeculture.xml:7191 msgid "" "As you can see, I have a small collection of e-books within this e-book " "library. Some of these books reproduce content that is in the public domain: " @@ -9446,35 +9451,35 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7195 +#: freeculture.xml:7204 msgid "Picture of an old version of Adobe eBook Reader" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7196 +#: freeculture.xml:7205 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1611.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7199 +#: freeculture.xml:7208 msgid "" "If you click on the Permissions button, you'll see a list of the permissions " "that the publisher purports to grant with this book." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7203 +#: freeculture.xml:7212 msgid "List of the permissions that the publisher purports to grant." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7204 +#: freeculture.xml:7213 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1612.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 161 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7208 +#: freeculture.xml:7217 msgid "" "According to my eBook Reader, I have the permission to copy to the clipboard " "of the computer ten text selections every ten days. (So far, I've copied no " @@ -9485,17 +9490,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7218 +#: freeculture.xml:7227 msgid "Aristotle" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7219 +#: freeculture.xml:7228 msgid "<citetitle>Politics</citetitle>, (Aristotle)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7216 +#: freeculture.xml:7225 msgid "" "Here's the e-book for another work in the public domain (including the " "translation): Aristotle's <citetitle>Politics</citetitle>. <placeholder " @@ -9503,57 +9508,57 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7222 +#: freeculture.xml:7231 msgid "E-book of Aristotle;s "Politics"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7223 +#: freeculture.xml:7232 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1621.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7226 +#: freeculture.xml:7235 msgid "" "According to its permissions, no printing or copying is permitted at " "all. But fortunately, you can use the Read Aloud button to hear the book." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7231 +#: freeculture.xml:7240 msgid "List of the permissions for Aristotle;s "Politics"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7232 +#: freeculture.xml:7241 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1622.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7235 +#: freeculture.xml:7244 msgid "" "Finally (and most embarrassingly), here are the permissions for the original " "e-book version of my last book, <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7241 +#: freeculture.xml:7250 msgid "List of the permissions for "The Future of Ideas"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7242 +#: freeculture.xml:7251 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1631.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7245 +#: freeculture.xml:7254 msgid "No copying, no printing, and don't you dare try to listen to this book!" msgstr "" #. f21 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7255 +#: freeculture.xml:7264 msgid "" "In principle, a contract might impose a requirement on me. I might, for " "example, buy a book from you that includes a contract that says I will read " @@ -9564,7 +9569,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7248 +#: freeculture.xml:7257 msgid "" "Now, the Adobe eBook Reader calls these controls \"permissions\"— as " "if the publisher has the power to control how you use these works. For " @@ -9579,7 +9584,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7270 +#: freeculture.xml:7279 msgid "" "The control comes instead from the code—from the technology within " "which the e-book \"lives.\" Though the e-book says that these are " @@ -9598,7 +9603,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7288 +#: freeculture.xml:7297 msgid "" "These are <emphasis>controls</emphasis>, not permissions. Imagine a world " "where the Marx Brothers sold word processing software that, when you tried " @@ -9607,7 +9612,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7295 +#: freeculture.xml:7304 msgid "" "This is the future of copyright law: not so much copyright " "<emphasis>law</emphasis> as copyright <emphasis>code</emphasis>. The " @@ -9619,7 +9624,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7304 +#: freeculture.xml:7313 msgid "" "How significant is this? Isn't it always possible to get around the controls " "built into the technology? Software used to be sold with technologies that " @@ -9629,14 +9634,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7311 +#: freeculture.xml:7320 msgid "" "We've only scratched the surface of this story. Return to the Adobe eBook " "Reader." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7315 +#: freeculture.xml:7324 msgid "" "Early in the life of the Adobe eBook Reader, Adobe suffered a public " "relations nightmare. Among the books that you could download for free on the " @@ -9646,18 +9651,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7323 +#: freeculture.xml:7332 msgid "List of the permissions for "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7325 +#: freeculture.xml:7334 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1641.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 164 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7329 +#: freeculture.xml:7338 msgid "" "Here was a public domain children's book that you were not allowed to copy, " "not allowed to lend, not allowed to give, and, as the \"permissions\" " @@ -9665,7 +9670,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7336 +#: freeculture.xml:7343 msgid "" "The public relations nightmare attached to that final permission. For the " "text did not say that you were not permitted to use the Read Aloud button; " @@ -9676,7 +9681,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7344 +#: freeculture.xml:7351 msgid "" "Adobe responded quickly that it was absurd to think that it was trying to " "restrict the right to read a book aloud. Obviously it was only restricting " @@ -9691,7 +9696,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7357 +#: freeculture.xml:7364 msgid "" "The point is not to blame Adobe. Indeed, Adobe is among the most innovative " "companies developing strategies to balance open access to content with " @@ -9701,19 +9706,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7365 +#: freeculture.xml:7373 msgid "" "To see the point in a particularly absurd context, consider a favorite story " "of mine that makes the same point." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7369 +#: freeculture.xml:7377 msgid "Aibo robotic dog" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7372 +#: freeculture.xml:7380 msgid "" "Consider the robotic dog made by Sony named \"Aibo.\" The Aibo learns " "tricks, cuddles, and follows you around. It eats only electricity and that " @@ -9722,7 +9727,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 165 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7377 +#: freeculture.xml:7385 msgid "" "The Aibo is expensive and popular. Fans from around the world have set up " "clubs to trade stories. One fan in particular set up a Web site to enable " @@ -9733,7 +9738,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7386 +#: freeculture.xml:7394 msgid "" "\"Teach\" here has a special meaning. Aibos are just cute computers. You " "teach a computer how to do something by programming it differently. So to " @@ -9744,7 +9749,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7394 +#: freeculture.xml:7402 msgid "" "If you're not a programmer or don't know many programmers, the word " "<citetitle>hack</citetitle> has a particularly unfriendly " @@ -9760,7 +9765,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7406 +#: freeculture.xml:7414 msgid "" "Some hacks are easy. Some are unbelievably hard. Hackers as a community like " "to challenge themselves and others with increasingly difficult " @@ -9770,7 +9775,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7413 +#: freeculture.xml:7421 msgid "" "The Aibo fan was displaying a bit of both when he hacked the program and " "offered to the world a bit of code that would enable the Aibo to dance " @@ -9781,7 +9786,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 166 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7421 +#: freeculture.xml:7429 msgid "" "I've told this story in many contexts, both inside and outside the United " "States. Once I was asked by a puzzled member of the audience, is it " @@ -9796,7 +9801,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7437 +#: freeculture.xml:7445 msgid "" "Let's put the dog to sleep for a minute, and turn to a pony show— not " "literally a pony show, but rather a paper that a Princeton academic named Ed " @@ -9810,12 +9815,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7460 freeculture.xml:9887 +#: freeculture.xml:7468 freeculture.xml:9895 msgid "Electronic Frontier Foundation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7450 +#: freeculture.xml:7458 msgid "" "See Pamela Samuelson, \"Anticircumvention Rules: Threat to Science,\" " "<citetitle>Science</citetitle> 293 (2001): 2028; Brendan I. Koerner, \"Play " @@ -9832,7 +9837,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7448 +#: freeculture.xml:7456 msgid "" "But Felten's bravery was really tested in April 2001.<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> He and a group of colleagues were working on a " @@ -9842,7 +9847,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7468 +#: freeculture.xml:7476 msgid "" "The SDMI coalition had as its goal a technology to enable content owners to " "exercise much better control over their content than the Internet, as it " @@ -9854,7 +9859,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7478 +#: freeculture.xml:7486 msgid "" "When SDMI thought it was close to a standard, it set up a competition. In " "exchange for providing contestants with the code to an SDMI-encrypted bit of " @@ -9864,7 +9869,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 167 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7485 +#: freeculture.xml:7493 msgid "" "Felten and his team figured out the encryption system quickly. He and the " "team saw the weakness of this system as a type: Many encryption systems " @@ -9873,7 +9878,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7491 +#: freeculture.xml:7499 msgid "" "Let's review just what Felten was doing. Again, this is the United " "States. We have a principle of free speech. We have this principle not just " @@ -9884,7 +9889,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7499 +#: freeculture.xml:7507 msgid "" "What Felten and his colleagues were doing was publishing a paper describing " "the weakness in a technology. They were not spreading free music, or " @@ -9894,7 +9899,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7507 +#: freeculture.xml:7515 msgid "" "What links these two, aibopet.com and Felten, is the letters they then " "received. Aibopet.com received a letter from Sony about the aibopet.com " @@ -9902,7 +9907,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7514 +#: freeculture.xml:7522 msgid "" "Your site contains information providing the means to circumvent AIBO-ware's " "copy protection protocol constituting a violation of the anti-circumvention " @@ -9910,7 +9915,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7520 +#: freeculture.xml:7528 msgid "" "And though an academic paper describing the weakness in a system of " "encryption should also be perfectly legal, Felten received a letter from an " @@ -9919,7 +9924,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 168 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7526 +#: freeculture.xml:7534 msgid "" "Any disclosure of information gained from participating in the Public " "Challenge would be outside the scope of activities permitted by the " @@ -9928,7 +9933,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7534 +#: freeculture.xml:7542 msgid "" "In both cases, this weirdly Orwellian law was invoked to control the spread " "of information. The Digital Millennium Copyright Act made spreading such " @@ -9936,7 +9941,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7539 +#: freeculture.xml:7547 msgid "" "The DMCA was enacted as a response to copyright owners' first fear about " "cyberspace. The fear was that copyright control was effectively dead; the " @@ -9949,7 +9954,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7550 +#: freeculture.xml:7558 msgid "" "The DMCA was a bit of law intended to back up the protection of this code " "designed to protect copyrighted material. It was, we could say, " @@ -9959,7 +9964,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7557 +#: freeculture.xml:7565 msgid "" "But the DMCA was not designed merely to protect copyrighted works to the " "extent copyright law protected them. Its protection, that is, did not end at " @@ -9971,7 +9976,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 169 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7566 +#: freeculture.xml:7574 msgid "" "Aibopet.com and Felten make the point. The Aibo hack circumvented a " "copyright protection system for the purpose of enabling the dog to dance " @@ -9985,7 +9990,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7578 +#: freeculture.xml:7586 msgid "" "The threat against Felten was more attenuated, but it followed the same line " "of reasoning. By publishing a paper describing how a copyright protection " @@ -9996,7 +10001,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7586 +#: freeculture.xml:7594 msgid "" "The bizarreness of these arguments is captured in a cartoon drawn in 1981 by " "Paul Conrad. At that time, a court in California had held that the VCR could " @@ -10009,7 +10014,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f23 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7612 +#: freeculture.xml:7620 msgid "" "<citetitle>Sony Corporation of America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal " "City Studios, Inc</citetitle>., 464 U.S. 417, 455 fn. 27 (1984). Rogers " @@ -10019,7 +10024,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7597 +#: freeculture.xml:7605 msgid "" "Some public stations, as well as commercial stations, program the " "\"Neighborhood\" at hours when some children cannot use it. I think that " @@ -10038,7 +10043,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 170 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7621 +#: freeculture.xml:7629 msgid "" "Even though there were uses that were legal, because there were some uses " "that were illegal, the court held the companies producing the VCR " @@ -10046,17 +10051,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7626 +#: freeculture.xml:7634 msgid "This led Conrad to draw the cartoon below, which we can adopt to the DMCA." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7630 +#: freeculture.xml:7638 msgid "No argument I have can top this picture, but let me try to get close." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7633 +#: freeculture.xml:7641 msgid "" "The anticircumvention provisions of the DMCA target copyright circumvention " "technologies. Circumvention technologies can be used for different " @@ -10068,7 +10073,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 171 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7641 +#: freeculture.xml:7649 msgid "" "A handgun can be used to shoot a police officer or a child. Most would agree " "such a use is bad. Or a handgun can be used for target practice or to " @@ -10077,17 +10082,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7649 +#: freeculture.xml:7657 msgid "VCR/handgun cartoon." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7650 +#: freeculture.xml:7658 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1711.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7653 +#: freeculture.xml:7661 msgid "" "The obvious point of Conrad's cartoon is the weirdness of a world where guns " "are legal, despite the harm they can do, while VCRs (and circumvention " @@ -10098,7 +10103,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7661 +#: freeculture.xml:7669 msgid "" "The Aibo and RIAA examples demonstrate how copyright owners are changing the " "balance that copyright law grants. Using code, copyright owners restrict " @@ -10109,7 +10114,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7669 +#: freeculture.xml:7677 msgid "" "This is how <emphasis>code</emphasis> becomes <emphasis>law</emphasis>. The " "controls built into the technology of copy and access protection become " @@ -10123,7 +10128,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7681 +#: freeculture.xml:7689 msgid "" "There is one final aspect of the interaction between architecture and law " "that contributes to the force of copyright's regulation. This is the ease " @@ -10138,7 +10143,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f24 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7700 +#: freeculture.xml:7708 msgid "" "For an early and prescient analysis, see Rebecca Tushnet, \"Legal Fictions, " "Copyright, Fan Fiction, and a New Common Law,\" <citetitle>Loyola of Los " @@ -10146,7 +10151,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7694 +#: freeculture.xml:7702 msgid "" "For example, imagine you were part of a <citetitle>Star Trek</citetitle> fan " "club. You gathered every month to share trivia, and maybe to enact a kind of " @@ -10156,7 +10161,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7706 +#: freeculture.xml:7714 msgid "" "Before the Internet, this was, in effect, a totally unregulated activity. " "No matter what happened inside your club room, you would never be interfered " @@ -10166,7 +10171,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7713 +#: freeculture.xml:7721 msgid "" "But if you moved your club onto the Internet, and made it generally " "available for others to join, the story would be very different. Bots " @@ -10179,7 +10184,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7723 +#: freeculture.xml:7731 msgid "" "This change in the effective force of the law is caused by a change in the " "ease with which the law can be enforced. That change too shifts the law's " @@ -10190,13 +10195,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7732 +#: freeculture.xml:7740 msgid "Market: Concentration" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 173 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7734 +#: freeculture.xml:7742 msgid "" "So copyright's duration has increased dramatically—tripled in the past " "thirty years. And copyright's scope has increased as well—from " @@ -10214,7 +10219,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7752 +#: freeculture.xml:7760 msgid "" "Still, in my view, all of these changes would not matter much if it weren't " "for one more change that we must also consider. This is a change that is in " @@ -10224,7 +10229,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7759 +#: freeculture.xml:7767 msgid "" "This is the change in the concentration and integration of the media. In " "the past twenty years, the nature of media ownership has undergone a radical " @@ -10237,18 +10242,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7770 +#: freeculture.xml:7778 msgid "These changes are of two sorts: the scope of concentration, and its nature." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7773 +#: freeculture.xml:7781 msgid "BMG" msgstr "" #. f25 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7779 +#: freeculture.xml:7787 msgid "" "FCC Oversight: Hearing Before the Senate Commerce, Science and " "Transportation Committee, 108th Cong., 1st sess. (22 May 2003) (statement " @@ -10257,7 +10262,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f26 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7786 +#: freeculture.xml:7794 msgid "" "Lynette Holloway, \"Despite a Marketing Blitz, CD Sales Continue to Slide,\" " "<citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 23 December 2002." @@ -10265,19 +10270,19 @@ msgstr "" #. f27 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7792 +#: freeculture.xml:7800 msgid "" "Molly Ivins, \"Media Consolidation Must Be Stopped,\" <citetitle>Charleston " "Gazette</citetitle>, 31 May 2003." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7795 +#: freeculture.xml:7803 msgid "McCain, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7775 +#: freeculture.xml:7783 msgid "" "Changes in scope are the easier ones to describe. As Senator John McCain " "summarized the data produced in the FCC's review of media ownership, \"five " @@ -10292,7 +10297,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 174 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7798 +#: freeculture.xml:7806 msgid "" "The story with radio is even more dramatic. Before deregulation, the " "nation's largest radio broadcasting conglomerate owned fewer than " @@ -10305,7 +10310,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7809 +#: freeculture.xml:7817 msgid "" "Newspaper ownership is becoming more concentrated as well. Today, there are " "six hundred fewer daily newspapers in the United States than there were " @@ -10319,12 +10324,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7823 freeculture.xml:7840 +#: freeculture.xml:7831 freeculture.xml:7848 msgid "Fallows, James" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7820 +#: freeculture.xml:7828 msgid "" "Concentration in size alone is one thing. The more invidious change is in " "the nature of that concentration. As author James Fallows put it in a recent " @@ -10332,7 +10337,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7838 +#: freeculture.xml:7846 msgid "" "James Fallows, \"The Age of Murdoch,\" <citetitle>Atlantic " "Monthly</citetitle> (September 2003): 89. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " @@ -10340,7 +10345,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7827 +#: freeculture.xml:7835 msgid "" "Murdoch's companies now constitute a production system unmatched in its " "integration. They supply content—Fox movies . . . Fox TV shows " @@ -10355,7 +10360,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7845 +#: freeculture.xml:7853 msgid "" "The pattern with Murdoch is the pattern of modern media. Not just large " "companies owning many radio stations, but a few companies owning as many " @@ -10364,18 +10369,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7851 +#: freeculture.xml:7859 msgid "Pattern of modern media ownership." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7852 +#: freeculture.xml:7860 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1761.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 175 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7856 +#: freeculture.xml:7864 msgid "" "Does this concentration matter? Will it affect what is made, or what is " "distributed? Or is it merely a more efficient way to produce and distribute " @@ -10383,7 +10388,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7861 +#: freeculture.xml:7869 msgid "" "My view was that concentration wouldn't matter. I thought it was nothing " "more than a more efficient financial structure. But now, after reading and " @@ -10392,24 +10397,24 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7867 +#: freeculture.xml:7875 msgid "" "Here's a representative story that begins to suggest how this integration " "may matter." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7870 +#: freeculture.xml:7878 msgid "Lear, Norman" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7872 freeculture.xml:7936 +#: freeculture.xml:7880 freeculture.xml:7944 msgid "All in the Family" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7874 +#: freeculture.xml:7882 msgid "" "In 1969, Norman Lear created a pilot for <citetitle>All in the " "Family</citetitle>. He took the pilot to ABC. The network didn't like it. It " @@ -10420,7 +10425,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f29 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7886 +#: freeculture.xml:7894 msgid "" "Leonard Hill, \"The Axis of Access,\" remarks before Weidenbaum Center " "Forum, \"Entertainment Economics: The Movie Industry,\" St. Louis, Missouri, " @@ -10431,7 +10436,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7881 +#: freeculture.xml:7889 msgid "" "Rather than comply, Lear simply took the show elsewhere. CBS was happy to " "have the series; ABC could not stop Lear from walking. The copyrights that " @@ -10441,7 +10446,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 176 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7898 +#: freeculture.xml:7906 msgid "" "The network did not control those copyrights because the law forbade the " "networks from controlling the content they syndicated. The law required a " @@ -10453,7 +10458,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f30 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7917 +#: freeculture.xml:7925 msgid "" "NewsCorp./DirecTV Merger and Media Consolidation: Hearings on Media " "Ownership Before the Senate Commerce Committee, 108th Cong., 1st " @@ -10465,7 +10470,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7907 +#: freeculture.xml:7915 msgid "" "In 1994, the FCC abandoned the rules that required this independence. After " "that change, the networks quickly changed the balance. In 1985, there were " @@ -10484,7 +10489,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7938 +#: freeculture.xml:7946 msgid "" "Today, another Norman Lear with another <citetitle>All in the " "Family</citetitle> would find that he had the choice either to make the show " @@ -10493,17 +10498,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7947 +#: freeculture.xml:7955 msgid "Diller, Barry" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7948 +#: freeculture.xml:7956 msgid "Moyers, Bill" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7944 +#: freeculture.xml:7952 msgid "" "While the number of channels has increased dramatically, the ownership of " "those channels has narrowed to an ever smaller and smaller few. As Barry " @@ -10513,7 +10518,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f32 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7961 +#: freeculture.xml:7969 msgid "" "\"Barry Diller Takes on Media Deregulation,\" <citetitle>Now with Bill " "Moyers</citetitle>, Bill Moyers, 25 April 2003, edited transcript available " @@ -10521,7 +10526,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7952 +#: freeculture.xml:7960 msgid "" "Well, if you have companies that produce, that finance, that air on their " "channel and then distribute worldwide everything that goes through their " @@ -10532,7 +10537,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7968 +#: freeculture.xml:7976 msgid "" "This narrowing has an effect on what is produced. The product of such large " "and concentrated networks is increasingly homogenous. Increasingly " @@ -10546,13 +10551,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7979 +#: freeculture.xml:7987 msgid "Clark, Kim B." msgstr "" #. f33 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7988 +#: freeculture.xml:7996 msgid "" "Clayton M. Christensen, <citetitle>The Innovator's Dilemma: The " "Revolutionary National Bestseller that Changed the Way We Do " @@ -10568,7 +10573,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7981 +#: freeculture.xml:7989 msgid "" "Economics itself offers a parallel that explains why this integration " "affects creativity. Clay Christensen has written about the \"Innovator's " @@ -10582,7 +10587,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8005 +#: freeculture.xml:8013 msgid "" "I don't think we know enough about the economics of the media market to say " "with certainty what concentration and integration will do. The efficiencies " @@ -10590,14 +10595,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8011 +#: freeculture.xml:8019 msgid "" "But there is a quintessentially obvious example that does strongly suggest " "the concern." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8015 +#: freeculture.xml:8023 msgid "" "In addition to the copyright wars, we're in the middle of the drug " "wars. Government policy is strongly directed against the drug cartels; " @@ -10606,7 +10611,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 178 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8020 +#: freeculture.xml:8028 msgid "" "Let me hereby disqualify myself from any possible appointment to any " "position in government by saying I believe this war is a profound mistake. I " @@ -10624,7 +10629,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8039 +#: freeculture.xml:8047 msgid "" "You may not be convinced. That's fine. We live in a democracy, and it is " "through votes that we are to choose policy. But to do that, we depend " @@ -10632,7 +10637,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8045 +#: freeculture.xml:8053 msgid "" "Beginning in 1998, the Office of National Drug Control Policy launched a " "media campaign as part of the \"war on drugs.\" The campaign produced scores " @@ -10647,14 +10652,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8057 +#: freeculture.xml:8065 msgid "" "Fair enough. It's a good ad. Not terribly misleading. It delivers its " "message well. It's a fair and reasonable message." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8061 +#: freeculture.xml:8069 msgid "" "But let's say you think it is a wrong message, and you'd like to run a " "countercommercial. Say you want to run a series of ads that try to " @@ -10664,7 +10669,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 179 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8067 +#: freeculture.xml:8075 msgid "" "Well, obviously, these ads cost lots of money. Assume you raise the " "money. Assume a group of concerned citizens donates all the money in the " @@ -10673,22 +10678,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8108 +#: freeculture.xml:8116 msgid "Comcast" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8109 +#: freeculture.xml:8117 msgid "Marijuana Policy Project" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8110 +#: freeculture.xml:8118 msgid "WJOA" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8084 +#: freeculture.xml:8092 msgid "" "The Marijuana Policy Project, in February 2003, sought to place ads that " "directly responded to the Nick and Norm series on stations within the " @@ -10719,7 +10724,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8074 +#: freeculture.xml:8082 msgid "" "No. You cannot. Television stations have a general policy of avoiding " "\"controversial\" ads. Ads sponsored by the government are deemed " @@ -10733,7 +10738,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8114 +#: freeculture.xml:8122 msgid "" "I'd be happy to defend the networks' rights, as well—if we lived in a " "media market that was truly diverse. But concentration in the media throws " @@ -10746,12 +10751,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8126 +#: freeculture.xml:8134 msgid "Together" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8128 +#: freeculture.xml:8136 msgid "" "There is something innocent and obvious about the claim of the copyright " "warriors that the government should \"protect my property.\" In the " @@ -10761,7 +10766,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 180 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8134 +#: freeculture.xml:8142 msgid "" "But when we see how dramatically this \"property\" has changed— when " "we recognize how it might now interact with both technology and markets to " @@ -10776,7 +10781,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8150 +#: freeculture.xml:8158 msgid "" "Not starkly. Or absolutely. My point is not that we should abolish copyright " "or go back to the eighteenth century. That would be a total mistake, " @@ -10785,7 +10790,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8156 +#: freeculture.xml:8164 msgid "" "But there is a space between zero and one, Internet culture " "notwithstanding. And these massive shifts in the effective power of " @@ -10799,7 +10804,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8168 +#: freeculture.xml:8176 msgid "" "Copyright law has not been a rock of Gibraltar. It's not a set of constant " "commitments that, for some mysterious reason, teenagers and geeks now " @@ -10814,7 +10819,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 181 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8180 +#: freeculture.xml:8188 msgid "" "For the single point that is lost in this war on pirates is a point that we " "see only after surveying the range of these changes. When you add together " @@ -10825,7 +10830,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8204 +#: freeculture.xml:8212 msgid "" "Siva Vaidhyanathan captures a similar point in his \"four surrenders\" of " "copyright law in the digital age. See Vaidhyanathan, 159–60. " @@ -10833,7 +10838,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8189 +#: freeculture.xml:8197 msgid "" "Not when copyrights were perpetual, for when copyrights were perpetual, they " "affected only that precise creative work. Not when only publishers had the " @@ -10851,12 +10856,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8210 +#: freeculture.xml:8218 msgid "This has been a long chapter. Its point can now be briefly stated." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8213 +#: freeculture.xml:8221 msgid "" "At the start of this book, I distinguished between commercial and " "noncommercial culture. In the course of this chapter, I have distinguished " @@ -10866,38 +10871,38 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8226 freeculture.xml:8264 +#: freeculture.xml:8234 freeculture.xml:8272 msgid "PUBLISH" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8227 freeculture.xml:8265 freeculture.xml:8304 freeculture.xml:8337 +#: freeculture.xml:8235 freeculture.xml:8273 freeculture.xml:8312 freeculture.xml:8345 msgid "TRANSFORM" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8232 freeculture.xml:8270 freeculture.xml:8309 freeculture.xml:8342 +#: freeculture.xml:8240 freeculture.xml:8278 freeculture.xml:8317 freeculture.xml:8350 msgid "Commercial" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8233 freeculture.xml:8271 freeculture.xml:8272 freeculture.xml:8310 freeculture.xml:8311 freeculture.xml:8343 freeculture.xml:8344 freeculture.xml:8348 freeculture.xml:8349 +#: freeculture.xml:8241 freeculture.xml:8279 freeculture.xml:8280 freeculture.xml:8318 freeculture.xml:8319 freeculture.xml:8351 freeculture.xml:8352 freeculture.xml:8356 freeculture.xml:8357 msgid "©" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8234 freeculture.xml:8238 freeculture.xml:8239 freeculture.xml:8276 freeculture.xml:8277 freeculture.xml:8316 +#: freeculture.xml:8242 freeculture.xml:8246 freeculture.xml:8247 freeculture.xml:8284 freeculture.xml:8285 freeculture.xml:8324 msgid "Free" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8237 freeculture.xml:8275 freeculture.xml:8314 freeculture.xml:8347 +#: freeculture.xml:8245 freeculture.xml:8283 freeculture.xml:8322 freeculture.xml:8355 msgid "Noncommercial" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 182 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8246 +#: freeculture.xml:8254 msgid "" "The act of publishing a map, chart, and book was regulated by copyright " "law. Nothing else was. Transformations were free. And as copyright attached " @@ -10907,12 +10912,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8255 +#: freeculture.xml:8263 msgid "By the end of the nineteenth century, the law had changed to this:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8284 +#: freeculture.xml:8292 msgid "" "Derivative works were now regulated by copyright law—if published, " "which again, given the economics of publishing at the time, means if offered " @@ -10921,7 +10926,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8290 +#: freeculture.xml:8298 msgid "" "In 1909 the law changed to regulate copies, not publishing, and after this " "change, the scope of the law was tied to technology. As the technology of " @@ -10931,17 +10936,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8303 freeculture.xml:8336 +#: freeculture.xml:8311 freeculture.xml:8344 msgid "COPY" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8315 +#: freeculture.xml:8323 msgid "©/Free" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8323 +#: freeculture.xml:8331 msgid "" "The law was interpreted to reach noncommercial copying through, say, copy " "machines, but still much of copying outside of the commercial market " @@ -10952,7 +10957,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 183 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8356 +#: freeculture.xml:8364 msgid "" "Every realm is governed by copyright law, whereas before most creativity was " "not. The law now regulates the full range of creativity— commercial or " @@ -10961,7 +10966,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8364 +#: freeculture.xml:8372 msgid "" "Obviously, copyright law is not the enemy. The enemy is regulation that does " "no good. So the question that we should be asking just now is whether " @@ -10970,7 +10975,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8370 +#: freeculture.xml:8378 msgid "" "I have no doubt that it does good in regulating commercial copying. But I " "also have no doubt that it does more harm than good when regulating (as it " @@ -10983,7 +10988,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f36 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8386 +#: freeculture.xml:8394 msgid "" "It was the single most important contribution of the legal realist movement " "to demonstrate that all property rights are always crafted to balance public " @@ -10994,7 +10999,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8380 +#: freeculture.xml:8388 msgid "" "The issue is therefore not simply whether copyright is property. Of course " "copyright is a kind of \"property,\" and of course, as with any property, " @@ -11012,7 +11017,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 184 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8403 +#: freeculture.xml:8411 msgid "" "We achieved that free culture because our law respected important limits on " "the scope of the interests protected by \"property.\" The very birth of " @@ -11031,7 +11036,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8422 +#: freeculture.xml:8430 msgid "" "Free culture is increasingly the casualty in this war on piracy. In response " "to a real, if not yet quantified, threat that the technologies of the " @@ -11046,33 +11051,33 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8439 +#: freeculture.xml:8447 msgid "PUZZLES" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8443 +#: freeculture.xml:8451 msgid "CHAPTER ELEVEN: Chimera" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8445 +#: freeculture.xml:8453 msgid "chimeras" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8448 +#: freeculture.xml:8456 msgid "Wells, H. G." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8451 +#: freeculture.xml:8459 msgid ""Country of the Blind, The" (Wells)" msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8459 +#: freeculture.xml:8467 msgid "" "H. G. Wells, \"The Country of the Blind\" (1904, 1911). See H. G. Wells, " "<citetitle>The Country of the Blind and Other Stories</citetitle>, Michael " @@ -11080,7 +11085,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8455 +#: freeculture.xml:8463 msgid "" "In a well-known short story by H. G. Wells, a mountain climber named Nunez " "trips (literally, down an ice slope) into an unknown and isolated valley in " @@ -11094,7 +11099,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8471 +#: freeculture.xml:8479 msgid "" "Things don't go quite as he planned. He tries to explain the idea of sight " "to the villagers. They don't understand. He tells them they are \"blind.\" " @@ -11108,7 +11113,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 187 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8483 +#: freeculture.xml:8491 msgid "" "The villagers don't leave him alone. Nor do they see (so to speak) the " "virtue of his special power. Not even the ultimate target of his affection, " @@ -11122,7 +11127,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8494 +#: freeculture.xml:8502 msgid "" "When Nunez announces his desire to marry his \"mysteriously delighted\" " "love, the father and the village object. \"You see, my dear,\" her father " @@ -11131,21 +11136,21 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8500 +#: freeculture.xml:8508 msgid "" "After a careful examination, the doctor gives his opinion. \"His brain is " "affected,\" he reports." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8504 +#: freeculture.xml:8512 msgid "" "\"What affects it?\" the father asks. \"Those queer things that are called " "the eyes . . . are diseased . . . in such a way as to affect his brain.\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8509 +#: freeculture.xml:8517 msgid "" "The doctor continues: \"I think I may say with reasonable certainty that in " "order to cure him completely, all that we need to do is a simple and easy " @@ -11155,7 +11160,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 188 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8515 +#: freeculture.xml:8523 msgid "" "\"Thank Heaven for science!\" says the father to the doctor. They inform " "Nunez of this condition necessary for him to be allowed his bride. (You'll " @@ -11170,7 +11175,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8532 +#: freeculture.xml:8540 msgid "" "Before I had read about chimeras, I would have said they were impossible. A " "single person can't have two sets of DNA. The very idea of DNA is that it is " @@ -11181,7 +11186,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8540 +#: freeculture.xml:8548 msgid "" "The more I work to understand the current struggle over copyright and " "culture, which I've sometimes called unfairly, and sometimes not unfairly " @@ -11198,7 +11203,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8554 +#: freeculture.xml:8562 msgid "" "But the description is also false in part. For when my p2p server is on a " "p2p network through which anyone can get access to my music, then sure, my " @@ -11210,7 +11215,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8563 +#: freeculture.xml:8571 msgid "" "Likewise, when the other side says, \"File sharing is just like walking into " "a Tower Records and taking a CD off the shelf and walking out with it,\" " @@ -11222,7 +11227,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 189 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8574 +#: freeculture.xml:8582 msgid "" "But it is not quite stealing from Tower. After all, when I take a CD from " "Tower Records, Tower has one less CD to sell. And when I take a CD from " @@ -11234,7 +11239,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8584 +#: freeculture.xml:8592 msgid "" "The point is not that it is as neither side describes. The point is that it " "is both—both as the RIAA describes it and as Kazaa describes it. It is " @@ -11244,12 +11249,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8630 freeculture.xml:9331 +#: freeculture.xml:8638 freeculture.xml:9339 msgid "Berman, Howard L." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8600 +#: freeculture.xml:8608 msgid "" "For an excellent summary, see the report prepared by GartnerG2 and the " "Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard Law School, \"Copyright " @@ -11283,7 +11288,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8591 +#: freeculture.xml:8599 msgid "" "We could respond by simply pretending that it is not a chimera. We could, " "with the RIAA, decide that every act of file sharing should be a felony. We " @@ -11296,7 +11301,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8636 +#: freeculture.xml:8644 msgid "" "Alternatively, we could respond to file sharing the way many kids act as " "though we've responded. We could totally legalize it. Let there be no " @@ -11306,7 +11311,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8643 +#: freeculture.xml:8651 msgid "" "Either response is possible. I think either would be a mistake. Rather than " "embrace one of these two extremes, we should embrace something that " @@ -11320,7 +11325,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 190 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8655 +#: freeculture.xml:8663 msgid "" "Yet zero tolerance is increasingly our government's policy. In the middle of " "the chaos that the Internet has created, an extraordinary land grab is " @@ -11331,7 +11336,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8663 +#: freeculture.xml:8671 msgid "" "I'm not talking about the opportunities for kids to \"steal\" music. My " "focus instead is the commercial and cultural innovation that this war will " @@ -11345,14 +11350,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8676 +#: freeculture.xml:8684 msgid "" "eMusic opposes music piracy. We are a distributor of copyrighted material, " "and we want to protect those rights." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8680 +#: freeculture.xml:8688 msgid "" "But building a technology fortress that locks in the clout of the major " "labels is by no means the only way to protect copyright interests, nor is it " @@ -11363,7 +11368,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8698 +#: freeculture.xml:8706 msgid "" "WIPO and the DMCA One Year Later: Assessing Consumer Access to Digital " "Entertainment on the Internet and Other Media: Hearing Before the " @@ -11374,7 +11379,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8688 +#: freeculture.xml:8696 msgid "" "This is a critical point. The choices that industry sectors make with " "respect to these systems will in many ways directly shape the market for " @@ -11387,12 +11392,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8712 freeculture.xml:9061 +#: freeculture.xml:8720 freeculture.xml:9069 msgid "Vivendi Universal" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8709 +#: freeculture.xml:8717 msgid "" "In April 2001, eMusic.com was purchased by Vivendi Universal, one of \"the " "major labels.\" Its position on these matters has now changed. <placeholder " @@ -11400,7 +11405,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8715 +#: freeculture.xml:8723 msgid "" "Reversing our tradition of tolerance now will not merely quash piracy. It " "will sacrifice values that are important to this culture, and will kill " @@ -11408,12 +11413,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8723 +#: freeculture.xml:8731 msgid "CHAPTER TWELVE: Harms" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8726 +#: freeculture.xml:8734 msgid "" "To fight \"piracy,\" to protect \"property,\" the content industry has " "launched a war. Lobbying and lots of campaign contributions have now brought " @@ -11423,7 +11428,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8734 +#: freeculture.xml:8742 msgid "" "My aim so far has been to describe the consequences of this war, in " "particular, the consequences for \"free culture.\" But my aim now is to " @@ -11432,7 +11437,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8741 +#: freeculture.xml:8749 msgid "" "In my view, it is not. There is no good reason why this time, for the first " "time, the law should defend the old against the new, just when the power of " @@ -11441,7 +11446,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8749 +#: freeculture.xml:8757 msgid "" "Yet \"common sense\" does not see it this way. Common sense is still on the " "side of the Causbys and the content industry. The extreme claims of control " @@ -11451,7 +11456,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 193 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8756 +#: freeculture.xml:8764 msgid "" "There will be many consequences of continuing this war. I want to describe " "just three. All three might be said to be unintended. I am quite confident " @@ -11461,12 +11466,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8763 +#: freeculture.xml:8771 msgid "Constraining Creators" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8765 +#: freeculture.xml:8773 msgid "" "In the next ten years we will see an explosion of digital technologies. " "These technologies will enable almost anyone to capture and share " @@ -11483,7 +11488,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8780 +#: freeculture.xml:8788 msgid "" "This digital \"capturing and sharing\" is in part an extension of the " "capturing and sharing that has always been integral to our culture, and in " @@ -11498,7 +11503,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 194 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8791 +#: freeculture.xml:8799 msgid "" "Technology has thus given us an opportunity to do something with culture " "that has only ever been possible for individuals in small groups, isolated " @@ -11508,7 +11513,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8801 +#: freeculture.xml:8809 msgid "" "Yet all this is possible only if the activity is presumptively legal. In the " "current regime of legal regulation, it is not. Forget file sharing for a " @@ -11522,12 +11527,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8829 freeculture.xml:8850 +#: freeculture.xml:8837 freeculture.xml:8858 msgid "Worldcom" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8824 +#: freeculture.xml:8832 msgid "" "See Lynne W. Jeter, <citetitle>Disconnected: Deceit and Betrayal at " "WorldCom</citetitle> (Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, 2003), 176, 204; " @@ -11538,12 +11543,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8845 +#: freeculture.xml:8853 msgid "Bush, George W." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8836 +#: freeculture.xml:8844 msgid "" "The bill, modeled after California's tort reform model, was passed in the " "House of Representatives but defeated in a Senate vote in July 2003. For an " @@ -11557,7 +11562,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8812 +#: freeculture.xml:8820 msgid "" "That presumption will increasingly chill creativity, as the examples of " "extreme penalties for vague infringements continue to proliferate. It is " @@ -11579,7 +11584,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8872 +#: freeculture.xml:8880 msgid "" "See Danit Lidor, \"Artists Just Wanna Be Free,\" " "<citetitle>Wired</citetitle>, 7 July 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -11589,7 +11594,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8853 +#: freeculture.xml:8861 msgid "" "The consequence of this legal uncertainty, tied to these extremely high " "penalties, is that an extraordinary amount of creativity will either never " @@ -11609,7 +11614,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8882 +#: freeculture.xml:8890 msgid "" "Part of the reason for this fear of illegality has to do with the changing " "law. I described that change in detail in chapter 10. But an even bigger " @@ -11622,7 +11627,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8893 +#: freeculture.xml:8901 msgid "" "Never in our history has a painter had to worry about whether his painting " "infringed on someone else's work; but the modern-day painter, using the " @@ -11636,7 +11641,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8904 +#: freeculture.xml:8912 msgid "" "Lawyers rarely see this because lawyers are rarely empirical. As I described " "in chapter 7, in response to the story about documentary filmmaker Jon Else, " @@ -11646,7 +11651,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 196 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8913 +#: freeculture.xml:8921 msgid "" "But fair use in America simply means the right to hire a lawyer to defend " "your right to create. And as lawyers love to forget, our system for " @@ -11659,7 +11664,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8923 +#: freeculture.xml:8931 msgid "" "Judges and lawyers can tell themselves that fair use provides adequate " "\"breathing room\" between regulation by the law and the access the law " @@ -11672,7 +11677,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8934 +#: freeculture.xml:8942 msgid "" "For in a world that threatens $150,000 for a single willful infringement of " "a copyright, and which demands tens of thousands of dollars to even defend " @@ -11685,13 +11690,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8945 +#: freeculture.xml:8953 msgid "As Jed Horovitz, the businessman behind Video Pipeline, said to me," msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 197 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8949 +#: freeculture.xml:8957 msgid "" "We're losing [creative] opportunities right and left. Creative people are " "being forced not to express themselves. Thoughts are not being " @@ -11704,12 +11709,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8962 +#: freeculture.xml:8970 msgid "Constraining Innovators" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8964 +#: freeculture.xml:8972 msgid "" "The story of the last section was a crunchy-lefty story—creativity " "quashed, artists who can't speak, yada yada yada. Maybe that doesn't get you " @@ -11720,7 +11725,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8972 +#: freeculture.xml:8980 msgid "" "But there's an aspect of this story that is not lefty in any sense. Indeed, " "it is an aspect that could be written by the most extreme promarket " @@ -11732,7 +11737,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8981 +#: freeculture.xml:8989 msgid "" "The charge I've been making about the regulation of culture is the same " "charge free marketers make about regulating markets. Everyone, of course, " @@ -11747,13 +11752,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8993 freeculture.xml:9099 +#: freeculture.xml:9001 freeculture.xml:9107 msgid "Barry, Hank" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 198 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8995 +#: freeculture.xml:9003 msgid "" "This is the single most dramatic effect of the shift in regulatory strategy " "that I described in chapter 10. The consequence of this massive threat of " @@ -11767,7 +11772,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9007 +#: freeculture.xml:9015 msgid "" "Consider one example to make the point, a story whose beginning I told in " "<citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle> and which has progressed in a way " @@ -11775,7 +11780,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9012 +#: freeculture.xml:9020 msgid "" "In 1997, Michael Roberts launched a company called MP3.com. MP3.com was " "keen to remake the music business. Their goal was not just to facilitate new " @@ -11786,7 +11791,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9020 +#: freeculture.xml:9028 msgid "" "To make this system work, however, MP3.com needed a reliable way to " "recommend music to its users. The idea behind this alternative was to " @@ -11796,7 +11801,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9028 +#: freeculture.xml:9036 msgid "" "This idea required a simple way to gather data about user preferences. " "MP3.com came up with an extraordinarily clever way to gather this preference " @@ -11811,7 +11816,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 199 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9040 +#: freeculture.xml:9048 msgid "" "No doubt some could use this system to illegally copy content. But that " "opportunity existed with or without MP3.com. The aim of the my.mp3.com " @@ -11821,7 +11826,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9049 +#: freeculture.xml:9057 msgid "" "To make this system function, however, MP3.com needed to copy 50,000 CDs to " "a server. (In principle, it could have been the user who uploaded the music, " @@ -11835,7 +11840,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9064 +#: freeculture.xml:9072 msgid "" "Nine days after MP3.com launched its service, the five major labels, headed " "by the RIAA, brought a lawsuit against MP3.com. MP3.com settled with four of " @@ -11847,12 +11852,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9074 +#: freeculture.xml:9082 msgid "That part of the story I have told before. Now consider its conclusion." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9077 +#: freeculture.xml:9085 msgid "" "After Vivendi purchased MP3.com, Vivendi turned around and filed a " "malpractice lawsuit against the lawyers who had advised it that they had a " @@ -11865,7 +11870,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 200 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9087 +#: freeculture.xml:9095 msgid "" "The clear purpose of this lawsuit (which was settled for an unspecified " "amount shortly after the story was no longer covered in the press) was to " @@ -11877,13 +11882,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9098 +#: freeculture.xml:9106 msgid "Hummer, John" msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9107 +#: freeculture.xml:9115 msgid "" "See Joseph Menn, \"Universal, EMI Sue Napster Investor,\" <citetitle>Los " "Angeles Times</citetitle>, 23 April 2003. For a parallel argument about the " @@ -11895,7 +11900,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9101 +#: freeculture.xml:9109 msgid "" "This strategy is not just limited to the lawyers. In April 2003, Universal " "and EMI brought a lawsuit against Hummer Winblad, the venture capital firm " @@ -11915,17 +11920,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9128 +#: freeculture.xml:9136 msgid "BMW" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9143 +#: freeculture.xml:9151 msgid "Needleman, Rafe" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9139 +#: freeculture.xml:9147 msgid "" "Rafe Needleman, \"Driving in Cars with MP3s,\" <citetitle>Business " "2.0</citetitle>, 16 June 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -11935,7 +11940,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9130 +#: freeculture.xml:9138 msgid "" "I asked why, with all the storage capacity and computer power in the car, " "there was no way to play MP3 files. I was told that BMW engineers in Germany " @@ -11947,7 +11952,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9148 +#: freeculture.xml:9156 msgid "" "This is the world of the mafia—filled with \"your money or your life\" " "offers, governed in the end not by courts but by the threats that the law " @@ -11959,7 +11964,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 201 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9158 +#: freeculture.xml:9166 msgid "" "The point is not that businesses should have a right to start illegal " "enterprises. The point is the definition of \"illegal.\" The law is a mess " @@ -11975,7 +11980,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9173 +#: freeculture.xml:9181 msgid "" "The point is directly parallel to the crunchy-lefty point about fair " "use. Whatever the \"real\" law is, realism about the effect of law in both " @@ -11990,7 +11995,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 202 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9185 +#: freeculture.xml:9193 msgid "" "The building of a permission culture, rather than a free culture, is the " "first important way in which the changes I have described will burden " @@ -12013,7 +12018,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9207 +#: freeculture.xml:9215 msgid "" "The motivation for this response is obvious. The Internet enables the " "efficient spread of content. That efficiency is a feature of the Internet's " @@ -12027,7 +12032,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9221 +#: freeculture.xml:9229 msgid "" "\"Copyright and Digital Media in a Post-Napster World,\" GartnerG2 and the " "Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard Law School (2003), " @@ -12037,12 +12042,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f7. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9237 +#: freeculture.xml:9245 msgid "GartnerG2, 26–27." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9217 +#: freeculture.xml:9225 msgid "" "The examples of this form of legislation are many. At the urging of the " "content industry, some in Congress have threatened legislation that would " @@ -12060,7 +12065,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 203 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9242 +#: freeculture.xml:9250 msgid "" "In one sense, these solutions seem sensible. If the problem is the code, why " "not regulate the code to remove the problem. But any regulation of technical " @@ -12071,14 +12076,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9256 +#: freeculture.xml:9264 msgid "" "See David McGuire, \"Tech Execs Square Off Over Piracy,\" Newsbytes, " "February 2002 (Entertainment)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9253 +#: freeculture.xml:9261 msgid "" "In March 2002, a broad coalition of technology companies, led by Intel, " "tried to get Congress to see the harm that such legislation would " @@ -12088,7 +12093,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9264 +#: freeculture.xml:9272 msgid "" "There is one more obvious way in which this war has harmed " "innovation—again, a story that will be quite familiar to the free " @@ -12096,7 +12101,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9270 +#: freeculture.xml:9278 msgid "" "Copyright may be property, but like all property, it is also a form of " "regulation. It is a regulation that benefits some and harms others. When " @@ -12105,14 +12110,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9279 +#: freeculture.xml:9287 msgid "" "Jessica Litman, <citetitle>Digital Copyright</citetitle> (Amherst, N.Y.: " "Prometheus Books, 2001). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9276 +#: freeculture.xml:9284 msgid "" "As I described in chapter 10, despite this feature of copyright as " "regulation, and subject to important qualifications outlined by Jessica " @@ -12125,7 +12130,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9290 +#: freeculture.xml:9298 msgid "" "But that pattern of deference to new technologies has now changed with the " "rise of the Internet. Rather than striking a balance between the claims of a " @@ -12136,7 +12141,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f10. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9299 +#: freeculture.xml:9307 msgid "" "The only circuit court exception is found in <citetitle>Recording Industry " "Association of America (RIAA)</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Diamond Multimedia " @@ -12154,7 +12159,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9317 +#: freeculture.xml:9325 msgid "" "For example, in July 2002, Representative Howard Berman introduced the " "Peer-to-Peer Piracy Prevention Act (H.R. 5211), which would immunize " @@ -12173,7 +12178,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9297 +#: freeculture.xml:9305 msgid "" "The response by the courts has been fairly universal.<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It has been mirrored in the responses " @@ -12185,7 +12190,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 204 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9339 +#: freeculture.xml:9347 msgid "" "As I described in chapter 4, when a radio station plays a song, the " "recording artist doesn't get paid for that \"radio performance\" unless he " @@ -12197,7 +12202,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9349 +#: freeculture.xml:9357 msgid "" "The reasoning behind this balance struck by Congress makes some sense. The " "justification was that radio was a kind of advertising. The recording artist " @@ -12210,7 +12215,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9360 +#: freeculture.xml:9368 msgid "" "Enter Internet radio. Like regular radio, Internet radio is a technology to " "stream content from a broadcaster to a listener. The broadcast travels " @@ -12221,7 +12226,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9369 +#: freeculture.xml:9377 msgid "" "This feature of the architecture of Internet radio means that there are " "potentially an unlimited number of radio stations that a user could tune in " @@ -12237,7 +12242,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 205 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9384 +#: freeculture.xml:9392 msgid "" "Internet radio is thus to radio what FM was to AM. It is an improvement " "potentially vastly more significant than the FM improvement over AM, since " @@ -12249,12 +12254,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f12. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9408 +#: freeculture.xml:9416 msgid "Lessing, 239." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9394 +#: freeculture.xml:9402 msgid "" "An almost unlimited number of FM stations was possible in the shortwaves, " "thus ending the unnatural restrictions imposed on radio in the crowded " @@ -12272,12 +12277,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f13. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9418 +#: freeculture.xml:9426 msgid "Ibid., 229." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9413 +#: freeculture.xml:9421 msgid "" "This potential for FM radio was never realized—not because Armstrong " "was wrong about the technology, but because he underestimated the power of " @@ -12287,7 +12292,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9423 +#: freeculture.xml:9431 msgid "" "Now the very same claim could be made about Internet radio. For again, there " "is no technical limitation that could restrict the number of Internet radio " @@ -12298,7 +12303,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 206 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9431 +#: freeculture.xml:9439 msgid "" "But here the power of the lobbyists is reversed. Internet radio is a new " "industry. The recording artists, on the other hand, have a very powerful " @@ -12313,12 +12318,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9470 +#: freeculture.xml:9478 msgid "CARP (Copyright Arbitration Royalty Panel)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9453 +#: freeculture.xml:9461 msgid "" "This example was derived from fees set by the original Copyright Arbitration " "Royalty Panel (CARP) proceedings, and is drawn from an example offered by " @@ -12340,7 +12345,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9446 +#: freeculture.xml:9454 msgid "" "This financial burden is not slight. As Harvard law professor William Fisher " "estimates, if an Internet radio station distributed adfree popular music to " @@ -12351,7 +12356,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9477 +#: freeculture.xml:9485 msgid "" "The burden is not financial only. Under the original rules that were " "proposed, an Internet radio station (but not a terrestrial radio station) " @@ -12360,57 +12365,57 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9485 +#: freeculture.xml:9493 msgid "name of the service;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9488 +#: freeculture.xml:9496 msgid "channel of the program (AM/FM stations use station ID);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9491 +#: freeculture.xml:9499 msgid "type of program (archived/looped/live);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9494 +#: freeculture.xml:9502 msgid "date of transmission;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9497 +#: freeculture.xml:9505 msgid "time of transmission;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9500 +#: freeculture.xml:9508 msgid "time zone of origination of transmission;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9503 +#: freeculture.xml:9511 msgid "numeric designation of the place of the sound recording within the program;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9506 +#: freeculture.xml:9514 msgid "duration of transmission (to nearest second);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9509 +#: freeculture.xml:9517 msgid "sound recording title;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9512 +#: freeculture.xml:9520 msgid "ISRC code of the recording;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9515 +#: freeculture.xml:9523 msgid "" "release year of the album per copyright notice and in the case of " "compilation albums, the release year of the album and copy- right date of " @@ -12418,77 +12423,77 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9518 +#: freeculture.xml:9526 msgid "featured recording artist;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9521 +#: freeculture.xml:9529 msgid "retail album title;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9524 +#: freeculture.xml:9532 msgid "recording label;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9527 +#: freeculture.xml:9535 msgid "UPC code of the retail album;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9530 +#: freeculture.xml:9538 msgid "catalog number;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9533 +#: freeculture.xml:9541 msgid "copyright owner information;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9536 +#: freeculture.xml:9544 msgid "musical genre of the channel or program (station format);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9539 +#: freeculture.xml:9547 msgid "name of the service or entity;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9542 +#: freeculture.xml:9550 msgid "channel or program;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9545 +#: freeculture.xml:9553 msgid "date and time that the user logged in (in the user's time zone);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9548 +#: freeculture.xml:9556 msgid "date and time that the user logged out (in the user's time zone);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9551 +#: freeculture.xml:9559 msgid "time zone where the signal was received (user);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9554 +#: freeculture.xml:9562 msgid "Unique User identifier;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9557 +#: freeculture.xml:9565 msgid "the country in which the user received the transmissions." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9562 +#: freeculture.xml:9570 msgid "" "The Librarian of Congress eventually suspended these reporting requirements, " "pending further study. And he also changed the original rates set by the " @@ -12499,7 +12504,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9570 +#: freeculture.xml:9578 msgid "" "Why? What justifies this difference? Was there any study of the economic " "consequences from Internet radio that would justify these differences? Was " @@ -12507,7 +12512,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9576 +#: freeculture.xml:9584 msgid "" "In a rare bit of candor, one RIAA expert admitted what seemed obvious to " "everyone at the time. As Alex Alben, vice president for Public Policy at " @@ -12516,7 +12521,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 208 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9582 +#: freeculture.xml:9590 msgid "" "The RIAA, which was representing the record labels, presented some testimony " "about what they thought a willing buyer would pay to a willing seller, and " @@ -12530,7 +12535,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9598 +#: freeculture.xml:9606 msgid "" "And the RIAA experts said, \"Well, we don't really model this as an industry " "with thousands of webcasters, <emphasis>we think it should be an industry " @@ -12539,7 +12544,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9606 +#: freeculture.xml:9614 msgid "" "Translation: The aim is to use the law to eliminate competition, so that " "this platform of potentially immense competition, which would cause the " @@ -12550,12 +12555,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:9616 +#: freeculture.xml:9624 msgid "Corrupting Citizens" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9618 +#: freeculture.xml:9626 msgid "" "Overregulation stifles creativity. It smothers innovation. It gives " "dinosaurs a veto over the future. It wastes the extraordinary opportunity " @@ -12563,7 +12568,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9624 +#: freeculture.xml:9632 msgid "" "In addition to these important harms, there is one more that was important " "to our forebears, but seems forgotten today. Overregulation corrupts " @@ -12572,7 +12577,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f15. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9633 +#: freeculture.xml:9641 msgid "" "Mike Graziano and Lee Rainie, \"The Music Downloading Deluge,\" Pew Internet " "and American Life Project (24 April 2001), available at <ulink " @@ -12583,7 +12588,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 209 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9629 +#: freeculture.xml:9637 msgid "" "The war that is being waged today is a war of prohibition. As with every war " "of prohibition, it is targeted against the behavior of a very large number " @@ -12601,14 +12606,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f16. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9667 +#: freeculture.xml:9675 msgid "" "Alex Pham, \"The Labels Strike Back: N.Y. Girl Settles RIAA Case,\" " "<citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 10 September 2003, Business." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9654 +#: freeculture.xml:9662 msgid "" "The content industry's tactics exploit the failings of the American legal " "system. When the RIAA brought suit against Jesse Jordan, it knew that in " @@ -12631,7 +12636,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f17. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9689 +#: freeculture.xml:9697 msgid "" "Jeffrey A. Miron and Jeffrey Zwiebel, \"Alcohol Consumption During " "Prohibition,\" <citetitle>American Economic Review</citetitle> 81, no. 2 " @@ -12640,7 +12645,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f18. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9697 +#: freeculture.xml:9705 msgid "" "National Drug Control Policy: Hearing Before the House Government Reform " "Committee, 108th Cong., 1st sess. (5 March 2003) (statement of John " @@ -12649,7 +12654,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f19. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9707 +#: freeculture.xml:9715 msgid "" "See James Andreoni, Brian Erard, and Jonathon Feinstein, \"Tax Compliance,\" " "<citetitle>Journal of Economic Literature</citetitle> 36 (1998): 818 (survey " @@ -12657,7 +12662,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9679 +#: freeculture.xml:9687 msgid "" "Wars of prohibition are nothing new in America. This one is just something " "more extreme than anything we've seen before. We experimented with alcohol " @@ -12680,7 +12685,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9716 +#: freeculture.xml:9724 msgid "" "This state of affairs is not without consequence. It is a particularly " "salient issue for teachers like me, whose job it is to teach law students " @@ -12699,7 +12704,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9733 +#: freeculture.xml:9741 msgid "" "The response to this general illegality is either to enforce the law more " "severely or to change the law. We, as a society, have to learn how to make " @@ -12713,7 +12718,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 211 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9746 +#: freeculture.xml:9754 msgid "" "My point is not the idiotic one: Just because people violate a law, we " "should therefore repeal it. Obviously, we could reduce murder statistics " @@ -12723,7 +12728,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9753 +#: freeculture.xml:9761 msgid "" "My point is instead one that democracies understood for generations, but " "that we recently have learned to forget. The rule of law depends upon people " @@ -12740,7 +12745,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9767 +#: freeculture.xml:9775 msgid "" "When at least forty-three million citizens download content from the " "Internet, and when they use tools to combine that content in ways " @@ -12754,13 +12759,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9779 +#: freeculture.xml:9787 msgid "This abstract point can be made more clear with a particular example." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 212 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9782 +#: freeculture.xml:9790 msgid "" "We all own CDs. Many of us still own phonograph records. These pieces of " "plastic encode music that in a certain sense we have bought. The law " @@ -12771,7 +12776,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9793 +#: freeculture.xml:9801 msgid "" "But as the MP3 craze has demonstrated, there is another use of phonograph " "records that is effectively free. Because these recordings were made without " @@ -12782,12 +12787,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9801 +#: freeculture.xml:9809 msgid "Adromeda" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9803 +#: freeculture.xml:9811 msgid "" "This \"use\" of my records is certainly valuable. I have begun a large " "process at home of ripping all of my and my wife's CDs, and storing them in " @@ -12801,7 +12806,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9814 +#: freeculture.xml:9822 msgid "" "This use is enabled by unprotected media—either CDs or records. But " "unprotected media also enable file sharing. File sharing threatens (or so " @@ -12814,7 +12819,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 213 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9824 +#: freeculture.xml:9832 msgid "" "If these technologies took off, then the building of large archives of your " "own music would become quite difficult. You might hang in hacker circles, " @@ -12828,7 +12833,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9838 +#: freeculture.xml:9846 msgid "" "If the only way to assure that artists get paid were the elimination of the " "ability to freely move content, then these technologies to interfere with " @@ -12840,7 +12845,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9847 +#: freeculture.xml:9855 msgid "" "My point just now is not to prove that there is such a system. I offer a " "version of such a system in the last chapter of this book. For now, the only " @@ -12853,7 +12858,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9858 +#: freeculture.xml:9866 msgid "" "I believe there is a way to assure that artists are paid without turning " "forty-three million Americans into felons. But the salient feature of this " @@ -12865,7 +12870,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9867 +#: freeculture.xml:9875 msgid "" "Except that this generation's buggy manufacturers have already saddled " "Congress, and are riding the law to protect themselves against this new form " @@ -12874,7 +12879,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9873 +#: freeculture.xml:9881 msgid "" "It is understandable why they choose as they do. It is not understandable " "why we as a democracy continue to choose as we do. Jack Valenti is charming; " @@ -12889,19 +12894,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9892 freeculture.xml:10001 +#: freeculture.xml:9900 freeculture.xml:10009 msgid "von Lohmann, Fred" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9890 +#: freeculture.xml:9898 msgid "" "\"If you can treat someone as a putative lawbreaker,\" von Lohmann explains, " "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9896 +#: freeculture.xml:9904 msgid "" "then all of a sudden a lot of basic civil liberty protections evaporate to " "one degree or another. . . . If you're a copyright infringer, how can you " @@ -12914,7 +12919,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9908 +#: freeculture.xml:9916 msgid "" "And the consequence of this transformation of the American public into " "criminals is that it becomes trivial, as a matter of due process, to " @@ -12922,7 +12927,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9913 +#: freeculture.xml:9921 msgid "" "Users of the Internet began to see this generally in 2003 as the RIAA " "launched its campaign to force Internet service providers to turn over the " @@ -12934,7 +12939,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f20. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9931 +#: freeculture.xml:9939 msgid "" "See Frank Ahrens, \"RIAA's Lawsuits Meet Surprised Targets; Single Mother in " "Calif., 12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. Among Defendants,\" <citetitle>Washington " @@ -12950,7 +12955,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9922 +#: freeculture.xml:9930 msgid "" "The RIAA then expanded this campaign, by announcing a general strategy to " "sue individual users of the Internet who are alleged to have downloaded " @@ -12964,7 +12969,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f21. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9949 +#: freeculture.xml:9957 msgid "" "See \"Revealed: How RIAA Tracks Downloaders: Music Industry Discloses Some " "Methods Used,\" CNN.com, available at <ulink " @@ -12972,7 +12977,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9945 +#: freeculture.xml:9953 msgid "" "Even this understates the espionage that is being waged by the RIAA. A " "report from CNN late last summer described a strategy the RIAA had adopted " @@ -12984,7 +12989,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f22. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9970 +#: freeculture.xml:9978 msgid "" "See Jeff Adler, \"Cambridge: On Campus, Pirates Are Not Penitent,\" " "<citetitle>Boston Globe</citetitle>, 18 May 2003, City Weekly, 1; Frank " @@ -13005,7 +13010,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9958 +#: freeculture.xml:9966 msgid "" "So imagine the following not-implausible scenario: Imagine a friend gives a " "CD to your daughter—a collection of songs just like the cassettes you " @@ -13022,7 +13027,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9989 +#: freeculture.xml:9997 msgid "" "Now, of course, she'll have the right to defend herself. You can hire a " "lawyer for her (at $300 per hour, if you're lucky), and she can plead that " @@ -13036,7 +13041,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10005 +#: freeculture.xml:10013 msgid "" "So when we're talking about numbers like forty to sixty million Americans " "that are essentially copyright infringers, you create a situation where the " @@ -13057,7 +13062,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10025 +#: freeculture.xml:10033 msgid "" "When forty to sixty million Americans are considered \"criminals\" under the " "law, and when the law could achieve the same objective— securing " @@ -13068,12 +13073,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><title> -#: freeculture.xml:10038 +#: freeculture.xml:10046 msgid "BALANCES" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10043 +#: freeculture.xml:10051 msgid "" "So here's the picture: You're standing at the side of the road. Your car is " "on fire. You are angry and upset because in part you helped start the " @@ -13082,7 +13087,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10049 +#: freeculture.xml:10057 msgid "" "As you ponder the mess, someone else comes along. In a panic, she grabs the " "bucket. Before you have a chance to tell her to stop—or before she " @@ -13092,7 +13097,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10057 +#: freeculture.xml:10065 msgid "" "A war about copyright rages all around—and we're all focusing on the " "wrong thing. No doubt, current technologies threaten existing businesses. " @@ -13104,7 +13109,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 219 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10066 +#: freeculture.xml:10074 msgid "" "Yet policy makers are not willing to leave this fire to itself. Primed with " "plenty of lobbyists' money, they are keen to intervene to eliminate the " @@ -13114,7 +13119,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10074 +#: freeculture.xml:10082 msgid "" "Somehow we have to find a way to turn attention to this more important and " "fundamental issue. Somehow we have to find a way to avoid pouring gasoline " @@ -13122,7 +13127,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10079 +#: freeculture.xml:10087 msgid "" "We have not found that way yet. Instead, we seem trapped in a simpler, " "binary view. However much many people push to frame this debate more " @@ -13131,7 +13136,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10085 +#: freeculture.xml:10093 msgid "" "This challenge has been my life these last few years. It has also been my " "failure. In the two chapters that follow, I describe one small brace of " @@ -13140,12 +13145,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:10095 +#: freeculture.xml:10103 msgid "CHAPTER THIRTEEN: Eldred" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10097 +#: freeculture.xml:10105 msgid "" "In 1995, a father was frustrated that his daughters didn't seem to like " "Hawthorne. No doubt there was more than one such father, but at least one " @@ -13156,7 +13161,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10106 +#: freeculture.xml:10114 msgid "" "It didn't work—at least for his daughters. They didn't find Hawthorne " "any more interesting than before. But Eldred's experiment gave birth to a " @@ -13166,7 +13171,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 221 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10113 +#: freeculture.xml:10121 msgid "" "Eldred's library was not simply a copy of certain public domain works, " "though even a copy would have been of great value to people across the world " @@ -13178,7 +13183,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10124 +#: freeculture.xml:10132 msgid "" "Eldred's freedom to do this with Hawthorne's work grew from the same source " "as Disney's. Hawthorne's <citetitle>Scarlet Letter</citetitle> had passed " @@ -13195,7 +13200,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10147 +#: freeculture.xml:10155 msgid "" "There's a parallel here with pornography that is a bit hard to describe, but " "it's a strong one. One phenomenon that the Internet created was a world of " @@ -13213,7 +13218,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10136 +#: freeculture.xml:10144 msgid "" "The Internet created the possibility of noncommercial publications of public " "domain works. Eldred's is just one example. There are literally thousands of " @@ -13227,7 +13232,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10164 +#: freeculture.xml:10172 msgid "" "As I said, Eldred lives in New Hampshire. In 1998, Robert Frost's collection " "of poems <citetitle>New Hampshire</citetitle> was slated to pass into the " @@ -13244,7 +13249,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10184 +#: freeculture.xml:10192 msgid "" "The full text is: \"Sonny [Bono] wanted the term of copyright protection to " "last forever. I am informed by staff that such a change would violate the " @@ -13256,7 +13261,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10179 +#: freeculture.xml:10187 msgid "" "This was the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA), enacted in " "memory of the congressman and former musician Sonny Bono, who, his widow, " @@ -13265,7 +13270,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10195 +#: freeculture.xml:10203 msgid "" "Eldred decided to fight this law. He first resolved to fight it through " "civil disobedience. In a series of interviews, Eldred announced that he " @@ -13276,7 +13281,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10204 +#: freeculture.xml:10212 msgid "" "It was here that I became involved in Eldred's battle. I was a " "constitutional scholar whose first passion was constitutional " @@ -13286,7 +13291,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10215 +#: freeculture.xml:10223 msgid "" "Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science . . . by securing " "for limited Times to Authors . . . exclusive Right to their " @@ -13294,7 +13299,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10221 +#: freeculture.xml:10229 msgid "" "As I've described, this clause is unique within the power-granting clause of " "Article I, section 8 of our Constitution. Every other clause granting power " @@ -13307,12 +13312,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10240 freeculture.xml:11683 +#: freeculture.xml:10248 freeculture.xml:11691 msgid "Jaszi, Peter" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10231 +#: freeculture.xml:10239 msgid "" "In the past forty years, Congress has gotten into the practice of extending " "existing terms of copyright protection. What puzzled me about this was, if " @@ -13325,7 +13330,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10243 +#: freeculture.xml:10251 msgid "" "As an academic, my first response was to hit the books. I remember sitting " "late at the office, scouring on-line databases for any serious consideration " @@ -13338,7 +13343,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10254 +#: freeculture.xml:10262 msgid "" "For this is the core of the corruption in our present system of " "government. \"Corruption\" not in the sense that representatives are " @@ -13350,7 +13355,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10263 +#: freeculture.xml:10271 msgid "" "If that's not obvious to you, consider the following: Say you're one of the " "very few lucky copyright owners whose copyright continues to make money one " @@ -13362,7 +13367,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10273 +#: freeculture.xml:10281 msgid "" "So imagine the Robert Frost estate is earning $100,000 a year from three of " "Frost's poems. And imagine the copyright for those poems is about to " @@ -13372,7 +13377,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 224 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10280 +#: freeculture.xml:10288 msgid "" "\"Next year,\" the adviser announces, \"our copyrights in works A, B, and C " "will expire. That means that after next year, we will no longer be receiving " @@ -13380,7 +13385,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10288 +#: freeculture.xml:10296 msgid "" "\"There's a proposal in Congress, however,\" she continues, \"that could " "change this. A few congressmen are floating a bill to extend the terms of " @@ -13389,14 +13394,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10294 +#: freeculture.xml:10302 msgid "" "\"Hope?\" a fellow board member says. \"Can't we be doing something about " "it?\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10298 +#: freeculture.xml:10306 msgid "" "\"Well, obviously, yes,\" the adviser responds. \"We could contribute to the " "campaigns of a number of representatives to try to assure that they support " @@ -13404,7 +13409,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10303 +#: freeculture.xml:10311 msgid "" "You hate politics. You hate contributing to campaigns. So you want to know " "whether this disgusting practice is worth it. \"How much would we get if " @@ -13412,7 +13417,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10309 +#: freeculture.xml:10317 msgid "" "\"Well,\" the adviser says, \"if you're confident that you will continue to " "get at least $100,000 a year from these copyrights, and you use the " @@ -13421,14 +13426,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10315 +#: freeculture.xml:10323 msgid "" "You're a bit shocked by the number, but you quickly come to the correct " "conclusion:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10319 +#: freeculture.xml:10327 msgid "" "\"So you're saying it would be worth it for us to pay more than $1,000,000 " "in campaign contributions if we were confident those contributions would " @@ -13436,7 +13441,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10325 +#: freeculture.xml:10333 msgid "" "\"Absolutely,\" the adviser responds. \"It is worth it to you to contribute " "up to the `present value' of the income you expect from these " @@ -13445,7 +13450,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 225 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10331 +#: freeculture.xml:10339 msgid "" "You quickly get the point—you as the member of the board and, I trust, " "you the reader. Each time copyrights are about to expire, every beneficiary " @@ -13457,7 +13462,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10342 +#: freeculture.xml:10350 msgid "" "Thus a congressional perpetual motion machine: So long as legislation can be " "bought (albeit indirectly), there will be all the incentive in the world to " @@ -13466,7 +13471,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10354 +#: freeculture.xml:10362 msgid "" "Associated Press, \"Disney Lobbying for Copyright Extension No Mickey Mouse " "Effort; Congress OKs Bill Granting Creators 20 More Years,\" " @@ -13475,7 +13480,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10361 +#: freeculture.xml:10369 msgid "" "See Nick Brown, \"Fair Use No More?: Copyright in the Information Age,\" " "available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #49</ulink>." @@ -13483,7 +13488,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f5. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10369 +#: freeculture.xml:10377 msgid "" "Alan K. Ota, \"Disney in Washington: The Mouse That Roars,\" " "<citetitle>Congressional Quarterly This Week</citetitle>, 8 August 1990, " @@ -13491,7 +13496,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10347 +#: freeculture.xml:10355 msgid "" "In the lobbying that led to the passage of the Sonny Bono Copyright Term " "Extension Act, this \"theory\" about incentives was proved real. Ten of the " @@ -13506,7 +13511,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10376 +#: freeculture.xml:10384 msgid "" "Constitutional law is not oblivious to the obvious. Or at least, it need not " "be. So when I was considering Eldred's complaint, this reality about the " @@ -13520,7 +13525,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 226 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10389 +#: freeculture.xml:10397 msgid "" "It was also my judgment that <emphasis>this</emphasis> Supreme Court would " "not allow Congress to extend existing terms. As anyone close to the Supreme " @@ -13532,7 +13537,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10402 +#: freeculture.xml:10410 msgid "" "Since 1937, the Supreme Court had interpreted Congress's granted powers very " "broadly; so, while the Constitution grants Congress the power to regulate " @@ -13542,7 +13547,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10412 +#: freeculture.xml:10420 msgid "" "As the economy grew, this standard increasingly meant that there was no " "limit to Congress's power to regulate, since just about every activity, when " @@ -13552,7 +13557,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10419 +#: freeculture.xml:10427 msgid "" "The Supreme Court, under Chief Justice Rehnquist's command, changed that in " "<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>. The " @@ -13568,7 +13573,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10434 +#: freeculture.xml:10442 msgid "" "<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>, 514 " "U.S. 549, 564 (1995)." @@ -13576,14 +13581,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f7. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10441 +#: freeculture.xml:10449 msgid "" "<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Morrison</citetitle>, 529 " "U.S. 598 (2000)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10432 +#: freeculture.xml:10440 msgid "" "\"We pause to consider the implications of the government's arguments,\" the " "Chief Justice wrote.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> If anything " @@ -13596,7 +13601,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10448 +#: freeculture.xml:10456 msgid "" "If it is a principle about enumerated powers, then the principle carries " "from one enumerated power to another. The animating point in the context of " @@ -13610,7 +13615,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 227 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10445 +#: freeculture.xml:10453 msgid "" "If a principle were at work here, then it should apply to the Progress " "Clause as much as the Commerce Clause.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -13624,7 +13629,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10469 +#: freeculture.xml:10477 msgid "" "<emphasis>If</emphasis>, that is, the principle announced in " "<citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> stood for a principle. Many believed the " @@ -13640,7 +13645,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10482 +#: freeculture.xml:10490 msgid "" "Now let's pause for a moment to make sure we understand what the argument in " "<citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> was not about. By insisting on the " @@ -13660,7 +13665,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f9. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10505 +#: freeculture.xml:10513 msgid "" "Brief of the Nashville Songwriters Association, " "<citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 537 U.S. " @@ -13669,7 +13674,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10499 +#: freeculture.xml:10507 msgid "" "Some people view the public domain with contempt. In their brief before the " "Supreme Court, the Nashville Songwriters Association wrote that the public " @@ -13681,7 +13686,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10515 +#: freeculture.xml:10523 msgid "" "As we've seen, our constitutional system requires limits on copyright as a " "way to assure that copyright holders do not too heavily influence the " @@ -13693,7 +13698,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10527 +#: freeculture.xml:10535 msgid "" "It is valuable copyrights that are responsible for terms being extended. " "Mickey Mouse and \"Rhapsody in Blue.\" These works are too valuable for " @@ -13707,7 +13712,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f10. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10548 +#: freeculture.xml:10556 msgid "" "The figure of 2 percent is an extrapolation from the study by the " "Congressional Research Service, in light of the estimated renewal " @@ -13717,7 +13722,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10542 +#: freeculture.xml:10550 msgid "" "If you look at the work created in the first twenty years (1923 to 1942) " "affected by the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act, 2 percent of that " @@ -13729,7 +13734,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 229 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10557 +#: freeculture.xml:10565 msgid "" "Think practically about the consequence of this extension—practically, " "as a businessperson, and not as a lawyer eager for more legal work. In 1930, " @@ -13740,7 +13745,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10569 +#: freeculture.xml:10577 msgid "" "Well, first, you'd have to determine which of the 9,873 books were still " "under copyright. That requires going to a library (these data are not " @@ -13751,14 +13756,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10577 +#: freeculture.xml:10585 msgid "" "Then for the books still under copyright, you would need to locate the " "current copyright owners. How would you do that?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10581 +#: freeculture.xml:10589 msgid "" "Most people think that there must be a list of these copyright owners " "somewhere. Practical people think this way. How could there be thousands and " @@ -13766,7 +13771,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10588 +#: freeculture.xml:10596 msgid "" "But there is no list. There may be a name from 1930, and then in 1959, of " "the person who registered the copyright. But just think practically about " @@ -13776,14 +13781,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10597 +#: freeculture.xml:10605 msgid "" "\"But there isn't a list of who owns property generally,\" the apologists " "for the system respond. \"Why should there be a list of copyright owners?\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10602 +#: freeculture.xml:10610 msgid "" "Well, actually, if you think about it, there <emphasis>are</emphasis> plenty " "of lists of who owns what property. Think about deeds on houses, or titles " @@ -13795,7 +13800,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 230 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10611 +#: freeculture.xml:10619 msgid "" "So: You walk down a street and see a house. You can know who owns the house " "by looking it up in the courthouse registry. If you see a car, there is " @@ -13809,7 +13814,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10626 +#: freeculture.xml:10634 msgid "" "Compare this story to intangible property. You go into a library. The " "library owns the books. But who owns the copyrights? As I've already " @@ -13823,7 +13828,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10638 +#: freeculture.xml:10646 msgid "" "The consequence with respect to old books is that they won't be digitized, " "and hence will simply rot away on shelves. But the consequence for other " @@ -13831,13 +13836,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10643 +#: freeculture.xml:10651 msgid "Agee, Michael" msgstr "" #. f11. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10656 +#: freeculture.xml:10664 msgid "" "See David G. Savage, \"High Court Scene of Showdown on Copyright Law,\" " "<citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 6 October 2002; David Streitfeld, " @@ -13847,12 +13852,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10662 +#: freeculture.xml:10670 msgid "Lucky Dog, The" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10645 +#: freeculture.xml:10653 msgid "" "Consider the story of Michael Agee, chairman of Hal Roach Studios, which " "owns the copyrights for the Laurel and Hardy films. Agee is a direct " @@ -13867,7 +13872,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10665 +#: freeculture.xml:10673 msgid "" "Yet Agee opposed the CTEA. His reasons demonstrate a rare virtue in this " "culture: selflessness. He argued in a brief before the Supreme Court that " @@ -13877,7 +13882,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 231 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10671 +#: freeculture.xml:10679 msgid "" "His argument is straightforward. A tiny fraction of this work has any " "continuing commercial value. The rest—to the extent it survives at " @@ -13889,7 +13894,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10689 +#: freeculture.xml:10697 msgid "" "Brief of Hal Roach Studios and Michael Agee as Amicus Curiae Supporting the " "Petitoners, <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> " @@ -13901,7 +13906,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10682 +#: freeculture.xml:10690 msgid "" "We can't know the benefits, but we do know a lot about the costs. For most " "of the history of film, the costs of restoring film were very high; digital " @@ -13912,7 +13917,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10699 +#: freeculture.xml:10707 msgid "" "Restoration technology is not the only cost, nor the most important. " "Lawyers, too, are a cost, and increasingly, a very important one. In " @@ -13922,7 +13927,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10707 +#: freeculture.xml:10715 msgid "" "Or more accurately, <emphasis>owners</emphasis>. As we've seen, there isn't " "only a single copyright associated with a film; there are many. There isn't " @@ -13933,7 +13938,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10715 +#: freeculture.xml:10723 msgid "" "\"But can't you just restore the film, distribute it, and then pay the " "copyright owner when she shows up?\" Sure, if you want to commit a " @@ -13948,7 +13953,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 232 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10726 +#: freeculture.xml:10734 msgid "" "For some films, the benefit of releasing the film may well exceed these " "costs. But for the vast majority of them, there is no way the benefit would " @@ -13958,7 +13963,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10736 +#: freeculture.xml:10744 msgid "" "But by the time the copyright for these films expires, the film will have " "expired. These films were produced on nitrate-based stock, and nitrate stock " @@ -13967,7 +13972,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10744 +#: freeculture.xml:10752 msgid "" "Of all the creative work produced by humans anywhere, a tiny fraction has " "continuing commercial value. For that tiny fraction, the copyright is a " @@ -13977,7 +13982,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10753 +#: freeculture.xml:10761 msgid "" "But even for that tiny fraction, the actual time during which the creative " "work has a commercial life is extremely short. As I've indicated, most books " @@ -13988,7 +13993,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10763 +#: freeculture.xml:10771 msgid "" "Yet that doesn't mean the life of the creative work ends. We don't keep " "libraries of books in order to compete with Barnes & Noble, and we don't " @@ -14002,7 +14007,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 233 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10776 +#: freeculture.xml:10784 msgid "" "Copyrights in this context do not drive an engine of free expression. In " "this context, there is no need for an exclusive right. Copyrights in this " @@ -14010,7 +14015,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10783 +#: freeculture.xml:10791 msgid "" "Yet, for most of our history, they also did little harm. For most of our " "history, when a work ended its commercial life, there was no " @@ -14023,7 +14028,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10794 +#: freeculture.xml:10802 msgid "" "The same was effectively true of film. Because the costs of restoring a " "film—the real economic costs, not the lawyer costs—were so high, " @@ -14034,7 +14039,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10803 +#: freeculture.xml:10811 msgid "" "In other words, though copyright has been relatively short for most of our " "history, long copyrights wouldn't have mattered for the works that lost " @@ -14043,12 +14048,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10809 +#: freeculture.xml:10817 msgid "But this situation has now changed." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10812 +#: freeculture.xml:10820 msgid "" "One crucially important consequence of the emergence of digital technologies " "is to enable the archive that Brewster Kahle dreams of. Digital " @@ -14063,7 +14068,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 234 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10825 +#: freeculture.xml:10833 msgid "" "And now copyright law does get in the way. Every step of producing this " "digital archive of our culture infringes on the exclusive right of " @@ -14076,7 +14081,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10835 +#: freeculture.xml:10843 msgid "" "Here is the core of the harm that comes from extending terms: Now that " "technology enables us to rebuild the library of Alexandria, the law gets in " @@ -14090,7 +14095,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10846 +#: freeculture.xml:10854 msgid "" "You may well ask, \"But if digital technologies lower the costs for Brewster " "Kahle, then they will lower the costs for Random House, too. So won't " @@ -14098,7 +14103,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10852 +#: freeculture.xml:10860 msgid "" "Maybe. Someday. But there is absolutely no evidence to suggest that " "publishers would be as complete as libraries. If Barnes & Noble offered " @@ -14112,7 +14117,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f13. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10875 +#: freeculture.xml:10883 msgid "" "Jason Schultz, \"The Myth of the 1976 Copyright `Chaos' Theory,\" 20 " "December 2002, available at <ulink " @@ -14120,7 +14125,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10863 +#: freeculture.xml:10871 msgid "" "I would be the first to agree that it should do as much as it can: We should " "rely upon the market as much as possible to spread and enable culture. My " @@ -14134,7 +14139,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10882 +#: freeculture.xml:10890 msgid "" "In January 1999, we filed a lawsuit on Eric Eldred's behalf in federal " "district court in Washington, D.C., asking the court to declare the Sonny " @@ -14145,7 +14150,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10890 +#: freeculture.xml:10898 msgid "" "The district court dismissed our claims without even hearing an argument. A " "panel of the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit also dismissed our " @@ -14155,7 +14160,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10897 +#: freeculture.xml:10905 msgid "" "Judge David Sentelle said the CTEA violated the requirement that copyrights " "be for \"limited Times\" only. His argument was as elegant as it was simple: " @@ -14168,7 +14173,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10908 +#: freeculture.xml:10916 msgid "" "We asked the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit as a whole to hear the " "case. Cases are ordinarily heard in panels of three, except for important " @@ -14178,7 +14183,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 236 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10914 +#: freeculture.xml:10922 msgid "" "The Court of Appeals rejected our request to hear the case en banc. This " "time, Judge Sentelle was joined by the most liberal member of the " @@ -14188,7 +14193,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10923 +#: freeculture.xml:10931 msgid "" "It was here that most expected Eldred v. Ashcroft would die, for the Supreme " "Court rarely reviews any decision by a court of appeals. (It hears about one " @@ -14198,7 +14203,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10930 +#: freeculture.xml:10938 msgid "" "But in February 2002, the Supreme Court surprised the world by granting our " "petition to review the D.C. Circuit opinion. Argument was set for October of " @@ -14206,7 +14211,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10936 +#: freeculture.xml:10944 msgid "" "It is over a year later as I write these words. It is still astonishingly " "hard. If you know anything at all about this story, you know that we lost " @@ -14219,7 +14224,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10946 +#: freeculture.xml:10954 msgid "" "But my client and these friends were wrong. This case could have been " "won. It should have been won. And no matter how hard I try to retell this " @@ -14227,13 +14232,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10951 freeculture.xml:10965 +#: freeculture.xml:10959 freeculture.xml:10973 msgid "Steward, Geoffrey" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 237 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10953 +#: freeculture.xml:10961 msgid "" "The mistake was made early, though it became obvious only at the very " "end. Our case had been supported from the very beginning by an extraordinary " @@ -14245,17 +14250,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10963 freeculture.xml:11304 freeculture.xml:11319 freeculture.xml:11412 freeculture.xml:11626 freeculture.xml:11657 freeculture.xml:11745 +#: freeculture.xml:10971 freeculture.xml:11312 freeculture.xml:11327 freeculture.xml:11420 freeculture.xml:11634 freeculture.xml:11665 freeculture.xml:11753 msgid "Ayer, Don" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10964 +#: freeculture.xml:10972 msgid "Bromberg, Dan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10967 +#: freeculture.xml:10975 msgid "" "There were three key lawyers on the case from Jones Day. Geoff Stewart was " "the first, but then Dan Bromberg and Don Ayer became quite " @@ -14268,7 +14273,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10977 +#: freeculture.xml:10985 msgid "" "I hate this view of the law. Of course I thought the Sonny Bono Act was a " "dramatic harm to free speech and free culture. Of course I still think it " @@ -14289,7 +14294,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10998 +#: freeculture.xml:11006 msgid "" "In any case, I thought, the Court must already see the danger and the harm " "caused by this sort of law. Why else would they grant review? There was no " @@ -14300,7 +14305,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 238 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11006 +#: freeculture.xml:11014 msgid "" "There was one way, however, in which I felt politics would matter and in " "which I thought a response was appropriate. I was convinced that the Court " @@ -14319,17 +14324,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11037 freeculture.xml:11061 +#: freeculture.xml:11045 freeculture.xml:11069 msgid "Eagle Forum" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11038 +#: freeculture.xml:11046 msgid "Schlafly, Phyllis" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11025 +#: freeculture.xml:11033 msgid "" "The first step happened all by itself. Phyllis Schlafly's organization, " "Eagle Forum, had been an opponent of the CTEA from the very beginning. " @@ -14347,7 +14352,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11041 +#: freeculture.xml:11049 msgid "" "In the Court of Appeals, Eagle Forum was eager to file a brief supporting " "our position. Their brief made the argument that became the core claim in " @@ -14357,7 +14362,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11049 +#: freeculture.xml:11057 msgid "" "In the Supreme Court, the briefs on our side were about as diverse as it " "gets. They included an extraordinary historical brief by the Free Software " @@ -14372,7 +14377,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11064 +#: freeculture.xml:11072 msgid "" "Those briefs framed a legal argument. Then to support the legal argument, " "there were a number of powerful briefs by libraries and archives, including " @@ -14381,7 +14386,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11070 +#: freeculture.xml:11078 msgid "" "But two briefs captured the policy argument best. One made the argument I've " "already described: A brief by Hal Roach Studios argued that unless the law " @@ -14390,32 +14395,32 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11076 +#: freeculture.xml:11084 msgid "Akerlof, George" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11077 +#: freeculture.xml:11085 msgid "Arrow, Kenneth" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11078 +#: freeculture.xml:11086 msgid "Buchanan, James" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11079 +#: freeculture.xml:11087 msgid "Coase, Ronald" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11080 +#: freeculture.xml:11088 msgid "Friedman, Milton" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11082 +#: freeculture.xml:11090 msgid "" "This economists' brief was signed by seventeen economists, including five " "Nobel Prize winners, including Ronald Coase, James Buchanan, Milton " @@ -14429,12 +14434,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11105 freeculture.xml:11118 freeculture.xml:11310 freeculture.xml:11662 +#: freeculture.xml:11113 freeculture.xml:11126 freeculture.xml:11318 freeculture.xml:11670 msgid "Fried, Charles" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11093 +#: freeculture.xml:11101 msgid "" "The same effort at balance was reflected in the legal team we gathered to " "write our briefs in the case. The Jones Day lawyers had been with us from " @@ -14449,7 +14454,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11108 +#: freeculture.xml:11116 msgid "" "Fried was a special victory for our side. Every other former solicitor " "general was hired by the other side to defend Congress's power to give media " @@ -14464,7 +14469,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11121 +#: freeculture.xml:11129 msgid "" "The government, in defending the statute, had its collection of friends, as " "well. Significantly, however, none of these \"friends\" included historians " @@ -14473,7 +14478,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11128 +#: freeculture.xml:11136 msgid "" "The media companies were not surprising. They had the most to gain from the " "law. The congressmen were not surprising either—they were defending " @@ -14485,7 +14490,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f14. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11144 +#: freeculture.xml:11152 msgid "" "Brief of Amici Dr. Seuss Enterprise et al., <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> " "v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 537 U.S. (2003) (No. 01-618), 19." @@ -14493,19 +14498,19 @@ msgstr "" #. f15. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11152 +#: freeculture.xml:11160 msgid "" "Dinitia Smith, \"Immortal Words, Immortal Royalties? Even Mickey Mouse Joins " "the Fray,\" <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 28 March 1998, B7." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11159 +#: freeculture.xml:11167 msgid "Gershwin, George" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11137 +#: freeculture.xml:11145 msgid "" "Dr. Seuss's representatives, for example, argued that it was better for the " "Dr. Seuss estate to control what happened to Dr. Seuss's work— better " @@ -14522,7 +14527,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11162 +#: freeculture.xml:11170 msgid "" "This argument made clear a theme that is rarely noticed in this debate. " "When Congress decides to extend the term of existing copyrights, Congress is " @@ -14537,7 +14542,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11174 +#: freeculture.xml:11182 msgid "" "We argued as much in a final brief. Not only would upholding the CTEA mean " "that there was no limit to the power of Congress to extend " @@ -14549,7 +14554,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11183 +#: freeculture.xml:11191 msgid "" "The Supreme Court was divided into two important camps. One camp we called " "\"the Conservatives.\" The other we called \"the Rest.\" The Conservatives " @@ -14562,13 +14567,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11192 freeculture.xml:11216 freeculture.xml:11555 freeculture.xml:11567 +#: freeculture.xml:11200 freeculture.xml:11224 freeculture.xml:11563 freeculture.xml:11575 msgid "Breyer, Stephen" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 242 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11194 +#: freeculture.xml:11202 msgid "" "The Rest were the four Justices who had strongly opposed limits on " "Congress's power. These four—Justice Stevens, Justice Souter, Justice " @@ -14581,7 +14586,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11206 +#: freeculture.xml:11214 msgid "" "In particular, the least likely was Justice Ginsburg's. In addition to her " "general view about deference to Congress (except where issues of gender are " @@ -14594,7 +14599,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11218 +#: freeculture.xml:11226 msgid "" "Close behind Justice Ginsburg were two justices whom we also viewed as " "unlikely allies, though possible surprises. Justice Souter strongly favored " @@ -14604,7 +14609,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11226 +#: freeculture.xml:11234 msgid "" "The only vote we could be confident about was that of Justice " "Stevens. History will record Justice Stevens as one of the greatest judges " @@ -14615,7 +14620,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11234 +#: freeculture.xml:11242 msgid "" "This analysis of \"the Rest\" showed most clearly where our focus had to be: " "on the Conservatives. To win this case, we had to crack open these five and " @@ -14628,7 +14633,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 243 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11244 +#: freeculture.xml:11252 msgid "" "This then was the core of our strategy—a strategy for which I am " "responsible. We would get the Court to see that just as with the " @@ -14643,7 +14648,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11258 +#: freeculture.xml:11266 msgid "" "The argument on the government's side came down to this: Congress has done " "it before. It should be allowed to do it again. The government claimed that " @@ -14653,7 +14658,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11265 +#: freeculture.xml:11273 msgid "" "There was some truth to the government's claim, but not much. We certainly " "agreed that Congress had extended existing terms in and in 1909. And of " @@ -14663,7 +14668,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 244 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11272 +#: freeculture.xml:11280 msgid "" "But this \"consistency\" should be kept in perspective. Congress extended " "existing terms once in the first hundred years of the Republic. It then " @@ -14681,7 +14686,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11295 +#: freeculture.xml:11303 msgid "" "I was convinced that to win, I had to keep the Court focused on a single " "point: that if this extension is permitted, then there is no limit to the " @@ -14692,7 +14697,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11306 +#: freeculture.xml:11314 msgid "" "One moot was before the lawyers at Jones Day. Don Ayer was the skeptic. He " "had served in the Reagan Justice Department with Solicitor General Charles " @@ -14702,7 +14707,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11313 +#: freeculture.xml:11321 msgid "" "\"I'm just afraid that unless they really see the harm, they won't be " "willing to upset this practice that the government says has been a " @@ -14713,7 +14718,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 245 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11321 +#: freeculture.xml:11329 msgid "" "He may have argued many cases before this Court, I thought, but he didn't " "understand its soul. As a clerk, I had seen the Justices do the right " @@ -14731,7 +14736,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11338 +#: freeculture.xml:11346 msgid "" "Not everyone has to wait in line. People who know the Justices can ask for " "seats they control. (I asked Justice Scalia's chambers for seats for my " @@ -14747,7 +14752,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11353 +#: freeculture.xml:11361 msgid "" "When the Chief Justice called me to begin my argument, I began where I " "intended to stay: on the question of the limits on Congress's power. This " @@ -14756,14 +14761,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11359 +#: freeculture.xml:11367 msgid "" "Justice O'Connor stopped me within one minute of my opening. The history " "was bothering her." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11364 +#: freeculture.xml:11372 msgid "" "justice o'connor: Congress has extended the term so often through the years, " "and if you are right, don't we run the risk of upsetting previous extensions " @@ -14772,7 +14777,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11371 +#: freeculture.xml:11379 msgid "" "She was quite willing to concede \"that this flies directly in the face of " "what the framers had in mind.\" But my response again and again was to " @@ -14781,7 +14786,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 246 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11377 +#: freeculture.xml:11385 msgid "" "mr. lessig: Well, if it flies in the face of what the framers had in mind, " "then the question is, is there a way of interpreting their words that gives " @@ -14789,14 +14794,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11385 +#: freeculture.xml:11393 msgid "" "There were two points in this argument when I should have seen where the " "Court was going. The first was a question by Justice Kennedy, who observed," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11391 +#: freeculture.xml:11399 msgid "" "justice kennedy: Well, I suppose implicit in the argument that the '76 act, " "too, should have been declared void, and that we might leave it alone " @@ -14806,14 +14811,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11399 +#: freeculture.xml:11407 msgid "" "Here follows my clear mistake. Like a professor correcting a student, I " "answered," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11405 +#: freeculture.xml:11413 msgid "" "mr. lessig: Justice, we are not making an empirical claim at all. Nothing " "in our Copyright Clause claim hangs upon the empirical assertion about " @@ -14823,7 +14828,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11414 +#: freeculture.xml:11422 msgid "" "That was a correct answer, but it wasn't the right answer. The right answer " "was instead that there was an obvious and profound harm. Any number of " @@ -14833,7 +14838,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11421 +#: freeculture.xml:11429 msgid "" "The second came from the Chief, for whom the whole case had been " "crafted. For the Chief Justice had crafted the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> " @@ -14842,21 +14847,21 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 247 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11426 +#: freeculture.xml:11434 msgid "" "It was clear a second into his question that he wasn't at all sympathetic. " "To him, we were a bunch of anarchists. As he asked:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11433 +#: freeculture.xml:11441 msgid "" "chief justice: Well, but you want more than that. You want the right to copy " "verbatim other people's books, don't you?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11437 +#: freeculture.xml:11445 msgid "" "mr. lessig: We want the right to copy verbatim works that should be in the " "public domain and would be in the public domain but for a statute that " @@ -14865,7 +14870,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11446 +#: freeculture.xml:11454 msgid "" "Things went better for us when the government gave its argument; for now the " "Court picked up on the core of our claim. As Justice Scalia asked Solicitor " @@ -14873,7 +14878,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11452 +#: freeculture.xml:11460 msgid "" "justice scalia: You say that the functional equivalent of an unlimited time " "would be a violation [of the Constitution], but that's precisely the " @@ -14882,7 +14887,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11460 +#: freeculture.xml:11468 msgid "" "When Olson was finished, it was my turn to give a closing rebuttal. Olson's " "flailing had revived my anger. But my anger still was directed to the " @@ -14898,7 +14903,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 248 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11473 +#: freeculture.xml:11481 msgid "" "As I left the court that day, I knew there were a hundred points I wished I " "could remake. There were a hundred questions I wished I had answered " @@ -14906,7 +14911,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11481 +#: freeculture.xml:11489 msgid "" "The government had been asked over and over again, what is the limit? Over " "and over again, it had answered there is no limit. This was precisely the " @@ -14923,7 +14928,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11496 +#: freeculture.xml:11504 msgid "" "The morning of January 15, 2003, I was five minutes late to the office and " "missed the 7:00 A.M. call from the Supreme Court clerk. Listening to the " @@ -14933,7 +14938,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11503 +#: freeculture.xml:11511 msgid "" "A few seconds later, the opinions arrived by e-mail. I took the phone off " "the hook, posted an announcement to our blog, and sat down to see where I " @@ -14941,7 +14946,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11508 +#: freeculture.xml:11516 msgid "" "My <emphasis>reasoning</emphasis>. Here was a case that pitted all the money " "in the world against <emphasis>reasoning</emphasis>. And here was the last " @@ -14949,7 +14954,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11514 +#: freeculture.xml:11522 msgid "" "I first scoured the opinion, looking for how the Court would distinguish the " "principle in this case from the principle in " @@ -14960,7 +14965,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 249 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11523 +#: freeculture.xml:11531 msgid "" "Justice Ginsburg simply ignored the enumerated powers argument. Consistent " "with her view that Congress's power was not limited generally, she had found " @@ -14968,7 +14973,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11528 +#: freeculture.xml:11536 msgid "" "Her opinion was perfectly reasonable—for her, and for Justice " "Souter. Neither believes in <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>. It would be too " @@ -14977,7 +14982,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11534 +#: freeculture.xml:11542 msgid "" "But as I realized what had happened, I couldn't quite believe what I was " "reading. I had said there was no way this Court could reconcile limited " @@ -14991,7 +14996,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11545 +#: freeculture.xml:11553 msgid "" "Yet by what right did they get to choose which of the framers' values they " "would respect? By what right did they—the silent five—get to " @@ -15004,7 +15009,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11557 +#: freeculture.xml:11565 msgid "" "Justices Breyer and Stevens wrote very strong dissents. Stevens's opinion " "was crafted internal to the law: He argued that the tradition of " @@ -15019,7 +15024,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 250 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11570 +#: freeculture.xml:11578 msgid "" "Justice Breyer's opinion, perhaps the best opinion he has ever written, was " "external to the Constitution. He argued that the term of copyrights has " @@ -15032,7 +15037,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11581 +#: freeculture.xml:11589 msgid "" "These two justices understood all the arguments we had made. But because " "neither believed in the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> case, neither was " @@ -15043,7 +15048,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11588 +#: freeculture.xml:11596 msgid "" "Defeat brings depression. They say it is a sign of health when depression " "gives way to anger. My anger came quickly, but it didn't cure the " @@ -15051,7 +15056,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11593 +#: freeculture.xml:11601 msgid "" "It was first anger with the five \"Conservatives.\" It would have been one " "thing for them to have explained why the principle of " @@ -15068,7 +15073,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 251 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11606 +#: freeculture.xml:11614 msgid "" "Here, they had joined an opinion that never once tried to explain what the " "framers had meant by crafting the Progress Clause as they did; they joined " @@ -15083,7 +15088,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11621 +#: freeculture.xml:11629 msgid "" "My anger with the Conservatives quickly yielded to anger with myself. For I " "had let a view of the law that I liked interfere with a view of the law as " @@ -15091,7 +15096,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11628 +#: freeculture.xml:11636 msgid "" "Most lawyers, and most law professors, have little patience for idealism " "about courts in general and this Supreme Court in particular. Most have a " @@ -15106,7 +15111,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 252 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11639 +#: freeculture.xml:11647 msgid "" "As I read back over the transcript from that argument in October, I can see " "a hundred places where the answers could have taken the conversation in " @@ -15125,7 +15130,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11659 +#: freeculture.xml:11667 msgid "" "Would it have been different if I had argued it differently? Would it have " "been different if Don Ayer had argued it? Or Charles Fried? Or Kathleen " @@ -15133,7 +15138,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11665 +#: freeculture.xml:11673 msgid "" "My friends huddled around me to insist it would not. The Court was not " "ready, my friends insisted. This was a loss that was destined. It would take " @@ -15142,7 +15147,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11671 +#: freeculture.xml:11679 msgid "" "Maybe, but I doubt it. These Justices have no financial interest in doing " "anything except the right thing. They are not lobbied. They have little " @@ -15152,7 +15157,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11678 +#: freeculture.xml:11686 msgid "" "And even if I couldn't, then that doesn't excuse what happened in " "January. For at the start of this case, one of America's leading " @@ -15164,7 +15169,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 253 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11686 +#: freeculture.xml:11694 msgid "" "After the argument and after the decision, Peter said to me, and publicly, " "that he was wrong. But if indeed that Court could not have been persuaded, " @@ -15184,7 +15189,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11707 +#: freeculture.xml:11715 msgid "" "In effect, the Supreme Court's decision makes it likely that we are seeing " "the beginning of the end of public domain and the birth of copyright " @@ -15195,12 +15200,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11721 +#: freeculture.xml:11729 msgid "Bolling, Ruben" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11716 +#: freeculture.xml:11724 msgid "" "The best responses were in the cartoons. There was a gaggle of hilarious " "images—of Mickey in jail and the like. The best, from my view of the " @@ -15210,7 +15215,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11724 +#: freeculture.xml:11732 msgid "" "The image that will always stick in my head is that evoked by the quote from " "<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle>. That \"grand experiment\" we call " @@ -15222,12 +15227,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:11735 +#: freeculture.xml:11743 msgid "CHAPTER FOURTEEN: Eldred II" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11737 +#: freeculture.xml:11745 msgid "" "The day <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> was decided, fate would have it that I " "was to travel to Washington, D.C. (The day the rehearing petition in " @@ -15239,7 +15244,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11747 +#: freeculture.xml:11755 msgid "" "It was an act of contrition. During the whole of the flight from San " "Francisco to Washington, I had heard over and over again in my head the same " @@ -15253,7 +15258,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 256 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11757 +#: freeculture.xml:11765 msgid "" "<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle> published the piece. In it, I " "proposed a simple fix: Fifty years after a work has been published, the " @@ -15263,7 +15268,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11765 +#: freeculture.xml:11773 msgid "" "We called this the Eldred Act, but that was just to give it a name. Eric " "Eldred was kind enough to let his name be used once again, but as he said " @@ -15271,7 +15276,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11770 +#: freeculture.xml:11778 msgid "" "Or another two names. For depending upon your perspective, this is either " "the \"Public Domain Enhancement Act\" or the \"Copyright Term Deregulation " @@ -15282,12 +15287,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11778 freeculture.xml:11977 +#: freeculture.xml:11786 freeculture.xml:11985 msgid "Forbes, Steve" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11780 +#: freeculture.xml:11788 msgid "" "The reaction to this idea was amazingly strong. Steve Forbes endorsed it in " "an editorial. I received an avalanche of e-mail and letters expressing " @@ -15301,7 +15306,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11792 +#: freeculture.xml:11800 msgid "" "Indeed, many recognized the obvious benefit of the registration " "requirement. For one of the hardest things about the current system for " @@ -15314,18 +15319,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11802 +#: freeculture.xml:11810 msgid "Berlin Act (1908)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11803 freeculture.xml:11842 +#: freeculture.xml:11811 freeculture.xml:11850 msgid "Berne Convention (1908)" msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11810 +#: freeculture.xml:11818 msgid "" "Until the 1908 Berlin Act of the Berne Convention, national copyright " "legislation sometimes made protection depend upon compliance with " @@ -15347,7 +15352,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11806 +#: freeculture.xml:11814 msgid "" "As I described in chapter 10, formalities in copyright law were removed in " "1976, when Congress followed the Europeans by abandoning any formal " @@ -15361,7 +15366,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11836 +#: freeculture.xml:11844 msgid "" "That's great rhetoric. It sounds wonderfully romantic. But it is absurd " "copyright policy. It is absurd especially for authors, because a world " @@ -15371,7 +15376,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11844 +#: freeculture.xml:11852 msgid "" "The fight against formalities achieved its first real victory in Berlin in " "1908. International copyright lawyers amended the Berne Convention in 1908, " @@ -15384,7 +15389,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11854 +#: freeculture.xml:11862 msgid "" "These complaints were real and sensible. And the strictness of the " "formalities, especially in the United States, was absurd. The law should " @@ -15395,7 +15400,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11862 +#: freeculture.xml:11870 msgid "" "Even that would have been resisted, however, because registration in the " "nineteenth and twentieth centuries was still expensive. It was also a " @@ -15406,7 +15411,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 258 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11870 +#: freeculture.xml:11878 msgid "" "In addition to the practical complaint of authors in 1908, there was a moral " "claim as well. There was no reason that creative property should be a " @@ -15418,7 +15423,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11882 +#: freeculture.xml:11890 msgid "" "This argument is correct, but its implications are misleading. For the " "argument in favor of formalities does not depend upon creative property " @@ -15429,7 +15434,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11891 +#: freeculture.xml:11899 msgid "" "No one thinks, for example, that land is second-class property just because " "you have to register a deed with a court if your sale of land is to be " @@ -15447,7 +15452,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11907 +#: freeculture.xml:11915 msgid "" "It is similarly special physics that makes formalities important in " "copyright law. Unlike a carpenter's table, there's nothing in nature that " @@ -15462,7 +15467,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11922 +#: freeculture.xml:11930 msgid "" "This was the understanding of the problem with the Sonny Bono Act that we " "tried to demonstrate to the Court. This was the part it didn't \"get.