--- /dev/null
+# SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE
+# Copyright (C) YEAR Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+# This file is distributed under the same license as the PACKAGE package.
+# FIRST AUTHOR <EMAIL@ADDRESS>, YEAR.
+#
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+msgstr ""
+"Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2017-06-19 14:24-0500\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
+"Last-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL@ADDRESS>\n"
+"Language-Team: LANGUAGE <LL@li.org>\n"
+"Language: \n"
+"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
+"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2
+msgid "<span id=\"anchor\"></span>Made"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4
+msgid "<span id=\"anchor-1\"></span>with"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6
+msgid "<span id=\"anchor-2\"></span>Creative"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:8
+msgid "<span id=\"anchor-3\"></span>Commons"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:10
+msgid "Paul Stacey and Sarah Hinchliff Pearson"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:12
+msgid "Made With Creative Commons"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:14
+msgid "by Paul Stacey & Sarah Hinchliff Pearson"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:16
+msgid "© 2017, by Creative Commons."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:19
+msgid ""
+"Published under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike license (CC "
+"BY-SA), version 4.0."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:21
+msgid "ISBN 978-87-998733-3-3"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:23
+msgid "Cover and interior design by Klaus Nielsen, vinterstille.dk"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:25
+msgid "Content editing by Grace Yaginuma"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:27
+msgid "Illustrations by Bryan Mathers, bryanmathers.com"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:29
+msgid "Downloadable e-book available at madewith.cc"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:31
+msgid "Publisher:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:33
+msgid "Ctrl+Alt+Delete Books"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:35
+msgid "Husumgade 10, 5."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:37
+msgid "2200 Copenhagen N"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:39
+msgid "Denmark"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:41
+msgid "www.cadb.dk"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:43
+msgid "hey@cadb.dk"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:45
+msgid "Printer:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:47
+msgid "Drukarnia POZKAL Spółka z o.o. Spółka komandytowa"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:49
+msgid "88-100 Inowrocław,"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:51
+msgid "ul. Cegielna 10/12,"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:53
+msgid "Poland"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:61
+msgid ""
+"This book is published under a CC BY-SA license, which means that you can "
+"copy, redistribute, remix, transform, and build upon the content for any "
+"purpose, even commercially, as long as you give appropriate credit, provide "
+"a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. If you remix, "
+"transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your "
+"contributions under the same license as the original. License details: "
+"creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:65
+msgid ""
+"Made With Creative Commons is published with the kind support of Creative "
+"Commons and backers of our crowdfunding-campaign on the Kickstarter.com "
+"platform."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:72
+msgid ""
+"<span id=\"anchor-4\"></span>“I don’t know a whole lot about nonfiction "
+"journalism. . . The way that I think about these things, and in terms of "
+"what I can do is. . . essays like this are occasions to watch somebody "
+"reasonably bright but also reasonably average pay far closer attention and "
+"think at far more length about all sorts of different stuff than most of us "
+"have a chance to in our daily lives.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:74
+msgid "<span id=\"anchor-5\"></span>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:76
+msgid "<span id=\"anchor-6\"></span>- David Foster Wallace"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:78
+msgid "<span id=\"anchor-7\"></span>Foreword"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:86
+msgid ""
+"Three years ago, just after I was hired as CEO of Creative Commons, I met "
+"with Cory Doctorow in the hotel bar of Toronto’s Gladstone Hotel. As one of "
+"CC’s most well-known proponents—one who has also had a successful career as "
+"a writer who shares his work using CC—I told him I thought CC had a role in "
+"defining and advancing open business models. He kindly disagreed, and called "
+"the pursuit of viable business models through CC “a red herring.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:92
+msgid ""
+"He was, in a way, completely correct—those who make things with Creative "
+"Commons have ulterior motives, as Paul Stacey explains in this book: "
+"“Regardless of legal status, they all have a social mission. Their primary "
+"reason for being is to make the world a better place, not to profit. Money "
+"is a means to a social end, not the end itself.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:98
+msgid ""
+"In the case study about Cory Doctorow, Sarah Hinchliff Pearson cites Cory’s "
+"words from his book Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free: “Entering the arts "
+"because you want to get rich is like buying lottery tickets because you want "
+"to get rich. It might work, but it almost certainly won’t. Though, of "
+"course, someone always wins the lottery.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:105
+msgid ""
+"Today, copyright is like a lottery ticket—everyone has one, and almost "
+"nobody wins. What they don’t tell you is that if you choose to share your "
+"work, the returns can be significant and long-lasting. This book is filled "
+"with stories of those who take much greater risks than the two dollars we "
+"pay for a lottery ticket, and instead reap the rewards that come from "
+"pursuing their passions and living their values."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:111
+msgid ""
+"So it’s not about the money. Also: it is. Finding the means to continue to "
+"create and share often requires some amount of income. Max Temkin of Cards "
+"Against Humanity says it best in their case study: “We don’t make jokes and "
+"games to make money—we make money so we can make more jokes and games.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:119
+msgid ""
+"Creative Commons’ focus is on building a vibrant, usable commons, powered by "
+"collaboration and gratitude. Enabling communities of collaboration is at the "
+"heart of our strategy. With that in mind, Creative Commons began this book "
+"project. Led by Paul and Sarah, the project set out to define and advance "
+"the best open business models. Paul and Sarah were the ideal authors to "
+"write Made with Creative Commons."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:127
+msgid ""
+"Paul dreams of a future where new models of creativity and innovation "
+"overpower the inequality and scarcity that today define the worst parts of "
+"capitalism. He is driven by the power of human connections between "
+"communities of creators. He takes a longer view than most, and it’s made him "
+"a better educator, an insightful researcher, and also a skilled gardener. He "
+"has a calm, cool voice that conveys a passion that inspires his colleagues "
+"and community."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:137
+msgid ""
+"Sarah is the best kind of lawyer—a true advocate who believes in the good of "
+"people, and the power of collective acts to change the world. Over the past "
+"year I’ve seen Sarah struggle with the heartbreak that comes from investing "
+"so much into a political campaign that didn’t end as she’d hoped. Today, "
+"she’s more determined than ever to live with her values right out on her "
+"sleeve. I can always count on Sarah to push Creative Commons to focus on our "
+"impact—to make the main thing the main thing. She’s practical, "
+"detail-oriented, and clever. There’s no one on my team that I enjoy debating "
+"more."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:146
+msgid ""
+"As coauthors, Paul and Sarah complement each other perfectly. They "
+"researched, analyzed, argued, and worked as a team, sometimes together and "
+"sometimes independently. They dove into the research and writing with "
+"passion and curiosity, and a deep respect for what goes into building the "
+"commons and sharing with the world. They remained open to new ideas, "
+"including the possibility that their initial theories would need refinement "
+"or might be completely wrong. That’s courageous, and it has made for a "
+"better book that is insightful, honest, and useful."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:152
+msgid ""
+"From the beginning, CC wanted to develop this project with the principles "
+"and values of open collaboration. The book was funded, developed, "
+"researched, and written in the open. It is being shared openly under a CC "
+"BY-SA license for anyone to use, remix, or adapt with attribution. It is, in "
+"itself, an example of an open business model."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:159
+msgid ""
+"For 31 days in August of 2015, Sarah took point to organize and execute a "
+"Kickstarter campaign to generate the core funding for the book. The "
+"remainder was provided by CC’s generous donors and supporters. In the end, "
+"it became one of the most successful book projects on Kickstarter, smashing "
+"through two stretch goals and engaging over 1,600 donors—the majority of "
+"them new supporters of Creative Commons."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:168
+msgid ""
+"Paul and Sarah worked openly throughout the project, publishing the plans, "
+"drafts, case studies, and analysis, early and often, and they engaged "
+"communities all over the world to help write this book. As their opinions "
+"diverged and their interests came into focus, they divided their voices and "
+"decided to keep them separate in the final product. Working in this way "
+"requires both humility and self-confidence, and without question it has made "
+"Made with Creative Commons a better project."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:173
+msgid ""
+"Those who work and share in the commons are not typical creators. They are "
+"part of something greater than themselves, and what they offer us all is a "
+"profound gift. What they receive in return is gratitude and a community."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:180
+msgid ""
+"Jonathan Mann, who is profiled in this book, writes a song a day. When I "
+"reached out to ask him to write a song for our Kickstarter (and to offer "
+"himself up as a Kickstarter benefit), he agreed immediately. Why would he "
+"agree to do that? Because the commons has collaboration at its core, and "
+"community as a key value, and because the CC licenses have helped so many to "
+"share in the ways that they choose with a global audience."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:192
+msgid ""
+"Sarah writes, “Endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons thrive when "
+"community is built around what they do. This may mean a community "
+"collaborating together to create something new, or it may simply be a "
+"collection of like-minded people who get to know each other and rally around "
+"common interests or beliefs. To a certain extent, simply being Made with "
+"Creative Commons automatically brings with it some element of community, by "
+"helping connect you to like-minded others who recognize and are drawn to the "
+"values symbolized by using CC.” Amanda Palmer, the other musician profiled "
+"in the book, would surely add this from her case study: “There is no more "
+"satisfying end goal than having someone tell you that what you do is "
+"genuinely of value to them.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:201
+msgid ""
+"This is not a typical business book. For those looking for a recipe or a "
+"roadmap, you might be disappointed. But for those looking to pursue a social "
+"end, to build something great through collaboration, or to join a powerful "
+"and growing global community, they’re sure to be satisfied. Made with "
+"Creative Commons offers a world-changing set of clearly articulated values "
+"and principles, some essential tools for exploring your own business "
+"opportunities, and two dozen doses of pure inspiration."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:209
+msgid ""
+"In a 1996 Stanford Law Review article “The Zones of Cyberspace”, CC founder "
+"Lawrence Lessig wrote, “Cyberspace is a place. People live there. They "
+"experience all the sorts of things that they experience in real space, "
+"there. For some, they experience more. They experience this not as isolated "
+"individuals, playing some high tech computer game; they experience it in "
+"groups, in communities, among strangers, among people they come to know, and "
+"sometimes like.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:215
+msgid ""
+"I’m incredibly proud that Creative Commons is able to publish this book for "
+"the many communities that we have come to know and like. I’m grateful to "
+"Paul and Sarah for their creativity and insights, and to the global "
+"communities that have helped us bring it to you. As CC board member "
+"Johnathan Nightingale often says, “It’s all made of people.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:217
+msgid "That’s the true value of things that are Made with Creative Commons."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:219
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "*Ryan Merkley*\n"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:221
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "*CEO, Creative Commons*\n"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:223
+msgid "<span id=\"anchor-8\"></span>Introduction"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:226
+msgid ""
+"This book shows the world how sharing can be good for business—but with a "
+"twist."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:236
+msgid ""
+"We began the project intending to explore how creators, organizations, and "
+"businesses make money to sustain what they do when they share their work "
+"using Creative Commons licenses. Our goal was not to identify a formula for "
+"business models that use Creative Commons but instead gather fresh ideas and "
+"dynamic examples that spark new, innovative models and help others follow "
+"suit by building on what already works. At the onset, we framed our "
+"investigation in familiar business terms. We created a blank “open business "
+"model canvas,” an interactive online tool that would help people design and "
+"analyze their business model."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:243
+msgid ""
+"Through the generous funding of Kickstarter backers, we set about this "
+"project first by identifying and selecting a diverse group of creators, "
+"organizations, and businesses who use Creative Commons in an integral "
+"way—what we call being Made with Creative Commons. We interviewed them and "
+"wrote up their stories. We analyzed what we heard and dug deep into the "
+"literature."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:246
+msgid ""
+"But as we did our research, something interesting happened. Our initial way "
+"of framing the work did not match the stories we were hearing."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:252
+msgid ""
+"Those we interviewed were not typical businesses selling to consumers and "
+"seeking to maximize profits and the bottom line. Instead, they were sharing "
+"to make the world a better place, creating relationships and community "
+"around the works being shared, and generating revenue not for unlimited "
+"growth but to sustain the operation."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:258
+msgid ""
+"They often didn’t like hearing what they do described as an open business "
+"model. Their endeavor was something more than that. Something "
+"different. Something that generates not just economic value but social and "
+"cultural value. Something that involves human connection. Being Made with "
+"Creative Commons is not “business as usual.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:266
+msgid ""
+"We had to rethink the way we conceived of this project. And it didn’t happen "
+"overnight. From the fall of 2015 through 2016, we documented our thoughts in "
+"blog posts on Medium and with regular updates to our Kickstarter backers. We "
+"shared drafts of case studies and analysis with our Kickstarter cocreators, "
+"who provided invaluable edits, feedback, and advice. Our thinking changed "
+"dramatically over the course of a year and a half."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:275
+msgid ""
+"Throughout the process, the two of us have often had very different ways of "
+"understanding and describing what we were learning. Learning from each other "
+"has been one of the great joys of this work, and, we hope, something that "
+"has made the final product much richer than it ever could have been if "
+"either of us undertook this project alone. We have preserved our voices "
+"throughout, and you’ll be able to sense our different but complementary "
+"approaches as you read through our different sections."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:279
+msgid ""
+"While we recommend that you read the book from start to finish, each section "
+"reads more or less independently. The book is structured into two main "
+"parts."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:286
+msgid ""
+"Part one, the overview, begins with a big-picture framework written by "
+"Paul. He provides some historical context for the digital commons, "
+"describing the three ways society has managed resources and shared "
+"wealth—the commons, the market, and the state. He advocates for thinking "
+"beyond business and market terms and eloquently makes the case for sharing "
+"and enlarging the digital commons."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:295
+msgid ""
+"The overview continues with Sarah’s chapter, as she considers what it means "
+"to be successfully Made with Creative Commons. While making money is one "
+"piece of the pie, there is also a set of public-minded values and the kind "
+"of human connections that make sharing truly meaningful. This section "
+"outlines the ways the creators, organizations, and businesses we interviewed "
+"bring in revenue, how they further the public interest and live out their "
+"values, and how they foster connections with the people with whom they "
+"share."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:301
+msgid ""
+"And to end part one, we have a short section that explains the different "
+"Creative Commons licenses. We talk about the misconception that the more "
+"restrictive licenses—the ones that are closest to the all-rights-reserved "
+"model of traditional copyright—are the only ways to make money."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:306
+msgid ""
+"Part two of the book is made up of the twenty-four stories of the creators, "
+"businesses, and organizations we interviewed. While both of us participated "
+"in the interviews, we divided up the writing of these profiles."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:310
+msgid ""
+"Of course, we are pleased to make the book available using a Creative "
+"Commons Attribution-ShareAlike license. Please copy, distribute, translate, "
+"localize, and build upon this work."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:316
+msgid ""
+"Writing this book has transformed and inspired us. The way we now look at "
+"and think about what it means to be Made with Creative Commons has "
+"irrevocably changed. We hope this book inspires you and your enterprise to "
+"use Creative Commons and in so doing contribute to the transformation of our "
+"economy and world for the better."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:318
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "*Paul and Sarah *\n"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:320
+msgid "<span id=\"anchor-9\"></span>Part 1"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:322
+msgid "<span id=\"anchor-10\"></span>The Big Picture"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:324
+msgid "<span id=\"anchor-11\"></span>The New"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:326
+msgid "<span id=\"anchor-12\"></span>World of"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:328
+msgid "<span id=\"anchor-13\"></span>Digital"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:330
+msgid "<span id=\"anchor-14\"></span>Commons"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:332
+msgid "Paul Stacey"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:340
+msgid ""
+"Jonathan Rowe eloquently describes the commons as “the air and oceans, the "
+"web of species, wilderness and flowing water—all are parts of the "
+"commons. So are language and knowledge, sidewalks and public squares, the "
+"stories of childhood and the processes of democracy. Some parts of the "
+"commons are gifts of nature, others the product of human endeavor. Some are "
+"new, such as the Internet; others are as ancient as soil and calligraphy.”1"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:349
+msgid ""
+"In Made with Creative Commons, we focus on our current era of digital "
+"commons, a commons of human-produced works. This commons cuts across a broad "
+"range of areas including cultural heritage, education, research, technology, "
+"art, design, literature, entertainment, business, and data. Human-produced "
+"works in all these areas are increasingly digital. The Internet is a kind of "
+"global, digital commons. The individuals, organizations, and businesses we "
+"profile in our case studies use Creative Commons to share their resources "
+"online over the Internet."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:360
+msgid ""
+"The commons is not just about shared resources, however. It’s also about the "
+"social practices and values that manage them. A resource is a noun, but to "
+"common—to put the resource into the commons—is a verb.2 The creators, "
+"organizations, and businesses we profile are all engaged with "
+"commoning. Their use of Creative Commons involves them in the social "
+"practice of commoning, managing resources in a collective manner with a "
+"community of users.3 Commoning is guided by a set of values and norms that "
+"balance the costs and benefits of the enterprise with those of the "
+"community. Special regard is given to equitable access, use, and "
+"sustainability."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:362
+msgid "<span id=\"anchor-15\"></span>The Commons, the Market, and the State"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:367
+msgid ""
+"Historically, there have been three ways to manage resources and share "
+"wealth: the commons (managed collectively), the state (i.e., the "
+"government), and the market—with the last two being the dominant forms "
+"today.4"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:375
+msgid ""
+"The organizations and businesses in our case studies are unique in the way "
+"they participate in the commons while still engaging with the market and/or "
+"state. The extent of engagement with market or state varies. Some operate "
+"primarily as a commons with minimal or no reliance on the market or state.5 "
+"Others are very much a part of the market or state, depending on them for "
+"financial sustainability. All operate as hybrids, blending the norms of the "
+"commons with those of the market or state."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:378
+msgid ""
+"Fig. 1. is a depiction of how an enterprise can have varying levels of "
+"engagement with commons, state, and market."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:387
+msgid ""
+"Some of our case studies are simply commons and market enterprises with "
+"little or no engagement with the state. A depiction of those case studies "
+"would show the state sphere as tiny or even absent. Other case studies are "
+"primarily market-based with only a small engagement with the commons. A "
+"depiction of those case studies would show the market sphere as large and "
+"the commons sphere as small. The extent to which an enterprise sees itself "
+"as being primarily of one type or another affects the balance of norms by "
+"which they operate."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:395
+msgid ""
+"All our case studies generate money as a means of livelihood and "
+"sustainability. Money is primarily of the market. Finding ways to generate "
+"revenue while holding true to the core values of the commons (usually "
+"expressed in mission statements) is challenging. To manage interaction and "
+"engagement between the commons and the market requires a deft touch, a "
+"strong sense of values, and the ability to blend the best of both."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:401
+msgid ""
+"The state has an important role to play in fostering the use and adoption of "
+"the commons. State programs and funding can deliberately contribute to and "
+"build the commons. Beyond money, laws and regulations regarding property, "
+"copyright, business, and finance can all be designed to foster the commons."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:409
+msgid ""
+"It’s helpful to understand how the commons, market, and state manage "
+"resources differently, and not just for those who consider themselves "
+"primarily as a commons. For businesses or governmental organizations who "
+"want to engage in and use the commons, knowing how the commons operates will "
+"help them understand how best to do so. Participating in and using the "
+"commons the same way you do the market or state is not a strategy for "
+"success."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:411
+msgid "<span id=\"anchor-16\"></span>The Four Aspects of a Resource"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:419
+msgid ""
+"As part of her Nobel Prize–winning work, Elinor Ostrom developed a framework "
+"for analyzing how natural resources are managed in a commons.6 Her framework "
+"considered things like the biophysical characteristics of common resources, "
+"the community’s actors and the interactions that take place between them, "
+"rules-in-use, and outcomes. That framework has been simplified and "
+"generalized to apply to the commons, the market, and the state for this "
+"chapter."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:425
+msgid ""
+"To compare and contrast the ways in which the commons, market, and state "
+"work, let’s consider four aspects of resource management: resource "
+"characteristics, the people involved and the process they use, the norms and "
+"rules they develop to govern use, and finally actual resource use along with "
+"outcomes of that use (see Fig. 2)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:427
+msgid "<span id=\"anchor-17\"></span>Characteristics"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:432
+msgid ""
+"Resources have particular characteristics or attributes that affect the way "
+"they can be used. Some resources are natural; others are human "
+"produced. And—significantly for today’s commons—resources can be physical or "
+"digital, which affects a resource’s inherent potential."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:441
+msgid ""
+"Physical resources exist in limited supply. If I have a physical resource "
+"and give it to you, I no longer have it. When a resource is removed and "
+"used, the supply becomes scarce or depleted. Scarcity can result in "
+"competing rivalry for the resource. Made with Creative Commons enterprises "
+"are usually digitally based but some of our case studies also produce "
+"resources in physical form. The costs of producing and distributing a "
+"physical good usually require them to engage with the market."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:449
+msgid ""
+"Physical resources are depletable, exclusive, and rivalrous. Digital "
+"resources, on the other hand, are nondepletable, nonexclusive, and "
+"nonrivalrous. If I share a digital resource with you, we both have the "
+"resource. Giving it to you does not mean I no longer have it. Digital "
+"resources can be infinitely stored, copied, and distributed without becoming "
+"depleted, and at close to zero cost. Abundance rather than scarcity is an "
+"inherent characteristic of digital resources."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:456
+msgid ""
+"The nondepletable, nonexclusive, and nonrivalrous nature of digital "
+"resources means the rules and norms for managing them can (and ought to) be "
+"different from how physical resources are managed. However, this is not "
+"always the case. Digital resources are frequently made artificially "
+"scarce. Placing digital resources in the commons makes them free and "
+"abundant."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:465
+msgid ""
+"Our case studies frequently manage hybrid resources, which start out as "
+"digital with the possibility of being made into a physical resource. The "
+"digital file of a book can be printed on paper and made into a physical "
+"book. A computer-rendered design for furniture can be physically "
+"manufactured in wood. This conversion from digital to physical invariably "
+"has costs. Often the digital resources are managed in a free and open way, "
+"but money is charged to convert a digital resource into a physical one."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:473
+msgid ""
+"Beyond this idea of physical versus digital, the commons, market, and state "
+"conceive of resources differently (see Fig. 3). The market sees resources as "
+"private goods—commodities for sale—from which value is extracted. The state "
+"sees resources as public goods that provide value to state citizens. The "
+"commons sees resources as common goods, providing a common wealth extending "
+"beyond state boundaries, to be passed on in undiminished or enhanced form to "
+"future generations."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:475
+msgid "<span id=\"anchor-18\"></span>People and processes"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:479
+msgid ""
+"In the commons, the market, and the state, different people and processes "
+"are used to manage resources. The processes used define both who has a say "
+"and how a resource is managed."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:487
+msgid ""
+"In the state, a government of elected officials is responsible for managing "
+"resources on behalf of the public. The citizens who produce and use those "
+"resources are not directly involved; instead, that responsibility is given "
+"over to the government. State ministries and departments staffed with public "
+"servants set budgets, implement programs, and manage resources based on "
+"government priorities and procedures."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:494
+msgid ""
+"In the market, the people involved are producers, buyers, sellers, and "
+"consumers. Businesses act as intermediaries between those who produce "
+"resources and those who consume or use them. Market processes seek to "
+"extract as much monetary value from resources as possible. In the market, "
+"resources are managed as commodities, frequently mass-produced, and sold to "
+"consumers on the basis of a cash transaction."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:508
+msgid ""
+"In contrast to the state and market, resources in a commons are managed more "
+"directly by the people involved.7 Creators of human produced resources can "
+"put them in the commons by personal choice. No permission from state or "
+"market is required. Anyone can participate in the commons and determine for "
+"themselves the extent to which they want to be involved—as a contributor, "
+"user, or manager. The people involved include not only those who create and "
+"use resources but those affected by outcome of use. Who you are affects your "
+"say, actions you can take, and extent of decision making. In the commons, "
+"the community as a whole manages the resources. Resources put into the "
+"commons using Creative Commons require users to give the original creator "
+"credit. Knowing the person behind a resource makes the commons less "
+"anonymous and more personal."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:510
+msgid "<span id=\"anchor-19\"></span>Norms and rules"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:515
+msgid ""
+"The social interactions between people, and the processes used by the state, "
+"market, and commons, evolve social norms and rules. These norms and rules "
+"define permissions, allocate entitlements, and resolve disputes."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:521
+msgid ""
+"State authority is governed by national constitutions. Norms related to "
+"priorities and decision making are defined by elected officials and "
+"parliamentary procedures. State rules are expressed through policies, "
+"regulations, and laws. The state influences the norms and rules of the "
+"market and commons through the rules it passes."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:525
+msgid ""
+"Market norms are influenced by economics and competition for scarce "
+"resources. Market rules follow property, business, and financial laws "
+"defined by the state."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:532
+msgid ""
+"As with the market, a commons can be influenced by state policies, "
+"regulations, and laws. But the norms and rules of a commons are largely "
+"defined by the community. They weigh individual costs and benefits against "
+"the costs and benefits to the whole community. Consideration is given not "
+"just to economic efficiency but also to equity and sustainability.9"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:534
+msgid "<span id=\"anchor-20\"></span>Goals"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:539
+msgid ""
+"The combination of the aspects we’ve discussed so far—the resource’s "
+"inherent characteristics, people and processes, and norms and rules—shape "
+"how resources are used. Use is also influenced by the different goals the "
+"state, market, and commons have."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:546
+msgid ""
+"In the market, the focus is on maximizing the utility of a resource. What "
+"we pay for the goods we consume is seen as an objective measure of the "
+"utility they provide. The goal then becomes maximizing total monetary value "
+"in the economy.10 Units consumed translates to sales, revenue, profit, and "
+"growth, and these are all ways to measure goals of the market."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:553
+msgid ""
+"The state aims to use and manage resources in a way that balances the "
+"economy with the social and cultural needs of its citizens. Health care, "
+"education, jobs, the environment, transportation, security, heritage, and "
+"justice are all facets of a healthy society, and the state applies its "
+"resources toward these aims. State goals are reflected in quality of life "
+"measures."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:560
+msgid ""
+"In the commons, the goal is maximizing access, equity, distribution, "
+"participation, innovation, and sustainability. You can measure success by "
+"looking at how many people access and use a resource; how users are "
+"distributed across gender, income, and location; if a community to extend "
+"and enhance the resources is being formed; and if the resources are being "
+"used in innovative ways for personal and social good."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:565
+msgid ""
+"As hybrid combinations of the commons with the market or state, the success "
+"and sustainability of all our case study enterprises depends on their "
+"ability to strategically utilize and balance these different aspects of "
+"managing resources."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:567
+msgid "<span id=\"anchor-21\"></span>A Short History of the Commons"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:574
+msgid ""
+"Using the commons to manage resources is part of a long historical "
+"continuum. However, in contemporary society, the market and the state "
+"dominate the discourse on how resources are best managed. Rarely is the "
+"commons even considered as an option. The commons has largely disappeared "
+"from consciousness and consideration. There are no news reports or speeches "
+"about the commons."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:580
+msgid ""
+"But the more than 1.1 billion resources licensed with Creative Commons "
+"around the world are indications of a grassroots move toward the "
+"commons. The commons is making a resurgence. To understand the resilience of "
+"the commons and its current renewal, it’s helpful to know something of its "
+"history."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:589
+msgid ""
+"For centuries, indigenous people and preindustrialized societies managed "
+"resources, including water, food, firewood, irrigation, fish, wild game, and "
+"many other things collectively as a commons.11 There was no market, no "
+"global economy. The state in the form of rulers influenced the commons but "
+"by no means controlled it. Direct social participation in a commons was the "
+"primary way in which resources were managed and needs met. (Fig. 4 "
+"illustrates the commons in relation to the state and the market.)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:597
+msgid ""
+"This is followed by a long history of the state (a monarchy or ruler) "
+"taking over the commons for their own purposes. This is called enclosure of "
+"the commons.12 In olden days, “commoners” were evicted from the land, fences "
+"and hedges erected, laws passed, and security set up to forbid access.13 "
+"Gradually, resources became the property of the state and the state became "
+"the primary means by which resources were managed. (See Fig. 5)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:609
+msgid ""
+"Holdings of land, water, and game were distributed to ruling family and "
+"political appointees. Commoners displaced from the land migrated to "
+"cities. With the emergence of the industrial revolution, land and resources "
+"became commodities sold to businesses to support production. Monarchies "
+"evolved into elected parliaments. Commoners became labourers earning money "
+"operating the machinery of industry. Financial, business, and property laws "
+"were revised by governments to support markets, growth, and "
+"productivity. Over time ready access to market produced goods resulted in a "
+"rising standard of living, improved health, and education. Fig. 6 shows how "
+"today the market is the primary means by which resources are managed."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:613
+msgid ""
+"However, the world today is going through turbulent times. The benefits of "
+"the market have been offset by unequal distribution and overexploitation."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:622
+msgid ""
+"Overexploitation was the topic of Garrett Hardin’s influential essay “The "
+"Tragedy of the Commons,” published in Science in 1968. Hardin argues that "
+"everyone in a commons seeks to maximize personal gain and will continue to "
+"do so even when the limits of the commons are reached. The commons is then "
+"tragically depleted to the point where it can no longer support "
+"anyone. Hardin’s essay became widely accepted as an economic truism and a "
+"justification for private property and free markets."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:639
+msgid ""
+"However, there is one serious flaw with Hardin’s “The Tragedy of the "
+"Commons”—it’s fiction. Hardin did not actually study how real commons "
+"work. Elinor Ostrom won the 2009 Nobel Prize in economics for her work "
+"studying different commons all around the world. Ostrom’s work shows that "
+"natural resource commons can be successfully managed by local communities "
+"without any regulation by central authorities or without "
+"privatization. Government and privatization are not the only two "
+"choices. There is a third way: management by the people, where those that "
+"are directly impacted are directly involved. With natural resources, there "
+"is a regional locality. The people in the region are the most familiar with "
+"the natural resource, have the most direct relationship and history with it, "
+"and are therefore best situated to manage it. Ostrom’s approach to the "
+"governance of natural resources broke with convention; she recognized the "
+"importance of the commons as an alternative to the market or state for "
+"solving problems of collective action.14"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:649
+msgid ""
+"Hardin failed to consider the actual social dynamic of the commons. His "
+"model assumed that people in the commons act autonomously, out of pure "
+"self-interest, without interaction or consideration of others. But as Ostrom "
+"found, in reality, managing common resources together forms a community and "
+"encourages discourse. This naturally generates norms and rules that help "
+"people work collectively and ensure a sustainable commons. Paradoxically, "
+"while Hardin’s essay is called The Tragedy of the Commons it might more "
+"accurately be titled The Tragedy of the Market."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:659
+msgid ""
+"Hardin’s story is based on the premise of depletable resources. Economists "
+"have focused almost exclusively on scarcity-based markets. Very little is "
+"known about how abundance works.15 The emergence of information technology "
+"and the Internet has led to an explosion in digital resources and new means "
+"of sharing and distribution. Digital resources can never be depleted. An "
+"absence of a theory or model for how abundance works, however, has led the "
+"market to make digital resources artificially scarce and makes it possible "
+"for the usual market norms and rules to be applied."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:664
+msgid ""
+"When it comes to use of state funds to create digital goods, however, there "
+"is really no justification for artificial scarcity. The norm for state "
+"funded digital works should be that they are freely and openly available to "
+"the public that paid for them."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:666
+msgid "<span id=\"anchor-22\"></span>The Digital Revolution"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:670
+msgid ""
+"In the early days of computing, programmers and developers learned from each "
+"other by sharing software. In the 1980s, the free-software movement codified "
+"this practice of sharing into a set of principles and freedoms:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '- '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:678
+msgid "The freedom to run a software program as you wish, for any purpose."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '- '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:678
+msgid ""
+"The freedom to study how a software program works (because access to the "
+"source code has been freely given), and change it so it does your computing "
+"as you wish."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '- '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:678
+msgid "The freedom to redistribute copies."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '- '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:678
+msgid "The freedom to distribute copies of your modified versions to others.16"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:681
+msgid ""
+"These principles and freedoms constitute a set of norms and rules that "
+"typify a digital commons."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:694
+msgid ""
+"In the late 1990s, to make the sharing of source code and collaboration more "
+"appealing to companies, the open-source-software initiative converted these "
+"principles into licenses and standards for managing access to and "
+"distribution of software. The benefits of open source—such as reliability, "
+"scalability, and quality verified by independent peer review—became widely "
+"recognized and accepted. Customers liked the way open source gave them "
+"control without being locked into a closed, proprietary technology. Free and "
+"open-source software also generated a network effect where the value of a "
+"product or service increases with the number of people using it.17 The "
+"dramatic growth of the Internet itself owes much to the fact that nobody has "
+"a proprietary lock on core Internet protocols."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:703
+msgid ""
+"While open-source software functions as a commons, many businesses and "
+"markets did build up around it. Business models based on the licenses and "
+"standards of open-source software evolved alongside organizations that "
+"managed software code on principles of abundance rather than scarcity. Eric "
+"Raymond’s essay “The Magic Cauldron” does a great job of analyzing the "
+"economics and business models associated with open-source software.18 These "
+"models can provide examples of sustainable approaches for those Made with "
+"Creative Commons."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:714
+msgid ""
+"It isn’t just about an abundant availability of digital assets but also "
+"about abundance of participation. The growth of personal computing, "
+"information technology, and the Internet made it possible for mass "
+"participation in producing creative works and distributing them. Photos, "
+"books, music, and many other forms of digital content could now be readily "
+"created and distributed by almost anyone. Despite this potential for "
+"abundance, by default these digital works are governed by copyright "
+"laws. Under copyright, a digital work is the property of the creator, and by "
+"law others are excluded from accessing and using it without the creator’s "
+"permission."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:720
+msgid ""
+"But people like to share. One of the ways we define ourselves is by sharing "
+"valuable and entertaining content. Doing so grows and nourishes "
+"relationships, seeks to change opinions, encourages action, and informs "
+"others about who we are and what we care about. Sharing lets us feel more "
+"involved with the world.19"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:722
+msgid "<span id=\"anchor-23\"></span>The Birth of Creative Commons"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:729
+msgid ""
+"In 2001, Creative Commons was created as a nonprofit to support all those "
+"who wanted to share digital content. A suite of Creative Commons licenses "
+"was modeled on those of open-source software but for use with digital "
+"content rather than software code. The licenses give everyone from "
+"individual creators to large companies and institutions a simple, "
+"standardized way to grant copyright permissions to their creative work."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:743
+msgid ""
+"Creative Commons licenses have a three-layer design. The norms and rules of "
+"each license are first expressed in full legal language as used by "
+"lawyers. This layer is called the legal code. But since most creators and "
+"users are not lawyers, the licenses also have a commons deed, expressing the "
+"permissions in plain language, which regular people can read and quickly "
+"understand. It acts as a user-friendly interface to the legal-code layer "
+"beneath. The third layer is the machine-readable one, making it easy for the "
+"Web to know a work is Creative Commons–licensed by expressing permissions in "
+"a way that software systems, search engines, and other kinds of technology "
+"can understand.20 Taken together, these three layers ensure creators, users, "
+"and even the Web itself understand the norms and rules associated with "
+"digital content in a commons."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:750
+msgid ""
+"In 2015, there were over one billion Creative Commons licensed works in a "
+"global commons. These works were viewed online 136 billion times. People "
+"are using Creative Commons licenses all around the world, in thirty-four "
+"languages. These resources include photos, artwork, research articles in "
+"journals, educational resources, music and other audio tracks, and videos."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:758
+msgid ""
+"Individual artists, photographers, musicians, and filmmakers use Creative "
+"Commons, but so do museums, governments, creative industries, manufacturers, "
+"and publishers. Millions of websites use CC licenses, including major "
+"platforms like Wikipedia and Flickr and smaller ones like blogs.21 Users of "
+"Creative Commons are diverse and cut across many different sectors. (Our "
+"case studies were chosen to reflect that diversity.)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:768
+msgid ""
+"Some see Creative Commons as a way to share a gift with others, a way of "
+"getting known, or a way to provide social benefit. Others are simply "
+"committed to the norms associated with a commons. And for some, "
+"participation has been spurred by the free-culture movement, a social "
+"movement that promotes the freedom to distribute and modify creative "
+"works. The free-culture movement sees a commons as providing significant "
+"benefits compared to restrictive copyright laws. This ethos of free exchange "
+"in a commons aligns the free-culture movement with the free and open-source "
+"software movement."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:774
+msgid ""
+"Over time, Creative Commons has spawned a range of open movements, including "
+"open educational resources, open access, open science, and open data. The "
+"goal in every case has been to democratize participation and share digital "
+"resources at no cost, with legal permissions for anyone to freely access, "
+"use, and modify."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:784
+msgid ""
+"The state is increasingly involved in supporting open movements. The Open "
+"Government Partnership was launched in 2011 to provide an international "
+"platform for governments to become more open, accountable, and responsive to "
+"citizens. Since then, it has grown from eight participating countries to "
+"seventy.22 In all these countries, government and civil society are working "
+"together to develop and implement ambitious open-government "
+"reforms. Governments are increasingly adopting Creative Commons to ensure "
+"works funded with taxpayer dollars are open and free to the public that paid "
+"for them."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:786
+msgid "<span id=\"anchor-24\"></span>The Changing Market"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:798
+msgid ""
+"Today’s market is largely driven by global capitalism. Law and financial "
+"systems are structured to support extraction, privatization, and corporate "
+"growth. A perception that the market is more efficient than the state has "
+"led to continual privatization of many public natural resources, utilities, "
+"services, and infrastructures.23 While this system has been highly efficient "
+"at generating consumerism and the growth of gross domestic product, the "
+"impact on human well-being has been mixed. Offsetting rising living "
+"standards and improvements to health and education are ever-increasing "
+"wealth inequality, social inequality, poverty, deterioration of our natural "
+"environment, and breakdowns of democracy.24"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:804
+msgid ""
+"In light of these challenges there is a growing recognition that GDP growth "
+"should not be an end in itself, that development needs to be socially and "
+"economically inclusive, that environmental sustainability is a requirement "
+"not an option, and that we need to better balance the market, state and "
+"community.25"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:812
+msgid ""
+"These realizations have led to a resurgence of interest in the commons as a "
+"means of enabling that balance. City governments like Bologna, Italy, are "
+"collaborating with their citizens to put in place regulations for the care "
+"and regeneration of urban commons.26 Seoul and Amsterdam call themselves "
+"“sharing cities,” looking to make sustainable and more efficient use of "
+"scarce resources. They see sharing as a way to improve the use of public "
+"spaces, mobility, social cohesion, and safety.27"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:829
+msgid ""
+"The market itself has taken an interest in the sharing economy, with "
+"businesses like Airbnb providing a peer-to-peer marketplace for short-term "
+"lodging and Uber providing a platform for ride sharing. However, Airbnb and "
+"Uber are still largely operating under the usual norms and rules of the "
+"market, making them less like a commons and more like a traditional business "
+"seeking financial gain. Much of the sharing economy is not about the commons "
+"or building an alternative to a corporate-driven market economy; it’s about "
+"extending the deregulated free market into new areas of our lives.28 While "
+"none of the people we interviewed for our case studies would describe "
+"themselves as part of the sharing economy, there are in fact some "
+"significant parallels. Both the sharing economy and the commons make better "
+"use of asset capacity. The sharing economy sees personal residents and cars "
+"as having latent spare capacity with rental value. The equitable access of "
+"the commons broadens and diversifies the number of people who can use and "
+"derive value from an asset."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:839
+msgid ""
+"One way Made with Creative Commons case studies differ from those of the "
+"sharing economy is their focus on digital resources. Digital resources "
+"function under different economic rules than physical ones. In a world where "
+"prices always seem to go up, information technology is an anomaly. "
+"Computer-processing power, storage, and bandwidth are all rapidly "
+"increasing, but rather than costs going up, costs are coming down. Digital "
+"technologies are getting faster, better, and cheaper. The cost of anything "
+"built on these technologies will always go down until it is close to zero.29"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:850
+msgid ""
+"Those that are Made with Creative Commons are looking to leverage the unique "
+"inherent characteristics of digital resources, including lowering costs. The "
+"use of digital-rights-management technologies in the form of locks, "
+"passwords, and controls to prevent digital goods from being accessed, "
+"changed, replicated, and distributed is minimal or nonexistent. Instead, "
+"Creative Commons licenses are used to put digital content out in the "
+"commons, taking advantage of the unique economics associated with being "
+"digital. The aim is to see digital resources used as widely and by as many "
+"people as possible. Maximizing access and participation is a common "
+"goal. They aim for abundance over scarcity."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:857
+msgid ""
+"The incremental cost of storing, copying, and distributing digital goods is "
+"next to zero, making abundance possible. But imagining a market based on "
+"abundance rather than scarcity is so alien to the way we conceive of "
+"economic theory and practice that we struggle to do so.30 Those that are "
+"Made with Creative Commons are each pioneering in this new landscape, "
+"devising their own economic models and practice."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:863
+msgid ""
+"Some are looking to minimize their interactions with the market and operate "
+"as autonomously as possible. Others are operating largely as a business "
+"within the existing rules and norms of the market. And still others are "
+"looking to change the norms and rules by which the market operates."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:874
+msgid ""
+"For an ordinary corporation, making social benefit a part of its operations "
+"is difficult, as it’s legally required to make decisions that financially "
+"benefit stockholders. But new forms of business are emerging. There are "
+"benefit corporations and social enterprises, which broaden their business "
+"goals from making a profit to making a positive impact on society, workers, "
+"the community, and the environment.31 Community-owned businesses, "
+"worker-owned businesses, cooperatives, guilds, and other organizational "
+"forms offer alternatives to the traditional corporation. Collectively, these "
+"alternative market entities are changing the rules and norms of the "
+"market.32"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:881
+msgid ""
