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"Last-Translator: Petter Reinholdtsen <pere-weblate@hungry.com>\n"
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msgid "en"
msgstr "nb"
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
+#. type: Content of: <article><articleinfo><title>
msgid "How to Destroy Surveillance Capitalism"
msgstr "Hvordan knuse overvåkningskapitalismen"
-#. type: Content of: <
book><bookinfo><authorgroup><author><firstname>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><articleinfo><authorgroup><author><firstname>
msgid "Cory"
msgstr "Cory"
-#. type: Content of: <
book><bookinfo><authorgroup><author><surname>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><articleinfo><authorgroup><author><surname>
msgid "Doctorow"
msgstr "Doctorow"
-#. type: Content of: <
book><bookinfo><publisher><address>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><articleinfo><publisher><address>
#, no-wrap
msgid "<city>Oslo</city>"
msgstr "<city>Oslo</city>"
-#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo>
+#. type: Content of: <article><articleinfo>
msgid ""
"<publisher> <publishername>Petter Reinholdtsen</publishername> <placeholder "
"type=\"address\" id=\"0\"/> </publisher> <copyright> <year>2020</year> "
"<holder>Cory Doctorow</holder> </copyright> <copyright> <year>2020</year> "
"<holder>Petter Reinholdtsen</holder> </copyright>"
-#. type: Content of: <
book><bookinfo><legalnotice><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><articleinfo><legalnotice><para>
msgid "How to Destroy Surveillance Capitalism by Cory Doctorow."
msgstr "Hvordan knuse overvåkningskapitalismen av Cory Doctorow."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><bookinfo><legalnotice><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><articleinfo><legalnotice><para>
msgid "Published by Petter Reinholdtsen."
msgstr ""
"Utgitt av Petter Reinholdtsen. Oversatt på dugnad av Ole-Erik Yrvin, Petter "
"Reinholdtsen, Allan Nordhøy og Christer Gundersen."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><bookinfo><legalnotice><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><articleinfo><legalnotice><para>
msgid "ISBN 978-82-93828-05-1 (hard cover)"
msgstr "ISBN 978-82-93828-05-1 (innbundet)"
-#. type: Content of: <
book><bookinfo><legalnotice><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><articleinfo><legalnotice><para>
msgid "ISBN 978-82-93828-06-8 (paperback)"
msgstr "ISBN 978-82-93828-06-8 (heftet)"
-#. type: Content of: <
book><bookinfo><legalnotice><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><articleinfo><legalnotice><para>
msgid "ISBN 978-82-93828-07-5 (ePub)"
msgstr "ISBN 978-82-93828-07-5 (ePub)"
-#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><legalnotice><para><inlinemediaobject>
+#. type: Content of: <article><articleinfo><legalnotice><para>
+msgid ""
+"This book is available for purchase from <ulink url=\"https://www.lulu.com/"
+"\"/>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><articleinfo><legalnotice><para><inlinemediaobject>
msgid ""
"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=\"images/cc.png\" contentdepth=\"3em\" "
"width=\"100%\" align=\"center\"/> </imageobject> <imageobject> <imagedata "
"fileref=\"images/cc.svg\" contentdepth=\"3em\" width=\"100%\" align=\"center"
"\"/> </imageobject>"
-#. type: Content of: <
book><bookinfo><legalnotice><para><inlinemediaobject><textobject><phrase>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><articleinfo><legalnotice><para><inlinemediaobject><textobject><phrase>
msgid "Creative Commons, Some rights reserved"
msgstr "Creative Commons, noen rettigheter forbeholdt"
-#. type: Content of: <
book><bookinfo><legalnotice><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><articleinfo><legalnotice><para>
msgid "<placeholder type=\"inlinemediaobject\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr "<placeholder type=\"inlinemediaobject\" id=\"0\"/>"
-#. type: Content of: <
book><bookinfo><legalnotice><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><articleinfo><legalnotice><para>
msgid ""
"This book is licensed under a Creative Commons license. This license permits "
"any use of this work, so long as attribution is given and no derivatived "
"avledet materiale distribueres. Hvis du vil ha mer informasjon om lisensen, "
"besøk <ulink url=\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/\"/>."
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title>
+#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><title>
msgid "The net of a thousand lies"
msgstr "Nettverket av tusen løgner"
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"The most surprising thing about the rebirth of flat Earthers in the 21st "
"century is just how widespread the evidence against them is. You can "
"rimelig fornuftig tro på at den tilsynelatende flate jorden, rent faktisk "
"var flat."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"But today, when elementary schools routinely dangle GoPro cameras from "
"balloons and loft them high enough to photograph the Earth’s curve — to say "
"det lite eksepsjonelle synet av en krummet jord fra vinduet på et fly. Det "
"kreves en heroisk innsats for å holde på troen om at jorden er flat."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Likewise for white nationalism and eugenics: In an age where you can become "
"a computational genomics datapoint by swabbing your cheek and mailing it to "
"beskjeden sum penger, så har <quote>rasevitenskap</quote> aldri vært enklere "
"å avvise."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"We are living through a golden age of both readily available facts and "
"denial of those facts. Terrible ideas that have lingered on the fringes for "
"fornektelse av dem. Forferdelige idéer som har svevd i utkanten i tiår eller "
"til og med århundrer har blitt allemannseie tilsynelatende over natten."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"When an obscure idea gains currency, there are only two things that can "
"explain its ascendance: Either the person expressing that idea has gotten a "
"deler: Desto mer vi steker, brenner, drukner og forvitrer, dess enklere vil "
"det være for dem av oss som Greta Thunberg å overbevise oss."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"The arguments for ridiculous beliefs in odious conspiracies like anti-"
"vaccination, climate denial, a flat Earth, and eugenics are no better than "
"blitt bedre i den vordende generasjonen. Faktisk har ting blitt verre, fordi "
"folk uten bakgrunn i kildekritikk er gjenstand for dem."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Anti-vax has been around since the first vaccines, but the early anti-"
"vaxxers were pitching people who were less equipped to understand even the "
"mer finslepne enn tidligere tiders religiøse verdensanskuelse, og de har en "
"mye vanskeligere jobb."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"So can these far-fetched conspiracy theorists really be succeeding on the "
"basis of superior arguments?"
"Er det tilfelle at disse konspiratorikerne lykkes med utgangspunkt i bedre "
"argumenter?"
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Some people think so. Today, there is a widespread belief that machine "
"learning and commercial surveillance can turn even the most fumble-tongued "
"deres algoritme</ulink>, er det underforstått at maskinlæring og overvåkning "
"endrer vår oppfattelse av hva som sant er."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"After all, in a world where sprawling and incoherent conspiracy theories "
"like Pizzagate and its successor, QAnon, have widespread followings, "
"I en verden der enhver konspirasjonsteori har sine ihuga tilhengere, må "
"<emphasis>noe</emphasis> være i gjerde."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"But what if there’s another explanation? What if it’s the material "
"circumstances, and not the arguments, that are making the difference for "
"på mislighold? Slike ting som i beste fall kalles korrupsjon, gjør de folk "
"sårbare for fiktive konspirasjonsteorier?"
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"If it’s trauma and not contagion — material conditions and not ideology — "
"that is making the difference today and enabling a rise of repulsive "
"spore opp sårbare mennesker og lede dem gjennom en rekke av stadig mer "
"ekstreme ideer og lokalsamfunn."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Belief in conspiracy is a raging fire that has done real damage and poses "
"real danger to our planet and species, from epidemics <ulink url=\"https://"
"hjelpe folk til å se sannheten i verden igjennom konspirasjonene de har "
"blitt forvirret av."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"But firefighting is reactive. We need fire <emphasis>prevention</emphasis>. "
"We need to strike at the traumatic material conditions that make people "
"materielle tilværelsen hvis innvirken på folks svakhet for den, smitter over "
"i handling. Her kan også teknologi ha noe å si."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"There’s no shortage of proposals to address this. From the EU’s <ulink url="
"\"https://edri.org/tag/terreg/\">Terrorist Content Regulation</ulink>, which "
"ytringsfrihet</ulink>. Det er mange krefter i sving som kan svinge tilbake "
"slik at teknologiselskaper må løse problemene de utgjør."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"There’s a critical piece missing from the debate, though. All these "
"solutions assume that tech companies are a fixture, that their dominance "
"storartet smålig, fordi kun de største selskapene får råd til å sette i verk "
"systemene disse lovene krever."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Figuring out what we want our tech to look like is crucial if we’re going to "
"get out of this mess. Today, we’re at a crossroads where we’re trying to "
"fortsettelsen, eller om det går noen tog andre veien. Enveisbilletten har vi "
"klamt for hånden."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"I want us to choose wisely. Taming Big Tech is integral to fixing the "
"internet, and for that, we need digital rights activism."
"Velg med omhu. Temming av storteknologien er iboende viktig for løsningen på "
"Internett. Hvorfra vi setter ut i det, en digital rettighetsaktivisme til."
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title>
+#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><title>
msgid "Digital rights activism, a quarter-century on"
msgstr "Digital rettighetsaktivisme, et kvart århundre senere"
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Digital rights activism is more than 30 years old now. The Electronic "
"Frontier Foundation turned 30 this year; the Free Software Foundation "
"rettighetsaktivisme er riktig der det alltid har vært rett: voktende over "
"menneskene i en verden der teknologi ubønnhørlig tar grep."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"The latest version of this critique comes in the form of <quote>surveillance "
"capitalism,</quote> a term coined by business professor Shoshana Zuboff in "
"og sivilisasjon har utfordringer. Dog tar hun kanskje virkelig feil av "
"hvordan teknologi er forskjellig, og hvordan det truer vår art."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"What’s more, I think that her incorrect diagnosis will lead us down a path "
"that ends up making Big Tech stronger, not weaker. We need to take down Big "
"storteknologien har penset inn allerede. Ned med storteknologien, er ikke en "
"avsporing av problemet."
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title>
+#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><title>
msgid "Tech exceptionalism, then and now"
msgstr "Teknologieksepsjonalisme, da og nå"
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Early critics of the digital rights movement — perhaps best represented by "
"campaigning organizations like the Electronic Frontier Foundation, the Free "
"<emphasis>Star Trek</emphasis> på digitale oppslagstavler istedenfor Nelson "
"Mandela."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"In the decades since, accusations of <quote>tech exceptionalism</quote> have "
"only sharpened as tech’s role in everyday life has expanded: Now that tech "
"deres uaktsomhet som tjener deres egeninteresse (eller verre, skumle "
"konspirasjoner)."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"From my perspective, the digital rights movement has remained stationary "
"while the rest of the world has moved. From the earliest days, the "
"ofte, når selskaper gjorde så tåpelige ting at det truet med nye regelsett "
"som også gjorde det vanskeligere for rasjonelle aktører å hjelpe brukere)."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"The <quote>surveillance capitalism</quote> critique recasts the digital "
"rights movement in a new light again: not as alarmists who overestimate the "
"oppfatte nye truslene som finnes fordi de er opptatt med forrige århundres "
"teknologikamp."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid "But tech exceptionalism is a sin no matter who practices it."
msgstr ""
"Men teknologieksepsjonalisme er en synd, uavsett hvem som bedriver den."
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title>
+#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><title>
msgid "Don’t believe the hype"
msgstr "Ikke fest din lit til oppstuss"
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"You’ve probably heard that <quote>if you’re not paying for the product, "
"you’re the product.</quote> As we’ll see below, that’s true, if incomplete. "
"emphasis> om å kjøpe ting. Tjenestene—sosiale media, søkemotorer, kart, "
"meldingstjenester, med mer—er leveringssystemer for overbeviselse."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"The fear of surveillance capitalism starts from the (correct) presumption "
"that everything Big Tech says about itself is probably a lie. But the "
"salgsmateriell ikke er en pålitelig indikator på et produkts "
"gjennomføringsevne."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Surveillance capitalism assumes that because advertisers buy a lot of what "
"Big Tech is selling, Big Tech must be selling something real. But Big Tech’s "
"felles vrangforestilling eller noe enda mer skadelig, monopolistisk kontroll "
"over kommunikasjonen og handelen vår."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Being watched changes your behavior, and not for the better. It creates "
"risks for our social progress. Zuboff’s book features beautifully wrought "
"rett ut av en femtitalls-tegneserie, der brukt av gale forskere hvis "
"superdatamaskiner garanterer dem evigvarende og total verdensherredømme."
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title>
+#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><title>
msgid "What is persuasion?"
msgstr "Hva er overtalelse?"
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"To understand why you shouldn’t worry about mind-control rays — but why you "
"<emphasis>should</emphasis> worry about surveillance <emphasis>and</"
"<emphasis>og</emphasis> Storteknologi, så må vi starte ved å se på hva vi "
"mener med <quote>overtalelse</quote>."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Google, Facebook, and other surveillance capitalists promise their customers "
"(the advertisers) that if they use machine-learning tools trained on "
"folket og styre deres oppførsel, og slik skape en strøm av kjøp, stemmer og "
"andre ønskede resultater."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><blockquote><para>
msgid ""
"The impact of dominance far exceeds the impact of manipulation and should be "
"central to our analysis and any remedies we seek."
