From: Petter Reinholdtsen Date: Tue, 13 Oct 2020 18:43:36 +0000 (+0200) Subject: Updated nb po file. X-Git-Tag: nb-printed-2021-01-24~351 X-Git-Url: https://pere.pagekite.me/gitweb/text-destroy-surveillance.git/commitdiff_plain/cd5f1ad2de3bd689b999ff8877fe6c2effd7b11c?ds=inline Updated nb po file. --- diff --git a/po/how-to-destroy-surveillance-capitalism.nb.po b/po/how-to-destroy-surveillance-capitalism.nb.po index 5b8d75f..45212a9 100644 --- a/po/how-to-destroy-surveillance-capitalism.nb.po +++ b/po/how-to-destroy-surveillance-capitalism.nb.po @@ -6,11 +6,11 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: How to Destroy Surveillance Capitalism n/a\n" -"POT-Creation-Date: 2020-10-11 16:56+0200\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2020-10-13 20:41+0200\n" "PO-Revision-Date: 2020-10-13 15:12+0000\n" "Last-Translator: Petter Reinholdtsen \n" -"Language-Team: Norwegian Bokmål \n" +"Language-Team: Norwegian Bokmål \n" "Language: nb\n" "MIME-Version: 1.0\n" "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n" @@ -18,28 +18,28 @@ msgstr "" "Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=n != 1;\n" "X-Generator: Weblate 4.3-dev\n" -#. type: Attribute 'lang' of: +#. type: Attribute 'lang' of:
msgid "en" msgstr "nb" -#. type: Content of: +#. type: Content of: <article><articleinfo><title> msgid "How to Destroy Surveillance Capitalism" msgstr "Hvordan knuse overvåkningskapitalismen" -#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><authorgroup><author><firstname> +#. type: Content of: <article><articleinfo><authorgroup><author><firstname> msgid "Cory" msgstr "Cory" -#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><authorgroup><author><surname> +#. type: Content of: <article><articleinfo><authorgroup><author><surname> msgid "Doctorow" msgstr "Doctorow" -#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><publisher><address> +#. type: Content of: <article><articleinfo><publisher><address> #, no-wrap msgid "<city>Oslo</city>" msgstr "<city>Oslo</city>" -#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo> +#. type: Content of: <article><articleinfo> msgid "" "<publisher> <publishername>Petter Reinholdtsen</publishername> <placeholder " "type=\"address\" id=\"0\"/> </publisher> <copyright> <year>2020</year> " @@ -51,29 +51,35 @@ msgstr "" "<holder>Cory Doctorow</holder> </copyright> <copyright> <year>2020</year> " "<holder>Petter Reinholdtsen</holder> </copyright>" -#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><legalnotice><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><articleinfo><legalnotice><para> msgid "How to Destroy Surveillance Capitalism by Cory Doctorow." msgstr "Hvordan knuse overvåkningskapitalismen av Cory Doctorow." -#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><legalnotice><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><articleinfo><legalnotice><para> msgid "Published by Petter Reinholdtsen." msgstr "" "Utgitt av Petter Reinholdtsen. Oversatt på dugnad av Ole-Erik Yrvin, Petter " "Reinholdtsen, Allan Nordhøy og Christer Gundersen." -#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><legalnotice><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><articleinfo><legalnotice><para> msgid "ISBN 978-82-93828-05-1 (hard cover)" msgstr "ISBN 978-82-93828-05-1 (innbundet)" -#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><legalnotice><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><articleinfo><legalnotice><para> msgid "ISBN 978-82-93828-06-8 (paperback)" msgstr "ISBN 978-82-93828-06-8 (heftet)" -#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><legalnotice><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><articleinfo><legalnotice><para> msgid "ISBN 978-82-93828-07-5 (ePub)" msgstr "ISBN 978-82-93828-07-5 (ePub)" -#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><legalnotice><para><inlinemediaobject> +#. type: Content of: <article><articleinfo><legalnotice><para> +msgid "" +"This book is available for purchase from <ulink url=\"https://www.lulu.com/" +"\"/>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <article><articleinfo><legalnotice><para><inlinemediaobject> msgid "" "<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=\"images/cc.png\" contentdepth=\"3em\" " "width=\"100%\" align=\"center\"/> </imageobject> <imageobject> <imagedata " @@ -85,15 +91,15 @@ msgstr "" "fileref=\"images/cc.svg\" contentdepth=\"3em\" width=\"100%\" align=\"center" "\"/> </imageobject>" -#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><legalnotice><para><inlinemediaobject><textobject><phrase> +#. type: Content of: <article><articleinfo><legalnotice><para><inlinemediaobject><textobject><phrase> msgid "Creative Commons, Some rights reserved" msgstr "Creative Commons, noen rettigheter forbeholdt" -#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><legalnotice><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><articleinfo><legalnotice><para> msgid "<placeholder type=\"inlinemediaobject\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "<placeholder type=\"inlinemediaobject\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><legalnotice><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><articleinfo><legalnotice><para> msgid "" "This book is licensed under a Creative Commons license. This license permits " "any use of this work, so long as attribution is given and no derivatived " @@ -105,11 +111,11 @@ msgstr "" "avledet materiale distribueres. Hvis du vil ha mer informasjon om lisensen, " "besøk <ulink url=\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/\"/>." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><title> msgid "The net of a thousand lies" msgstr "Nettverket av tusen løgner" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "The most surprising thing about the rebirth of flat Earthers in the 21st " "century is just how widespread the evidence against them is. You can " @@ -124,7 +130,7 @@ msgstr "" "rimelig fornuftig tro på at den tilsynelatende flate jorden, rent faktisk " "var flat." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "But today, when elementary schools routinely dangle GoPro cameras from " "balloons and loft them high enough to photograph the Earth’s curve — to say " @@ -137,7 +143,7 @@ msgstr "" "det lite eksepsjonelle synet av en krummet jord fra vinduet på et fly. Det " "kreves en heroisk innsats for å holde på troen om at jorden er flat." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Likewise for white nationalism and eugenics: In an age where you can become " "a computational genomics datapoint by swabbing your cheek and mailing it to " @@ -150,7 +156,7 @@ msgstr "" "beskjeden sum penger, så har <quote>rasevitenskap</quote> aldri vært enklere " "å avvise." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "We are living through a golden age of both readily available facts and " "denial of those facts. Terrible ideas that have lingered on the fringes for " @@ -160,7 +166,7 @@ msgstr "" "fornektelse av dem. Forferdelige idéer som har svevd i utkanten i tiår eller " "til og med århundrer har blitt allemannseie tilsynelatende over natten." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "When an obscure idea gains currency, there are only two things that can " "explain its ascendance: Either the person expressing that idea has gotten a " @@ -184,7 +190,7 @@ msgstr "" "deler: Desto mer vi steker, brenner, drukner og forvitrer, dess enklere vil " "det være for dem av oss som Greta Thunberg å overbevise oss." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "The arguments for ridiculous beliefs in odious conspiracies like anti-" "vaccination, climate denial, a flat Earth, and eugenics are no better than " @@ -196,7 +202,7 @@ msgstr "" "blitt bedre i den vordende generasjonen. Faktisk har ting blitt verre, fordi " "folk uten bakgrunn i kildekritikk er gjenstand for dem." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Anti-vax has been around since the first vaccines, but the early anti-" "vaxxers were pitching people who were less equipped to understand even the " @@ -212,7 +218,7 @@ msgstr "" "mer finslepne enn tidligere tiders religiøse verdensanskuelse, og de har en " "mye vanskeligere jobb." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "So can these far-fetched conspiracy theorists really be succeeding on the " "basis of superior arguments?" @@ -220,7 +226,7 @@ msgstr "" "Er det tilfelle at disse konspiratorikerne lykkes med utgangspunkt i bedre " "argumenter?" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Some people think so. Today, there is a widespread belief that machine " "learning and commercial surveillance can turn even the most fumble-tongued " @@ -247,7 +253,7 @@ msgstr "" "deres algoritme</ulink>, er det underforstått at maskinlæring og overvåkning " "endrer vår oppfattelse av hva som sant er." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "After all, in a world where sprawling and incoherent conspiracy theories " "like Pizzagate and its successor, QAnon, have widespread followings, " @@ -256,7 +262,7 @@ msgstr "" "I en verden der enhver konspirasjonsteori har sine ihuga tilhengere, må " "<emphasis>noe</emphasis> være i gjerde." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "But what if there’s another explanation? What if it’s the material " "circumstances, and not the arguments, that are making the difference for " @@ -274,7 +280,7 @@ msgstr "" "på mislighold? Slike ting som i beste fall kalles korrupsjon, gjør de folk " "sårbare for fiktive konspirasjonsteorier?" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "If it’s trauma and not contagion — material conditions and not ideology — " "that is making the difference today and enabling a rise of repulsive " @@ -290,7 +296,7 @@ msgstr "" "spore opp sårbare mennesker og lede dem gjennom en rekke av stadig mer " "ekstreme ideer og lokalsamfunn." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Belief in conspiracy is a raging fire that has done real damage and poses " "real danger to our planet and species, from epidemics <ulink url=\"https://" @@ -312,7 +318,7 @@ msgstr "" "hjelpe folk til å se sannheten i verden igjennom konspirasjonene de har " "blitt forvirret av." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "But firefighting is reactive. We need fire <emphasis>prevention</emphasis>. " "We need to strike at the traumatic material conditions that make people " @@ -323,7 +329,7 @@ msgstr "" "materielle tilværelsen hvis innvirken på folks svakhet for den, smitter over " "i handling. Her kan også teknologi ha noe å si." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "There’s no shortage of proposals to address this. From the EU’s <ulink url=" "\"https://edri.org/tag/terreg/\">Terrorist Content Regulation</ulink>, which " @@ -345,7 +351,7 @@ msgstr "" "ytringsfrihet</ulink>. Det er mange krefter i sving som kan svinge tilbake " "slik at teknologiselskaper må løse problemene de utgjør." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "There’s a critical piece missing from the debate, though. All these " "solutions assume that tech companies are a fixture, that their dominance " @@ -363,7 +369,7 @@ msgstr "" "storartet smålig, fordi kun de største selskapene får råd til å sette i verk " "systemene disse lovene krever." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Figuring out what we want our tech to look like is crucial if we’re going to " "get out of this mess. Today, we’re at a crossroads where we’re trying to " @@ -377,7 +383,7 @@ msgstr "" "fortsettelsen, eller om det går noen tog andre veien. Enveisbilletten har vi " "klamt for hånden." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "I want us to choose wisely. Taming Big Tech is integral to fixing the " "internet, and for that, we need digital rights activism." @@ -385,11 +391,11 @@ msgstr "" "Velg med omhu. Temming av storteknologien er iboende viktig for løsningen på " "Internett. Hvorfra vi setter ut i det, en digital rettighetsaktivisme til." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><title> msgid "Digital rights activism, a quarter-century on" msgstr "Digital rettighetsaktivisme, et kvart århundre senere" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Digital rights activism is more than 30 years old now. The Electronic " "Frontier Foundation turned 30 this year; the Free Software Foundation " @@ -436,7 +442,7 @@ msgstr "" "rettighetsaktivisme er riktig der det alltid har vært rett: voktende over " "menneskene i en verden der teknologi ubønnhørlig tar grep." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "The latest version of this critique comes in the form of <quote>surveillance " "capitalism,</quote> a term coined by business professor Shoshana Zuboff in " @@ -477,7 +483,7 @@ msgstr "" "og sivilisasjon har utfordringer. Dog tar hun kanskje virkelig feil av " "hvordan teknologi er forskjellig, og hvordan det truer vår art." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "What’s more, I think that her incorrect diagnosis will lead us down a path " "that ends up making Big Tech stronger, not weaker. We need to take down Big " @@ -487,11 +493,11 @@ msgstr "" "storteknologien har penset inn allerede. Ned med storteknologien, er ikke en " "avsporing av problemet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><title> msgid "Tech exceptionalism, then and now" msgstr "Teknologieksepsjonalisme, da og nå" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Early critics of the digital rights movement — perhaps best represented by " "campaigning organizations like the Electronic Frontier Foundation, the Free " @@ -519,7 +525,7 @@ msgstr "" "<emphasis>Star Trek</emphasis> på digitale oppslagstavler istedenfor Nelson " "Mandela." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "In the decades since, accusations of <quote>tech exceptionalism</quote> have " "only sharpened as tech’s role in everyday life has expanded: Now that tech " @@ -536,7 +542,7 @@ msgstr "" "deres uaktsomhet som tjener deres egeninteresse (eller verre, skumle " "konspirasjoner)." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "From my perspective, the digital rights movement has remained stationary " "while the rest of the world has moved. From the earliest days, the " @@ -555,7 +561,7 @@ msgstr "" "ofte, når selskaper gjorde så tåpelige ting at det truet med nye regelsett " "som også gjorde det vanskeligere for rasjonelle aktører å hjelpe brukere)." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "The <quote>surveillance capitalism</quote> critique recasts the digital " "rights movement in a new light again: not as alarmists who overestimate the " @@ -572,16 +578,16 @@ msgstr "" "oppfatte nye truslene som finnes fordi de er opptatt med forrige århundres " "teknologikamp." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "But tech exceptionalism is a sin no matter who practices it." msgstr "" "Men teknologieksepsjonalisme er en synd, uavsett hvem som bedriver den." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><title> msgid "Don’t believe the hype" msgstr "Ikke fest din lit til oppstuss" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "You’ve probably heard that <quote>if you’re not paying for the product, " "you’re the product.</quote> As we’ll see below, that’s true, if incomplete. " @@ -599,7 +605,7 @@ msgstr "" "emphasis> om å kjøpe ting. Tjenestene—sosiale media, søkemotorer, kart, " "meldingstjenester, med mer—er leveringssystemer for overbeviselse." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "The fear of surveillance capitalism starts from the (correct) presumption " "that everything Big Tech says about itself is probably a lie. But the " @@ -622,7 +628,7 @@ msgstr "" "salgsmateriell ikke er en pålitelig indikator på et produkts " "gjennomføringsevne." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Surveillance capitalism assumes that because advertisers buy a lot of what " "Big Tech is selling, Big Tech must be selling something real. But Big Tech’s " @@ -636,7 +642,7 @@ msgstr "" "felles vrangforestilling eller noe enda mer skadelig, monopolistisk kontroll " "over kommunikasjonen og handelen vår." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Being watched changes your behavior, and not for the better. It creates " "risks for our social progress. Zuboff’s book features beautifully wrought " @@ -660,11 +666,11 @@ msgstr "" "rett ut av en femtitalls-tegneserie, der brukt av gale forskere hvis " "superdatamaskiner garanterer dem evigvarende og total verdensherredømme." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><title> msgid "What is persuasion?" msgstr "Hva er overtalelse?" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "To understand why you shouldn’t worry about mind-control rays — but why you " "<emphasis>should</emphasis> worry about surveillance <emphasis>and</" @@ -676,7 +682,7 @@ msgstr "" "<emphasis>og</emphasis> Storteknologi, så må vi starte ved å se på hva vi " "mener med <quote>overtalelse</quote>." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Google, Facebook, and other surveillance capitalists promise their customers " "(the advertisers) that if they use machine-learning tools trained on " @@ -692,7 +698,7 @@ msgstr "" "folket og styre deres oppførsel, og slik skape en strøm av kjøp, stemmer og " "andre ønskede resultater." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><blockquote><para> msgid "" "The impact of dominance far exceeds the impact of manipulation and should be " "central to our analysis and any remedies we seek." @@ -701,7 +707,7 @@ msgstr "" "derfor være hovedfokus i vår analyse og bestemmende for hvilke avhjelpende " "midler vi går for." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "But there’s little evidence that this is happening. Instead, the predictions " "that surveillance capitalism delivers to its customers are much less " @@ -715,11 +721,11 @@ msgstr "" "så gjør overvåkningskapitaliser som Mark Zuckerberg i hovedsak en eller " "flere av tre ting:" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><sect2><title> msgid "1. Segmenting" msgstr "1. Segmentering" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "If you’re selling diapers, you have better luck if you pitch them to people " "in maternity wards. Not everyone who enters or leaves a maternity ward just " @@ -738,7 +744,7 @@ msgstr "" "bleiereklamer i nærheten av fødeavdelinger (samt selgere av babyprodukter, " "som henger rundt fødeavdelinger med favnen full av gratispakker)." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "Surveillance capitalism is segmenting times a billion. Diaper vendors can go " "way beyond people in maternity wards (though they can do that, too, with " @@ -763,19 +769,19 @@ msgstr "" "du snakker høyt om dem (selv om Facebook og dets like overbevisende påstår " "at dette ikke gjøres — ennå)." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "This is seriously creepy." msgstr "Dette er veldig ekkelt." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "But it’s not mind control." msgstr "Men det er ikke tankekontroll." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "It doesn’t deprive you of your free will. It doesn’t trick you." msgstr "Det fratar deg ikke din frie vilje. Det lurer deg ikke." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "Think of how surveillance capitalism works in politics. Surveillance " "capitalist companies sell political operatives the power to locate people " @@ -796,7 +802,7 @@ msgstr "" "budskapet ved fabrikkportene, og forkjemperne for hvit overherredømme deler " "ut foldere på møter i John Birch Society (FIXME bedre med norsk analogi?)." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "But this is an inexact and thus wasteful practice. The union organizer can’t " "know which worker to approach on the way out of the factory gates and may " @@ -814,7 +820,7 @@ msgstr "" "klarer, og hvilke som kan overtales til å reise tvers over hele landet for å " "bære en tiki-fakkel gjennom gatene i Charlottesville, Virginia." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "Because targeting improves the yields on political pitches, it can " "accelerate the pace of political upheaval by making it possible for everyone " @@ -834,7 +840,7 @@ msgstr "" "Wall Street, samt mindre tiltalende aktører, som ytre høyrehvite " "nasjonalistiske bevegelser som marsjerte i Charlottesville." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "It’s important to differentiate this kind of political organizing from " "influence campaigns; finding people who secretly agree with you isn’t the " @@ -852,7 +858,7 @@ msgstr "" "som overbeviser påvirkbare mennesker at i hemmelighet her vært skeive hele " "tiden." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "But the personal accounts of those who have come out tell a different story " "where people who long harbored a secret about their gender were emboldened " @@ -868,11 +874,11 @@ msgstr "" "lærte de riktige ordene på disse rimelige måtene ved å finne folk på og lære " "om deres ideer." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><sect2><title> msgid "2. Deception" msgstr "2. Villedning" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "Lies and fraud are pernicious, and surveillance capitalism supercharges them " "through targeting. If you want to sell a fraudulent payday loan or subprime " @@ -894,7 +900,7 @@ msgstr "" "ved å annonsere mot søk som indikerer, for eksempel, at noen sliter med lån " "som resultat av dårlig rådgiving." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "Surveillance capitalism also abets fraud by making it easy to locate other " "people who have been similarly deceived, forming a community of people who " @@ -911,7 +917,7 @@ msgstr "" "for å utveksle tips om hvordan de kan forbedre sin situasjon ved å selv " "selge produktet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "Sometimes, online deception involves replacing someone’s correct beliefs " "with incorrect ones, as it does in the anti-vaccination movement, whose " @@ -924,7 +930,7 @@ msgstr "" "begynner å tro på vaksiner, men er overbevist av tilsynelatende plausible " "bevis som fører dem inn i den falske troen på at vaksiner er skadelige." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "But it’s much more common for fraud to succeed when it doesn’t have to " "displace a true belief. When my daughter contracted head lice at daycare, " @@ -944,7 +950,7 @@ msgstr "" "falske tro når du rett og slett ikke vet noe bedre, og når disse " "overbevisningene formidles av noen som synes å vite hva de gjør." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "This is pernicious and difficult — and it’s also the kind of thing the " "internet can help guard against by making true information available, " @@ -973,11 +979,11 @@ msgstr "" "anti-vaksineproblemet, der noens korrekte oppfatning er erstattet av en " "falsk ved hjelp av sofistikert overtalelse." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><sect2><title> msgid "3. Domination" msgstr "3. Dominans" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "Surveillance capitalism is the result of monopoly. Monopoly is the cause, " "and surveillance capitalism and its negative outcomes are the effects of " @@ -994,7 +1000,7 @@ msgstr "" "sine gryende konkurrenter, og utvidet til å kontrollere hele markedet " "vertikalt." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "One example of how monopolism aids in persuasion is through dominance: " "Google makes editorial decisions about its algorithms that determine the " @@ -1018,7 +1024,7 @@ msgstr "" "<emphasis>siden</emphasis> med resultater – betyr Googles valg, at mange " "mennesker vil bli ført bak lyset." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "Google’s dominance over search — more than 86% of web searches are performed " "through Google — means that the way it orders its search results has an " @@ -1041,7 +1047,7 @@ msgstr "" "et selskap som er for stort til å bli gjennomgått: Å bryte det opp i mindre " "biter." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "Zuboff calls surveillance capitalism a <quote>rogue capitalism</quote> whose " "data-hoarding and machine-learning techniques rob us of our free will. But " @@ -1067,11 +1073,11 @@ msgstr "" "så overstiger virkningen av slik dominans langt virkningen av manipulasjon " "og bør stå sentralt i vår analyse og for alle utbedringer vi går for." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><sect2><title> msgid "4. Bypassing our rational faculties" msgstr "4. Omgåelse av våre rasjonelle evner" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "<emphasis>This</emphasis> is the good stuff: using machine learning, " "<quote>dark patterns,</quote> engagement hacking, and other techniques to " @@ -1083,7 +1089,7 @@ msgstr "" "teknikker for å få oss til å gjøre ting som er i strid med vår egen sunne " "fornuft. Dette er tankekontroll." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "Some of these techniques have proven devastatingly effective (if only in the " "short term). The use of countdown timers on a purchase completion page can " @@ -1107,7 +1113,7 @@ msgstr "" "fordi vi byr på det, og dermed oppmuntrer oss til å by igjen, når vi blir " "overbydd, for å sikre at <quote>våre</quote> ting forblir våre." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "Games are extraordinarily good at this. <quote>Free to play</quote> games " "manipulate us through many techniques, such as presenting players with a " @@ -1127,7 +1133,7 @@ msgstr "" "vennene dine klarer det – og før du vet av det, kjøper du virtuelle " "oppgraderinger for å komme opp til neste nivå." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "Companies have risen and fallen on these techniques, and the <quote>fallen</" "quote> part is worth paying attention to. In general, living things adapt to " @@ -1145,7 +1151,7 @@ msgstr "" "opp, men som forsvinner helt i bakgrunnen, slik at du bare legger merke til " "den når det stopper igjen." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "That’s why behavioral conditioning uses <quote>intermittent reinforcement " "schedules.</quote> Instead of giving you a steady drip of encouragement or " @@ -1160,7 +1166,7 @@ msgstr "" "interessert og tilfeldig nok til at du aldri helt kan finne mønsteret som " "ville gjøre det kjedelig." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "Intermittent reinforcement is a powerful behavioral tool, but it also " "represents a collective action problem for surveillance capitalism. The " @@ -1186,7 +1192,7 @@ msgstr "" "din mobil, som det er umulig å ta tak i, og som blir til en grå lydvegg når " "hver enkelt app og nettsted arbeider." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "From the surveillance capitalist’s point of view, our adaptive capacity is " "like a harmful bacterium that deprives it of its food source — our attention " @@ -1212,7 +1218,7 @@ msgstr "" "immunitet mot selv de kraftigste teknikkene - og innen 2013, to år etter " "Zyngas topp, hadde brukerbasen halvert seg." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "Not everyone, of course. Some people never adapt to stimulus, just as some " "people never stop hearing the hum of the refrigerator. This is why most " @@ -1228,7 +1234,7 @@ msgstr "" "bruker barnas oppsparte studiemidler, kjøper voksen bleier, og plasserer seg " "foran en maskin til de kollapser." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "But surveillance capitalism’s margins on behavioral modification suck. " "Tripling the rate at which someone buys a widget sounds great <ulink url=" @@ -1247,7 +1253,7 @@ msgstr "" "for hvert spinn, mens overvåkingskapitalismen raker inn uendelige " "brøkerdeler av mynter." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "Slot machines’ high returns mean that they can be profitable just by " "draining the fortunes of the small rump of people who are pathologically " @@ -1279,7 +1285,7 @@ msgstr "" "Supercell, har klart seg litt bedre, men de er sjeldne har mange bortkastede " "feil for hver suksess." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "The vulnerability of small segments of the population to dramatic, efficient " "corporate manipulation is a real concern that’s worthy of our attention and " @@ -1289,13 +1295,13 @@ msgstr "" "bedriftsmanipulasjon, er et reelt anliggende som er verdig vår oppmerksomhet " "og energi. Men det er ikke en eksistensiell trussel mot samfunnet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><title> msgid "" "If data is the new oil, then surveillance capitalism’s engine has a leak" msgstr "" "Hvis data er den nye oljen, så har overvåkningskapitalismen motorlekkasje" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "This adaptation problem offers an explanation for one of surveillance " "capitalism’s most alarming traits: its relentless hunger for data and its " @@ -1309,7 +1315,7 @@ msgstr "" "spredning av sensorer, nettovervåking og oppkjøp av datastrømmer fra " "tredjeparter." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Zuboff observes this phenomenon and concludes that data must be very " "valuable if surveillance capitalism is so hungry for it. (In her words: " @@ -1336,7 +1342,7 @@ msgstr "" "glemsomme system? Hva om det hele er en Red Queen's rase hvor de må løpe " "stadig raskere - samle stadig mer data - bare for å holde seg på samme sted?" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Of course, all of Big Tech’s persuasion techniques work in concert with one " "another, and collecting data is useful beyond mere behavioral trickery." @@ -1345,7 +1351,7 @@ msgstr "" "hverandre, og innsamling av data er nyttig utover bare til atferdsmessig " "lureri." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "If someone wants to recruit you to buy a refrigerator or join a pogrom, they " "might use profiling and targeting to send messages to people they judge to " @@ -1371,7 +1377,7 @@ msgstr "" "forskjellige banene ved hjelp av maskinlæring og andre teknikker for å finne " "ut hva slags tonehøyde som fungerer best på noen som deg." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Each phase of this process benefits from surveillance: The more data they " "have, the more precisely they can profile you and target you with specific " @@ -1385,7 +1391,7 @@ msgstr "" "prospektets kjøleskap nettopp er utløpt, og at de forventer en skatterabatt " "i april." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Also, the more data they have, the better they can craft deceptive messages " "— if I know that you’re into genealogy, I might not try to feed you " @@ -1399,7 +1405,7 @@ msgstr "" "stikker i stedet til konspiratoriske hemmelige historier om <quote> " "demografi</quote> og lignende." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Facebook also helps you locate people who have the same odious or antisocial " "views as you. It makes it possible to find other people who want to carry " @@ -1417,7 +1423,7 @@ msgstr "" "udokumenterte innvandrere å terrorisere. Det kan hjelpe deg å finne folk som " "deler din tro på at vaksiner er gift og at jorden er flat." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "There is one way in which targeted advertising uniquely benefits those " "advocating for socially unacceptable causes: It is invisible. Racism is " @@ -1443,7 +1449,7 @@ msgstr "" "reklamen din vil bli sett av masse folk som ikke ønsker å kjøpe kjøleskap " "som gir store unødvendige kostnader." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "But even if you wanted to advertise your Nazi movement on a billboard or " "prime-time TV or the sports section, you would struggle to find anyone " @@ -1457,7 +1463,7 @@ msgstr "" "er uenige i ditt syn og delvis fordi de frykter negative konsekvenser " "(boykott, skadet omdømme, etc) fra andre folk som er uenige med deg." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Targeted ads solve this problem: On the internet, every ad unit can be " "different for every person, meaning that you can buy ads that are only shown " @@ -1479,7 +1485,7 @@ msgstr "" "tradisjonell utgiver eller reklametavleeier som ønsker å publisere nazi-" "reklame." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Online ads are placed by algorithms that broker between a diverse ecosystem " "of self-serve ad platforms that anyone can buy an ad through, so the Nazi ad " @@ -1505,7 +1511,7 @@ msgstr "" "ikke valgte publikasjonen, og at publikasjonen ikke aner hvem som reklamerer " "hos dem." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "These layers of indirection between advertisers and publishers serve as " "moral buffers: Today’s moral consensus is largely that publishers shouldn’t " @@ -1520,7 +1526,7 @@ msgstr "" "takket være dette, i stand til å overkomme signifikante hindre for å " "organisere sin bevegelse." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Data has a complex relationship with domination. Being able to spy on your " "customers can alert you to their preferences for your rivals and allow you " @@ -1530,7 +1536,7 @@ msgstr "" "kundene dine så kan du få varsel når de foretrekker dine rivaler og det gir " "deg mulighet til å gjøre det bedre enn konkurrentene dine i neste omgang." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "More importantly, if you can dominate the information space while also " "gathering data, then you make other deceptive tactics stronger because it’s " @@ -1546,7 +1552,7 @@ msgstr "" "drivkraften som gjør enhver taktikk verdt å utnytte fordi monopolistisk " "dominering fratar ditt mål enhver fluktrute." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "If you’re a Nazi who wants to ensure that your prospects primarily see " "deceptive, confirming information when they search for more, you can improve " @@ -1564,7 +1570,7 @@ msgstr "" "til <quote>stemmejuks</quote>, hvilket gir en helt annen gruppe " "søkeresultater." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Surveillance capitalists are like stage mentalists who claim that their " "extraordinary insights into human behavior let them guess the word that you " @@ -1577,7 +1583,7 @@ msgstr "" "bruker fordekte hjelpere, skjulte kamera, fingerferdigheter og direkte " "memorering for å gjøre deg forbløffet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Or perhaps they’re more like pick-up artists, the misogynistic cult that " "promises to help awkward men have sex with women by teaching them " @@ -1593,7 +1599,7 @@ msgstr "" "komme med uønskede negative tilbakemeldinger til kvinner for å senke deres " "selvtillit og fange deres interesse." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Some pick-up artists eventually manage to convince women to go home with " "them, but it’s not because these men have figured out how to bypass women’s " @@ -1613,7 +1619,7 @@ msgstr "" "seg selv, men som ikke forsto med en gang at de var sammen med forferdelige " "menn og korrigerte feilen så raskt de kunne." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Pick-up artists <emphasis>believe</emphasis> they have figured out a secret " "back door that bypasses women’s critical faculties, but they haven’t. Many " @@ -1630,7 +1636,7 @@ msgstr "" "gjenkjenne teknikken og avvise mennene som bruker dem som uhelbredelige " "tapere." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Pick-up artists are proof that people can believe they have developed a " "system of mind control <emphasis>even when it doesn’t work</emphasis>. Pick-" @@ -1663,7 +1669,7 @@ msgstr "" "markedsføre seg til menn som betaler for å lære seg sjekkekunstens " "hemmeligheter." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Department store pioneer John Wanamaker is said to have lamented, " "<quote>Half the money I spend on advertising is wasted; the trouble is I " @@ -1682,11 +1688,11 @@ msgstr "" "klienter om å kjøpe tjenester fra dem enn de er til å overbevise allmenheten " "om å kjøpe varene fra kundene deres." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><title> msgid "What is Facebook?" msgstr "Hva er Facebook?" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Facebook is heralded as the origin of all of our modern plagues, and it’s " "not hard to see why. Some tech companies want to lock their users in but " @@ -1709,7 +1715,7 @@ msgstr "" "forretning basert på å låse inne brukerne sine <emphasis>og samtidig</" "emphasis> spionere på dem." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Facebook’s surveillance regime is really without parallel in the Western " "world. Though Facebook tries to prevent itself from being visible on the " @@ -1734,7 +1740,7 @@ msgstr "" "sluser informasjon om besøkende på nettstedene — aviser, sjekkesteder, " "oppslagstavler — til Facebook." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><blockquote><para> msgid "" "Big Tech is able to practice surveillance not just because it is tech but " "because it is <emphasis>big</emphasis>." @@ -1742,7 +1748,7 @@ msgstr "" "Det er ikke på grunn av at den er teknologi at Storteknologien kan utøve " "overvåkning, men på grunn av at den er <emphasis>stor</emphasis>." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Facebook offers similar tools to app developers, so the apps — games, fart " "machines, business review services, apps for keeping abreast of your kid’s " @@ -1764,7 +1770,7 @@ msgstr "" "og kobler dette med personprofiler som utvikles basert på aktiviteten på " "Facebook, med app-er og den offentlige verdensveven." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Though it’s easy to integrate the web with Facebook — linking to news " "stories and such — Facebook products are generally not available to be " @@ -1787,7 +1793,7 @@ msgstr "" "tjenester, eller lage alternative grensesnitt til Facebook som slår sammen " "nye meldinger på Facebook med de fra andre tjenester du bruker." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "And Facebook is incredibly popular, with 2.3 billion claimed users (though " "many believe this figure to be inflated). Facebook has been used to organize " @@ -1807,7 +1813,7 @@ msgstr "" "disse stygge tingene som foregår er resultat av tankekontrollsystemet til " "Facebook, som de leier ut til enhver med penger å bruke på det." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "To understand what role Facebook plays in the formulation and mobilization " "of antisocial movements, we need to understand the dual nature of Facebook." @@ -1815,7 +1821,7 @@ msgstr "" "For å forstå hvilken rolle Facebook har i formuleringen og mobiliseringen av " "antisosiale bevegelser, så må vi forstå Facebook sin splittede natur." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Because it has a lot of users and a lot of data about those users, Facebook " "is a very efficient tool for locating people with hard-to-find traits, the " @@ -1843,7 +1849,7 @@ msgstr "" "etter å nå enhver der det er den minste sjanse for at de er i markedet etter " "ett nytt kjøleskap." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Facebook makes finding people shopping for refrigerators a <emphasis>lot</" "emphasis> easier. It can target ads to people who’ve registered a new home " @@ -1871,7 +1877,7 @@ msgstr "" "<emphasis>mye</emphasis> større enn for noen gruppe som kan bli utsatt for " "tradisjonell, målrettet kjøleskapmarkedsføring i den fysiske verden." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Facebook also makes it a lot easier to find people who have the same rare " "disease as you, which might have been impossible in earlier eras — the " @@ -1887,7 +1893,7 @@ msgstr "" "er gått og dine tidligere klassekamerater har blitt spredt for alle " "verdenshjørner." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Facebook also makes it much easier to find people who hold the same rare " "political beliefs as you. If you’ve always harbored a secret affinity for " @@ -1911,7 +1917,7 @@ msgstr "" "bare påvirket deg, i virkeligheten var en allment delt egenskap, noe som gir " "deg både trygghet og mot til å komme ut til personene i livet ditt." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "All of this presents a dilemma for Facebook: Targeting makes the company’s " "ads more effective than traditional ads, but it also lets advertisers see " @@ -1933,7 +1939,7 @@ msgstr "" "<quote>merkevaregjenkjenning</quote>. Dette betyr at prisen per annonse er " "svært lav i nesten alle tilfeller." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "To make things worse, many Facebook groups spark precious little discussion. " "Your little-league soccer team, the people with the same rare disease as " @@ -1947,7 +1953,7 @@ msgstr "" "kritiske tidspunkt, men i hverdagen er det ikke mye å si til dine gamle " "kamerater fra videregående, eller andre fotballkort-samlere." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "With nothing but <quote>organic</quote> discussion, Facebook would not " "generate enough traffic to sell enough ads to make the money it needs to " @@ -1959,7 +1965,7 @@ msgstr "" "pengene den trenger for å kontinuerlig utvide ved å kjøpe opp sine " "konkurrenter mens de gir kjekke summer i utbytte til sine investorer." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "So Facebook has to gin up traffic by sidetracking its own forums: Every time " "Facebook’s algorithm injects controversial materials — inflammatory " @@ -1979,7 +1985,7 @@ msgstr "" "lykke, og det viser seg at automatiserte systemer er ganske flinke til å " "finne ting som folk vil bli sinte over." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Facebook <emphasis>can</emphasis> modify our behavior but only in a couple " "of trivial ways. First, it can lock in all your friends and family members " @@ -2000,7 +2006,7 @@ msgstr "" "begrenset form for mental kontroll, og det kan i virkeligheten bare gjøre " "oss ulykkelige, sinte og engstelige." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "This is why Facebook’s targeting systems — both the ones it shows to " "advertisers and the ones that let users find people who share their " @@ -2019,7 +2025,7 @@ msgstr "" "seg mot å få øynene dratt uten samtykke mot blikkfangende overskrifter om " "Donald Trump." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "The more time you spend on Facebook, the more ads it gets to show you. The " "solution to Facebook’s ads only working one in a thousand times is for the " @@ -2042,11 +2048,11 @@ msgstr "" "bruker så mye tid på nettstedet, at det til slutt viser deg minst én annonse " "du reagerer på." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><title> msgid "Monopoly and the right to the future tense" msgstr "Monopol og retten til den spennende fremtiden" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Zuboff and her cohort are particularly alarmed at the extent to which " "surveillance allows corporations to influence our decisions, taking away " @@ -2058,7 +2064,7 @@ msgstr "" "hun poetisk kaller <quote>retten til en spennende fremtid</quote> - det vil " "si retten til å bestemme selv hva du vil gjøre i fremtiden." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "It’s true that advertising can tip the scales one way or another: When " "you’re thinking of buying a fridge, a timely fridge ad might end the search " @@ -2079,7 +2085,7 @@ msgstr "" "observatører, og risikoen for at drømmene deres går i oppfyllelse er svært " "spekulativ." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "By contrast, Zuboff is rather sanguine about 40 years of lax antitrust " "practice that has allowed a handful of companies to dominate the internet, " @@ -2093,7 +2099,7 @@ msgstr "" "status/1069674780826071040\">som en person på Twitter bemerket</ulink>, fem " "gigantiske nettsteder hver fylt med skjermbilder fra de fire andre." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "However, if we are to be alarmed that we might lose the right to choose for " "ourselves what our future will hold, then monopoly’s nonspeculative, " @@ -2104,7 +2110,7 @@ msgstr "" "velge hva vår fremtid skal innebære, så bør monopolets ikke-hypotetiske, " "konkrete, her-og-nå skader være i fokus for vår debatt om teknologipolitikk." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Start with <quote>digital rights management.</quote> In 1998, Bill Clinton " "signed the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) into law. It’s a complex " @@ -2116,7 +2122,7 @@ msgstr "" "er et komplekst lovverk med mange kontroversielle bestemmelser, men ingen " "mer enn paragraf 1201, <quote>anti-omgåelsesregelen</quote>." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "This is a blanket ban on tampering with systems that restrict access to " "copyrighted works. The ban is so thoroughgoing that it prohibits removing a " @@ -2132,7 +2138,7 @@ msgstr "" "brudd på opphavsretten; snarere er det lovlige aktiviteter som frustrerer " "produsentenes kommersielle planer." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "For example, Section 1201’s first major application was on DVD players as a " "means of enforcing the region coding built into those devices. DVD-CCA, the " @@ -2153,7 +2159,7 @@ msgstr "" "mens en kjøpt i India ville være region 5). Hvis spilleren og platens region " "sammenfalt, kunne spilleren spille av platen; Ellers ville den avvise den." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "However, watching a lawfully produced disc in a country other than the one " "where you purchased it is not copyright infringement — it’s the opposite. " @@ -2169,7 +2175,7 @@ msgstr "" "<emphasis>ingenting annet</emphasis> — så har du og åndsverksloven ingenting " "usnakket." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "The fact that a movie studio wants to charge Indians less than Americans or " "release in Australia later than it releases in the U.K. has no bearing on " @@ -2181,7 +2187,7 @@ msgstr "" "ingen betydning for åndsverksloven. Når du lovlig anskaffer en DVD, er det " "ingen brudd på opphavsretten å se den uansett hvor du tilfeldigvis er." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "So DVD and DVD player manufacturers would not be able to use accusations of " "abetting copyright infringement to punish manufacturers who made " @@ -2196,7 +2202,7 @@ msgstr "" "disker utenfor riktig region, eller dataprogrammerere som laget programmer " "som lot deg gjøre dette." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "That’s where Section 1201 of the DMCA comes in: By banning tampering with an " "<quote>access control,</quote> the rule gave manufacturers and rights " @@ -2209,7 +2215,7 @@ msgstr "" "lovlige egenskaper som markedet krevde (i dette tilfellet regionfrie " "spillere)." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "This is an odious scam against consumers, but as time went by, Section 1201 " "grew to encompass a rapidly expanding constellation of devices and services " @@ -2219,7 +2225,7 @@ msgstr "" "vokste paragraf 1201 til å omfatte en raskt voksende samling av enheter og " "tjenester etterhvert som dyktige produsenter har innsett visse ting:" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "Any device with software in it contains a <quote>copyrighted work</quote> — " "i.e., the software." @@ -2227,7 +2233,7 @@ msgstr "" "Alt utstyr med programvare i, inneholder et <quote>opphavsrettsbeskyttet " "verk</quote> – det vil si programvaren." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "A device can be designed so that reconfiguring the software requires " "bypassing an <quote>access control for copyrighted works,</quote> which is a " @@ -2237,7 +2243,7 @@ msgstr "" "omgår en <quote>adgangskontroll for opphavsrettsbeskyttede verk</quote> som " "er et potensielt lovbrudd etter paragraf 1201." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "Thus, companies can control their customers’ behavior after they take home " "their purchases by designing products so that all unpermitted uses require " @@ -2247,7 +2253,7 @@ msgstr "" "seg sine kjøp hjem, ved å designe produkter slik at alle ikke-tillatt bruk " "krever modifiseringer som bryter med paragraf 1201." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Section 1201 then becomes a means for manufacturers of all descriptions to " "force their customers to arrange their affairs to benefit the manufacturers’ " @@ -2257,7 +2263,7 @@ msgstr "" "tvinge sine kunder til å ordne sine saker til fordel for produsentenes " "aksjonærer i stedet til fordel for kundene selv." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "This manifests in many ways: from a new generation of inkjet printers that " "use countermeasures to prevent third-party ink that cannot be bypassed " @@ -2273,7 +2279,7 @@ msgstr "" "ikke gjenkjennes av traktorens kontrollsystem før den leveres med den " "opprinnelige produsentens opplåsingskode." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Closer to home, Apple’s iPhones use these measures to prevent both third-" "party service and third-party software installation. This allows Apple to " @@ -2295,7 +2301,7 @@ msgstr "" "selskapets fortjeneste er truet av kunder som velger å beholde sine " "telefoner lenger i stedet for å erstatte dem." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Apple’s use of copyright locks also allows it to establish a monopoly over " "how its customers acquire software for their mobile devices. The App Store’s " @@ -2313,7 +2319,7 @@ msgstr "" "appen. Dette kommer ra bunnlinjen til programvareutviklere, som enten må ta " "mer betalt eller akseptere lavere fortjeneste for sine produkter." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Crucially, Apple’s use of copyright locks gives it the power to make " "editorial decisions about which apps you may and may not install on your own " @@ -2342,7 +2348,7 @@ msgstr "" "called-a-game-apple-says\">har innvending mot et spill</ulink> som " "kommenterte Israel-Palestina-konflikten." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Apple often justifies monopoly power over software installation in the name " "of security, arguing that its vetting of apps for its store means that it " @@ -2368,7 +2374,7 @@ msgstr "" "iPhone-eiere lett (eller lovlig) skaffe VPN-er som ville beskytte dem mot " "kinesisk statssnoking." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Zuboff calls surveillance capitalism a <quote>rogue capitalism.</quote> " "Theoreticians of capitalism claim that its virtue is that it <ulink url=" @@ -2390,7 +2396,7 @@ msgstr "" "lenger bestemmer - vi får ordrer av overvåkingskapitalismens " "tankekontrollstråler." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "If our concern is that markets cease to function when consumers can no " "longer make choices, then copyright locks should concern us at " @@ -2406,11 +2412,11 @@ msgstr "" "telefonen helt til å bestemme hvor du får det reparert, hvilke apper som kan " "kjøre på den, og når du må kvitte deg med den i stedet for å fikse den." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><title> msgid "Search order and the right to the future tense" msgstr "Søkerekkefølge og retten til en spennende fremtid" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Markets are posed as a kind of magic: By discovering otherwise hidden " "information conveyed by the free choices of consumers, those consumers’ " @@ -2432,7 +2438,7 @@ msgstr "" "velger, så lenge jeg får lage innstillingen.