+"“A book on open business models” is how we described it in this book’s "
+"Kickstarter campaign. We used a handbook called Business Model Generation as "
+"our reference for defining just what a business model is. Developed over "
+"nine years using an “open process” involving 470 coauthors from forty-five "
+"countries, it is useful as a framework for talking about business models.33"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:890
+msgid ""
+"It contains a “business model canvas,” which conceives of a business model "
+"as having nine building blocks.34 This blank canvas can serve as a tool for "
+"anyone to design their own business model. We remixed this business model "
+"canvas into an open business model canvas, adding three more building blocks "
+"relevant to hybrid market, commons enterprises: social good, Creative "
+"Commons license, and “type of open environment that the business fits in.”35 "
+"This enhanced canvas proved useful when we analyzed businesses and helped "
+"start-ups plan their economic model."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:901
+msgid ""
+"In our case study interviews, many expressed discomfort over describing "
+"themselves as an open business model—the term business model suggested "
+"primarily being situated in the market. Where you sit on the "
+"commons-to-market spectrum affects the extent to which you see yourself as a "
+"business in the market. The more central to the mission shared resources and "
+"commons values are, the less comfort there is in describing yourself, or "
+"depicting what you do, as a business. Not all who have endeavors Made with "
+"Creative Commons use business speak; for some the process has been "
+"experimental, emergent, and organic rather than carefully planned using a "
+"predefined model."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:912
+msgid ""
+"The creators, businesses, and organizations we profile all engage with the "
+"market to generate revenue in some way. The ways in which this is done vary "
+"widely. Donations, pay what you can, memberships, “digital for free but "
+"physical for a fee,” crowdfunding, matchmaking, value-add services, patrons "
+". . . the list goes on and on. (Initial description of how to earn revenue "
+"available through reference note. For latest thinking see How to Bring In "
+"Money in the next section.) 36 There is no single magic bullet, and each "
+"endeavor has devised ways that work for them. Most make use of more than one "
+"way. Diversifying revenue streams lowers risk and provides multiple paths to "
+"sustainability."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:914
+msgid "<span id=\"anchor-25\"></span>Benefits of the Digital Commons"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:919
+msgid ""
+"While it may be clear why commons-based organizations want to interact and "
+"engage with the market (they need money to survive), it may be less obvious "
+"why the market would engage with the commons. The digital commons offers "
+"many benefits."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:926
+msgid ""
+"The commons speeds dissemination. The free flow of resources in the commons "
+"offers tremendous economies of scale. Distribution is decentralized, with "
+"all those in the commons empowered to share the resources they have access "
+"to. Those that are Made with Creative Commons have a reduced need for sales "
+"or marketing. Decentralized distribution amplifies supply and know-how."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:937
+msgid ""
+"The commons ensures access to all. The market has traditionally operated by "
+"putting resources behind a paywall requiring payment first before "
+"access. The commons puts resources in the open, providing access up front "
+"without payment. Those that are Made with Creative Commons make little or no "
+"use of digital rights management (DRM) to manage resources. Not using DRM "
+"frees them of the costs of acquiring DRM technology and staff resources to "
+"engage in the punitive practices associated with restricting access. The way "
+"the commons provides access to everyone levels the playing field and "
+"promotes inclusiveness, equity, and fairness."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:948
+msgid ""
+"The commons maximizes participation. Resources in the commons can be used "
+"and contributed to by everyone. Using the resources of others, contributing "
+"your own, and mixing yours with others to create new works are all dynamic "
+"forms of participation made possible by the commons. Being Made with "
+"Creative Commons means you’re engaging as many users with your resources as "
+"possible. Users are also authoring, editing, remixing, curating, localizing, "
+"translating, and distributing. The commons makes it possible for people to "
+"directly participate in culture, knowledge building, and even democracy, and "
+"many other socially beneficial practices."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:960
+msgid ""
+"The commons spurs innovation. Resources in the hands of more people who can "
+"use them leads to new ideas. The way commons resources can be modified, "
+"customized, and improved results in derivative works never imagined by the "
+"original creator. Some endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons "
+"deliberately encourage users to take the resources being shared and innovate "
+"them. Doing so moves research and development (R&D) from being solely inside "
+"the organization to being in the community.37 Community-based innovation "
+"will keep an organization or business on its toes. It must continue to "
+"contribute new ideas, absorb and build on top of the innovations of others, "
+"and steward the resources and the relationship with the community."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:970
+msgid ""
+"The commons boosts reach and impact. The digital commons is global. "
+"Resources may be created for a local or regional need, but they go far and "
+"wide generating a global impact. In the digital world, there are no borders "
+"between countries. When you are Made with Creative Commons, you are often "
+"local and global at the same time: Digital designs being globally "
+"distributed but made and manufactured locally. Digital books or music being "
+"globally distributed but readings and concerts performed locally. The "
+"digital commons magnifies impact by connecting creators to those who use and "
+"build on their work both locally and globally."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:982
+msgid ""
+"The commons is generative. Instead of extracting value, the commons adds "
+"value. Digitized resources persist without becoming depleted, and through "
+"use are improved, personalized, and localized. Each use adds value. The "
+"market focuses on generating value for the business and the customer. The "
+"commons generates value for a broader range of beneficiaries including the "
+"business, the customer, the creator, the public, and the commons itself. The "
+"generative nature of the commons means that it is more cost-effective and "
+"produces a greater return on investment. Value is not just measured in "
+"financial terms. Each new resource added to the commons provides value to "
+"the public and contributes to the overall value of the commons."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:995
+msgid ""
+"The commons brings people together for a common cause. The commons vests "
+"people directly with the responsibility to manage the resources for the "
+"common good. The costs and benefits for the individual are balanced with the "
+"costs and benefits for the community and for future generations. Resources "
+"are not anonymous or mass produced. Their provenance is known and "
+"acknowledged through attribution and other means. Those that are Made with "
+"Creative Commons generate awareness and reputation based on their "
+"contributions to the commons. The reach, impact, and sustainability of those "
+"contributions rest largely on their ability to forge relationships and "
+"connections with those who use and improve them. By functioning on the "
+"basis of social engagement, not monetary exchange, the commons unifies "
+"people."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1000
+msgid ""
+"The benefits of the commons are many. When these benefits align with the "
+"goals of individuals, communities, businesses in the market, or state "
+"enterprises, choosing to manage resources as a commons ought to be the "
+"option of choice."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1002
+msgid "<span id=\"anchor-26\"></span>Our Case Studies"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1011
+msgid ""
+"The creators, organizations, and businesses in our case studies operate as "
+"nonprofits, for-profits, and social enterprises. Regardless of legal status, "
+"they all have a social mission. Their primary reason for being is to make "
+"the world a better place, not to profit. Money is a means to a social end, "
+"not the end itself. They factor public interest into decisions, behavior, "
+"and practices. Transparency and trust are really important. Impact and "
+"success are measured against social aims expressed in mission statements, "
+"and are not just about the financial bottom line."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1017
+msgid ""
+"The case studies are based on the narratives told to us by founders and key "
+"staff. Instead of solely using financials as the measure of success and "
+"sustainability, they emphasized their mission, practices, and means by which "
+"they measure success. Metrics of success are a blend of how social goals are "
+"being met and how sustainable the enterprise is."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1025
+msgid ""
+"Our case studies are diverse, ranging from publishing to education and "
+"manufacturing. All of the organizations, businesses, and creators in the "
+"case studies produce digital resources. Those resources exist in many forms "
+"including books, designs, songs, research, data, cultural works, education "
+"materials, graphic icons, and video. Some are digital representations of "
+"physical resources. Others are born digital but can be made into physical "
+"resources."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1032
+msgid ""
+"They are creating new resources, or using the resources of others, or mixing "
+"existing resources together to make something new. They, and their audience, "
+"all play a direct, participatory role in managing those resources, including "
+"their preservation, curation, distribution, and enhancement. Access and "
+"participation is open to all regardless of monetary means."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1037
+msgid ""
+"And as users of Creative Commons licenses, they are automatically part of a "
+"global community. The new digital commons is global. Those we profiled come "
+"from nearly every continent in the world. To build and interact within this "
+"global community is conducive to success."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1048
+msgid ""
+"Creative Commons licenses may express legal rules around the use of "
+"resources in a commons, but success in the commons requires more than "
+"following the letter of the law and acquiring financial means. Over and over "
+"we heard in our interviews how success and sustainability are tied to a set "
+"of beliefs, values, and principles that underlie their actions: Give more "
+"than you take. Be open and inclusive. Add value. Make visible what you are "
+"using from the commons, what you are adding, and what you are "
+"monetizing. Maximize abundance. Give attribution. Express gratitude. "
+"Develop trust; don’t exploit. Build relationship and community. Be "
+"transparent. Defend the commons."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1055
+msgid ""
+"The new digital commons is here to stay. Made With Creative Commons case "
+"studies show how it’s possible to be part of this commons while still "
+"functioning within market and state systems. The commons generates benefits "
+"neither the market nor state can achieve on their own. Rather than the "
+"market or state dominating as primary means of resource management, a more "
+"balanced alternative is possible."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1062
+msgid ""
+"Enterprise use of Creative Commons has only just begun. The case studies in "
+"this book are merely starting points. Each is changing and evolving over "
+"time. Many more are joining and inventing new models. This overview aims to "
+"provide a framework and language for thinking and talking about the new "
+"digital commons. The remaining sections go deeper providing further guidance "
+"and insights on how it works."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1064 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2290
+msgid "Notes"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '1. '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1164
+msgid "Jonathan Rowe, Our Common Wealth (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2013), 14."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '2. '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1164
+msgid ""
+"David Bollier, Think Like a Commoner: A Short Introduction to the Life of "
+"the Commons (Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014), 176."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '3. '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1164
+msgid "Ibid., 15."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '4. '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1164
+msgid "Ibid., 145."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '5. '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1164
+msgid "Ibid., 175."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '6. '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1164
+msgid ""
+"Daniel H. Cole, “Learning from Lin: Lessons and Cautions from the Natural "
+"Commons for the Knowledge Commons,” in Governing Knowledge Commons, "
+"eds. Brett M. Frischmann, Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J. Strandburg "
+"(New York: Oxford University Press, 2014), 53."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '7. '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1164
+msgid ""
+"Max Haiven, Crises of Imagination, Crises of Power: Capitalism, Creativity "
+"and the Commons (New York: Zed Books, 2014), 93."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '8. '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1164
+msgid ""
+"Cole, “Learning from Lin,” in Frischmann, Madison, and Strandburg, Governing "
+"Knowledge Commons, 59."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1164
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"9. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 175.\n"
+"10. Joshua Farley and Ida Kubiszewski, “The Economics of Information in\n"
+" a Post-Carbon Economy,” in Free Knowledge: Confronting the\n"
+" Commodification of Human Discovery, eds. Patricia W. Elliott and\n"
+" Daryl H. Hepting (Regina, SK: University of Regina Press,\n"
+" 2015), 201–4.\n"
+"11. Rowe, Our Common Wealth, 19; and Heather Menzies, Reclaiming the\n"
+" Commons for the Common Good: A Memoir and Manifesto (Gabriola\n"
+" Island, BC: New Society, 2014), 42–43.\n"
+"12. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 55–78.\n"
+"13. Fritjof Capra and Ugo Mattei, The Ecology of Law: Toward a Legal\n"
+" System in Tune with Nature and Community (Oakland, CA:\n"
+" Berrett-Koehler, 2015), 46–57; and Bollier, Think Like a\n"
+" Commoner, 88.\n"
+"14. Brett M. Frischmann, Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J.\n"
+" Strandburg, “Governing Knowledge Commons,” in Frischmann, Madison,\n"
+" and Strandburg Governing Knowledge Commons, 12.\n"
+"15. Farley and Kubiszewski, “Economics of Information,” in Elliott and\n"
+" Hepting, Free Knowledge, 203.\n"
+"16. “What Is Free Software?” GNU Operating System, the Free Software\n"
+" Foundation’s Licensing and Compliance Lab, accessed December 30,\n"
+" 2016, www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.\n"
+"17. Wikipedia, s.v. “Open-source software,” last modified November\n"
+" 22, 2016.\n"
+"18. Eric S. Raymond, “The Magic Cauldron,” in The Cathedral and the\n"
+" Bazaar: Musings on Linux and Open Source by an Accidental\n"
+" Revolutionary, rev. ed. (Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media,\n"
+" 2001), www.catb.org/esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/.\n"
+"19. New York Times Customer Insight Group, The Psychology of Sharing:\n"
+" Why Do People Share Online? (New York: New York Times Customer\n"
+" Insight Group, 2011), www.iab.net/media/file/POSWhitePaper.pdf.\n"
+"20. “Licensing Considerations,” Creative Commons, accessed December 30,\n"
+" 2016, creativecommons.org/share-your-work/licensing-considerations/.\n"
+"21. Creative Commons, 2015 State of the Commons (Mountain View, CA:\n"
+" Creative Commons, 2015), stateof.creativecommons.org/2015/.\n"
+"22. Wikipedia, s.v. “Open Government Partnership,” last modified\n"
+" September 24,\n"
+" 2016, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open\\_Government\\_Partnership.\n"
+"23. Capra and Mattei, Ecology of Law, 114.\n"
+"24. Ibid., 116.\n"
+"25. The Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, “Stockholm\n"
+" Statement” accessed February 15, 2017,\n"
+" sida.se/globalassets/sida/eng/press/stockholm-statement.pdf\n"
+"26. City of Bologna, Regulation on Collaboration between Citizens and\n"
+" the City for the Care and Regeneration of Urban Commons, trans.\n"
+" LabGov (LABoratory for the GOVernance of Commons) (Bologna, Italy:\n"
+" City of Bologna,\n"
+" 2014), "
+"www.labgov.it/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/Bologna-Regulation-on-collaboration-between-citizens-and-the-city-for-the-cure-and-regeneration-of-urban-commons1.pdf.\n"
+"27. The Seoul Sharing City website is english.sharehub.kr; for Amsterdam\n"
+" Sharing City, go to www.sharenl.nl/amsterdam-sharing-city/.\n"
+"28. Tom Slee, What’s Yours Is Mine: Against the Sharing Economy (New\n"
+" York: OR Books, 2015), 42.\n"
+"29. Chris Anderson, Free: How Today’s Smartest Businesses Profit by\n"
+" Giving Something for Nothing, Reprint with new preface. (New York:\n"
+" Hyperion, 2010), 78.\n"
+"30. Jeremy Rifkin, The Zero Marginal Cost Society: The Internet of\n"
+" Things, the Collaborative Commons, and the Eclipse of Capitalism\n"
+" (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014), 273.\n"
+"31. Gar Alperovitz, What Then Must We Do? Straight Talk about the Next\n"
+" American Revolution: Democratizing Wealth and Building a\n"
+" Community-Sustaining Economy from the Ground Up (White River\n"
+" Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2013), 39.\n"
+"32. Marjorie Kelly, Owning Our Future: The Emerging Ownership\n"
+" Revolution; Journeys to a Generative Economy (San Francisco:\n"
+" Berrett-Koehler, 2012), 8–9.\n"
+"33. Alex Osterwalder and Yves Pigneur, Business Model Generation\n"
+" (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2010). A preview of the book is\n"
+" available at strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation.\n"
+"34. This business model canvas is available to download\n"
+" at strategyzer.com/canvas/business-model-canvas.\n"
+"35. We’ve made the “Open Business Model Canvas,” designed by the\n"
+" coauthor Paul Stacey, available online\n"
+" at "
+"docs.google.com/drawings/d/1QOIDa2qak7wZSSOa4Wv6qVMO77IwkKHN7CYyq0wHivs/edit.\n"
+" You can also find the accompanying Open Business Model Canvas\n"
+" Questions\n"
+" at "
+"docs.google.com/drawings/d/1kACK7TkoJgsM18HUWCbX9xuQ0Byna4plSVZXZGTtays/edit.\n"
+"36. A more comprehensive list of revenue streams is available in this\n"
+" post I wrote on Medium on March 6, 2016. “What Is an Open Business\n"
+" Model and How Can You Generate Revenue?”, available\n"
+" at "
+"medium.com/made-with-creative-commons/what-is-an-open-business-model-and-how-can-you-generate-revenue-5854d2659b15.\n"
+"37. Henry Chesbrough, Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating\n"
+" and Profiting from Technology (Boston: Harvard Business Review\n"
+" Press, 2006), 31–44.\n"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1166
+msgid "<span id=\"anchor-27\"></span>How"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1168
+msgid "<span id=\"anchor-28\"></span>to Be"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1170
+msgid "<span id=\"anchor-29\"></span>Made with"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1172
+msgid "<span id=\"anchor-30\"></span>Creative"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1174
+msgid "<span id=\"anchor-31\"></span>Commons"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1176
+msgid "Sarah Hinchliff Pearson"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1190
+msgid ""
+"When we began this project in August 2015, we set out to write a book about "
+"business models that involve Creative Commons licenses in some significant "
+"way—what we call being Made with Creative Commons. With the help of our "
+"Kickstarter backers, we chose twenty-four endeavors from all around the "
+"world that are Made with Creative Commons. The mix is diverse, from an "
+"individual musician to a university-textbook publisher to an electronics "
+"manufacturer. Some make their own content and share under Creative Commons "
+"licensing. Others are platforms for CC-licensed creative work made by "
+"others. Many sit somewhere in between, both using and contributing creative "
+"work that’s shared with the public. Like all who use the licenses, these "
+"endeavors share their work—whether it’s open data or furniture designs—in a "
+"way that enables the public not only to access it but also to make use of "
+"it."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1199
+msgid ""
+"We analyzed the revenue models, customer segments, and value propositions of "
+"each endeavor. We searched for ways that putting their content under "
+"Creative Commons licenses helped boost sales or increase reach. Using "
+"traditional measures of economic success, we tried to map these business "
+"models in a way that meaningfully incorporated the impact of Creative "
+"Commons. In our interviews, we dug into the motivations, the role of CC "
+"licenses, modes of revenue generation, definitions of success."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1203
+msgid ""
+"In fairly short order, we realized the book we set out to write was quite "
+"different from the one that was revealing itself in our interviews and "
+"research."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1211
+msgid ""
+"It isn’t that we were wrong to think you can make money while using Creative "
+"Commons licenses. In many instances, CC can help make you more money. Nor "
+"were we wrong that there are business models out there that others who want "
+"to use CC licensing as part of their livelihood or business could "
+"replicate. What we didn’t realize was just how misguided it would be to "
+"write a book about being Made with Creative Commons using only a business "
+"lens."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1219
+msgid ""
+"According to the seminal handbook Business Model Generation, a business "
+"model “describes the rationale of how an organization creates, delivers, and "
+"captures value.”1 Thinking about sharing in terms of creating and capturing "
+"value always felt inappropriately transactional and out of place, something "
+"we heard time and time again in our interviews. And as Cory Doctorow told us "
+"in our interview with him, “Business model can mean anything you want it to "
+"mean.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1224
+msgid ""
+"Eventually, we got it. Being Made with Creative Commons is more than a "
+"business model. While we will talk about specific revenue models as one "
+"piece of our analysis (and in more detail in the case studies), we scrapped "
+"that as our guiding rubric for the book."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1232
+msgid ""
+"Admittedly, it took me a long time to get there. When Paul and I divided up "
+"our writing after finishing the research, my charge was to distill "
+"everything we learned from the case studies and write up the practical "
+"lessons and takeaways. I spent months trying to jam what we learned into the "
+"business-model box, convinced there must be some formula for the way things "
+"interacted. But there is no formula. You’ll probably have to discard that "
+"way of thinking before you read any further."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1242
+msgid ""
+"In every interview, we started from the same simple questions. Amid all the "
+"diversity among the creators, organizations, and businesses we profiled, "
+"there was one constant. Being Made with Creative Commons may be good for "
+"business, but that is not why they do it. Sharing work with Creative Commons "
+"is, at its core, a moral decision. The commercial and other self-interested "
+"benefits are secondary. Most decided to use CC licenses first and found a "
+"revenue model later. This was our first hint that writing a book solely "
+"about the impact of sharing on business might be a little off track."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1248
+msgid ""
+"But we also started to realize something about what it means to be Made with "
+"Creative Commons. When people talked to us about how and why they used CC, "
+"it was clear that it meant something more than using a copyright license. It "
+"also represented a set of values. There is symbolism behind using CC, and "
+"that symbolism has many layers."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1259
+msgid ""
+"At one level, being Made with Creative Commons expresses an affinity for the "
+"value of Creative Commons. While there are many different flavors of CC "
+"licenses and nearly infinite ways to be Made with Creative Commons, the "
+"basic value system is rooted in a fundamental belief that knowledge and "
+"creativity are building blocks of our culture rather than just commodities "
+"from which to extract market value. These values reflect a belief that the "
+"common good should always be part of the equation when we determine how to "
+"regulate our cultural outputs. They reflect a belief that everyone has "
+"something to contribute, and that no one can own our shared culture. They "
+"reflect a belief in the promise of sharing."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1269
+msgid ""
+"Whether the public makes use of the opportunity to copy and adapt your work, "
+"sharing with a Creative Commons license is a symbol of how you want to "
+"interact with the people who consume your work. Whenever you create "
+"something, “all rights reserved” under copyright is automatic, so the "
+"copyright symbol (©) on the work does not necessarily come across as a "
+"marker of distrust or excessive protectionism. But using a CC license can be "
+"a symbol of the opposite—of wanting a real human relationship, rather than "
+"an impersonal market transaction. It leaves open the possibility of "
+"connection."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1275
+msgid ""
+"Being Made with Creative Commons not only demonstrates values connected to "
+"CC and sharing. It also demonstrates that something other than profit drives "
+"what you do. In our interviews, we always asked what success looked like for "
+"them. It was stunning how rarely money was mentioned. Most have a deeper "
+"purpose and a different vision of success."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1286
+msgid ""
+"The driving motivation varies depending on the type of endeavor. For "
+"individual creators, it is most often about personal inspiration. In some "
+"ways, this is nothing new. As Doctorow has written, “Creators usually start "
+"doing what they do for love.”2 But when you share your creative work under a "
+"CC license, that dynamic is even more pronounced. Similarly, for "
+"technological innovators, it is often less about creating a specific new "
+"thing that will make you rich and more about solving a specific problem you "
+"have. The creators of Arduino told us that the key question when creating "
+"something is “Do you as the creator want to use it? It has to have personal "
+"use and meaning.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1295
+msgid ""
+"Many that are Made with Creative Commons have an express social mission that "
+"underpins everything they do. In many cases, sharing with Creative Commons "
+"expressly advances that social mission, and using the licenses can be the "
+"difference between legitimacy and hypocrisy. Noun Project co-founder Edward "
+"Boatman told us they could not have stated their social mission of sharing "
+"with a straight face if they weren’t willing to show the world that it was "
+"OK to share their content using a Creative Commons license."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1303
+msgid ""
+"This dynamic is probably one reason why there are so many nonprofit examples "
+"of being Made with Creative Commons. The content is the result of a labor of "
+"love or a tool to drive social change, and money is like gas in the car, "
+"something that you need to keep going but not an end in itself. Being Made "
+"with Creative Commons is a different vision of a business or livelihood, "
+"where profit is not paramount, and producing social good and human "
+"connection are integral to success."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1307
+msgid ""
+"Even if profit isn’t the end goal, you have to bring in money to be "
+"successfully Made with Creative Commons. At a bare minimum, you have to make "
+"enough money to keep the lights on."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1317
+msgid ""
+"The costs of doing business vary widely for those made with CC, but there is "
+"generally a much lower threshold for sustainability than there used to be "
+"for any creative endeavor. Digital technology has made it easier than ever "
+"to create, and easier than ever to distribute. As Doctorow put it in his "
+"book Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, “If analog dollars have turned "
+"into digital dimes (as the critics of ad-supported media have it), there is "
+"the fact that it’s possible to run a business that gets the same amount of "
+"advertising as its forebears at a fraction of the price.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1328
+msgid ""
+"Some creation costs are the same as they always were. It takes the same "
+"amount of time and money to write a peer-reviewed journal article or paint a "
+"painting. Technology can’t change that. But other costs are dramatically "
+"reduced by technology, particularly in production-heavy domains like "
+"filmmaking.3 CC-licensed content and content in the public domain, as well "
+"as the work of volunteer collaborators, can also dramatically reduce costs "
+"if they’re being used as resources to create something new. And, of course, "
+"there is the reality that some content would be created whether or not the "
+"creator is paid because it is a labor of love."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1338
+msgid ""
+"Distributing content is almost universally cheaper than ever. Once content "
+"is created, the costs to distribute copies digitally are essentially zero.4 "
+"The costs to distribute physical copies are still significant, but lower "
+"than they have been historically. And it is now much easier to print and "
+"distribute physical copies on-demand, which also reduces costs. Depending on "
+"the endeavor, there can be a whole host of other possible expenses like "
+"marketing and promotion, and even expenses associated with the various ways "
+"money is being made, like touring or custom training."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1351
+msgid ""
+"It’s important to recognize that the biggest impact of technology on "
+"creative endeavors is that creators can now foot the costs of creation and "
+"distribution themselves. People now often have a direct route to their "
+"potential public without necessarily needing intermediaries like record "
+"labels and book publishers. Doctorow wrote, “If you’re a creator who never "
+"got the time of day from one of the great imperial powers, this is your "
+"time. Where once you had no means of reaching an audience without the "
+"assistance of the industry-dominating megacompanies, now you have hundreds "
+"of ways to do it without them.”5 Previously, distribution of creative work "
+"involved the costs associated with sustaining a monolithic entity, now "
+"creators can do the work themselves. That means the financial needs of "
+"creative endeavors can be a lot more modest."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1362
+msgid ""
+"Whether for an individual creator or a larger endeavor, it usually isn’t "
+"enough to break even if you want to make what you’re doing a livelihood. "
+"You need to build in some support for the general operation. This extra bit "
+"looks different for everyone, but importantly, in nearly all cases for those "
+"Made with Creative Commons, the definition of “enough money” looks a lot "
+"different than it does in the world of venture capital and stock options. It "
+"is more about sustainability and less about unlimited growth and "
+"profit. SparkFun founder Nathan Seidle told us, “Business model is a really "
+"grandiose word for it. It is really just about keeping the operation going "
+"day to day.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1368
+msgid ""
+"This book is a testament to the notion that it is possible to make money "
+"while using CC licenses and CC-licensed content, but we are still very much "
+"at an experimental stage. The creators, organizations, and businesses we "
+"profile in this book are blazing the trail and adapting in real time as they "
+"pursue this new way of operating."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1372
+msgid ""
+"There are, however, plenty of ways in which CC licensing can be good for "
+"business in fairly predictable ways. The first is how it helps solve "
+"“problem zero.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1374
+msgid "<span id=\"anchor-32\"></span>Problem Zero: Getting Discovered"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1389
+msgid ""
+"Once you create or collect your content, the next step is finding users, "
+"customers, fans—in other words, your people. As Amanda Palmer wrote, “It has "
+"to start with the art. The songs had to touch people initially, and mean "
+"something, for anything to work at all.”6 There isn’t any magic to finding "
+"your people, and there is certainly no formula. Your work has to connect "
+"with people and offer them some artistic and/or utilitarian value. In some "
+"ways, this is easier than ever. Online we are not limited by shelf space, so "
+"there is room for every obscure interest, taste, and need imaginable. This "
+"is what Chris Anderson dubbed the Long Tail, where consumption becomes less "
+"about mainstream mass “hits” and more about micromarkets for every "
+"particular niche. As Anderson wrote, “We are all different, with different "
+"wants and needs, and the Internet now has a place for all of them in the way "
+"that physical markets did not.”7 We are no longer limited to what appeals to "
+"the masses."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1402
+msgid ""
+"While finding “your people” online is theoretically easier than in the "
+"analog world, as a practical matter it can still be difficult to actually "
+"get noticed. The Internet is a firehose of content, one that only grows "
+"larger by the minute. As a content creator, not only are you competing for "
+"attention against more content creators than ever before, you are competing "
+"against creativity generated outside the market as well.8 Anderson wrote, "
+"“The greatest change of the past decade has been the shift in time people "
+"spend consuming amateur content instead of professional content.”9 To top it "
+"all off, you have to compete against the rest of their lives, too—“friends, "
+"family, music playlists, soccer games, and nights on the town.”10 Somehow, "
+"some way, you have to get noticed by the right people."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1415
+msgid ""
+"When you come to the Internet armed with an all-rights-reserved mentality "
+"from the start, you are often restricting access to your work before there "
+"is even any demand for it. In many cases, requiring payment for your work is "
+"part of the traditional copyright system. Even a tiny cost has a big effect "
+"on demand. It’s called the penny gap—the large difference in demand between "
+"something that is available at the price of one cent versus the price of "
+"zero.11 That doesn’t mean it is wrong to charge money for your content. It "
+"simply means you need to recognize the effect that doing so will have on "
+"demand. The same principle applies to restricting access to copy the "
+"work. If your problem is how to get discovered and find “your people,” "
+"prohibiting people from copying your work and sharing it with others is "
+"counterproductive."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1419
+msgid ""
+"Of course, it’s not that being discovered by people who like your work will "
+"make you rich—far from it. But as Cory Doctorow says, “Recognition is one of "
+"many necessary preconditions for artistic success.”12"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1428
+msgid ""
+"Choosing not to spend time and energy restricting access to your work and "
+"policing infringement also builds goodwill. Lumen Learning, a for-profit "
+"company that publishes online educational materials, made an early decision "
+"not to prevent students from accessing their content, even in the form of a "
+"tiny paywall, because it would negatively impact student success in a way "
+"that would undermine the social mission behind what they do. They believe "
+"this decision has generated an immense amount of goodwill within the "
+"community."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1435
+msgid ""
+"It is not just that restricting access to your work may undermine your "
+"social mission. It also may alienate the people who most value your creative "
+"work. If people like your work, their natural instinct will be to share it "
+"with others. But as David Bollier wrote, “Our natural human impulses to "
+"imitate and share—the essence of culture—have been criminalized.”13"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1443
+msgid ""
+"The fact that copying can carry criminal penalties undoubtedly deters "
+"copying it, but copying with the click of a button is too easy and "
+"convenient to ever fully stop it. Try as the copyright industry might to "
+"persuade us otherwise, copying a copyrighted work just doesn’t feel like "
+"stealing a loaf of bread. And, of course, that’s because it isn’t. Sharing "
+"a creative work has no impact on anyone else’s ability to make use of it."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1457
+msgid ""
+"If you take some amount of copying and sharing your work as a given, you can "
+"invest your time and resources elsewhere, rather than wasting them on "
+"playing a cat and mouse game with people who want to copy and share your "
+"work. Lizzy Jongma from the Rijksmuseum said, “We could spend a lot of money "
+"trying to protect works, but people are going to do it anyway. And they "
+"will use bad-quality versions.” Instead, they started releasing "
+"high-resolution digital copies of their collection into the public domain "
+"and making them available for free on their website. For them, sharing was a "
+"form of quality control over the copies that were inevitably being shared "
+"online. Doing this meant forgoing the revenue they previously got from "
+"selling digital images. But Lizzy says that was a small price to pay for all "
+"of the opportunities that sharing unlocked for them."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1465
+msgid ""
+"Being Made with Creative Commons means you stop thinking about ways to "
+"artificially make your content scarce, and instead leverage it as the "
+"potentially abundant resource it is.14 When you see information abundance as "
+"a feature, not a bug, you start thinking about the ways to use the idling "
+"capacity of your content to your advantage. As my friend and colleague Eric "
+"Steuer once said, “Using CC licenses shows you get the Internet.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1474
+msgid ""
+"Cory Doctorow says it costs him nothing when other people make copies of his "
+"work, and it opens the possibility that he might get something in return.15 "
+"Similarly, the makers of the Arduino boards knew it was impossible to stop "
+"people from copying their hardware, so they decided not to even try and "
+"instead look for the benefits of being open. For them, the result is one of "
+"the most ubiquitous pieces of hardware in the world, with a thriving online "
+"community of tinkerers and innovators that have done things with their work "
+"they never could have done otherwise."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1477
+msgid ""
+"There are all kinds of way to leverage the power of sharing and remix to "
+"your benefit. Here are a few."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1479
+msgid "<span id=\"anchor-33\"></span>Use CC to grow a larger audience"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1489
+msgid ""
+"Putting a Creative Commons license on your content won’t make it "
+"automatically go viral, but eliminating legal barriers to copying the work "
+"certainly can’t hurt the chances that your work will be shared. The CC "
+"license symbolizes that sharing is welcome. It can act as a little tap on "
+"the shoulder to those who come across the work—a nudge to copy the work if "
+"they have any inkling of doing so. All things being equal, if one piece of "
+"content has a sign that says Share and the other says Don’t Share (which is "
+"what “©” means), which do you think people are more likely to share?"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1496
+msgid ""
+"The Conversation is an online news site with in-depth articles written by "
+"academics who are experts on particular topics. All of the articles are "
+"CC-licensed, and they are copied and reshared on other sites by design. This "
+"proliferating effect, which they track, is a central part of the value to "
+"their academic authors who want to reach as many readers as possible."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1508
+msgid ""
+"The idea that more eyeballs equates with more success is a form of the max "
+"strategy, adopted by Google and other technology companies. According to "
+"Google’s Eric Schmidt, the idea is simple: “Take whatever it is you are "
+"doing and do it at the max in terms of distribution. The other way of saying "
+"this is that since marginal cost of distribution is free, you might as well "
+"put things everywhere.”16 This strategy is what often motivates companies to "
+"make their products and services free (i.e., no cost), but the same logic "
+"applies to making content freely shareable. Because CC-licensed content is "
+"free (as in cost) and can be freely copied, CC licensing makes it even more "
+"accessible and likely to spread."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1516
+msgid ""
+"If you are successful in reaching more users, readers, listeners, or other "
+"consumers of your work, you can start to benefit from the bandwagon "
+"effect. The simple fact that there are other people consuming or following "
+"your work spurs others to want to do the same.17 This is, in part, because "
+"we simply have a tendency to engage in herd behavior, but it is also because "
+"a large following is at least a partial indicator of quality or "
+"usefulness.18"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1519
+msgid "<span id=\"anchor-34\"></span>Use CC to get attribution and name recognition"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1534
+msgid ""
+"Every Creative Commons license requires that credit be given to the author, "
+"and that reusers supply a link back to the original source of the "
+"material. CC0, not a license but a tool used to put work in the public "
+"domain, does not make attribution a legal requirement, but many communities "
+"still give credit as a matter of best practices and social norms. In fact, "
+"it is social norms, rather than the threat of legal enforcement, that most "
+"often motivate people to provide attribution and otherwise comply with the "
+"CC license terms anyway. This is the mark of any well-functioning community, "
+"within both the marketplace and the society at large.19 CC licenses reflect "
+"a set of wishes on the part of creators, and in the vast majority of "
+"circumstances, people are naturally inclined to follow those wishes. This is "
+"particularly the case for something as straightforward and consistent with "
+"basic notions of fairness as providing credit."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1545
+msgid ""
+"The fact that the name of the creator follows a CC-licensed work makes the "
+"licenses an important means to develop a reputation or, in corporate speak, "
+"a brand. The drive to associate your name with your work is not just based "
+"on commercial motivations, it is fundamental to authorship. Knowledge "
+"Unlatched is a nonprofit that helps to subsidize the print production of "
+"CC-licensed academic texts by pooling contributions from libraries around "
+"the United States. The CEO, Frances Pinter, says that the Creative Commons "
+"license on the works has a huge value to authors because reputation is the "
+"most important currency for academics. Sharing with CC is a way of having "
+"the most people see and cite your work."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1557
+msgid ""
+"Attribution can be about more than just receiving credit. It can also be "
+"about establishing provenance. People naturally want to know where content "
+"came from—the source of a work is sometimes just as interesting as the work "
+"itself. Opendesk is a platform for furniture designers to share their "
+"designs. Consumers who like those designs can then get matched with local "
+"makers who turn the designs into real-life furniture. The fact that I, "
+"sitting in the middle of the United States, can pick out a design created by "
+"a designer in Tokyo and then use a maker within my own community to "
+"transform the design into something tangible is part of the power of their "
+"platform. The provenance of the design is a special part of the product."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1565
+msgid ""
+"Knowing the source of a work is also critical to ensuring its "
+"credibility. Just as a trademark is designed to give consumers a way to "
+"identify the source and quality of a particular good and service, knowing "
+"the author of a work gives the public a way to assess its credibility. In a "
+"time when online discourse is plagued with misinformation, being a trusted "
+"information source is more valuable than ever."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1567
+msgid "<span id=\"anchor-35\"></span>Use CC-licensed content as a marketing tool"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1574
+msgid ""
+"As we will cover in more detail later, many endeavors that are Made with "
+"Creative Commons make money by providing a product or service other than the "
+"CC-licensed work. Sometimes that other product or service is completely "
+"unrelated to the CC content. Other times it’s a physical copy or live "
+"performance of the CC content. In all cases, the CC content can attract "
+"people to your other product or service."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1587
+msgid ""
+"Knowledge Unlatched’s Pinter told us she has seen time and again how "
+"offering CC-licensed content—that is, digitally for free—actually increases "
+"sales of the printed goods because it functions as a marketing tool. We see "
+"this phenomenon regularly with famous artwork. The Mona Lisa is likely the "
+"most recognizable painting on the planet. Its ubiquity has the effect of "
+"catalyzing interest in seeing the painting in person, and in owning physical "
+"goods with the image. Abundant copies of the content often entice more "
+"demand, not blunt it. Another example came with the advent of the "
+"radio. Although the music industry did not see it coming (and fought it!), "
+"free music on the radio functioned as advertising for the paid version "
+"people bought in music stores.20 Free can be a form of promotion."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1599
+msgid ""
+"In some cases, endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons do not even "
+"need dedicated marketing teams or marketing budgets. Cards Against Humanity "
+"is a CC-licensed card game available as a free download. And because of this "
+"(thanks to the CC license on the game), the creators say it is one of the "
+"best-marketed games in the world, and they have never spent a dime on "
+"marketing. The textbook publisher OpenStax has also avoided hiring a "
+"marketing team. Their products are free, or cheaper to buy in the case of "
+"physical copies, which makes them much more attractive to students who then "
+"demand them from their universities. They also partner with service "
+"providers who build atop the CC-licensed content and, in turn, spend money "
+"and"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1602
+msgid ""
+"resources marketing those services (and by extension, the OpenStax "
+"textbooks)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1605
+msgid ""
+"<span id=\"anchor-36\"></span>Use CC to enable hands-on engagement with your "
+"work"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1610
+msgid ""
+"The great promise of Creative Commons licensing is that it signifies an "
+"embrace of remix culture. Indeed, this is the great promise of digital "
+"technology. The Internet opened up a whole new world of possibilities for "
+"public participation in creative work."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1620
+msgid ""
+"Four of the six CC licenses enable reusers to take apart, build upon, or "
+"otherwise adapt the work. Depending on the context, adaptation can mean "
+"wildly different things—translating, updating, localizing, improving, "
+"transforming. It enables a work to be customized for particular needs, uses, "
+"people, and communities, which is another distinct value to offer the "
+"public.21 Adaptation is more game changing in some contexts than "
+"others. With educational materials, the ability to customize and update the "
+"content is critically important for its usefulness. For photography, the "
+"ability to adapt a photo is less important."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1632
+msgid ""
+"This is a way to counteract a potential downside of the abundance of free "
+"and open content described above. As Anderson wrote in Free, “People often "
+"don’t care as much about things they don’t pay for, and as a result they "
+"don’t think as much about how they consume them.”22 If even the tiny act of "
+"volition of paying one penny for something changes our perception of that "
+"thing, then surely the act of remixing it enhances our perception "
+"exponentially.23 We know that people will pay more for products they had a "
+"part in creating.24 And we know that creating something, no matter what "
+"quality, brings with it a type of creative satisfaction that can never be "
+"replaced by consuming something created by someone else.25"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1640
+msgid ""
+"Actively engaging with the content helps us avoid the type of aimless "
+"consumption that anyone who has absentmindedly scrolled through their "
+"social-media feeds for an hour knows all too well. In his book, Cognitive "
+"Surplus, Clay Shirky says, “To participate is to act as if your presence "
+"matters, as if, when you see something or hear something, your response is "
+"part of the event.”26 Opening the door to your content can get people more "
+"deeply tied to your work."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1642
+msgid "<span id=\"anchor-37\"></span>Use CC to differentiate yourself"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1654
+msgid ""
+"Operating under a traditional copyright regime usually means operating under "
+"the rules of establishment players in the media. Business strategies that "
+"are embedded in the traditional copyright system, like using digital rights "
+"management (DRM) and signing exclusivity contracts, can tie the hands of "
+"creators, often at the expense of the creator’s best interest.27 Being Made "
+"with Creative Commons means you can function without those barriers and, in "
+"many cases, use the increased openness as a competitive advantage. David "
+"Harris from OpenStax said they specifically pursue strategies they know that "
+"traditional publishers cannot. “Don’t go into a market and play by the "
+"incumbent rules,” David said. “Change the rules of engagement.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1656
+msgid "<span id=\"anchor-38\"></span>Making Money"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1668
+msgid ""
+"Like any moneymaking endeavor, those that are Made with Creative Commons "
+"have to generate some type of value for their audience or customers. "
+"Sometimes that value is subsidized by funders who are not actually "
+"beneficiaries of that value. Funders, whether philanthropic institutions, "
+"governments, or concerned individuals, provide money to the organization out "
+"of a sense of pure altruism. This is the way traditional nonprofit funding "
+"operates.28 But in many cases, the revenue streams used by endeavors that "
+"are Made with Creative Commons are directly tied to the value they generate, "
+"where the recipient is paying for the value they receive like any standard "
+"market transaction. In still other"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1672
+msgid ""
+"cases, rather than the quid pro quo exchange of money for value that "
+"typically drives market transactions, the recipient gives money out of a "
+"sense of reciprocity."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1680
+msgid ""
+"Most who are Made with Creative Commons use a variety of methods to bring in "
+"revenue, some market-based and some not. One common strategy is using grant "
+"funding for content creation when research-and-development costs are "
+"particularly high, and then finding a different revenue stream (or streams) "
+"for ongoing expenses. As Shirky wrote, “The trick is in knowing when markets "
+"are an optimal way of organizing interactions and when they are not.”29"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1687
+msgid ""
+"Our case studies explore in more detail the various revenue-generating "
+"mechanisms used by the creators, organizations, and businesses we "
+"interviewed. There is nuance hidden within the specific ways each of them "
+"makes money, so it is a bit dangerous to generalize too much about what we "
+"learned. Nonetheless, zooming out and viewing things from a higher level of "
+"abstraction can be instructive."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1689
+msgid "<span id=\"anchor-39\"></span>Market-based revenue streams"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1696
+msgid ""
+"In the market, the central question when determining how to bring in revenue "
+"is what value people are willing to pay for.30 By definition, if you are "
+"Made with Creative Commons, the content you provide is available for free "
+"and not a market commodity. Like the ubiquitous freemium business model, any "
+"possible market transaction with a consumer of your content has to be based "
+"on some added value you provide.31"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1710
+msgid ""
+"In many ways, this is the way of the future for all content-driven "
+"endeavors. In the market, value lives in things that are scarce. Because the "
+"Internet makes a universe of content available to all of us for free, it is "
+"difficult to get people to pay for content online. The struggling newspaper "
+"industry is a testament to this fact. This is compounded by the fact that at "
+"least some amount of copying is probably inevitable. That means you may end "
+"up competing with free versions of your own content, whether you condone it "
+"or not.32 If people can easily find your content for free, getting people to "
+"buy it will be difficult, particularly in a context where access to content "
+"is more important than owning it. In Free, Anderson wrote, “Copyright "
+"protection schemes, whether coded into either law or software, are simply "
+"holding up a price against the force of gravity.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1719
+msgid ""
+"Of course, this doesn’t mean that content-driven endeavors have no future in "
+"the traditional marketplace. In Free, Anderson explains how when one product "
+"or service becomes free, as information and content largely have in the "
+"digital age, other things become more valuable. “Every abundance creates a "
+"new scarcity,” he wrote. You just have to find some way other than the "
+"content to provide value to your audience or customers. As Anderson says, "
+"“It’s easy to compete with Free: simply offer something better or at least "