"derfor være hovedfokus i vår analyse og bestemmende for hvilke avhjelpende "
"midler vi går for."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"But there’s little evidence that this is happening. Instead, the predictions "
"that surveillance capitalism delivers to its customers are much less "
"så gjør overvåkningskapitaliser som Mark Zuckerberg i hovedsak en eller "
"flere av tre ting:"
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
+#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><sect2><title>
msgid "1. Segmenting"
msgstr "1. Segmentering"
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"If you’re selling diapers, you have better luck if you pitch them to people "
"in maternity wards. Not everyone who enters or leaves a maternity ward just "
"bleiereklamer i nærheten av fødeavdelinger (samt selgere av babyprodukter, "
"som henger rundt fødeavdelinger med favnen full av gratispakker)."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"Surveillance capitalism is segmenting times a billion. Diaper vendors can go "
"way beyond people in maternity wards (though they can do that, too, with "
"du snakker høyt om dem (selv om Facebook og dets like overbevisende påstår "
"at dette ikke gjøres — ennå)."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid "This is seriously creepy."
msgstr "Dette er veldig ekkelt."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid "But it’s not mind control."
msgstr "Men det er ikke tankekontroll."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid "It doesn’t deprive you of your free will. It doesn’t trick you."
msgstr "Det fratar deg ikke din frie vilje. Det lurer deg ikke."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"Think of how surveillance capitalism works in politics. Surveillance "
"capitalist companies sell political operatives the power to locate people "
"budskapet ved fabrikkportene, og forkjemperne for hvit overherredømme deler "
"ut foldere på møter i John Birch Society (FIXME bedre med norsk analogi?)."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"But this is an inexact and thus wasteful practice. The union organizer can’t "
"know which worker to approach on the way out of the factory gates and may "
"klarer, og hvilke som kan overtales til å reise tvers over hele landet for å "
"bære en tiki-fakkel gjennom gatene i Charlottesville, Virginia."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"Because targeting improves the yields on political pitches, it can "
"accelerate the pace of political upheaval by making it possible for everyone "
"Wall Street, samt mindre tiltalende aktører, som ytre høyrehvite "
"nasjonalistiske bevegelser som marsjerte i Charlottesville."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"It’s important to differentiate this kind of political organizing from "
"influence campaigns; finding people who secretly agree with you isn’t the "
"som overbeviser påvirkbare mennesker at i hemmelighet her vært skeive hele "
"tiden."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"But the personal accounts of those who have come out tell a different story "
"where people who long harbored a secret about their gender were emboldened "
"lærte de riktige ordene på disse rimelige måtene ved å finne folk på og lære "
"om deres ideer."
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
+#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><sect2><title>
msgid "2. Deception"
msgstr "2. Villedning"
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"Lies and fraud are pernicious, and surveillance capitalism supercharges them "
"through targeting. If you want to sell a fraudulent payday loan or subprime "
"ved å annonsere mot søk som indikerer, for eksempel, at noen sliter med lån "
"som resultat av dårlig rådgiving."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"Surveillance capitalism also abets fraud by making it easy to locate other "
"people who have been similarly deceived, forming a community of people who "
"for å utveksle tips om hvordan de kan forbedre sin situasjon ved å selv "
"selge produktet."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"Sometimes, online deception involves replacing someone’s correct beliefs "
"with incorrect ones, as it does in the anti-vaccination movement, whose "
"begynner å tro på vaksiner, men er overbevist av tilsynelatende plausible "
"bevis som fører dem inn i den falske troen på at vaksiner er skadelige."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><sect2><para>
msgid ""
"But it’s much more common for fraud to succeed when it doesn’t have to "
"displace a true belief. When my daughter contracted head lice at daycare, "
"falske tro når du rett og slett ikke vet noe bedre, og når disse "
"overbevisningene formidles av noen som synes å vite hva de gjør."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
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msgid ""
"This is pernicious and difficult — and it’s also the kind of thing the "
"internet can help guard against by making true information available, "
"anti-vaksineproblemet, der noens korrekte oppfatning er erstattet av en "
"falsk ved hjelp av sofistikert overtalelse."
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
+#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><sect2><title>
msgid "3. Domination"
msgstr "3. Dominans"
-#. type: Content of: <
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+#. type: Content of: <
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msgid ""
"Surveillance capitalism is the result of monopoly. Monopoly is the cause, "
"and surveillance capitalism and its negative outcomes are the effects of "
"sine gryende konkurrenter, og utvidet til å kontrollere hele markedet "
"vertikalt."
-#. type: Content of: <
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+#. type: Content of: <
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msgid ""
"One example of how monopolism aids in persuasion is through dominance: "
"Google makes editorial decisions about its algorithms that determine the "
"<emphasis>siden</emphasis> med resultater – betyr Googles valg, at mange "
"mennesker vil bli ført bak lyset."
-#. type: Content of: <
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+#. type: Content of: <
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msgid ""
"Google’s dominance over search — more than 86% of web searches are performed "
"through Google — means that the way it orders its search results has an "
"et selskap som er for stort til å bli gjennomgått: Å bryte det opp i mindre "
"biter."
-#. type: Content of: <
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+#. type: Content of: <
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msgid ""
"Zuboff calls surveillance capitalism a <quote>rogue capitalism</quote> whose "
"data-hoarding and machine-learning techniques rob us of our free will. But "
"så overstiger virkningen av slik dominans langt virkningen av manipulasjon "
"og bør stå sentralt i vår analyse og for alle utbedringer vi går for."
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
+#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><sect2><title>
msgid "4. Bypassing our rational faculties"
msgstr "4. Omgåelse av våre rasjonelle evner"
-#. type: Content of: <
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msgid ""
"<emphasis>This</emphasis> is the good stuff: using machine learning, "
"<quote>dark patterns,</quote> engagement hacking, and other techniques to "
"teknikker for å få oss til å gjøre ting som er i strid med vår egen sunne "
"fornuft. Dette er tankekontroll."
-#. type: Content of: <
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+#. type: Content of: <
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msgid ""
"Some of these techniques have proven devastatingly effective (if only in the "
"short term). The use of countdown timers on a purchase completion page can "
"fordi vi byr på det, og dermed oppmuntrer oss til å by igjen, når vi blir "
"overbydd, for å sikre at <quote>våre</quote> ting forblir våre."
-#. type: Content of: <
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+#. type: Content of: <
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msgid ""
"Games are extraordinarily good at this. <quote>Free to play</quote> games "
"manipulate us through many techniques, such as presenting players with a "
"vennene dine klarer det – og før du vet av det, kjøper du virtuelle "
"oppgraderinger for å komme opp til neste nivå."
-#. type: Content of: <
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+#. type: Content of: <
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msgid ""
"Companies have risen and fallen on these techniques, and the <quote>fallen</"
"quote> part is worth paying attention to. In general, living things adapt to "
"opp, men som forsvinner helt i bakgrunnen, slik at du bare legger merke til "
"den når det stopper igjen."
-#. type: Content of: <
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+#. type: Content of: <
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msgid ""
"That’s why behavioral conditioning uses <quote>intermittent reinforcement "
"schedules.</quote> Instead of giving you a steady drip of encouragement or "
"interessert og tilfeldig nok til at du aldri helt kan finne mønsteret som "
"ville gjøre det kjedelig."
-#. type: Content of: <
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+#. type: Content of: <
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msgid ""
"Intermittent reinforcement is a powerful behavioral tool, but it also "
"represents a collective action problem for surveillance capitalism. The "
"din mobil, som det er umulig å ta tak i, og som blir til en grå lydvegg når "
"hver enkelt app og nettsted arbeider."
-#. type: Content of: <
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msgid ""
"From the surveillance capitalist’s point of view, our adaptive capacity is "
"like a harmful bacterium that deprives it of its food source — our attention "
"immunitet mot selv de kraftigste teknikkene - og innen 2013, to år etter "
"Zyngas topp, hadde brukerbasen halvert seg."
-#. type: Content of: <
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+#. type: Content of: <
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msgid ""
"Not everyone, of course. Some people never adapt to stimulus, just as some "
"people never stop hearing the hum of the refrigerator. This is why most "
"bruker barnas oppsparte studiemidler, kjøper voksen bleier, og plasserer seg "
"foran en maskin til de kollapser."
-#. type: Content of: <
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+#. type: Content of: <
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msgid ""
"But surveillance capitalism’s margins on behavioral modification suck. "
"Tripling the rate at which someone buys a widget sounds great <ulink url="
"for hvert spinn, mens overvåkingskapitalismen raker inn uendelige "
"brøkerdeler av mynter."
-#. type: Content of: <
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+#. type: Content of: <
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msgid ""
"Slot machines’ high returns mean that they can be profitable just by "
"draining the fortunes of the small rump of people who are pathologically "
"Supercell, har klart seg litt bedre, men de er sjeldne har mange bortkastede "
"feil for hver suksess."
-#. type: Content of: <
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+#. type: Content of: <
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msgid ""
"The vulnerability of small segments of the population to dramatic, efficient "
"corporate manipulation is a real concern that’s worthy of our attention and "
"bedriftsmanipulasjon, er et reelt anliggende som er verdig vår oppmerksomhet "
"og energi. Men det er ikke en eksistensiell trussel mot samfunnet."
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title>
+#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><title>
msgid ""
"If data is the new oil, then surveillance capitalism’s engine has a leak"
msgstr ""
"Hvis data er den nye oljen, så har overvåkningskapitalismen motorlekkasje"
-#. type: Content of: <
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+#. type: Content of: <
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"This adaptation problem offers an explanation for one of surveillance "
"capitalism’s most alarming traits: its relentless hunger for data and its "
"spredning av sensorer, nettovervåking og oppkjøp av datastrømmer fra "
"tredjeparter."
-#. type: Content of: <
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+#. type: Content of: <
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msgid ""
"Zuboff observes this phenomenon and concludes that data must be very "
"valuable if surveillance capitalism is so hungry for it. (In her words: "
"glemsomme system? Hva om det hele er en Red Queen's rase hvor de må løpe "
"stadig raskere - samle stadig mer data - bare for å holde seg på samme sted?"
-#. type: Content of: <
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msgid ""
"Of course, all of Big Tech’s persuasion techniques work in concert with one "
"another, and collecting data is useful beyond mere behavioral trickery."
"hverandre, og innsamling av data er nyttig utover bare til atferdsmessig "
"lureri."
-#. type: Content of: <
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+#. type: Content of: <
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msgid ""
"If someone wants to recruit you to buy a refrigerator or join a pogrom, they "
"might use profiling and targeting to send messages to people they judge to "
"forskjellige banene ved hjelp av maskinlæring og andre teknikker for å finne "
"ut hva slags tonehøyde som fungerer best på noen som deg."
-#. type: Content of: <
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+#. type: Content of: <
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msgid ""
"Each phase of this process benefits from surveillance: The more data they "
"have, the more precisely they can profile you and target you with specific "
"prospektets kjøleskap nettopp er utløpt, og at de forventer en skatterabatt "
"i april."
-#. type: Content of: <
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+#. type: Content of: <
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msgid ""
"Also, the more data they have, the better they can craft deceptive messages "
"— if I know that you’re into genealogy, I might not try to feed you "
"stikker i stedet til konspiratoriske hemmelige historier om <quote> "
"demografi</quote> og lignende."
-#. type: Content of: <
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+#. type: Content of: <
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msgid ""
"Facebook also helps you locate people who have the same odious or antisocial "
"views as you. It makes it possible to find other people who want to carry "
"udokumenterte innvandrere å terrorisere. Det kan hjelpe deg å finne folk som "
"deler din tro på at vaksiner er gift og at jorden er flat."
-#. type: Content of: <
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+#. type: Content of: <
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msgid ""
"There is one way in which targeted advertising uniquely benefits those "
"advocating for socially unacceptable causes: It is invisible. Racism is "
"reklamen din vil bli sett av masse folk som ikke ønsker å kjøpe kjøleskap "
"som gir store unødvendige kostnader."
-#. type: Content of: <
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+#. type: Content of: <
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msgid ""
"But even if you wanted to advertise your Nazi movement on a billboard or "
"prime-time TV or the sports section, you would struggle to find anyone "
"er uenige i ditt syn og delvis fordi de frykter negative konsekvenser "
"(boykott, skadet omdømme, etc) fra andre folk som er uenige med deg."
-#. type: Content of: <
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+#. type: Content of: <
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msgid ""
"Targeted ads solve this problem: On the internet, every ad unit can be "
"different for every person, meaning that you can buy ads that are only shown "
"tradisjonell utgiver eller reklametavleeier som ønsker å publisere nazi-"
"reklame."
-#. type: Content of: <
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+#. type: Content of: <
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msgid ""
"Online ads are placed by algorithms that broker between a diverse ecosystem "
"of self-serve ad platforms that anyone can buy an ad through, so the Nazi ad "
"ikke valgte publikasjonen, og at publikasjonen ikke aner hvem som reklamerer "
"hos dem."