</quote> Et monopolisert marked " "er et valg der utvalget er valgt ut av monopolisten." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "This ballot rigging is made more pernicious by the existence of monopolies " "over search order. Google’s search market share is about 90%. When Google’s " @@ -2454,7 +2460,7 @@ msgstr "" "nettsted som bekrefter anti-vaksine-konspirasjonene, vil en betydelig del av " "disse millionene komme bort overbevist om at vaksiner er farlige." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Google’s algorithm is often tricked into serving disinformation as a " "prominent search result. But in these cases, Google isn’t persuading people " @@ -2466,7 +2472,7 @@ msgstr "" "ombestemme seg. det presenteres bare noe usant som faktum når brukeren ikke " "har noen grunn til å trekke det i tvil." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "This is true whether the search is for <quote>Are vaccines dangerous?</" "quote> or <quote>best restaurants near me.</quote> Most users will never " @@ -2486,7 +2492,7 @@ msgstr "" "søke jobb) som i stor grad overgår mulige atferdsutfall diktert av " "algoritmiske overtalelsesteknikker." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Many of the questions we ask search engines have no empirically correct " "answers: <quote>Where should I eat dinner?</quote> is not an objective " @@ -2506,7 +2512,7 @@ msgstr "" "algoritme-dommen passer best for dem, men i en monopolsituasjon får vi alle " "våre svar fra samme sted." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Google’s search dominance isn’t a matter of pure merit: The company has " "leveraged many tactics that would have been prohibited under classical, pre-" @@ -2534,7 +2540,7 @@ msgstr "" "ble utestengt fra å eie fraktselskaper som konkurrerte med avsenderne de " "fraktet for." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "If we’re worried about giant companies subverting markets by stripping " "consumers of their ability to make free choices, then vigorous antitrust " @@ -2552,7 +2558,7 @@ msgstr "" "skjevhetene, feilene (og god dømmekraft) hos Googlec søkeingeniører og " "produktansvarlige ha en så stor effekt på forbrukervalg." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "This goes for many other companies. Amazon, a classic surveillance " "capitalist, is obviously the dominant tool for searching Amazon — though " @@ -2580,7 +2586,7 @@ msgstr "" "monopolet for å frata forbrukere deres rett til en spennende fremtid og " "evnen til å forme markeder ved å gjøre informerte valg." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Not every monopolist is a surveillance capitalist, but that doesn’t mean " "they’re not able to shape consumer choices in wide-ranging ways. Zuboff " @@ -2607,7 +2613,7 @@ msgstr "" "lansere, å effektivt bruke uavhengige programvareleverandører til fritt å " "utforske markedet, og deretter tvinge dem ut av alle markeder de oppdager." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Because of its use of copyright locks, Apple’s mobile customers are not " "legally allowed to switch to a rival retailer for its apps if they want to " @@ -2628,11 +2634,11 @@ msgstr "" "søkedesign har en vesentlig større virkning på forbrukeratferd enn å påvirke " "kampanjer levert av overvåkingskapitalismens roboter for annonselevering." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><title> msgid "Monopolists can afford sleeping pills for watchdogs" msgstr "Monopolister har råd til sovepiller for vakthundene" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Only the most extreme market ideologues think that markets can self-regulate " "without state oversight. Markets need watchdogs — regulators, lawmakers, and " @@ -2650,7 +2656,7 @@ msgstr "" "aktiviteter, som selskaper klarer å komme unna med, fordi ingen holder dem " "ansvarlige." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "But this kind of regulatory capture doesn’t come cheap. In competitive " "sectors, where rivals are constantly eroding one another’s margins, " @@ -2662,7 +2668,7 @@ msgstr "" "enkeltbedrifter overskuddskapital til effektivt å lobbe for lover og " "forskrifter som tjener sine formål." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Many of the harms of surveillance capitalism are the result of weak or " "nonexistent regulation. Those regulatory vacuums spring from the power of " @@ -2675,7 +2681,7 @@ msgstr "" "reguleringen som finnes slik at det gjør deres eksisterende " "forretningsmodell mulig." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Here’s an example: When firms over-collect and over-retain our data, they " "are at increased risk of suffering a breach — you can’t leak data you never " @@ -2691,7 +2697,7 @@ msgstr "" "en endeløs rekke av stadig forverrede datalekkasjer, hvert og ett helt " "avskyelig i omfanget og i hvor sensive disse datasettene har vært." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "But still, firms continue to over-collect and over-retain our data for three " "reasons:" @@ -2699,7 +2705,7 @@ msgstr "" "Men likevel fortsetter bedrifter av tre grunner å over-samle og over-beholde " "våre data:" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "<emphasis role=\"strong\">1. They are locked in the aforementioned limbic " "arms race with our capacity to shore up our attentional defense systems to " @@ -2721,7 +2727,7 @@ msgstr "" "taktikken, og konkurrentene deres hopper på den, fremskyndes dagen der alle " "potensielle kjøleskapskjøpere har kommet på banen." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "<emphasis role=\"strong\">2. They believe the surveillance capitalism story." "</emphasis> Data is cheap to aggregate and store, and both proponents and " @@ -2745,7 +2751,7 @@ msgstr "" "kjøpe den fra deg for mer enn du betalte for det, ofte å selge til noen " "andre til en enda høyere pris." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "<emphasis role=\"strong\">3. The penalties for leaking data are negligible.</" "emphasis> Most countries limit these penalties to actual damages, meaning " @@ -2765,7 +2771,7 @@ msgstr "" "ble ikke engang betalt i kontanter. Det tok form av en kreditt til å dekke " "en i stor grad ineffektiv kreditt-overvåkingstjeneste." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "But the harms from breaches are much more extensive than these actual-" "damages rules capture. Identity thieves and fraudsters are wily and " @@ -2785,7 +2791,7 @@ msgstr "" "til faktiske tap, men heller ville tillate brukere å stille krav for " "fremtidige tap." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "However, even the most ambitious privacy rules, such as the EU General Data " "Protection Regulation, fall far short of capturing the negative " @@ -2798,7 +2804,7 @@ msgstr "" "uaktsomme overinnsamling og overoppbevaring, og hvilke straffer den gir, " "forfølges ikke aggressivt opp av regulatorene." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "This tolerance of — or indifference to — data over-collection and over-" "retention can be ascribed in part to the sheer lobbying muscle of the " @@ -2812,7 +2818,7 @@ msgstr "" "å bekjempe enhver reell endring - det vil si endring som ville tvinge dem " "til å internalisere kostnadene til overvåkingsaktivitetene deres." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "And then there’s state surveillance, which the surveillance capitalism story " "dismisses as a relic of another era when the big worry was being jailed for " @@ -2824,7 +2830,7 @@ msgstr "" "store bekymringen var å bli fengslet som dissidenter, ikke å få din frie " "vilje strippet bort med maskinlæring." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "But state surveillance and private surveillance are intimately related. As " "we saw when Apple was conscripted by the Chinese government as a vital " @@ -2840,7 +2846,7 @@ msgstr "" "både <quote>frie</quote> og autokratiske stater, er å ta i bruk kommersielle " "tjenester." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Whether it’s Google being used as a location tracking tool by local law " "enforcement across the U.S. or the use of social media tracking by the " @@ -2872,7 +2878,7 @@ msgstr "" "overvåking tilskrives dette symbiotiske forholdet. Det er ingen statlig " "masseovervåking uten masse kommersiell overvåking." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Monopolism is key to the project of mass state surveillance. It’s true that " "smaller tech firms are apt to be less well-defended than Big Tech, whose " @@ -2890,7 +2896,7 @@ msgstr "" "færre brukere med data som er mer fragmentert over flere systemer, og få det " "til et og et om gangen hos statlige aktører." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "A concentrated tech sector that works with authorities is a much more " "powerful ally in the project of mass state surveillance than a fragmented " @@ -2917,7 +2923,7 @@ msgstr "" "Pentagon og tidligere DOD-toppansatte og offiserer i sine egne avdelinger " "for regjeringsrelasjoner." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "They can even make a good case for doing this: After all, when there are " "only four or five big companies in an industry, everyone qualified to " @@ -2933,7 +2939,7 @@ msgstr "" "bransje, er alle kvalifisert for en seniorrolle i hvilket helst av dem, " "arbeider per definisjon hos en av de andre." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><blockquote><para> msgid "" "While surveillance doesn’t cause monopolies, monopolies certainly abet " "surveillance." @@ -2941,7 +2947,7 @@ msgstr "" "Selv om overvåking ikke forårsaker monopoler, medvirker monopoler gjerne til " "overvåking." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Industries that are competitive are fragmented — composed of companies that " "are at each other’s throats all the time and eroding one another’s margins " @@ -2957,7 +2963,7 @@ msgstr "" "vanskeligere jobb for å få alle til å bli enige om å samle sine ressurser " "til fordel for bransjen som helhet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Surveillance combined with machine learning is supposed to be an existential " "crisis, a species-defining moment at which our free will is just a few more " @@ -2971,11 +2977,11 @@ msgstr "" "<emphasis>tror virkelig</emphasis> at teknologi utgjør en eksistensiell " "trussel mot vårt samfunn og muligens vår art." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "But that threat grows out of monopoly." msgstr "Men den trusselen vokser frem fra monopol." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "One of the consequences of tech’s regulatory capture is that it can shift " "liability for poor security decisions onto its customers and the wider " @@ -2991,7 +2997,7 @@ msgstr "" "å true sikkerhetsforskere som søker en uavhengig gjennomgang av disse " "produktene." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "IT is the only field in which this is practiced: No one builds a bridge or a " "hospital and keeps the composition of the steel or the equations used to " @@ -3007,7 +3013,7 @@ msgstr "" "omfang, med hele klasser av enheter avslørt som sårbare lenge etter at de er " "utplassert i feltet og benyttet på sensitive områder." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "The monopoly power that keeps any meaningful consequences for breaches at " "bay means that tech companies continue to build terrible products that are " @@ -3025,7 +3031,7 @@ msgstr "" "som gjorde sin 737-flåte til en global paria, et sjeldent tilfelle der " "dårlige tekniske beslutninger har blitt alvorlig straffet i markedet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "These bad security decisions are compounded yet again by the use of " "copyright locks to enforce business-model decisions against consumers. " @@ -3039,7 +3045,7 @@ msgstr "" "forbrukeratferd, noe som gjør det teknisk umulig å bruke tredjeparts blekk, " "insulin, apper eller servicesteder til din lovlig ervervede eiendel." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Recall also that these copyright locks are backstopped by legislation (such " "as Section 1201 of the DMCA or Article 6 of the 2001 EU Copyright Directive) " @@ -3053,7 +3059,7 @@ msgstr "" "bestemmelsene har blitt brukt til å true sikkerhetsforskere som avslører " "sårbarheter uten tillatelse fra produsenter." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "This amounts to a manufacturer’s veto over safety warnings and criticism. " "While this is far from the legislative intent of the DMCA and its sister " @@ -3068,7 +3074,7 @@ msgstr "" "gå mot interessene til mektige, store bedrifter men en ustoppelig " "lobbystyrke." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Copyright locks are a double whammy: They create bad security decisions that " "can’t be freely investigated or discussed. If markets are supposed to be " @@ -3088,7 +3094,7 @@ msgstr "" "til produkter gir monopol en enda mer <quote>bedragersk kapitalisme</quote> " "enn overvåkingskapitalismens lobbykampanjer." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "And unlike mind-control rays, enforced silence over security is an " "immediate, documented problem, and it <emphasis>does</emphasis> constitute " @@ -3105,7 +3111,7 @@ msgstr "" "disse enhetene også kan manipulere den fysiske verden ved for eksempel å " "styre bilen eller snu en bryter på et kraftverk - er en slags teknologiskyld." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "In software design, <quote>technology debt</quote> refers to old, baked-in " "decisions that turn out to be bad ones in hindsight. Perhaps a long-ago " @@ -3137,7 +3143,7 @@ msgstr "" "å omstrukturere produktet fra grunnen av og <quote>betale ned gjelden</" "quote> en gang for alle." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Typically, technology debt results in a technological bankruptcy: The " "product gets so brittle and unsustainable that it fails catastrophically. " @@ -3157,7 +3163,7 @@ msgstr "" "traumatisk, akkurat som å miste huset ditt på grunn av konkurs er skremmende " "og traumatisk." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "But the technology debt created by copyright locks isn’t individual debt; " "it’s systemic. Everyone in the world is exposed to this over-leverage, as " @@ -3177,11 +3183,11 @@ msgstr "" "av tilstedeværelsen av bevisst usikre og bevisst ikkereviderbare " "opphavsrettslåser – vil det faktisk utgjøre en eksistensiell risiko." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><title> msgid "Privacy and monopoly" msgstr "Monopol og vern av privatsfæren" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Many tech companies are gripped by an orthodoxy that holds that if they just " "gather enough data on enough of our activities, everything else is possible " @@ -3203,7 +3209,7 @@ msgstr "" "erklærer det at suksessen er rett rundt hjørnet, oppnåelig når det har mere " "data for hånden." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Surveillance tech is far from the first industry to embrace a nonsensical, " "self-serving belief that harms the rest of the world, and it is not the " @@ -3225,7 +3231,7 @@ msgstr "" "quote> homofile mennesker. Historien er fylt med tidligere respektable " "titaner i diskrediterte næringer." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "This is not to say that there’s nothing wrong with Big Tech and its " "ideological addiction to data. While surveillance’s benefits are mostly " @@ -3236,7 +3242,7 @@ msgstr "" "er overdrevet, så er skadevirkningene, om noe, <emphasis>underdrevet</" "emphasis>." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "There’s real irony here. The belief in surveillance capitalism as a " "<quote>rogue capitalism</quote> is driven by the belief that markets " @@ -3250,7 +3256,7 @@ msgstr "" "oljeselskap som har falske oppfatninger om hvor oljen er, vil etter hvert gå " "konkurs ved å grave etter tørre brønner, tross alt." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "But monopolists get to do terrible things for a long time before they pay " "the price. Think of how concentration in the finance sector allowed the " @@ -3278,7 +3284,7 @@ msgstr "" "De verste lovbrytere i subprime-krisen er større enn de var i 2008, og " "brakte hjem mer fortjeneste og betale sine direktører enda større summer." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Big Tech is able to practice surveillance not just because it is tech but " "because it is <emphasis>big</emphasis>. The reason every web publisher " @@ -3294,7 +3300,7 @@ msgstr "" "<quote>Like</quote>-knappene spioner på alle som lander på en side som har " "dem (se også: Google Analytics bygger inn, Twitter-knapper osv.)." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "The reason the world’s governments have been slow to create meaningful " "penalties for privacy breaches is that Big Tech’s concentration produces " @@ -3309,7 +3315,7 @@ msgstr "" "til å komme frem til en enhetlig forhandlingsposisjon, som superlader " "lobbyvirksomheten." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "The reason that the smartest engineers in the world want to work for Big " "Tech is that Big Tech commands the lion’s share of tech industry jobs." @@ -3318,7 +3324,7 @@ msgstr "" "Storteknologien er at Storteknologien bestemmer over brorparten av jobbene i " "teknologiindustrien." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "The reason people who are aghast at Facebook’s and Google’s and Amazon’s " "data-handling practices continue to use these services is that all their " @@ -3330,7 +3336,7 @@ msgstr "" "vennene deres er på Facebook; Google dominerer søk; og Amazon har satt alle " "de lokale kjøpmennene ut av drift." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Competitive markets would weaken the companies’ lobbying muscle by reducing " "their profits and pitting them against each other in regulatory forums. It " @@ -3350,7 +3356,7 @@ msgstr "" "etablerte. Det ville gi nettutgivere flere måter å nå publikum på, og kunne " "stille opp mot innpasningene til Facebook- og Google- og Twitter." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "In other words, while surveillance doesn’t cause monopolies, monopolies " "certainly abet surveillance." @@ -3358,11 +3364,11 @@ msgstr "" "Med andre ord, mens overvåking ikke forårsaker monopoler, medvirker " "monopoler absolutt til overvåking." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><title> msgid "Ronald Reagan, pioneer of tech monopolism" msgstr "Ronald Reagan, en pioner for teknologimonopoler" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Technology exceptionalism is a sin, whether it’s practiced by technology’s " "blind proponents or by its critics. Both of these camps are prone to " @@ -3384,7 +3390,7 @@ msgstr "" "konkurranseregulatorer i USA og EU sier monopol er uunngåelig, så vi bør " "straffe teknologien for sine overgrep, men ikke prøve å bryte opp monopolene." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "To understand how tech became so monopolistic, it’s useful to look at the " "dawn of the consumer tech industry: 1979, the year the Apple II Plus " @@ -3406,7 +3412,7 @@ msgstr "" "Pinochet i Chile – fortsatte med å vedta lignende reformer som til slutt " "spredte seg over hele verden." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Antitrust’s story began nearly a century before all that with laws like the " "Sherman Act, which took aim at monopolists on the grounds that monopolies " @@ -3424,7 +3430,7 @@ msgstr "" "og fange sine regulatorer i en slik grad at de kan komme unna med svært mye " "skade." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Then came a fabulist named Robert Bork, a former solicitor general who " "Reagan appointed to the powerful U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit " @@ -3444,7 +3450,7 @@ msgstr "" "heller at de var ment å forhindre <quote>forbrukerskade</quote> - i form av " "høyere priser." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Bork was a crank, but he was a crank with a theory that rich people really " "liked. Monopolies are a great way to make rich people richer by allowing " @@ -3460,7 +3466,7 @@ msgstr "" "gunstigere regulatorisk miljø med mindre beskyttelse for kunder, " "leverandører, miljø og arbeidere." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Bork’s theories were especially palatable to the same power brokers who " "backed Reagan, and Reagan’s Department of Justice and other agencies began " @@ -3478,7 +3484,7 @@ msgstr "" "begrepet <quote>borkete</quote> (tilsvarer klønete på norsk) for å referere " "til noen katastrofalt dårlige politiske prestasjoner)." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Little by little, Bork’s theories entered the mainstream, and their backers " "began to infiltrate the legal education field, even putting on junkets where " @@ -3497,7 +3503,7 @@ msgstr "" "de til rådighet for å lobbe i enda flere borkiske antitrust-" "innflytelseskampanjer." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "The history of Bork’s antitrust theories is a really good example of the " "kind of covertly engineered shifts in public opinion that Zuboff warns us " @@ -3519,7 +3525,7 @@ msgstr "" "rikdom er et tegn på dyd, og så videre - alle disse teoriene ble fanget opp " "for å danne en sammenhengende ideologi som hevet ulikhet til en dyd." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Today, many fear that machine learning allows surveillance capitalism to " "sell <quote>Bork-as-a-Service,</quote> at internet speeds, so that you can " @@ -3543,7 +3549,7 @@ msgstr "" "lyver bare om det. Storteknologien lyver hele tiden <emphasis>inkludert</" "emphasis> i sitt salgsmateriale." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "The idea that tech forms <quote>natural monopolies</quote> (monopolies that " "are the inevitable result of the realities of an industry, such as the " @@ -3567,7 +3573,7 @@ msgstr "" "(fra gamle data), og institusjonell treghet (store selskaper, lik vitenskap, " "fremdrift med en begravelse om gangen)." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Indeed, the birth of the web saw a mass-extinction event for the existing " "giant, wildly profitable proprietary technologies that had capital, network " @@ -3593,7 +3599,7 @@ msgstr "" "garanti for konsistens og kvalitet i stedet for kaoset i et åpent system. " "Alle tok feil og endte opp med å bli absorbert inn i det offentlige nettet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Yes, tech is heavily monopolized and is now closely associated with industry " "concentration, but this has more to do with a matter of timing than its " @@ -3614,7 +3620,7 @@ msgstr "" "antimonopol-innsats og ikke de oppreklamerte unike egenskapene til " "teknologi, for eksempel nettverkseffekter, pionerfordeler, og så videre." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "In support of this thesis, I offer the concentration that every " "<emphasis>other</emphasis> industry has undergone over the same period. From " @@ -3642,7 +3648,7 @@ msgstr "" "pakke med konkurransehemmende taktikk, som en gang var ulovlig, men ikke " "lenger." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Again: When you change the laws intended to prevent monopolies and then " "monopolies form in exactly the way the law was supposed to prevent, it is " @@ -3666,11 +3672,11 @@ msgstr "" "overbevisende forklaringer på monopol i teknologi som holder kapitalismen " "intakt." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><title> msgid "Steering with the windshield wipers" msgstr "Styring med vindusviskerne" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "It’s been 40 years since Bork’s project to rehabilitate monopolies achieved " "liftoff, and that is a generation and a half, which is plenty of time to " @@ -3688,7 +3694,7 @@ msgstr "" "vilkårlige, møter mange fortsatt denne nyheten med forbauselse og finner det " "vanskelig å forestille seg en tid da rosa er knyttet til maskulinitet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "After 40 years of studiously ignoring antitrust analysis and enforcement, " "it’s not surprising that we’ve all but forgotten that antitrust exists, that " @@ -3702,7 +3708,7 @@ msgstr "" "oppkjøp i stor grad forbudt etter loven, at strategier for å dominere " "markedet, som vertikal integrasjon, kunne sende et selskap til retten." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Antitrust is a market society’s steering wheel, the control of first resort " "to keep would-be masters of the universe in their lanes. But Bork and his " @@ -3721,7 +3727,7 @@ msgstr "" "om at en av disse andre tingene gir en omstilling som lar oss velge hvor vi " "er på vei før vi velter utfor en klippe." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "It’s like a 1960s science-fiction plot come to life: People stuck in a " "<quote>generation ship,</quote> plying its way across the stars, a ship once " @@ -3739,11 +3745,11 @@ msgstr "" "med mindre vi kan ta tilbake kontrollen og gjennomføre kurskorreksjon i " "tide, så er vi alle på tur mot en grusom død i hjertet av en sol." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><title> msgid "Surveillance still matters" msgstr "Overvåking er fortsatt viktig" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "None of this is to minimize the problems with surveillance. Surveillance " "matters, and Big Tech’s use of surveillance <emphasis>is</emphasis> an " @@ -3755,7 +3761,7 @@ msgstr "" "en eksistensiell risiko for vår art, men det er ikke fordi overvåking og " "maskinlæring frarøver oss vår frie vilje." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Surveillance has become <emphasis>much</emphasis> more efficient thanks to " "Big Tech. In 1989, the Stasi — the East German secret police — had the whole " @@ -3767,7 +3773,7 @@ msgstr "" "landet under overvåkning, et massivt foretak som rekrutterte hver sekstiende " "person til å tjene som informant eller etterretningsagent." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Today, we know that the NSA is spying on a significant fraction of the " "entire world’s population, and its ratio of surveillance operatives to the " @@ -3783,7 +3789,7 @@ msgstr "" "vet ikke hvor mange av disse klarerte personene som er involvert i NSAs " "spionasje , men det er definitivt ikke alle disse)." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "How did the ratio of surveillable citizens expand from 1:60 to 1:10,000 in " "less than 30 years? It’s thanks to Big Tech. Our devices and services gather " @@ -3825,7 +3831,7 @@ msgstr "" "på bare 99 %, kommer hver sanne positive til en kostnad på 9999 falske " "positive." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Let me explain that again: If one in a million people is a terrorist, then " "there will only be about one terrorist in a random sample of one million " @@ -3839,7 +3845,7 @@ msgstr "" "identifisere 10.000 terrorister i din million-personer prøve (1 % av en " "million er 10.000). For hver sann positiv, vil du få 9999 falske positive." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "In reality, the accuracy of algorithmic terrorism detection falls far short " "of the 99% mark, as does refrigerator ad targeting. The difference is that " @@ -3854,7 +3860,7 @@ msgstr "" "planlegge et terrorangrep kan det ødelegge livet ditt og livene til alle du " "elsker." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Mass state surveillance is only feasible because of surveillance capitalism " "and its extremely low-yield ad-targeting systems, which require a constant " @@ -3870,7 +3876,7 @@ msgstr "" "massestatovervåkingens primære feilmodus er groteske " "menneskerettighetsbrudd, som tenderer mot et totalitært samfunn." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "State surveillance is no mere parasite on Big Tech, sucking up its data and " "giving nothing in return. In truth, the two are symbiotes: Big Tech sucks up " @@ -3887,7 +3893,7 @@ msgstr "" "mellom statlig overvåking og overvåkingskapitalisme; de er avhengige av " "hverandre." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "To see this at work today, look no further than Amazon’s home surveillance " "device, the Ring doorbell, and its associated app, Neighbors. Ring — a " @@ -3911,13 +3917,13 @@ msgstr "" "hele nabolaget med andre Ring-eiere, der du kan dele klipp av " "<quote>mistenkelige individer</quote>. Hvis du tenker at dette høres ut som " "en oppskrift på å la rasister bak gardinene virkelig gi krefter til sine " -"mistanker mot personer med brun hud som går langs gatene, <ulink url=\"https" -"://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2020/07/amazons-ring-enables-over-policing-efforts-" -"some-americas-deadliest-law-enforcement\">har du rett</ulink>. Ring har " -"blitt en <emphasis>de facto</emphasis>, uoffisiell forlengelse av politiet " -"uten noen irriterende tilsyn eller regler." +"mistanker mot personer med brun hud som går langs gatene, <ulink url=" +"\"https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2020/07/amazons-ring-enables-over-policing-" +"efforts-some-americas-deadliest-law-enforcement\">har du rett</ulink>. Ring " +"har blitt en <emphasis>de facto</emphasis>, uoffisiell forlengelse av " +"politiet uten noen irriterende tilsyn eller regler." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "In mid-2019, a series of public records requests revealed that Amazon had " "struck confidential deals with more than 400 local law enforcement agencies " @@ -3940,7 +3946,7 @@ msgstr "" "retter en formell henvendelse om opptaket til selskapet, for å få det " "utlevert." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Ring and law enforcement have found many ways to intertwine their " "activities. Ring strikes secret deals to acquire real-time access to 911 " @@ -3955,7 +3961,7 @@ msgstr "" "overvåkningsdørklokke, men er ikke sikker på om nabolaget deres er så farlig " "at det trengs." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "The more the cops buzz-market the surveillance capitalist Ring, the more " "surveillance capability the state gets. Cops who rely on private entities " @@ -3974,11 +3980,11 @@ msgstr "" "på Ring og Neighbors, jo vanskeligere vil det være å vedta lover mot dem. Jo " "færre lover er det mot dem, jo mer vil politiet stole på dem." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><title> msgid "Dignity and sanctuary" msgstr "Verdighet og tilfluktsted" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "But even if we could exercise democratic control over our states and force " "them to stop raiding surveillance capitalism’s reservoirs of behavioral " @@ -3988,7 +3994,7 @@ msgstr "" "dem til å slutte å ransake overvåkingskapitalismens reservoarer av " "atferdsdata, så ville overvåkingskapitalismen fortsatt skade oss." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "This is an area where Zuboff shines. Her chapter on <quote>sanctuary</quote> " "— the feeling of being unobserved — is a beautiful hymn to introspection, " @@ -3998,7 +4004,7 @@ msgstr "" "<quote>tilfluktsted</quote> — følelsen av å ikke bli observert — er en " "nydelig hyllest til introspeksjon, ro, oppmerksomt nærvær og stillhet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "When you are watched, something changes. Anyone who has ever raised a child " "knows this. You might look up from your book (or more realistically, from " @@ -4026,7 +4032,7 @@ msgstr "" "avsløre i nærvær av en annen, selv noen du stoler så betingelsesløst på som " "et barn stoler på sine foreldre." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "In the digital age, our authentic selves are inextricably tied to our " "digital lives. Your search history is a running ledger of the questions " @@ -4040,7 +4046,7 @@ msgstr "" "trukket mot og opplevelsene du har hatt der. Din sosiale graf avslører de " "ulike sidene av identiteten din, og folkene du er knyttet til." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "To be observed in these activities is to lose the sanctuary of your " "authentic self." @@ -4048,7 +4054,7 @@ msgstr "" "Å få disse aktivitetene observert er å miste tilfluktstedet for ditt sanne " "jeg." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "There’s another way in which surveillance capitalism robs us of our capacity " "to be our authentic selves: by making us anxious. Surveillance capitalism " @@ -4068,7 +4074,7 @@ msgstr "" "og bombardere dem i et periodisk opplegg som er akkurat tilfeldig nok til at " "vår nervesystem aldri helt blir vant til det." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Our devices and services are <quote>general purpose</quote> in that they can " "connect anything or anyone to anything or anyone else and that they can run " @@ -4088,7 +4094,7 @@ msgstr "" "ga med dårlige nyheter og jeg trenger å snakke med deg MED EN GANG</quote>) " "i tillegg til reklamer for kjøleskap og rekrutteringsmeldinger fra nazister." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "All day and all night, our pockets buzz, shattering our concentration and " "tearing apart the fragile webs of connection we spin as we think through " @@ -4105,11 +4111,11 @@ msgstr "" "www.youtube.com/watch?v=1SKpRbvnx6g\">krigsforbrytelse i følge Geneve-" "konvensjonen</ulink>." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><title> msgid "Afflicting the afflicted" msgstr "Pine de plagede" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "The effects of surveillance on our ability to be our authentic selves are " "not equal for all people. Some of us are lucky enough to live in a time and " @@ -4122,7 +4128,7 @@ msgstr "" "der de viktigste fakta om våre live er i stor grad sosialt aksepterte og kan " "vises frem offentlig uten risiko for sosiale konsekvenser." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "But for many of us, this is not true. Recall that in living memory, many of " "the ways of being that we think of as socially acceptable today were once " @@ -4140,7 +4146,7 @@ msgstr "" "aktivitet, for å forelske seg i en person hvis hud var en annen farge enn " "sin egen, eller for å røyke gras." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Today, these activities aren’t just decriminalized in much of the world, " "they’re considered normal, and the fallen prohibitions are viewed as " @@ -4150,7 +4156,7 @@ msgstr "" "verden, de anses som normale, og de forhenværende forbudene anses som " "skamfulle, forkastelige relikvier fra fortiden." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "How did we get from prohibition to normalization? Through private, personal " "activity: People who were secretly gay or secret pot-smokers or who secretly " @@ -4174,7 +4180,7 @@ msgstr "" "ut av skapet og avslørte sitt sanne jeg til folkene rundt dem og bringe dem " "inn på sin side, en samtale av gangen." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "The right to choose the time and manner of these conversations was key to " "their success. It’s one thing to come out to your dad while you’re on a " @@ -4188,7 +4194,7 @@ msgstr "" "over julemiddagen mens din rasistiske Facebook-onkel er der for å lage en " "scene." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Without a private sphere, there’s a chance that none of these changes would " "have come to pass and that the people who benefited from these changes would " @@ -4201,7 +4207,7 @@ msgstr "" "eller ville aldri vært i stand til å vise sitt sanne jeg til folkene de er " "glade i." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "The corollary is that, unless you think that our society has attained social " "perfection — that your grandchildren in 50 years will ask you to tell them " @@ -4217,21 +4223,21 @@ msgstr "" "sosial perfeksjon — at barnebarna i 50 år vil be deg om å fortelle dem " "historien om hvordan, i 2020, hver urettferdighet hadde blitt korrigert og " "ingen ytterligere endring måtte gjøres — så bør du forvente at akkurat nå, i " -"dette øyeblikk, er det folk du elsker, hvis lykke henger sammen med din egen " -", som har en hemmelighet i sine hjerter som hindrer dem fra å være sitt " +"dette øyeblikk, er det folk du elsker, hvis lykke henger sammen med din " +"egen , som har en hemmelighet i sine hjerter som hindrer dem fra å være sitt " "sanne jeg sammen med deg. Disse menneskene er sorgfulle og vil gå i graven " "med den hemmelige sorgen i sine hjerter, og kilden til denne sorgen vil være " "falskheten i deres forhold til deg." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "A private realm is necessary for human progress." msgstr "En privatsfære er nødvendig for menneskelig fremgang." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><title> msgid "Any data you collect and retain will eventually leak" msgstr "Alle data du samler og tar vare på vil til slutt lekke" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "The lack of a private life can rob vulnerable people of the chance to be " "their authentic selves and constrain our actions by depriving us of " @@ -4243,7 +4249,7 @@ msgstr "" "en annen risiko som belastes oss alle, ikke bare folk med en hemmelighet: " "kriminalitet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Personally identifying information is of very limited use for the purpose of " "controlling peoples’ minds, but identity theft — really a catchall term for " @@ -4257,7 +4263,7 @@ msgstr "" "kan ødelegge din økonomi, kompromittere din personlige integritet, ødelegge " "ditt rykte, eller til og med utsette deg for fysisk fare - trives med den." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Attackers are not limited to using data from one breached source, either. " "Multiple services have suffered breaches that exposed names, addresses, " @@ -4279,7 +4285,7 @@ msgstr "" "tilfeldige personer, og deretter bruke ulike deler av datasettet til ulike " "kriminelle formål." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "For example, attackers can use leaked username and password combinations to " "hijack whole fleets of commercial vehicles that <ulink url=\"https://www." @@ -4295,18 +4301,19 @@ msgid "" "cryptocurrency wallets." msgstr "" "Angripere kan for eksempel bruke lekkede brukernavn- og passordkombinasjoner " -"til å kapre hele flåter av kommersielle kjøretøy som <ulink url=\"https://www" -".vice.com/en_us/article/zmpx4x/hacker-monitor-cars-kill-engine-gps-tracking-" -"apps\"> har blitt utstyrt med anti-tyveri GPS-sporere og startsperrer</" -"ulink> eller å kapre babymonitorer for å <ulink url=\"https://www." -"washingtonpost.com/technology/2019/04/23/how-nest-designed-keep-intruders-out" -"-peoples-homes-effectively-allowed-hackers-get/?utm_term=.15220e98c550\"" -">terrorisere småbarn med lydspor fra pornografi</ulink>. Angripere bruker " -"lekkede data til å lure telefonselskaper til å gi dem telefonnummeret ditt, " -"så fanger de opp SMS-baserte tofaktorautentiseringskoder for å ta over e-" -"post, bankkonti og/eller lommebøker for kryptovaluta." - -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +"til å kapre hele flåter av kommersielle kjøretøy som <ulink url=\"https://" +"www.vice.com/en_us/article/zmpx4x/hacker-monitor-cars-kill-engine-gps-" +"tracking-apps\"> har blitt utstyrt med anti-tyveri GPS-sporere og " +"startsperrer</ulink> eller å kapre babymonitorer for å <ulink url=\"https://" +"www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2019/04/23/how-nest-designed-keep-" +"intruders-out-peoples-homes-effectively-allowed-hackers-get/?" +"utm_term=.15220e98c550\">terrorisere småbarn med lydspor fra pornografi</" +"ulink>. Angripere bruker lekkede data til å lure telefonselskaper til å gi " +"dem telefonnummeret ditt, så fanger de opp SMS-baserte " +"tofaktorautentiseringskoder for å ta over e-post, bankkonti og/eller " +"lommebøker for kryptovaluta." + +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Attackers are endlessly inventive in the pursuit of creative ways to " "weaponize leaked data. One common use of leaked data is to penetrate " @@ -4316,7 +4323,7 @@ msgstr "" "gjøre lekkede data til våpen. En vanlig bruk av lekkede data er å trenge inn " "i selskaper for å få tilgang til <emphasis>mer</emphasis> data." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Like spies, online fraudsters are totally dependent on companies over-" "collecting and over-retaining our data. Spy agencies sometimes pay companies " @@ -4331,7 +4338,7 @@ msgstr "" "\"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-24751821\">å tuske ut data fra " "selskapenes databaser</ulink>." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "The over-collection of data has a host of terrible social consequences, from " "the erosion of our authentic selves to the undermining of social progress, " @@ -4345,11 +4352,11 @@ msgstr "" "er også en fordel for folk som kjører påvirkningskampanjer, men det er vårt " "minste problem." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><title> msgid "Critical tech exceptionalism is still tech exceptionalism" msgstr "Kritisk teknologi eksepsjonellisme er fortsatt eksepsjonellisme" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Big Tech has long practiced technology exceptionalism: the idea that it " "should not be subject to the mundane laws and norms of <quote>meatspace.</" @@ -4362,7 +4369,7 @@ msgstr "" "things</quote> tiltrakk seg berettiget hån mot selskapenes selvsentrerte " "retorikk." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Tech exceptionalism got us all into a lot of trouble, so it’s ironic and " "distressing to see Big Tech’s critics committing the same sin." @@ -4370,7 +4377,7 @@ msgstr "" "Teknologiens eksepsjonellisme ga oss alle mye trøbbel, så det er ironisk og " "plagsomt å se Storteknologiens kritikere synde på samme vis." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Big Tech is not a <quote>rogue capitalism</quote> that cannot be cured " "through the traditional anti-monopoly remedies of trustbusting (forcing " @@ -4391,7 +4398,7 @@ msgstr "" "regelskrivende tankekontroll-stråle, som nødvendiggjør avvikling av vår " "gamle verktøykasse." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "The thing is, people have been claiming to have perfected mind-control rays " "for centuries, and every time, it turned out to be a con — though sometimes " @@ -4401,7 +4408,7 @@ msgstr "" "århundrer, og hver gang, det viste seg å være et bedrag - men noen ganger " "bedro svindlere seg selv." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "For generations, the advertising industry has been steadily improving its " "ability to sell advertising services to businesses while only making " @@ -4419,7 +4426,7 @@ msgstr "" "triumfen til <emphasis>annonsesjefer</emphasis>, som med hell overbeviste " "Wanamaker om at bare halvparten av pengene han brukte gikk til spille." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "The tech industry has made enormous improvements in the science of " "convincing businesses that they’re good at advertising while their actual " @@ -4440,7 +4447,7 @@ msgstr "" "salgspoeng, når markedsførere har utnyttet potensielle kunders mangel på " "teknisk forståelse for å komme unna med fantastisk oversalg og underlevering." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "It’s tempting to think that if businesses are willing to pour billions into " "a venture that the venture must be a good one. Yet there are plenty of times " @@ -4466,7 +4473,7 @@ msgstr "" "underpresterende sektor er en lignelse om flaksens rolle i " "rikdomsakkumulering, ikke et tegn på at forvaltede fond er et godt kjøp." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "The claims of Big Tech’s mind-control system are full of tells that the " "enterprise is a con. For example, <ulink url=\"https://www.frontiersin.org/" @@ -4478,15 +4485,15 @@ msgid "" "marketing hucksters and pop psych</ulink>." msgstr "" "Påstandene om Storteknologiens tankekontrollsystem er fulle av tegn på at " -"hele foretaket er svindel. For eksempel, <ulink url=\"https://www.frontiersin" -".org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01415/full\">avhengigheten av de <quote>Fem " -"Store</quote> personlighetstrekkene</ulink> som hovedmetode for å påvirke " -"mennesker, selv om de <quote>Fem Store</quote>-teorien ikke støttes av noen " -"store, fagfellevurderte studier og for det meste hører til <ulink url=\"https" -"://www.wired.com/story/the-noisy-fallacies-of-psychographic-targeting/\"" -">pågående reklamefolk og pop-psykologi</ulink>." +"hele foretaket er svindel. For eksempel, <ulink url=\"https://www." +"frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01415/full\">avhengigheten av de " +"<quote>Fem Store</quote> personlighetstrekkene</ulink> som hovedmetode for å " +"påvirke mennesker, selv om de <quote>Fem Store</quote>-teorien ikke støttes " +"av noen store, fagfellevurderte studier og for det meste hører til <ulink " +"url=\"https://www.wired.com/story/the-noisy-fallacies-of-psychographic-" +"targeting/\">pågående reklamefolk og pop-psykologi</ulink>." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Big Tech’s promotional materials also claim that their algorithms can " "accurately perform <quote>sentiment analysis</quote> or detect peoples’ " @@ -4501,7 +4508,7 @@ msgid "" "been shown</ulink> to underperform relative to random chance." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Big Tech has been so good at marketing its own supposed superpowers that " "it’s easy to believe that they can market everything else with similar " @@ -4514,7 +4521,7 @@ msgid "" "its machine-learning fueled persuasion systems work." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "That skepticism should infuse all of our evaluations of Big Tech and its " "supposed abilities, including our perusal of its patents. Zuboff vests these " @@ -4525,7 +4532,7 @@ msgid "" "the patent itself is so notoriously an invitation to exaggeration." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Patent applications take the form of a series of claims and range from broad " "to narrow. A typical patent starts out by claiming that its authors have " @@ -4541,7 +4548,7 @@ msgid "" "lengthy, expensive process of contesting it." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "What’s more, software patents are routinely granted even though the filer " "doesn’t have any evidence that they can do the thing claimed by the patent. " @@ -4549,7 +4556,7 @@ msgid "" "actually made and that you don’t know how to make." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "With these considerations in hand, it becomes obvious that the fact that a " "Big Tech company has patented what it <emphasis>says</emphasis> is an " @@ -4557,7 +4564,7 @@ msgid "" "fact control our minds." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Big Tech collects our data for many reasons, including the diminishing " "returns on existing stores of data. But many tech companies also collect " @@ -4568,7 +4575,7 @@ msgid "" "put to use after the first doubles the number of possible fax-to-fax links." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Data mined for predictive systems doesn’t necessarily produce these " "dividends. Think of Netflix: The predictive value of the data mined from a " @@ -4580,7 +4587,7 @@ msgid "" "labeling and validating data do not get cheaper at scale." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Businesses pursue fads to the detriment of their profits all the time, " "especially when the businesses and their investors are not motivated by the " @@ -4591,7 +4598,7 @@ msgid "" "quantity of data.</quote>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "This is another harm of tech exceptionalism: The belief that more data " "always produces more profits in the form of more insights that can be " @@ -4606,13 +4613,13 @@ msgid "" "spend not one penny more than is necessary on protecting data." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><title> msgid "" "How monopolies, not mind control, drive surveillance capitalism: The " "Snapchat story" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "For the first decade of its existence, Facebook competed with the social " "media giants of the day (Myspace, Orkut, etc.) by presenting itself as the " @@ -4623,7 +4630,7 @@ msgid "" "social media wars like Myspace." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Despite frequent promises that it would never collect or analyze its users’ " "data, Facebook periodically created initiatives that did just that, like the " @@ -4636,7 +4643,7 @@ msgid "" "following the launch of the new product or service." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "The pace at which Facebook ramped up its surveillance efforts seems to have " "been set by Facebook’s competitive landscape. The more competitors Facebook " @@ -4650,7 +4657,7 @@ msgstr "" "sammen, så ble oppførselen til Facebook <ulink url=\"https://papers.ssrn.com/" "sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3247362\">markant verre</ulink>." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "All the while, Facebook was prodigiously acquiring companies, including a " "company called Onavo. Nominally, Onavo made a battery-monitoring mobile app. " @@ -4664,7 +4671,7 @@ msgstr "" "samle inn finkornet telemetri på alt brukerne gjorde med telefonene sine, " "inkludert hvilke apper de brukte og hvordan de brukte dem." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Through Onavo, Facebook discovered that it was losing market share to " "Snapchat, an app that — like Facebook a decade before — billed itself as the " @@ -4686,7 +4693,7 @@ msgstr "" "for å fjerne Snapchats fordeler og sikre at Facebook ikke måtte møte den " "typen konkurransepress det tidligere hadde påført Myspace og Orkut." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "The story of how Facebook crushed Snapchat reveals the relationship between " "monopoly and surveillance capitalism. Facebook combined surveillance with " @@ -4709,11 +4716,11 @@ msgstr "" "håp om at en rivaliserende tjeneste dukker opp som konkurrerer på " "personvernfunksjoner." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><title> msgid "A monopoly over your friends" msgstr "Et monopol over vennene dine" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "A decentralization movement has tried to erode the dominance of Facebook and " "other Big Tech companies by fielding <quote>indieweb</quote> alternatives — " @@ -4726,7 +4733,7 @@ msgstr "" "Facebook-alternativ, og så videre — men disse forsøkene har på ingen måte " "tatt av." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Fundamentally, each of these services is hamstrung by the same problem: " "Every potential user for a Facebook or Twitter alternative has to convince " @@ -4744,7 +4751,7 @@ msgstr "" "kontoer, og grunnen til at de har Facebook-kontoer er at <emphasis>vi</" "emphasis> har Facebook-kontoer." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "All of this has conspired to make Facebook — and other dominant platforms — " "into <quote>kill zones</quote> that investors will not fund new entrants for." @@ -4753,7 +4760,7 @@ msgstr "" "plattformer – til <quote>drapssoner</quote> der investorer ikke vil " "finansiere nye deltakere." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "And yet, all of today’s tech giants came into existence despite the " "entrenched advantage of the companies that came before them. To understand " @@ -4764,11 +4771,11 @@ msgstr "" "forankrede fordelen til selskapene som kom før dem. For å forstå hvordan det " "skjedde, må du forstå både samvirke og angripende samvirke." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><blockquote><para> msgid "The hard problem of our species is coordination." msgstr "Det vanskelige problemet for vår art er koordinering." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "<quote>Interoperability</quote> is the ability of two technologies to work " "with one another: Anyone can make an LP that will play on any record player, " @@ -4779,7 +4786,7 @@ msgid "" "toast in your toaster." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Interoperability is often a source of innovation and consumer benefit: Apple " "made the first commercially successful PC, but millions of independent " @@ -4795,7 +4802,7 @@ msgid "" "internet revolution." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "<quote>Interoperability</quote> is often used interchangeably with " "<quote>standardization,</quote> which is the process when manufacturers and " @@ -4805,7 +4812,7 @@ msgid "" "interprets." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "But interoperability doesn’t require standardization — indeed, " "standardization often proceeds from the chaos of ad hoc interoperability " @@ -4818,7 +4825,7 @@ msgid "" "quote>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Beyond neutral interoperability, there is <quote>adversarial " "interoperability.</quote> That’s when a manufacturer makes a product that " @@ -4827,7 +4834,7 @@ msgid "" "bypassing a security system designed to prevent interoperability</emphasis>." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Probably the most familiar form of adversarial interoperability is third-" "party printer ink. Printer manufacturers claim that they sell printers below " @@ -4838,7 +4845,7 @@ msgid "" "cartridges." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Owners of printers take the position that HP and Epson and Brother are not " "charities and that customers for their wares have no obligation to help them " @@ -4852,7 +4859,7 @@ msgid "" "printer companies?" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Adversarial interoperability has played an outsized role in the history of " "the tech industry: from the founding of the <quote>alt.*</quote> Usenet " @@ -4867,7 +4874,7 @@ msgid "" "based Myspace reader)." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Today, incumbency is seen as an unassailable advantage. Facebook is where " "all of your friends are, so no one can start a Facebook competitor. But " @@ -4883,7 +4890,7 @@ msgid "" "better treatment." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Adversarial interoperability was once the norm and a key contributor to the " "dynamic, vibrant tech scene, but now it is stuck behind a thicket of laws " @@ -4894,7 +4901,7 @@ msgid "" "interference, and patent." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "In the absence of a competitive market, lawmakers have resorted to assigning " "expensive, state-like duties to Big Tech firms, such as automatically " @@ -4903,14 +4910,14 @@ msgid "" "controlling access to sexual material." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "These measures put a floor under how small we can make Big Tech because only " "the very largest companies can afford the humans and automated filters " "needed to perform these duties." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "But that’s not the only way in which making platforms responsible for " "policing their users undermines competition. A platform that is expected to " @@ -4923,7 +4930,7 @@ msgid "" "guesses about whether someone is a harasser)." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "To the extent that we are willing to let Big Tech police itself — rather " "than making Big Tech small enough that users can leave bad platforms for " @@ -4934,7 +4941,7 @@ msgid "" "enforcement tools to ban and punish attempts at adversarial interoperability." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Ultimately, we can try to fix Big Tech by making it responsible for bad acts " "by its users, or we can try to fix the internet by cutting Big Tech down to " @@ -4947,11 +4954,11 @@ msgid "" "users can use to scale the walls and escape to the global, open web." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><title> msgid "Fake news is an epistemological crisis" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Tech is not the only industry that has undergone massive concentration since " "the Reagan era. Virtually every major industry — from oil to newspapers to " @@ -4959,7 +4966,7 @@ msgid "" "clubby oligarchy that just a few players dominate." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "At the same time, every industry has become something of a tech industry as " "general-purpose computers and general-purpose networks and the promise of " @@ -4967,7 +4974,7 @@ msgid "" "firm with tech." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "This phenomenon of industrial concentration is part of a wider story about " "wealth concentration overall as a smaller and smaller number of people own " @@ -4976,7 +4983,7 @@ msgid "" "interests of the people and companies with all the money." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "That means that whenever a regulator asks a question with an obvious, " "empirical answer (<quote>Are humans causing climate change?</quote> or " @@ -4987,7 +4994,7 @@ msgid "" "wealthy." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Rich people have always played an outsized role in politics and more so " "since the Supreme Court’s <emphasis>Citizens United</emphasis> decision " @@ -4997,7 +5004,7 @@ msgid "" "before. Think of the Koch brothers or George Soros or Bill Gates." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "But the policy distortions of rich individuals pale in comparison to the " "policy distortions that concentrated industries are capable of. The " @@ -5007,7 +5014,7 @@ msgid "" "capital surpluses to spend on lobbying." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Concentrated industries also find it easier to collaborate on policy " "objectives than competitive ones. When all the top execs from your industry " @@ -5015,7 +5022,7 @@ msgid "" "emphasis> they do, they can forge a consensus position on regulation." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Rising through the ranks in a concentrated industry generally means working " "at two or three of the big companies. When there are only relatively few " @@ -5028,7 +5035,7 @@ msgid "" "collegial, rather than competitive, attitude." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Highly concentrated industries also present a regulatory conundrum. When an " "industry is dominated by just four or five companies, the only people who " @@ -5040,7 +5047,7 @@ msgid "" "ranks once their terms have expired." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "All this is to say that the tight social bonds, small number of firms, and " "regulatory capture of concentrated industries give the companies that " @@ -5048,7 +5055,7 @@ msgid "" "bind them." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "This is increasingly obvious. Whether it’s payday lenders <ulink url=" "\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2019/02/25/how-payday-lending-" @@ -5064,7 +5071,7 @@ msgid "" "the highest bidder." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "It’s really impossible to overstate what a terrifying prospect this is. We " "live in an incredibly high-tech society, and none of us could acquire the " @@ -5081,7 +5088,7 @@ msgid "" "sufficient to keep you from dying after you finish your dinner." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "In a world as complex as this one, we have to defer to authorities, and we " "keep them honest by making those authorities accountable to us and binding " @@ -5091,11 +5098,11 @@ msgid "" "whether the adjudication process itself is trustworthy." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "Right now, it’s obviously not." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "The past 40 years of rising inequality and industry concentration, together " "with increasingly weak accountability and transparency for expert agencies, " @@ -5105,7 +5112,7 @@ msgid "" "rest of us." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "For example, it’s been decades since Exxon’s own scientists concluded that " "its products would render the Earth uninhabitable by humans. And yet those " @@ -5117,7 +5124,7 @@ msgid "" "they, too, are the outcome of another conspiracy." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "The collapse of the credibility of our systems for divining and upholding " "truths has left us in a state of epistemological chaos. Once, most of us " @@ -5127,7 +5134,7 @@ msgid "" "sort the true from the false." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "If you’re like me, you probably believe that vaccines are safe, but you " "(like me) probably also can’t explain the microbiology or statistics. Few of " @@ -5144,7 +5151,7 @@ msgid "" "<emphasis>not</emphasis> an aberration." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "I’m 100% certain that vaccinating is safe and effective, but I’m also at " "something of a loss to explain exactly, <emphasis>precisely,</emphasis> why " @@ -5153,7 +5160,7 @@ msgid "" "enrich the super rich." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Fake news — conspiracy theories, racist ideologies, scientific denialism — " "has always been with us. What’s changed today is not the mix of ideas in the " @@ -5163,7 +5170,7 @@ msgid "" "Big Wrestling and Big Car and Big Movie Theater and Big Everything Else." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "No one can say for certain why this has happened, but the two dominant camps " "are idealism (the belief that the people who argue for these conspiracies " @@ -5172,21 +5179,21 @@ msgid "" "because of material conditions in the world)." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "I’m a materialist. I’ve been exposed to the arguments of conspiracy " "theorists all my life, and I have not experienced any qualitative leap in " "the quality of those arguments." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "The major difference is in the world, not the arguments. In a time where " "actual conspiracies are commonplace, conspiracy theories acquire a ring of " "plausibility." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "We have always had disagreements about what’s true, but today, we have a " "disagreement over how we know whether something is true. This is an " @@ -5198,14 +5205,14 @@ msgid "" "universities are dependent on corporate donations to keep their lights on)." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Targeting — surveillance capitalism — makes it easier to find people who are " "undergoing this epistemological crisis, but it doesn’t create the crisis. " "For that, you need to look to corruption." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "And, conveniently enough, it’s corruption that allows surveillance " "capitalism to grow by dismantling monopoly protections, by permitting " @@ -5215,11 +5222,11 @@ msgid "" "yourself to commercial surveillance." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><title> msgid "Tech is different" msgstr "Teknologi er annerledes" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "I reject both iterations of technological exceptionalism. I reject the idea " "that tech is uniquely terrible and led by people who are greedier or worse " @@ -5228,14 +5235,14 @@ msgid "" "for its present-day monopolistic status." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "I think tech is just another industry, albeit one that grew up in the " "absence of real monopoly constraints. It may have been first, but it isn’t " "the worst nor will it be the last." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "But there’s one way in which I <emphasis>am</emphasis> a tech " "exceptionalist. I believe that online tools are the key to overcoming " @@ -5247,14 +5254,14 @@ msgid "" "stability — but it’s a means to achieve these things." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "The hard problem of our species is coordination. Everything from climate " "change to social change to running a business to making a family work can be " "viewed as a collective action problem." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "The internet makes it easier than at any time before to find people who want " "to work on a project with you — hence the success of free and open-source " @@ -5262,7 +5269,7 @@ msgid "" "coordinate the work you do." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "The internet and the computers we connect to it also possess an exceptional " "quality: general-purposeness. The internet is designed to allow any two " @@ -5272,7 +5279,7 @@ msgid "" "we can express in symbolic logic." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "This means that every time someone with a special communications need " "invests in infrastructure and techniques to make the internet faster, " @@ -5283,7 +5290,7 @@ msgid "" "beneficiary of this work." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "For these reasons, every type of communication is gradually absorbed into " "the internet, and every type of device — from airplanes to pacemakers — " @@ -5293,7 +5300,7 @@ msgstr "" "i Internett, og enhver type dings — fra fly til pacemakere — på sikt bli en " "datamaskin i en stilig boks." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "While these considerations don’t preclude regulating networks and computers, " "they do call for gravitas and caution when doing so because changes to " @@ -5301,7 +5308,7 @@ msgid "" "many, many other domains." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "The upshot of this is that our best hope of solving the big coordination " "problems — climate change, inequality, etc. — is with free, fair, and open " @@ -5310,11 +5317,11 @@ msgid "" "interventions to solve one problem might create problems in other domains." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><title> msgid "Ownership of facts" msgstr "Eierskap til fakta" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Big Tech has a funny relationship with information. When you’re generating " "information — anything from the location data streaming off your mobile " @@ -5322,7 +5329,7 @@ msgid "" "claims the rights to make unlimited use of that data." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "But when you have the audacity to turn the tables — to use a tool that " "blocks ads or slurps your waiting updates out of a social network and puts " @@ -5331,7 +5338,7 @@ msgid "" "you’re stealing from them." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "The thing is, information is a very bad fit for any kind of private property " "regime. Property rights are useful for establishing markets that can lead to " @@ -5340,7 +5347,7 @@ msgid "" "be bought and sold." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Information rarely has such a clear title. Take phone numbers: There’s " "clearly something going wrong when Facebook slurps up millions of users’ " @@ -5348,7 +5355,7 @@ msgid "" "graphs and fill in missing information about other users." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "But the phone numbers Facebook nonconsensually acquires in this transaction " "are not the <quote>property</quote> of the users they’re taken from nor do " @@ -5359,7 +5366,7 @@ msgid "" "obviously terrible idea." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Likewise for the facts that Facebook and other commercial surveillance " "operators acquire about us, like that we are the children of our parents or " @@ -5373,7 +5380,7 @@ msgid "" "who know these facts?" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "If you go to a Black Lives Matter demonstration, do the other demonstrators " "need your permission to post their photos from the event? The online fights " @@ -5383,7 +5390,7 @@ msgid "" "property right that everyone else in the mix has to respect." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "The fact that information isn’t a good fit with property and markets doesn’t " "mean that it’s not valuable. Babies aren’t property, but they’re inarguably " @@ -5394,7 +5401,7 @@ msgid "" "monster." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "It’s tempting to reach for the property hammer when Big Tech treats your " "information like a nail — not least because Big Tech are such prolific " @@ -5406,7 +5413,7 @@ msgid "" "click-through agreement that you don’t have the opportunity to modify." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Meanwhile, establishing property rights over information will create " "insurmountable barriers to independent data processing. Imagine that we " @@ -5421,7 +5428,7 @@ msgid "" "department and millions for licenses before they can even get started." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "The same goes for things like search indexes of the web or photos of " "peoples’ houses, which have become contentious thanks to Google’s Street " @@ -5436,7 +5443,7 @@ msgid "" "and more." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "The ownership of facts is antithetical to many kinds of human progress. It’s " "hard to imagine a rule that limits Big Tech’s exploitation of our collective " @@ -5447,11 +5454,11 @@ msgid "" "scrutiny and analysis." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><title> msgid "Persuasion works… slowly" msgstr "Overtalelse virker… sakte" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "The platforms may oversell their ability to persuade people, but obviously, " "persuasion works sometimes. Whether it’s the private realm that LGBTQ people " @@ -5461,7 +5468,7 @@ msgid "" "attitudes <emphasis>can</emphasis> change." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "The project of shifting societal attitudes is a game of inches and years. " "For centuries, svengalis have purported to be able to accelerate this " @@ -5473,7 +5480,7 @@ msgid "" "worldview." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Yet, after 12 years of terror, once the war ended, Nazi ideology was largely " "discredited in both East and West Germany, and a program of national truth " @@ -5484,7 +5491,7 @@ msgid "" "no more permanent than Nazism itself." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Racism and authoritarianism have also always been with us. Anyone who’s " "reviewed the kind of messages and arguments that racists put forward today " @@ -5495,7 +5502,7 @@ msgid "" "nationalists today." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "If racists haven’t gotten more convincing in the past decade, then how is it " "that more people were convinced to be openly racist at that time? I believe " @@ -5514,17 +5521,17 @@ msgid "" "opportunists target the fearful and the conspiracy-minded." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><title> msgid "Paying won’t help" msgstr "Det hjelper ikke å betale" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "As the old saw goes, <quote>If you’re not paying for the product, you’re the " "product.</quote>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "It’s a commonplace belief today that the advent of free, ad-supported media " "was the original sin of surveillance capitalism. The reasoning is that the " @@ -5537,7 +5544,7 @@ msgid "" "would be better for democracy." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "But the degradation of news products long precedes the advent of ad-" "supported online news. Long before newspapers were online, lax antitrust " @@ -5551,7 +5558,7 @@ msgid "" "unable to adapt to the internet — it was monopolism." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Then, as news companies <emphasis>did</emphasis> come online, the ad " "revenues they commanded dropped even as the number of internet users (and " @@ -5563,7 +5570,7 @@ msgid "" "Google acting as gatekeepers." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Paid services continue to exist alongside free ones, and often it is these " "paid services — anxious to prevent people from bypassing their paywalls or " @@ -5583,7 +5590,7 @@ msgid "" "worried indeed." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "We shouldn’t just be concerned about payment and control: The idea that " "paying will improve discourse is also dangerously wrong. The poor success " @@ -5596,7 +5603,7 @@ msgid "" "people." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Perhaps paying would fix this, the reasoning goes. If platforms could be " "economically viable even if you stopped clicking on them once your " @@ -5604,14 +5611,14 @@ msgid "" "reason to algorithmically enrage you to get more clicks out of you, right?" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "There may be something to that argument, but it still ignores the wider " "economic and political context of the platforms and the world that allowed " "them to grow so dominant." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Platforms are world-spanning and all-encompassing because they are " "monopolies, and they are monopolies because we have gutted our most " @@ -5623,14 +5630,14 @@ msgid "" "climate and technology shocks." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "In this wildly unequal world, paying doesn’t improve the discourse; it " "simply prices discourse out of the range of the majority of people. Paying " "for the product is dandy, if you can afford it." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "If you think today’s filter bubbles are a problem for our discourse, imagine " "what they’d be like if rich people inhabited free-flowing Athenian " @@ -5645,7 +5652,7 @@ msgid "" "internet." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Behind the idea of paying for access is a belief that free markets will " "address Big Tech’s dysfunction. After all, to the extent that people have a " @@ -5659,7 +5666,7 @@ msgid "" "to deprive them of the choice to take their business elsewhere." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Advocates for markets laud their ability to aggregate the diffused knowledge " "of buyers and sellers across a whole society through demand signals, price " @@ -5672,7 +5679,7 @@ msgid "" "a <quote>rogue capitalism.</quote>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "The profitability of any business is constrained by the possibility that its " "customers will take their business elsewhere. Both surveillance and lock-in " @@ -5683,7 +5690,7 @@ msgid "" "is no alternative." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Ultimately, surveillance and lock-in are both simply business strategies " "that monopolists can choose. Surveillance companies like Google are " @@ -5698,11 +5705,11 @@ msgid "" "more they <emphasis>can</emphasis> get away with." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><title> msgid "An <quote>ecology</quote> moment for trustbusting" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "If we’re going to break Big Tech’s death grip on our digital lives, we’re " "going to have to fight monopolies. That may sound pretty mundane and old-" @@ -5716,7 +5723,7 @@ msgstr "" "automatisert atferdsendring oppleves som plottlinjen til en veldig stilig " "cyberpunk-roman." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Meanwhile, breaking up monopolies is something we seem to have forgotten how " "to do. There is a bipartisan, trans-Atlantic consensus that breaking up " @@ -5726,7 +5733,7 @@ msgid "" "efficiencies of scale." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "But trustbusters once strode the nation, brandishing law books, terrorizing " "robber barons, and shattering the illusion of monopolies’ all-powerful grip " @@ -5735,11 +5742,11 @@ msgid "" "backs when they went up against the richest, most powerful men in the world." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "Could we find that political will again?" msgstr "Klarer vi finne igjen den politiske viljen?" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Copyright scholar James Boyle has described how the term <quote>ecology</" "quote> marked a turning point in environmental activism. Prior to the " @@ -5754,7 +5761,7 @@ msgstr "" "nødvendigvis at de kjempet samme kamp som folk som ønsket å beskytte " "ozonlaget, få slutt på ferskvannforurensning, få vekk smog eller sur nedbør." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "But the term <quote>ecology</quote> welded these disparate causes together " "into a single movement, and the members of this movement found solidarity " @@ -5766,7 +5773,7 @@ msgid "" "the habitability of the planet Earth is a shared duty among all people." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "I believe we are on the verge of a new <quote>ecology</quote> moment " "dedicated to combating monopolies. After all, tech isn’t the only " @@ -5778,7 +5785,7 @@ msgstr "" "sentralstyrte industrien, og det er heller ikke engang den <emphasis>mest</" "emphasis> sentralstyrte bransjen." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "You can find partisans for trustbusting in every sector of the economy. " "Everywhere you look, you can find people who’ve been wronged by monopolists " @@ -5789,7 +5796,7 @@ msgid "" "nearly every large company will have overlapping shareholders." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "That’s the good news: With a little bit of work and a little bit of " "coalition building, we have more than enough political will to break up Big " @@ -5797,7 +5804,7 @@ msgid "" "then we take AT&T/WarnerMedia." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "But here’s the bad news: Much of what we’re doing to tame Big Tech " "<emphasis>instead</emphasis> of breaking up the big companies also " @@ -5807,7 +5814,7 @@ msgstr "" "Storteknologien <emphasis>i stedet</emphasis> for å bryte opp de store " "selskapene, vil gjøre det vanskeligere å bryte dem opp senere." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Big Tech’s concentration currently means that their inaction on harassment, " "for example, leaves users with an impossible choice: absent themselves from " @@ -5820,7 +5827,7 @@ msgid "" "their creations are increasing." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Yet governments confronting all of these problems all inevitably converge on " "the same solution: deputize the Big Tech giants to police their users and " @@ -5830,7 +5837,7 @@ msgid "" "allocate hundreds of millions to run these compliance systems." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "These rules — the EU’s new Directive on Copyright, Australia’s new terror " "regulation, America’s FOSTA/SESTA sex-trafficking law and more — are not " @@ -5840,7 +5847,7 @@ msgid "" "under how small we can hope to make Big Tech." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "That’s because any move to break up Big Tech and cut it down to size will " "have to cope with the hard limit of not making these companies so small that " @@ -5853,7 +5860,7 @@ msgid "" "policing rulers were forced to suddenly abdicate will be much, much harder." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Allowing the platforms to grow to their present size has given them a " "dominance that is nearly insurmountable — deputizing them with public duties " @@ -5864,7 +5871,7 @@ msgid "" "companies, which will make them bigger still." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "We can work to fix the internet by breaking up Big Tech and depriving them " "of monopoly profits, or we can work to fix Big Tech by making them spend " @@ -5874,11 +5881,11 @@ msgid "" "behave themselves." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><title> msgid "Make Big Tech small again" msgstr "Gjør Storteknologien liten igjen" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Trustbusting is hard. Breaking big companies into smaller ones is expensive " "and time-consuming. So time-consuming that by the time you’re done, the " @@ -5888,7 +5895,7 @@ msgid "" "because mainframes were being speedily replaced by PCs." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><blockquote><para> msgid "" "A future U.S. president could simply direct their attorney general to " "enforce the law as it was written." @@ -5896,7 +5903,7 @@ msgstr "" "En fremtidig president i USA kunne ganske enkelt be sin justisminister om å " "håndheve loven slik den er skrevet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "It’s far easier to prevent concentration than to fix it, and reinstating the " "traditional contours of U.S. antitrust enforcement will, at the very least, " @@ -5905,7 +5912,7 @@ msgid "" "companies competing directly with the companies that rely on the platforms." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "These powers are all in the plain language of U.S. antitrust laws, so in " "theory, a future U.S. president could simply direct their attorney general " @@ -5916,7 +5923,7 @@ msgid "" "do the trick." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "If the courts frustrate the Justice Department and the president, the next " "stop would be Congress, which could eliminate any doubt about how antitrust " @@ -5931,7 +5938,7 @@ msgid "" "<emphasis>get rid of other monopolies, too.</emphasis>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "But this only prevents things from getting worse. To help them get better, " "we will have to build coalitions with other activists in the anti-monopoly " @@ -5941,7 +5948,7 @@ msgid "" "Luxottica from dominating both the sale and the manufacture of spectacles." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "In an important sense, it doesn’t matter which industry the breakups begin " "in. Once they start, shareholders in <emphasis>every</emphasis> industry " @@ -5959,11 +5966,11 @@ msgid "" "the next 10 years.</quote>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><title> msgid "20 GOTO 10" msgstr "20 GOTO 10" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Fixing Big Tech will require a lot of iteration. As cyber lawyer Lawrence " "Lessig wrote in his 1999 book, <emphasis>Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace</" @@ -5972,7 +5979,7 @@ msgid "" "markets (what’s profitable)." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "If you could wave a wand and get Congress to pass a law that re-fanged the " "Sherman Act tomorrow, you could use the impending breakups to convince " @@ -5985,7 +5992,7 @@ msgstr "" "konkurrentene til Facebook, Google, Twitter og Apple som ville vente i " "utkanten etter at disse ble gjort mindre." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "But getting Congress to act will require a massive normative shift, a mass " "movement of people who care about monopolies — and pulling them apart." @@ -5993,7 +6000,7 @@ msgstr "" "Men å få kongressen til å gjøre noe vil kreve en massiv normativ endring, en " "massebevegelse av folk som bryr seg om monopoler — og hvordan bryte dem opp." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Getting people to care about monopolies will take technological " "interventions that help them to see what a world free from Big Tech might " @@ -6006,7 +6013,7 @@ msgid "" "love than it is to excite them about something that doesn’t even exist yet." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Neither tech nor law nor code nor markets are sufficient to reform Big Tech. " "But a profitable competitor to Big Tech could bankroll a legislative push; " @@ -6021,7 +6028,7 @@ msgid "" "build on to weaken Big Tech even further." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "The surveillance capitalism hypothesis — that Big Tech’s products really " "work as well as they say they do and that’s why everything is so screwed up " @@ -6032,7 +6039,7 @@ msgid "" "place." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "As to why things are so screwed up? Capitalism. Specifically, the monopolism " "that creates inequality and the inequality that creates monopolism. It’s a " @@ -6044,7 +6051,7 @@ msgid "" "piss off the monopolists." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "Surveillance doesn’t make capitalism rogue. Capitalism’s unchecked rule " "begets surveillance. Surveillance isn’t bad because it lets people " @@ -6062,11 +6069,11 @@ msgstr "" "diskredittere disse potensielle gilliotin-byggerne før de i det hele tatt " "kommer seg til treverkforhandleren." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><title> msgid "Up and through" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "With all the problems of Big Tech, it’s tempting to imagine solving the " "problem by returning to a world without tech at all. Resist that temptation." @@ -6075,7 +6082,7 @@ msgstr "" "seg å løse problemet ved å gå tilbake til en verden helt uten teknologi. Stå " "imot den fristelsen." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "The only way out of our Big Tech problem is up and through. If our future is " "not reliant upon high tech, it will be because civilization has fallen. Big " @@ -6086,7 +6093,7 @@ msgid "" "democratic, accountable control." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#. type: Content of: <article><sect1><para> msgid "" "I am, secretly, despite what I have said earlier, a tech exceptionalist. Not " "in the sense of thinking that tech should be given a free pass to monopolize "