+"different from the free version.”33"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1726
+msgid ""
+"In light of this reality, in some ways endeavors that are Made with Creative "
+"Commons are at a level playing field with all content-based endeavors in the "
+"digital age. In fact, they may even have an advantage because they can use "
+"the abundance of content to derive revenue from something scarce. They can "
+"also benefit from the goodwill that stems from the values behind being Made "
+"with Creative Commons."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1731
+msgid ""
+"For content creators and distributors, there are nearly infinite ways to "
+"provide value to the consumers of your work, above and beyond the value that "
+"lives within your free digital content. Often, the CC-licensed content "
+"functions as a marketing tool for the paid product or"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1733
+msgid "service."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1735
+msgid "Here are the most common high-level categories."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1738
+msgid ""
+"<span id=\"anchor-40\"></span>Providing a custom service to consumers of "
+"your work * \\[MARKET-BASED\\]*"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1747
+msgid ""
+"In this age of information abundance, we don’t lack for content. The trick "
+"is finding content that matches our needs and wants, so customized services "
+"are particularly valuable. As Anderson wrote, “Commodity information "
+"(everybody gets the same version) wants to be free. Customized information "
+"(you get something unique and meaningful to you) wants to be expensive.”34 "
+"This can be anything from the artistic and cultural consulting services "
+"provided by Ártica to the custom-song business of Jonathan “Song-A-Day” "
+"Mann."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1750
+msgid ""
+"<span id=\"anchor-41\"></span>Charging for the physical copy * "
+"\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1771
+msgid ""
+"In his book about maker culture, Anderson characterizes this model as giving "
+"away the bits and selling the atoms (where bits refers to digital content "
+"and atoms refer to a physical object).35 This is particularly successful in "
+"domains where the digital version of the content isn’t as valuable as the "
+"analog version, like book publishing where a significant subset of people "
+"still prefer reading something they can hold in their hands. Or in domains "
+"where the content isn’t useful until it is in physical form, like furniture "
+"designs. In those situations, a significant portion of consumers will pay "
+"for the convenience of having someone else put the physical version together "
+"for them. Some endeavors squeeze even more out of this revenue stream by "
+"using a Creative Commons license that only allows noncommercial uses, which "
+"means no one else can sell physical copies of their work in competition with "
+"them. This strategy of reserving commercial rights can be particularly "
+"important for items like books, where every printed copy of the same work is "
+"likely to be the same quality, so it is harder to differentiate one "
+"publishing service from another. On the other hand, for items like furniture "
+"or electronics, the provider of the physical goods can compete with other "
+"providers of the same works based on quality, service, or other traditional "
+"business principles."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1774
+msgid ""
+"<span id=\"anchor-42\"></span>Charging for the in-person version * "
+"\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1782
+msgid ""
+"As anyone who has ever gone to a concert will tell you, experiencing "
+"creativity in person is a completely different experience from consuming a "
+"digital copy on your own. Far from acting as a substitute for face-to-face "
+"interaction, CC-licensed content can actually create demand for the "
+"in-person version of experience. You can see this effect when people go view "
+"original art in person or pay to attend a talk or training course."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1784
+msgid "<span id=\"anchor-43\"></span>Selling merchandise * \\[MARKET-BASED\\]*"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1789
+msgid ""
+"In many cases, people who like your work will pay for products demonstrating "
+"a connection to your work. As a child of the 1980s, I can personally attest "
+"to the power of a good concert T-shirt. This can also be an important "
+"revenue stream for museums and galleries."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1800
+msgid ""
+"Sometimes the way to find a market-based revenue stream is by providing "
+"value to people other than those who consume your CC-licensed content. In "
+"these revenue streams, the free content is being subsidized by an entirely "
+"different category of people or businesses. Often, those people or "
+"businesses are paying to access your main audience. The fact that the "
+"content is free increases the size of the audience, which in turn makes the "
+"offer more valuable to the paying customers. This is a variation of a "
+"traditional business model built on free called multi-sided platforms.36 "
+"Access to your audience isn’t the only thing people are willing to pay "
+"for—there are other services you can provide as well."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1803
+msgid ""
+"<span id=\"anchor-44\"></span>Charging advertisers or sponsors * "
+"\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1814
+msgid ""
+"The traditional model of subsidizing free content is advertising. In this "
+"version of multi-sided platforms, advertisers pay for the opportunity to "
+"reach the set of eyeballs the content creators provide in the form of their "
+"audience.37 The Internet has made this model more difficult because the "
+"number of potential channels available to reach those eyeballs has become "
+"essentially infinite.38 Nonetheless, it remains a viable revenue stream for "
+"many content creators, including those who are Made with Creative "
+"Commons. Often, instead of paying to display advertising, the advertiser "
+"pays to be an official sponsor of particular content or projects, or of the "
+"overall endeavor."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1817
+msgid ""
+"<span id=\"anchor-45\"></span>Charging your content creators * "
+"\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1827
+msgid ""
+"Another type of multisided platform is where the content creators themselves "
+"pay to be featured on the platform. Obviously, this revenue stream is only "
+"available to those who rely on work created, at least in part, by "
+"others. The most well-known version of this model is the “author-processing "
+"charge” of open-access journals like those published by the Public Library "
+"of Science, but there are other variations. The Conversation is primarily "
+"funded by a university-membership model, where universities pay to have "
+"their faculties participate as writers of the content on the Conversation "
+"website."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1830
+msgid ""
+"<span id=\"anchor-46\"></span>Charging a transaction fee * "
+"\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1840
+msgid ""
+"This is a version of a traditional business model based on brokering "
+"transactions between parties.39 Curation is an important element of this "
+"model. Platforms like the Noun Project add value by wading through "
+"CC-licensed content to curate a high-quality set and then derive revenue "
+"when creators of that content make transactions with customers. Other "
+"platforms make money when service providers transact with their customers; "
+"for example, Opendesk makes money every time someone on their site pays a "
+"maker to make furniture based on one of the designs on the platform."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1843
+msgid ""
+"<span id=\"anchor-47\"></span>Providing a service to your creators* "
+"\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1850
+msgid ""
+"As mentioned above, endeavors can make money by providing customized "
+"services to their users. Platforms can undertake a variation of this service "
+"model directed at the creators that provide the content they feature. The "
+"data platforms Figure.NZ and Figshare both capitalize on this model by "
+"providing paid tools to help their users make the data they contribute to "
+"the platform more discoverable and reusable."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1852
+msgid "<span id=\"anchor-48\"></span>Licensing a trademark* \\[MARKET-BASED\\]*"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1861
+msgid ""
+"Finally, some that are Made with Creative Commons make money by selling use "
+"of their trademarks. Well known brands that consumers associate with "
+"quality, credibility, or even an ethos can license that trademark to "
+"companies that want to take advantage of that goodwill. By definition, "
+"trademarks are scarce because they represent a particular source of a good "
+"or service. Charging for the ability to use that trademark is a way of "
+"deriving revenue from something scarce while taking advantage of the "
+"abundance of CC content."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1863
+msgid "<span id=\"anchor-49\"></span>Reciprocity-based revenue streams"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1868
+msgid ""
+"Even if we set aside grant funding, we found that the traditional economic "
+"framework of understanding the market failed to fully capture the ways the "
+"endeavors we analyzed were making money. It was not simply about monetizing "
+"scarcity."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1878
+msgid ""
+"Rather than devising a scheme to get people to pay money in exchange for "
+"some direct value provided to them, many of the revenue streams were more "
+"about providing value, building a relationship, and then eventually finding "
+"some money that flows back out of a sense of reciprocity. While some look "
+"like traditional nonprofit funding models, they aren’t charity. The endeavor "
+"exchange value with people, just not necessarily synchronously or in a way "
+"that requires that those values be equal. As David Bollier wrote in Think "
+"Like a Commoner, “There is no self-serving calculation of whether the value "
+"given and received is strictly equal.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1884
+msgid ""
+"This should be a familiar dynamic—it is the way you deal with your friends "
+"and family. We give without regard for what and when we will get back. David "
+"Bollier wrote, “Reciprocal social exchange lies at the heart of human "
+"identity, community and culture. It is a vital brain function that helps the "
+"human species survive and evolve.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1889
+msgid ""
+"What is rare is to incorporate this sort of relationship into an endeavor "
+"that also engages with the market.40 We almost can’t help but think of "
+"relationships in the market as being centered on an even-steven exchange of "
+"value.41"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1892
+msgid ""
+"<span id=\"anchor-50\"></span>Memberships and individual donations "
+"*\\[RECIPROCITY-BASED\\]*"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1904
+msgid ""
+"While memberships and donations are traditional nonprofit funding models, in "
+"the Made with Creative Commons context, they are directly tied to the "
+"reciprocal relationship that is cultivated with the beneficiaries of their "
+"work. The bigger the pool of those receiving value from the content, the "
+"more likely this strategy will work, given that only a small percentage of "
+"people are likely to contribute. Since using CC licenses can grease the "
+"wheels for content to reach more people, this strategy can be more effective "
+"for endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons. The greater the argument "
+"that the content is a public good or that the entire endeavor is furthering "
+"a social mission, the more likely this strategy is to succeed."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1907
+msgid ""
+"<span id=\"anchor-51\"></span>The pay-what-you-want model "
+"*\\[RECIPROCITY-BASED\\]*"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1917
+msgid ""
+"In the pay-what-you-want model, the beneficiary of Creative Commons content "
+"is invited to give—at any amount they can and feel is appropriate, based on "
+"the public and personal value they feel is generated by the open "
+"content. Critically, these models are not touted as “buying” something "
+"free. They are similar to a tip jar. People make financial contributions as "
+"an act of gratitude. These models capitalize on the fact that we are "
+"naturally inclined to give money for things we value in the marketplace, "
+"even in situations where we could find a way to get it for free."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1919
+msgid "<span id=\"anchor-52\"></span>Crowdfunding *\\[RECIPROCITY-BASED\\]*"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1934
+msgid ""
+"Crowdfunding models are based on recouping the costs of creating and "
+"distributing content before the content is created. If the endeavor is Made "
+"with Creative Commons, anyone who wants the work in question could simply "
+"wait until it’s created and then access it for free. That means, for this "
+"model to work, people have to care about more than just receiving the "
+"work. They have to want you to succeed. Amanda Palmer credits the success of "
+"her crowdfunding on Kickstarter and Patreon to the years she spent building "
+"her community and creating a connection with her fans. She wrote in The Art "
+"of Asking, “Good art is made, good art is shared, help is offered, ears are "
+"bent, emotions are exchanged, the compost of real, deep connection is "
+"sprayed all over the fields. Then one day, the artist steps up and asks for "
+"something. And if the ground has been fertilized enough, the audience says, "
+"without hesitation: of course.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1941
+msgid ""
+"Other types of crowdfunding rely on a sense of responsibility that a "
+"particular community may feel. Knowledge Unlatched pools funds from major "
+"U.S. libraries to subsidize CC-licensed academic work that will be, by "
+"definition, available to everyone for free. Libraries with bigger budgets "
+"tend to give more out of a sense of commitment to the library community and "
+"to the idea of open access generally."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1943
+msgid "<span id=\"anchor-53\"></span>Making Human Connections"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1956
+msgid ""
+"Regardless of how they made money, in our interviews, we repeatedly heard "
+"language like “persuading people to buy” and “inviting people to pay.” We "
+"heard it even in connection with revenue streams that sit squarely within "
+"the market. Cory Doctorow told us, “I have to convince my readers that the "
+"right thing to do is to pay me.” The founders of the for-profit company "
+"Lumen Learning showed us the letter they send to those who opt not to pay "
+"for the services they provide in connection with their CC-licensed "
+"educational content. It isn’t a cease-and-desist letter; it’s an invitation "
+"to pay because it’s the right thing to do. This sort of behavior toward "
+"what could be considered nonpaying customers is largely unheard of in the "
+"traditional marketplace. But it seems to be part of the fabric of being Made "
+"with Creative Commons."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1963
+msgid ""
+"Nearly every endeavor we profiled relied, at least in part, on people being "
+"invested in what they do. The closer the Creative Commons content is to "
+"being “the product,” the more pronounced this dynamic has to be. Rather "
+"than simply selling a product or service, they are making ideological, "
+"personal, and creative connections with the people who value what they do."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1967
+msgid ""
+"It took me a very long time to see how this avoidance of thinking about what "
+"they do in pure market terms was deeply tied to being Made with Creative "
+"Commons."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1971
+msgid ""
+"I came to the research with preconceived notions about what Creative Commons "
+"is and what it means to be Made with Creative Commons. It turned out I was "
+"wrong on so many counts."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1980
+msgid ""
+"Obviously, being Made with Creative Commons means using Creative Commons "
+"licenses. That much I knew. But in our interviews, people spoke of so much "
+"more than copyright permissions when they explained how sharing fit into "
+"what they do. I was thinking about sharing too narrowly, and as a result, I "
+"was missing vast swaths of the meaning packed within Creative "
+"Commons. Rather than parsing the specific and narrow role of the copyright "
+"license in the equation, it is important not to disaggregate the rest of "
+"what comes with sharing. You have to widen the lens."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1992
+msgid ""
+"Being Made with Creative Commons is not just about the simple act of "
+"licensing a copyrighted work under a set of standardized terms, but also "
+"about community, social good, contributing ideas, expressing a value system, "
+"working together. These components of sharing are hard to cultivate if you "
+"think about what you do in purely market terms. Decent social behavior isn’t "
+"as intuitive when we are doing something that involves monetary exchange. It "
+"takes a conscious effort to foster the context for real sharing, based not "
+"strictly on impersonal market exchange, but on connections with the people "
+"with whom you share—connections with you, with your work, with your values, "
+"with each other."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1997
+msgid ""
+"The rest of this section will explore some of the common strategies that "
+"creators, companies, and organizations use to remind us that there are "
+"humans behind every creative endeavor. To remind us we have obligations to "
+"each other. To remind us what sharing really looks like."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1999
+msgid "<span id=\"anchor-54\"></span>Be human"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2006
+msgid ""
+"Humans are social animals, which means we are naturally inclined to treat "
+"each other well.42 But the further removed we are from the person with whom "
+"we are interacting, the less caring our behavior will be. While the "
+"Internet has democratized cultural production, increased access to "
+"knowledge, and connected us in extraordinary ways, it can also make it easy "
+"forget we are dealing with another human."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2018
+msgid ""
+"To counteract the anonymous and impersonal tendencies of how we operate "
+"online, individual creators and corporations who use Creative Commons "
+"licenses work to demonstrate their humanity. For some, this means pouring "
+"their lives out on the page. For others, it means showing their creative "
+"process, giving a glimpse into how they do what they do. As writer Austin "
+"Kleon wrote, “Our work doesn’t speak for itself. Human beings want to know "
+"where things came from, how they were made, and who made them. The stories "
+"you tell about the work you do have a huge effect on how people feel and "
+"what they understand about your work, and how people feel and what they "
+"understand about your work affects how they value it.”43"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2028
+msgid ""
+"A critical component to doing this effectively is not worrying about being a "
+"“brand.” That means not being afraid to be vulnerable. Amanda Palmer says, "
+"“When you’re afraid of someone’s judgment, you can’t connect with "
+"them. You’re too preoccupied with the task of impressing them.” Not everyone "
+"is suited to live life as an open book like Palmer, and that’s OK. There are "
+"a lot of ways to be human. The trick is just avoiding pretense and the "
+"temptation to artificially craft an image. People don’t just want the "
+"glossy version of you. They can’t relate to it, at least not in a meaningful "
+"way."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2037
+msgid ""
+"This advice is probably even more important for businesses and organizations "
+"because we instinctively conceive of them as nonhuman (though in the United "
+"States, corporations are people!). When corporations and organizations make "
+"the people behind them more apparent, it reminds people that they are "
+"dealing with something other than an anonymous corporate entity. In "
+"business-speak, this is about “humanizing your interactions” with the "
+"public.44 But it can’t be a gimmick. You can’t fake being human."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2039
+msgid "<span id=\"anchor-55\"></span>Be open and accountable"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2049
+msgid ""
+"Transparency helps people understand who you are and why you do what you do, "
+"but it also inspires trust. Max Temkin of Cards Against Humanity told us, "
+"“One of the most surprising things you can do in capitalism is just be "
+"honest with people.” That means sharing the good and the bad. As Amanda "
+"Palmer wrote, “You can fix almost anything by authentically "
+"communicating.”45 It isn’t about trying to satisfy everyone or trying to "
+"sugarcoat mistakes or bad news, but instead about explaining your rationale "
+"and then being prepared to defend it when people are critical.46"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2053
+msgid ""
+"Being accountable does not mean operating on consensus. According to James "
+"Surowiecki, consensus-driven groups tend to resort to "
+"lowest-common-denominator solutions and"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2063
+msgid ""
+"avoid the sort of candid exchange of ideas that cultivates healthy "
+"collaboration.47 Instead, it can be as simple as asking for input and then "
+"giving context and explanation about decisions you make, even if soliciting "
+"feedback and inviting discourse is time-consuming. If you don’t go through "
+"the effort to actually respond to the input you receive, it can be worse "
+"than not inviting input in the first place.48 But when you get it right, it "
+"can guarantee the type of diversity of thought that helps endeavors "
+"excel. And it is another way to get people involved and invested in what you "
+"do."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2065
+msgid "<span id=\"anchor-56\"></span>Design for the good actors"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2078
+msgid ""
+"Traditional economics assumes people make decisions based solely on their "
+"own economic self-interest.49 Any relatively introspective human knows this "
+"is a fiction—we are much more complicated beings with a whole range of "
+"needs, emotions, and motivations. In fact, we are hardwired to work together "
+"and ensure fairness.50 Being Made with Creative Commons requires an "
+"assumption that people will largely act on those social motivations, "
+"motivations that would be considered “irrational” in an economic sense. As "
+"Knowledge Unlatched’s Pinter told us, “It is best to ignore people who try "
+"to scare you about free riding. That fear is based on a very shallow view of "
+"what motivates human behavior.” There will always be people who will act in "
+"purely selfish ways, but endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons "
+"design for the good actors."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2087
+msgid ""
+"The assumption that people will largely do the right thing can be a "
+"self-fulfilling prophecy. Shirky wrote in Cognitive Surplus, “Systems that "
+"assume people will act in ways that create public goods, and that give them "
+"opportunities and rewards for doing so, often let them work together better "
+"than neoclassical economics would predict.”51 When we acknowledge that "
+"people are often motivated by something other than financial self-interest, "
+"we design our endeavors in ways that encourage and accentuate our social "
+"instincts."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2097
+msgid ""
+"Rather than trying to exert control over people’s behavior, this mode of "
+"operating requires a certain level of trust. We might not realize it, but "
+"our daily lives are already built on trust. As Surowiecki wrote in The "
+"Wisdom of Crowds, “It’s impossible for a society to rely on law alone to "
+"make sure citizens act honestly and responsibly. And it’s impossible for any "
+"organization to rely on contracts alone to make sure that its managers and "
+"workers live up to their obligation.” Instead, we largely trust that "
+"people—mostly strangers—will do what they are supposed to do.52 And most "
+"often, they do."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2099
+msgid "<span id=\"anchor-57\"></span>Treat humans like, well, humans"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2108
+msgid ""
+"For creators, treating people as humans means not treating them like "
+"fans. As Kleon says, “If you want fans, you have to be a fan first.”53 Even "
+"if you happen to be one of the few to reach celebrity levels of fame, you "
+"are better off remembering that the people who follow your work are human, "
+"too. Cory Doctorow makes a point to answer every single email someone sends "
+"him. Amanda Palmer spends vast quantities of time going online to "
+"communicate with her public, making a point to listen just as much as she "
+"talks.54"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2113
+msgid ""
+"The same idea goes for businesses and organizations. Rather than automating "
+"its customer service, the music platform Tribe of Noise makes a point to "
+"ensure its employees have personal, one-on-one interaction with users."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2125
+msgid ""
+"When we treat people like humans, they typically return the gift in "
+"kind. It’s called karma. But social relationships are fragile. It is all too "
+"easy to destroy them if you make the mistake of treating people as anonymous "
+"customers or free labor.55 Platforms that rely on content from contributors "
+"are especially at risk of creating an exploitative dynamic. It is important "
+"to find ways to acknowledge and pay back the value that contributors "
+"generate. That does not mean you can solve this problem by simply paying "
+"contributors for their time or contributions. As soon as we introduce money "
+"into a relationship—at least when it takes a form of paying monetary value "
+"in exchange for other value—it can dramatically change the dynamic.56"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2127
+msgid "<span id=\"anchor-58\"></span>State your principles and stick to them"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2137
+msgid ""
+"Being Made with Creative Commons makes a statement about who you are and "
+"what you do. The symbolism is powerful. Using Creative Commons licenses "
+"demonstrates adherence to a particular belief system, which generates "
+"goodwill and connects like-minded people to your work. Sometimes people will "
+"be drawn to endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons as a way of "
+"demonstrating their own commitment to the Creative Commons value system, "
+"akin to a political statement. Other times people will identify and feel "
+"connected with an endeavor’s separate social mission. Often both."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2146
+msgid ""
+"The expression of your values doesn’t have to be implicit. In fact, many of "
+"the people we interviewed talked about how important it is to state your "
+"guiding principles up front. Lumen Learning attributes a lot of their "
+"success to having been outspoken about the fundamental values that guide "
+"what they do. As a for-profit company, they think their expressed commitment "
+"to low-income students and open licensing has been critical to their "
+"credibility in the OER (open educational resources) community in which they "
+"operate."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2152
+msgid ""
+"When your end goal is not about making a profit, people trust that you "
+"aren’t just trying to extract value for your own gain. People notice when "
+"you have a sense of purpose that transcends your own self-interest.57 It "
+"attracts committed employees, motivates contributors, and builds trust."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2154
+msgid "<span id=\"anchor-59\"></span>Build a community"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2163
+msgid ""
+"Endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons thrive when community is built "
+"around what they do. This may mean a community collaborating together to "
+"create something new, or it may simply be a collection of like-minded people "
+"who get to know each other and rally around common interests or beliefs.58 "
+"To a certain extent, simply being Made with Creative Commons automatically "
+"brings with it some element of community, by helping connect you to "
+"like-minded others who recognize and are drawn to the values symbolized by"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2165
+msgid "using CC."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2176
+msgid ""
+"To be sustainable, though, you have to work to nurture community. People "
+"have to care—about you and each other. One critical piece to this is "
+"fostering a sense of belonging. As Jono Bacon writes in The Art of "
+"Community, “If there is no belonging, there is no community.” For Amanda "
+"Palmer and her band, that meant creating an accepting and inclusive "
+"environment where people felt a part of their “weird little family.”59 For "
+"organizations like Red Hat, that means connecting around common beliefs or "
+"goals. As the CEO Jim Whitehurst wrote in The Open Organization, “Tapping "
+"into passion is especially important in building the kinds of participative "
+"communities that drive open"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2178
+msgid "organizations.”60"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2190
+msgid ""
+"Communities that collaborate together take deliberate planning. Surowiecki "
+"wrote, “It takes a lot of work to put the group together. It’s difficult to "
+"ensure that people are working in the group’s interest and not in their "
+"own. And when there’s a lack of trust between the members of the group "
+"(which isn’t surprising given that they don’t really know each other), "
+"considerable energy is wasted trying to determine each other’s bona "
+"fides.”61 Building true community requires giving people within the "
+"community the power to create or influence the rules that govern the "
+"community.62 If the rules are created and imposed in a top-down manner, "
+"people feel like they don’t have a voice, which in turn leads to "
+"disengagement."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2194
+msgid ""
+"Community takes work, but working together, or even simply being connected "
+"around common interests or values, is in many ways what sharing is about."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2196
+msgid "<span id=\"anchor-60\"></span>Give more to the commons than you take"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2207
+msgid ""
+"Conventional wisdom in the marketplace dictates that people should try to "
+"extract as much money as possible from resources. This is essentially what "
+"defines so much of the so-called sharing economy. In an article on the "
+"Harvard Business Review website called “The Sharing Economy Isn’t about "
+"Sharing at All,” authors Giana Eckhardt and Fleura Bardhi explained how the "
+"anonymous market-driven trans-actions in most sharing-economy businesses are "
+"purely about monetizing access.63 As Lisa Gansky put it in her book The "
+"Mesh, the primary strategy of the sharing economy is to sell the same "
+"product multiple times, by selling access rather than ownership.64 That is "
+"not sharing."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2219
+msgid ""
+"Sharing requires adding as much or more value to the ecosystem than you "
+"take. You can’t simply treat open content as a free pool of resources from "
+"which to extract value. Part of giving back to the ecosystem is contributing "
+"content back to the public under CC licenses. But it doesn’t have to just be "
+"about creating content; it can be about adding value in other ways. The "
+"social blogging platform Medium provides value to its community by "
+"incentivizing good behavior, and the result is an online space with "
+"remarkably high-quality user-generated content and limited trolling.65 "
+"Opendesk contributes to its community by committing to help its designers "
+"make money, in part by actively curating and displaying their work on its "
+"platform effectively."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2227
+msgid ""
+"In all cases, it is important to openly acknowledge the amount of value you "
+"add versus that which you draw on that was created by others. Being "
+"transparent about this builds credibility and shows you are a contributing "
+"player in the commons. When your endeavor is making money, that also means "
+"apportioning financial compensation in a way that reflects the value "
+"contributed by others, providing more to contributors when the value they "
+"add outweighs the value provided by you."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2229
+msgid "<span id=\"anchor-61\"></span>Involve people in what you do"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2240
+msgid ""
+"Thanks to the Internet, we can tap into the talents and expertise of people "
+"around the globe. Chris Anderson calls it the Long Tail of talent.66 But to "
+"make collaboration work, the group has to be effective at what it is doing, "
+"and the people within the group have to find satisfaction from being "
+"involved.67 This is easier to facilitate for some types of creative work "
+"than it is for others. Groups tied together online collaborate best when "
+"people can work independently and asynchronously, and particularly for "
+"larger groups with loose ties, when contributors can make simple "
+"improvements without a particularly heavy time"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2242
+msgid "commitment.68"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2251
+msgid ""
+"As the success of Wikipedia demonstrates, editing an online encyclopedia is "
+"exactly the sort of activity that is perfect for massive co-creation because "
+"small, incremental edits made by a diverse range of people acting on their "
+"own are immensely valuable in the aggregate. Those same sorts of small "
+"contributions would be less useful for many other types of creative work, "
+"and people are inherently less motivated to contribute when it doesn’t "
+"appear that their efforts will make much of a difference.69"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2268
+msgid ""
+"It is easy to romanticize the opportunities for global cocreation made "
+"possible by the Internet, and, indeed, the successful examples of it are "
+"truly incredible and inspiring. But in a wide range of circumstances—perhaps "
+"more often than not—community cocreation is not part of the equation, even "
+"within endeavors built on CC content. Shirky wrote, “Sometimes the value of "
+"professional work trumps the value of amateur sharing or a feeling of "
+"belonging.70 The textbook publisher OpenStax, which distributes all of its "
+"material for free under CC licensing, is an example of this dynamic. Rather "
+"than tapping the community to help cocreate their college textbooks, they "
+"invest a significant amount of time and money to develop professional "
+"content. For individual creators, where the creative work is the basis for "
+"what they do, community cocreation is only rarely a part of the "
+"picture. Even musician Amanda Palmer, who is famous for her openness and "
+"involvement with her fans, said, “The only department where I wasn’t open to "
+"input was the writing, the music itself.”71"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2279
+msgid ""
+"While we tend to immediately think of cocreation and remixing when we hear "
+"the word collaboration, you can also involve others in your creative process "
+"in more informal ways, by sharing half-baked ideas and early drafts, and "
+"interacting with the public to incubate ideas and get feedback. So-called "
+"“making in public” opens the door to letting people feel more invested in "
+"your creative work.72 And it shows a nonterritorial approach to ideas and "
+"information. Stephen Covey (of The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People fame) "
+"calls this the abundance mentality—treating ideas like something "
+"plentiful—and it can create an environment where collaboration flourishes.73"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2288
+msgid ""
+"There is no one way to involve people in what you do. They key is finding a "
+"way for people to contribute on their terms, compelled by their own "
+"motivations.74 What that looks like varies wildly depending on the "
+"project. Not every endeavor that is Made with Creative Commons can be "
+"Wikipedia, but every endeavor can find ways to invite the public into what "
+"they do. The goal for any form of collaboration is to move away from "
+"thinking of consumers as passive recipients of your content and transition "
+"them into active participants.75"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '1. '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2391
+msgid ""
+"Alex Osterwalder and Yves Pigneur, Business Model Generation (Hoboken, NJ: "
+"John Wiley and Sons, 2010), 14. A preview of the book is available at "
+"strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '2. '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2391
+msgid ""
+"Cory Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free: Laws for the Internet "
+"Age (San Francisco, CA: McSweeney’s, 2014) 68."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '3. '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2391
+msgid "Ibid., 55."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '4. '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2391
+msgid ""
+"Chris Anderson, Free: How Today’s Smartest Businesses Profit by Giving "
+"Something for Nothing, reprint with new preface (New York: Hyperion, 2010), "
+"224."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '5. '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2391
+msgid "Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 44."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '6. '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2391
+msgid ""
+"Amanda Palmer, The Art of Asking: Or How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Let "
+"People Help (New York: Grand Central, 2014), 121."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '7. '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2391
+msgid ""
+"Chris Anderson, Makers: The New Industrial Revolution (New York: Signal, "
+"2012), 64."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '8. '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2391
+msgid ""
+"David Bollier, Think Like a Commoner: A Short Introduction to the Life of "
+"the Commons (Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014), 70."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2391
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"9. Anderson, Makers, 66.\n"
+"10. Bryan Kramer, Shareology: How Sharing Is Powering the Human Economy\n"
+" (New York: Morgan James, 2016), 10.\n"
+"11. Anderson, Free, 62.\n"
+"12. Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 38.\n"
+"13. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 68.\n"
+"14. Anderson, Free, 86.\n"
+"15. Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 144.\n"
+"16. Anderson, Free, 123.\n"
+"17. Ibid., 132.\n"
+"18. Ibid., 70.\n"
+"19. James Surowiecki, The Wisdom of Crowds (New York: Anchor Books,\n"
+" 2005), 124. Surowiecki says, “The measure of success of laws and\n"
+" contracts is how rarely they are invoked.”\n"
+"20. Anderson, Free, 44.\n"
+"21. Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 23.\n"
+"22. Anderson, Free, 67.\n"
+"23. Ibid., 58.\n"
+"24. Anderson, Makers, 71.\n"
+"25. Clay Shirky, Cognitive Surplus: How Technology Makes Consumers into\n"
+" Collaborators (London: Penguin Books, 2010), 78.\n"
+"26. Ibid., 21.\n"
+"27. Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 43.\n"
+"28. William Landes Foster, Peter Kim, and Barbara Christiansen, “Ten\n"
+" Nonprofit Funding Models,” Stanford Social Innovation Review, Spring\n"
+" 2009, ssir.org/articles/entry/ten\\_nonprofit\\_funding\\_models.\n"
+"29. Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 111.\n"
+"30. Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 30.\n"
+"31. Jim Whitehurst, The Open Organization: Igniting Passion and\n"
+" Performance (Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2015), 202.\n"
+"32. Anderson, Free, 71.\n"
+"33. Ibid., 231.\n"
+"34. Ibid., 97.\n"
+"35. Anderson, Makers, 107.\n"
+"36. Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 89.\n"
+"37. Ibid., 92.\n"
+"38. Anderson, Free, 142.\n"
+"39. Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 32.\n"
+"40. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 150.\n"
+"41. Ibid., 134.\n"
+"42. Dan Ariely, Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Forces That Shape Our\n"
+" Decisions, rev. ed. (New York: Harper Perennial, 2010), 109.\n"
+"43. Austin Kleon, Show Your Work: 10 Ways to Share Your Creativity and\n"
+" Get Discovered (New York: Workman, 2014), 93.\n"
+"44. Kramer, Shareology, 76.\n"
+"45. Palmer, Art of Asking, 252.\n"
+"46. Whitehurst, Open Organization, 145.\n"
+"47. Surowiecki, Wisdom of Crowds, 203.\n"
+"48. Whitehurst, Open Organization, 80.\n"
+"49. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 25.\n"
+"50. Ibid., 31.\n"
+"51. Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 112.\n"
+"52. Surowiecki, Wisdom of Crowds, 124.\n"
+"53. Kleon, Show Your Work, 127.\n"
+"54. Palmer, Art of Asking, 121.\n"
+"55. Ariely, Predictably Irrational, 87.\n"
+"56. Ibid., 105.\n"
+"57. Ibid., 36.\n"
+"58. Jono Bacon, The Art of Community, 2nd ed. (Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly\n"
+" Media, 2012), 36.\n"
+"59. Palmer, Art of Asking, 98.\n"
+"60. Whitehurst, Open Organization, 34.\n"
+"61. Surowiecki, Wisdom of Crowds, 200.\n"
+"62. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 29.\n"
+"63. Giana Eckhardt and Fleura Bardhi, “The Sharing Economy Isn’t about\n"
+" Sharing at All,” Harvard Business Review (website), January 28,\n"
+" 2015, hbr.org/2015/01/the-sharing-economy-isnt-about-sharing-at-all.\n"
+"64. Lisa Gansky, The Mesh: Why the Future of Business Is Sharing,\n"
+" reprint with new epilogue (New York: Portfolio, 2012).\n"
+"65. David Lee, “Inside Medium: An Attempt to Bring Civility to the\n"
+" Internet,” BBC News, March 3,\n"
+" 2016, www.bbc.com/news/technology-35709680.\n"
+"66. Anderson, Makers, 148.\n"
+"67. Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 164.\n"
+"68. Whitehurst, foreword to Open Organization.\n"
+"69. Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 144.\n"
+"70. Ibid., 154.\n"
+"71. Palmer, Art of Asking, 163.\n"
+"72. Anderson, Makers, 173.\n"
+"73. Tom Kelley and David Kelley, Creative Confidence: Unleashing the\n"
+" Potential within Us All (New York: Crown, 2013), 82.\n"
+"74. Whitehurst, foreword to Open Organization.\n"
+"75. Rachel Botsman and Roo Rogers, What’s Mine Is Yours: The Rise of\n"
+" Collaborative Consumption (New York: Harper Business, 2010), 188.\n"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2393
+msgid "<span id=\"anchor-62\"></span>The"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2395
+msgid "<span id=\"anchor-63\"></span>Creative"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2397
+msgid "<span id=\"anchor-64\"></span>Commons"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2399
+msgid "<span id=\"anchor-65\"></span>Licenses"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2402
+msgid ""
+"All of the Creative Commons licenses grant a basic set of permissions. At a "
+"minimum, a CC-"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2413
+msgid ""
+"licensed work can be copied and shared in its original form for "
+"noncommercial purposes so long as attribution is given to the creator. "
+"There are six licenses in the CC license suite that build on that basic set "
+"of permissions, ranging from the most restrictive (allowing only those basic "
+"permissions to share unmodified copies for noncommercial purposes) to the "
+"most permissive (reusers can do anything they want with the work, even for "
+"commercial purposes, as long as they give the creator credit). The licenses "
+"are built on copyright and do not cover other types of rights that creators "
+"might have in their works, like patents or trademarks."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2415
+msgid "Here are the six licenses:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2421
+msgid ""
+"The Attribution license (CC BY) lets others distribute, remix, tweak, and "
+"build upon your work, even commercially, as long as they credit you for the "
+"original creation. This is the most accommodating of licenses "
+"offered. Recommended for maximum dissemination and use of licensed "
+"materials."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2428
+msgid ""
+"The Attribution-Share-Alike license (CC BY-SA) lets others remix, tweak, and "
+"build upon your work, even for commercial purposes, as long as they credit "
+"you and license their new creations under identical terms. This license is "
+"often compared to “copyleft” free and open source software licenses. All new "
+"works based on yours will carry the same license, so any derivatives will "
+"also allow commercial use."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2432
+msgid ""
+"The Attribution-NoDerivs license (CC BY-ND) allows for redistribution, "
+"commercial and noncommercial, as long as it is passed along unchanged with "
+"credit to you."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2437
+msgid ""
+"The Attribution-NonCommercial license (CC BY-NC) lets others remix, tweak, "
+"and build upon your work noncommercially. Although their new works must also "
+"acknowledge you, they don’t have to license their derivative works on the "
+"same terms."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2441
+msgid ""
+"The Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license (CC BY-NC-SA) lets others "
+"remix, tweak, and build upon your work noncommercially, as long as they "
+"credit you and license their new creations under the same terms."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2446
+msgid ""
+"The Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs license (CC BY-NC-ND) is the most "
+"restrictive of our six main licenses, only allowing others to download your "
+"works and share them with others as long as they credit you, but they can’t "
+"change them or use them commercially."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2451
+msgid ""
+"In addition to these six licenses, Creative Commons has two public-domain "
+"tools—one for creators and the other for those who manage collections of "
+"existing works by authors whose terms of copyright have expired:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2454
+msgid ""
+"CC0 enables authors and copyright owners to dedicate their works to the "
+"worldwide public domain (“no rights reserved”)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2458
+msgid ""
+"The Creative Commons Public Domain Mark facilitates the labeling and "
+"discovery of works that are already free of known copyright restrictions."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2467
+msgid ""
+"In our case studies, some use just one Creative Commons license, others use "
+"several. Attribution (found in thirteen case studies) and "
+"Attribution-ShareAlike (found in eight studies) were the most common, with "
+"the other licenses coming up in four or so case studies, including the "
+"public-domain tool CC0. Some of the organizations we profiled offer both "
+"digital content and software: by using open-source-software licenses for the "
+"software code and Creative Commons licenses for digital content, they "
+"amplify their involvement with and commitment to sharing."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2479
+msgid ""
+"There is a popular misconception that the three NonCommercial licenses "
+"offered by CC are the only options for those who want to make money off "
+"their work. As we hope this book makes clear, there are many ways to make "
+"endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons sustainable. Reserving "
+"commercial rights is only one of those ways. It is certainly true that a "
+"license that allows others to make commercial use of your work (CC BY, CC "
+"BY-SA, and CC BY-ND) forecloses some traditional revenue streams. If you "
+"apply an Attribution (CC BY) license to your book, you can’t force a film "
+"company to pay you royalties if they turn your book into a feature-length "
+"film, or prevent another company from selling physical copies of your work."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2491
+msgid ""
+"The decision to choose a NonCommercial and/or NoDerivs license comes down to "
+"how much you need to retain control over the creative work. The "
+"NonCommercial and NoDerivs licenses are ways of reserving some significant "
+"portion of the exclusive bundle of rights that copyright grants to "
+"creators. In some cases, reserving those rights is important to how you "
+"bring in revenue. In other cases, creators use a NonCommercial or NoDerivs "
+"license because they can’t give up on the dream of hitting the creative "
+"jackpot. The music platform Tribe of Noise told us the NonCommercial "
+"licenses were popular among their users because people still held out the "
+"dream of having a major record label discover their work."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2496
+msgid ""
+"Other times the decision to use a more restrictive license is due to a "
+"concern about the integrity of the work. For example, the nonprofit "
+"TeachAIDS uses a NoDerivs license for its educational materials because the "
+"medical subject matter is particularly important to get right."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2506
+msgid ""
+"There is no one right way. The NonCommercial and NoDerivs restrictions "
+"reflect the values and preferences of creators about how their creative work "
+"should be reused, just as the ShareAlike license reflects a different set of "
+"values, one that is less about controlling access to their own work and more "
+"about ensuring that whatever gets created with their work is available to "
+"all on the same terms. Since the beginning of the commons, people have been "
+"setting up structures that helped regulate the way in which shared resources "
+"were used. The CC licenses are an attempt to standardize norms across all "
+"domains."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2508
+msgid "<span id=\"anchor-66\"></span>Note"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2512
+msgid ""
+"For more about the licenses including examples and tips on sharing your work "
+"in the digital commons, start with the Creative Commons page called “Share "
+"Your Work” at"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2514
+msgid "creativecommons.org/share-your-work/."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2516
+msgid "<span id=\"anchor-67\"></span>Part 2"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2518
+msgid "<span id=\"anchor-68\"></span>The Case Studies"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2526
+msgid ""
+"The twenty-four case studies in this section were chosen from hundreds of "
+"nominations received from Kickstarter backers, Creative Commons staff, and "
+"the global Creative Commons community. We selected eighty potential "
+"candidates that represented a mix of industries, content types, revenue "
+"streams, and parts of the world. Twelve of the case studies were selected "
+"from that group based on votes cast by Kickstarter backers, and the other "
+"twelve were selected by us."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2532
+msgid ""
+"We did background research and conducted interviews for each case study, "
+"based on the same set of basic questions about the endeavor. The idea for "
+"each case study is to tell the story about the endeavor and the role sharing "
+"plays within it, largely the way in which it was told to us by those we "
+"interviewed."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2534
+msgid "<span id=\"anchor-69\"></span>Arduino"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2537
+msgid ""
+"Arduino is a for-profit open-source electronics platform and computer "
+"hardware and software company. Founded in 2005 in Italy."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2539
+msgid "www.arduino.cc"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2543
+msgid ""
+"Revenue model: charging for physical copies (sales of boards, modules, "
+"shields, and kits), licensing a trademark (fees paid by those who want to "
+"sell Arduino products using their name)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2545 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3231
+msgid "Interview date: February 4, 2016"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2547
+msgid "Interviewees: David Cuartielles and Tom Igoe, cofounders"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2549 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3235 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3591 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3797 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4038 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4276 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4691 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4904 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5131 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5369 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5806 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6051 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6441 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7086
+msgid "Profile written by Paul Stacey"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2561
+msgid ""
+"In 2005, at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea in northern Italy, "
+"teachers and students needed an easy way to use electronics and programming "
+"to quickly prototype design ideas. As musicians, artists, and designers, "
+"they needed a platform that didn’t require engineering expertise. A group of "
+"teachers and students, including Massimo Banzi, David Cuartielles, Tom Igoe, "
+"Gianluca Martino, and David Mellis, built a platform that combined different "
+"open technologies. They called it Arduino. The platform integrated software, "
+"hardware, microcontrollers, and electronics. All aspects of the platform "
+"were openly licensed: hardware designs and documentation with the "
+"Attribution-Share-Alike license (CC BY-SA), and software with the GNU "
+"General Public License."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2569
+msgid ""
+"Arduino boards are able to read inputs—light on a sensor, a finger on a "
+"button, or a Twitter message—and turn it into outputs—activating a motor, "
+"turning on an LED, publishing something online. You send a set of "
+"instructions to the microcontroller on the board by using the Arduino "
+"programming language and Arduino software (based on a piece of open-source "
+"software called Processing, a programming tool used to make visual art)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2576
+msgid ""
+"“The reasons for making Arduino open source are complicated,” Tom says. "
+"Partly it was about supporting flexibility. The open-source nature of "
+"Arduino empowers users to modify it and create a lot of different "
+"variations, adding on top of what the founders build. David says this “ended "
+"up strengthening the platform far beyond what we had even thought of "
+"building.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2584
+msgid ""
+"For Tom another factor was the impending closure of the Ivrea design "
+"school. He’d seen other organizations close their doors and all their work "
+"and research just disappear. Open-sourcing ensured that Arduino would "
+"outlive the Ivrea closure. Persistence is one thing Tom really likes about "
+"open source. If key people leave, or a company shuts down, an open-source "
+"product lives on. In Tom’s view, “Open sourcing makes it easier to trust a"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2586
+msgid "product.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2593
+msgid ""
+"With the school closing, David and some of the other Arduino founders "
+"started a consulting firm and multidisciplinary design studio they called "
+"Tinker, in London. Tinker designed products and services that bridged the "
+"digital and the physical, and they taught people how to use new technologies "