-#. type: Content of: <
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+#. type: Content of: <
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msgid ""
"These layers of indirection between advertisers and publishers serve as "
"moral buffers: Today’s moral consensus is largely that publishers shouldn’t "
"takket være dette, i stand til å overkomme signifikante hindre for å "
"organisere sin bevegelse."
-#. type: Content of: <
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+#. type: Content of: <
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"Data has a complex relationship with domination. Being able to spy on your "
"customers can alert you to their preferences for your rivals and allow you "
"kundene dine så kan du få varsel når de foretrekker dine rivaler og det gir "
"deg mulighet til å gjøre det bedre enn konkurrentene dine i neste omgang."
-#. type: Content of: <
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+#. type: Content of: <
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"More importantly, if you can dominate the information space while also "
"gathering data, then you make other deceptive tactics stronger because it’s "
"drivkraften som gjør enhver taktikk verdt å utnytte fordi monopolistisk "
"dominering fratar ditt mål enhver fluktrute."
-#. type: Content of: <
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+#. type: Content of: <
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"If you’re a Nazi who wants to ensure that your prospects primarily see "
"deceptive, confirming information when they search for more, you can improve "
"til <quote>stemmejuks</quote>, hvilket gir en helt annen gruppe "
"søkeresultater."
-#. type: Content of: <
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+#. type: Content of: <
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msgid ""
"Surveillance capitalists are like stage mentalists who claim that their "
"extraordinary insights into human behavior let them guess the word that you "
"bruker fordekte hjelpere, skjulte kamera, fingerferdigheter og direkte "
"memorering for å gjøre deg forbløffet."
-#. type: Content of: <
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+#. type: Content of: <
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msgid ""
"Or perhaps they’re more like pick-up artists, the misogynistic cult that "
"promises to help awkward men have sex with women by teaching them "
"komme med uønskede negative tilbakemeldinger til kvinner for å senke deres "
"selvtillit og fange deres interesse."
-#. type: Content of: <
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+#. type: Content of: <
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"Some pick-up artists eventually manage to convince women to go home with "
"them, but it’s not because these men have figured out how to bypass women’s "
"seg selv, men som ikke forsto med en gang at de var sammen med forferdelige "
"menn og korrigerte feilen så raskt de kunne."
-#. type: Content of: <
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+#. type: Content of: <
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"Pick-up artists <emphasis>believe</emphasis> they have figured out a secret "
"back door that bypasses women’s critical faculties, but they haven’t. Many "
"gjenkjenne teknikken og avvise mennene som bruker dem som uhelbredelige "
"tapere."
-#. type: Content of: <
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+#. type: Content of: <
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"Pick-up artists are proof that people can believe they have developed a "
"system of mind control <emphasis>even when it doesn’t work</emphasis>. Pick-"
"markedsføre seg til menn som betaler for å lære seg sjekkekunstens "
"hemmeligheter."
-#. type: Content of: <
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+#. type: Content of: <
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msgid ""
"Department store pioneer John Wanamaker is said to have lamented, "
"<quote>Half the money I spend on advertising is wasted; the trouble is I "
"klienter om å kjøpe tjenester fra dem enn de er til å overbevise allmenheten "
"om å kjøpe varene fra kundene deres."
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title>
+#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><title>
msgid "What is Facebook?"
msgstr "Hva er Facebook?"
-#. type: Content of: <
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+#. type: Content of: <
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msgid ""
"Facebook is heralded as the origin of all of our modern plagues, and it’s "
"not hard to see why. Some tech companies want to lock their users in but "
"forretning basert på å låse inne brukerne sine <emphasis>og samtidig</"
"emphasis> spionere på dem."
-#. type: Content of: <
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+#. type: Content of: <
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msgid ""
"Facebook’s surveillance regime is really without parallel in the Western "
"world. Though Facebook tries to prevent itself from being visible on the "
"sluser informasjon om besøkende på nettstedene — aviser, sjekkesteder, "
"oppslagstavler — til Facebook."
-#. type: Content of: <
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+#. type: Content of: <
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msgid ""
"Big Tech is able to practice surveillance not just because it is tech but "
"because it is <emphasis>big</emphasis>."
"Det er ikke på grunn av at den er teknologi at Storteknologien kan utøve "
"overvåkning, men på grunn av at den er <emphasis>stor</emphasis>."
-#. type: Content of: <
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+#. type: Content of: <
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"Facebook offers similar tools to app developers, so the apps — games, fart "
"machines, business review services, apps for keeping abreast of your kid’s "
"og kobler dette med personprofiler som utvikles basert på aktiviteten på "
"Facebook, med app-er og den offentlige verdensveven."
-#. type: Content of: <
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+#. type: Content of: <
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msgid ""
"Though it’s easy to integrate the web with Facebook — linking to news "
"stories and such — Facebook products are generally not available to be "
"tjenester, eller lage alternative grensesnitt til Facebook som slår sammen "
"nye meldinger på Facebook med de fra andre tjenester du bruker."
-#. type: Content of: <
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"And Facebook is incredibly popular, with 2.3 billion claimed users (though "
"many believe this figure to be inflated). Facebook has been used to organize "
"disse stygge tingene som foregår er resultat av tankekontrollsystemet til "
"Facebook, som de leier ut til enhver med penger å bruke på det."
-#. type: Content of: <
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+#. type: Content of: <
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"To understand what role Facebook plays in the formulation and mobilization "
"of antisocial movements, we need to understand the dual nature of Facebook."
"For å forstå hvilken rolle Facebook har i formuleringen og mobiliseringen av "
"antisosiale bevegelser, så må vi forstå Facebook sin splittede natur."
-#. type: Content of: <
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+#. type: Content of: <
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"Because it has a lot of users and a lot of data about those users, Facebook "
"is a very efficient tool for locating people with hard-to-find traits, the "
"etter å nå enhver der det er den minste sjanse for at de er i markedet etter "
"ett nytt kjøleskap."
-#. type: Content of: <
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+#. type: Content of: <
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"Facebook makes finding people shopping for refrigerators a <emphasis>lot</"
"emphasis> easier. It can target ads to people who’ve registered a new home "
"<emphasis>mye</emphasis> større enn for noen gruppe som kan bli utsatt for "
"tradisjonell, målrettet kjøleskapmarkedsføring i den fysiske verden."
-#. type: Content of: <
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+#. type: Content of: <
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"Facebook also makes it a lot easier to find people who have the same rare "
"disease as you, which might have been impossible in earlier eras — the "
"er gått og dine tidligere klassekamerater har blitt spredt for alle "
"verdenshjørner."
-#. type: Content of: <
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+#. type: Content of: <
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"Facebook also makes it much easier to find people who hold the same rare "
"political beliefs as you. If you’ve always harbored a secret affinity for "
"bare påvirket deg, i virkeligheten var en allment delt egenskap, noe som gir "
"deg både trygghet og mot til å komme ut til personene i livet ditt."
-#. type: Content of: <
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+#. type: Content of: <
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"All of this presents a dilemma for Facebook: Targeting makes the company’s "
"ads more effective than traditional ads, but it also lets advertisers see "
"<quote>merkevaregjenkjenning</quote>. Dette betyr at prisen per annonse er "
"svært lav i nesten alle tilfeller."
-#. type: Content of: <
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+#. type: Content of: <
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"To make things worse, many Facebook groups spark precious little discussion. "
"Your little-league soccer team, the people with the same rare disease as "
"kritiske tidspunkt, men i hverdagen er det ikke mye å si til dine gamle "
"kamerater fra videregående, eller andre fotballkort-samlere."
-#. type: Content of: <
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+#. type: Content of: <
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msgid ""
"With nothing but <quote>organic</quote> discussion, Facebook would not "
"generate enough traffic to sell enough ads to make the money it needs to "
"pengene den trenger for å kontinuerlig utvide ved å kjøpe opp sine "
"konkurrenter mens de gir kjekke summer i utbytte til sine investorer."
-#. type: Content of: <
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+#. type: Content of: <
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"So Facebook has to gin up traffic by sidetracking its own forums: Every time "
"Facebook’s algorithm injects controversial materials — inflammatory "
"lykke, og det viser seg at automatiserte systemer er ganske flinke til å "
"finne ting som folk vil bli sinte over."
-#. type: Content of: <
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+#. type: Content of: <
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"Facebook <emphasis>can</emphasis> modify our behavior but only in a couple "
"of trivial ways. First, it can lock in all your friends and family members "
"begrenset form for mental kontroll, og det kan i virkeligheten bare gjøre "
"oss ulykkelige, sinte og engstelige."
-#. type: Content of: <
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+#. type: Content of: <
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msgid ""
"This is why Facebook’s targeting systems — both the ones it shows to "
"advertisers and the ones that let users find people who share their "
"seg mot å få øynene dratt uten samtykke mot blikkfangende overskrifter om "
"Donald Trump."
-#. type: Content of: <
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+#. type: Content of: <
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"The more time you spend on Facebook, the more ads it gets to show you. The "
"solution to Facebook’s ads only working one in a thousand times is for the "
"bruker så mye tid på nettstedet, at det til slutt viser deg minst én annonse "
"du reagerer på."
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title>
+#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><title>
msgid "Monopoly and the right to the future tense"
msgstr "Monopol og retten til den spennende fremtiden"
-#. type: Content of: <
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+#. type: Content of: <
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msgid ""
"Zuboff and her cohort are particularly alarmed at the extent to which "
"surveillance allows corporations to influence our decisions, taking away "
"hun poetisk kaller <quote>retten til en spennende fremtid</quote> - det vil "
"si retten til å bestemme selv hva du vil gjøre i fremtiden."
-#. type: Content of: <
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+#. type: Content of: <
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"It’s true that advertising can tip the scales one way or another: When "
"you’re thinking of buying a fridge, a timely fridge ad might end the search "
"observatører, og risikoen for at drømmene deres går i oppfyllelse er svært "
"spekulativ."
-#. type: Content of: <
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+#. type: Content of: <
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msgid ""
"By contrast, Zuboff is rather sanguine about 40 years of lax antitrust "
"practice that has allowed a handful of companies to dominate the internet, "
"status/1069674780826071040\">som en person på Twitter bemerket</ulink>, fem "
"gigantiske nettsteder hver fylt med skjermbilder fra de fire andre."
-#. type: Content of: <
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+#. type: Content of: <
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msgid ""
"However, if we are to be alarmed that we might lose the right to choose for "
"ourselves what our future will hold, then monopoly’s nonspeculative, "
"velge hva vår fremtid skal innebære, så bør monopolets ikke-hypotetiske, "
"konkrete, her-og-nå skader være i fokus for vår debatt om teknologipolitikk."
-#. type: Content of: <
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+#. type: Content of: <
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msgid ""
"Start with <quote>digital rights management.</quote> In 1998, Bill Clinton "
"signed the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) into law. It’s a complex "
"er et komplekst lovverk med mange kontroversielle bestemmelser, men ingen "
"mer enn paragraf 1201, <quote>anti-omgåelsesregelen</quote>."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
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msgid ""
"This is a blanket ban on tampering with systems that restrict access to "
"copyrighted works. The ban is so thoroughgoing that it prohibits removing a "
"brudd på opphavsretten; snarere er det lovlige aktiviteter som frustrerer "
"produsentenes kommersielle planer."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
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msgid ""
"For example, Section 1201’s first major application was on DVD players as a "
"means of enforcing the region coding built into those devices. DVD-CCA, the "
"mens en kjøpt i India ville være region 5). Hvis spilleren og platens region "
"sammenfalt, kunne spilleren spille av platen; Ellers ville den avvise den."
-#. type: Content of: <
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+#. type: Content of: <
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msgid ""
"However, watching a lawfully produced disc in a country other than the one "
"where you purchased it is not copyright infringement — it’s the opposite. "
"<emphasis>ingenting annet</emphasis> — så har du og åndsverksloven ingenting "
"usnakket."
-#. type: Content of: <
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+#. type: Content of: <
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msgid ""
"The fact that a movie studio wants to charge Indians less than Americans or "
"release in Australia later than it releases in the U.K. has no bearing on "
"ingen betydning for åndsverksloven. Når du lovlig anskaffer en DVD, er det "
"ingen brudd på opphavsretten å se den uansett hvor du tilfeldigvis er."
-#. type: Content of: <
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+#. type: Content of: <
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msgid ""
"So DVD and DVD player manufacturers would not be able to use accusations of "
"abetting copyright infringement to punish manufacturers who made "
"disker utenfor riktig region, eller dataprogrammerere som laget programmer "
"som lot deg gjøre dette."
-#. type: Content of: <
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+#. type: Content of: <
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msgid ""
"That’s where Section 1201 of the DMCA comes in: By banning tampering with an "
"<quote>access control,</quote> the rule gave manufacturers and rights "
"lovlige egenskaper som markedet krevde (i dette tilfellet regionfrie "
"spillere)."