\" " @@ -15474,7 +15479,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11932 +#: freeculture.xml:11940 msgid "" "But now that copyrights can be just about a century long, the inability to " "know what is protected and what is not protected becomes a huge and obvious " @@ -15486,7 +15491,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11941 +#: freeculture.xml:11949 msgid "" "The Eldred Act was designed to respond to exactly this problem. If it is " "worth $1 to you, then register your work and you can get the longer " @@ -15496,7 +15501,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11948 +#: freeculture.xml:11956 msgid "" "If it isn't worth it to you to register to get the benefit of an extended " "term, then it shouldn't be worth it for the government to defend your " @@ -15506,7 +15511,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11955 +#: freeculture.xml:11963 msgid "" "Some worry about the burden on authors. Won't the burden of registering the " "work mean that the $1 is really misleading? Isn't the hassle worth more than " @@ -15515,7 +15520,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 260 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11961 +#: freeculture.xml:11969 msgid "" "It is. The hassle is terrible. The system that exists now is awful. I " "completely agree that the Copyright Office has done a terrible job (no doubt " @@ -15533,7 +15538,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11979 +#: freeculture.xml:11987 msgid "" "When Steve Forbes endorsed the idea, some in Washington began to pay " "attention. Many people contacted me pointing to representatives who might be " @@ -15542,12 +15547,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11992 +#: freeculture.xml:12000 msgid "Lofgren, Zoe" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11985 +#: freeculture.xml:11993 msgid "" "One representative, Zoe Lofgren of California, went so far as to get the " "bill drafted. The draft solved any problem with international law. It " @@ -15559,7 +15564,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11995 +#: freeculture.xml:12003 msgid "" "But at this stage, the lobbyists began to intervene. Jack Valenti and the " "MPAA general counsel came to the congresswoman's office to give the view of " @@ -15571,7 +15576,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 261 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12003 +#: freeculture.xml:12011 msgid "" "The MPAA argued first that Congress had \"firmly rejected the central " "concept in the proposed bill\"—that copyrights be renewed. That was " @@ -15593,7 +15598,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12024 +#: freeculture.xml:12032 msgid "" "Finally, the MPAA argued that existing law enabled copyright owners to do " "this if they wanted. But the whole point is that there are thousands of " @@ -15604,7 +15609,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12032 +#: freeculture.xml:12040 msgid "" "At the beginning of this book, I told two stories about the law reacting to " "changes in technology. In the one, common sense prevailed. In the other, " @@ -15616,7 +15621,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12042 +#: freeculture.xml:12050 msgid "" "I used these two cases as a way to frame the war that this book has been " "about. For here, too, a new technology is forcing the law to react. And " @@ -15626,7 +15631,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 262 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12051 +#: freeculture.xml:12059 msgid "" "When the issue is piracy, it is right for the law to back the copyright " "owners. The commercial piracy that I described is wrong and harmful, and the " @@ -15640,7 +15645,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12062 +#: freeculture.xml:12070 msgid "" "But when the copyright owners oppose a proposal such as the Eldred Act, " "then, finally, there is an example that lays bare the naked selfinterest " @@ -15653,12 +15658,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12072 +#: freeculture.xml:12080 msgid "What does this industry really want?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12075 +#: freeculture.xml:12083 msgid "" "With very little effort, the warriors could protect their content. So the " "effort to block something like the Eldred Act is not really about protecting " @@ -15671,7 +15676,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12086 +#: freeculture.xml:12094 msgid "" "The opposition to the Eldred Act reveals how extreme the other side is. The " "most powerful and sexy and well loved of lobbies really has as its aim not " @@ -15682,7 +15687,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 263 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12094 +#: freeculture.xml:12102 msgid "" "It is not hard to understand why the warriors take this view. It is not hard " "to see why it would benefit them if the competition of the public domain " @@ -15693,7 +15698,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12106 +#: freeculture.xml:12114 msgid "" "What is hard to understand is why the public takes this view. It is as if " "the law made airplanes trespassers. The MPAA stands with the Causbys and " @@ -15703,7 +15708,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12113 +#: freeculture.xml:12121 msgid "" "All this seems to follow easily from this untroubled acceptance of the " "\"property\" in intellectual property. Common sense supports it, and so long " @@ -15714,13 +15719,13 @@ msgid "" "dead (and often unfindable) hand of the past." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><title> -#: freeculture.xml:12125 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> +#: freeculture.xml:12133 msgid "CONCLUSION" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12128 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12135 msgid "" "There are more than 35 million people with the AIDS virus " "worldwide. Twenty-five million of them live in sub-Saharan Africa. " @@ -15729,8 +15734,8 @@ msgid "" "it is seventeen million Africans." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12135 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12142 msgid "" "There is no cure for AIDS, but there are drugs to slow its progression. " "These antiretroviral therapies are still experimental, but they have already " @@ -15740,8 +15745,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f1. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12150 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12157 msgid "" "Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, \"Final Report: Integrating " "Intellectual Property Rights and Development Policy\" (London, 2002), " @@ -15751,8 +15756,8 @@ msgid "" "world receive them—and half of them are in Brazil." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12143 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12150 msgid "" "These drugs are expensive. When they were first introduced in the United " "States, they cost between $10,000 and $15,000 per person per year. Today, " @@ -15764,8 +15769,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 265 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12161 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12168 msgid "" "These prices are not high because the ingredients of the drugs are " "expensive. These prices are high because the drugs are protected by " @@ -15775,8 +15780,8 @@ msgid "" "used to keep the prices high." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12169 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12176 msgid "" "There are many who are skeptical of patents, especially drug patents. I am " "not. Indeed, of all the areas of research that might be supported by " @@ -15788,8 +15793,8 @@ msgid "" "it, at least without other changes." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12180 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12187 msgid "" "But it is one thing to support patents, even drug patents. It is another " "thing to determine how best to deal with a crisis. And as African leaders " @@ -15798,13 +15803,13 @@ msgid "" "market price." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12198 freeculture.xml:12627 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:12205 freeculture.xml:12634 msgid "Braithwaite, John" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12196 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12203 msgid "" "See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism: " "Who Owns the Knowledge Economy?</citetitle> (New York: The New Press, 2003), " @@ -15812,8 +15817,8 @@ msgid "" "type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12187 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12194 msgid "" "In 1997, South Africa tried one tack. It passed a law to allow the " "importation of patented medicines that had been produced or sold in another " @@ -15825,8 +15830,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f3. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12209 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12216 msgid "" "International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent " "Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a " @@ -15840,8 +15845,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f4. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12236 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12243 msgid "" "International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent " "Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a " @@ -15849,8 +15854,8 @@ msgid "" "(Washington, D.C., 2000), 15." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12203 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12210 msgid "" "However, the United States government opposed the bill. Indeed, more than " "opposed. As the International Intellectual Property Association " @@ -15872,8 +15877,8 @@ msgid "" "type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12242 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12249 msgid "" "We should place the intervention by the United States in context. No doubt " "patents are not the most important reason that Africans don't have access to " @@ -15884,8 +15889,8 @@ msgid "" "our government's intervention to stop the flow of medications into Africa." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12252 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12259 msgid "" "By stopping the flow of HIV treatment into Africa, the United States " "government was not saving drugs for United States citizens. This is not " @@ -15895,8 +15900,8 @@ msgid "" "chemicals into drugs that would save 15 to 30 million lives." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12260 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12267 msgid "" "Nor was the intervention by the United States going to protect the profits " "of United States drug companies—at least, not substantially. It was " @@ -15909,8 +15914,8 @@ msgstr "" #. f5. #. PAGE BREAK 333 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12275 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12282 msgid "" "See Sabin Russell, \"New Crusade to Lower AIDS Drug Costs: Africa's Needs at " "Odds with Firms' Profit Motive,\" <citetitle>San Francisco " @@ -15927,8 +15932,8 @@ msgid "" "Journal</citetitle> (Spring 2001): 175." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12269 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12276 msgid "" "Instead, the argument in favor of restricting this flow of information, " "which was needed to save the lives of millions, was an argument about the " @@ -15939,8 +15944,8 @@ msgid "" "against the South African response to AIDS." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12296 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12303 msgid "" "Now just step back for a moment. There will be a time thirty years from now " "when our children look back at us and ask, how could we have let this " @@ -15952,8 +15957,8 @@ msgid "" "abstraction?" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12306 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12313 msgid "" "Some blame the drug companies. I don't. They are corporations. Their " "managers are ordered by law to make money for the corporation. They push a " @@ -15963,8 +15968,8 @@ msgid "" "corruption the drug companies are certainly not responsible for." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12314 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12321 msgid "" "The corruption is our own politicians' failure of integrity. For the drug " "companies would love—they say, and I believe them—to sell their " @@ -15975,8 +15980,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 268 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12322 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12329 msgid "" "A different problem, however, could not be overcome. This is the fear of the " "grandstanding politician who would call the presidents of the drug companies " @@ -15991,16 +15996,16 @@ msgid "" "ideal—the sanctity of an idea called \"intellectual property.\"" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12337 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12344 msgid "" "So when the common sense of your child confronts you, what will you say? " "When the common sense of a generation finally revolts against what we have " "done, how will we justify what we have done? What is the argument?" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12343 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12350 msgid "" "A sensible patent policy could endorse and strongly support the patent " "system without having to reach everyone everywhere in exactly the same " @@ -16014,8 +16019,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 269 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12355 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12362 msgid "" "But we as a culture have lost this sense of balance. We have lost the " "critical eye that helps us see the difference between truth and extremism. " @@ -16034,8 +16039,8 @@ msgid "" "to make this common sense open its eyes." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12375 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12382 msgid "" "So far, common sense sleeps. There is no revolt. Common sense does not yet " "see what there could be to revolt about. The extremism that now dominates " @@ -16052,8 +16057,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f6. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12392 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12399 msgid "" "Jonathan Krim, \"The Quiet War over Open-Source,\" <citetitle>Washington " "Post</citetitle>, August 2003, E1, available at <ulink " @@ -16066,13 +16071,13 @@ msgid "" "available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #61</ulink>." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12420 freeculture.xml:13147 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:12427 freeculture.xml:13151 msgid "PLoS (Public Library of Science)" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12389 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12396 msgid "" "In August 2003, a fight broke out in the United States about a decision by " "the World Intellectual Property Organization to cancel a " @@ -16095,8 +16100,8 @@ msgid "" "source and free software.\" <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12423 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12430 msgid "" "The aim of the meeting was to consider this wide range of projects from one " "common perspective: that none of these projects relied upon intellectual " @@ -16106,15 +16111,15 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f7. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12431 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12438 msgid "" "I should disclose that I was one of the people who asked WIPO for the " "meeting." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12430 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12437 msgid "" "From the perspective of this book, then, the conference was " "ideal.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The projects within its " @@ -16125,8 +16130,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 271 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12441 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12448 msgid "" "Indeed, I was once publicly scolded for not recognizing this fact about " "WIPO. In February 2003, I delivered a keynote address to a preparatory " @@ -16149,8 +16154,8 @@ msgid "" "balance in intellectual property had been lost." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12465 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12472 msgid "" "So whether or not WSIS can discuss balance in intellectual property, I had " "thought it was taken for granted that WIPO could and should. And thus the " @@ -16158,8 +16163,8 @@ msgid "" "seemed perfectly appropriate within the WIPO agenda." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12471 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12478 msgid "" "But there is one project within that list that is highly controversial, at " "least among lobbyists. That project is \"open source and free software.\" " @@ -16173,8 +16178,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f8. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12493 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12500 msgid "" "Microsoft's position about free and open source software is more " "sophisticated. As it has repeatedly asserted, it has no problem with \"open " @@ -16193,8 +16198,8 @@ msgid "" "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #63</ulink>." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12482 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12489 msgid "" "I don't mean to enter that debate here. It is important only to make clear " "that the distinction is not between commercial and noncommercial " @@ -16209,8 +16214,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 272 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12512 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12519 msgid "" "More important for our purposes, to support \"open source and free " "software\" is not to oppose copyright. \"Open source and free software\" is " @@ -16228,15 +16233,15 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f9. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12538 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12545 msgid "" "Krim, \"The Quiet War over Open-Source,\" available at <ulink " "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #64</ulink>." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12530 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12537 msgid "" "It is therefore understandable that as a proprietary software developer, " "Microsoft would oppose this WIPO meeting, and understandable that it would " @@ -16248,8 +16253,8 @@ msgid "" "the meeting was canceled." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12544 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12551 msgid "" "I don't blame Microsoft for doing what it can to advance its own interests, " "consistent with the law. And lobbying governments is plainly consistent with " @@ -16258,8 +16263,8 @@ msgid "" "States having succeeded in its lobbying efforts." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12552 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12559 msgid "" "What was surprising was the United States government's reason for opposing " "the meeting. Again, as reported by Krim, Lois Boland, acting director of " @@ -16270,13 +16275,13 @@ msgid "" "us to be contrary to the goals of WIPO.\"" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12562 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12569 msgid "These statements are astonishing on a number of levels." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12566 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12573 msgid "" "First, they are just flat wrong. As I described, most open source and free " "software relies fundamentally upon the intellectual property right called " @@ -16288,8 +16293,8 @@ msgid "" "with intellectual property issues." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12576 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12583 msgid "" "Second, who ever said that WIPO's exclusive aim was to \"promote\" " "intellectual property maximally? As I had been scolded at the preparatory " @@ -16303,8 +16308,8 @@ msgid "" "it have been better if the protocols of the Internet had been patented?" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12589 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12596 msgid "" "Third, even if one believed that the purpose of WIPO was to maximize " "intellectual property rights, in our tradition, intellectual property rights " @@ -16320,8 +16325,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 274 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12603 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12610 msgid "" "When Ms. Boland says that there is something wrong with a meeting \"which " "has as its purpose to disclaim or waive such rights,\" she's saying that " @@ -16333,8 +16338,8 @@ msgid "" "most extreme and restrictive way possible." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12615 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12622 msgid "" "There is a history of just such a property system that is well known in the " "Anglo-American tradition. It is called \"feudalism.\" Under feudalism, not " @@ -16347,15 +16352,15 @@ msgid "" "might interfere with that control." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12632 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12639 msgid "" "See Drahos with Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism</citetitle>, " "210–20. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12629 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12636 msgid "" "As Peter Drahos and John Braithwaite relate, this is precisely the choice we " "are now making about intellectual property.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -16365,8 +16370,8 @@ msgid "" "toward the feudal." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12641 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12648 msgid "" "When this battle broke, I blogged it. A spirited debate within the comment " "section ensued. Ms. Boland had a number of supporters who tried to show why " @@ -16375,8 +16380,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 275 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12648 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12655 msgid "" "George, you misunderstand Lessig: He's only talking about the world as it " "should be (\"the goal of WIPO, and the goal of any government, should be to " @@ -16388,8 +16393,8 @@ msgid "" "ours." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12660 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12667 msgid "" "I missed the irony the first time I read it. I read it quickly and thought " "the poster was supporting the idea that seeking balance was what our " @@ -16401,8 +16406,8 @@ msgid "" "truth or not.)" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12670 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12677 msgid "" "Obviously, however, the poster was not supporting that idea. Instead, the " "poster was ridiculing the very idea that in the real world, the \"goal\" of " @@ -16412,16 +16417,16 @@ msgid "" "might well have continued." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12678 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12685 msgid "" "I understand criticism of academic utopianism. I think utopianism is silly, " "too, and I'd be the first to poke fun at the absurdly unrealistic ideals of " "academics throughout history (and not just in our own country's history)." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12684 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12691 msgid "" "But when it has become silly to suppose that the role of our government " "should be to \"seek balance,\" then count me with the silly, for that means " @@ -16434,8 +16439,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 276 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12695 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12702 msgid "" "It might be crazy to expect a high government official to speak the " "truth. It might be crazy to believe that government policy will be something " @@ -16444,13 +16449,13 @@ msgid "" "tradition for most of our history—free culture." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12714 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:12721 msgid "Turner, Ted" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12704 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12711 msgid "" "If this is crazy, then let there be more crazies. Soon. There are moments " "of hope in this struggle. And moments that surprise. When the FCC was " @@ -16464,8 +16469,8 @@ msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12718 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12725 msgid "" "This activism did not stop the FCC, but soon after, a broad coalition in the " "Senate voted to reverse the FCC decision. The hostile hearings leading up to " @@ -16474,8 +16479,8 @@ msgid "" "sustained support for fighting further concentration in the media." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12726 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12733 msgid "" "But even this movement misses an important piece of the puzzle. Largeness " "as such is not bad. Freedom is not threatened just because some become very " @@ -16484,8 +16489,8 @@ msgid "" "hamburger from somewhere else." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12733 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12740 msgid "" "The danger in media concentration comes not from the concentration, but " "instead from the feudalism that this concentration, tied to the change in " @@ -16496,8 +16501,8 @@ msgid "" "their bigness bad." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12743 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12750 msgid "" "It is therefore significant that so many would rally to demand competition " "and increased diversity. Still, if the rally is understood as being about " @@ -16506,8 +16511,8 @@ msgid "" "fight \"big\" again is not something new." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12750 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12757 msgid "" "It would be something new, and something very important, if an equal number " "could be rallied to fight the increasing extremism built within the idea of " @@ -16517,21 +16522,21 @@ msgid "" "exercised within this tradition anymore." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12758 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12765 msgid "" "If we were Achilles, this would be our heel. This would be the place of our " "tragedy." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12761 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:12768 msgid "Dylan, Bob" msgstr "" #. f11. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12766 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12773 msgid "" "John Borland, \"RIAA Sues 261 File Swappers,\" CNET News.com, September " "2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -16549,8 +16554,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f12. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12784 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12791 msgid "" "Jon Wiederhorn, \"Eminem Gets Sued . . . by a Little Old Lady,\" mtv.com, 17 " "September 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -16559,16 +16564,16 @@ msgstr "" #. f13. #. PAGE BREAK 334 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12791 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12798 msgid "" "Kenji Hall, Associated Press, \"Japanese Book May Be Inspiration for Dylan " "Songs,\" Kansascity.com, 9 July 2003, available at <ulink " "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #69</ulink>." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12763 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12770 msgid "" "As I write these final words, the news is filled with stories about the RIAA " "lawsuits against almost three hundred individuals.<placeholder " @@ -16586,19 +16591,19 @@ msgid "" "for kids who use a computer to share content." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12808 freeculture.xml:13163 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:12815 freeculture.xml:13167 msgid "Creative Commons" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12809 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:12816 msgid "Gil, Gilberto" msgstr "" #. f14. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12814 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12821 msgid "" "\"BBC Plans to Open Up Its Archive to the Public,\" BBC press release, 24 " "August 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -16606,16 +16611,16 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f15. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12823 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12830 msgid "" "\"Creative Commons and Brazil,\" Creative Commons Weblog, 6 August 2003, " "available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #71</ulink>." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 278 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12811 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12818 msgid "" "Yet on the other side of the Atlantic, the BBC has just announced that it " "will build a \"Creative Archive,\" from which British citizens can download " @@ -16633,29 +16638,29 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 279 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12837 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12844 msgid "" "Common sense must revolt. It must act to free culture. Soon, if this " "potential is ever to be realized." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><title> -#: freeculture.xml:12847 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> +#: freeculture.xml:12852 msgid "AFTERWORD" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 280 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12852 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12856 msgid "" "At least some who have read this far will agree with me that something must " "be done to change where we are heading. The balance of this book maps what " "might be done." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12857 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12861 msgid "" "I divide this map into two parts: that which anyone can do now, and that " "which requires the help of lawmakers. If there is one lesson that we can " @@ -16663,8 +16668,8 @@ msgid "" "remaking how many people think about the very same issue." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12863 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12867 msgid "" "That means this movement must begin in the streets. It must recruit a " "significant number of parents, teachers, librarians, creators, authors, " @@ -16672,8 +16677,8 @@ msgid "" "words, and to tell their neighbors why this battle is so important." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12870 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12874 msgid "" "Once this movement has its effect in the streets, it has some hope of having " "an effect in Washington. We are still a democracy. What people think " @@ -16682,13 +16687,13 @@ msgid "" "Congress could make to better secure a free culture." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:12879 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> +#: freeculture.xml:12883 msgid "US, NOW" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12881 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12885 msgid "" "Common sense is with the copyright warriors because the debate so far has " "been framed at the extremes—as a grand either/or: either property or " @@ -16696,8 +16701,8 @@ msgid "" "the choice, then the warriors should win." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12887 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12891 msgid "" "The mistake here is the error of the excluded middle. There are extremes in " "this debate, but the extremes are not all that there is. There are those who " @@ -16710,8 +16715,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 282 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12897 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12901 msgid "" "When the Internet was first born, its initial architecture effectively " "tilted in the \"no rights reserved\" direction. Content could be copied " @@ -16721,8 +16726,8 @@ msgid "" "\"taken\" regardless of the rights. Any rights were effectively unprotected." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12909 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12913 msgid "" "This initial character produced a reaction (opposite, but not quite equal) " "by copyright owners. That reaction has been the topic of this book. Through " @@ -16737,8 +16742,8 @@ msgid "" "paste\" world that is a creator's nightmare." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12923 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12927 msgid "" "What's needed is a way to say something in the middle—neither \"all " "rights reserved\" nor \"no rights reserved\" but \"some rights " @@ -16747,13 +16752,13 @@ msgid "" "set of freedoms that we could just take for granted before." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:12932 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> +#: freeculture.xml:12936 msgid "Rebuilding Freedoms Previously Presumed: Examples" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12934 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12938 msgid "" "If you step back from the battle I've been describing here, you will " "recognize this problem from other contexts. Think about privacy. Before the " @@ -16764,13 +16769,13 @@ msgid "" "of your browsing habits was assured." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12944 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12948 msgid "What made it assured?" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12948 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12952 msgid "" "Well, if we think in terms of the modalities I described in chapter 10, your " "privacy was assured because of an inefficient architecture for gathering " @@ -16786,13 +16791,13 @@ msgid "" "by the costs that friction imposes on anyone who would want to spy." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12962 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:12966 msgid "Amazon" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12964 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12968 msgid "" "Enter the Internet, where the cost of tracking browsing in particular has " "become quite tiny. If you're a customer at Amazon, then as you browse the " @@ -16804,8 +16809,8 @@ msgid "" "disappears, too." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12974 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12978 msgid "" "Amazon, of course, is not the problem. But we might begin to worry about " "libraries. If you're one of those crazy lefties who thinks that people " @@ -16817,8 +16822,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f1. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12990 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12994 msgid "" "See, for example, Marc Rotenberg, \"Fair Information Practices and the " "Architecture of Privacy (What Larry Doesn't Get),\" <citetitle>Stanford " @@ -16831,8 +16836,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 284 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12984 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:12988 msgid "" "It is this reality that explains the push of many to define \"privacy\" on " "the Internet. It is the recognition that technology can remove what friction " @@ -16844,8 +16849,8 @@ msgid "" "affirmatively act where, before, privacy was given by default." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13008 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13012 msgid "" "A similar story could be told about the birth of the free software " "movement. When computers with software were first made available " @@ -16855,13 +16860,13 @@ msgid "" "about controlling their software." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13015 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:13019 msgid "Stallman, Richard" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13017 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13021 msgid "" "That was the world Richard Stallman was born into, and while he was a " "researcher at MIT, he grew to love the community that developed when one was " @@ -16870,8 +16875,8 @@ msgid "" "the freedom to add to or modify other people's work." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13025 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13029 msgid "" "In an academic setting, at least, that's not a terribly radical idea. In a " "math department, anyone would be free to tinker with a proof that someone " @@ -16884,8 +16889,8 @@ msgid "" "else?" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13037 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13041 msgid "" "No one answered that question. Instead, the architecture of revenue for " "computing changed. As it became possible to import programs from one system " @@ -16897,8 +16902,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 285 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13046 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13050 msgid "" "Thus, the practice of proprietary code began to spread, and by the early " "1980s, Stallman found himself surrounded by proprietary code. The world of " @@ -16907,8 +16912,8 @@ msgid "" "share software would be fundamentally weakened." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13055 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13059 msgid "" "Therefore, in 1984, Stallman began a project to build a free operating " "system, so that at least a strain of free software would survive. That was " @@ -16917,8 +16922,8 @@ msgid "" "type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13062 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13066 msgid "" "Stallman's technique was to use copyright law to build a world of software " "that must be kept free. Software licensed under the Free Software " @@ -16930,8 +16935,8 @@ msgid "" "innovative creative code was a byproduct." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13073 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13077 msgid "" "Stallman was thus doing for software what privacy advocates now do for " "privacy. He was seeking a way to rebuild a kind of freedom that was taken " @@ -16941,8 +16946,8 @@ msgid "" "passively guaranteed." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13081 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13085 msgid "" "Finally, consider a very recent example that more directly resonates with " "the story of this book. This is the shift in the way academic and scientific " @@ -16950,8 +16955,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 286 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13086 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13090 msgid "" "As digital technologies develop, it is becoming obvious to many that " "printing thousands of copies of journals every month and sending them to " @@ -16967,8 +16972,8 @@ msgid "" "opinion through their respective services." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13102 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13106 msgid "" "There's nothing wrong in general with this, and indeed, the ability to " "charge for access to even public domain materials is a good incentive for " @@ -16979,16 +16984,16 @@ msgid "" "the public domain." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13111 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13115 msgid "" "But what if the only way to get access to social and scientific data was " "through proprietary services? What if no one had the ability to browse this " "data except by paying for a subscription?" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13116 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13120 msgid "" "As many are beginning to notice, this is increasingly the reality with " "scientific journals. When these journals were distributed in paper form, " @@ -17002,8 +17007,8 @@ msgid "" "paper journal." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13128 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13132 msgid "" "As journals become electronic, however, the publishers are demanding that " "libraries not give the general public access to the journals. This means " @@ -17012,8 +17017,8 @@ msgid "" "and market shrink a freedom taken for granted before." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13136 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13140 msgid "" "This shrinking freedom has led many to take affirmative steps to restore the " "freedom that has been lost. The Public Library of Science (PLoS), for " @@ -17027,8 +17032,8 @@ msgid "" "type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13150 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13154 msgid "" "This is one of many such efforts to restore a freedom taken for granted " "before, but now threatened by changing technology and markets. There's no " @@ -17038,20 +17043,20 @@ msgid "" "it helps spread knowledge and science." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13161 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> +#: freeculture.xml:13165 msgid "Rebuilding Free Culture: One Idea" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13166 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13170 msgid "" "The same strategy could be applied to culture, as a response to the " "increasing control effected through law and technology." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13170 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13174 msgid "" "Enter the Creative Commons. The Creative Commons is a nonprofit corporation " "established in Massachusetts, but with its home at Stanford University. Its " @@ -17064,8 +17069,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 288 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13181 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13185 msgid "" "<emphasis>Simple</emphasis>—which means without a middleman, or " "without a lawyer. By developing a free set of licenses that people can " @@ -17082,8 +17087,8 @@ msgid "" "does not mean that copyright is waived, but that certain freedoms are given." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13199 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13203 msgid "" "These freedoms are beyond the freedoms promised by fair use. Their precise " "contours depend upon the choices the creator makes. The creator can choose a " @@ -17095,8 +17100,8 @@ msgid "" "long as full copies are not made. Or lastly, any educational use." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13210 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13214 msgid "" "These choices thus establish a range of freedoms beyond the default of " "copyright law. They also enable freedoms that go beyond traditional fair " @@ -17108,13 +17113,13 @@ msgid "" "that content will in turn enable us to rebuild a public domain." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13231 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:13235 msgid "Garlick, Mia" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13221 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13225 msgid "" "This is just one project among many within the Creative Commons. And of " "course, Creative Commons is not the only organization pursuing such " @@ -17127,8 +17132,8 @@ msgid "" "creativity. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13234 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13238 msgid "" "The aim is not to fight the \"All Rights Reserved\" sorts. The aim is to " "complement them. The problems that the law creates for us as a culture are " @@ -17141,8 +17146,8 @@ msgid "" "gives people a way effectively to begin to build those rules." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13246 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13250 msgid "" "Why would creators participate in giving up total control? Some participate " "to better spread their content. Cory Doctorow, for example, is a science " @@ -17151,8 +17156,8 @@ msgid "" "Commons license, on the same day that it went on sale in bookstores." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13253 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13257 msgid "" "Why would a publisher ever agree to this? I suspect his publisher reasoned " "like this: There are two groups of people out there: (1) those who will buy " @@ -17165,8 +17170,8 @@ msgid "" "will probably <emphasis>increase</emphasis> sales of Cory's book." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13265 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13269 msgid "" "Indeed, the experience of his publisher clearly supports that conclusion. " "The book's first printing was exhausted months before the publisher had " @@ -17174,8 +17179,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 290 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13271 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13275 msgid "" "The idea that free content might increase the value of nonfree content was " "confirmed by the experience of another author. Peter Wayner, who wrote a " @@ -17187,8 +17192,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f2. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13298 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13302 msgid "" "<citetitle>Willful Infringement: A Report from the Front Lines of the Real " "Culture Wars</citetitle> (2003), produced by Jed Horovitz, directed by Greg " @@ -17196,8 +17201,8 @@ msgid "" "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #72</ulink>." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13282 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13286 msgid "" "These are examples of using the Commons to better spread proprietary " "content. I believe that is a wonderful and common use of the Commons. There " @@ -17216,8 +17221,8 @@ msgid "" "creativity might grow." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13307 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13311 msgid "" "Finally, there are many who mark their content with a Creative Commons " "license just because they want to express to others the importance of " @@ -17231,8 +17236,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 291 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13319 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13323 msgid "" "In the first six months of the Creative Commons experiment, over 1 million " "objects were licensed with these free-culture licenses. The next step is " @@ -17242,8 +17247,8 @@ msgid "" "build content based upon content set free." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13329 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13333 msgid "" "These are first steps to rebuilding a public domain. They are not mere " "arguments; they are action. Building a public domain is the first step to " @@ -17253,8 +17258,8 @@ msgid "" "possible." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13337 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13341 msgid "" "Creative Commons is just one example of voluntary efforts by individuals and " "creators to change the mix of rights that now govern the creative field. The " @@ -17264,13 +17269,13 @@ msgid "" "difference, we believe, will enable creativity to spread more easily." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13351 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> +#: freeculture.xml:13355 msgid "THEM, SOON" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13353 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13357 msgid "" "We will not reclaim a free culture by individual action alone. It will also " "take important reforms of laws. We have a long way to go before the " @@ -17279,8 +17284,8 @@ msgid "" "we need." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13360 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13364 msgid "" "In this chapter, I outline five kinds of changes: four that are general, and " "one that's specific to the most heated battle of the day, music. Each is a " @@ -17288,13 +17293,13 @@ msgid "" "end." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13367 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> +#: freeculture.xml:13371 msgid "1. More Formalities" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13369 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13373 msgid "" "If you buy a house, you have to record the sale in a deed. If you buy land " "upon which to build a house, you have to record the purchase in a deed. If " @@ -17303,15 +17308,15 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 293 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13376 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13380 msgid "" "These are all formalities associated with property. They are requirements " "that we all must bear if we want our property to be protected." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13381 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13385 msgid "" "In contrast, under current copyright law, you automatically get a copyright, " "regardless of whether you comply with any formality. You don't have to " @@ -17319,13 +17324,13 @@ msgid "" "and \"formalities\" are banished." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13387 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13391 msgid "Why?" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13390 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13394 msgid "" "As I suggested in chapter 10, the motivation to abolish formalities was a " "good one. In the world before digital technologies, formalities imposed a " @@ -17334,8 +17339,8 @@ msgid "" "protect and secure his work. Those formalities were getting in the way." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13398 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13402 msgid "" "But the Internet changes all this. Formalities today need not be a " "burden. Rather, the world without formalities is the world that burdens " @@ -17349,16 +17354,16 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f1. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13412 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13416 msgid "" "The proposal I am advancing here would apply to American works only. " "Obviously, I believe it would be beneficial for the same idea to be adopted " "by other countries as well." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13410 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13414 msgid "" "The law should therefore change this requirement<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>—but it should not change it by going back " @@ -17367,8 +17372,8 @@ msgid "" "these formalities." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13420 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13424 msgid "" "The important formalities are three: marking copyrighted work, registering " "copyrights, and renewing the claim to copyright. Traditionally, the first of " @@ -17378,13 +17383,13 @@ msgid "" "approving standards developed by others." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13432 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title> +#: freeculture.xml:13436 msgid "REGISTRATION AND RENEWAL" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13434 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13438 msgid "" "Under the old system, a copyright owner had to file a registration with the " "Copyright Office to register or renew a copyright. When filing that " @@ -17398,8 +17403,8 @@ msgid "" "deal with the mess that is the Copyright Office." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13447 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13451 msgid "" "Yet it is always astonishing to me that we, who come from a tradition of " "extraordinary innovation in governmental design, can no longer think " @@ -17410,8 +17415,8 @@ msgid "" "that the government sets." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13456 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13460 msgid "" "In the context of registration, one obvious model is the Internet. There " "are at least 32 million Web sites registered around the world. Domain name " @@ -17423,8 +17428,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 295 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13466 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13470 msgid "" "We should adopt a similar model for the registration and renewal of " "copyrights. The Copyright Office may well serve as the central registry, but " @@ -17437,13 +17442,13 @@ msgid "" "would facilitate the licensing of content." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13481 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title> +#: freeculture.xml:13485 msgid "MARKING" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13483 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13487 msgid "" "It used to be that the failure to include a copyright notice on a creative " "work meant that the copyright was forfeited. That was a harsh punishment for " @@ -17454,16 +17459,16 @@ msgid "" "be enforced uniformly across all media." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13493 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13497 msgid "" "The aim of marking is to signal to the public that this work is copyrighted " "and that the author wants to enforce his rights. The mark also makes it easy " "to locate a copyright owner to secure permission to use the work." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13499 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13503 msgid "" "One of the problems the copyright system confronted early on was that " "different copyrighted works had to be differently marked. It wasn't clear " @@ -17476,8 +17481,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f2. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13516 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13520 msgid "" "There would be a complication with derivative works that I have not solved " "here. In my view, the law of derivatives creates a more complicated system " @@ -17485,8 +17490,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 296 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13509 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13513 msgid "" "Let's start with the last point. If a copyright owner allows his work to be " "published without a copyright notice, the consequence of that failure need " @@ -17501,8 +17506,8 @@ msgid "" "their work." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13529 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13533 msgid "" "That in turn raises the question about how work should best be marked. Here " "again, the system needs to adjust as the technologies evolve. The best way " @@ -17511,8 +17516,8 @@ msgid "" "elsewhere." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13536 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13540 msgid "" "For example, if a recording industry association devises a method for " "marking CDs, it would propose that to the Copyright Office. The Copyright " @@ -17525,8 +17530,8 @@ msgid "" "its other important functions." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13548 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13552 msgid "" "Finally, marking content clearly would simplify registration requirements. " "If photographs were marked by author and year, there would be little reason " @@ -17536,16 +17541,16 @@ msgid "" "possible." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13556 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13560 msgid "" "The objective of formalities is to make things clear. The existing system " "does nothing to make things clear. Indeed, it seems designed to make things " "unclear." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13561 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13565 msgid "" "If formalities such as registration were reinstated, one of the most " "difficult aspects of relying upon the public domain would be removed. It " @@ -17555,13 +17560,13 @@ msgid "" "the appropriate time." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13573 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> +#: freeculture.xml:13577 msgid "2. Shorter Terms" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13575 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13579 msgid "" "The term of copyright has gone from fourteen years to ninety-five years for " "corporate authors, and life of the author plus seventy years for natural " @@ -17569,16 +17574,16 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f3. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13588 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13592 msgid "" "\"A Radical Rethink,\" <citetitle>Economist</citetitle>, 366:8308 (25 " "January 2003): 15, available at <ulink " "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #74</ulink>." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13580 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13584 msgid "" "In <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>, I proposed a " "seventy-five-year term, granted in five-year increments with a requirement " @@ -17590,8 +17595,8 @@ msgid "" "Others have proposed tying the term to the term for patents." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13595 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13599 msgid "" "I agree with those who believe that we need a radical change in copyright's " "term. But whether fourteen years or seventy-five, there are four principles " @@ -17599,8 +17604,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (1) -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13603 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13607 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it short:</emphasis> The term should be as long as necessary " "to give incentives to create, but no longer. If it were tied to very strong " @@ -17612,8 +17617,8 @@ msgstr "" #. (2) #. PAGE BREAK 298 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13612 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13616 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it simple:</emphasis> The line between the public domain and " "protected content must be kept clear. Lawyers like the fuzziness of \"fair " @@ -17626,21 +17631,21 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f4. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13633 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13637 msgid "" "Department of Veterans Affairs, Veteran's Application for Compensation " "and/or Pension, VA Form 21-526 (OMB Approved No. 2900-0001), available at " "<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #75</ulink>." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13641 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:13645 msgid "veterans' pensions" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13625 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13629 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it alive:</emphasis> Copyright should have to be renewed. " "Especially if the maximum term is long, the copyright owner should be " @@ -17654,8 +17659,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. (4) -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13645 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13649 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it prospective:</emphasis> Whatever the term of copyright " "should be, the clearest lesson that economists teach is that a term once " @@ -17671,16 +17676,16 @@ msgid "" "not done is not done, and there's nothing we can do about that now." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13661 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13665 msgid "" "These changes together should produce an <emphasis>average</emphasis> " "copyright term that is much shorter than the current term. Until 1976, the " "average term was just 32.2 years. We should be aiming for the same." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13667 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13671 msgid "" "No doubt the extremists will call these ideas \"radical.\" (After all, I " "call them \"extremists.\") But again, the term I recommended was longer than " @@ -17688,13 +17693,13 @@ msgid "" "generous copyright law than Richard Nixon presided over?" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13677 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> +#: freeculture.xml:13681 msgid "3. Free Use Vs. Fair Use" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13679 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13683 msgid "" "As I observed at the beginning of this book, property law originally granted " "property owners the right to control their property from the ground to the " @@ -17704,8 +17709,8 @@ msgid "" "technology." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13687 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13691 msgid "" "Our Constitution gives Congress the power to give authors \"exclusive " "right\" to \"their writings.\" Congress has given authors an exclusive right " @@ -17716,15 +17721,15 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f5. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13700 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13704 msgid "" "Benjamin Kaplan, <citetitle>An Unhurried View of Copyright</citetitle> (New " "York: Columbia University Press, 1967), 32." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13696 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13700 msgid "" "Congress granted the beginnings of this right in 1870, when it expanded the " "exclusive right of copyright to include a right to control translations and " @@ -17735,13 +17740,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f6. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13713 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13717 msgid "Ibid., 56." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13709 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13713 msgid "" "So inured have we become to the extension of the monopoly to a large range " "of so-called derivative works, that we no longer sense the oddity of " @@ -17749,8 +17754,8 @@ msgid "" "abracadabra of idea and expression.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13718 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13722 msgid "" "I think it's time to recognize that there are airplanes in this field and " "the expansiveness of these rights of derivative use no longer make " @@ -17759,8 +17764,8 @@ msgid "" "each limitation in turn." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13725 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13729 msgid "" "<emphasis>Term:</emphasis> If Congress wants to grant a derivative right, " "then that right should be for a much shorter term. It makes sense to protect " @@ -17771,8 +17776,8 @@ msgid "" "after the creative work is done. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13738 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13742 msgid "" "<emphasis>Scope:</emphasis> Likewise should the scope of derivative rights " "be narrowed. Again, there are some cases in which derivative rights are " @@ -17786,8 +17791,8 @@ msgid "" "to the creative process. Smothers it." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13751 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13755 msgid "" "This was the point that Alben made when describing the making of the Clint " "Eastwood CD. While it makes sense to require negotiation for foreseeable " @@ -17796,21 +17801,21 @@ msgid "" "unforeseeable. Here, a statutory right would make much more sense." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13767 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:13771 msgid "Goldstein, Paul" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13765 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13769 msgid "" "Paul Goldstein, <citetitle>Copyright's Highway: From Gutenberg to the " "Celestial Jukebox</citetitle> (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), " "187–216. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13759 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13763 msgid "" "In each of these cases, the law should mark the uses that are protected, and " "the presumption should be that other uses are not protected. This is the " @@ -17819,8 +17824,8 @@ msgid "" "that expanded protections follow expanded uses." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13773 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13777 msgid "" "Goldstein's analysis would make perfect sense if the cost of the legal " "system were small. But as we are currently seeing in the context of the " @@ -17830,8 +17835,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 301 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13780 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13784 msgid "" "The law could remedy this problem either by removing protection beyond the " "part explicitly drawn or by granting reuse rights upon certain statutory " @@ -17840,13 +17845,13 @@ msgid "" "would earn artists more income." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13790 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> +#: freeculture.xml:13794 msgid "4. Liberate the Music—Again" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13792 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13796 msgid "" "The battle that got this whole war going was about music, so it wouldn't be " "fair to end this book without addressing the issue that is, to most people, " @@ -17855,8 +17860,8 @@ msgid "" "music." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13799 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13803 msgid "" "The appeal of file-sharing music was the crack cocaine of the Internet's " "growth. It drove demand for access to the Internet more powerfully than any " @@ -17866,8 +17871,8 @@ msgid "" "regulations that in the end kill innovation on the network." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13808 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13812 msgid "" "The aim of copyright, with respect to content in general and music in " "particular, is to create the incentives for music to be composed, performed, " @@ -17876,8 +17881,8 @@ msgid "" "performing artist to control copies of her performance." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13815 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13819 msgid "" "File-sharing networks complicate this model by enabling the spread of " "content for which the performer has not been paid. But of course, that's not " @@ -17886,16 +17891,16 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. A. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13823 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13827 msgid "" "There are some who are using sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing " "CDs." msgstr "" #. B. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13828 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13832 msgid "" "There are also some who are using sharing networks to sample, on the way to " "purchasing CDs." @@ -17903,8 +17908,8 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 302 #. C. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13834 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13838 msgid "" "There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content " "that is no longer sold but is still under copyright or that would have been " @@ -17912,16 +17917,16 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. D. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13840 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13844 msgid "" "There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content " "that is not copyrighted or to get access that the copyright owner plainly " "endorses." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13846 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13850 msgid "" "Any reform of the law needs to keep these different uses in focus. It must " "avoid burdening type D even if it aims to eliminate type A. The eagerness " @@ -17931,8 +17936,8 @@ msgid "" "weakened." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13854 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13858 msgid "" "As I said in chapter 5, the actual harm caused by sharing is controversial. " "For the purposes of this chapter, however, I assume the harm is real. I " @@ -17940,16 +17945,16 @@ msgid "" "type B, and is the dominant use of sharing networks." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13861 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13865 msgid "" "Nonetheless, there is a crucial fact about the current technological context " "that we must keep in mind if we are to understand how the law should " "respond." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13866 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13870 msgid "" "Today, file sharing is addictive. In ten years, it won't be. It is addictive " "today because it is the easiest way to gain access to a broad range of " @@ -17963,8 +17968,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 303 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13878 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13882 msgid "" "But it will become a reality, and that means the way we get access to the " "Internet today is a technology in transition. Policy makers should not make " @@ -17980,16 +17985,16 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f8. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13911 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13915 msgid "" "See, for example, \"Music Media Watch,\" The J@pan Inc. Newsletter, 3 April " "2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " "#76</ulink>." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13893 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13897 msgid "" "In that world, it will be extremely easy to connect to services that give " "you access to content on the fly—such as Internet radio, content that " @@ -18010,8 +18015,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 304 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13918 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13922 msgid "" "This point about the future is meant to suggest a perspective on the " "present: It is emphatically temporary. The \"problem\" with file " @@ -18026,8 +18031,8 @@ msgid "" "twenty-first-century technologies." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13934 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13938 msgid "" "The answer begins with recognizing that there are different \"problems\" " "here to solve. Let's start with type D content—uncopyrighted content " @@ -18039,8 +18044,8 @@ msgid "" "ban pay phones in order to eliminate kidnapping." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13945 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13949 msgid "" "Type C content raises a different \"problem.\" This is content that was, at " "one time, published and is no longer available. It may be unavailable " @@ -18050,8 +18055,8 @@ msgid "" "to this content, ideally in a way that returns something to the artist." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13954 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13958 msgid "" "Again, the model here is the used book store. Once a book goes out of print, " "it may still be available in libraries and used book stores. But libraries " @@ -18062,8 +18067,8 @@ msgid "" "of his content without his being compensated is less than ideal." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13964 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13968 msgid "" "The model of used book stores suggests that the law could simply deem " "out-of-print music fair game. If the publisher does not make copies of the " @@ -18075,8 +18080,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 305 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13975 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13979 msgid "" "Alternatively, the law could create a statutory license that would ensure " "that artists get something from the trade of their work. For example, if the " @@ -18087,8 +18092,8 @@ msgid "" "artists would benefit from this trade." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13985 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13989 msgid "" "This system would also create an incentive for publishers to keep works " "available commercially. Works that are available commercially would not be " @@ -18100,8 +18105,8 @@ msgid "" "publisher." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13995 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:13999 msgid "" "The hard case is content of types A and B, and again, this case is hard only " "because the extent of the problem will change over time, as the technologies " @@ -18111,15 +18116,15 @@ msgid "" "content." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14003 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:14007 msgid "" "So here's a solution that will at first seem very strange to both sides in " "this war, but which upon reflection, I suggest, should make some sense." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14007 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:14011 msgid "" "Stripped of the rhetoric about the sanctity of property, the basic claim of " "the content industry is this: A new technology (the Internet) has harmed a " @@ -18132,8 +18137,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 306 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14018 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:14022 msgid "" "I love the Internet, and so I don't like likening it to tobacco or " "asbestos. But the analogy is a fair one from the perspective of the law. " @@ -18143,13 +18148,13 @@ msgid "" "compensate those who are harmed." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14064 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:14068 msgid "Fisher, William" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14030 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:14034 msgid "" "William Fisher, <citetitle>Digital Music: Problems and " "Possibilities</citetitle> (last revised: 10 October 2000), available at " @@ -18187,8 +18192,8 @@ msgid "" "type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14026 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:14030 msgid "" "The idea would be a modification of a proposal that has been floated by " "Harvard law professor William Fisher.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -18202,8 +18207,8 @@ msgid "" "compensation would be paid for by (4) an appropriate tax." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14077 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:14081 msgid "" "Fisher's proposal is careful and comprehensive. It raises a million " "questions, most of which he answers well in his upcoming book, " @@ -18220,8 +18225,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 307 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14092 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:14096 msgid "" "Fisher would balk at the idea of allowing the system to lapse. His aim is " "not just to ensure that artists are paid, but also to ensure that the system " @@ -18233,8 +18238,8 @@ msgid "" "the content itself." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14105 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:14109 msgid "" "No doubt it would be difficult to calculate the proper measure of \"harm\" " "to an industry. But the difficulty of making that calculation would be " @@ -18250,8 +18255,8 @@ msgid "" "sell music on-line." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14120 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:14124 msgid "" "This competition has already occurred against the background of \"free\" " "music from p2p systems. As the sellers of cable television have known for " @@ -18265,8 +18270,8 @@ msgid "" "\"free.\"" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14132 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:14136 msgid "" "This regime of competition, with a backstop to assure that artists don't " "lose, would facilitate a great deal of innovation in the delivery of " @@ -18276,14 +18281,14 @@ msgid "" "barbarically severe punishments of the law." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14141 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:14145 msgid "In summary, then, my proposal is this:" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 308 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14146 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:14150 msgid "" "The Internet is in transition. We should not be regulating a technology in " "transition. We should instead be regulating to minimize the harm to " @@ -18291,35 +18296,35 @@ msgid "" "encouraging, the most efficient technology we can create." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14153 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:14157 msgid "We can minimize that harm while maximizing the benefit to innovation by" msgstr "" #. 1. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14159 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: freeculture.xml:14163 msgid "guaranteeing the right to engage in type D sharing;" msgstr "" #. 2. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14163 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: freeculture.xml:14167 msgid "" "permitting noncommercial type C sharing without liability, and commercial " "type C sharing at a low and fixed rate set by statute;" msgstr "" #. 3. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14169 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: freeculture.xml:14173 msgid "" "while in this transition, taxing and compensating for type A sharing, to the " "extent actual harm is demonstrated." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14174 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:14178 msgid "" "But what if \"piracy\" doesn't disappear? What if there is a competitive " "market providing content at a low cost, but a significant number of " @@ -18327,8 +18332,8 @@ msgid "" "something then?" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14180 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:14184 msgid "" "Yes, it should. But, again, what it should do depends upon how the facts " "develop. These changes may not eliminate type A sharing. But the real issue " @@ -18344,8 +18349,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 309 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14194 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:14198 msgid "" "But we're a long way away from whittling the problem down to this subset of " "type A sharers. And our focus until we're there should not be on finding " @@ -18354,13 +18359,13 @@ msgid "" "and creativity that the Internet is." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14205 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> +#: freeculture.xml:14209 msgid "5. Fire Lots of Lawyers" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14207 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:14211 msgid "" "I'm a lawyer. I make lawyers for a living. I believe in the law. I believe " "in the law of copyright. Indeed, I have devoted my life to working in law, " @@ -18368,8 +18373,8 @@ msgid "" "the end that I would love to live." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14213 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:14217 msgid "" "Yet much of this book has been a criticism of lawyers, or the role lawyers " "have played in this debate. The law speaks to ideals, but it is my view that " @@ -18379,16 +18384,16 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. f10. -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14230 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:14234 msgid "" "Lawrence Lessig, \"Copyright's First Amendment\" (Melville B. Nimmer " "Memorial Lecture), <citetitle>UCLA Law Review</citetitle> 48 (2001): 1057, " "1069–70." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14221 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:14225 msgid "" "The evidence of this bending is compelling. I'm attacked as a \"radical\" by " "many within the profession, yet the positions that I am advocating are " @@ -18400,16 +18405,16 @@ msgid "" "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14236 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:14240 msgid "" "However, my criticism of the role that lawyers have played in this debate is " "not just about a professional bias. It is more importantly about our failure " "to actually reckon the costs of the law." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14246 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:14250 msgid "" "A good example is the work of Professor Stan Liebowitz. Liebowitz is to be " "commended for his careful review of data about infringement, leading him to " @@ -18428,8 +18433,8 @@ msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14241 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:14245 msgid "" "Economists are supposed to be good at reckoning costs and benefits. But " "more often than not, economists, with no clue about how the legal system " @@ -18440,8 +18445,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 310 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14270 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:14274 msgid "" "But the legal system doesn't work. Or more accurately, it doesn't work for " "anyone except those with the most resources. Not because the system is " @@ -18450,8 +18455,8 @@ msgid "" "astonishingly high that justice can practically never be done." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14278 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:14282 msgid "" "These costs distort free culture in many ways. A lawyer's time is billed at " "the largest firms at more than $400 per hour. How much time should such a " @@ -18463,8 +18468,8 @@ msgid "" "and costly cases." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14288 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:14292 msgid "" "The costliness and clumsiness and randomness of this system mock our " "tradition. And lawyers, as well as academics, should consider it their duty " @@ -18474,16 +18479,16 @@ msgid "" "and hence radically more just." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14296 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:14300 msgid "" "But until that reform is complete, we as a society should keep the law away " "from areas that we know it will only harm. And that is precisely what the " "law will too often do if too much of our culture is left to its review." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14302 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:14306 msgid "" "Think about the amazing things your kid could do or make with digital " "technology—the film, the music, the Web page, the blog. Or think about " @@ -18495,8 +18500,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 311 -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14311 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:14315 msgid "" "The law should regulate in certain areas of culture—but it should " "regulate culture only where that regulation does good. Yet lawyers rarely " @@ -18505,8 +18510,8 @@ msgid "" "the law, the lawyer answers, \"Why not?\"" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14320 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#: freeculture.xml:14324 msgid "" "We should ask, \"Why?\" Show me why your regulation of culture is " "needed. Show me how it does good. And until you can show me both, keep your " @@ -18514,12 +18519,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14331 +#: freeculture.xml:14333 msgid "NOTES" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14333 +#: freeculture.xml:14335 msgid "" "Throughout this text, there are references to links on the World Wide " "Web. As anyone who has tried to use the Web knows, these links can be highly " @@ -18533,12 +18538,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14348 +#: freeculture.xml:14350 msgid "ACKNOWLEDGMENTS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14350 +#: freeculture.xml:14352 msgid "" "This book is the product of a long and as yet unsuccessful struggle that " "began when I read of Eric Eldred's war to keep books free. Eldred's work " @@ -18547,7 +18552,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14356 +#: freeculture.xml:14358 msgid "" "I received guidance in various places from friends and academics, including " "Glenn Brown, Peter DiCola, Jennifer Mnookin, Richard Posner, Mark Rose, and " @@ -18563,7 +18568,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 337 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14369 +#: freeculture.xml:14371 msgid "" "Yuko Noguchi helped me to understand the laws of Japan as well as its " "culture. I am thankful to her, and to the many in Japan who helped me " @@ -18576,7 +18581,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14380 +#: freeculture.xml:14382 msgid "" "These are the traditional sorts of help that academics regularly draw " "upon. But in addition to them, the Internet has made it possible to receive " @@ -18597,7 +18602,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14400 +#: freeculture.xml:14402 msgid "" "Richard Stallman and Michael Carroll each read the whole book in draft, and " "each provided extremely helpful correction and advice. Michael helped me to " @@ -18608,7 +18613,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14409 +#: freeculture.xml:14411 msgid "" "Finally, and forever, I am thankful to Bettina, who has always insisted that " "there would be unending happiness away from these battles, and who has "