+"in creative ways. Revenue from Tinker was invested in sustaining and "
+"enhancing Arduino."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2600
+msgid ""
+"For Tom, part of Arduino’s success is because the founders made themselves "
+"the first customer of their product. They made products they themselves "
+"personally wanted. It was a matter of “I need this thing,” not “If we make "
+"this, we’ll make a lot of money.” Tom notes that being your own first "
+"customer makes you more confident and convincing at selling your product."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2612
+msgid ""
+"Arduino’s business model has evolved over time—and Tom says model is a "
+"grandiose term for it. Originally, they just wanted to make a few boards and "
+"get them out into the world. They started out with two hundred boards, sold "
+"them, and made a little profit. They used that to make another thousand, "
+"which generated enough revenue to make five thousand. In the early days, "
+"they simply tried to generate enough funding to keep the venture going day "
+"to day. When they hit the ten thousand mark, they started to think about "
+"Arduino as a company. By then it was clear you can open-source the design "
+"but still manufacture the physical product. As long as it’s a quality "
+"product and sold at a reasonable price, people will buy it."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2625
+msgid ""
+"Arduino now has a worldwide community of makers—students, hobbyists, "
+"artists, programmers, and professionals. Arduino provides a wiki called "
+"Playground (a wiki is where all users can edit and add pages, contributing "
+"to and benefiting from collective research). People share code, circuit "
+"diagrams, tutorials, DIY instructions, and tips and tricks, and show off "
+"their projects. In addition, there’s a multilanguage discussion forum where "
+"users can get help using Arduino, discuss topics like robotics, and make "
+"suggestions for new Arduino product designs. As of January 2017, 324,928 "
+"members had made 2,989,489 posts on 379,044 topics. The worldwide community "
+"of makers has contributed an incredible amount of accessible knowledge "
+"helpful to novices and experts alike."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2632
+msgid ""
+"Transitioning Arduino from a project to a company was a big step. Other "
+"businesses who made boards were charging a lot of money for them. Arduino "
+"wanted to make theirs available at a low price to people across a wide range "
+"of industries. As with any business, pricing was key. They wanted prices "
+"that would get lots of customers but were also high enough to sustain the "
+"business."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2638
+msgid ""
+"For a business, getting to the end of the year and not being in the red is a "
+"success. Arduino may have an open-licensing strategy, but they are still a "
+"business, and all the things needed to successfully run one still "
+"apply. David says, “If you do those other things well, sharing things in an "
+"open-source way can only help you.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2648
+msgid ""
+"While openly licensing the designs, documentation, and software ensures "
+"longevity, it does have risks. There’s a possibility that others will create "
+"knockoffs, clones, and copies. The CC BY-SA license means anyone can produce "
+"copies of their boards, redesign them, and even sell boards that copy the "
+"design. They don’t have to pay a license fee to Arduino or even ask "
+"permission. However, if they republish the design of the board, they have to "
+"give attribution to Arduino. If they change the design, they must release "
+"the new design using the same Creative Commons license to ensure that the "
+"new version is equally free and open."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2658
+msgid ""
+"Tom and David say that a lot of people have built companies off of Arduino, "
+"with dozens of Arduino derivatives out there. But in contrast to closed "
+"business models that can wring money out of the system over many years "
+"because there is no competition, Arduino founders saw competition as keeping "
+"them honest, and aimed for an environment of collaboration. A benefit of "
+"open over closed is the many new ideas and designs others have contributed "
+"back to the Arduino ecosystem, ideas and designs that Arduino and the "
+"Arduino community use and incorporate into new products."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2667
+msgid ""
+"Over time, the range of Arduino products has diversified, changing and "
+"adapting to new needs and challenges. In addition to simple entry level "
+"boards, new products have been added ranging from enhanced boards that "
+"provide advanced functionality and faster performance, to boards for "
+"creating Internet of Things applications, wearables, and 3-D printing. The "
+"full range of official Arduino products includes boards, modules (a smaller "
+"form-factor of classic boards), shields (elements that can be plugged onto a "
+"board to give it extra features), and kits.1"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2678
+msgid ""
+"Arduino’s focus is on high-quality boards, well-designed support materials, "
+"and the building of community; this focus is one of the keys to their "
+"success. And being open lets you build a real community. David says "
+"Arduino’s community is a big strength and something that really does "
+"matter—in his words, “It’s good business.” When they started, the Arduino "
+"team had almost entirely no idea how to build a community. They started by "
+"conducting numerous workshops, working directly with people using the "
+"platform to make sure the hardware and software worked the way it was meant "
+"to work and solved people’s problems. The community grew organically from "
+"there."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2688
+msgid ""
+"A key decision for Arduino was trademarking the name. The founders needed a "
+"way to guarantee to people that they were buying a quality product from a "
+"company committed to open-source values and knowledge sharing. Trademarking "
+"the Arduino name and logo expresses that guarantee and helps customers "
+"easily identify their products, and the products sanctioned by them. If "
+"others want to sell boards using the Arduino name and logo, they have to pay "
+"a small fee to Arduino. This allows Arduino to scale up manufacturing and "
+"distribution while at the same time ensuring the Arduino brand isn’t hurt by "
+"low-quality copies."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2696
+msgid ""
+"Current official manufacturers are Smart Projects in Italy, SparkFun in the "
+"United States, and Dog Hunter in Taiwan/China. These are the only "
+"manufacturers that are allowed to use the Arduino logo on their boards. "
+"Trademarking their brand provided the founders with a way to protect "
+"Arduino, build it out further, and fund software and tutorial "
+"development. The trademark-licensing fee for the brand became Arduino’s "
+"revenue-generating model."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2703
+msgid ""
+"How far to open things up wasn’t always something the founders perfectly "
+"agreed on. David, who was always one to advocate for opening things up more, "
+"had some fears about protecting the Arduino name, thinking people would be "
+"mad if they policed their brand. There was some early backlash with a "
+"project called Freeduino, but overall, trademarking and branding has been a "
+"critical tool for Arduino."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2716
+msgid ""
+"David encourages people and businesses to start by sharing everything as a "
+"default strategy, and then think about whether there is anything that really "
+"needs to be protected and why. There are lots of good reasons to not open up "
+"certain elements. This strategy of sharing everything is certainly the "
+"complete opposite of how today’s world operates, where nothing is "
+"shared. Tom suggests a business formalize which elements are based on open "
+"sharing and which are closed. An Arduino blog post from 2013 entitled “Send "
+"In the Clones,” by one of the founders Massimo Banzi, does a great job of "
+"explaining the full complexities of how trademarking their brand has played "
+"out, distinguishing between official boards and those that are clones, "
+"derivatives, compatibles, and counterfeits.2"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2722
+msgid ""
+"For David, an exciting aspect of Arduino is the way lots of people can use "
+"it to adapt technology in many different ways. Technology is always making "
+"more things possible but doesn’t always focus on making it easy to use and "
+"adapt. This is where Arduino steps in. Arduino’s goal is “making things that "
+"help other people make things.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2728
+msgid ""
+"Arduino has been hugely successful in making technology and electronics "
+"reach a larger audience. For Tom, Arduino has been about “the "
+"democratization of technology.” Tom sees Arduino’s open-source strategy as "
+"helping the world get over the idea that technology has to be protected. Tom "
+"says, “Technology is a literacy everyone should learn.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2732
+msgid ""
+"Ultimately, for Arduino, going open has been good business—good for product "
+"development, good for distribution, good for pricing, and good for "
+"manufacturing."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2734 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3776 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4017 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4255 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4883 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5108 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5347 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5594 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6029 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6258 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6700 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7268
+msgid "Web links"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '1. '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2737
+msgid "www.arduino.cc/en/Main/Products"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '2. '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2737
+msgid "blog.arduino.cc/2013/07/10/send-in-the-clones/"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2739
+msgid "<span id=\"anchor-70\"></span>Ártica"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2743
+msgid ""
+"Ártica provides online courses and consulting services focused on how to use "
+"digital technology to share knowledge and enable collaboration in arts and "
+"culture. Founded in 2011 in Uruguay."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2745
+msgid "www.articaonline.com"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2747
+msgid "Revenue model: charging for custom services"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2749
+msgid "Interview date: March 9, 2016"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2751
+msgid "Interviewees: Mariana Fossatti and Jorge Gemetto, cofounders"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2753 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2903 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3058 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3402 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4520 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5611 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6282 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6720 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6898 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7287
+msgid "Profile written by Sarah Hinchliff Pearson"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2758
+msgid ""
+"The story of Mariana Fossatti and Jorge Gemetto’s business, Ártica, is the "
+"ultimate example of DIY. Not only are they successful entrepreneurs, the "
+"niche in which their small business operates is essentially one they built "
+"themselves."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2760
+msgid "Their dream jobs didn’t exist, so they created them."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2770
+msgid ""
+"In 2011, Mariana was a sociologist working for an international organization "
+"to develop research and online education about rural-development "
+"issues. Jorge was a psychologist, also working in online education. Both "
+"were bloggers and heavy users of social media, and both had a passion for "
+"arts and culture. They decided to take their skills in digital technology "
+"and online learning and apply them to a topic area they loved. They launched "
+"Ártica, an online business that provides education and consulting for people "
+"and institutions creating artistic and cultural projects on the Internet."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2781
+msgid ""
+"Ártica feels like a uniquely twenty-first century business. The small "
+"company has a global online presence with no physical offices. Jorge and "
+"Mariana live in Uruguay, and the other two full-time employees, who Jorge "
+"and Mariana have never actually met in person, live in Spain. They started "
+"by creating a MOOC (massive open online course) about remix culture and "
+"collaboration in the arts, which gave them a direct way to reach an "
+"international audience, attracting students from across Latin America and "
+"Spain. In other words, it is the classic Internet story of being able to "
+"directly tap into an audience without relying upon gatekeepers or "
+"intermediaries."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2790
+msgid ""
+"Ártica offers personalized education and consulting services, and helps "
+"clients implement projects. All of these services are customized. They call "
+"it an “artisan” process because of the time and effort it takes to adapt "
+"their work for the particular needs of students and clients. “Each student "
+"or client is paying for a specific solution to his or her problems and "
+"questions,” Mariana said. Rather than sell access to their content, they "
+"provide it for free and charge for the personalized services."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2797
+msgid ""
+"When they started, they offered a smaller number of courses designed to "
+"attract large audiences. “Over the years, we realized that online "
+"communities are more specific than we thought,” Mariana said. Ártica now "
+"provides more options for classes and has lower enrollment in each "
+"course. This means they can provide more attention to individual students "
+"and offer classes on more specialized topics."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2803
+msgid ""
+"Online courses are their biggest revenue stream, but they also do more than "
+"a dozen consulting projects each year, ranging from digitization to event "
+"planning to marketing campaigns. Some are significant in scope, particularly "
+"when they work with cultural institutions, and some are smaller projects "
+"commissioned by individual artists."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2809
+msgid ""
+"Ártica also seeks out public and private funding for specific projects. "
+"Sometimes, even if they are unsuccessful in subsidizing a project like a new "
+"course or e-book, they will go ahead because they believe in it. They take "
+"the stance that every new project leads them to something new, every new "
+"resource they create opens new doors."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2823
+msgid ""
+"Ártica relies heavily on their free Creative Commons–licensed content to "
+"attract new students and clients. Everything they create—online education, "
+"blog posts, videos—is published under an Attribution-ShareAlike license (CC "
+"BY-SA). “We use a ShareAlike license because we want to give the greatest "
+"freedom to our students and readers, and we also want that freedom to be "
+"viral,” Jorge said. For them, giving others the right to reuse and remix "
+"their content is a fundamental value. “How can you offer an online "
+"educational service without giving permission to download, make and keep "
+"copies, or print the educational resources?” Jorge said. “If we want to do "
+"the best for our students—those who trust in us to the point that they are "
+"willing to pay online without face-to-face contact—we have to offer them a "
+"fair and ethical agreement.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2829
+msgid ""
+"They also believe sharing their ideas and expertise openly helps them build "
+"their reputation and visibility. People often share and cite their work. A "
+"few years ago, a publisher even picked up one of their e-books and "
+"distributed printed copies. Ártica views reuse of their work as a way to "
+"open up new opportunities for their business."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2838
+msgid ""
+"This belief that openness creates new opportunities reflects another "
+"belief—in serendipity. When describing their process for creating content, "
+"they spoke of all of the spontaneous and organic ways they find "
+"inspiration. “Sometimes, the collaborative process starts with a "
+"conversation between us, or with friends from other projects,” Jorge "
+"said. “That can be the first step for a new blog post or another simple "
+"piece of content, which can evolve to a more complex product in the future, "
+"like a course or a book.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2846
+msgid ""
+"Rather than planning their work in advance, they let their creative process "
+"be dynamic. “This doesn’t mean that we don’t need to work hard in order to "
+"get good professional results, but the design process is more flexible,” "
+"Jorge said. They share early and often, and they adjust based on what they "
+"learn, always exploring and testing new ideas and ways of operating. In many "
+"ways, for them, the process is just as important as the final product."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2852
+msgid ""
+"People and relationships are also just as important, sometimes more. “In the "
+"educational and cultural business, it is more important to pay attention to "
+"people and process, rather than content or specific formats or materials,” "
+"Mariana said. “Materials and content are fluid. The important thing is the "
+"relationships.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2856
+msgid ""
+"Ártica believes in the power of the network. They seek to make connections "
+"with people and institutions across the globe so they can learn from them "
+"and share their knowledge."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2867
+msgid ""
+"At the core of everything Ártica does is a set of values. “Good content is "
+"not enough,” Jorge said. “We also think that it is very important to take a "
+"stand for some things in the cultural sector.” Mariana and Jorge are "
+"activists. They defend free culture (the movement promoting the freedom to "
+"modify and distribute creative work) and work to demonstrate the "
+"intersection between free culture and other social-justice movements. Their "
+"efforts to involve people in their work and enable artists and cultural "
+"institutions to better use technology are all tied closely to their belief "
+"system. Ultimately, what drives their work is a mission to democratize art "
+"and culture."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2875
+msgid ""
+"Of course, Ártica also has to make enough money to cover its expenses. "
+"Human resources are, by far, their biggest expense. They tap a network of "
+"collaborators on a case-by-case basis and hire contractors for specific "
+"projects. Whenever possible, they draw from artistic and cultural resources "
+"in the commons, and they rely on free software. Their operation is small, "
+"efficient, and sustainable, and because of that, it is a success."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2881
+msgid ""
+"“There are lots of people offering online courses,” Jorge said. “But it is "
+"easy to differentiate us. We have an approach that is very specific and "
+"personal.” Ártica’s model is rooted in the personal at every level. For "
+"Mariana and Jorge, success means doing what brings them personal meaning and "
+"purpose, and doing it sustainably and collaboratively."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2887
+msgid ""
+"In their work with younger artists, Mariana and Jorge try to emphasize that "
+"this model of success is just as valuable as the picture of success we get "
+"from the media. “If they seek only the traditional type of success, they "
+"will get frustrated,” Mariana said. “We try to show them another image of "
+"what it looks like.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2889
+msgid "<span id=\"anchor-71\"></span>Blender Institute"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2892
+msgid ""
+"The Blender Institute is an animation studio that creates 3-D films using "
+"Blender software. Founded in 2006 in the Netherlands."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2894
+msgid "www.blender.org"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2897
+msgid ""
+"Revenue model: crowdfunding (subscription-based), charging for physical "
+"copies, selling merchandise"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2899
+msgid "Interview date: March 8, 2016"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2901
+msgid "Interviewee: Francesco Siddi, production coordinator"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2912
+msgid ""
+"For Ton Roosendaal, the creator of Blender software and its related "
+"entities, sharing is practical. Making their 3-D content creation software "
+"available under a free software license has been integral to its development "
+"and popularity. Using that software to make movies that were licensed with "
+"Creative Commons pushed that development even further. Sharing enables "
+"people to participate and to interact with and build upon the technology and "
+"content they create in a way that benefits Blender and its community in "
+"concrete ways."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2921
+msgid ""
+"Each open-movie project Blender runs produces a host of openly licensed "
+"outputs, not just the final film itself but all of the source material as "
+"well. The creative process also enhances the development of the Blender "
+"software because the technical team responds directly to the needs of the "
+"film production team, creating tools and features that make their lives "
+"easier. And, of course, each project involves a long, rewarding process for "
+"the creative and technical community working together."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2927
+msgid ""
+"Rather than just talking about the theoretical benefits of sharing and free "
+"culture, Ton is very much about doing and making free culture. Blender’s "
+"production coordinator Francesco Siddi told us, “Ton believes if you don’t "
+"make content using your tools, then you’re not doing anything.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2937
+msgid ""
+"Blender’s history begins in the late 1990s, when Ton created the Blender "
+"software. Originally, the software was an in-house resource for his "
+"animation studio based in the Netherlands. Investors became interested in "
+"the software, so he began marketing the software to the public, offering a "
+"free version in addition to a paid version. Sales were disappointing, and "
+"his investors gave up on the endeavor in the early 2000s. He made a deal "
+"with investors—if he could raise enough money, he could then make the "
+"Blender software available under the GNU General Public License."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2947
+msgid ""
+"This was long before Kickstarter and other online crowdfunding sites "
+"existed, but Ton ran his own version of a crowdfunding campaign and quickly "
+"raised the money he needed. The Blender software became freely available for "
+"anyone to use. Simply applying the General Public License to the software, "
+"however, was not enough to create a thriving community around it. Francesco "
+"told us, “Software of this complexity relies on people and their vision of "
+"how people work together. Ton is a fantastic community builder and manager, "
+"and he put a lot of work into fostering a community of developers so that "
+"the project could live.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2954
+msgid ""
+"Like any successful free and open-source software project, Blender developed "
+"quickly because the community could make fixes and improvements. “Software "
+"should be free and open to hack,” Francesco said. “Otherwise, everyone is "
+"doing the same thing in the dark for ten years.” Ton set up the Blender "
+"Foundation to oversee and steward the software development and maintenance."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2963
+msgid ""
+"After a few years, Ton began looking for new ways to push development of the "
+"software. He came up with the idea of creating CC-licensed films using the "
+"Blender software. Ton put a call online for all interested and skilled "
+"artists. Francesco said the idea was to get the best artists available, put "
+"them in a building together with the best developers, and have them work "
+"together. They would not only produce high-quality openly licensed content, "
+"they would improve the Blender software in the process."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2970
+msgid ""
+"They turned to crowdfunding to subsidize the costs of the project. They had "
+"about twenty people working full-time for six to ten months, so the costs "
+"were significant. Francesco said that when their crowdfunding campaign "
+"succeeded, people were astounded. “The idea that making money was possible "
+"by producing CC-licensed material was mind-blowing to people,” he "
+"said. “They were like, ‘I have to see it to believe it.’”"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2976
+msgid ""
+"The first film, which was released in 2006, was an experiment. It was so "
+"successful that Ton decided to set up the Blender Institute, an entity "
+"dedicated to hosting open-movie projects. The Blender Institute’s next "
+"project was an even bigger success. The film, Big Buck Bunny, went viral, "
+"and its animated characters were picked up by marketers."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2987
+msgid ""
+"Francesco said that, over time, the Blender Institute projects have gotten "
+"bigger and more prominent. That means the filmmaking process has become more "
+"complex, combining technical experts and artists who focus on "
+"storytelling. Francesco says the process is almost on an industrial scale "
+"because of the number of moving parts. This requires a lot of specialized "
+"assistance, but the Blender Institute has no problem finding the talent it "
+"needs to help on projects. “Blender hardly does any recruiting for film "
+"projects because the talent emerges naturally,” Francesco said. “So many "
+"people want to work with us, and we can’t always hire them because of budget "
+"constraints.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2995
+msgid ""
+"Blender has had a lot of success raising money from its community over the "
+"years. In many ways, the pitch has gotten easier to make. Not only is "
+"crowdfunding simply more familiar to the public, but people know and trust "
+"Blender to deliver, and Ton has developed a reputation as an effective "
+"community leader and visionary for their work. “There is a whole community "
+"who sees and understands the benefit of these projects,” Francesco said."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3002
+msgid ""
+"While these benefits of each open-movie project make a compelling pitch for "
+"crowdfunding campaigns, Francesco told us the Blender Institute has found "
+"some limitations in the standard crowdfunding model where you propose a "
+"specific project and ask for funding. “Once a project is over, everyone goes "
+"home,” he said. “It is great fun, but then it ends. That is a problem.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3016
+msgid ""
+"To make their work more sustainable, they needed a way to receive ongoing "
+"support rather than on a project-by-project basis. Their solution is Blender "
+"Cloud, a subscription-style crowdfunding model akin to the online "
+"crowdfunding platform, Patreon. For about ten euros each month, subscribers "
+"get access to download everything the Blender Institute produces—software, "
+"art, training, and more. All of the assets are available under an "
+"Attribution license (CC BY) or placed in the public domain (CC0), but they "
+"are initially made available only to subscribers. Blender Cloud enables "
+"subscribers to follow Blender’s movie projects as they develop, sharing "
+"detailed information and content used in the creative process. Blender Cloud "
+"also has extensive training materials and libraries of characters and other "
+"assets used in various projects."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3021
+msgid ""
+"The continuous financial support provided by Blender Cloud subsidizes five "
+"to six full-time employees at the Blender Institute. Francesco says their "
+"goal is to grow their subscriber base. “This is our freedom,” he told us, "
+"“and for artists, freedom is everything.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3028
+msgid ""
+"Blender Cloud is the primary revenue stream of the Blender Institute. The "
+"Blender Foundation is funded primarily by donations, and that money goes "
+"toward software development and maintenance. The revenue streams of the "
+"Institute and Foundation are deliberately kept separate. Blender also has "
+"other revenue streams, such as the Blender Store, where people can purchase "
+"DVDs, T-shirts, and other Blender products."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3033
+msgid ""
+"Ton has worked on projects relating to his Blender software for nearly "
+"twenty years. Throughout most of that time, he has been committed to making "
+"the software and the content produced with the software free and "
+"open. Selling a license has never been part of the business model."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3041
+msgid ""
+"Since 2006, he has been making films available along with all of their "
+"source material. He says he has hardly ever seen people stepping into "
+"Blender’s shoes and trying to make money off of their content. Ton believes "
+"this is because the true value of what they do is in the creative and "
+"production process. “Even when you share everything, all your original "
+"sources, it still takes a lot of talent, skills, time, and budget to "
+"reproduce what you did,” Ton said."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3043
+msgid "For Ton and Blender, it all comes back to doing."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3045
+msgid "<span id=\"anchor-72\"></span>Cards Against Humanity"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3048
+msgid ""
+"Cards Against Humanity is a private, for-profit company that makes a popular "
+"party game by the same name. Founded in 2011 in the U.S."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3050
+msgid "www.cardsagainsthumanity.com"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3052
+msgid "Revenue model: charging for physical copies"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3054
+msgid "Interview date: February 3, 2016"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3056
+msgid "Interviewee: Max Temkin, cofounder"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3063
+msgid ""
+"If you ask cofounder Max Temkin, there is nothing particularly interesting "
+"about the Cards Against Humanity business model. “We make a product. We sell "
+"it for money. Then we spend less money than we make,” Max said."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3071
+msgid ""
+"He is right. Cards Against Humanity is a simple party game, modeled after "
+"the game Apples to Apples. To play, one player asks a question or "
+"fill-in-the-blank statement from a black card, and the other players submit "
+"their funniest white card in response. The catch is that all of the cards "
+"are filled with crude, gruesome, and otherwise awful things. For the right "
+"kind of people (“horrible people,” according to Cards Against Humanity "
+"advertising), this makes for a hilarious and fun game."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3077
+msgid ""
+"The revenue model is simple. Physical copies of the game are sold for a "
+"profit. And it works. At the time of this writing, Cards Against Humanity is "
+"the number-one best-selling item out of all toys and games on Amazon. There "
+"are official expansion packs available, and several official themed packs "
+"and international editions as well."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3082
+msgid ""
+"But Cards Against Humanity is also available for free. Anyone can download a "
+"digital version of the game on the Cards Against Humanity website. More than "
+"one million people have downloaded the game since the company began tracking "
+"the numbers."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3088
+msgid ""
+"The game is available under an Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license "
+"(CC BY-NC-SA). That means, in addition to copying the game, anyone can "
+"create new versions of the game as long as they make it available under the "
+"same noncommercial terms. The ability to adapt the game is like an entire "
+"new game unto itself."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3091
+msgid ""
+"All together, these factors—the crass tone of the game and company, the free "
+"download, the"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3093
+msgid "openness to fans remixing the game—give"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3095
+msgid "the game a massive cult following."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3106
+msgid ""
+"Their success is not the result of a grand plan. Instead, Cards Against "
+"Humanity was the last in a long line of games and comedy projects that Max "
+"Temkin and his friends put together for their own amusement. As Max tells "
+"the story, they made the game so they could play it themselves on New Year’s "
+"Eve because they were too nerdy to be invited to other parties. The game was "
+"a hit, so they decided to put it up online as a free PDF. People started "
+"asking if they could pay to have the game printed for them, and eventually "
+"they decided to run a Kickstarter to fund the printing. They set their "
+"Kickstarter goal at \\$4,000—and raised \\$15,000. The game was officially "
+"released in May 2011."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3110
+msgid ""
+"The game caught on quickly, and it has only grown more popular over "
+"time. Max says the eight founders never had a meeting where they decided to "
+"make it an ongoing business. “It kind of just happened,” he said."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3115
+msgid ""
+"But this tale of a “happy accident” belies marketing genius. Just like the "
+"game, the Cards Against Humanity brand is irreverent and memorable. It is "
+"hard to forget a company that calls the FAQ on their website “Your dumb "
+"questions.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3127
+msgid ""
+"Like most quality satire, however, there is more to the joke than vulgarity "
+"and shock value. The company’s marketing efforts around Black Friday "
+"illustrate this particularly well. For those outside the United States, "
+"Black Friday is the term for the day after the Thanksgiving holiday, the "
+"biggest shopping day of the year. It is an incredibly important day for "
+"Cards Against Humanity, like it is for all U.S. retailers. Max said they "
+"struggled with what to do on Black Friday because they didn’t want to "
+"support what he called the “orgy of consumerism” the day has become, "
+"particularly since it follows a day that is about being grateful for what "
+"you have. In 2013, after deliberating, they decided to have an Everything "
+"Costs \\$5 More sale."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3131
+msgid ""
+"“We sweated it out the night before Black Friday, wondering if our fans were "
+"going to hate us for it,” he said. “But it made us laugh so we went with "
+"it. People totally caught the joke.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3136
+msgid ""
+"This sort of bold transparency delights the media, but more importantly, it "
+"engages their fans. “One of the most surprising things you can do in "
+"capitalism is just be honest with people,” Max said. “It shocks people that "
+"there is transparency about what you are doing.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3143
+msgid ""
+"Max also likened it to a grand improv scene. “If we do something a little "
+"subversive and unexpected, the public wants to be a part of the joke.” One "
+"year they did a Give Cards Against Humanity \\$5 event, where people "
+"literally paid them five dollars for no reason. Their fans wanted to make "
+"the joke funnier by making it successful. They made \\$70,000 in a single "
+"day."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3154
+msgid ""
+"This remarkable trust they have in their customers is what inspired their "
+"decision to apply a Creative Commons license to the game. Trusting your "
+"customers to reuse and remix your work requires a leap of faith. Cards "
+"Against Humanity obviously isn’t afraid of doing the unexpected, but there "
+"are lines even they do not want to cross. Before applying the license, Max "
+"said they worried that some fans would adapt the game to include all of the "
+"jokes they intentionally never made because they crossed that line. “It "
+"happened, and the world didn’t end,” Max said. “If that is the worst cost "
+"of using CC, I’d pay that a hundred times over because there are so many "
+"benefits.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3161
+msgid ""
+"Any successful product inspires its biggest fans to create remixes of it, "
+"but unsanctioned adaptations are more likely to fly under the radar. The "
+"Creative Commons license gives fans of Cards Against Humanity the freedom to "
+"run with the game and copy, adapt, and promote their creations openly. Today "
+"there are thousands of fan expansions of the game."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3166
+msgid ""
+"Max said, “CC was a no-brainer for us because it gets the most people "
+"involved. Making the game free and available under a CC license led to the "
+"unbelievable situation where we are one of the best-marketed games in the "
+"world, and we have never spent a dime on marketing.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3177
+msgid ""
+"Of course, there are limits to what the company allows its customers to do "
+"with the game. They chose the Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license "
+"because it restricts people from using the game to make money. It also "
+"requires that adaptations of the game be made available under the same "
+"licensing terms if they are shared publicly. Cards Against Humanity also "
+"polices its brand. “We feel like we’re the only ones who can use our brand "
+"and our game and make money off of it,” Max said. About 99.9 percent of the "
+"time, they just send an email to those making commercial use of the game, "
+"and that is the end of it. There have only been a handful of instances where "
+"they had to get a lawyer involved."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3185
+msgid ""
+"Just as there is more than meets the eye to the Cards Against Humanity "
+"business model, the same can be said of the game itself. To be playable, "
+"every white card has to work syntactically with enough black cards. The "
+"eight creators invest an incredible amount of work into creating new cards "
+"for the game. “We have daylong arguments about commas,” Max said. “The "
+"slacker tone of the cards gives people the impression that it is easy to "
+"write them, but it is actually a lot of work and quibbling.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3194
+msgid ""
+"That means cocreation with their fans really doesn’t work. The company has a "
+"submission mechanism on their website, and they get thousands of "
+"suggestions, but it is very rare that a submitted card is adopted. Instead, "
+"the eight initial creators remain the primary authors of expansion decks and "
+"other new products released by the company. Interestingly, the creativity "
+"of their customer base is really only an asset to the company once their "
+"original work is created and published when people make their own "
+"adaptations of the game."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3200
+msgid ""
+"For all of their success, the creators of Cards Against Humanity are only "
+"partially motivated by money. Max says they have always been interested in "
+"the Walt Disney philosophy of financial success. “We don’t make jokes and "
+"games to make money—we make money so we can make more jokes and games,” he "
+"said."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3207
+msgid ""
+"In fact, the company has given more than \\$4 million to various charities "
+"and causes. “Cards is not our life plan,” Max said. “We all have other "
+"interests and hobbies. We are passionate about other things going on in our "
+"lives. A lot of the activism we have done comes out of us taking things from "
+"the rest of our lives and channeling some of the excitement from the game "
+"into it.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3213
+msgid ""
+"Seeing money as fuel rather than the ultimate goal is what has enabled them "
+"to embrace Creative Commons licensing without reservation. CC licensing "
+"ended up being a savvy marketing move for the company, but nonetheless, "
+"giving up exclusive control of your work necessarily means giving up some "
+"opportunities to extract more money from customers."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3218
+msgid ""
+"“It’s not right for everyone to release everything under CC licensing,” Max "
+"said. “If your only goal is to make a lot of money, then CC is not best "
+"strategy. This kind of business model, though, speaks to your values, and "
+"who you are and why you’re making things.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3220
+msgid "<span id=\"anchor-73\"></span>The Conversation"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3224
+msgid ""
+"The Conversation is an independent source of news, sourced from the academic "
+"and research community and delivered direct to the public over the "
+"Internet. Founded in 2011 in Australia."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3226
+msgid "theconversation.com"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3229
+msgid ""
+"Revenue model: charging content creators (universities pay membership fees "
+"to have their faculties serve as writers), grant funding"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3233
+msgid "Interviewee: Andrew Jaspan, founder"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3243
+msgid ""
+"Andrew Jaspan spent years as an editor of major newspapers including the "
+"Observer in London, the Sunday Herald in Glasgow, and the Age in Melbourne, "
+"Australia. He experienced firsthand the decline of newspapers, including the "
+"collapse of revenues, layoffs, and the constant pressure to reduce "
+"costs. After he left the Age in 2005, his concern for the future journalism "
+"didn’t go away. Andrew made a commitment to come up with an alternative "
+"model."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3249
+msgid ""
+"Around the time he left his job as editor of the Melbourne Age, Andrew "
+"wondered where citizens would get news grounded in fact and evidence rather "
+"than opinion or ideology. He believed there was still an appetite for "
+"journalism with depth and substance but was concerned about the increasing "
+"focus on the sensational and sexy."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3267
+msgid ""
+"While at the Age, he’d become friends with a vice-chancellor of a university "
+"in Melbourne who encouraged him to talk to smart people across campus—an "
+"astrophysicist, a Nobel laureate, earth scientists, economists . . . These "
+"were the kind of smart people he wished were more involved in informing the "
+"world about what is going on and correcting the errors that appear in "
+"media. However, they were reluctant to engage with mass media. Often, "
+"journalists didn’t understand what they said, or unilaterally chose what "
+"aspect of a story to tell, putting out a version that these people felt was "
+"wrong or mischaracterized. Newspapers want to attract a mass "
+"audience. Scholars want to communicate serious news, findings, and "
+"insights. It’s not a perfect match. Universities are massive repositories of "
+"knowledge, research, wisdom, and expertise. But a lot of that stays behind a "
+"wall of their own making—there are the walled garden and ivory tower "
+"metaphors, and in more literal terms, the paywall. Broadly speaking, "
+"universities are part of society but disconnected from it. They are an "
+"enormous public resource but not that good at presenting their expertise to "
+"the wider public."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3278
+msgid ""
+"Andrew believed he could to help connect academics back into the public "
+"arena, and maybe help society find solutions to big problems. He thought "
+"about pairing professional editors with university and research experts, "
+"working one-on-one to refine everything from story structure to headline, "
+"captions, and quotes. The editors could help turn something that is academic "
+"into something understandable and readable. And this would be a key "
+"difference from traditional journalism—the subject matter expert would get a "
+"chance to check the article and give final approval before it is "
+"published. Compare this with reporters just picking and choosing the quotes "
+"and writing whatever they want."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3289
+msgid ""
+"The people he spoke to liked this idea, and Andrew embarked on raising money "
+"and support with the help of the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial "
+"Research Organisation (CSIRO), the University of Melbourne, Monash "
+"University, the University of Technology Sydney, and the University of "
+"Western Australia. These founding partners saw the value of an independent "
+"information channel that would also showcase the talent and knowledge of the "
+"university and research sector. With their help, in 2011, the Conversation, "
+"was launched as an independent news site in Australia. Everything published "
+"in the Conversation is openly licensed with Creative Commons."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3298
+msgid ""
+"The Conversation is founded on the belief that underpinning a functioning "
+"democracy is access to independent, high-quality, informative "
+"journalism. The Conversation’s aim is for people to have a better "
+"understanding of current affairs and complex issues—and hopefully a better "
+"quality of public discourse. The Conversation sees itself as a source of "
+"trusted information dedicated to the public good. Their core mission is "
+"simple: to provide readers with a reliable source of evidence-based "
+"information."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3311
+msgid ""
+"Andrew worked hard to reinvent a methodology for creating reliable, credible "
+"content. He introduced strict new working practices, a charter, and codes of "
+"conduct.1 These include fully disclosing who every author is (with their "
+"relevant expertise); who is funding their research; and if there are any "
+"potential or real conflicts of interest. Also important is where the content "
+"originates, and even though it comes from the university and research "
+"community, it still needs to be fully disclosed. The Conversation does not "
+"sit behind a paywall. Andrew believes access to information is an issue of "
+"equality—everyone should have access, like access to clean water. The "
+"Conversation is committed to an open and free Internet. Everyone should have "
+"free access to their content, and be able to share it or republish it."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3314
+msgid ""
+"Creative Commons help with these goals; articles are published with the "
+"Attribution-"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3323
+msgid ""
+"NoDerivs license (CC BY-ND). They’re freely available for others to "
+"republish elsewhere as long as attribution is given and the content is not "
+"edited. Over five years, more than twenty-two thousand sites have "
+"republished their content. The Conversation website gets about 2.9 million "
+"unique views per month, but through republication they have thirty-five "
+"million readers. This couldn’t have been done without the Creative Commons "
+"license, and in Andrew’s view, Creative Commons is central to everything the "
+"Conversation does."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3330
+msgid ""
+"When readers come across the Conversation, they seem to like what they find "
+"and recommend it to their friends, peers, and networks. Readership has grown "
+"primarily through word of mouth. While they don’t have sales and marketing, "
+"they do promote their work through social media (including Twitter and "
+"Facebook), and by being an accredited supplier to Google News."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3338
+msgid ""
+"It’s usual for the founders of any company to ask themselves what kind of "
+"company it should be. It quickly became clear to the founders of the "
+"Conversation that they wanted to create a public good rather than make money "
+"off of information. Most media companies are working to aggregate as many "
+"eyeballs as possible and sell ads. The Conversation founders didn’t want "
+"this model. It takes no advertising and is a not-for-profit venture."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3347
+msgid ""
+"There are now different editions of the Conversation for Africa, the United "
+"Kingdom, France, and the United States, in addition to the one for "
+"Australia. All five editions have their own editorial mastheads, advisory "
+"boards, and content. The Conversation’s global virtual newsroom has roughly "
+"ninety staff working with thirty-five thousand academics from over sixteen "
+"hundred universities around the world. The Conversation would like to be "
+"working with university scholars from even more parts of the world."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3354
+msgid ""
+"Additionally, each edition has its own set of founding partners, strategic "
+"partners, and funders. They’ve received funding from foundations, "
+"corporates, institutions, and individual donations, but the Conversation is "
+"shifting toward paid memberships by universities and research institutions "
+"to sustain operations. This would safeguard the current service and help "
+"improve coverage and features."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3360
+msgid ""
+"When professors from member universities write an article, there is some "
+"branding of the university associated with the article. On the Conversation "
+"website, paying university members are listed as “members and funders.” "
+"Early participants may be designated as “founding members,” with seats on "
+"the editorial advisory board."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3368
+msgid ""
+"Academics are not paid for their contributions, but they get free editing "
+"from a professional (four to five hours per piece, on average). They also "
+"get access to a large audience. Every author and member university has "
+"access to a special analytics dashboard where they can check the reach of an "
+"article. The metrics include what people are tweeting, the comments, "
+"countries the readership represents, where the article is being republished, "
+"and the number of readers per article."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3374
+msgid ""
+"The Conversation plans to expand the dashboard to show not just reach but "
+"impact. This tracks activities, behaviors, and events that occurred as a "
+"result of publication, including things like a scholar being asked to go on "
+"a show to discuss their piece, give a talk at a conference, collaborate, "
+"submit a journal paper, and consult a company on a topic."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3378
+msgid ""
+"These reach and impact metrics show the benefits of membership. With the "
+"Conversation, universities can engage with the public and show why they’re "
+"of value."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3384
+msgid ""
+"With its tagline, “Academic Rigor, Journalistic Flair,” the Conversation "
+"represents a new form of journalism that contributes to a more informed "
+"citizenry and improved democracy around the world. Its open business model "
+"and use of Creative Commons show how it’s possible to generate both a public "
+"good and operational revenue at the same time."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3386 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4501 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5785 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7436
+msgid "Web link"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '1. '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3388
+msgid "theconversation.com/us/charter"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3390
+msgid "<span id=\"anchor-74\"></span>Cory Doctorow"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3393
+msgid ""
+"Cory Doctorow is a science fiction writer, activist, blogger, and "
+"journalist. Based in the U.S."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3395
+msgid "craphound.com and boingboing.net"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3398
+msgid ""
+"Revenue model: charging for physical copies (book sales), pay-what-you-want, "
+"selling translation rights to books"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3400
+msgid "Interview date: January 12, 2016"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3409
+msgid ""
+"Cory Doctorow hates the term “business model,” and he is adamant that he is "
+"not a brand. “To me, branding is the idea that you can take a thing that has "
+"certain qualities, remove the qualities, and go on selling it,” he "
+"said. “I’m not out there trying to figure out how to be a brand. I’m doing "
+"this thing that animates me to work crazy insane hours because it’s the most "
+"important thing I know how to do.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3413
+msgid ""
+"Cory calls himself an entrepreneur. He likes to say his success came from "
+"making stuff people happened to like and then getting out of the way of them "
+"sharing it."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3422
+msgid ""
+"He is a science fiction writer, activist, blogger, and journalist. "
+"Beginning with his first novel, Down and Out in the Magic Kingdom, in 2003, "
+"his work has been published under a Creative Commons license. Cory is "
+"coeditor of the popular CC-licensed site Boing Boing, where he writes about "
+"technology, politics, and intellectual property. He has also written several "
+"nonfiction books, including the most recent Information Doesn’t Want to Be "
+"Free, about the ways in which creators can make a living in the Internet "
+"age."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3426
+msgid ""
+"Cory primarily makes money by selling physical books, but he also takes on "
+"paid speaking gigs and is experimenting with pay-what-you-want models for "
+"his work."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3441
+msgid ""
+"While Cory’s extensive body of fiction work has a large following, he is "
+"just as well known for his activism. He is an outspoken opponent of "
+"restrictive copyright and digital-rights-management (DRM) technology used to "
+"lock up content because he thinks both undermine creators and the public "
+"interest. He is currently a special adviser at the Electronic Frontier "
+"Foundation, where he is involved in a lawsuit challenging the U.S. law that "
+"protects DRM. Cory says his political work doesn’t directly make him money, "
+"but if he gave it up, he thinks he would lose credibility and, more "
+"importantly, lose the drive that propels him to create. “My political work "
+"is a different expression of the same artistic-political urge,” he said. “I "
+"have this suspicion that if I gave up the things that didn’t make me money, "
+"the genuineness would leach out of what I do, and the quality that causes "
+"people to like what I do would be gone.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3452
+msgid ""
+"Cory has been financially successful, but money is not his primary "
+"motivation. At the start of his book Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, he "
+"stresses how important it is not to become an artist if your goal is to get "
+"rich. “Entering the arts because you want to get rich is like buying lottery "