-#. type: Content of: <
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+#. type: Content of: <
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msgid ""
"This is an odious scam against consumers, but as time went by, Section 1201 "
"grew to encompass a rapidly expanding constellation of devices and services "
"vokste paragraf 1201 til å omfatte en raskt voksende samling av enheter og "
"tjenester etterhvert som dyktige produsenter har innsett visse ting:"
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
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msgid ""
"Any device with software in it contains a <quote>copyrighted work</quote> — "
"i.e., the software."
"Alt utstyr med programvare i, inneholder et <quote>opphavsrettsbeskyttet "
"verk</quote> – det vil si programvaren."
-#. type: Content of: <
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+#. type: Content of: <
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msgid ""
"A device can be designed so that reconfiguring the software requires "
"bypassing an <quote>access control for copyrighted works,</quote> which is a "
"omgår en <quote>adgangskontroll for opphavsrettsbeskyttede verk</quote> som "
"er et potensielt lovbrudd etter paragraf 1201."
-#. type: Content of: <
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+#. type: Content of: <
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msgid ""
"Thus, companies can control their customers’ behavior after they take home "
"their purchases by designing products so that all unpermitted uses require "
"seg sine kjøp hjem, ved å designe produkter slik at alle ikke-tillatt bruk "
"krever modifiseringer som bryter med paragraf 1201."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
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msgid ""
"Section 1201 then becomes a means for manufacturers of all descriptions to "
"force their customers to arrange their affairs to benefit the manufacturers’ "
"tvinge sine kunder til å ordne sine saker til fordel for produsentenes "
"aksjonærer i stedet til fordel for kundene selv."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
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msgid ""
"This manifests in many ways: from a new generation of inkjet printers that "
"use countermeasures to prevent third-party ink that cannot be bypassed "
"ikke gjenkjennes av traktorens kontrollsystem før den leveres med den "
"opprinnelige produsentens opplåsingskode."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
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msgid ""
"Closer to home, Apple’s iPhones use these measures to prevent both third-"
"party service and third-party software installation. This allows Apple to "
"selskapets fortjeneste er truet av kunder som velger å beholde sine "
"telefoner lenger i stedet for å erstatte dem."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
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msgid ""
"Apple’s use of copyright locks also allows it to establish a monopoly over "
"how its customers acquire software for their mobile devices. The App Store’s "
"appen. Dette kommer ra bunnlinjen til programvareutviklere, som enten må ta "
"mer betalt eller akseptere lavere fortjeneste for sine produkter."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
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msgid ""
"Crucially, Apple’s use of copyright locks gives it the power to make "
"editorial decisions about which apps you may and may not install on your own "
"called-a-game-apple-says\">har innvending mot et spill</ulink> som "
"kommenterte Israel-Palestina-konflikten."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
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msgid ""
"Apple often justifies monopoly power over software installation in the name "
"of security, arguing that its vetting of apps for its store means that it "
"iPhone-eiere lett (eller lovlig) skaffe VPN-er som ville beskytte dem mot "
"kinesisk statssnoking."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
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msgid ""
"Zuboff calls surveillance capitalism a <quote>rogue capitalism.</quote> "
"Theoreticians of capitalism claim that its virtue is that it <ulink url="
"lenger bestemmer - vi får ordrer av overvåkingskapitalismens "
"tankekontrollstråler."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
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msgid ""
"If our concern is that markets cease to function when consumers can no "
"longer make choices, then copyright locks should concern us at "
"telefonen helt til å bestemme hvor du får det reparert, hvilke apper som kan "
"kjøre på den, og når du må kvitte deg med den i stedet for å fikse den."
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title>
+#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><title>
msgid "Search order and the right to the future tense"
msgstr "Søkerekkefølge og retten til en spennende fremtid"
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
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msgid ""
"Markets are posed as a kind of magic: By discovering otherwise hidden "
"information conveyed by the free choices of consumers, those consumers’ "
"velger, så lenge jeg får lage innstillingen.</quote> Et monopolisert marked "
"er et valg der utvalget er valgt ut av monopolisten."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
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msgid ""
"This ballot rigging is made more pernicious by the existence of monopolies "
"over search order. Google’s search market share is about 90%. When Google’s "
"nettsted som bekrefter anti-vaksine-konspirasjonene, vil en betydelig del av "
"disse millionene komme bort overbevist om at vaksiner er farlige."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
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msgid ""
"Google’s algorithm is often tricked into serving disinformation as a "
"prominent search result. But in these cases, Google isn’t persuading people "
"ombestemme seg. det presenteres bare noe usant som faktum når brukeren ikke "
"har noen grunn til å trekke det i tvil."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
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msgid ""
"This is true whether the search is for <quote>Are vaccines dangerous?</"
"quote> or <quote>best restaurants near me.</quote> Most users will never "
"søke jobb) som i stor grad overgår mulige atferdsutfall diktert av "
"algoritmiske overtalelsesteknikker."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
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msgid ""
"Many of the questions we ask search engines have no empirically correct "
"answers: <quote>Where should I eat dinner?</quote> is not an objective "
"algoritme-dommen passer best for dem, men i en monopolsituasjon får vi alle "
"våre svar fra samme sted."
-#. type: Content of: <
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+#. type: Content of: <
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msgid ""
"Google’s search dominance isn’t a matter of pure merit: The company has "
"leveraged many tactics that would have been prohibited under classical, pre-"
"ble utestengt fra å eie fraktselskaper som konkurrerte med avsenderne de "
"fraktet for."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
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msgid ""
"If we’re worried about giant companies subverting markets by stripping "
"consumers of their ability to make free choices, then vigorous antitrust "
"skjevhetene, feilene (og god dømmekraft) hos Googlec søkeingeniører og "
"produktansvarlige ha en så stor effekt på forbrukervalg."
-#. type: Content of: <
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+#. type: Content of: <
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msgid ""
"This goes for many other companies. Amazon, a classic surveillance "
"capitalist, is obviously the dominant tool for searching Amazon — though "
"monopolet for å frata forbrukere deres rett til en spennende fremtid og "
"evnen til å forme markeder ved å gjøre informerte valg."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
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msgid ""
"Not every monopolist is a surveillance capitalist, but that doesn’t mean "
"they’re not able to shape consumer choices in wide-ranging ways. Zuboff "
"lansere, å effektivt bruke uavhengige programvareleverandører til fritt å "
"utforske markedet, og deretter tvinge dem ut av alle markeder de oppdager."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
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msgid ""
"Because of its use of copyright locks, Apple’s mobile customers are not "
"legally allowed to switch to a rival retailer for its apps if they want to "
"søkedesign har en vesentlig større virkning på forbrukeratferd enn å påvirke "
"kampanjer levert av overvåkingskapitalismens roboter for annonselevering."
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title>
+#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><title>
msgid "Monopolists can afford sleeping pills for watchdogs"
msgstr "Monopolister har råd til sovepiller for vakthundene"
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
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msgid ""
"Only the most extreme market ideologues think that markets can self-regulate "
"without state oversight. Markets need watchdogs — regulators, lawmakers, and "
"aktiviteter, som selskaper klarer å komme unna med, fordi ingen holder dem "
"ansvarlige."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
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msgid ""
"But this kind of regulatory capture doesn’t come cheap. In competitive "
"sectors, where rivals are constantly eroding one another’s margins, "
"enkeltbedrifter overskuddskapital til effektivt å lobbe for lover og "
"forskrifter som tjener sine formål."
-#. type: Content of: <
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+#. type: Content of: <
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msgid ""
"Many of the harms of surveillance capitalism are the result of weak or "
"nonexistent regulation. Those regulatory vacuums spring from the power of "
"reguleringen som finnes slik at det gjør deres eksisterende "
"forretningsmodell mulig."
-#. type: Content of: <
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+#. type: Content of: <
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msgid ""
"Here’s an example: When firms over-collect and over-retain our data, they "
"are at increased risk of suffering a breach — you can’t leak data you never "
"en endeløs rekke av stadig forverrede datalekkasjer, hvert og ett helt "
"avskyelig i omfanget og i hvor sensive disse datasettene har vært."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
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msgid ""
"But still, firms continue to over-collect and over-retain our data for three "
"reasons:"
"Men likevel fortsetter bedrifter av tre grunner å over-samle og over-beholde "
"våre data:"
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
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msgid ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">1. They are locked in the aforementioned limbic "
"arms race with our capacity to shore up our attentional defense systems to "
"taktikken, og konkurrentene deres hopper på den, fremskyndes dagen der alle "
"potensielle kjøleskapskjøpere har kommet på banen."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
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msgid ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">2. They believe the surveillance capitalism story."
"</emphasis> Data is cheap to aggregate and store, and both proponents and "
"kjøpe den fra deg for mer enn du betalte for det, ofte å selge til noen "
"andre til en enda høyere pris."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
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msgid ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">3. The penalties for leaking data are negligible.</"
"emphasis> Most countries limit these penalties to actual damages, meaning "
"ble ikke engang betalt i kontanter. Det tok form av en kreditt til å dekke "
"en i stor grad ineffektiv kreditt-overvåkingstjeneste."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
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msgid ""
"But the harms from breaches are much more extensive than these actual-"
"damages rules capture. Identity thieves and fraudsters are wily and "
"til faktiske tap, men heller ville tillate brukere å stille krav for "
"fremtidige tap."
-#. type: Content of: <
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+#. type: Content of: <
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msgid ""
"However, even the most ambitious privacy rules, such as the EU General Data "
"Protection Regulation, fall far short of capturing the negative "
"uaktsomme overinnsamling og overoppbevaring, og hvilke straffer den gir, "
"forfølges ikke aggressivt opp av regulatorene."
-#. type: Content of: <
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+#. type: Content of: <
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msgid ""
"This tolerance of — or indifference to — data over-collection and over-"
"retention can be ascribed in part to the sheer lobbying muscle of the "
"å bekjempe enhver reell endring - det vil si endring som ville tvinge dem "
"til å internalisere kostnadene til overvåkingsaktivitetene deres."
-#. type: Content of: <
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+#. type: Content of: <
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msgid ""
"And then there’s state surveillance, which the surveillance capitalism story "
"dismisses as a relic of another era when the big worry was being jailed for "
"store bekymringen var å bli fengslet som dissidenter, ikke å få din frie "
"vilje strippet bort med maskinlæring."
-#. type: Content of: <
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+#. type: Content of: <
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msgid ""
"But state surveillance and private surveillance are intimately related. As "
"we saw when Apple was conscripted by the Chinese government as a vital "
"både <quote>frie</quote> og autokratiske stater, er å ta i bruk kommersielle "
"tjenester."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
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msgid ""
"Whether it’s Google being used as a location tracking tool by local law "
"enforcement across the U.S. or the use of social media tracking by the "
"overvåking tilskrives dette symbiotiske forholdet. Det er ingen statlig "
"masseovervåking uten masse kommersiell overvåking."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
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msgid ""
"Monopolism is key to the project of mass state surveillance. It’s true that "
"smaller tech firms are apt to be less well-defended than Big Tech, whose "
"færre brukere med data som er mer fragmentert over flere systemer, og få det "
"til et og et om gangen hos statlige aktører."
-#. type: Content of: <
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+#. type: Content of: <
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msgid ""
"A concentrated tech sector that works with authorities is a much more "
"powerful ally in the project of mass state surveillance than a fragmented "
"Pentagon og tidligere DOD-toppansatte og offiserer i sine egne avdelinger "
"for regjeringsrelasjoner."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
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msgid ""
"They can even make a good case for doing this: After all, when there are "
"only four or five big companies in an industry, everyone qualified to "
"bransje, er alle kvalifisert for en seniorrolle i hvilket helst av dem, "
"arbeider per definisjon hos en av de andre."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
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msgid ""
"While surveillance doesn’t cause monopolies, monopolies certainly abet "
"surveillance."
"Selv om overvåking ikke forårsaker monopoler, medvirker monopoler gjerne til "
"overvåking."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
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msgid ""
"Industries that are competitive are fragmented — composed of companies that "
"are at each other’s throats all the time and eroding one another’s margins "
"vanskeligere jobb for å få alle til å bli enige om å samle sine ressurser "
"til fordel for bransjen som helhet."