+"tickets because you want to get rich,” he wrote. “It might work, but it "
+"almost certainly won’t. Though, of course, someone always wins the lottery.” "
+"He acknowledges that he is one of the lucky few to “make it,” but he says he "
+"would be writing no matter what. “I am compelled to write,” he wrote. “Long "
+"before I wrote to keep myself fed and sheltered, I was writing to keep "
+"myself sane.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3460
+msgid ""
+"Just as money is not his primary motivation to create, money is not his "
+"primary motivation to share. For Cory, sharing his work with Creative "
+"Commons is a moral imperative. “It felt morally right,” he said of his "
+"decision to adopt Creative Commons licenses. “I felt like I wasn’t "
+"contributing to the culture of surveillance and censorship that has been "
+"created to try to stop copying.” In other words, using CC licenses "
+"symbolizes his worldview."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3468
+msgid ""
+"He also feels like there is a solid commercial basis for licensing his work "
+"with Creative Commons. While he acknowledges he hasn’t been able to do a "
+"controlled experiment to compare the commercial benefits of licensing with "
+"CC against reserving all rights, he thinks he has sold more books using a CC "
+"license than he would have without it. Cory says his goal is to convince "
+"people they should pay him for his work. “I started by not calling them "
+"thieves,” he said."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3479
+msgid ""
+"Cory started using CC licenses soon after they were first created. At the "
+"time his first novel came out, he says the science fiction genre was overrun "
+"with people scanning and downloading books without permission. When he and "
+"his publisher took a closer look at who was doing that sort of thing online, "
+"they realized it looked a lot like book promotion. “I knew there was a "
+"relationship between having enthusiastic readers and having a successful "
+"career as a writer,” he said. “At the time, it took eighty hours to OCR a "
+"book, which is a big effort. I decided to spare them the time and energy, "
+"and give them the book for free in a format destined to spread.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3485
+msgid ""
+"Cory admits the stakes were pretty low for him when he first adopted "
+"Creative Commons licenses. He only had to sell two thousand copies of his "
+"book to break even. People often said he was only able to use CC licenses "
+"successfully at that time because he was just starting out. Now they say he "
+"can only do it because he is an established author."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3492
+msgid ""
+"The bottom line, Cory says, is that no one has found a way to prevent people "
+"from copying the stuff they like. Rather than fighting the tide, Cory makes "
+"his work intrinsically shareable. “Getting the hell out of the way for "
+"people who want to share their love of you with other people sounds obvious, "
+"but it’s remarkable how many people don’t do it,” he said."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3505
+msgid ""
+"Making his work available under Creative Commons licenses enables him to "
+"view his biggest fans as his ambassadors. “Being open to fan activity makes "
+"you part of the conversation about what fans do with your work and how they "
+"interact with it,” he said. Cory’s own website routinely highlights cool "
+"things his audience has done with his work. Unlike corporations like Disney "
+"that tend to have a hands-off relationship with their fan activity, he has a "
+"symbiotic relationship with his audience. “Engaging with your audience "
+"can’t guarantee you success,” he said. “And Disney is an example of being "
+"able to remain aloof and still being the most successful company in the "
+"creative industry in history. But I figure my likelihood of being Disney is "
+"pretty slim, so I should take all the help I can get.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3518
+msgid ""
+"His first book was published under the most restrictive Creative Commons "
+"license, Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs (CC BY-NC-ND). It allows only "
+"verbatim copying for noncommercial purposes. His later work is published "
+"under the Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license (CC BY-NC-SA), which "
+"gives people the right to adapt his work for noncommercial purposes but only "
+"if they share it back under the same license terms. Before releasing his "
+"work under a CC license that allows adaptations, he always sells the right "
+"to translate the book to other languages to a commercial publisher first. He "
+"wants to reach new potential buyers in other parts of the world, and he "
+"thinks it is more difficult to get people to pay for translations if there "
+"are fan translations already available for free."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3530
+msgid ""
+"In his book Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, Cory likens his philosophy "
+"to thinking like a dandelion. Dandelions produce thousands of seeds each "
+"spring, and they are blown into the air going in every direction. The "
+"strategy is to maximize the number of blind chances the dandelion has for "
+"continuing its genetic line. Similarly, he says there are lots of people out "
+"there who may want to buy creative work or compensate authors for it in some "
+"other way. “The more places your work can find itself, the greater the "
+"likelihood that it will find one of those would-be customers in some "
+"unsuspected crack in the metaphorical pavement,” he wrote. “The copies that "
+"others make of my work cost me nothing, and present the possibility that "
+"I’ll get something.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3539
+msgid ""
+"Applying a CC license to his work increases the chances it will be shared "
+"more widely around the Web. He avoids DRM—and openly opposes the "
+"practice—for similar reasons. DRM has the effect of tying a work to a "
+"particular platform. This digital lock, in turn, strips the authors of "
+"control over their own work and hands that control over to the platform. He "
+"calls it Cory’s First Law: “Anytime someone puts a lock on something that "
+"belongs to you and won’t give you the key, that lock isn’t there for your "
+"benefit.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3548
+msgid ""
+"Cory operates under the premise that artists benefit when there are more, "
+"rather than fewer, places where people can access their work. The Internet "
+"has opened up those avenues, but DRM is designed to limit them. “On the one "
+"hand, we can credibly make our work available to a widely dispersed "
+"audience,” he said. “On the other hand, the intermediaries we historically "
+"sold to are making it harder to go around them.” Cory continually looks for "
+"ways to reach his audience without relying upon major platforms that will "
+"try to take control over his work."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3557
+msgid ""
+"Cory says his e-book sales have been lower than those of his competitors, "
+"and he attributes some of that to the CC license making the work available "
+"for free. But he believes people are willing to pay for content they like, "
+"even when it is available for free, as long as it is easy to do. He was "
+"extremely successful using Humble Bundle, a platform that allows people to "
+"pay what they want for DRM-free versions of a bundle of a particular "
+"creator’s work. He is planning to try his own pay-what-you-want experiment "
+"soon."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3566
+msgid ""
+"Fans are particularly willing to pay when they feel personally connected to "
+"the artist. Cory works hard to create that personal connection. One way he "
+"does this is by personally answering every single email he gets. “If you "
+"look at the history of artists, most die in penury,” he said. “That reality "
+"means that for artists, we have to find ways to support ourselves when "
+"public tastes shift, when copyright stops producing. Future-proofing your "
+"artistic career in many ways means figuring out how to stay connected to "
+"those people who have been touched by your work.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3572
+msgid ""
+"Cory’s realism about the difficulty of making a living in the arts does not "
+"reflect pessimism about the Internet age. Instead, he says the fact that it "
+"is hard to make a living as an artist is nothing new. What is new, he writes "
+"in his book, “is how many ways there are to make things, and to get them "
+"into other people’s hands and minds.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3574
+msgid "It has never been easier to think like a dandelion."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3576
+msgid "<span id=\"anchor-75\"></span>Figshare"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3581
+msgid ""
+"Figshare is a for-profit company offering an online repository where "
+"researchers can preserve and share the output of their research, including "
+"figures, data sets, images, and videos. Founded in 2011 in the UK."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3583
+msgid "figshare.com"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3585
+msgid "Revenue model: platform providing paid services to creators"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3587
+msgid "Interview date: January 28, 2016"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3589
+msgid "Interviewee: Mark Hahnel, founder"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3600
+msgid ""
+"Figshare’s mission is to change the face of academic publishing through "
+"improved dissemination, discoverability, and reusability of scholarly "
+"research. Figshare is a repository where users can make all the output of "
+"their research available—from posters and presentations to data sets and "
+"code—in a way that’s easy to discover, cite, and share. Users can upload any "
+"file format, which can then be previewed in a Web browser. Research output "
+"is disseminated in a way that the current scholarly-publishing model does "
+"not allow."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3604
+msgid ""
+"Figshare founder Mark Hahnel often gets asked: How do you make money? How do "
+"we know you’ll be here in five years? Can you, as a for-profit venture, be "
+"trusted? Answers have evolved over time."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3612
+msgid ""
+"Mark traces the origins of Figshare back to when he was a graduate student "
+"getting his PhD in stem cell biology. His research involved working with "
+"videos of stem cells in motion. However, when he went to publish his "
+"research, there was no way for him to also publish the videos, figures, "
+"graphs, and data sets. This was frustrating. Mark believed publishing his "
+"complete research would lead to more citations and be better for his career."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3618
+msgid ""
+"Mark does not consider himself an advanced software programmer. "
+"Fortunately, things like cloud-based computing and wikis had become "
+"mainstream, and he believed it ought to be possible to put all his research "
+"online and share it with anyone. So he began working on a solution."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3622
+msgid ""
+"There were two key needs: licenses to make the data citable, and persistent "
+"identifiers— URL links that always point back to the original object "
+"ensuring the research is citable for the long term."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3629
+msgid ""
+"Mark chose Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs) to meet the need for a "
+"persistent identifier. In the DOI system, an object’s metadata is stored as "
+"a series of numbers in the DOI name. Referring to an object by its DOI is "
+"more stable than referring to it by its URL, because the location of an "
+"object (the web page or URL) can often change. Mark partnered with DataCite "
+"for the provision of DOIs for research data."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3635
+msgid ""
+"As for licenses, Mark chose Creative Commons. The open-access and "
+"open-science communities were already using and recommending Creative "
+"Commons. Based on what was happening in those communities and Mark’s "
+"dialogue with peers, he went with CC0 (in the public domain) for data sets "
+"and CC BY (Attribution) for figures, videos, and data sets."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3640
+msgid ""
+"So Mark began using DOIs and Creative Commons for his own research work. He "
+"had a science blog where he wrote about it and made all his data "
+"open. People started commenting on his blog that they wanted to do the "
+"same. So he opened it up for them to use, too."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3647
+msgid ""
+"People liked the interface and simple upload process. People started asking "
+"if they could also share theses, grant proposals, and code. Inclusion of "
+"code raised new licensing issues, as Creative Commons licenses are not used "
+"for software. To allow the sharing of software code, Mark chose the MIT "
+"license, but GNU and Apache licenses can also be used."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3653
+msgid ""
+"Mark sought investment to make this into a scalable product. After a few "
+"unsuccessful funding pitches, UK-based Digital Science expressed interest "
+"but insisted on a more viable business model. They made an initial "
+"investment, and together they came up with a freemium-like business model."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3663
+msgid ""
+"Under the freemium model, academics upload their research to Figshare for "
+"storage and sharing for free. Each research object is licensed with Creative "
+"Commons and receives a DOI link. The premium option charges researchers a "
+"fee for gigabytes of private storage space, and for private online space "
+"designed for a set number of research collaborators, which is ideal for "
+"larger teams and geographically dispersed research groups. Figshare sums up "
+"its value proposition to researchers as “You retain ownership. You license "
+"it. You get credit. We just make sure it persists.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3671
+msgid ""
+"In January 2012, Figshare was launched. (The fig in Figshare stands for "
+"figures.) Using investment funds, Mark made significant improvements to "
+"Figshare. For example, researchers could quickly preview their research "
+"files within a browser without having to download them first or require "
+"third-party software. Journals who were still largely publishing articles as "
+"static noninteractive PDFs became interested in having Figshare provide that "
+"functionality for them."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3680
+msgid ""
+"Figshare diversified its business model to include services for "
+"journals. Figshare began hosting large amounts of data for the journals’ "
+"online articles. This additional data improved the quality of the "
+"articles. Outsourcing this service to Figshare freed publishers from having "
+"to develop this functionality as part of their own "
+"infrastructure. Figshare-hosted data also provides a link back to the "
+"article, generating additional click-through and readership—a benefit to "
+"both journal publishers and researchers. Figshare now provides"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3684
+msgid ""
+"research-data infrastructure for a wide variety of publishers including "
+"Wiley, Springer Nature, PLOS, and Taylor and Francis, to name a few, and has "
+"convinced them to use Creative Commons licenses for the data."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3692
+msgid ""
+"Governments allocate significant public funds to research. In parallel with "
+"the launch of Figshare, governments around the world began requesting the "
+"research they fund be open and accessible. They mandated that researchers "
+"and academic institutions better manage and disseminate their research "
+"outputs. Institutions looking to comply with this new mandate became "
+"interested in Figshare. Figshare once again diversified its business model, "
+"adding services for institutions."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3700
+msgid ""
+"Figshare now offers a range of fee-based services to institutions, including "
+"their own minibranded Figshare space (called Figshare for Institutions) that "
+"securely hosts research data of institutions in the cloud. Services include "
+"not just hosting but data metrics, data dissemination, and user-group "
+"administration. Figshare’s workflow, and the services they offer for "
+"institutions, take into account the needs of librarians and administrators, "
+"as well as of the researchers."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3711
+msgid ""
+"As with researchers and publishers, Fig-share encouraged institutions to "
+"share their research with CC BY (Attribution) and their data with CC0 (into "
+"the public domain). Funders who require researchers and institutions to use "
+"open licensing believe in the social responsibilities and benefits of making "
+"research accessible to all. Publishing research in this open way has come "
+"to be called open access. But not all funders specify CC BY; some "
+"institutions want to offer their researchers a choice, including less "
+"permissive licenses like CC BY-NC (Attribution-NonCommercial), CC BY-SA "
+"(Attribution-ShareAlike), or CC BY-ND (Attribution-NoDerivs)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3719
+msgid ""
+"For Mark this created a conflict. On the one hand, the principles and "
+"benefits of open science are at the heart of Figshare, and Mark believes CC "
+"BY is the best license for this. On the other hand, institutions were saying "
+"they wouldn’t use Figshare unless it offered a choice in licenses. He "
+"initially refused to offer anything beyond CC0 and CC BY, but after seeing "
+"an open-source CERN project offer all Creative Commons licenses without any "
+"negative repercussions, he decided to follow suit."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3726
+msgid ""
+"Mark is thinking of doing a Figshare study that tracks research "
+"dissemination according to Creative Commons license, and gathering metrics "
+"on views, citations, and downloads. You could see which license generates "
+"the biggest impact. If the data showed that CC BY is more impactful, Mark "
+"believes more and more researchers and institutions will make it their "
+"license of choice."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3735
+msgid ""
+"Figshare has an Application Programming Interface (API) that makes it "
+"possible for data to be pulled from Figshare and used in other "
+"applications. As an example, Mark shared a Figshare data set showing the "
+"journal subscriptions that higher-education institutions in the United "
+"Kingdom paid to ten major publishers.1 Figshare’s API enables that data to "
+"be pulled into an app developed by a completely different researcher that "
+"converts the data into a visually interesting graph, which any viewer can "
+"alter by changing any of the variables.2"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3745
+msgid ""
+"The free version of Figshare has built a community of academics, who through "
+"word of mouth and presentations have promoted and spread awareness of "
+"Figshare. To amplify and reward the community, Figshare established an "
+"Advisor program, providing those who promoted Figshare with hoodies and "
+"T-shirts, early access to new features, and travel expenses when they gave "
+"presentations outside of their area. These Advisors also helped Mark on what "
+"license to use for software code and whether to offer universities an option "
+"of using Creative Commons licenses."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3755
+msgid ""
+"Mark says his success is partly about being in the right place at the right "
+"time. He also believes that the diversification of Figshare’s model over "
+"time has been key to success. Figshare now offers a comprehensive set of "
+"services to researchers, publishers, and institutions.3 If he had relied "
+"solely on revenue from premium subscriptions, he believes Figshare would "
+"have struggled. In Figshare’s early days, their primary users were "
+"early-career and late-career academics. It has only been because funders "
+"mandated open licensing that Figshare is now being used by the mainstream."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3762
+msgid ""
+"Today Figshare has 26 million–plus page views, 7.5 million–plus downloads, "
+"800,000–plus user uploads, 2 million–plus articles, 500,000-plus "
+"collections, and 5,000–plus projects. Sixty percent of their traffic comes "
+"from Google. A sister company called Altmetric tracks the use of Figshare by "
+"others, including Wikipedia and news sources."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3774
+msgid ""
+"Figshare uses the revenue it generates from the premium subscribers, journal "
+"publishers, and institutions to fund and expand what it can offer to "
+"researchers for free. Figshare has publicly stuck to its principles—keeping "
+"the free service free and requiring the use of CC BY and CC0 from the "
+"start—and from Mark’s perspective, this is why people trust Figshare. Mark "
+"sees new competitors coming forward who are just in it for money. If "
+"Figshare was only in it for the money, they wouldn’t care about offering a "
+"free version. Figshare’s principles and advocacy for openness are a key "
+"differentiator. Going forward, Mark sees Figshare not only as supporting "
+"open access to research but also enabling people to collaborate and make new "
+"discoveries."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '1. '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3780
+msgid "figshare.com/articles/Journal\\_subscription\\_costs\\_FOIs\\_to\\_UK\\_universities/1186832"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '2. '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3780
+msgid "retr0.shinyapps.io/journal\\_costs/?year=2014&inst=19,22,38,42,59,64,80,95,136"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '3. '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3780
+msgid "figshare.com/features"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3782
+msgid "<span id=\"anchor-76\"></span>Figure.NZ"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3786
+msgid ""
+"Figure.NZ is a nonprofit charity that makes an online data platform designed "
+"to make data reusable and easy to understand. Founded in 2012 in New "
+"Zealand."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3788
+msgid "figure.nz"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3791
+msgid ""
+"Revenue model: platform providing paid services to creators, donations, "
+"sponsorships"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3793
+msgid "Interview date: May 3, 2016"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3795
+msgid "Interviewee: Lillian Grace, founder"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3814
+msgid ""
+"In the paper Harnessing the Economic and Social Power of Data presented at "
+"the New Zealand Data Futures Forum in 2014,1 Figure.NZ founder Lillian Grace "
+"said there are thousands of valuable and relevant data sets freely available "
+"to us right now, but most people don’t use them. She used to think this "
+"meant people didn’t care about being informed, but she’s come to see that "
+"she was wrong. Almost everyone wants to be informed about issues that "
+"matter—not only to them, but also to their families, their communities, "
+"their businesses, and their country. But there’s a big difference between "
+"availability and accessibility of information. Data is spread across "
+"thousands of sites and is held within databases and spreadsheets that "
+"require both time and skill to engage with. To use data when making a "
+"decision, you have to know what specific question to ask, identify a source "
+"that has collected the data, and manipulate complex tools to extract and "
+"visualize the information within the data set. Lillian established Figure.NZ "
+"to make data truly accessible to all, with a specific focus on New Zealand."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3823
+msgid ""
+"Lillian had the idea for Figure.NZ in February 2012 while working for the "
+"New Zealand Institute, a think tank concerned with improving economic "
+"prosperity, social well-being, environmental quality, and environmental "
+"productivity for New Zealand and New Zealanders. While giving talks to "
+"community and business groups, Lillian realized “every single issue we "
+"addressed would have been easier to deal with if more people understood the "
+"basic facts.” But understanding the basic facts sometimes requires data and "
+"research that you often have to pay for."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3835
+msgid ""
+"Lillian began to imagine a website that lifted data up to a visual form that "
+"could be easily understood and freely accessed. Initially launched as Wiki "
+"New Zealand, the original idea was that people could contribute their data "
+"and visuals via a wiki. However, few people had graphs that could be used "
+"and shared, and there were no standards or consistency around the data and "
+"the visuals. Realizing the wiki model wasn’t working, Lillian brought the "
+"process of data aggregation, curation, and visual presentation in-house, and "
+"invested in the technology to help automate some of it. Wiki New Zealand "
+"became Figure.NZ, and efforts were reoriented toward providing services to "
+"those wanting to open their data and present it visually."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3850
+msgid ""
+"Here’s how it works. Figure.NZ sources data from other organizations, "
+"including corporations, public repositories, government departments, and "
+"academics. Figure.NZ imports and extracts that data, and then validates and "
+"standardizes it—all with a strong eye on what will be best for users. They "
+"then make the data available in a series of standardized forms, both human- "
+"and machine-readable, with rich metadata about the sources, the licenses, "
+"and data types. Figure.NZ has a chart-designing tool that makes simple bar, "
+"line, and area graphs from any data source. The graphs are posted to the "
+"Figure.NZ website, and they can also be exported in a variety of formats for "
+"print or online use. Figure.NZ makes its data and graphs available using the "
+"Attribution (CC BY) license. This allows others to reuse, revise, remix, "
+"and redistribute Figure.NZ data and graphs as long as they give attribution "
+"to the original source and to Figure.NZ."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3864
+msgid ""
+"Lillian characterizes the initial decision to use Creative Commons as "
+"naively fortunate. It was first recommended to her by a colleague. Lillian "
+"spent time looking at what Creative Commons offered and thought it looked "
+"good, was clear, and made common sense. It was easy to use and easy for "
+"others to understand. Over time, she’s come to realize just how fortunate "
+"and important that decision turned out to be. New Zealand’s government has "
+"an open-access and licensing framework called NZGOAL, which provides "
+"guidance for agencies when they release copyrighted and noncopyrighted work "
+"and material.2 It aims to standardize the licensing of works with government "
+"copyright and how they can be reused, and it does this with Creative Commons "
+"licenses. As a result, 98 percent of all government-agency data is Creative "
+"Commons licensed, fitting in nicely with Figure.NZ’s decision."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3875
+msgid ""
+"Lillian thinks current ideas of what a business is are relatively new, only "
+"a hundred years old or so. She’s convinced that twenty years from now, we "
+"will see new and different models for business. Figure.NZ is set up as a "
+"nonprofit charity. It is purpose-driven but also strives to pay people well "
+"and thinks like a business. Lillian sees the charity-nonprofit status as an "
+"essential element for the mission and purpose of Figure.NZ. She believes "
+"Wikipedia would not work if it were for profit, and similarly, Figure.NZ’s "
+"nonprofit status assures people who have data and people who want to use it "
+"that they can rely on Figure.NZ’s motives. People see them as a trusted "
+"wrangler and source."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3892
+msgid ""
+"Although Figure.NZ is a social enterprise that openly licenses their data "
+"and graphs for everyone to use for free, they have taken care not to be "
+"perceived as a free service all around the table. Lillian believes hundreds "
+"of millions of dollars are spent by the government and organizations to "
+"collect data. However, very little money is spent on taking that data and "
+"making it accessible, understandable, and useful for decision "
+"making. Government uses some of the data for policy, but Lillian believes "
+"that it is underutilized and the potential value is much larger. Figure.NZ "
+"is focused on solving that problem. They believe a portion of money "
+"allocated to collecting data should go into making sure that data is useful "
+"and generates value. If the government wants citizens to understand why "
+"certain decisions are being made and to be more aware about what the "
+"government is doing, why not transform the data it collects into easily "
+"understood visuals? It could even become a way for a government or any "
+"organization to differentiate, market, and brand itself."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3897
+msgid ""
+"Figure.NZ spends a lot of time seeking to understand the motivations of data "
+"collectors and to identify the channels where it can provide value. Every "
+"part of their business model has been focused on who is going to get value "
+"from the data and visuals."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3910
+msgid ""
+"Figure.NZ has multiple lines of business. They provide commercial services "
+"to organizations that want their data publicly available and want to use "
+"Figure.NZ as their publishing platform. People who want to publish open data "
+"appreciate Figure.NZ’s ability to do it faster, more easily, and better than "
+"they can. Customers are encouraged to help their users find, use, and make "
+"things from the data they make available on Figure.NZ’s website. Customers "
+"control what is released and the license terms (although Figure.NZ "
+"encourages Creative Commons licensing). Figure.NZ also serves customers who "
+"want a specific collection of charts created—for example, for their website "
+"or annual report. Charging the organizations that want to make their data "
+"available enables Figure.NZ to provide their site free to all users, to "
+"truly democratize data."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3921
+msgid ""
+"Lillian notes that the current state of most data is terrible and often not "
+"well understood by the people who have it. This sometimes makes it difficult "
+"for customers and Figure.NZ to figure out what it would cost to import, "
+"standardize, and display that data in a useful way. To deal with this, "
+"Figure.NZ uses “high-trust contracts,” where customers allocate a certain "
+"budget to the task that Figure.NZ is then free to draw from, as long as "
+"Figure.NZ frequently reports on what they’ve produced so the customer can "
+"determine the value for money. This strategy has helped build trust and "
+"transparency about the level of effort associated with doing work that has "
+"never been done before."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3927
+msgid ""
+"A second line of business is what Figure.NZ calls partners. ASB Bank and "
+"Statistics New Zealand are partners who back Figure.NZ’s efforts. As one "
+"example, with their support Figure.NZ has been able to create Business "
+"Figures, a special way for businesses to find useful data without having to "
+"know what questions to ask.3"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3931
+msgid ""
+"Figure.NZ also has patrons.4 Patrons donate to topic areas they care about, "
+"directly enabling Figure.NZ to get data together to flesh out those "
+"areas. Patrons do not direct what data is included or excluded."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3936
+msgid ""
+"Figure.NZ also accepts philanthropic donations, which are used to provide "
+"more content, extend technology, and improve services, or are targeted to "
+"fund a specific effort or provide in-kind support. As a charity, donations "
+"are tax deductible."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3946
+msgid ""
+"Figure.NZ has morphed and grown over time. With data aggregation, curation, "
+"and visualizing services all in-house, Figure.NZ has developed a deep "
+"expertise in taking random styles of data, standardizing it, and making it "
+"useful. Lillian realized that Figure.NZ could easily become a warehouse of "
+"seventy people doing data. But for Lillian, growth isn’t always good. In her "
+"view, bigger often means less effective. Lillian set artificial constraints "
+"on growth, forcing the organization to think differently and be more "
+"efficient. Rather than in-house growth, they are growing and building "
+"external relationships."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3955
+msgid ""
+"Figure.NZ’s website displays visuals and data associated with a wide range "
+"of categories including crime, economy, education, employment, energy, "
+"environment, health, information and communications technology, industry, "
+"tourism, and many others. A search function helps users find tables and "
+"graphs. Figure.NZ does not provide analysis or interpretation of the data or "
+"visuals. Their goal is to teach people how to think, not think for "
+"them. Figure.NZ wants to create intuitive experiences, not user manuals."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3967
+msgid ""
+"Figure.NZ believes data and visuals should be useful. They provide their "
+"customers with a data collection template and teach them why it’s important "
+"and how to use it. They’ve begun putting more emphasis on tracking what "
+"users of their website want. They also get requests from social media and "
+"through email for them to share data for a specific topic—for example, can "
+"you share data for water quality? If they have the data, they respond "
+"quickly; if they don’t, they try and identify the organizations that would "
+"have that data and forge a relationship so they can be included on "
+"Figure.NZ’s site. Overall, Figure.NZ is seeking to provide a place for "
+"people to be curious about, access, and interpret data on topics they are "
+"interested in."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3975
+msgid ""
+"Lillian has a deep and profound vision for Figure.NZ that goes well beyond "
+"simply providing open-data services. She says things are different now. “We "
+"used to live in a world where it was really hard to share information "
+"widely. And in that world, the best future was created by having a few great "
+"leaders who essentially had access to the information and made decisions on "
+"behalf of others, whether it was on behalf of a country or companies."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3979
+msgid ""
+"“But now we live in a world where it’s really easy to share information "
+"widely and also to communicate widely. In the world we live in now, the best "
+"future is the one where everyone can make well-informed decisions."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3983
+msgid ""
+"“The use of numbers and data as a way of making well-informed decisions is "
+"one of the areas where there is the biggest gaps. We don’t really use "
+"numbers as a part of our thinking and part of our understanding yet."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3993
+msgid ""
+"“Part of the reason is the way data is spread across hundreds of sites. In "
+"addition, for the most part, deep thinking based on data is constrained to "
+"experts because most people don’t have data literacy. There once was a time "
+"when many citizens in society couldn’t read or write. However, as a society, "
+"we’ve now come to believe that reading and writing skills should be "
+"something all citizens have. We haven’t yet adopted a similar belief around "
+"numbers and data literacy. We largely still believe that only a few "
+"specially trained people can analyze and think with numbers."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3999
+msgid ""
+"“Figure.NZ may be the first organization to assert that everyone can use "
+"numbers in their thinking, and it’s built a technological platform along "
+"with trust and a network of relationships to make that possible. What you "
+"can see on Figure.NZ are tens of thousands of graphs, maps, and data."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4007
+msgid ""
+"“Figure.NZ sees this as a new kind of alphabet that can help people analyze "
+"what they see around them. A way to be thoughtful and informed about "
+"society. A means of engaging in conversation and shaping decision making "
+"that transcends personal experience. The long-term value and impact is "
+"almost impossible to measure, but the goal is to help citizens gain "
+"understanding and work together in more informed ways to shape the future.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4011
+msgid ""
+"Lillian sees Figure.NZ’s model as having global potential. But for now, "
+"their focus is completely on making Figure.NZ work in New Zealand and to get "
+"the “network effect”—"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4015
+msgid ""
+"users dramatically increasing value for themselves and for others through "
+"use of their service. Creative Commons is core to making the network effect "
+"possible."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '1. '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4022
+msgid "www.nzdatafutures.org.nz/sites/default/files/NZDFF\\_harness-the-power.pdf"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '2. '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4022
+msgid "www.ict.govt.nz/guidance-and-resources/open-government/new-zealand-government-open-access-and-licensing-nzgoal-framework/"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '3. '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4022
+msgid "figure.nz/business/"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '4. '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4022
+msgid "figure.nz/patrons/"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4024
+msgid "<span id=\"anchor-77\"></span>Knowledge Unlatched"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4028
+msgid ""
+"Knowledge Unlatched is a not-for-profit community interest company that "
+"brings libraries together to pool funds to publish open-access books. "
+"Founded in 2012 in the UK."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4030
+msgid "knowledgeunlatched.org"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4032
+msgid "Revenue model: crowdfunding (specialized)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4034
+msgid "Interview date: February 26, 2016"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4036
+msgid "Interviewee: Frances Pinter, founder"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4043
+msgid ""
+"The serial entrepreneur Dr. Frances Pinter has been at the forefront of "
+"innovation in the publishing industry for nearly forty years. She founded "
+"the UK-based Knowledge Unlatched with a mission to enable open access to "
+"scholarly books. For Frances, the current scholarly-"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4053
+msgid ""
+"book-publishing system is not working for anyone, and especially not for "
+"monographs in the humanities and social sciences. Knowledge Unlatched is "
+"committed to changing this and has been working with libraries to create a "
+"sustainable alternative model for publishing scholarly books, sharing the "
+"cost of making monographs (released under a Creative Commons license) and "
+"savings costs over the long term. Since its launch, Knowledge Unlatched has "
+"received several awards, including the IFLA/Brill Open Access award in 2014 "
+"and a Curtin University Commercial Innovation Award for Innovation in "
+"Education in 2015."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4058
+msgid ""
+"Dr. Pinter has been in academic publishing most of her career. About ten "
+"years ago, she became acquainted with the Creative Commons founder Lawrence "
+"Lessig and got interested in Creative Commons as a tool for both protecting "
+"content online and distributing it free to users."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4063
+msgid ""
+"Not long after, she ran a project in Africa convincing publishers in Uganda "
+"and South Africa to put some of their content online for free using a "
+"Creative Commons license and to see what happened to print sales. Sales went "
+"up, not down."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4077
+msgid ""
+"In 2008, Bloomsbury Academic, a new imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing in the "
+"United Kingdom, appointed her its founding publisher in London. As part of "
+"the launch, Frances convinced Bloomsbury to differentiate themselves by "
+"putting out monographs for free online under a Creative Commons license "
+"(BY-NC or BY-NC-ND, i.e., Attribution-NonCommercial or "
+"Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs). This was seen as risky, as the biggest "
+"cost for publishers is getting a book to the stage where it can be "
+"printed. If everyone read the online book for free, there would be no "
+"print-book sales at all, and the costs associated with getting the book to "
+"print would be lost. Surprisingly, Bloomsbury found that sales of the print "
+"versions of these books were 10 to 20 percent higher than normal. Frances "
+"found it intriguing that the Creative Commons–licensed free online book acts "
+"as a marketing vehicle for the print format."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4084
+msgid ""
+"Frances began to look at customer interest in the three forms of the book: "
+"1) the Creative Commons–licensed free online book in PDF form, 2) the "
+"printed book, and 3) a digital version of the book on an aggregator platform "
+"with enhanced features. She thought of this as the “ice cream model”: the "
+"free PDF was vanilla ice cream, the printed book was an ice cream cone, and "
+"the enhanced e-book was an ice cream sundae."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4091
+msgid ""
+"After a while, Frances had an epiphany—what if there was a way to get "
+"libraries to underwrite the costs of making these books up until they’re "
+"ready be printed, in other words, cover the fixed costs of getting to the "
+"first digital copy? Then you could either bring down the cost of the printed "
+"book, or do a whole bunch of interesting things with the printed book and "
+"e-book—the ice cream cone or sundae part of the model."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4098
+msgid ""
+"This idea is similar to the article-processing charge some open-access "
+"journals charge researchers to cover publishing costs. Frances began to "
+"imagine a coalition of libraries paying for the prepress costs—a "
+"“book-processing charge”—and providing everyone in the world with an "
+"open-access version of the books released under a Creative Commons license."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4107
+msgid ""
+"This idea really took hold in her mind. She didn’t really have a name for it "
+"but began talking about it and making presentations to see if there was "
+"interest. The more she talked about it, the more people agreed it had "
+"appeal. She offered a bottle of champagne to anyone who could come up with a "
+"good name for the idea. Her husband came up with Knowledge Unlatched, and "
+"after two years of generating interest, she decided to move forward and "
+"launch a community interest company (a UK term for not-for-profit social "
+"enterprises) in 2012."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4110
+msgid ""
+"She describes the business model in a paper called Knowledge Unlatched: "
+"Toward an Open and Networked Future for Academic Publishing:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '1. '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4128
+msgid ""
+"Publishers offer titles for sale reflecting origination costs only via "
+"Knowledge Unlatched."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '2. '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4128
+msgid ""
+"Individual libraries select titles either as individual titles or as "
+"collections (as they do from library suppliers now)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '3. '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4128
+msgid ""
+"Their selections are sent to Knowledge Unlatched specifying the titles to be "
+"purchased at the stated price(s)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '4. '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4128
+msgid ""
+"The price, called a Title Fee (set by publishers and negotiated by Knowledge "
+"Unlatched), is paid to publishers to cover the fixed costs of publishing "
+"each of the titles that were selected by a minimum number of libraries to "
+"cover the Title Fee."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '5. '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4128
+msgid ""
+"Publishers make the selected titles available Open Access (on a Creative "
+"Commons or similar open license) and are then paid the Title Fee which is "
+"the total collected from the libraries."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '6. '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4128
+msgid ""
+"Publishers make print copies, e-Pub, and other digital versions of selected "
+"titles available to member libraries at a discount that reflects their "
+"contribution to the Title Fee and incentivizes membership.1"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4136
+msgid ""
+"The first round of this model resulted in a collection of twenty-eight "
+"current titles from thirteen recognized scholarly publishers being "
+"unlatched. The target was to have two hundred libraries participate. The "
+"cost of the package per library was capped at \\$1,680, which was an average "
+"price of sixty dollars per book, but in the end they had nearly three "
+"hundred libraries sharing the costs, and the price per book came in at just "
+"under forty-three dollars."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4145
+msgid ""
+"The open-access, Creative Commons versions of these twenty-eight books are "
+"still available online.4 Most books have been licensed with CC BY-NC or CC "
+"BY-NC-ND. Authors are the copyright holder, not the publisher, and negotiate "
+"choice of license as part of the publishing agreement. Frances has found "
+"that most authors want to retain control over the commercial and remix use "
+"of their work. Publishers list the book in their catalogs, and the "
+"noncommercial restriction in the Creative Commons license ensures authors "
+"continue to get royalties on sales of physical copies."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4155
+msgid ""
+"There are three cost variables to consider for each round: the overall cost "
+"incurred by the publishers, total cost for each library to acquire all the "
+"books, and the individual price per book. The fee publishers charge for each "
+"title is a fixed charge, and Knowledge Unlatched calculates the total amount "
+"for all the books being unlatched at a time. The cost of an order for each "
+"library is capped at a maximum based on a minimum number of libraries "
+"participating. If the number of participating libraries exceeds the minimum, "
+"then the cost of the order and the price per book go down for each library."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4168
+msgid ""
+"The second round, recently completed, unlatched seventy-eight books from "
+"twenty-six publishers. For this round, Frances was experimenting with the "
+"size and shape of the offerings. Books were being bundled into eight small "
+"packages separated by subject (including Anthropology, History, Literature, "
+"Media and Communications, and Politics), of around ten books per "
+"package. Three hundred libraries around the world have to commit to at least "
+"six of the eight packages to enable unlatching. The average cost per book "
+"was just under fifty dollars. The unlatching process took roughly ten "
+"months. It started with a call to publishers for titles, followed by having "
+"a library task force select the titles, getting authors’ permissions, "
+"getting the libraries to pledge, billing the libraries, and finally, "
+"unlatching."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4173
+msgid ""
+"The longest part of the whole process is getting libraries to pledge and "
+"commit funds. It takes about five months, as library buy-in has to fit "
+"within acquisition cycles, budget cycles, and library-committee meetings."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4181
+msgid ""
+"Knowledge Unlatched informs and recruits libraries through social media, "
+"mailing lists, listservs, and library associations. Of the three hundred "
+"libraries that participated in the first round, 80 percent are also "
+"participating in the second round, and there are an additional eighty new "
+"libraries taking part. Knowledge Unlatched is also working not just with "
+"individual libraries but also library consortia, which has been getting even "
+"more libraries involved."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4185
+msgid ""
+"Knowledge Unlatched is scaling up, offering 150 new titles in the second "
+"half of 2016. It will also offer backlist titles, and in 2017 will start to "
+"make journals open access too."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4189
+msgid ""
+"Knowledge Unlatched deliberately chose monographs as the initial type of "
+"book to unlatch. Monographs are foundational and important, but also "
+"problematic to keep going in the standard closed publishing model."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4197
+msgid ""
+"The cost for the publisher to get to a first digital copy of a monograph is "
+"\\$5,000 to \\$50,000. A good one costs in the \\$10,000 to \\$15,000 "
+"range. Monographs typically don’t sell a lot of copies. A publisher who in "
+"the past sold three thousand copies now typically sells only three "
+"hundred. That makes unlatching monographs a low risk for publishers. For the "
+"first round, it took five months to get thirteen publishers. For the second "
+"round, it took one month to get twenty-six."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4206
+msgid ""
+"Authors don’t generally make a lot of royalties from monographs. Royalties "
+"range from zero dollars to 5 to 10 percent of receipts. The value to the "
+"author is the awareness it brings to them; when their book is being read, it "
+"increases their reputation. Open access through unlatching generates many "
+"more downloads and therefore awareness. (On the Knowledge Unlatched website, "
+"you can find interviews with the twenty-eight round-one authors describing "
+"their experience and the benefits of taking part.)5"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4215
+msgid ""
+"Library budgets are constantly being squeezed, partly due to the inflation "
+"of journal subscriptions. But even without budget constraints, academic "
+"libraries are moving away from buying physical copies. An academic library "
+"catalog entry is typically a URL to wherever the book is hosted. Or if they "
+"have enough electronic storage space, they may download the digital file "
+"into their digital repository. Only secondarily do they consider getting a "
+"print book, and if they do, they buy it separately from the digital version."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4222
+msgid ""
+"Knowledge Unlatched offers libraries a compelling economic argument. Many "
+"of the participating libraries would have bought a copy of the monograph "
+"anyway, but instead of paying \\$95 for a print copy or \\$150 for a digital "
+"multiple-use copy, they pay \\$50 to unlatch. It costs them less, and it "
+"opens the book to not just the participating libraries, but to the world."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4232
+msgid ""
+"Not only do the economics make sense, but there is very strong alignment "
+"with library mandates. The participating libraries pay less than they would "
+"have in the closed model, and the open-access book is available to all "
+"libraries. While this means nonparticipating libraries could be seen as free "
+"riders, in the library world, wealthy libraries are used to paying more than "
+"poor libraries and accept that part of their money should be spent to "
+"support open access. “Free ride” is more like community responsibility. By "
+"the end of March 2016, the round-one books had been downloaded nearly eighty "
+"thousand times in 175 countries."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4235
+msgid ""
+"For publishers, authors, and librarians, the Knowledge Unlatched model for "
+"monographs is a win-win-win."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4244
+msgid ""
+"In the first round, Knowledge Unlatched’s overheads were covered by "
+"grants. In the second round, they aim to demonstrate the model is "
+"sustainable. Libraries and publishers will each pay a 7.5 percent service "
+"charge that will go toward Knowledge Unlatched’s running costs. With plans "
+"to scale up in future rounds, Frances figures they can fully recover costs "
+"when they are unlatching two hundred books at a time. Moving forward, "
+"Knowledge Unlatched is making investments in technology and "
+"processes. Future plans include unlatching journals and older books."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4253
+msgid ""
+"Frances believes that Knowledge Unlatched is tapping into new ways of "
+"valuing academic content. It’s about considering how many people can find, "
+"access, and use your content without pay barriers. Knowledge Unlatched taps "
+"into the new possibilities and behaviors of the digital world. In the "
+"Knowledge Unlatched model, the content-creation process is exactly the same "
+"as it always has been, but the economics are different. For Frances, "
+"Knowledge Unlatched is connected to the past but moving into the future, an "
+"evolution rather than a revolution."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '1. '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4261
+msgid "www.pinter.org.uk/pdfs/Toward\\_an\\_Open.pdf"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '2. '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4261
+msgid "www.oapen.org"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '3. '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4261
+msgid "www.hathitrust.org"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '4. '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4261
+msgid "collections.knowledgeunlatched.org/collection-availability-1/"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '5. '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4261
+msgid "www.knowledgeunlatched.org/featured-authors-section/"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4263
+msgid "<span id=\"anchor-78\"></span>Lumen Learning"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4266
+msgid ""
+"Lumen Learning is a for-profit company helping educational institutions use "
+"open educational resources (OER). Founded in 2013 in the U.S."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4268
+msgid "lumenlearning.com"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4270
+msgid "Revenue model: charging for custom services, grant funding"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4272
+msgid "Interview date: December 21, 2015"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4274
+msgid "Interviewees: David Wiley and Kim Thanos, cofounders"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4296
+msgid ""
+"Cofounded by open education visionary Dr. David Wiley and "
+"education-technology strategist Kim Thanos, Lumen Learning is dedicated to "
+"improving student success, bringing new ideas to pedagogy, and making "
+"education more affordable by facilitating adoption of open educational "
+"resources. In 2012, David and Kim partnered on a grant-funded project called "
+"the Kaleidoscope Open Course Initiative.1 It involved a set of fully open "
+"general-education courses across eight colleges predominantly serving "
+"at-risk students, with goals to dramatically reduce textbook costs and "
+"collaborate to improve the courses to help students succeed. David and Kim "
+"exceeded those goals: the cost of the required textbooks, replaced with OER, "
+"decreased to zero dollars, and average student-success rates improved by 5 "
+"to 10 percent when compared with previous years. After a second round of "
+"funding, a total of more than twenty-five institutions participated in and "
+"benefited from this project. It was career changing for David and Kim to see "
+"the impact this initiative had on low-income students. David and Kim sought "
+"further funding from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, who asked them "
+"to define a plan to scale their work in a financially sustainable way. That "
+"is when they decided to create Lumen Learning."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4299
+msgid ""
+"David and Kim went back and forth on whether it should be a nonprofit or "
+"for-"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4306
+msgid ""
+"profit. A nonprofit would make it a more comfortable fit with the education "
+"sector but meant they’d be constantly fund-raising and seeking grants from "
+"philanthropies. Also, grants usually require money to be used in certain "
+"ways for specific deliverables. If you learn things along the way that "
+"change how you think the grant money should be used, there often isn’t a lot "
+"of flexibility to do so."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4314
+msgid ""
+"But as a for-profit, they’d have to convince educational institutions to pay "
+"for what Lumen had to offer. On the positive side, they’d have more control "
+"over what to do with the revenue and investment money; they could make "
+"decisions to invest the funds or use them differently based on the situation "
+"and shifting opportunities. In the end, they chose the for-profit status, "
+"with its different model for and approach to sustainability."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4320
+msgid ""
+"Right from the start, David and Kim positioned Lumen Learning as a way to "
+"help institutions engage in open educational resources, or OER. OER are "
+"teaching, learning, and research materials, in all different media, that "
+"reside in the public domain or are released under an open license that "
+"permits free use and repurposing by others."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4332
+msgid ""
+"Originally, Lumen did custom contracts for each institution. This was "
+"complicated and challenging to manage. However, through that process "
+"patterns emerged which allowed them to generalize a set of approaches and "
+"offerings. Today they don’t customize as much as they used to, and instead "
+"they tend to work with customers who can use their off-the-shelf "
+"options. Lumen finds that institutions and faculty are generally very good "
+"at seeing the value Lumen brings and are willing to pay for it. Serving "
+"disadvantaged learner populations has led Lumen to be very pragmatic; they "
+"describe what they offer in quantitative terms—with facts and figures—and in "
+"a way that is very student-focused. Lumen Learning helps colleges and "
+"universities—"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '- '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4341
+msgid "replace expensive textbooks in high-enrollment courses with OER;"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '- '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4341
+msgid ""
+"provide enrolled students day one access to Lumen’s fully customizable OER "
+"course materials through the institution’s learning-management system;"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '- '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4341
+msgid ""
+"measure improvements in student success with metrics like passing rates, "
+"persistence, and course completion; and"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '- '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4341
+msgid ""
+"collaborate with faculty to make ongoing improvements to OER based on "
+"student success research."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4347
+msgid ""
+"Lumen has developed a suite of open, Creative Commons–licensed courseware in "
+"more than sixty-five subjects. All courses are freely and publicly available "
+"right off their website. They can be copied and used by others as long as "
+"they provide attribution to Lumen Learning following the terms of the "
+"Creative Commons license."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4353
+msgid ""
+"Then there are three types of bundled services that cost money. One option, "
+"which Lumen calls Candela courseware, offers integration with the "
+"institution’s learning-management system, technical and pedagogical support, "
+"and tracking of effectiveness. Candela courseware costs institutions ten "
+"dollars per enrolled student."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4359
+msgid ""
+"A second option is Waymaker, which offers the services of Candela but adds "
+"personalized learning technologies, such as study plans, automated messages, "
+"and assessments, and helps instructors find and support the students who "
+"need it most. Waymaker courses cost twenty-five dollars per enrolled "
+"student."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4366
+msgid ""
+"The third and emerging line of business for Lumen is providing guidance and "
+"support for institutions and state systems that are pursuing the development "
+"of complete OER degrees. Often called Z-Degrees, these programs eliminate "
+"textbook costs for students in all courses that make up the degree (both "
+"required and elective) by replacing commercial textbooks and other expensive "
+"resources with OER."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4381
+msgid ""
+"Lumen generates revenue by charging for their value-added tools and services "
+"on top of their free courses, just as solar-power companies provide the "
+"tools and services that help people use a free resource—sunlight. And "
+"Lumen’s business model focuses on getting the institutions to pay, not the "
+"students. With projects they did prior to Lumen, David and Kim learned that "
+"students who have access to all course materials from day one have greater "
+"success. If students had to pay, Lumen would have to restrict access to "
+"those who paid. Right from the start, their stance was that they would not "
+"put their content behind a paywall. Lumen invests zero dollars in "
+"technologies and processes for restricting access—no digital rights "
+"management, no time bombs. While this has been a challenge from a "
+"business-model perspective, from an open-access perspective, it has "
+"generated immense goodwill in the community."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4390
+msgid ""
+"In most cases, development of their courses is funded by the institution "
+"Lumen has a contract with. When creating new courses, Lumen typically works "
+"with the faculty who are teaching the new course. They’re often part of the "
+"institution paying Lumen, but sometimes Lumen has to expand the team and "
+"contract faculty from other institutions. First, the faculty identifies all "
+"of the course’s learning outcomes. Lumen then searches for, aggregates, and "
+"curates the best OER they can find that addresses those learning needs, "
+"which the faculty reviews."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4400
+msgid ""
+"Sometimes faculty like the existing OER but not the way it is presented. "
+"The open licensing of existing OER allows Lumen to pick and choose from "
+"images, videos, and other media to adapt and customize the course. Lumen "
+"creates new content as they discover gaps in existing OER. Test-bank items "
+"and feedback for students on their progress are areas where new content is "
+"frequently needed. Once a course is created, Lumen puts it on their platform "
+"with all the attributions and links to the original sources intact, and any "
+"of Lumen’s new content is given an Attribution (CC BY) license."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4406
+msgid ""
+"Using only OER made them experience firsthand how complex it could be to mix "
+"differently licensed work together. A common strategy with OER is to place "
+"the Creative Commons license and attribution information in the website’s "
+"footer, which stays the same for all pages. This doesn’t quite work, "
+"however, when mixing different OER together."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4415
+msgid ""
+"Remixing OER often results in multiple attributions on every page of every "
+"course—text from one place, images from another, and videos from yet "
+"another. Some are licensed as Attribution (CC BY), others as "
+"Attribution-ShareAlike (CC BY-SA). If this information is put within the "
+"text of the course, faculty members sometimes try to edit it and students "
+"find it a distraction. Lumen dealt with this challenge by capturing the "
+"license and attribution information as metadata, and getting it to show up "
+"at the end of each page."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4422
+msgid ""
+"Lumen’s commitment to open licensing and helping low-income students has led "
+"to strong relationships with institutions, open-education enthusiasts, and "
+"grant funders. People in their network generously increase the visibility of "
+"Lumen through presentations, word of mouth, and referrals. Sometimes the "
+"number of general inquiries exceed Lumen’s sales"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4424
+msgid "capacity."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4435
+msgid ""
+"To manage demand and ensure the success of projects, their strategy is to be "
+"proactive and focus on what’s going on in higher education in different "
+"regions of the United States, watching out for things happening at the "
+"system level in a way that fits with what Lumen offers. A great example is "
+"the Virginia community college system, which is building out "
+"Z-Degrees. David and Kim say there are nine other U.S. states with similar "
+"system-level activity where Lumen is strategically focusing its "
+"efforts. Where there are projects that would require a lot of resources on "
+"Lumen’s part, they prioritize the ones that would impact the largest number "
+"of students."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4443
+msgid ""
+"As a business, Lumen is committed to openness. There are two core "
+"nonnegotiables: Lumen’s use of CC BY, the most permissive of the Creative "
+"Commons licenses, for all the materials it creates; and day-one access for "
+"students. Having clear nonnegotiables allows them to then engage with the "
+"education community to solve for other challenges and work with institutions "
+"to identify new business models that achieve institution goals, while "
+"keeping Lumen healthy."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4451
+msgid ""
+"Openness also means that Lumen’s OER must necessarily be nonexclusive and "
+"nonrivalrous. This represents several big challenges for the business model: "
+"Why should you invest in creating something that people will be reluctant to "
+"pay for? How do you ensure that the investment the diverse education "
+"community makes in OER is not exploited? Lumen thinks we all need to be "
+"clear about how we are benefiting from and contributing to the open"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4453
+msgid "community."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4460
+msgid ""
+"In the OER sector, there are examples of corporations, and even "
+"institutions, acting as free riders. Some simply take and use open resources "
+"without paying anything or contributing anything back. Others give back the "
+"minimum amount so they can save face. Sustainability will require those "
+"using open resources to give back an amount that seems fair or even give "
+"back something that is generous."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4469
+msgid ""
+"Lumen does track institutions accessing and using their free content. They "
+"proactively contact those institutions, with an estimate of how much their "
+"students are saving and encouraging them to switch to a paid model. Lumen "
+"explains the advantages of the paid model: a more interactive relationship "
+"with Lumen; integration with the institution’s learning-management system; a "
+"guarantee of support for faculty and students; and future sustainability "
+"with funding supporting the evolution and improvement of the OER they are "
+"using."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4476
+msgid ""
+"Lumen works hard to be a good corporate citizen in the OER community. For "
+"David and Kim, a good corporate citizen gives more than they take, adds "
+"unique value, and is very transparent about what they are taking from "
+"community, what they are giving back, and what they are monetizing. Lumen "
+"believes these are the building blocks of a sustainable model and strives "
+"for a correct balance of all these factors."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4481
+msgid ""
+"Licensing all the content they produce with CC BY is a key part of giving "
+"more value than they take. They’ve also worked hard at finding the right "
+"structure for their value-add and how to package it in a way that is "
+"understandable and repeatable."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4491
+msgid ""
+"As of the fall 2016 term, Lumen had eighty-six different open courses, "
+"working relationships with ninety-two institutions, and more than "
+"seventy-five thousand student enrollments. Lumen received early start-up "
+"funding from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, the Hewlett Foundation, "
+"and the Shuttleworth Foundation. Since then, Lumen has also attracted "
+"investment funding. Over the last three years, Lumen has been roughly 60 "
+"percent grant funded, 20 percent revenue earned, and 20 percent funded with "
+"angel capital. Going forward, their strategy is to replace grant funding "
+"with revenue."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4499
+msgid ""
+"In creating Lumen Learning, David and Kim say they’ve landed on solutions "
+"they never imagined, and there is still a lot of learning taking place. For "
+"them, open business models are an emerging field where we are all learning "
+"through sharing. Their biggest recommendations for others wanting to pursue "
+"the open model are to make your commitment to open resources public, let "
+"people know where you stand, and don’t back away from it. It really is about "
+"trust."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '1. '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4503
+msgid "lumenlearning.com/innovative-projects/"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4505
+msgid "<span id=\"anchor-79\"></span>Jonathan Mann"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4508
+msgid ""
+"Jonathan Mann is a singer and songwriter who is most well known as the “Song "
+"A Day” guy. Based in the U.S."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4510
+msgid "jonathanmann.net and"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4512
+msgid "jonathanmann.bandcamp.com"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4516
+msgid ""
+"Revenue model: charging for custom services, pay-what-you-want, crowdfunding "
+"(subscription-based), charging for in-person version (speaking engagements "
+"and musical performances)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4518
+msgid "Interview date: February 22, 2016"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4530
+msgid ""
+"Jonathan Mann thinks of his business model as “hustling”—seizing nearly "
+"every opportunity he sees to make money. The bulk of his income comes from "
+"writing songs under commission for people and companies, but he has a wide "
+"variety of income sources. He has supporters on the crowdfunding site "
+"Patreon. He gets advertising revenue from YouTube and Bandcamp, where he "
+"posts all of his music. He gives paid speaking engagements about creativity "
+"and motivation. He has been hired by major conferences to write songs "
+"summarizing what speakers have said in the conference sessions."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4539
+msgid ""
+"His entrepreneurial spirit is coupled with a willingness to take action "
+"quickly. A perfect illustration of his ability to act fast happened in 2010, "
+"when he read that Apple was having a conference the following day to address "
+"a snafu related to the iPhone 4. He decided to write and post a song about "
+"the iPhone 4 that day, and the next day he got a call from the public "
+"relations people at Apple wanting to use and promote his video at the Apple "
+"conference. The song then went viral, and the experience landed him in Time "
+"magazine."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4544
+msgid ""
+"Jonathan’s successful “hustling” is also about old-fashioned persistence. He "
+"is currently in his eighth straight year of writing one song each day. He "
+"holds the Guinness World Record for consecutive daily songwriting, and he is "
+"widely known as the “song-a-day guy.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4552
+msgid ""
+"He fell into this role by, naturally, seizing a random opportunity a friend "
+"alerted him to seven years ago—an event called Fun-A-Day, where people are "
+"supposed to create a piece of art every day for thirty-one days straight. He "
+"was in need of a new project, so he decided to give it a try by writing and "
+"posting a song each day. He added a video component to the songs because he "
+"knew people were more likely to watch video online than simply listening to "
+"audio files."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4566
+msgid ""
+"He had a really good time doing the thirty-one-day challenge, so he decided "
+"to see if he could continue it for one year. He never stopped. He has "
+"written and posted a new song literally every day, seven days a week, since "
+"he began the project in 2009. When he isn’t writing songs that he is hired "
+"to write by clients, he writes songs about whatever is on his mind that "
+"day. His songs are catchy and mostly lighthearted, but they often contain at "
+"least an undercurrent of a deeper theme or meaning. Occasionally, they are "
+"extremely personal, like the song he cowrote with his exgirlfriend "
+"announcing their breakup. Rain or shine, in sickness or health, Jonathan "
+"posts and writes a song every day. If he is on a flight or otherwise "
+"incapable of getting Internet access in time to meet the deadline, he will "
+"prepare ahead and have someone else post the song for him."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4573
+msgid ""
+"Over time, the song-a-day gig became the basis of his livelihood. In the "
+"beginning, he made money one of two ways. The first was by entering a wide "
+"variety of contests and winning a handful. The second was by having the "
+"occasional song and video go some varying degree of viral, which would bring "
+"more eyeballs and mean that there were more people wanting him to write "
+"songs for them. Today he earns most of his money this way."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4580
+msgid ""
+"His website explains his gig as “taking any message, from the super simple "
+"to the totally complicated, and conveying that message through a heartfelt, "
+"fun and quirky song.” He charges \\$500 to create a produced song and \\$300 "
+"for an acoustic song. He has been hired for product launches, weddings, "
+"conferences, and even Kickstarter campaigns like the one that funded the "
+"production of this book."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4587
+msgid ""
+"Jonathan can’t recall when exactly he first learned about Creative Commons, "
+"but he began applying CC licenses to his songs and videos as soon as he "
+"discovered the option. “CC seems like such a no-brainer,” Jonathan said. “I "
+"don’t understand how anything else would make sense. It seems like such an "
+"obvious thing that you would want your work to be able to be shared.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4595
+msgid ""
+"His songs are essentially marketing for his services, so obviously the "
+"further his songs spread, the better. Using CC licenses helps grease the "
+"wheels, letting people know that Jonathan allows and encourages them to "
+"copy, interact with, and remix his music. “If you let someone cover your "
+"song or remix it or use parts of it, that’s how music is supposed to work,” "
+"Jonathan said. “That is how music has worked since the beginning of "
+"time. Our me-me, mine-mine culture has undermined that.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4601
+msgid ""
+"There are some people who cover his songs fairly regularly, and he would "
+"never shut that down. But he acknowledges there is a lot more he could do to "
+"build community. “There is all of this conventional wisdom about how to "
+"build an audience online, and I generally think I don’t do any of that,” "
+"Jonathan said."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4609
+msgid ""
+"He does have a fan community he cultivates on Bandcamp, but it isn’t his "
+"major focus. “I do have a core audience that has stuck around for a really "
+"long time, some even longer than I’ve been doing song-a-day,” he "
+"said. “There is also a transitional aspect that drop in and get what they "
+"need and then move on.” Focusing less on community building than other "
+"artists makes sense given Jonathan’s primary income source of writing custom "
+"songs for clients."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4619
+msgid ""
+"Jonathan recognizes what comes naturally to him and leverages those "
+"skills. Through the practice of daily songwriting, he realized he has a gift "
+"for distilling complicated subjects into simple concepts and putting them to "
+"music. In his song “How to Choose a Master Password,” Jonathan explained the "
+"process of creating a secure password in a silly, simple song. He was hired "
+"to write the song by a client who handed him a long technical blog post from "
+"which to draw the information. Like a good (and rare) journalist, he "
+"translated the technical concepts into something understandable."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4630
+msgid ""
+"When he is hired by a client to write a song, he first asks them to send a "
+"list of talking points and other information they want to include in the "
+"song. He puts all of that into a text file and starts moving things around, "
+"cutting and pasting until the message starts to come together. The first "
+"thing he tries to do is grok the core message and develop the chorus. Then "
+"he looks for connections or parts he can make rhyme. The entire process "
+"really does resemble good journalism, but of course the final product of his "
+"work is a song rather than news. “There is something about being challenged "
+"and forced to take information that doesn’t seem like it should be sung "
+"about"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4634
+msgid ""
+"or doesn’t seem like it lends itself to a song,” he said. “I find that "
+"creative challenge really satisfying. I enjoy getting lost in that process.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4639
+msgid ""
+"Jonathan admits that in an ideal world, he would exclusively write the music "
+"he wanted to write, rather than what clients hire him to write. But his "
+"business model is about capitalizing on his strengths as a songwriter, and "
+"he has found a way to keep it interesting for"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4641
+msgid "himself."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4651
+msgid ""
+"Jonathan uses nearly every tool possible to make money from his art, but he "
+"does have lines he won’t cross. He won’t write songs about things he "
+"fundamentally does not believe in, and there are times he has turned down "
+"jobs on principle. He also won’t stray too much from his natural style. “My "
+"style is silly, so I can’t really accommodate people who want something "
+"super serious,” Jonathan said. “I do what I do very easily, and it’s part of "
+"who I am.” Jonathan hasn’t gotten into writing commercials for the same "
+"reasons; he is best at using his own unique style rather than mimicking "
+"others."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4658
+msgid ""
+"Jonathan’s song-a-day commitment exemplifies the power of habit and "
+"grit. Conventional wisdom about creative productivity, including advice in "
+"books like the best-seller The Creative Habit by Twyla Tharp, routinely "
+"emphasizes the importance of ritual and action. No amount of planning can "
+"replace the value of simple practice and just doing. Jonathan Mann’s work "
+"is a living embodiment of these principles."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4664
+msgid ""
+"When he speaks about his work, he talks about how much the song-a-day "
+"process has changed him. Rather than seeing any given piece of work as "
+"precious and getting stuck on trying to make it perfect, he has become "
+"comfortable with just doing. If today’s song is a bust, tomorrow’s song "
+"might be better."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4671
+msgid ""
+"Jonathan seems to have this mentality about his career more generally. He "
+"is constantly experimenting with ways to make a living while sharing his "
+"work as widely as possible, seeing what sticks. While he has major "
+"accomplishments he is proud of, like being in the Guinness World Records or "
+"having his song used by Steve Jobs, he says he never truly feels successful."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4675
+msgid ""
+"“Success feels like it’s over,” he said. “To a certain extent, a creative "
+"person is not ever going to feel completely satisfied because then so much "
+"of what drives you would be gone.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4677
+msgid "<span id=\"anchor-80\"></span>Noun Project"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4681
+msgid ""
+"The Noun Project is a for-profit company offering an online platform to "
+"display visual icons from a global network of designers. Founded in 2010 in "
+"the U.S."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4683
+msgid "thenounproject.com"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4685
+msgid "Revenue model: charging a transaction fee, charging for custom services"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4687
+msgid "Interview date: October 6, 2015"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4689
+msgid "Interviewee: Edward Boatman, cofounder"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4695
+msgid ""
+"The Noun Project creates and shares visual language. There are millions who "
+"use Noun Project symbols to simplify communication across borders, "
+"languages, and cultures."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4702
+msgid ""
+"The original idea for the Noun Project came to cofounder Edward Boatman "
+"while he was a student in architecture design school. He’d always done a lot "
+"of sketches and started to draw what used to fascinate him as a child, like "
+"trains, sequoias, and bulldozers. He began thinking how great it would be if "
+"he had a simple image or small icon of every single object or concept on the "
+"planet."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4708
+msgid ""
+"When Edward went on to work at an architecture firm, he had to make a lot of "
+"presentation boards for clients. But finding high-quality sources for "
+"symbols and icons was difficult. He couldn’t find any website that could "
+"provide them. Perhaps his idea for creating a library of icons could "
+"actually help people in similar situations."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4715
+msgid ""
+"With his partner, Sofya Polyakov, he began collecting symbols for a website "
+"and writing a business plan. Inspiration came from the book Professor and "
+"the Madman, which chronicles the use of crowdsourcing to create the Oxford "
+"English Dictionary in 1870. Edward began to imagine crowdsourcing icons and "
+"symbols from volunteer designers around the world."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4723
+msgid ""
+"Then Edward got laid off during the recession, which turned out to be a huge "
+"catalyst. He decided to give his idea a go, and in 2010 Edward and Sofya "
+"launched the Noun Project with a Kickstarter campaign, back when Kickstarter "
+"was in its infancy.1 They thought it’d be a good way to introduce the global "
+"web community to their idea. Their goal was to raise \\$1,500, but in twenty "
+"days they got over \\$14,000. They realized their idea had the potential to "
+"be something much bigger."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4729
+msgid ""
+"They created a platform where symbols and icons could be uploaded, and "
+"Edward began recruiting talented designers to contribute their designs, a "
+"process he describes as a relatively easy sell. Lots of designers have old "
+"drawings just gathering “digital dust” on their hard drives. It’s easy to "
+"convince them to finally share them with the world."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4737
+msgid ""
+"The Noun Project currently has about seven thousand designers from around "
+"the world. But not all submissions are accepted. The Noun Project’s "
+"quality-review process means that only the best works become part of its "
+"collection. They make sure to provide encouraging, constructive feedback "
+"whenever they reject a piece of work, which maintains and builds the "
+"relationship they have with their global community of designers."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4742
+msgid ""
+"Creative Commons is an integral part of the Noun Project’s business model; "
+"this decision was inspired by Chris Anderson’s book Free: The Future of "
+"Radical Price, which introduced Edward to the idea that you could build a "
+"business model around free content."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4754
+msgid ""
+"Edward knew he wanted to offer a free visual language while still providing "
+"some protection and reward for its contributors. There is a tension between "
+"those two goals, but for Edward, Creative Commons licenses bring this "
+"idealism and business opportunity together elegantly. He chose the "
+"Attribution (CC BY) license, which means people can download the icons for "
+"free and modify them and even use them commercially. The requirement to give "
+"attribution to the original creator ensures that the creator can build a "
+"reputation and get global recognition for their work. And if they simply "
+"want to offer an icon that people can use without having to give credit, "
+"they can use CC0 to put the work into the public domain."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4763
+msgid ""
+"Noun Project’s business model and means of generating revenue have evolved "
+"significantly over time. Their initial plan was to sell T-shirts with the "
+"icons on it, which in retrospect Edward says was a horrible idea. They did "
+"get a lot of email from people saying they loved the icons but asking if "
+"they could pay a fee instead of giving attribution. Ad agencies (among "
+"others) wanted to keep marketing and presentation materials clean and free "
+"of attribution statements. For Edward, “That’s when our lightbulb went off.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4769
+msgid ""
+"They asked their global network of designers whether they’d be open to "
+"receiving modest remuneration instead of attribution. Designers saw it as a "
+"win-win. The idea that you could offer your designs for free and have a "
+"global audience and maybe even make some money was pretty exciting for most "
+"designers."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4781
+msgid ""
+"The Noun Project first adopted a model whereby using an icon without giving "
+"attribution would cost \\$1.99 per icon. The model’s second iteration added "
+"a subscription component, where there would be a monthly fee to access a "
+"certain number of icons—ten, fifty, a hundred, or five hundred. However, "
+"users didn’t like these hard-count options. They preferred to try out many "
+"similar icons to see which worked best before eventually choosing the one "
+"they wanted to use. So the Noun Project moved to an unlimited model, whereby "
+"users have unlimited access to the whole library for a flat monthly "
+"fee. This service is called NounPro and costs \\$9.99 per month. Edward says "
+"this model is working well—good for customers, good for creators, and good "
+"for the platform."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4792
+msgid ""
+"Customers then began asking for an application-programming interface (API), "
+"which would allow Noun Project icons and symbols to be directly accessed "
+"from within other applications. Edward knew that the icons and symbols would "
+"be valuable in a lot of different contexts and that they couldn’t possibly "
+"know all of them in advance, so they built an API with a lot of "
+"flexibility. Knowing that most API applications would want to use the icons "
+"without giving attribution, the API was built with the aim of charging for "
+"its use. You can use what’s called the “Playground API” for free to test how "
+"it integrates with your application, but full implementation will require "
+"you to purchase the API Pro version."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4796
+msgid ""
+"The Noun Project shares revenue with its international designers. For "
+"one-off purchases, the revenue is split 70 percent to the designer and 30 "
+"percent to Noun Project."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4805
+msgid ""
+"The revenue from premium purchases (the subscription and API options) is "
+"split a little differently. At the end of each month, the total revenue from "
+"subscriptions is divided by Noun Project’s total number of downloads, "
+"resulting in a rate per download—for example, it could be \\$0.13 per "
+"download for that month. For each download, the revenue is split 40 percent "
+"to the designer and 60 percent to the Noun Project. (For API usage, it’s "
+"per use instead of per download.) Noun Project’s share is higher this time "
+"as it’s providing more service to the user."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4809
+msgid ""
+"The Noun Project tries to be completely transparent about their royalty "
+"structure.2 They tend to over communicate with creators about it because "
+"building trust is the top"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4811
+msgid "priority."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4817
+msgid ""
+"For most creators, contributing to the Noun Project is not a full-time job "
+"but something they do on the side. Edward categorizes monthly earnings for "
+"creators into three broad categories: enough money to buy beer; enough to "
+"pay the bills; and most successful of all, enough to pay the rent."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4829
+msgid ""
+"Recently the Noun Project launched a new app called Lingo. Designers can use "
+"Lingo to organize not just their Noun Project icons and symbols but also "
+"their photos, illustrations, UX designs, et cetera. You simply drag any "
+"visual item directly into Lingo to save it. Lingo also works for teams so "
+"people can share visuals with each other and search across their combined "
+"collections. Lingo is free for personal use. A pro version for \\$9.99 per "
+"month lets you add guests. A team version for \\$49.95 per month allows up "
+"to twenty-five team members to collaborate, and to view, use, edit, and add "
+"new assets to each other’s collections. And if you subscribe to NounPro, "
+"you can access Noun Project from within Lingo."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4835
+msgid ""
+"The Noun Project gives a ton of value away for free. A very large percentage "
+"of their roughly one million members have a free account, but there are "
+"still lots of paid accounts coming from digital designers, advertising and "
+"design agencies, educators, and others who need to communicate ideas "
+"visually."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4840
+msgid ""
+"For Edward, “creating, sharing, and celebrating the world’s visual language” "
+"is the most important aspect of what they do; it’s their stated mission. It "
+"differentiates them from others who offer graphics, icons, or clip art."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4847
+msgid ""
+"Noun Project creators agree. When surveyed on why they participate in the "
+"Noun Project, this is how designers rank their reasons: 1) to support the "
+"Noun Project mission, 2) to promote their own personal brand, and 3) to "
+"generate money. It’s striking to see that money comes third, and mission, "
+"first. If you want to engage a global network of contributors, it’s "
+"important to have a mission beyond making money."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4852
+msgid ""
+"In Edward’s view, Creative Commons is central to their mission of sharing "
+"and social good. Using Creative Commons makes the Noun Project’s mission "
+"genuine and has generated a lot of their initial traction and "
+"credibility. CC comes with a built-in community of users and fans."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4860
+msgid ""
+"Edward told us, “Don’t underestimate the power of a passionate community "
+"around your product or your business. They are going to go to bat for you "
+"when you’re getting ripped in the media. If you go down the road of choosing "
+"to work with Creative Commons, you’re taking the first step to building a "
+"great community and tapping into a really awesome community that comes with "
+"it. But you need to continue to foster that community through other "
+"initiatives and continue to nurture it.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4865
+msgid ""
+"The Noun Project nurtures their creators’ second motivation—promoting a "
+"personal brand—by connecting every icon and symbol to the creator’s name and "
+"profile page; each profile features their full collection. Users can also "
+"search the icons by the creator’s name."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4873
+msgid ""
+"The Noun Project also builds community through Iconathons—hackathons for "
+"icons.2 In partnership with a sponsoring organization, the Noun Project "
+"comes up with a theme (e.g., sustainable energy, food bank, guerrilla "
+"gardening, human rights) and a list of icons that are needed, which "
+"designers are invited to create at the event. The results are vectorized, "
+"and added to the Noun Project using CC0 so they can be used by anyone for "
+"free."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4881
+msgid ""
+"Providing a free version of their product that satisfies a lot of their "
+"customers’ needs has actually enabled the Noun Project to build the paid "
+"version, using a service-oriented model. The Noun Project’s success lies in "
+"creating services and content that are a strategic mix of free and paid "
+"while staying true to their mission—creating, sharing, and celebrating the "
+"world’s visual language. Integrating Creative Commons into their model has "
+"been key to that goal."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '1. '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4887
+msgid "www.kickstarter.com/projects/tnp/building-a-free-collection-of-our-worlds-visual-sy/description"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '2. '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4887
+msgid "thenounproject.com/handbook/royalties/\\#getting\\_paid"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '3. '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4887
+msgid "thenounproject.com/iconathon/"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4889
+msgid "<span id=\"anchor-81\"></span>Open Data Institute"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4893
+msgid ""
+"The Open Data Institute is an independent nonprofit that connects, equips, "
+"and inspires people around the world to innovate with data. Founded in 2012 "
+"in the UK."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4895
+msgid "theodi.org"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4898
+msgid ""
+"Revenue model: grant and government funding, charging for custom services, "
+"donations"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4900
+msgid "Interview date: November 11, 2015"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4902
+msgid "Interviewee: Jeni Tennison, technical director"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4912
+msgid ""
+"Cofounded by Sir Tim Berners-Lee and Sir Nigel Shadbolt in 2012, the "
+"London-based Open Data Institute (ODI) offers data-related training, events, "
+"consulting services, and research. For ODI, Creative Commons licenses are "
+"central to making their own business model and their customers’ open. CC BY "
+"(Attribution), CC BY-SA (Attribution-ShareAlike), and CC0 (placed in the "
+"public domain) all play a critical role in ODI’s mission to help people "
+"around the world innovate with data."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4922
+msgid ""
+"Data underpins planning and decision making across all aspects of "
+"society. Weather data helps farmers know when to plant their crops, flight "
+"time data from airplane companies helps us plan our travel, data on local "
+"housing informs city planning. When this data is not only accurate and "
+"timely, but open and accessible, it opens up new possibilities. Open data "
+"can be a resource businesses use to build new products and services. It can "
+"help governments measure progress, improve efficiency, and target "
+"investments. It can help citizens improve their lives by better "
+"understanding what is happening around them."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4928
+msgid ""
+"The Open Data Institute’s 2012–17 business plan starts out by describing its "
+"vision to establish itself as a world-leading center and to research and be "
+"innovative with the opportunities created by the UK government’s open data "
+"policy. (The government was an early pioneer in open policy and open-data "
+"initiatives.) It goes on to say that the ODI wants to—"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '- '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4935
+msgid ""
+"demonstrate the commercial value of open government data and how open-data "
+"policies affect this;"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '- '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4935
+msgid "develop the economic benefits case and business models for open data;"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '- '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4935
+msgid "help UK businesses use open data; and"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '- '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4935
+msgid "show how open data can improve public services.1"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4943
+msgid ""
+"ODI is very explicit about how it wants to make open business models, and "
+"defining what this means. Jeni Tennison, ODI’s technical director, puts it "
+"this way: “There is a whole ecosystem of open—open-source software, open "
+"government, open-access research—and a whole ecosystem of data. ODI’s work "
+"cuts across both, with an emphasis on where they overlap—with open data.” "
+"ODI’s particular focus is to show open data’s potential for revenue."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4949
+msgid ""
+"As an independent nonprofit, ODI secured £10 million over five years from "
+"the UK government via Innovate UK, an agency that promotes innovation in "
+"science and technology. For this funding, ODI has to secure matching funds "
+"from other sources, some of which were met through a \\$4.75-million "
+"investment from the Omidyar Network."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4955
+msgid ""
+"Jeni started out as a developer and technical architect for data.gov.uk, the "
+"UK government’s pioneering open-data initiative. She helped make data sets "
+"from government departments available as open data. She joined ODI in 2012 "
+"when it was just starting up, as one of six people. It now has a staff of "
+"about sixty."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4962
+msgid ""
+"ODI strives to have half its annual budget come from the core UK government "
+"and Omidyar grants, and the other half from project-based research and "
+"commercial work. In Jeni’s view, having this balance of revenue sources "
+"establishes some stability, but also keeps them motivated to go out and "
+"generate these matching funds in response to market needs."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4965
+msgid ""
+"On the commercial side, ODI generates funding through memberships, training, "
+"and advisory services."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4976
+msgid ""
+"You can join the ODI as an individual or commercial member. Individual "
+"membership is pay-what-you-can, with options ranging from £1 to £100. "
+"Members receive a newsletter and related communications and a discount on "
+"ODI training courses and the annual summit, and they can display an "
+"ODI-supporter badge on their website. Commercial membership is divided into "
+"two tiers: small to medium size enterprises and nonprofits at £720 a year, "
+"and corporations and government organizations at £2,200 a year. Commercial "
+"members have greater opportunities to connect and collaborate, explore the "
+"benefits of open data, and unlock new business opportunities. (All members "
+"are listed on their website.)2"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4988
+msgid ""
+"ODI provides standardized open data training courses in which anyone can "
+"enroll. The initial idea was to offer an intensive and academically oriented "
+"diploma in open data, but it quickly became clear there was no market for "
+"that. Instead, they offered a five-day-long public training course, which "
+"has subsequently been reduced to three days; now the most popular course is "
+"one day long. The fee, in addition to the time commitment, can be a barrier "
+"for participation. Jeni says, “Most of the people who would be able to pay "
+"don’t know they need it. Most who know they need it can’t pay.” "
+"Public-sector organizations sometimes give vouchers to their employees so "
+"they can attend as a form of professional development."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4996
+msgid ""
+"ODI customizes training for clients as well, for which there is more "
+"demand. Custom training usually emerges through an established relationship "
+"with an organization. The training program is based on a definition of "
+"open-data knowledge as applicable to the organization and on the skills "
+"needed by their high-level executives, management, and technical staff. The "
+"training tends to generate high interest and commitment."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5003
+msgid ""
+"Education about open data is also a part of ODI’s annual summit event, where "
+"curated presentations and speakers showcase the work of ODI and its members "
+"across the entire ecosystem. Tickets to the summit are available to the "
+"public, and hundreds of people and organizations attend and participate. In "
+"2014, there were four thematic tracks and over 750 attendees."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5010
+msgid ""
+"In addition to memberships and training, ODI provides advisory services to "
+"help with technical-data support, technology development, change management, "
+"policies, and other areas. ODI has advised large commercial organizations, "
+"small businesses, and international governments; the focus at the moment is "
+"on government, but ODI is working to shift more toward commercial "
+"organizations."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5013
+msgid "On the commercial side, the following value propositions seem to resonate:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '- '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5028
+msgid ""
+"Data-driven insights. Businesses need data from outside their business to "
+"get more insight. Businesses can generate value and more effectively pursue "
+"their own goals if they open up their own data too. Big data is a hot topic."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '- '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5028
+msgid ""
+"Open innovation. Many large-scale enterprises are aware they don’t innovate "
+"very well. One way they can innovate is to open up their data. ODI "
+"encourages them to do so even if it exposes problems and challenges. The key "
+"is to invite other people to help while still maintaining organizational "
+"autonomy."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '- '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5028
+msgid ""
+"Corporate social responsibility. While this resonates with businesses, ODI "
+"cautions against having it be the sole reason for making data open. If a "
+"business is just thinking about open data as a way to be transparent and "
+"accountable, they can miss out on efficiencies and opportunities."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5036
+msgid ""
+"During their early years, ODI wanted to focus solely on the United "
+"Kingdom. But in their first year, large delegations of government visitors "
+"from over fifty countries wanted to learn more about the UK government’s "
+"open-data practices and how ODI saw that translating into economic "
+"value. They were contracted as a service provider to international "
+"governments, which prompted a need to set up international ODI “nodes.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5046
+msgid ""
+"Nodes are franchises of the ODI at a regional or city level. Hosted by "
+"existing (for-profit or not-for-profit) organizations, they operate locally "
+"but are part of the global network. Each ODI node adopts the charter, a set "
+"of guiding principles and rules under which ODI operates. They develop and "
+"deliver training, connect people and businesses through membership and "
+"events, and communicate open-data stories from their part of the "
+"world. There are twenty-seven different nodes across nineteen countries. ODI "
+"nodes are charged a small fee to be part of the network and to use the "
+"brand."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5050
+msgid ""
+"ODI also runs programs to help start-ups in the UK and across Europe develop "
+"a sustainable business around open data, offering mentoring, advice, "
+"training, and even office space.3"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5058
+msgid ""
+"A big part of ODI’s business model revolves around community building. "
+"Memberships, training, summits, consulting services, nodes, and start-up "
+"programs create an ever-growing network of open-data users and leaders. (In "
+"fact, ODI even operates something called an Open Data Leaders Network.) For "
+"ODI, community is key to success. They devote significant time and effort to "
+"build it, not just online but through face-to-face events."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5064
+msgid ""
+"ODI has created an online tool that organizations can use to assess the "
+"legal, practical, technical, and social aspects of their open data. If it is "
+"of high quality, the organization can earn ODI’s Open Data Certificate, a "
+"globally recognized mark that signals that their open data is useful, "
+"reliable, accessible, discoverable, and supported.4"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5069
+msgid ""
+"Separate from commercial activities, the ODI generates funding through "
+"research grants. Research includes looking at evidence on the impact of open "
+"data, development of open-data tools and standards, and how to deploy open "
+"data at scale."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5074
+msgid ""
+"Creative Commons 4.0 licenses cover database rights and ODI recommends CC "
+"BY, CC BY-SA, and CC0 for data releases. ODI encourages publishers of data "
+"to use Creative Commons licenses rather than creating new “open licenses” of "
+"their own."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5090
+msgid ""
+"For ODI, open is at the heart of what they do. They also release any "
+"software code they produce under open-source-software licenses, and "
+"publications and reports under CC BY or CC BY-SA licenses. ODI’s mission is "
+"to connect and equip people around the world so they can innovate with "
+"data. Disseminating stories, research, guidance, and code under an open "
+"license is essential for achieving that mission. It also demonstrates that "
+"it is perfectly possible to generate sustainable revenue streams that do not "
+"rely on restrictive licensing of content, data, or code. People pay to have "
+"ODI experts provide training to them, not for the content of the training; "
+"people pay for the advice ODI gives them, not for the methodologies they "
+"use. Producing open content, data, and source code helps establish "
+"credibility and creates leads for the paid services that they "
+"offer. According to Jeni, “The biggest lesson we have learned is that it is "
+"completely possible to be open, get customers, and make money.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5094
+msgid ""
+"To serve as evidence of a successful open business model and return on "
+"investment, ODI has a public dashboard of key performance indicators. Here "
+"are a few metrics as of April 27, 2016:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '- '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5106
+msgid ""
+"Total amount of cash investments unlocked in direct investments in ODI, "
+"competition funding, direct contracts, and partnerships, and income that ODI "
+"nodes and ODI start-ups have generated since joining the ODI program: £44.5 "
+"million"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '- '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5106
+msgid "Total number of active members and nodes across the globe: 1,350"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '- '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5106
+msgid "Total sales since ODI began: £7.44 million"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '- '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5106
+msgid ""
+"Total number of unique people reached since ODI began, in person and online: "
+"2.2 million"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '- '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5106
+msgid "Total Open Data Certificates created: 151,000"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '- '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5106
+msgid "Total number of people trained by ODI and its nodes since ODI began: 5,0805"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '1. '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5115
+msgid "e642e8368e3bf8d5526e-464b4b70b4554c1a79566214d402739e.r6.cf3.rackcdn.com/odi-business-plan-may-release.pdf"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '2. '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5115
+msgid "directory.theodi.org/members"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '3. '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5115
+msgid "theodi.org/odi-startup-programme; theodi.org/open-data-incubator-for-europe"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '4. '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5115
+msgid "certificates.theodi.org"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '5. '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5115
+msgid "dashboards.theodi.org/company/all"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5117
+msgid "<span id=\"anchor-82\"></span>OpenDesk"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5121
+msgid ""
+"Opendesk is a for-profit company offering an online platform that connects "
+"furniture designers around the world with customers and local makers who "
+"bring the designs to life. Founded in 2014 in the UK."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5123
+msgid "www.opendesk.cc"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5125 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7080
+msgid "Revenue model: charging a transaction fee"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5127
+msgid "Interview date: November 4, 2015"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5129
+msgid "Interviewees: Nick Ierodiaconou and Joni Steiner, cofounders"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5136
+msgid ""
+"Opendesk is an online platform that connects furniture designers around the "
+"world not just with customers but also with local registered makers who "
+"bring the designs to life. Opendesk and the designer receive a portion of "
+"every sale that is made by a maker."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5151
+msgid ""
+"Cofounders Nick Ierodiaconou and Joni Steiner studied and worked as "
+"architects together. They also made goods. Their first client was Mint "
+"Digital, who had an interest in open licensing. Nick and Joni were exploring "
+"digital fabrication, and Mint’s interest in open licensing got them to "
+"thinking how the open-source world may interact and apply to physical "
+"goods. They sought to design something for their client that was also "
+"reproducible. As they put it, they decided to “ship the recipe, but not the "
+"goods.” They created the design using software, put it under an open "
+"license, and had it manufactured locally near the client. This was the start "