-#. type: Content of: <
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+#. type: Content of: <
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msgid ""
"Surveillance combined with machine learning is supposed to be an existential "
"crisis, a species-defining moment at which our free will is just a few more "
"<emphasis>tror virkelig</emphasis> at teknologi utgjør en eksistensiell "
"trussel mot vårt samfunn og muligens vår art."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
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msgid "But that threat grows out of monopoly."
msgstr "Men den trusselen vokser frem fra monopol."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
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msgid ""
"One of the consequences of tech’s regulatory capture is that it can shift "
"liability for poor security decisions onto its customers and the wider "
"å true sikkerhetsforskere som søker en uavhengig gjennomgang av disse "
"produktene."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
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msgid ""
"IT is the only field in which this is practiced: No one builds a bridge or a "
"hospital and keeps the composition of the steel or the equations used to "
"omfang, med hele klasser av enheter avslørt som sårbare lenge etter at de er "
"utplassert i feltet og benyttet på sensitive områder."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
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msgid ""
"The monopoly power that keeps any meaningful consequences for breaches at "
"bay means that tech companies continue to build terrible products that are "
"som gjorde sin 737-flåte til en global paria, et sjeldent tilfelle der "
"dårlige tekniske beslutninger har blitt alvorlig straffet i markedet."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
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msgid ""
"These bad security decisions are compounded yet again by the use of "
"copyright locks to enforce business-model decisions against consumers. "
"forbrukeratferd, noe som gjør det teknisk umulig å bruke tredjeparts blekk, "
"insulin, apper eller servicesteder til din lovlig ervervede eiendel."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
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msgid ""
"Recall also that these copyright locks are backstopped by legislation (such "
"as Section 1201 of the DMCA or Article 6 of the 2001 EU Copyright Directive) "
"bestemmelsene har blitt brukt til å true sikkerhetsforskere som avslører "
"sårbarheter uten tillatelse fra produsenter."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
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msgid ""
"This amounts to a manufacturer’s veto over safety warnings and criticism. "
"While this is far from the legislative intent of the DMCA and its sister "
"gå mot interessene til mektige, store bedrifter men en ustoppelig "
"lobbystyrke."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
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msgid ""
"Copyright locks are a double whammy: They create bad security decisions that "
"can’t be freely investigated or discussed. If markets are supposed to be "
"til produkter gir monopol en enda mer <quote>bedragersk kapitalisme</quote> "
"enn overvåkingskapitalismens lobbykampanjer."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
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msgid ""
"And unlike mind-control rays, enforced silence over security is an "
"immediate, documented problem, and it <emphasis>does</emphasis> constitute "
"disse enhetene også kan manipulere den fysiske verden ved for eksempel å "
"styre bilen eller snu en bryter på et kraftverk - er en slags teknologiskyld."
-#. type: Content of: <
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+#. type: Content of: <
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msgid ""
"In software design, <quote>technology debt</quote> refers to old, baked-in "
"decisions that turn out to be bad ones in hindsight. Perhaps a long-ago "
"å omstrukturere produktet fra grunnen av og <quote>betale ned gjelden</"
"quote> en gang for alle."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
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msgid ""
"Typically, technology debt results in a technological bankruptcy: The "
"product gets so brittle and unsustainable that it fails catastrophically. "
"traumatisk, akkurat som å miste huset ditt på grunn av konkurs er skremmende "
"og traumatisk."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"But the technology debt created by copyright locks isn’t individual debt; "
"it’s systemic. Everyone in the world is exposed to this over-leverage, as "
"av tilstedeværelsen av bevisst usikre og bevisst ikkereviderbare "
"opphavsrettslåser – vil det faktisk utgjøre en eksistensiell risiko."
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title>
+#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><title>
msgid "Privacy and monopoly"
msgstr "Monopol og vern av privatsfæren"
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Many tech companies are gripped by an orthodoxy that holds that if they just "
"gather enough data on enough of our activities, everything else is possible "
"erklærer det at suksessen er rett rundt hjørnet, oppnåelig når det har mere "
"data for hånden."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Surveillance tech is far from the first industry to embrace a nonsensical, "
"self-serving belief that harms the rest of the world, and it is not the "
"quote> homofile mennesker. Historien er fylt med tidligere respektable "
"titaner i diskrediterte næringer."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"This is not to say that there’s nothing wrong with Big Tech and its "
"ideological addiction to data. While surveillance’s benefits are mostly "
"er overdrevet, så er skadevirkningene, om noe, <emphasis>underdrevet</"
"emphasis>."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"There’s real irony here. The belief in surveillance capitalism as a "
"<quote>rogue capitalism</quote> is driven by the belief that markets "
"oljeselskap som har falske oppfatninger om hvor oljen er, vil etter hvert gå "
"konkurs ved å grave etter tørre brønner, tross alt."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"But monopolists get to do terrible things for a long time before they pay "
"the price. Think of how concentration in the finance sector allowed the "
"De verste lovbrytere i subprime-krisen er større enn de var i 2008, og "
"brakte hjem mer fortjeneste og betale sine direktører enda større summer."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Big Tech is able to practice surveillance not just because it is tech but "
"because it is <emphasis>big</emphasis>. The reason every web publisher "
"<quote>Like</quote>-knappene spioner på alle som lander på en side som har "
"dem (se også: Google Analytics bygger inn, Twitter-knapper osv.)."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"The reason the world’s governments have been slow to create meaningful "
"penalties for privacy breaches is that Big Tech’s concentration produces "
"til å komme frem til en enhetlig forhandlingsposisjon, som superlader "
"lobbyvirksomheten."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"The reason that the smartest engineers in the world want to work for Big "
"Tech is that Big Tech commands the lion’s share of tech industry jobs."
"Storteknologien er at Storteknologien bestemmer over brorparten av jobbene i "
"teknologiindustrien."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"The reason people who are aghast at Facebook’s and Google’s and Amazon’s "
"data-handling practices continue to use these services is that all their "
"vennene deres er på Facebook; Google dominerer søk; og Amazon har satt alle "
"de lokale kjøpmennene ut av drift."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Competitive markets would weaken the companies’ lobbying muscle by reducing "
"their profits and pitting them against each other in regulatory forums. It "
"etablerte. Det ville gi nettutgivere flere måter å nå publikum på, og kunne "
"stille opp mot innpasningene til Facebook- og Google- og Twitter."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"In other words, while surveillance doesn’t cause monopolies, monopolies "
"certainly abet surveillance."
"Med andre ord, mens overvåking ikke forårsaker monopoler, medvirker "
"monopoler absolutt til overvåking."
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title>
+#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><title>
msgid "Ronald Reagan, pioneer of tech monopolism"
msgstr "Ronald Reagan, en pioner for teknologimonopoler"
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Technology exceptionalism is a sin, whether it’s practiced by technology’s "
"blind proponents or by its critics. Both of these camps are prone to "
"konkurranseregulatorer i USA og EU sier monopol er uunngåelig, så vi bør "
"straffe teknologien for sine overgrep, men ikke prøve å bryte opp monopolene."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"To understand how tech became so monopolistic, it’s useful to look at the "
"dawn of the consumer tech industry: 1979, the year the Apple II Plus "
"Pinochet i Chile – fortsatte med å vedta lignende reformer som til slutt "
"spredte seg over hele verden."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Antitrust’s story began nearly a century before all that with laws like the "
"Sherman Act, which took aim at monopolists on the grounds that monopolies "
"og fange sine regulatorer i en slik grad at de kan komme unna med svært mye "
"skade."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Then came a fabulist named Robert Bork, a former solicitor general who "
"Reagan appointed to the powerful U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit "
"heller at de var ment å forhindre <quote>forbrukerskade</quote> - i form av "
"høyere priser."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Bork was a crank, but he was a crank with a theory that rich people really "
"liked. Monopolies are a great way to make rich people richer by allowing "
"gunstigere regulatorisk miljø med mindre beskyttelse for kunder, "
"leverandører, miljø og arbeidere."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Bork’s theories were especially palatable to the same power brokers who "
"backed Reagan, and Reagan’s Department of Justice and other agencies began "
"begrepet <quote>borkete</quote> (tilsvarer klønete på norsk) for å referere "
"til noen katastrofalt dårlige politiske prestasjoner)."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Little by little, Bork’s theories entered the mainstream, and their backers "
"began to infiltrate the legal education field, even putting on junkets where "
"de til rådighet for å lobbe i enda flere borkiske antitrust-"
"innflytelseskampanjer."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"The history of Bork’s antitrust theories is a really good example of the "
"kind of covertly engineered shifts in public opinion that Zuboff warns us "
"rikdom er et tegn på dyd, og så videre - alle disse teoriene ble fanget opp "
"for å danne en sammenhengende ideologi som hevet ulikhet til en dyd."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Today, many fear that machine learning allows surveillance capitalism to "
"sell <quote>Bork-as-a-Service,</quote> at internet speeds, so that you can "
"lyver bare om det. Storteknologien lyver hele tiden <emphasis>inkludert</"
"emphasis> i sitt salgsmateriale."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"The idea that tech forms <quote>natural monopolies</quote> (monopolies that "
"are the inevitable result of the realities of an industry, such as the "
"(fra gamle data), og institusjonell treghet (store selskaper, lik vitenskap, "
"fremdrift med en begravelse om gangen)."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Indeed, the birth of the web saw a mass-extinction event for the existing "
"giant, wildly profitable proprietary technologies that had capital, network "
"garanti for konsistens og kvalitet i stedet for kaoset i et åpent system. "
"Alle tok feil og endte opp med å bli absorbert inn i det offentlige nettet."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Yes, tech is heavily monopolized and is now closely associated with industry "
"concentration, but this has more to do with a matter of timing than its "
"antimonopol-innsats og ikke de oppreklamerte unike egenskapene til "
"teknologi, for eksempel nettverkseffekter, pionerfordeler, og så videre."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"In support of this thesis, I offer the concentration that every "
"<emphasis>other</emphasis> industry has undergone over the same period. From "
"pakke med konkurransehemmende taktikk, som en gang var ulovlig, men ikke "
"lenger."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Again: When you change the laws intended to prevent monopolies and then "
"monopolies form in exactly the way the law was supposed to prevent, it is "
"overbevisende forklaringer på monopol i teknologi som holder kapitalismen "
"intakt."
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title>
+#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><title>
msgid "Steering with the windshield wipers"
msgstr "Styring med vindusviskerne"
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"It’s been 40 years since Bork’s project to rehabilitate monopolies achieved "
"liftoff, and that is a generation and a half, which is plenty of time to "
"vilkårlige, møter mange fortsatt denne nyheten med forbauselse og finner det "
"vanskelig å forestille seg en tid da rosa er knyttet til maskulinitet."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"After 40 years of studiously ignoring antitrust analysis and enforcement, "
"it’s not surprising that we’ve all but forgotten that antitrust exists, that "
"oppkjøp i stor grad forbudt etter loven, at strategier for å dominere "
"markedet, som vertikal integrasjon, kunne sende et selskap til retten."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Antitrust is a market society’s steering wheel, the control of first resort "
"to keep would-be masters of the universe in their lanes. But Bork and his "
"om at en av disse andre tingene gir en omstilling som lar oss velge hvor vi "
"er på vei før vi velter utfor en klippe."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"It’s like a 1960s science-fiction plot come to life: People stuck in a "
"<quote>generation ship,</quote> plying its way across the stars, a ship once "
"med mindre vi kan ta tilbake kontrollen og gjennomføre kurskorreksjon i "
"tide, så er vi alle på tur mot en grusom død i hjertet av en sol."
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title>
+#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><title>
msgid "Surveillance still matters"
msgstr "Overvåking er fortsatt viktig"
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"None of this is to minimize the problems with surveillance. Surveillance "
"matters, and Big Tech’s use of surveillance <emphasis>is</emphasis> an "
"en eksistensiell risiko for vår art, men det er ikke fordi overvåking og "
"maskinlæring frarøver oss vår frie vilje."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Surveillance has become <emphasis>much</emphasis> more efficient thanks to "
"Big Tech. In 1989, the Stasi — the East German secret police — had the whole "
"landet under overvåkning, et massivt foretak som rekrutterte hver sekstiende "
"person til å tjene som informant eller etterretningsagent."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Today, we know that the NSA is spying on a significant fraction of the "
"entire world’s population, and its ratio of surveillance operatives to the "
"vet ikke hvor mange av disse klarerte personene som er involvert i NSAs "
"spionasje , men det er definitivt ikke alle disse)."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"How did the ratio of surveillable citizens expand from 1:60 to 1:10,000 in "
"less than 30 years? It’s thanks to Big Tech. Our devices and services gather "
"på bare 99 %, kommer hver sanne positive til en kostnad på 9999 falske "
"positive."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Let me explain that again: If one in a million people is a terrorist, then "
"there will only be about one terrorist in a random sample of one million "
"identifisere 10.000 terrorister i din million-personer prøve (1 % av en "
"million er 10.000). For hver sann positiv, vil du få 9999 falske positive."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"In reality, the accuracy of algorithmic terrorism detection falls far short "
"of the 99% mark, as does refrigerator ad targeting. The difference is that "
"planlegge et terrorangrep kan det ødelegge livet ditt og livene til alle du "
"elsker."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Mass state surveillance is only feasible because of surveillance capitalism "
"and its extremely low-yield ad-targeting systems, which require a constant "
"massestatovervåkingens primære feilmodus er groteske "
"menneskerettighetsbrudd, som tenderer mot et totalitært samfunn."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"State surveillance is no mere parasite on Big Tech, sucking up its data and "
"giving nothing in return. In truth, the two are symbiotes: Big Tech sucks up "
"mellom statlig overvåking og overvåkingskapitalisme; de er avhengige av "
"hverandre."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"To see this at work today, look no further than Amazon’s home surveillance "
"device, the Ring doorbell, and its associated app, Neighbors. Ring — a "
"hele nabolaget med andre Ring-eiere, der du kan dele klipp av "
"<quote>mistenkelige individer</quote>. Hvis du tenker at dette høres ut som "
"en oppskrift på å la rasister bak gardinene virkelig gi krefter til sine "
-"mistanker mot personer med brun hud som går langs gatene, <ulink url=\"https"
-"://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2020/07/amazons-ring-enables-over-policing-efforts-"
-"some-americas-deadliest-law-enforcement\">har du rett</ulink>. Ring har "
-"blitt en <emphasis>de facto</emphasis>, uoffisiell forlengelse av politiet "
-"uten noen irriterende tilsyn eller regler."