+"of the idea for Opendesk. The idea for Wikihouse—another open project "
+"dedicated to accessible housing for all—started as discussions around the "
+"same table. The two projects ultimately went on separate paths, with "
+"Wikihouse becoming a nonprofit foundation and Opendesk a for-profit company."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5157
+msgid ""
+"When Nick and Joni set out to create Opendesk, there were a lot of questions "
+"about the viability of distributed manufacturing. No one was doing it in a "
+"way that was even close to realistic or competitive. The design community "
+"had the intent, but fulfilling this vision was still a long way away."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5167
+msgid ""
+"And now this sector is emerging, and Nick and Joni are highly interested in "
+"the commercialization aspects of it. As part of coming up with a business "
+"model, they began investigating intellectual property and licensing "
+"options. It was a thorny space, especially for designs. Just what aspect of "
+"a design is copyrightable? What is patentable? How can allowing for digital "
+"sharing and distribution be balanced against the designer’s desire to still "
+"hold ownership? In the end, they decided there was no need to reinvent the "
+"wheel and settled on using Creative Commons."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5173
+msgid ""
+"When designing the Opendesk system, they had two goals. They wanted anyone, "
+"anywhere in the world, to be able to download designs so that they could be "
+"made locally, and they wanted a viable model that benefited designers when "
+"their designs were sold. Coming up with a business model was going to be "
+"complex."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5177
+msgid ""
+"They gave a lot of thought to three angles—the potential for social sharing, "
+"allowing designers to choose their license, and the impact these choices "
+"would have on the business model."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5183
+msgid ""
+"In support of social sharing, Opendesk actively advocates for (but doesn’t "
+"demand) open licensing. And Nick and Joni are agnostic about which Creative "
+"Commons license is used; it’s up to the designer. They can be proprietary or "
+"choose from the full suite of Creative Commons licenses, deciding for "
+"themselves how open or closed they want to be."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5188
+msgid ""
+"For the most part, designers love the idea of sharing content. They "
+"understand that you get positive feedback when you’re attributed, what Nick "
+"and Joni called “reputational glow.” And Opendesk does an awesome job "
+"profiling the designers.1"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5193
+msgid ""
+"While designers are largely OK with personal sharing, there is a concern "
+"that someone will take the design and manufacture the furniture in bulk, "
+"with the designer not getting any benefits. So most Opendesk designers "
+"choose the Attribution-NonCommercial license (CC BY-NC)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5202
+msgid ""
+"Anyone can download a design and make it themselves, provided it’s for "
+"noncommercial use — and there have been many, many downloads. Or users can "
+"buy the product from Opendesk, or from a registered maker in Opendesk’s "
+"network, for on-demand personal fabrication. The network of Opendesk makers "
+"currently is made up of those who do digital fabrication using a "
+"computer-controlled CNC (Computer Numeric Control) machining device that "
+"cuts shapes out of wooden sheets according to the specifications in the "
+"design file."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5210
+msgid ""
+"Makers benefit from being part of Opendesk’s network. Making furniture for "
+"local customers is paid work, and Opendesk generates business for them. Joni "
+"said, “Finding a whole network and community of makers was pretty easy "
+"because we built a site where people could write in about their "
+"capabilities. Building the community by learning from the maker community is "
+"how we have moved forward.” Opendesk now has relationships with hundreds of "
+"makers in countries all around the world.2"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5214
+msgid ""
+"The makers are a critical part of the Opendesk business model. Their model "
+"builds off the makers’ quotes. Here’s how it’s expressed on Opendesk’s "
+"website:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5217
+msgid ""
+"When customers buy an Opendesk product directly from a registered maker, "
+"they pay:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '- '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5239
+msgid ""
+"the manufacturing cost as set by the maker (this covers material and labour "
+"costs for the product to be manufactured and any extra assembly costs "
+"charged by the maker)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '- '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5239
+msgid ""
+"a design fee for the designer (a design fee that is paid to the designer "
+"every time their design is used)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '- '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5239
+msgid ""
+"a percentage fee to the Opendesk platform (this supports the infrastructure "
+"and ongoing development of the platform that helps us build out our "
+"marketplace)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '- '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5239
+msgid ""
+"a percentage fee to the channel through which the sale is made (at the "
+"moment this is Opendesk, but in the future we aim to open this up to "
+"third-party sellers who can sell Opendesk products through their own "
+"channels—this covers sales and marketing fees for the relevant channel)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '- '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5239
+msgid ""
+"a local delivery service charge (the delivery is typically charged by the "
+"maker, but in some cases may be paid to a third-party delivery partner)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '- '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5239
+msgid ""
+"charges for any additional services the customer chooses, such as on-site "
+"assembly (additional services are discretionary—in many cases makers will be "
+"happy to quote for assembly on-site and designers may offer bespoke design "
+"options)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '- '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5239
+msgid "local sales taxes (variable by customer and maker location)3"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5241
+msgid "They then go into detail how makers’ quotes are created:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5250
+msgid ""
+"When a customer wants to buy an Opendesk . . . they are provided with a "
+"transparent breakdown of fees including the manufacturing cost, design fee, "
+"Opendesk platform fee and channel fees. If a customer opts to buy by getting "
+"in touch directly with a registered local maker using a downloaded Opendesk "
+"file, the maker is responsible for ensuring the design fee, Opendesk "
+"platform fee and channel fees are included in any quote at the time of "
+"sale. Percentage fees are always based on the underlying manufacturing cost "
+"and are typically apportioned as follows:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '- '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5258
+msgid ""
+"manufacturing cost: fabrication, finishing and any other costs as set by the "
+"maker (excluding any services like delivery or on-site assembly)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '- '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5258
+msgid "design fee: 8 percent of the manufacturing cost"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '- '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5258
+msgid "platform fee: 12 percent of the manufacturing cost"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '- '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5258
+msgid "channel fee: 18 percent of the manufacturing cost"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '- '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5258
+msgid "sales tax: as applicable (depends on product and location)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5263
+msgid ""
+"Opendesk shares revenue with their community of designers. According to Nick "
+"and Joni, a typical designer fee is around 2.5 percent, so Opendesk’s 8 "
+"percent is more generous, and providing a higher value to the designer."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5270
+msgid ""
+"The Opendesk website features stories of designers and makers. Denis Fuzii "
+"published the design for the Valovi Chair from his studio in São Paulo. His "
+"designs have been downloaded over five thousand times in ninety-five "
+"countries. I.J. CNC Services is Ian Jinks, a professional maker based in the "
+"United Kingdom. Opendesk now makes up a large proportion of his business."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5278
+msgid ""
+"To manage resources and remain effective, Opendesk has so far focused on a "
+"very narrow niche—primarily office furniture of a certain simple aesthetic, "
+"which uses only one type of material and one manufacturing technique. This "
+"allows them to be more strategic and more disruptive in the market, by "
+"getting things to market quickly with competitive prices. It also reflects "
+"their vision of creating reproducible and functional pieces."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5284
+msgid ""
+"On their website, Opendesk describes what they do as “open making”: "
+"“Designers get a global distribution channel. Makers get profitable jobs and "
+"new customers. You get designer products without the designer price tag, a "
+"more social, eco-friendly alternative to mass-production and an affordable "
+"way to buy custom-made products.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5290
+msgid ""
+"Nick and Joni say that customers like the fact that the furniture has a "
+"known provenance. People really like that their furniture was designed by a "
+"certain international designer but was made by a maker in their local "
+"community; it’s a great story to tell. It certainly sets apart Opendesk "
+"furniture from the usual mass-produced items from a store."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5298
+msgid ""
+"Nick and Joni are taking a community-based approach to define and evolve "
+"Opendesk and the “open making” business model. They’re engaging thought "
+"leaders and practitioners to define this new movement. They have a separate "
+"Open Making site, which includes a manifesto, a field guide, and an "
+"invitation to get involved in the Open Making community.4 People can submit "
+"ideas and discuss the principles and business practices they’d like to see "
+"used."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5304
+msgid ""
+"Nick and Joni talked a lot with us about intellectual property (IP) and "
+"commercialization. Many of their designers fear the idea that someone could "
+"take one of their design files and make and sell infinite number of pieces "
+"of furniture with it. As a consequence, most Opendesk designers choose the "
+"Attribution-NonCommercial license (CC BY-NC)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5307
+msgid ""
+"Opendesk established a set of principles for what their community considers "
+"commercial and noncommercial use. Their website states:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5309
+msgid "It is unambiguously commercial use when anyone:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '- '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5312
+msgid "charges a fee or makes a profit when making an Opendesk"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '- '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5312
+msgid "sells (or bases a commercial service on) an Opendesk"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5316
+msgid ""
+"It follows from this that noncommercial use is when you make an Opendesk "
+"yourself, with no intention to gain commercial advantage or monetary "
+"compensation. For example, these qualify as noncommercial:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '- '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5325
+msgid ""
+"you are an individual with your own CNC machine, or access to a shared CNC "
+"machine, and will personally cut and make a few pieces of furniture yourself"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '- '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5325
+msgid ""
+"you are a student (or teacher) and you use the design files for educational "
+"purposes or training (and do not intend to sell the resulting pieces)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '- '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5325
+msgid ""
+"you work for a charity and get furniture cut by volunteers, or by employees "
+"at a fab lab or maker space"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5334
+msgid ""
+"Whether or not people technically are doing things that implicate IP, Nick "
+"and Joni have found that people tend to comply with the wishes of creators "
+"out of a sense of fairness. They have found that behavioral economics can "
+"replace some of the thorny legal issues. In their business model, Nick and "
+"Joni are trying to suspend the focus on IP and build an open business model "
+"that works for all stakeholders—designers, channels, manufacturers, and "
+"customers. For them, the value Opendesk generates hangs off “open,” not IP."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5340
+msgid ""
+"The mission of Opendesk is about relocalizing manufacturing, which changes "
+"the way we think about how goods are made. Commercialization is integral to "
+"their mission, and they’ve begun to focus on success metrics that track how "
+"many makers and designers are engaged through Opendesk in revenue-making "
+"work."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5345
+msgid ""
+"As a global platform for local making, Opendesk’s business model has been "
+"built on honesty, transparency, and inclusivity. As Nick and Joni describe "
+"it, they put ideas out there that get traction and then have faith in "
+"people."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '1. '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5352
+msgid "www.opendesk.cc/designers"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '2. '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5352
+msgid "www.opendesk.cc/open-making/makers/"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '3. '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5352
+msgid "www.opendesk.cc/open-making/join"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '4. '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5352
+msgid "openmaking.is"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5354
+msgid "<span id=\"anchor-83\"></span>OpenStax"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5358
+msgid ""
+"OpenStax is a nonprofit that provides free, openly licensed textbooks for "
+"high-enrollment introductory college courses and Advanced Placement "
+"courses. Founded in 2012 in the U.S."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5360
+msgid "www.openstaxcollege.org"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5363
+msgid ""
+"Revenue model: grant funding, charging for custom services, charging for "
+"physical copies (textbook sales)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5365
+msgid "Interview date: December 16, 2015"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5367
+msgid "Interviewee: David Harris, editor-in-chief"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5380
+msgid ""
+"OpenStax is an extension of a program called Connexions, which was started "
+"in 1999 by Dr. Richard Baraniuk, the Victor E. Cameron Professor of "
+"Electrical and Computer Engineering at Rice University in Houston, "
+"Texas. Frustrated by the limitations of traditional textbooks and courses, "
+"Dr. Baraniuk wanted to provide authors and learners a way to share and "
+"freely adapt educational materials such as courses, books, and "
+"reports. Today, Connexions (now called OpenStax CNX) is one of the world’s "
+"best libraries of customizable educational materials, all licensed with "
+"Creative Commons and available to anyone, anywhere, anytime—for free."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5389
+msgid ""
+"In 2008, while in a senior leadership role at WebAssign and looking at ways "
+"to reduce the risk that came with relying on publishers, David Harris began "
+"investigating open educational resources (OER) and discovered Connexions. A "
+"year and a half later, Connexions received a grant to help grow the use of "
+"OER so that it could meet the needs of students who couldn’t afford "
+"textbooks. David came on board to spearhead this effort. Connexions became "
+"OpenStax CNX; the program to create open textbooks became OpenStax College, "
+"now simply called OpenStax."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5399
+msgid ""
+"David brought with him a deep understanding of the best practices of "
+"publishing along with where publishers have inefficiencies. In David’s view, "
+"peer review and high standards for quality are critically important if you "
+"want to scale easily. Books have to have logical scope and sequence, they "
+"have to exist as a whole and not in pieces, and they have to be easy to "
+"find. The working hypothesis for the launch of OpenStax was to "
+"professionally produce a turnkey textbook by investing effort up front, with "
+"the expectation that this would lead to rapid growth through easy downstream "
+"adoptions by faculty and students."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5408
+msgid ""
+"In 2012, OpenStax College launched as a nonprofit with the aim of producing "
+"high-quality, peer-reviewed full-color textbooks that would be available for "
+"free for the twenty-five most heavily attended college courses in the "
+"nation. Today they are fast approaching that number. There is data that "
+"proves the success of their original hypothesis on how many students they "
+"could help and how much money they could help save.1 Professionally produced "
+"content scales rapidly. All with no sales force!"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5416
+msgid ""
+"OpenStax textbooks are all Attribution (CC BY) licensed, and each textbook "
+"is available as a PDF, an e-book, or web pages. Those who want a physical "
+"copy can buy one for an affordable price. Given the cost of education and "
+"student debt in North America, free or very low-cost textbooks are very "
+"appealing. OpenStax encourages students to talk to their professor and "
+"librarians about these textbooks and to advocate for their use."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5423
+msgid ""
+"Teachers are invited to try out a single chapter from one of the textbooks "
+"with students. If that goes well, they’re encouraged to adopt the entire "
+"book. They can simply paste a URL into their course syllabus, for free and "
+"unlimited access. And with the CC BY license, teachers are free to delete "
+"chapters, make changes, and customize any book to fit their needs."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5428
+msgid ""
+"Any teacher can post corrections, suggest examples for difficult concepts, "
+"or volunteer as an editor or author. As many teachers also want supplemental "
+"material to accompany a textbook, OpenStax also provides slide "
+"presentations, test banks, answer keys, and so on."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5433
+msgid ""
+"Institutions can stand out by offering students a lower-cost education "
+"through the use of OpenStax textbooks; there’s even a textbook-savings "
+"calculator they can use to see how much students would save. OpenStax keeps "
+"a running list of institutions that have adopted their textbooks.2"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5438
+msgid ""
+"Unlike traditional publishers’ monolithic approach of controlling "
+"intellectual property, distribution, and so many other aspects, OpenStax has "
+"adopted a model that embraces open licensing and relies on an extensive "
+"network of partners."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5447
+msgid ""
+"Up-front funding of a professionally produced all-color turnkey textbook is "
+"expensive. For this part of their model, OpenStax relies on "
+"philanthropy. They have initially been funded by the William and Flora "
+"Hewlett Foundation, the Laura and John Arnold Foundation, the Bill and "
+"Melinda Gates Foundation, the 20 Million Minds Foundation, the Maxfield "
+"Foundation, the Calvin K. Kazanjian Foundation, and Rice University. To "
+"develop additional titles and supporting technology is probably still going "
+"to require philanthropic investment."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5456
+msgid ""
+"However, ongoing operations will not rely on foundation grants but instead "
+"on funds received through an ecosystem of over forty partners, whereby a "
+"partner takes core content from OpenStax and adds features that it can "
+"create revenue from. For example, WebAssign, an online homework and "
+"assessment tool, takes the physics book and adds algorithmically generated "
+"physics problems, with problem-specific feedback, detailed solutions, and "
+"tutorial support. WebAssign resources are available to students for a fee."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5464
+msgid ""
+"Another example is Odigia, who has turned OpenStax books into interactive "
+"learning experiences and created additional tools to measure and promote "
+"student engagement. Odigia licenses its learning platform to "
+"institutions. Partners like Odigia and WebAssign give a percentage of the "
+"revenue they earn back to OpenStax, as mission-support fees. OpenStax has "
+"already published revisions of their titles, such as Introduction to "
+"Sociology 2e, using these funds."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5474
+msgid ""
+"In David’s view, this approach lets the market operate at peak "
+"efficiency. OpenStax’s partners don’t have to worry about developing "
+"textbook content, freeing them up from those development costs and letting "
+"them focus on what they do best. With OpenStax textbooks available at no "
+"cost, they can provide their services at a lower cost—not free, but still "
+"saving students money. OpenStax benefits not only by receiving "
+"mission-support fees but through free publicity and marketing. OpenStax "
+"doesn’t have a sales force; partners are out there showcasing their "
+"materials."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5480
+msgid ""
+"OpenStax’s cost of sales to acquire a single student is very, very low and "
+"is a fraction of what traditional players in the market face. This year, "
+"Tyton Partners is actually evaluating the costs of sales for an OER effort "
+"like OpenStax in comparison with incumbents. David looks forward to sharing "
+"these findings with the community."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5489
+msgid ""
+"While OpenStax books are available online for free, many students still want "
+"a print copy. Through a partnership with a print and courier company, "
+"OpenStax offers a complete solution that scales. OpenStax sells tens of "
+"thousands of print books. The price of an OpenStax sociology textbook is "
+"about twenty-eight dollars, a fraction of what sociology textbooks usually "
+"cost. OpenStax keeps the prices low but does aim to earn a small margin on "
+"each book sold, which also contributes to ongoing operations."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5500
+msgid ""
+"Campus-based bookstores are part of the OpenStax solution. OpenStax "
+"collaborates with NACSCORP (the National Association of College Stores "
+"Corporation) to provide print versions of their textbooks in the stores. "
+"While the overall cost of the textbook is significantly less than a "
+"traditional textbook, bookstores can still make a profit on sales. "
+"Sometimes students take the savings they have from the lower-priced book and "
+"use it to buy other things in the bookstore. And OpenStax is trying to break "
+"the expensive behavior of excessive returns by having a no-returns "
+"policy. This is working well, since the sell-through of their print titles "
+"is virtually a hundred percent."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5507
+msgid ""
+"David thinks of the OpenStax model as “OER 2.0.” So what is OER 1.0? "
+"Historically in the OER field, many OER initiatives have been locally funded "
+"by institutions or government ministries. In David’s view, this results in "
+"content that has high local value but is infrequently adopted "
+"nationally. It’s therefore difficult to show payback over a time scale that "
+"is reasonable."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5518
+msgid ""
+"OER 2.0 is about OER intended to be used and adopted on a national level "
+"right from the start. This requires a bigger investment up front but pays "
+"off through wide geographic adoption. The OER 2.0 process for OpenStax "
+"involves two development models. The first is what David calls the "
+"acquisition model, where OpenStax purchases the rights from a publisher or "
+"author for an already published book and then extensively revises it. The "
+"OpenStax physics textbook, for example, was licensed from an author after "
+"the publisher released the rights back to the authors. The second model is "
+"to develop a book from scratch, a good example being their biology book."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5533
+msgid ""
+"The process is similar for both models. First they look at the scope and "
+"sequence of existing textbooks. They ask questions like what does the "
+"customer need? Where are students having challenges? Then they identify "
+"potential authors and put them through a rigorous evaluation—only one in ten "
+"authors make it through. OpenStax selects a team of authors who come "
+"together to develop a template for a chapter and collectively write the "
+"first draft (or revise it, in the acquisitions model). (OpenStax doesn’t do "
+"books with just a single author as David says it risks the project going "
+"longer than scheduled.) The draft is peer-reviewed with no less than three "
+"reviewers per chapter. A second draft is generated, with artists producing "
+"illustrations and visuals to go along with the text. The book is then "
+"copyedited to ensure grammatical correctness and a singular voice. Finally, "
+"it goes into production and through a final proofread. The whole process is "
+"very time-consuming."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5542
+msgid ""
+"All the people involved in this process are paid. OpenStax does not rely on "
+"volunteers. Writers, reviewers, illustrators, and editors are all paid an "
+"up-front fee—OpenStax does not use a royalty model. A best-selling author "
+"might make more money under the traditional publishing model, but that is "
+"only maybe 5 percent of all authors. From David’s perspective, 95 percent of "
+"all authors do better under the OER 2.0 model, as there is no risk to them "
+"and they earn all the money up front."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5550
+msgid ""
+"David thinks of the Attribution license (CC BY) as the “innovation license.” "
+"It’s core to the mission of OpenStax, letting people use their textbooks in "
+"innovative ways without having to ask for permission. It frees up the whole "
+"market and has been central to OpenStax being able to bring on "
+"partners. OpenStax sees a lot of customization of their materials. By "
+"enabling frictionless remixing, CC BY gives teachers control and academic "
+"freedom."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5559
+msgid ""
+"Using CC BY is also a good example of using strategies that traditional "
+"publishers can’t. Traditional publishers rely on copyright to prevent others "
+"from making copies and heavily invest in digital rights management to ensure "
+"their books aren’t shared. By using CC BY, OpenStax avoids having to deal "
+"with digital rights management and its costs. OpenStax books can be copied "
+"and shared over and over again. CC BY changes the rules of engagement and "
+"takes advantage of traditional market inefficiencies."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5562
+msgid ""
+"As of September 16, 2016, OpenStax has achieved some impressive results. "
+"From the OpenStax at a Glance fact sheet from their recent press kit:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '- '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5571
+msgid "Books published: 23"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '- '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5571
+msgid "Students who have used OpenStax: 1.6 million"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '- '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5571
+msgid "Money saved for students: \\$155 million"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '- '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5571
+msgid "Money saved for students in the 2016/17 academic year: \\$77 million"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '- '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5571
+msgid ""
+"Schools that have used OpenStax: 2,668 (This number reflects all "
+"institutions using at least one OpenStax textbook. Out of 2,668 schools, 517 "
+"are two-year colleges, 835 four-year colleges and universities, and 344 "
+"colleges and universities outside the U.S.)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5576
+msgid ""
+"While OpenStax has to date been focused on the United States, there is "
+"overseas adoption especially in the science, technology, engineering, and "
+"math (STEM) fields. Large scale adoption in the United States is seen as a "
+"necessary precursor to international interest."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5582
+msgid ""
+"OpenStax has primarily focused on introductory-level college courses where "
+"there is high enrollment, but they are starting to think about verticals—a "
+"broad offering for a specific group or need. David thinks it would be "
+"terrific if OpenStax could provide access to free textbooks through the "
+"entire curriculum of a nursing degree, for example."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5592
+msgid ""
+"Finally, for OpenStax success is not just about the adoption of their "
+"textbooks and student savings. There is a human aspect to the work that is "
+"hard to quantify but incredibly important. They get emails from students "
+"saying how OpenStax saved them from making difficult choices like buying "
+"food or a textbook. OpenStax would also like to assess the impact their "
+"books have on learning efficiency, persistence, and completion. By building "
+"an open business model based on Creative Commons, OpenStax is making it "
+"possible for every student who wants access to education to get it."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '1. '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5597
+msgid "news.rice.edu/files/2016/01/0119-OPENSTAX-2016Infographic-lg-1tahxiu.jpg"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '2. '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5597
+msgid "openstax.org/adopters"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5599
+msgid "<span id=\"anchor-84\"></span>Amanda Palmer"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5601
+msgid "Amanda Palmer is a musician, artist, and writer. Based in the U.S."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5603
+msgid "amandapalmer.net"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5607
+msgid ""
+"Revenue model: crowdfunding (subscription-based), pay-what-you-want, "
+"charging for physical copies (book and album sales), charg-ing for in-person "
+"version (performances), selling merchandise"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5609
+msgid "Interview date: December 15, 2015"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5615
+msgid ""
+"Since the beginning of her career, Amanda Palmer has been on what she calls "
+"a “journey with no roadmap,” continually experimenting to find new ways to "
+"sustain her creative work. 1"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5621
+msgid ""
+"In her best-selling book, The Art of Asking, Amanda articulates exactly what "
+"she has been and continues to strive for—“the ideal sweet spot . . . in "
+"which the artist can share freely and directly feel the reverberations of "
+"their artistic gifts to the community, and make a living doing that.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5628
+msgid ""
+"While she seems to have successfully found that sweet spot for herself, "
+"Amanda is the first to acknowledge there is no silver bullet. She thinks the "
+"digital age is both an exciting and frustrating time for creators. “On the "
+"one hand, we have this beautiful shareability,” Amanda said. “On the other, "
+"you’ve got a bunch of confused artists wondering how to make money to buy "
+"food so we can make more art.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5640
+msgid ""
+"Amanda began her artistic career as a street performer. She would dress up "
+"in an antique wedding gown, paint her face white, stand on a stack of milk "
+"crates, and hand out flowers to strangers as part of a silent dramatic "
+"performance. She collected money in a hat. Most people walked by her without "
+"stopping, but an essential few stopped to watch and drop some money into her "
+"hat to show their appreciation. Rather than dwelling on the majority of "
+"people who ignored her, she felt thankful for those who stopped. “All I "
+"needed was . . . some people,” she wrote in her book. “Enough people. Enough "
+"to make it worth coming back the next day, enough people to help me make "
+"rent and put food on the table. Enough so I could keep making art.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5649
+msgid ""
+"Amanda has come a long way from her street-performing days, but her career "
+"remains dominated by that same sentiment—finding ways to reach “her crowd” "
+"and feeling gratitude when she does. With her band the Dresden Dolls, Amanda "
+"tried the traditional path of signing with a record label. It didn’t take "
+"for a variety of reasons, but one of them was that the label had absolutely "
+"no interest in Amanda’s view of success. They wanted hits, but making music "
+"for the masses was never what Amanda and the Dresden Dolls set out to do."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5659
+msgid ""
+"After leaving the record label in 2008, she began experimenting with "
+"different ways to make a living. She released music directly to the public "
+"without involving a middle man, releasing digital files on a “pay what you "
+"want” basis and selling CDs and vinyl. She also made money from live "
+"performances and merchandise sales. Eventually, in 2012 she decided to try "
+"her hand at the sort of crowdfunding we know so well today. Her Kickstarter "
+"project started with a goal of \\$100,000, and she made \\$1.2 million. It "
+"remains one of the most successful Kickstarter projects of all time."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5669
+msgid ""
+"Today, Amanda has switched gears away from crowdfunding for specific "
+"projects to instead getting consistent financial support from her fan base "
+"on Patreon, a crowdfunding site that allows artists to get recurring "
+"donations from fans. More than eight thousand people have signed up to "
+"support her so she can create music, art, and any other creative “thing” "
+"that she is inspired to make. The recurring pledges are made on a “per "
+"thing” basis. All of the content she makes is made freely available under an "
+"Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license (CC BY-NC-SA)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5684
+msgid ""
+"Making her music and art available under Creative Commons licensing "
+"undoubtedly limits her options for how she makes a living. But sharing her "
+"work has been part of her model since the beginning of her career, even "
+"before she discovered Creative Commons. Amanda says the Dresden Dolls used "
+"to get ten emails per week from fans asking if they could use their music "
+"for different projects. They said yes to all of the requests, as long as it "
+"wasn’t for a completely for-profit venture. At the time, they used a "
+"short-form agreement written by Amanda herself. “I made everyone sign that "
+"contract so at least I wouldn’t be leaving the band vulnerable to someone "
+"later going on and putting our music in a Camel cigarette ad,” Amanda "
+"said. Once she discovered Creative Commons, adopting the licenses was an "
+"easy decision because it gave them a more formal, standardized way of doing "
+"what they had been doing all along. The NonCommercial licenses were a "
+"natural fit."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5691
+msgid ""
+"Amanda embraces the way her fans share and build upon her music. In The Art "
+"of Asking, she wrote that some of her fans’ unofficial videos using her "
+"music surpass the official videos in number of views on YouTube. Rather "
+"than seeing this sort of thing as competition, Amanda celebrates it. “We got "
+"into this because we wanted to share the joy of music,” she said."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5699
+msgid ""
+"This is symbolic of how nearly everything she does in her career is "
+"motivated by a desire to connect with her fans. At the start of her career, "
+"she and the band would throw concerts at house parties. As the gatherings "
+"grew, the line between fans and friends was completely blurred. “Not only "
+"did most our early fans know where I lived and where we practiced, but most "
+"of them had also been in my kitchen,” Amanda wrote in The Art of Asking."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5709
+msgid ""
+"Even though her fan base is now huge and global, she continues to seek this "
+"sort of human connection with her fans. She seeks out face-to-face contact "
+"with her fans every chance she can get. Her hugely successful Kickstarter "
+"featured fifty concerts at house parties for backers. She spends hours in "
+"the signing line after shows. It helps that Amanda has the kind of dynamic, "
+"engaging personality that instantly draws people to her, but a big component "
+"of her ability to connect with people is her willingness to "
+"listen. “Listening fast and caring immediately is a skill unto itself,” "
+"Amanda wrote."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5718
+msgid ""
+"Another part of the connection fans feel with Amanda is how much they know "
+"about her life. Rather than trying to craft a public persona or image, she "
+"essentially lives her life as an open book. She has written openly about "
+"incredibly personal events in her life, and she isn’t afraid to be "
+"vulnerable. Having that kind of trust in her fans—the trust it takes to be "
+"truly honest—begets trust from her fans in return. When she meets fans for "
+"the first time after a show, they can legitimately feel like they know her."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5725
+msgid ""
+"“With social media, we’re so concerned with the picture looking palatable "
+"and consumable that we forget that being human and showing the flaws and "
+"exposing the vulnerability actually create a deeper connection than just "
+"looking fantastic,” Amanda said. “Everything in our culture is telling us "
+"otherwise. But my experience has shown me that the risk of making yourself "
+"vulnerable is almost always worth it.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5733
+msgid ""
+"Not only does she disclose intimate details of her life to them, she sleeps "
+"on their couches, listens to their stories, cries with them. In short, she "
+"treats her fans like friends in nearly every possible way, even when they "
+"are complete strangers. This mentality—that fans are friends—is completely "
+"intertwined with Amanda’s success as an artist. It is also intertwined with "
+"her use of Creative Commons licenses. Because that is what you do with your "
+"friends—you share."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5741
+msgid ""
+"After years of investing time and energy into building trust with her fans, "
+"she has a strong enough relationship with them to ask for support—through "
+"pay-what-you-want donations, Kickstarter, Patreon, or even asking them to "
+"lend a hand at a concert. As Amanda explains it, crowdfunding (which is "
+"really what all of these different things are) is about asking for support "
+"from people who know and trust you. People who feel personally invested in "
+"your success."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5748
+msgid ""
+"“When you openly, radically trust people, they not only take care of you, "
+"they become your allies, your family,” she wrote. There really is a feeling "
+"of solidarity within her core fan base. From the beginning, Amanda and her "
+"band encouraged people to dress up for their shows. They consciously "
+"cultivated a feeling of belonging to their “weird little family.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5756
+msgid ""
+"This sort of intimacy with fans is not possible or even desirable for every "
+"creator. “I don’t take for granted that I happen to be the type of person "
+"who loves cavorting with strangers,” Amanda said. “I recognize that it’s not "
+"necessarily everyone’s idea of a good time. Everyone does it "
+"differently. Replicating what I have done won’t work for others if it isn’t "
+"joyful to them. It’s about finding a way to channel energy in a way that is "
+"joyful to you.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5767
+msgid ""
+"Yet while Amanda joyfully interacts with her fans and involves them in her "
+"work as much as possible, she does keep one job primarily to herself—writing "
+"the music. She loves the creativity with which her fans use and adapt her "
+"work, but she intentionally does not involve them at the first stage of "
+"creating her artistic work. And, of course, the songs and music are what "
+"initially draw people to Amanda Palmer. It is only once she has connected to "
+"people through her music that she can then begin to build ties with them on "
+"a more personal level, both in person and online. In her book, Amanda "
+"describes it as casting a net. It starts with the art and then the bond "
+"strengthens with human connection."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5775
+msgid ""
+"For Amanda, the entire point of being an artist is to establish and maintain "
+"this connection. “It sounds so corny,” she said, “but my experience in forty "
+"years on this planet has pointed me to an obvious truth—that connection with "
+"human beings feels so much better and more fulfilling than approaching art "
+"through a capitalist lens. There is no more satisfying end goal than having "
+"someone tell you that what you do is genuinely of value to them.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5783
+msgid ""
+"As she explains it, when a fan gives her a ten-dollar bill, usually what "
+"they are saying is that the money symbolizes some deeper value the music "
+"provided them. For Amanda, art is not just a product; it’s a "
+"relationship. Viewed from this lens, what Amanda does today is not that "
+"different from what she did as a young street performer. She shares her "
+"music and other artistic gifts. She shares herself. And then rather than "
+"forcing people to help her, she lets them."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '1. '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5787
+msgid "http://www.forbes.com/sites/zackomalleygreenburg/2015/04/16/amanda-palmer-uncut-the-kickstarter-queen-on-spotify-patreon-and-taylor-swift/\\#44e20ce46d67"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5789
+msgid "<span id=\"anchor-85\"></span>PLOS"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5791
+msgid "<span id=\"anchor-86\"></span>(Public Library of Science)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5795
+msgid ""
+"PLOS (Public Library of Science) is a nonprofit that publishes a library of "
+"academic journals and other scientific literature. Founded in 2000 in the "
+"U.S."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5797
+msgid "plos.org"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5800
+msgid ""
+"Revenue model: charging content creators an author processing charge to be "
+"featured in the journal"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5802
+msgid "Interview date: March 7, 2016"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5804
+msgid "Interviewee: Louise Page, publisher"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5818
+msgid ""
+"The Public Library of Science (PLOS) began in 2000 when three leading "
+"scientists—Harold E. Varmus, Patrick O. Brown, and Michael Eisen—started an "
+"online petition. They were calling for scientists to stop submitting papers "
+"to journals that didn’t make the full text of their papers freely available "
+"immediately or within six months. Although tens of thousands signed the "
+"petition, most did not follow through. In August 2001, Patrick and Michael "
+"announced that they would start their own nonprofit publishing operation to "
+"do just what the petition promised. With start-up grant support from the "
+"Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, PLOS was launched to provide new "
+"open-access journals for biomedicine, with research articles being released "
+"under Attribution (CC BY) licenses."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5828
+msgid ""
+"Traditionally, academic publishing begins with an author submitting a "
+"manuscript to a publisher. After in-house technical and ethical "
+"considerations, the article is then peer-reviewed to determine if the "
+"quality of the work is acceptable for publishing. Once accepted, the "
+"publisher takes the article through the process of copyediting, typesetting, "
+"and eventual publishing in a print or online publication. Traditional "
+"journal publishers recover costs and earn profit by charging a subscription "
+"fee to libraries or an access fee to users wanting to read the journal or "
+"article."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5838
+msgid ""
+"For Louise Page, the current publisher of PLOS, this traditional model "
+"results in inequity. Access is restricted to those who can pay. Most "
+"research is funded through government-appointed agencies, that is, with "
+"public funds. It’s unjust that the public who funded the research would be "
+"required to pay again to access the results. Not everyone can afford the "
+"ever-escalating subscription fees publishers charge, especially when library "
+"budgets are being reduced. Restricting access to the results of scientific "
+"research slows the dissemination of this research and advancement of the "
+"field. It was time for a new model."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5848
+msgid ""
+"That new model became known as open access. That is, free and open "
+"availability on the Internet. Open-access research articles are not behind a "
+"paywall and do not require a login. A key benefit of open access is that it "
+"allows people to freely use, copy, and distribute the articles, as they are "
+"primarily published under an Attribution (CC BY) license (which only "
+"requires the user to provide appropriate attribution). And more importantly, "
+"policy makers, clinicians, entrepreneurs, educators, and students around the "
+"world have free and timely access to the latest research immediately on "
+"publication."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5859
+msgid ""
+"However, open access requires rethinking the business model of research "
+"publication. Rather than charge a subscription fee to access the journal, "
+"PLOS decided to turn the model on its head and charge a publication fee, "
+"known as an article-processing charge. This up-front fee, generally paid by "
+"the funder of the research or the author’s institution, covers the expenses "
+"such as editorial oversight, peer-review management, journal production, "
+"online hosting, and support for discovery. Fees are per article and are "
+"billed upon acceptance for publishing. There are no additional charges based "
+"on word length, figures, or other elements."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5867
+msgid ""
+"Calculating the article-processing charge involves taking all the costs "
+"associated with publishing the journal and determining a cost per article "
+"that collectively recovers costs. For PLOS’s journals in biology, medicine, "
+"genetics, computational biology, neglected tropical diseases, and pathogens, "
+"the article-processing charge ranges from \\$2,250 to "
+"\\$2,900. Article-publication charges for PLOS ONE, a journal started in "
+"2006, are just under \\$1,500."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5872
+msgid ""
+"PLOS believes that lack of funds should not be a barrier to publication. "
+"Since its inception, PLOS has provided fee support for individuals and "
+"institutions to help authors who can’t afford the article-processing "
+"charges."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5887
+msgid ""
+"Louise identifies marketing as one area of big difference between PLOS and "
+"traditional journal publishers. Traditional journals have to invest heavily "
+"in staff, buildings, and infrastructure to market their journal and convince "
+"customers to subscribe. Restricting access to subscribers means that tools "
+"for managing access control are necessary. They spend millions of dollars on "
+"access-control systems, staff to manage them, and sales staff. With PLOS’s "
+"open-access publishing, there’s no need for these massive expenses; the "
+"articles are free, open, and accessible to all upon "
+"publication. Additionally, traditional publishers tend to spend more on "
+"marketing to libraries, who ultimately pay the subscription fees. PLOS "
+"provides a better service for authors by promoting their research directly "
+"to the research community and giving the authors exposure. And this "
+"encourages other authors to submit their work for publication."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5894
+msgid ""
+"For Louise, PLOS would not exist without the Attribution license (CC "
+"BY). This makes it very clear what rights are associated with the content "
+"and provides a safe way for researchers to make their work available while "
+"ensuring they get recognition (appropriate attribution). For PLOS, all of "
+"this aligns with how they think research content should be published and "
+"disseminated."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5898
+msgid ""
+"PLOS also has a broad open-data policy. To get their research paper "
+"published, PLOS authors must also make their data available in a public "
+"repository and provide a data-availability statement."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5906
+msgid ""
+"Business-operation costs associated with the open-access model still largely "
+"follow the existing publishing model. PLOS journals are online only, but the "
+"editorial, peer-review, production, typesetting, and publishing stages are "
+"all the same as for a traditional publisher. The editorial teams must be top "
+"notch. PLOS has to function as well as or better than other premier "
+"journals, as researchers have a choice about where to publish."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5911
+msgid ""
+"Researchers are influenced by journal rankings, which reflect the place of a "
+"journal within its field, the relative difficulty of being published in that "
+"journal, and the prestige associated with it. PLOS journals rank high, even "
+"though they are relatively new."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5919
+msgid ""
+"The promotion and tenure of researchers are partially based how many times "
+"other researchers cite their articles. Louise says when researchers want to "
+"discover and read the work of others in their field, they go to an online "
+"aggregator or search engine, and not typically to a particular journal. The "
+"CC BY licensing of PLOS research articles ensures easy access for readers "
+"and generates more discovery and citations for authors."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5926
+msgid ""
+"Louise believes that open access has been a huge success, progressing from a "
+"movement led by a small cadre of researchers to something that is now "
+"widespread and used in some form by every journal publisher. PLOS has had a "
+"big impact. In 2012 to 2014, they published more open-access articles than "
+"BioMed Central, the original open-access publisher, or anyone else."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5947
+msgid ""
+"PLOS further disrupted the traditional journal-publishing model by "
+"pioneering the concept of a megajournal. The PLOS ONE megajournal, launched "
+"in 2006, is an open-access peer-reviewed academic journal that is much "
+"larger than a traditional journal, publishing thousands of articles per year "
+"and benefiting from economies of scale. PLOS ONE has a broad scope, covering "
+"science and medicine as well as social sciences and the humanities. The "
+"review and editorial process is less subjective. Articles are accepted for "
+"publication based on whether they are technically sound rather than "
+"perceived importance or relevance. This is very important in the current "
+"debate about the integrity and reproducibility of research because negative "
+"or null results can then be published as well, which are generally rejected "
+"by traditional journals. PLOS ONE, like all the PLOS journals, is online "
+"only with no print version. PLOS passes on the financial savings accrued "
+"through economies of scale to researchers and the public by lowering the "
+"article-processing charges, which are below that of other journals. PLOS ONE "
+"is the biggest journal in the world and has really set the bar for "
+"publishing academic journal articles on a large scale. Other publishers see "
+"the value of the PLOS ONE model and are now offering their own "
+"multidisciplinary forums for publishing all sound science."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5951
+msgid ""
+"Louise outlined some other aspects of the research-journal business model "
+"PLOS is experimenting with, describing each as a kind of slider that could "
+"be adjusted to change current practice."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5956
+msgid ""
+"One slider is time to publication. Time to publication may shorten as "
+"journals get better at providing quicker decisions to authors. However, "
+"there is always a trade-off with scale, as the bigger the volume of "
+"articles, the more time the approval process inevitably takes."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5966
+msgid ""
+"Peer review is another part of the process that could change. It’s possible "
+"to redefine what peer review actually is, when to review, and what "
+"constitutes the final article for publication. Louise talked about the "
+"potential to shift to an open-review process, placing the emphasis on "
+"transparency rather than double-blind reviews. Louise thinks we’re moving "
+"into a direction where it’s actually beneficial for an author to know who is "
+"reviewing their paper and for the reviewer to know their review will be "
+"public. An open-review process can also ensure everyone gets credit; right "
+"now, credit is limited to the publisher and author."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5971
+msgid ""
+"Louise says research with negative outcomes is almost as important as "
+"positive results. If journals published more research with negative "
+"outcomes, we’d learn from what didn’t work. It could also reduce how much "
+"the research wheel gets reinvented around the world."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5986
+msgid ""
+"Another adjustable practice is the sharing of articles at early preprint "
+"stages. Publication of research in a peer-reviewed journal can take a long "
+"time because articles must undergo extensive peer review. The need to "
+"quickly circulate current results within a scientific community has led to a "
+"practice of distributing pre-print documents that have not yet undergone "
+"peer review. Preprints broaden the peer-review process, allowing authors to "
+"receive early feedback from a wide group of peers, which can help revise and "
+"prepare the article for submission. Offsetting the advantages of preprints "
+"are author concerns over ensuring their primacy of being first to come up "
+"with findings based on their research. Other researches may see findings "
+"the preprint author has not yet thought of. However, preprints help "
+"researchers get their discoveries out early and establish precedence. A big "
+"challenge is that researchers don’t have a lot of time to comment on "
+"preprints."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5994
+msgid ""
+"What constitutes a journal article could also change. The idea of a research "