+"mistanker mot personer med brun hud som går langs gatene, <ulink url="
+"\"https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2020/07/amazons-ring-enables-over-policing-"
+"efforts-some-americas-deadliest-law-enforcement\">har du rett</ulink>. Ring "
+"har blitt en <emphasis>de facto</emphasis>, uoffisiell forlengelse av "
+"politiet uten noen irriterende tilsyn eller regler."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"In mid-2019, a series of public records requests revealed that Amazon had "
"struck confidential deals with more than 400 local law enforcement agencies "
"retter en formell henvendelse om opptaket til selskapet, for å få det "
"utlevert."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Ring and law enforcement have found many ways to intertwine their "
"activities. Ring strikes secret deals to acquire real-time access to 911 "
"overvåkningsdørklokke, men er ikke sikker på om nabolaget deres er så farlig "
"at det trengs."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"The more the cops buzz-market the surveillance capitalist Ring, the more "
"surveillance capability the state gets. Cops who rely on private entities "
"på Ring og Neighbors, jo vanskeligere vil det være å vedta lover mot dem. Jo "
"færre lover er det mot dem, jo mer vil politiet stole på dem."
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title>
+#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><title>
msgid "Dignity and sanctuary"
msgstr "Verdighet og tilfluktsted"
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"But even if we could exercise democratic control over our states and force "
"them to stop raiding surveillance capitalism’s reservoirs of behavioral "
"dem til å slutte å ransake overvåkingskapitalismens reservoarer av "
"atferdsdata, så ville overvåkingskapitalismen fortsatt skade oss."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"This is an area where Zuboff shines. Her chapter on <quote>sanctuary</quote> "
"— the feeling of being unobserved — is a beautiful hymn to introspection, "
"<quote>tilfluktsted</quote> — følelsen av å ikke bli observert — er en "
"nydelig hyllest til introspeksjon, ro, oppmerksomt nærvær og stillhet."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"When you are watched, something changes. Anyone who has ever raised a child "
"knows this. You might look up from your book (or more realistically, from "
"avsløre i nærvær av en annen, selv noen du stoler så betingelsesløst på som "
"et barn stoler på sine foreldre."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"In the digital age, our authentic selves are inextricably tied to our "
"digital lives. Your search history is a running ledger of the questions "
"trukket mot og opplevelsene du har hatt der. Din sosiale graf avslører de "
"ulike sidene av identiteten din, og folkene du er knyttet til."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"To be observed in these activities is to lose the sanctuary of your "
"authentic self."
"Å få disse aktivitetene observert er å miste tilfluktstedet for ditt sanne "
"jeg."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"There’s another way in which surveillance capitalism robs us of our capacity "
"to be our authentic selves: by making us anxious. Surveillance capitalism "
"og bombardere dem i et periodisk opplegg som er akkurat tilfeldig nok til at "
"vår nervesystem aldri helt blir vant til det."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Our devices and services are <quote>general purpose</quote> in that they can "
"connect anything or anyone to anything or anyone else and that they can run "
"ga med dårlige nyheter og jeg trenger å snakke med deg MED EN GANG</quote>) "
"i tillegg til reklamer for kjøleskap og rekrutteringsmeldinger fra nazister."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"All day and all night, our pockets buzz, shattering our concentration and "
"tearing apart the fragile webs of connection we spin as we think through "
"www.youtube.com/watch?v=1SKpRbvnx6g\">krigsforbrytelse i følge Geneve-"
"konvensjonen</ulink>."
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title>
+#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><title>
msgid "Afflicting the afflicted"
msgstr "Pine de plagede"
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"The effects of surveillance on our ability to be our authentic selves are "
"not equal for all people. Some of us are lucky enough to live in a time and "
"der de viktigste fakta om våre live er i stor grad sosialt aksepterte og kan "
"vises frem offentlig uten risiko for sosiale konsekvenser."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"But for many of us, this is not true. Recall that in living memory, many of "
"the ways of being that we think of as socially acceptable today were once "
"aktivitet, for å forelske seg i en person hvis hud var en annen farge enn "
"sin egen, eller for å røyke gras."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Today, these activities aren’t just decriminalized in much of the world, "
"they’re considered normal, and the fallen prohibitions are viewed as "
"verden, de anses som normale, og de forhenværende forbudene anses som "
"skamfulle, forkastelige relikvier fra fortiden."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"How did we get from prohibition to normalization? Through private, personal "
"activity: People who were secretly gay or secret pot-smokers or who secretly "
"ut av skapet og avslørte sitt sanne jeg til folkene rundt dem og bringe dem "
"inn på sin side, en samtale av gangen."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"The right to choose the time and manner of these conversations was key to "
"their success. It’s one thing to come out to your dad while you’re on a "
"over julemiddagen mens din rasistiske Facebook-onkel er der for å lage en "
"scene."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Without a private sphere, there’s a chance that none of these changes would "
"have come to pass and that the people who benefited from these changes would "
"eller ville aldri vært i stand til å vise sitt sanne jeg til folkene de er "
"glade i."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"The corollary is that, unless you think that our society has attained social "
"perfection — that your grandchildren in 50 years will ask you to tell them "
"sosial perfeksjon — at barnebarna i 50 år vil be deg om å fortelle dem "
"historien om hvordan, i 2020, hver urettferdighet hadde blitt korrigert og "
"ingen ytterligere endring måtte gjøres — så bør du forvente at akkurat nå, i "
-"dette øyeblikk, er det folk du elsker, hvis lykke henger sammen med din egen "
-", som har en hemmelighet i sine hjerter som hindrer dem fra å være sitt "
+"dette øyeblikk, er det folk du elsker, hvis lykke henger sammen med din "
+"egen , som har en hemmelighet i sine hjerter som hindrer dem fra å være sitt "
"sanne jeg sammen med deg. Disse menneskene er sorgfulle og vil gå i graven "
"med den hemmelige sorgen i sine hjerter, og kilden til denne sorgen vil være "
"falskheten i deres forhold til deg."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid "A private realm is necessary for human progress."
msgstr "En privatsfære er nødvendig for menneskelig fremgang."
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title>
+#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><title>
msgid "Any data you collect and retain will eventually leak"
msgstr "Alle data du samler og tar vare på vil til slutt lekke"
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"The lack of a private life can rob vulnerable people of the chance to be "
"their authentic selves and constrain our actions by depriving us of "
"en annen risiko som belastes oss alle, ikke bare folk med en hemmelighet: "
"kriminalitet."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Personally identifying information is of very limited use for the purpose of "
"controlling peoples’ minds, but identity theft — really a catchall term for "
"kan ødelegge din økonomi, kompromittere din personlige integritet, ødelegge "
"ditt rykte, eller til og med utsette deg for fysisk fare - trives med den."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Attackers are not limited to using data from one breached source, either. "
"Multiple services have suffered breaches that exposed names, addresses, "
"tilfeldige personer, og deretter bruke ulike deler av datasettet til ulike "
"kriminelle formål."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"For example, attackers can use leaked username and password combinations to "
"hijack whole fleets of commercial vehicles that <ulink url=\"https://www."
"cryptocurrency wallets."
msgstr ""
"Angripere kan for eksempel bruke lekkede brukernavn- og passordkombinasjoner "
-"til å kapre hele flåter av kommersielle kjøretøy som <ulink url=\"https://www"
-".vice.com/en_us/article/zmpx4x/hacker-monitor-cars-kill-engine-gps-tracking-"
-"apps\"> har blitt utstyrt med anti-tyveri GPS-sporere og startsperrer</"
-"ulink> eller å kapre babymonitorer for å <ulink url=\"https://www."
-"washingtonpost.com/technology/2019/04/23/how-nest-designed-keep-intruders-out"
-"-peoples-homes-effectively-allowed-hackers-get/?utm_term=.15220e98c550\""
-">terrorisere småbarn med lydspor fra pornografi</ulink>. Angripere bruker "
-"lekkede data til å lure telefonselskaper til å gi dem telefonnummeret ditt, "
-"så fanger de opp SMS-baserte tofaktorautentiseringskoder for å ta over e-"
-"post, bankkonti og/eller lommebøker for kryptovaluta."
-
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para>
+"til å kapre hele flåter av kommersielle kjøretøy som <ulink url=\"https://"
+"www.vice.com/en_us/article/zmpx4x/hacker-monitor-cars-kill-engine-gps-"
+"tracking-apps\"> har blitt utstyrt med anti-tyveri GPS-sporere og "
+"startsperrer</ulink> eller å kapre babymonitorer for å <ulink url=\"https://"
+"www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2019/04/23/how-nest-designed-keep-"
+"intruders-out-peoples-homes-effectively-allowed-hackers-get/?"
+"utm_term=.15220e98c550\">terrorisere småbarn med lydspor fra pornografi</"
+"ulink>. Angripere bruker lekkede data til å lure telefonselskaper til å gi "
+"dem telefonnummeret ditt, så fanger de opp SMS-baserte "
+"tofaktorautentiseringskoder for å ta over e-post, bankkonti og/eller "
+"lommebøker for kryptovaluta."
+
+#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Attackers are endlessly inventive in the pursuit of creative ways to "
"weaponize leaked data. One common use of leaked data is to penetrate "
"gjøre lekkede data til våpen. En vanlig bruk av lekkede data er å trenge inn "
"i selskaper for å få tilgang til <emphasis>mer</emphasis> data."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Like spies, online fraudsters are totally dependent on companies over-"
"collecting and over-retaining our data. Spy agencies sometimes pay companies "
"\"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-24751821\">å tuske ut data fra "
"selskapenes databaser</ulink>."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"The over-collection of data has a host of terrible social consequences, from "
"the erosion of our authentic selves to the undermining of social progress, "
"er også en fordel for folk som kjører påvirkningskampanjer, men det er vårt "
"minste problem."
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title>
+#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><title>
msgid "Critical tech exceptionalism is still tech exceptionalism"
msgstr "Kritisk teknologi eksepsjonellisme er fortsatt eksepsjonellisme"
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Big Tech has long practiced technology exceptionalism: the idea that it "
"should not be subject to the mundane laws and norms of <quote>meatspace.</"
"things</quote> tiltrakk seg berettiget hån mot selskapenes selvsentrerte "
"retorikk."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Tech exceptionalism got us all into a lot of trouble, so it’s ironic and "
"distressing to see Big Tech’s critics committing the same sin."
"Teknologiens eksepsjonellisme ga oss alle mye trøbbel, så det er ironisk og "
"plagsomt å se Storteknologiens kritikere synde på samme vis."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Big Tech is not a <quote>rogue capitalism</quote> that cannot be cured "
"through the traditional anti-monopoly remedies of trustbusting (forcing "
"regelskrivende tankekontroll-stråle, som nødvendiggjør avvikling av vår "
"gamle verktøykasse."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"The thing is, people have been claiming to have perfected mind-control rays "
"for centuries, and every time, it turned out to be a con — though sometimes "
"århundrer, og hver gang, det viste seg å være et bedrag - men noen ganger "
"bedro svindlere seg selv."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"For generations, the advertising industry has been steadily improving its "
"ability to sell advertising services to businesses while only making "
"triumfen til <emphasis>annonsesjefer</emphasis>, som med hell overbeviste "
"Wanamaker om at bare halvparten av pengene han brukte gikk til spille."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"The tech industry has made enormous improvements in the science of "
"convincing businesses that they’re good at advertising while their actual "
"salgspoeng, når markedsførere har utnyttet potensielle kunders mangel på "
"teknisk forståelse for å komme unna med fantastisk oversalg og underlevering."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"It’s tempting to think that if businesses are willing to pour billions into "
"a venture that the venture must be a good one. Yet there are plenty of times "
"underpresterende sektor er en lignelse om flaksens rolle i "
"rikdomsakkumulering, ikke et tegn på at forvaltede fond er et godt kjøp."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"The claims of Big Tech’s mind-control system are full of tells that the "
"enterprise is a con. For example, <ulink url=\"https://www.frontiersin.org/"
"marketing hucksters and pop psych</ulink>."
msgstr ""
"Påstandene om Storteknologiens tankekontrollsystem er fulle av tegn på at "
-"hele foretaket er svindel. For eksempel, <ulink url=\"https://www.frontiersin"
-".org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01415/full\">avhengigheten av de <quote>Fem "
-"Store</quote> personlighetstrekkene</ulink> som hovedmetode for å påvirke "
-"mennesker, selv om de <quote>Fem Store</quote>-teorien ikke støttes av noen "
-"store, fagfellevurderte studier og for det meste hører til <ulink url=\"https"
-"://www.wired.com/story/the-noisy-fallacies-of-psychographic-targeting/\""
-">pågående reklamefolk og pop-psykologi</ulink>."
+"hele foretaket er svindel. For eksempel, <ulink url=\"https://www."
+"frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01415/full\">avhengigheten av de "
+"<quote>Fem Store</quote> personlighetstrekkene</ulink> som hovedmetode for å "
+"påvirke mennesker, selv om de <quote>Fem Store</quote>-teorien ikke støttes "
+"av noen store, fagfellevurderte studier og for det meste hører til <ulink "
+"url=\"https://www.wired.com/story/the-noisy-fallacies-of-psychographic-"
+"targeting/\">pågående reklamefolk og pop-psykologi</ulink>."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Big Tech’s promotional materials also claim that their algorithms can "
"accurately perform <quote>sentiment analysis</quote> or detect peoples’ "
"been shown</ulink> to underperform relative to random chance."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Big Tech has been so good at marketing its own supposed superpowers that "
"it’s easy to believe that they can market everything else with similar "
"its machine-learning fueled persuasion systems work."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"That skepticism should infuse all of our evaluations of Big Tech and its "
"supposed abilities, including our perusal of its patents. Zuboff vests these "
"the patent itself is so notoriously an invitation to exaggeration."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Patent applications take the form of a series of claims and range from broad "
"to narrow. A typical patent starts out by claiming that its authors have "
"lengthy, expensive process of contesting it."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"What’s more, software patents are routinely granted even though the filer "
"doesn’t have any evidence that they can do the thing claimed by the patent. "
"actually made and that you don’t know how to make."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"With these considerations in hand, it becomes obvious that the fact that a "
"Big Tech company has patented what it <emphasis>says</emphasis> is an "
"fact control our minds."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Big Tech collects our data for many reasons, including the diminishing "
"returns on existing stores of data. But many tech companies also collect "
"put to use after the first doubles the number of possible fax-to-fax links."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Data mined for predictive systems doesn’t necessarily produce these "
"dividends. Think of Netflix: The predictive value of the data mined from a "
"labeling and validating data do not get cheaper at scale."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Businesses pursue fads to the detriment of their profits all the time, "
"especially when the businesses and their investors are not motivated by the "
"quantity of data.</quote>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"This is another harm of tech exceptionalism: The belief that more data "
"always produces more profits in the form of more insights that can be "
"spend not one penny more than is necessary on protecting data."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title>
+#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><title>
msgid ""
"How monopolies, not mind control, drive surveillance capitalism: The "
"Snapchat story"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"For the first decade of its existence, Facebook competed with the social "
"media giants of the day (Myspace, Orkut, etc.) by presenting itself as the "
"social media wars like Myspace."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Despite frequent promises that it would never collect or analyze its users’ "
"data, Facebook periodically created initiatives that did just that, like the "
"following the launch of the new product or service."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"The pace at which Facebook ramped up its surveillance efforts seems to have "
"been set by Facebook’s competitive landscape. The more competitors Facebook "
"sammen, så ble oppførselen til Facebook <ulink url=\"https://papers.ssrn.com/"
"sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3247362\">markant verre</ulink>."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"All the while, Facebook was prodigiously acquiring companies, including a "
"company called Onavo. Nominally, Onavo made a battery-monitoring mobile app. "
"samle inn finkornet telemetri på alt brukerne gjorde med telefonene sine, "
"inkludert hvilke apper de brukte og hvordan de brukte dem."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Through Onavo, Facebook discovered that it was losing market share to "
"Snapchat, an app that — like Facebook a decade before — billed itself as the "
"for å fjerne Snapchats fordeler og sikre at Facebook ikke måtte møte den "
"typen konkurransepress det tidligere hadde påført Myspace og Orkut."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"The story of how Facebook crushed Snapchat reveals the relationship between "
"monopoly and surveillance capitalism. Facebook combined surveillance with "
"håp om at en rivaliserende tjeneste dukker opp som konkurrerer på "
"personvernfunksjoner."
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title>
+#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><title>
msgid "A monopoly over your friends"
msgstr "Et monopol over vennene dine"
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"A decentralization movement has tried to erode the dominance of Facebook and "
"other Big Tech companies by fielding <quote>indieweb</quote> alternatives — "
"Facebook-alternativ, og så videre — men disse forsøkene har på ingen måte "
"tatt av."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Fundamentally, each of these services is hamstrung by the same problem: "
"Every potential user for a Facebook or Twitter alternative has to convince "
"kontoer, og grunnen til at de har Facebook-kontoer er at <emphasis>vi</"
"emphasis> har Facebook-kontoer."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"All of this has conspired to make Facebook — and other dominant platforms — "
"into <quote>kill zones</quote> that investors will not fund new entrants for."
"plattformer – til <quote>drapssoner</quote> der investorer ikke vil "
"finansiere nye deltakere."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"And yet, all of today’s tech giants came into existence despite the "
"entrenched advantage of the companies that came before them. To understand "
"forankrede fordelen til selskapene som kom før dem. For å forstå hvordan det "
"skjedde, må du forstå både samvirke og angripende samvirke."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><blockquote><para>
msgid "The hard problem of our species is coordination."
msgstr "Det vanskelige problemet for vår art er koordinering."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"<quote>Interoperability</quote> is the ability of two technologies to work "
"with one another: Anyone can make an LP that will play on any record player, "
"toast in your toaster."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Interoperability is often a source of innovation and consumer benefit: Apple "
"made the first commercially successful PC, but millions of independent "
"internet revolution."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"<quote>Interoperability</quote> is often used interchangeably with "
"<quote>standardization,</quote> which is the process when manufacturers and "
"interprets."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"But interoperability doesn’t require standardization — indeed, "
"standardization often proceeds from the chaos of ad hoc interoperability "
"quote>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Beyond neutral interoperability, there is <quote>adversarial "
"interoperability.</quote> That’s when a manufacturer makes a product that "
"bypassing a security system designed to prevent interoperability</emphasis>."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Probably the most familiar form of adversarial interoperability is third-"
"party printer ink. Printer manufacturers claim that they sell printers below "
"cartridges."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Owners of printers take the position that HP and Epson and Brother are not "
"charities and that customers for their wares have no obligation to help them "
"printer companies?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Adversarial interoperability has played an outsized role in the history of "
"the tech industry: from the founding of the <quote>alt.*</quote> Usenet "
"based Myspace reader)."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Today, incumbency is seen as an unassailable advantage. Facebook is where "
"all of your friends are, so no one can start a Facebook competitor. But "
"better treatment."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Adversarial interoperability was once the norm and a key contributor to the "
"dynamic, vibrant tech scene, but now it is stuck behind a thicket of laws "
"interference, and patent."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"In the absence of a competitive market, lawmakers have resorted to assigning "
"expensive, state-like duties to Big Tech firms, such as automatically "
"controlling access to sexual material."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"These measures put a floor under how small we can make Big Tech because only "
"the very largest companies can afford the humans and automated filters "
"needed to perform these duties."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"But that’s not the only way in which making platforms responsible for "
"policing their users undermines competition. A platform that is expected to "
"guesses about whether someone is a harasser)."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"To the extent that we are willing to let Big Tech police itself — rather "
"than making Big Tech small enough that users can leave bad platforms for "
"enforcement tools to ban and punish attempts at adversarial interoperability."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Ultimately, we can try to fix Big Tech by making it responsible for bad acts "
"by its users, or we can try to fix the internet by cutting Big Tech down to "
"users can use to scale the walls and escape to the global, open web."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title>
+#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><title>
msgid "Fake news is an epistemological crisis"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Tech is not the only industry that has undergone massive concentration since "
"the Reagan era. Virtually every major industry — from oil to newspapers to "
"clubby oligarchy that just a few players dominate."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"At the same time, every industry has become something of a tech industry as "
"general-purpose computers and general-purpose networks and the promise of "
"firm with tech."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"This phenomenon of industrial concentration is part of a wider story about "
"wealth concentration overall as a smaller and smaller number of people own "
"interests of the people and companies with all the money."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"That means that whenever a regulator asks a question with an obvious, "
"empirical answer (<quote>Are humans causing climate change?</quote> or "
"wealthy."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Rich people have always played an outsized role in politics and more so "
"since the Supreme Court’s <emphasis>Citizens United</emphasis> decision "
"before. Think of the Koch brothers or George Soros or Bill Gates."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"But the policy distortions of rich individuals pale in comparison to the "
"policy distortions that concentrated industries are capable of. The "
"capital surpluses to spend on lobbying."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Concentrated industries also find it easier to collaborate on policy "
"objectives than competitive ones. When all the top execs from your industry "
"emphasis> they do, they can forge a consensus position on regulation."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Rising through the ranks in a concentrated industry generally means working "
"at two or three of the big companies. When there are only relatively few "
"collegial, rather than competitive, attitude."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Highly concentrated industries also present a regulatory conundrum. When an "
"industry is dominated by just four or five companies, the only people who "
"ranks once their terms have expired."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"All this is to say that the tight social bonds, small number of firms, and "
"regulatory capture of concentrated industries give the companies that "
"bind them."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"This is increasingly obvious. Whether it’s payday lenders <ulink url="
"\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2019/02/25/how-payday-lending-"
"the highest bidder."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"It’s really impossible to overstate what a terrifying prospect this is. We "
"live in an incredibly high-tech society, and none of us could acquire the "
"sufficient to keep you from dying after you finish your dinner."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"In a world as complex as this one, we have to defer to authorities, and we "
"keep them honest by making those authorities accountable to us and binding "
"whether the adjudication process itself is trustworthy."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid "Right now, it’s obviously not."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"The past 40 years of rising inequality and industry concentration, together "
"with increasingly weak accountability and transparency for expert agencies, "
"rest of us."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"For example, it’s been decades since Exxon’s own scientists concluded that "
"its products would render the Earth uninhabitable by humans. And yet those "
"they, too, are the outcome of another conspiracy."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"The collapse of the credibility of our systems for divining and upholding "
"truths has left us in a state of epistemological chaos. Once, most of us "
"sort the true from the false."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"If you’re like me, you probably believe that vaccines are safe, but you "
"(like me) probably also can’t explain the microbiology or statistics. Few of "
"<emphasis>not</emphasis> an aberration."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"I’m 100% certain that vaccinating is safe and effective, but I’m also at "
"something of a loss to explain exactly, <emphasis>precisely,</emphasis> why "
"enrich the super rich."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Fake news — conspiracy theories, racist ideologies, scientific denialism — "
"has always been with us. What’s changed today is not the mix of ideas in the "
"Big Wrestling and Big Car and Big Movie Theater and Big Everything Else."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"No one can say for certain why this has happened, but the two dominant camps "
"are idealism (the belief that the people who argue for these conspiracies "
"because of material conditions in the world)."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"I’m a materialist. I’ve been exposed to the arguments of conspiracy "
"theorists all my life, and I have not experienced any qualitative leap in "
"the quality of those arguments."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"The major difference is in the world, not the arguments. In a time where "
"actual conspiracies are commonplace, conspiracy theories acquire a ring of "
"plausibility."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"We have always had disagreements about what’s true, but today, we have a "
"disagreement over how we know whether something is true. This is an "
"universities are dependent on corporate donations to keep their lights on)."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Targeting — surveillance capitalism — makes it easier to find people who are "
"undergoing this epistemological crisis, but it doesn’t create the crisis. "
"For that, you need to look to corruption."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"And, conveniently enough, it’s corruption that allows surveillance "
"capitalism to grow by dismantling monopoly protections, by permitting "
"yourself to commercial surveillance."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title>
+#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><title>
msgid "Tech is different"
msgstr "Teknologi er annerledes"
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"I reject both iterations of technological exceptionalism. I reject the idea "
"that tech is uniquely terrible and led by people who are greedier or worse "
"for its present-day monopolistic status."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"I think tech is just another industry, albeit one that grew up in the "
"absence of real monopoly constraints. It may have been first, but it isn’t "
"the worst nor will it be the last."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"But there’s one way in which I <emphasis>am</emphasis> a tech "
"exceptionalist. I believe that online tools are the key to overcoming "
"stability — but it’s a means to achieve these things."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"The hard problem of our species is coordination. Everything from climate "
"change to social change to running a business to making a family work can be "
"viewed as a collective action problem."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"The internet makes it easier than at any time before to find people who want "
"to work on a project with you — hence the success of free and open-source "
"coordinate the work you do."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"The internet and the computers we connect to it also possess an exceptional "
"quality: general-purposeness. The internet is designed to allow any two "
"we can express in symbolic logic."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"This means that every time someone with a special communications need "
"invests in infrastructure and techniques to make the internet faster, "
"beneficiary of this work."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"For these reasons, every type of communication is gradually absorbed into "
"the internet, and every type of device — from airplanes to pacemakers — "
"i Internett, og enhver type dings — fra fly til pacemakere — på sikt bli en "
"datamaskin i en stilig boks."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"While these considerations don’t preclude regulating networks and computers, "
"they do call for gravitas and caution when doing so because changes to "
"many, many other domains."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"The upshot of this is that our best hope of solving the big coordination "
"problems — climate change, inequality, etc. — is with free, fair, and open "
"interventions to solve one problem might create problems in other domains."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title>
+#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><title>
msgid "Ownership of facts"
msgstr "Eierskap til fakta"
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Big Tech has a funny relationship with information. When you’re generating "
"information — anything from the location data streaming off your mobile "
"claims the rights to make unlimited use of that data."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"But when you have the audacity to turn the tables — to use a tool that "
"blocks ads or slurps your waiting updates out of a social network and puts "
"you’re stealing from them."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"The thing is, information is a very bad fit for any kind of private property "
"regime. Property rights are useful for establishing markets that can lead to "
"be bought and sold."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Information rarely has such a clear title. Take phone numbers: There’s "
"clearly something going wrong when Facebook slurps up millions of users’ "
"graphs and fill in missing information about other users."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"But the phone numbers Facebook nonconsensually acquires in this transaction "
"are not the <quote>property</quote> of the users they’re taken from nor do "
"obviously terrible idea."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Likewise for the facts that Facebook and other commercial surveillance "
"operators acquire about us, like that we are the children of our parents or "
"who know these facts?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"If you go to a Black Lives Matter demonstration, do the other demonstrators "
"need your permission to post their photos from the event? The online fights "
"property right that everyone else in the mix has to respect."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"The fact that information isn’t a good fit with property and markets doesn’t "
"mean that it’s not valuable. Babies aren’t property, but they’re inarguably "
"monster."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"It’s tempting to reach for the property hammer when Big Tech treats your "
"information like a nail — not least because Big Tech are such prolific "
"click-through agreement that you don’t have the opportunity to modify."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Meanwhile, establishing property rights over information will create "
"insurmountable barriers to independent data processing. Imagine that we "
"department and millions for licenses before they can even get started."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"The same goes for things like search indexes of the web or photos of "
"peoples’ houses, which have become contentious thanks to Google’s Street "
"and more."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"The ownership of facts is antithetical to many kinds of human progress. It’s "
"hard to imagine a rule that limits Big Tech’s exploitation of our collective "
"scrutiny and analysis."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title>
+#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><title>
msgid "Persuasion works… slowly"
msgstr "Overtalelse virker… sakte"
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"The platforms may oversell their ability to persuade people, but obviously, "
"persuasion works sometimes. Whether it’s the private realm that LGBTQ people "
"attitudes <emphasis>can</emphasis> change."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"The project of shifting societal attitudes is a game of inches and years. "
"For centuries, svengalis have purported to be able to accelerate this "
"worldview."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Yet, after 12 years of terror, once the war ended, Nazi ideology was largely "
"discredited in both East and West Germany, and a program of national truth "
"no more permanent than Nazism itself."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Racism and authoritarianism have also always been with us. Anyone who’s "
"reviewed the kind of messages and arguments that racists put forward today "
"nationalists today."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"If racists haven’t gotten more convincing in the past decade, then how is it "
"that more people were convinced to be openly racist at that time? I believe "
"opportunists target the fearful and the conspiracy-minded."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title>
+#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><title>
msgid "Paying won’t help"
msgstr "Det hjelper ikke å betale"
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"As the old saw goes, <quote>If you’re not paying for the product, you’re the "
"product.</quote>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"It’s a commonplace belief today that the advent of free, ad-supported media "
"was the original sin of surveillance capitalism. The reasoning is that the "
"would be better for democracy."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"But the degradation of news products long precedes the advent of ad-"
"supported online news. Long before newspapers were online, lax antitrust "
"unable to adapt to the internet — it was monopolism."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Then, as news companies <emphasis>did</emphasis> come online, the ad "
"revenues they commanded dropped even as the number of internet users (and "
"Google acting as gatekeepers."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Paid services continue to exist alongside free ones, and often it is these "
"paid services — anxious to prevent people from bypassing their paywalls or "
"worried indeed."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"We shouldn’t just be concerned about payment and control: The idea that "
"paying will improve discourse is also dangerously wrong. The poor success "
"people."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Perhaps paying would fix this, the reasoning goes. If platforms could be "
"economically viable even if you stopped clicking on them once your "
"reason to algorithmically enrage you to get more clicks out of you, right?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"There may be something to that argument, but it still ignores the wider "
"economic and political context of the platforms and the world that allowed "
"them to grow so dominant."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Platforms are world-spanning and all-encompassing because they are "
"monopolies, and they are monopolies because we have gutted our most "
"climate and technology shocks."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"In this wildly unequal world, paying doesn’t improve the discourse; it "
"simply prices discourse out of the range of the majority of people. Paying "
"for the product is dandy, if you can afford it."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"If you think today’s filter bubbles are a problem for our discourse, imagine "
"what they’d be like if rich people inhabited free-flowing Athenian "
"internet."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Behind the idea of paying for access is a belief that free markets will "
"address Big Tech’s dysfunction. After all, to the extent that people have a "
"to deprive them of the choice to take their business elsewhere."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Advocates for markets laud their ability to aggregate the diffused knowledge "
"of buyers and sellers across a whole society through demand signals, price "
"a <quote>rogue capitalism.</quote>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"The profitability of any business is constrained by the possibility that its "
"customers will take their business elsewhere. Both surveillance and lock-in "
"is no alternative."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Ultimately, surveillance and lock-in are both simply business strategies "
"that monopolists can choose. Surveillance companies like Google are "
"more they <emphasis>can</emphasis> get away with."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title>
+#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><title>
msgid "An <quote>ecology</quote> moment for trustbusting"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"If we’re going to break Big Tech’s death grip on our digital lives, we’re "
"going to have to fight monopolies. That may sound pretty mundane and old-"
"automatisert atferdsendring oppleves som plottlinjen til en veldig stilig "
"cyberpunk-roman."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Meanwhile, breaking up monopolies is something we seem to have forgotten how "
"to do. There is a bipartisan, trans-Atlantic consensus that breaking up "
"efficiencies of scale."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"But trustbusters once strode the nation, brandishing law books, terrorizing "
"robber barons, and shattering the illusion of monopolies’ all-powerful grip "
"backs when they went up against the richest, most powerful men in the world."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid "Could we find that political will again?"
msgstr "Klarer vi finne igjen den politiske viljen?"
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Copyright scholar James Boyle has described how the term <quote>ecology</"
"quote> marked a turning point in environmental activism. Prior to the "
"nødvendigvis at de kjempet samme kamp som folk som ønsket å beskytte "
"ozonlaget, få slutt på ferskvannforurensning, få vekk smog eller sur nedbør."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"But the term <quote>ecology</quote> welded these disparate causes together "
"into a single movement, and the members of this movement found solidarity "
"the habitability of the planet Earth is a shared duty among all people."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"I believe we are on the verge of a new <quote>ecology</quote> moment "
"dedicated to combating monopolies. After all, tech isn’t the only "
"sentralstyrte industrien, og det er heller ikke engang den <emphasis>mest</"
"emphasis> sentralstyrte bransjen."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"You can find partisans for trustbusting in every sector of the economy. "
"Everywhere you look, you can find people who’ve been wronged by monopolists "
"nearly every large company will have overlapping shareholders."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"That’s the good news: With a little bit of work and a little bit of "
"coalition building, we have more than enough political will to break up Big "
"then we take AT&T/WarnerMedia."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"But here’s the bad news: Much of what we’re doing to tame Big Tech "
"<emphasis>instead</emphasis> of breaking up the big companies also "
"Storteknologien <emphasis>i stedet</emphasis> for å bryte opp de store "
"selskapene, vil gjøre det vanskeligere å bryte dem opp senere."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Big Tech’s concentration currently means that their inaction on harassment, "
"for example, leaves users with an impossible choice: absent themselves from "
"their creations are increasing."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Yet governments confronting all of these problems all inevitably converge on "
"the same solution: deputize the Big Tech giants to police their users and "
"allocate hundreds of millions to run these compliance systems."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"These rules — the EU’s new Directive on Copyright, Australia’s new terror "
"regulation, America’s FOSTA/SESTA sex-trafficking law and more — are not "
"under how small we can hope to make Big Tech."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"That’s because any move to break up Big Tech and cut it down to size will "
"have to cope with the hard limit of not making these companies so small that "
"policing rulers were forced to suddenly abdicate will be much, much harder."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Allowing the platforms to grow to their present size has given them a "
"dominance that is nearly insurmountable — deputizing them with public duties "
"companies, which will make them bigger still."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"We can work to fix the internet by breaking up Big Tech and depriving them "
"of monopoly profits, or we can work to fix Big Tech by making them spend "
"behave themselves."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title>
+#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><title>
msgid "Make Big Tech small again"
msgstr "Gjør Storteknologien liten igjen"
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Trustbusting is hard. Breaking big companies into smaller ones is expensive "
"and time-consuming. So time-consuming that by the time you’re done, the "
"because mainframes were being speedily replaced by PCs."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><blockquote><para>
msgid ""
"A future U.S. president could simply direct their attorney general to "
"enforce the law as it was written."
"En fremtidig president i USA kunne ganske enkelt be sin justisminister om å "
"håndheve loven slik den er skrevet."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"It’s far easier to prevent concentration than to fix it, and reinstating the "
"traditional contours of U.S. antitrust enforcement will, at the very least, "
"companies competing directly with the companies that rely on the platforms."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"These powers are all in the plain language of U.S. antitrust laws, so in "
"theory, a future U.S. president could simply direct their attorney general "
"do the trick."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"If the courts frustrate the Justice Department and the president, the next "
"stop would be Congress, which could eliminate any doubt about how antitrust "
"<emphasis>get rid of other monopolies, too.</emphasis>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"But this only prevents things from getting worse. To help them get better, "
"we will have to build coalitions with other activists in the anti-monopoly "
"Luxottica from dominating both the sale and the manufacture of spectacles."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"In an important sense, it doesn’t matter which industry the breakups begin "
"in. Once they start, shareholders in <emphasis>every</emphasis> industry "
"the next 10 years.</quote>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title>
+#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><title>
msgid "20 GOTO 10"
msgstr "20 GOTO 10"
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Fixing Big Tech will require a lot of iteration. As cyber lawyer Lawrence "
"Lessig wrote in his 1999 book, <emphasis>Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace</"
"markets (what’s profitable)."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"If you could wave a wand and get Congress to pass a law that re-fanged the "
"Sherman Act tomorrow, you could use the impending breakups to convince "
"konkurrentene til Facebook, Google, Twitter og Apple som ville vente i "
"utkanten etter at disse ble gjort mindre."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
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msgid ""
"But getting Congress to act will require a massive normative shift, a mass "
"movement of people who care about monopolies — and pulling them apart."
"Men å få kongressen til å gjøre noe vil kreve en massiv normativ endring, en "
"massebevegelse av folk som bryr seg om monopoler — og hvordan bryte dem opp."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
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msgid ""
"Getting people to care about monopolies will take technological "
"interventions that help them to see what a world free from Big Tech might "
"love than it is to excite them about something that doesn’t even exist yet."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"Neither tech nor law nor code nor markets are sufficient to reform Big Tech. "
"But a profitable competitor to Big Tech could bankroll a legislative push; "
"build on to weaken Big Tech even further."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"The surveillance capitalism hypothesis — that Big Tech’s products really "
"work as well as they say they do and that’s why everything is so screwed up "
"place."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"As to why things are so screwed up? Capitalism. Specifically, the monopolism "
"that creates inequality and the inequality that creates monopolism. It’s a "
"piss off the monopolists."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
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msgid ""
"Surveillance doesn’t make capitalism rogue. Capitalism’s unchecked rule "
"begets surveillance. Surveillance isn’t bad because it lets people "
"diskredittere disse potensielle gilliotin-byggerne før de i det hele tatt "
"kommer seg til treverkforhandleren."
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title>
+#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><title>
msgid "Up and through"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"With all the problems of Big Tech, it’s tempting to imagine solving the "
"problem by returning to a world without tech at all. Resist that temptation."
"seg å løse problemet ved å gå tilbake til en verden helt uten teknologi. Stå "
"imot den fristelsen."
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"The only way out of our Big Tech problem is up and through. If our future is "
"not reliant upon high tech, it will be because civilization has fallen. Big "
"democratic, accountable control."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <
book><chapter><sect1><para>
+#. type: Content of: <
article><sect1><para>
msgid ""
"I am, secretly, despite what I have said earlier, a tech exceptionalist. Not "
"in the sense of thinking that tech should be given a free pass to monopolize "
projects / text-destroy-surveillance.git / commitdiff