+"article as printed, bound, and in a library stack is outdated. Digital and "
+"online open up new possibilities, such as a living document evolving over "
+"time, inclusion of audio and video, and interactivity, like discussion and "
+"recommendations. Even the size of what gets published could change. With "
+"these changes the current form factor for what constitutes a research "
+"article would undergo transformation."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6006
+msgid ""
+"As journals scale up, and new journals are introduced, more and more "
+"information is being pushed out to readers, making the experience feel like "
+"drinking from a fire hose. To help mitigate this, PLOS aggregates and "
+"curates content from PLOS journals and their network of blogs.1 It also "
+"offers something called Article-Level Metrics, which helps users assess "
+"research most relevant to the field itself, based on indicators like usage, "
+"citations, social bookmarking and dissemination activity, media and blog "
+"coverage, discussions, and ratings.2 Louise believes that the journal model "
+"could evolve to provide a more friendly and interactive user experience, "
+"including a way for readers to communicate with authors."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6015
+msgid ""
+"The big picture for PLOS going forward is to combine and adjust these "
+"experimental practices in ways that continue to improve accessibility and "
+"dissemination of research, while ensuring its integrity and reliability. The "
+"ways they interlink are complex. The process of change and adjustment is not "
+"linear. PLOS sees itself as a very flexible publisher interested in "
+"exploring all the permutations research-publishing can take, with authors "
+"and readers who are open to experimentation."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6023
+msgid ""
+"For PLOS, success is not about revenue. Success is about proving that "
+"scientific research can be communicated rapidly and economically at scale, "
+"for the benefit of researchers and society. The CC BY license makes it "
+"possible for PLOS to publish in a way that is unfettered, open, and fast, "
+"while ensuring that the authors get credit for their work. More than two "
+"million scientists, scholars, and clinicians visit PLOS every month, with "
+"more than 135,000 quality articles to peruse for free."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6027
+msgid ""
+"Ultimately, for PLOS, its authors, and its readers, success is about making "
+"research discoverable, available, and reproducible for the advancement of "
+"science."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '1. '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6032
+msgid "collections.plos.org"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '2. '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6032
+msgid "plos.org/article-level-metrics"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6034
+msgid "<span id=\"anchor-87\"></span>Rijksmuseum"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6037
+msgid ""
+"The Rijksmuseum is a Dutch national museum dedicated to art and history. "
+"Founded in 1800 in the Netherlands"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6039
+msgid "www.rijksmuseum.nl"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6042
+msgid "Revenue model: grants and government funding, charging for in-person version"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6044
+msgid "(museum admission), selling merchandise"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6046
+msgid "Interview date: December 11, 2015"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6049
+msgid ""
+"Interviewee: Lizzy Jongma, the data manager of the collections information "
+"department"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6065
+msgid ""
+"The Rijksmuseum, a national museum in the Netherlands dedicated to art and "
+"history, has been housed in its current building since 1885. The monumental "
+"building enjoyed more than 125 years of intensive use before needing a "
+"thorough overhaul. In 2003, the museum was closed for renovations. Asbestos "
+"was found in the roof, and although the museum was scheduled to be closed "
+"for only three to four years, renovations ended up taking ten years. During "
+"this time, the collection was moved to a different part of Amsterdam, which "
+"created a physical distance with the curators. Out of necessity, they "
+"started digitally photographing the collection and creating metadata "
+"(information about each object to put into a database). With the renovations "
+"going on for so long, the museum became largely forgotten by the public. Out "
+"of these circumstances emerged a new and more open model for the museum."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6077
+msgid ""
+"By the time Lizzy Jongma joined the Rijksmuseum in 2011 as a data manager, "
+"staff were fed up with the situation the museum was in. They also realized "
+"that even with the new and larger space, it still wouldn’t be able to show "
+"very much of the whole collection—eight thousand of over one million works "
+"representing just 1 percent. Staff began exploring ways to express "
+"themselves, to have something to show for all of the work they had been "
+"doing. The Rijksmuseum is primarily funded by Dutch taxpayers, so was there "
+"a way for the museum provide benefit to the public while it was closed? They "
+"began thinking about sharing Rijksmuseum’s collection using information "
+"technology. And they put up a card-catalog like database of the entire "
+"collection online."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6085
+msgid ""
+"It was effective but a bit boring. It was just data. A hackathon they were "
+"invited to got them to start talking about events like that as having "
+"potential. They liked the idea of inviting people to do cool stuff with "
+"their collection. What about giving online access to digital representations "
+"of the one hundred most important pieces in the Rijksmuseum collection? That "
+"eventually led to why not put the whole collection online?"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6097
+msgid ""
+"Then, Lizzy says, Europeana came along. Europeana is Europe’s digital "
+"library, museum, and archive for cultural heritage.1 As an online portal to "
+"museum collections all across Europe, Europeana had become an important "
+"online platform. In October 2010 Creative Commons released CC0 and its "
+"public-domain mark as tools people could use to identify works as free of "
+"known copyright. Europeana was the first major adopter, using CC0 to release "
+"metadata about their collection and the public domain mark for millions of "
+"digital works in their collection. Lizzy says the Rijksmuseum initially "
+"found this change in business practice a bit scary, but at the same time it "
+"stimulated even more discussion on whether the Rijksmuseum should follow "
+"suit."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6108
+msgid ""
+"They realized that they don’t “own” the collection and couldn’t "
+"realistically monitor and enforce compliance with the restrictive licensing "
+"terms they currently had in place. For example, many copies and versions of "
+"Vermeer’s Milkmaid (part of their collection) were already online, many of "
+"them of very poor quality. They could spend time and money policing its use, "
+"but it would probably be futile and wouldn’t make people stop using their "
+"images online. They ended up thinking it’s an utter waste of time to hunt "
+"down people who use the Rijksmuseum collection. And anyway, restricting "
+"access meant the people they were frustrating the most were schoolkids."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6120
+msgid ""
+"In 2011 the Rijksmuseum began making their digital photos of works known to "
+"be free of copyright available online, using Creative Commons CC0 to place "
+"works in the public domain. A medium-resolution image was offered for free, "
+"but a high-resolution version cost forty euros. People started paying, but "
+"Lizzy says getting the money was frequently a nightmare, especially from "
+"overseas customers. The administrative costs often offset revenue, and "
+"income above costs was relatively low. In addition, having to pay for an "
+"image of a work in the public domain from a collection owned by the Dutch "
+"government (i.e., paid for by the public) was contentious and frustrating "
+"for some. Lizzy says they had lots of fierce debates about what to do."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6130
+msgid ""
+"In 2013 the Rijksmuseum changed its business model. They Creative Commons "
+"licensed their highest-quality images and released them online for "
+"free. Digitization still cost money, however; they decided to define "
+"discrete digitization projects and find sponsors willing to fund each "
+"project. This turned out to be a successful strategy, generating high "
+"interest from sponsors and lower administrative effort for the "
+"Rijksmuseum. They started out making 150,000 high-quality images of their "
+"collection available, with the goal to eventually have the entire collection "
+"online."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6143
+msgid ""
+"Releasing these high-quality images for free reduced the number of "
+"poor-quality images that were proliferating. The high-quality image of "
+"Vermeer’s Milkmaid, for example, is downloaded two to three thousand times a "
+"month. On the Internet, images from a source like the Rijksmuseum are more "
+"trusted, and releasing them with a Creative Commons CC0 means they can "
+"easily be found in other platforms. For example, Rijksmuseum images are now "
+"used in thousands of Wikipedia articles, receiving ten to eleven million "
+"views per month. This extends Rijksmuseum’s reach far beyond the scope of "
+"its website. Sharing these images online creates what Lizzy calls the “Mona "
+"Lisa effect,” where a work of art becomes so famous that people want to see "
+"it in real life by visiting the actual museum."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6150
+msgid ""
+"Every museum tends to be driven by the number of physical visitors. The "
+"Rijksmuseum is primarily publicly funded, receiving roughly 70 percent of "
+"its operating budget from the government. But like many museums, it must "
+"generate the rest of the funding through other means. The admission fee has "
+"long been a way to generate revenue generation, including for the "
+"Rijksmuseum."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6162
+msgid ""
+"As museums create a digital presence for themselves and put up digital "
+"representations of their collection online, there’s frequently a worry that "
+"it will lead to a drop in actual physical visits. For the Rijksmuseum, this "
+"has not turned out to be the case. Lizzy told us the Rijksmuseum used to get "
+"about one million visitors a year before closing and now gets more than two "
+"million a year. Making the collection available online has generated "
+"publicity and acts as a form of marketing. The Creative Commons mark "
+"encourages reuse as well. When the image is found on protest leaflets, milk "
+"cartons, and children’s toys, people also see what museum the image comes "
+"from and this increases the museum’s visibility."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6169
+msgid ""
+"In 2011 the Rijksmuseum received €1 million from the Dutch lottery to create "
+"a new web presence that would be different from any other museum’s. In "
+"addition to redesigning their main website to be mobile friendly and "
+"responsive to devices like the iPad, the Rijksmuseum also created the "
+"Rijksstudio, where users and artists could use and do various things with "
+"the Rijksmuseum collection.2"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6178
+msgid ""
+"The Rijksstudio gives users access to over two hundred thousand high-quality "
+"digital representations of masterworks from the collection. Users can zoom "
+"in to any work and even clip small parts of images they like. Rijksstudio is "
+"a bit like Pinterest. You can “like” works and compile your personal "
+"favorites, and you can share them with friends or download them free of "
+"charge. All the images in the Rijksstudio are copyright and royalty free, "
+"and users are encouraged to use them as they like, for private or even "
+"commercial purposes."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6183
+msgid ""
+"Users have created over 276,000 Rijksstudios, generating their own themed "
+"virtual exhibitions on a wide variety of topics ranging from tapestries to "
+"ugly babies and birds. Sets of images have also been created for educational "
+"purposes including use for school exams."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6190
+msgid ""
+"Some contemporary artists who have works in the Rijksmuseum collection "
+"contacted them to ask why their works were not included in the "
+"Rijksstudio. The answer was that contemporary artists’ works are still bound "
+"by copyright. The Rijksmuseum does encourage contemporary artists to use a "
+"Creative Commons license for their works, usually a CC BY-SA license"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6194
+msgid ""
+"(Attribution-ShareAlike), or a CC BY-NC (Attribution-NonCommercial) if they "
+"want to preclude commercial use. That way, their works can be made available "
+"to the public, but within limits the artists have specified."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6204
+msgid ""
+"The Rijksmuseum believes that art stimulates entrepreneurial activity. The "
+"line between creative and commercial can be blurry. As Lizzy says, even "
+"Rembrandt was commercial, making his livelihood from selling his "
+"paintings. The Rijksmuseum encourages entrepreneurial commercial use of the "
+"images in Rijksstudio. They’ve even partnered with the DIY marketplace Etsy "
+"to inspire people to sell their creations. One great example you can find on "
+"Etsy is a kimono designed by Angie Johnson, who used an image of an "
+"elaborate cabinet along with an oil painting by Jan Asselijn called The "
+"Threatened Swan.3"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6217
+msgid ""
+"In 2013 the Rijksmuseum organized their first high-profile design "
+"competition, known as the Rijksstudio Award.4 With the call to action Make "
+"Your Own Masterpiece, the competition invites the public to use Rijksstudio "
+"images to make new creative designs. A jury of renowned designers and "
+"curators selects ten finalists and three winners. The final award comes with "
+"a prize of €10,000. The second edition in 2015 attracted a staggering 892 "
+"top-class entries. Some award winners end up with their work sold through "
+"the Rijksmuseum store, such as the 2014 entry featuring makeup based on a "
+"specific color scheme of a work of art.5 The Rijksmuseum has been thrilled "
+"with the results. Entries range from the fun to the weird to the "
+"inspirational. The third international edition of the Rijksstudio Award "
+"started in September 2016."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6221
+msgid ""
+"For the next iteration of the Rijksstudio, the Rijksmuseum is considering an "
+"upload tool, for people to upload their own works of art, and enhanced "
+"social elements so users can interact with each other more."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6228
+msgid ""
+"Going with a more open business model generated lots of publicity for the "
+"Rijksmuseum. They were one of the first museums to open up their collection "
+"(that is, give free access) with high-quality images. This strategy, along "
+"with the many improvements to the Rijksmuseum’s website, dramatically "
+"increased visits to their website from thirty-five thousand visits per month "
+"to three hundred thousand."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6239
+msgid ""
+"The Rijksmuseum has been experimenting with other ways to invite the public "
+"to look at and interact with their collection. On an international day "
+"celebrating animals, they ran a successful bird-themed event. The museum put "
+"together a showing of two thousand works that featured birds and invited "
+"bird-watchers to identify the birds depicted. Lizzy notes that while museum "
+"curators know a lot about the works in their collections, they may not know "
+"about certain details in the paintings such as bird species. Over eight "
+"hundred different birds were identified, including a specific species of "
+"crane bird that was unknown to the scientific community at the time of the "
+"painting."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6256
+msgid ""
+"For the Rijksmuseum, adopting an open business model was scary. They came up "
+"with many worst-case scenarios, imagining all kinds of awful things people "
+"might do with the museum’s works. But Lizzy says those fears did not come "
+"true because “ninety-nine percent of people have respect for great art.” "
+"Many museums think they can make a lot of money by selling things related to "
+"their collection. But in Lizzy’s experience, museums are usually bad at "
+"selling things, and sometimes efforts to generate a small amount of money "
+"block something much bigger—the real value that the collection has. For "
+"Lizzy, clinging to small amounts of revenue is being penny-wise but "
+"pound-foolish. For the Rijksmuseum, a key lesson has been to never lose "
+"sight of its vision for the collection. Allowing access to and use of their "
+"collection has generated great promotional value—far more than the previous "
+"practice of charging fees for access and use. Lizzy sums up their "
+"experience: “Give away; get something in return. Generosity makes people "
+"happy to join you and help out.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '1. '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6266
+msgid "www.europeana.eu/portal/en"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '2. '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6266
+msgid "www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '3. '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6266
+msgid "www.etsy.com/ca/listing/175696771/fringe-kimono-silk-kimono-kimono-robe"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '4. '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6266
+msgid ""
+"www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio-award; the 2014 award: "
+"www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio-award-2014; the 2015 award: "
+"www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio-award-2015"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '5. '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6266
+msgid "www.rijksmuseum.nl/nl/rijksstudio/142328--nominees-rijksstudio-award/creaties/ba595afe-452d-46bd-9c8c-48dcbdd7f0a4"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6268
+msgid "<span id=\"anchor-88\"></span>Shareable"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6271
+msgid "Shareable is an online magazine about sharing. Founded in 2009 in the U.S."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6273
+msgid "www.shareable.net"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6276
+msgid ""
+"Revenue model: grant funding, crowdfunding (project-based), donations, "
+"sponsorships"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6278
+msgid "Interview date: February 24, 2016"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6280
+msgid "Interviewee: Neal Gorenflo, cofounder and executive editor"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6291
+msgid ""
+"In 2013, Shareable faced an impasse. The nonprofit online publication had "
+"helped start a sharing movement four years prior, but over time, they "
+"watched one part of the movement stray from its ideals. As giants like Uber "
+"and Airbnb gained ground, attention began to center on the “sharing economy” "
+"we know now—profit-driven, transactional, and loaded with venture-capital "
+"money. Leaders of corporate start-ups in this domain invited Shareable to "
+"advocate for them. The magazine faced a choice: ride the wave or stand on "
+"principle."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6301
+msgid ""
+"As an organization, Shareable decided to draw a line in the sand. In 2013, "
+"the cofounder and executive editor Neal Gorenflo wrote an opinion piece in "
+"the PandoDaily that charted Shareable’s new critical stance on the Silicon "
+"Valley version of the sharing economy, while contrasting it with aspects of "
+"the real sharing economy like open-source software, participatory budgeting "
+"(where citizens decide how a public budget is spent), cooperatives, and "
+"more. He wrote, “It’s not so much that collaborative consumption is dead, "
+"it’s more that it risks dying as it gets absorbed by the ‘Borg.’”"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6308
+msgid ""
+"Neal said their public critique of the corporate sharing economy defined "
+"what Shareable was and is. He does not think the magazine would still be "
+"around had they chosen differently. “We would have gotten another type of "
+"audience, but it would have spelled the end of us,” he said. “We are a "
+"small, mission-driven organization. We would never have been able to weather "
+"the criticism that Airbnb and Uber are getting now.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6317
+msgid ""
+"Interestingly, impassioned supporters are only a small sliver of Shareable’s "
+"total audience. Most are casual readers who come across a Shareable story "
+"because it happens to align with a project or interest they have. But "
+"choosing principles over the possibility of riding the coattails of the "
+"major corporate players in the sharing space saved Shareable’s "
+"credibility. Although they became detached from the corporate sharing "
+"economy, the online magazine became the voice of the “real sharing economy” "
+"and continued to grow their audience."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6327
+msgid ""
+"Shareable is a magazine, but the content they publish is a means to "
+"furthering their role as a leader and catalyst of a movement. Shareable "
+"became a leader in the movement in 2009. “At that time, there was a sharing "
+"movement bubbling beneath the surface, but no one was connecting the dots,” "
+"Neal said. “We decided to step into that space and take on that role.” The "
+"small team behind the nonprofit publication truly believed sharing could be "
+"central to solving some of the major problems human beings face—resource "
+"inequality, social isolation, and global warming."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6336
+msgid ""
+"They have worked hard to find ways to tell stories that show different "
+"metrics for success. “We wanted to change the notion of what constitutes the "
+"good life,” Neal said. While they started out with a very broad focus on "
+"sharing generally, today they emphasize stories about the physical commons "
+"like “sharing cities” (i.e., urban areas managed in a sustainable, "
+"cooperative way), as well as digital platforms that are run "
+"democratically. They particularly focus on how-to content that help their "
+"readers make changes in their own lives and communities."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6348
+msgid ""
+"More than half of Shareable’s stories are written by paid journalists that "
+"are contracted by the magazine. “Particularly in content areas that are a "
+"priority for us, we really want to go deep and control the quality,” Neal "
+"said. The rest of the content is either contributed by guest writers, often "
+"for free, or written by other publications from their network of content "
+"publishers. Shareable is a member of the Post Growth Alliance, which "
+"facilitates the sharing of content and audiences among a large and growing "
+"group of mostly nonprofits. Each organization gets a chance to present "
+"stories to the group, and the organizations can use and promote each other’s "
+"stories. Much of the content created by the network is licensed with "
+"Creative Commons."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6360
+msgid ""
+"All of Shareable’s original content is published under the Attribution "
+"license (CC BY), meaning it can be used for any purpose as long as credit is "
+"given to Shareable. Creative Commons licensing is aligned with Shareable’s "
+"vision, mission, and identity. That alone explains the organization’s "
+"embrace of the licenses for their content, but Neal also believes CC "
+"licensing helps them increase their reach. “By using CC licensing,” he said, "
+"“we realized we could reach far more people through a formal and informal "
+"network of republishers or affiliates. That has definitely been the "
+"case. It’s hard for us to measure the reach of other media properties, but "
+"most of the outlets who republish our work have much bigger audiences than "
+"we do.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6368
+msgid ""
+"In addition to their regular news and commentary online, Shareable has also "
+"experimented with book publishing. In 2012, they worked with a traditional "
+"publisher to release Share or Die: Voices of the Get Lost Generation in an "
+"Age of Crisis. The CC-licensed book was available in print form for purchase "
+"or online for free. To this day, the book—along with their CC-licensed guide "
+"Policies for Shareable Cities—are two of the biggest generators of traffic "
+"on their website."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6373
+msgid ""
+"In 2016, Shareable self-published a book of curated Shareable stories called "
+"How to: Share, Save Money and Have Fun. The book was available for sale, but "
+"a PDF version of the book was available for free. Shareable plans to offer "
+"the book in upcoming fund-raising campaigns."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6381
+msgid ""
+"This recent book is one of many fund-raising experiments Shareable has "
+"conducted in recent years. Currently, Shareable is primarily funded by "
+"grants from foundations, but they are actively moving toward a more "
+"diversified model. They have organizational sponsors and are working to "
+"expand their base of individual donors. Ideally, they will eventually be a "
+"hundred percent funded by their audience. Neal believes being fully "
+"community-supported will better represent their vision of the world."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6391
+msgid ""
+"For Shareable, success is very much about their impact on the world. This "
+"is true for Neal, but also for everyone who works for Shareable. “We "
+"attract passionate people,” Neal said. At times, that means employees work "
+"so hard they burn out. Neal tries to stress to the Shareable team that "
+"another part of success is having fun and taking care of yourself while you "
+"do something you love. “A central part of human beings is that we long to be "
+"on a great adventure with people we love,” he said. “We are a species who "
+"look over the horizon and imagine and create new worlds, but we also seek "
+"the comfort of hearth and home.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6400
+msgid ""
+"In 2013, Shareable ran its first crowdfunding campaign to launch their "
+"Sharing Cities Network. Neal said at first they were on pace to fail "
+"spectacularly. They called in their advisers in a panic and asked for "
+"help. The advice they received was simple—“Sit your ass in a chair and start "
+"making calls.” That’s exactly what they did, and they ended up reaching "
+"their \\$50,000 goal. Neal said the campaign helped them reach new people, "
+"but the vast majority of backers were people in their existing base."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6406
+msgid ""
+"For Neal, this symbolized how so much of success comes down to "
+"relationships. Over time, Shareable has invested time and energy into the "
+"relationships they have forged with their readers and supporters. They have "
+"also invested resources into building relationships between their readers "
+"and supporters."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6420
+msgid ""
+"Shareable began hosting events in 2010. These events were designed to bring "
+"the sharing community together. But over time they realized they could reach "
+"far more people if they helped their readers to host their own events. “If "
+"we wanted to go big on a conference, there was a huge risk and huge staffing "
+"needs, plus only a fraction of our community could travel to the event,” "
+"Neal said. Enabling others to create their own events around the globe "
+"allowed them to scale up their work more effectively and reach far more "
+"people. Shareable has catalyzed three hundred different events reaching over "
+"twenty thousand people since implementing this strategy three years "
+"ago. Going forward, Shareable is focusing the network on creating and "
+"distributing content meant to spur local action. For instance, Shareable "
+"will publish a new CC-licensed book in 2017 filled with ideas for their "
+"network to implement."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6425
+msgid ""
+"Neal says Shareable stumbled upon this strategy, but it seems to perfectly "
+"encapsulate just how the commons is supposed to work. Rather than a "
+"one-size-fits-all approach, Shareable puts the tools out there for people "
+"take the ideas and adapt them to their own communities."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6427
+msgid "<span id=\"anchor-89\"></span>Siyavula"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6431
+msgid ""
+"Siyavula is a for-profit educational-technology company that creates "
+"textbooks and integrated learning experiences. Founded in 2012 in South "
+"Africa."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6433
+msgid "www.siyavula.com"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6435
+msgid "Revenue model: charging for custom services, sponsorships"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6437
+msgid "Interview date: April 5, 2016"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6439
+msgid "Interviewee: Mark Horner, CEO"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6447
+msgid ""
+"Openness is a key principle for Siyavula. They believe that every learner "
+"and teacher should have access to high-quality educational resources, as "
+"this forms the basis for long-term growth and development. Siyavula has "
+"been a pioneer in creating high-quality open textbooks on mathematics and "
+"science subjects for grades 4 to 12 in South Africa."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6452
+msgid ""
+"In terms of creating an open business model that involves Creative Commons, "
+"Siyavula—and its founder, Mark Horner—have been around the block a few "
+"times. Siyavula has significantly shifted directions and strategies to "
+"survive and prosper. Mark says it’s been very organic."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6459
+msgid ""
+"It all started in 2002, when Mark and several other colleagues at the "
+"University of Cape Town in South Africa founded the Free High School Science "
+"Texts project. Most students in South Africa high schools didn’t have access "
+"to high-quality, comprehensive science and math textbooks, so Mark and his "
+"colleagues set out to write them and make them freely available."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6467
+msgid ""
+"As physicists, Mark and his colleagues were advocates of open-source "
+"software. To make the books open and free, they adopted the Free Software "
+"Foundation’s GNU Free Documentation License.1 They chose LaTeX, a "
+"typesetting program used to publish scientific documents, to author the "
+"books. Over a period of five years, the Free High School Science Texts "
+"project produced math and physical-science textbooks for grades 10 to 12."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6473
+msgid ""
+"In 2007, the Shuttleworth Foundation offered funding support to make the "
+"textbooks available for trial use at more schools. Surveys before and after "
+"the textbooks were adopted showed there were no substantial criticisms of "
+"the textbooks’ pedagogical content. This pleased both the authors and "
+"Shuttleworth; Mark remains incredibly proud of this"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6475
+msgid "accomplishment."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6480
+msgid ""
+"But the development of new textbooks froze at this stage. Mark shifted his "
+"focus to rural schools, which didn’t have textbooks at all, and looked into "
+"the printing and distribution options. A few sponsors came on board but not "
+"enough to meet the need."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6488
+msgid ""
+"In 2007, Shuttleworth and the Open Society Institute convened a group of "
+"open-education activists for a small but lively meeting in Cape Town. One "
+"result was the Cape Town Open Education Declaration, a statement of "
+"principles, strategies, and commitment to help the open-education movement "
+"grow.2 Shuttleworth also invited Mark to run a project writing open content "
+"for all subjects for K–12 in English. That project became Siyavula."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6495
+msgid ""
+"They wrote six original textbooks. A small publishing company offered "
+"Shuttleworth the option to buy out the publisher’s existing K–9 content for "
+"every subject in South African schools in both English and Afrikaans. A deal "
+"was struck, and all the acquired content was licensed with Creative Commons, "
+"significantly expanding the collection beyond the six original books."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6508
+msgid ""
+"Mark wanted to build out the remaining curricula collaboratively through "
+"communities of practice—that is, with fellow educators and writers. "
+"Although sharing is fundamental to teaching, there can be a few challenges "
+"when you create educational resources collectively. One concern is legal. It "
+"is standard practice in education to copy diagrams and snippets of text, but "
+"of course this doesn’t always comply with copyright law. Another concern is "
+"transparency. Sharing what you’ve authored means everyone can see it and "
+"opens you up to criticism. To alleviate these concerns, Mark adopted a "
+"team-based approach to authoring and insisted the curricula be based "
+"entirely on resources with Creative Commons licenses, thereby ensuring they "
+"were safe to share and free from legal repercussions."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6516
+msgid ""
+"Not only did Mark want the resources to be shareable, he wanted all teachers "
+"to be able to remix and edit the content. Mark and his team had to come up "
+"with an open editable format and provide tools for editing. They ended up "
+"putting all the books they’d acquired and authored on a platform called "
+"Connexions.3 Siyavula trained many teachers to use Connexions, but it proved "
+"to be too complex and the textbooks were rarely edited."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6522
+msgid ""
+"Then the Shuttleworth Foundation decided to completely restructure its work "
+"as a foundation into a fellowship model (for reasons completely unrelated to "
+"Siyavula). As part of that transition in 2009–10, Mark inherited Siyavula as "
+"an independent entity and took ownership over it as a Shuttleworth fellow."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6529
+msgid ""
+"Mark and his team experimented with several different strategies. They tried "
+"creating an authoring and hosting platform called Full Marks so that "
+"teachers could share assessment items. They tried creating a service called "
+"Open Press, where teachers could ask for open educational resources to be "
+"aggregated into a package and printed for them. These services never really "
+"panned out."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6536
+msgid ""
+"Then the South African government approached Siyavula with an interest in "
+"printing out the original six Free High School Science Texts (math and "
+"physical-science textbooks for grades 10 to 12) for all high school students "
+"in South Africa. Although at this point Siyavula was a bit discouraged by "
+"open educational resources, they saw this as a big opportunity."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6544
+msgid ""
+"They began to conceive of the six books as having massive marketing "
+"potential for Siyavula. Printing Siyavula books for every kid in South "
+"Africa would give their brand huge exposure and could drive vast amounts of "
+"traffic to their website. In addition to print books, Siyavula could also "
+"make the books available on their website, making it possible for learners "
+"to access them using any device—computer, tablet, or mobile phone."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6555
+msgid ""
+"Mark and his team began imagining what they could develop beyond what was in "
+"the textbooks as a service they charge for. One key thing you can’t do well "
+"in a printed textbook is demonstrate solutions. Typically, a one-line answer "
+"is given at the end of the book but nothing on the process for arriving at "
+"that solution. Mark and his team developed practice items and detailed "
+"solutions, giving learners plenty of opportunity to test out what they’ve "
+"learned. Furthermore, an algorithm could adapt these practice items to the "
+"individual needs of each learner. They called this service Intelligent "
+"Practice and embedded links to it in the open textbooks."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6560
+msgid ""
+"The costs for using Intelligent Practice were set very low, making it "
+"accessible even to those with limited financial means. Siyavula was going "
+"for large volumes and wide-scale use rather than an expensive product "
+"targeting only the high end of the market."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6568
+msgid ""
+"The government distributed the books to 1.5 million students, but there was "
+"an unexpected wrinkle: the books were delivered late. Rather than wait, "
+"schools who could afford it provided students with a different textbook. The "
+"Siyavula books were eventually distributed, but with well-off schools mainly "
+"using a different book, the primary market for Siyavula’s Intelligent "
+"Practice service inadvertently became low-income learners."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6576
+msgid ""
+"Siyavula’s site did see a dramatic increase in traffic. They got five "
+"hundred thousand visitors per month to their math site and the same number "
+"to their science site. Two-fifths of the traffic was reading on a “feature "
+"phone” (a nonsmartphone with no apps). People on basic phones were reading "
+"math and science on a two-inch screen at all hours of the day. To Mark, it "
+"was quite amazing and spoke to a need they were servicing."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6583
+msgid ""
+"At first, the Intelligent Practice services could only be paid using a "
+"credit card. This proved problematic, especially for those in the low-income "
+"demographic, as credit cards were not prevalent. Mark says Siyavula got a "
+"harsh business-model lesson early on. As he describes it, it’s not just "
+"about product, but how you sell it, who the market is, what the price is, "
+"and what the barriers to entry are."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6588
+msgid ""
+"Mark describes this as the first version of Siyavula’s business model: open "
+"textbooks serving as marketing material and driving traffic to your site, "
+"where you can offer a related service and convert some people into a paid "
+"customer."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6595
+msgid ""
+"For Mark a key decision for Siyavula’s business was to focus on how they can "
+"add value on top of their basic service. They’ll charge only if they are "
+"adding unique value. The actual content of the textbook isn’t unique at all, "
+"so Siyavula sees no value in locking it down and charging for it. Mark "
+"contrasts this with traditional publishers who charge over and over again "
+"for the same content without adding value."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6605
+msgid ""
+"Version two of Siyavula’s business model was a big, ambitious idea—scale "
+"up. They also decided to sell the Intelligent Practice service to schools "
+"directly. Schools can subscribe on a per-student, per-subject basis. A "
+"single subscription gives a learner access to a single subject, including "
+"practice content from every grade available for that subject. Lower "
+"subscription rates are provided when there are over two hundred students, "
+"and big schools have a price cap. A 40 percent discount is offered to "
+"schools where both the science and math departments subscribe."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6613
+msgid ""
+"Teachers get a dashboard that allows them to monitor the progress of an "
+"entire class or view an individual learner’s results. They can see the "
+"questions that learners are working on, identify areas of difficulty, and be "
+"more strategic in their teaching. Students also have their own personalized "
+"dashboard, where they can view the sections they’ve practiced, how many "
+"points they’ve earned, and how their performance is improving."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6619
+msgid ""
+"Based on the success of this effort, Siyavula decided to substantially "
+"increase the production of open educational resources so they could provide "
+"the Intelligent Practice service for a wider range of books. Grades 10 to "
+"12 math and science books were reworked each year, and new books created for "
+"grades 4 to 6 and later grades 7 to 9."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6625
+msgid ""
+"In partnership with, and sponsored by, the Sasol Inzalo Foundation, Siyavula "
+"produced a series of natural sciences and technology workbooks for grades 4 "
+"to 6 called Thunderbolt Kids that uses a fun comic-book style.4 It’s a "
+"complete curriculum that also comes with teacher’s guides and other "
+"resources."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6633
+msgid ""
+"Through this experience, Siyavula learned they could get sponsors to help "
+"fund openly licensed textbooks. It helped that Siyavula had by this time "
+"nailed the production model. It cost roughly \\$150,000 to produce a book in "
+"two languages. Sponsors liked the social-benefit aspect of textbooks "
+"unlocked via a Creative Commons license. They also liked the exposure their "
+"brand got. For roughly \\$150,000, their logo would be visible on books "
+"distributed to over one million students."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6640
+msgid ""
+"The Siyavula books that are reviewed, approved, and branded by the "
+"government are freely and openly available on Siyavula’s website under an "
+"Attribution-NoDerivs license (CC BY-ND) —NoDerivs means that these books "
+"cannot be modified. Non-government-branded books are available under an "
+"Attribution license (CC BY), allowing others to modify and redistribute the "
+"books."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6649
+msgid ""
+"Although the South African government paid to print and distribute hard "
+"copies of the books to schoolkids, Siyavula itself received no funding from "
+"the government. Siyavula initially tried to convince the government to "
+"provide them with five rand per book (about US35¢). With those funds, Mark "
+"says that Siyavula could have run its entire operation, built a "
+"community-based model for producing more books, and provide Intelligent "
+"Practice for free to every child in the country. But after a lengthy "
+"negotiation, the government said no."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6657
+msgid ""
+"Using Siyavula books generated huge savings for the government. Providing "
+"students with a traditionally published grade 12 science or math textbook "
+"costs around 250 rand per book (about US\\$18). Providing the Siyavula "
+"version cost around 36 rand (about \\$2.60), a savings of over 200 rand per "
+"book. But none of those savings were passed on to Siyavula. In retrospect, "
+"Mark thinks this may have turned out in their favor as it allowed them to "
+"remain independent from the government."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6664
+msgid ""
+"Just as Siyavula was planning to scale up the production of open textbooks "
+"even more, the South African government changed its textbook policy. To save "
+"costs, the government declared there would be only one authorized textbook "
+"for each grade and each subject. There was no guarantee that Siyavula’s "
+"would be chosen. This scared away potential sponsors."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6673
+msgid ""
+"Rather than producing more textbooks, Siyavula focused on improving its "
+"Intelligent Practice technology for its existing books. Mark calls this "
+"version three of Siyavula’s business model—focusing on the technology that "
+"provides the revenue-generating service and generating more users of this "
+"service. Version three got a significant boost in 2014 with an investment by "
+"the Omidyar Network (the philanthropic venture started by eBay founder "
+"Pierre Omidyar and his spouse), and continues to be the model Siyavula uses "
+"today."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6678
+msgid ""
+"Mark says sales are way up, and they are really nailing Intelligent "
+"Practice. Schools continue to use their open textbooks. The "
+"government-announced policy that there would be only one textbook per "
+"subject turned out to be highly contentious and is in limbo."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6685
+msgid ""
+"Siyavula is exploring a range of enhancements to their business model. "
+"These include charging a small amount for assessment services provided over "
+"the phone, diversifying their market to all English-speaking countries in "
+"Africa, and setting up a consortium that makes Intelligent Practice free to "
+"all kids by selling the nonpersonal data Intelligent Practice collects."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6698
+msgid ""
+"Siyavula is a for-profit business but one with a social mission. Their "
+"shareholders’ agreement lists lots of requirements around openness for "
+"Siyavula, including stipulations that content always be put under an open "
+"license and that they can’t charge for something that people volunteered to "
+"do for them. They believe each individual should have access to the "
+"resources and support they need to achieve the education they "
+"deserve. Having educational resources openly licensed with Creative Commons "
+"means they can fulfill their social mission, on top of which they can build "
+"revenue-generating services to sustain the ongoing operation of Siyavula. In "
+"terms of open business models, Mark and Siyavula may have been around the "
+"block a few times, but both he and the company are stronger for it."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '1. '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6705
+msgid "www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '2. '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6705
+msgid "www.capetowndeclaration.org"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '3. '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6705
+msgid "cnx.org"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '4. '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6705
+msgid "www.siyavula.com/products-primary-school.html"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6707
+msgid "<span id=\"anchor-90\"></span>Sparkfun"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6710
+msgid ""
+"SparkFun is an online electronics retailer specializing in open "
+"hardware. Founded in 2003 in the U.S."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6712
+msgid "www.sparkfun.com"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6714
+msgid "Revenue model: charging for physical copies (electronics sales)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6716
+msgid "Interview date: February 29, 2016"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6718
+msgid "Interviewee: Nathan Seidle, founder"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6726
+msgid ""
+"SparkFun founder and former CEO Nathan Seidle has a picture of himself "
+"holding up a clone of a SparkFun product in an electronics market in China, "
+"with a huge grin on his face. He was traveling in China when he came across "
+"their LilyPad wearable technology being made by someone else. His reaction "
+"was glee."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6731
+msgid ""
+"“Being copied is the greatest earmark of flattery and success,” Nathan "
+"said. “I thought it was so cool that they were selling to a market we were "
+"never going to get access to otherwise. It was evidence of our impact on the "
+"world.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6739
+msgid ""
+"This worldview runs through everything SparkFun does. SparkFun is an "
+"electronics manufacturer. The company sells its products directly to the "
+"public online, and it bundles them with educational tools to sell to schools "
+"and teachers. SparkFun applies Creative Commons licenses to all of its "
+"schematics, images, tutorial content, and curricula, so anyone can make "
+"their products on their own. Being copied is part of the design."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6747
+msgid ""
+"Nathan believes open licensing is good for the world. “It touches on our "
+"natural human instinct to share,” he said. But he also strongly believes it "
+"makes SparkFun better at what they do. They encourage copying, and their "
+"products are copied at a very fast rate, often within ten to twelve weeks of "
+"release. This forces the company to compete on something other than product "
+"design, or what most commonly consider their intellectual property."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6751
+msgid ""
+"“We compete on business principles,” Nathan said. “Claiming your territory "
+"with intellectual property allows you to get comfy and rest on your "
+"laurels. It gives you a safety net. We took away that safety net.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6759
+msgid ""
+"The result is an intense company-wide focus on product development and "
+"improvement. “Our products are so much better than they were five years "
+"ago,” Nathan said. “We used to just sell products. Now it’s a product plus a "
+"video, a seventeen-page hookup guide, and example firmware on three "
+"different platforms to get you up and running faster. We have gotten better "
+"because we had to in order to compete. As painful as it is for us, it’s "
+"better for the customers.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6767
+msgid ""
+"SparkFun parts are available on eBay for lower prices. But people come "
+"directly to SparkFun because SparkFun makes their lives easier. The example "
+"code works; there is a service number to call; they ship replacement parts "
+"the day they get a service call. They invest heavily in service and "
+"support. “I don’t believe businesses should be competing with IP "
+"\\[intellectual property\\] barriers,” Nathan said. “This is the stuff they "
+"should be competing on.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6776
+msgid ""
+"SparkFun’s company history began in Nathan’s college dorm room. He spent a "
+"lot of time experimenting with and building electronics, and he realized "
+"there was a void in the market. “If you wanted to place an order for "
+"something,” he said, “you first had to search far and wide to find it, and "
+"then you had to call or fax someone.” In 2003, during his third year of "
+"college, he registered sparkfun.com and started reselling products out of "
+"his bedroom. After he graduated, he started making and selling his own "
+"products."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6783
+msgid ""
+"Once he started designing his own products, he began putting the software "
+"and schematics online to help with technical support. After doing some "
+"research on licensing options, he chose Creative Commons licenses because he "
+"was drawn to the “human-readable deeds” that explain the licensing terms in "
+"simple terms. SparkFun still uses CC licenses for all of the schematics and "
+"firmware for the products they create."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6790
+msgid ""
+"The company has grown from a solo project to a corporation with 140 "
+"employees. In 2015, SparkFun earned \\$33 million in revenue. Selling "
+"components and widgets to hobbyists, professionals, and artists remains a "
+"major part of SparkFun’s business. They sell their own products, but they "
+"also partner with Arduino (also profiled in this book) by manufacturing "
+"boards for resale using Arduino’s brand."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6797
+msgid ""
+"SparkFun also has an educational department dedicated to creating a hands-on "
+"curriculum to teach students about electronics using prototyping "
+"parts. Because SparkFun has always been dedicated to enabling others to "
+"re-create and fix their products on their own, the more recent focus on "
+"introducing young people to technology is a natural extension of their core "
+"business."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6801
+msgid ""
+"“We have the burden and opportunity to educate the next generation of "
+"technical citizens,” Nathan said. “Our goal is to affect the lives of three "
+"hundred and fifty thousand high school students by 2020.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6810
+msgid ""
+"The Creative Commons license underlying all of SparkFun’s products is "
+"central to this mission. The license not only signals a willingness to "
+"share, but it also expresses a desire for others to get in and tinker with "
+"their products, both to learn and to make their products better. SparkFun "
+"uses the Attribution-ShareAlike license (CC BY-SA), which is a “copyleft” "
+"license that allows people to do anything with the content as long as they "
+"provide credit and make any adaptations available under the same licensing "
+"terms."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6819
+msgid ""
+"From the beginning, Nathan has tried to create a work environment at "
+"SparkFun that he himself would want to work in. The result is what appears "
+"to be a pretty fun workplace. The U.S. company is based in Boulder, "
+"Colorado. They have an eighty-thousand-square-foot facility (approximately "
+"seventy-four-hundred square meters), where they design and manufacture their "
+"products. They offer public tours of the space several times a week, and "
+"they open their doors to the public for a competition once a year."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6830
+msgid ""
+"The public event, called the Autonomous Vehicle Competition, brings in a "
+"thousand to two thousand customers and other technology enthusiasts from "
+"around the area to race their own self-created bots against each other, "
+"participate in training workshops, and socialize. From a business "
+"perspective, Nathan says it’s a terrible idea. But they don’t hold the event "
+"for business reasons. “The reason we do it is because I get to travel and "
+"have interactions with our customers all the time, but most of our employees "
+"don’t,” he said. “This event gives our employees the opportunity to get "
+"face-to-face contact with our customers.” The event infuses their work with "
+"a human element, which makes it more meaningful."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6838
+msgid ""
+"Nathan has worked hard to imbue a deeper meaning into the work SparkFun "
+"does. The company is, of course, focused on being fiscally responsible, but "
+"they are ultimately driven by something other than money. “Profit is not the "
+"goal; it is the outcome of a well-executed plan,” Nathan said. “We focus on "
+"having a bigger impact on the world.” Nathan believes they get some of the "
+"brightest and most amazing employees because they aren’t singularly focused "
+"on the bottom line."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6844
+msgid ""
+"The company is committed to transparency and shares all of its financials "
+"with its employees. They also generally strive to avoid being another "
+"soulless corporation. They actively try to reveal the humans behind the "
+"company, and they work to ensure people coming to their site don’t find only "
+"unchanging content."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6854
+msgid ""
+"SparkFun’s customer base is largely made up of industrious electronics "
+"enthusiasts. They have customers who are regularly involved in the company’s "
+"customer support, independently responding to questions in forums and "
+"product-comment sections. Customers also bring product ideas to the "
+"company. SparkFun regularly sifts through suggestions from customers and "
+"tries to build on them where they can. “From the beginning, we have been "
+"listening to the community,” Nathan said. “Customers would identify a pain "
+"point, and we would design something to address it.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6862
+msgid ""
+"However, this sort of customer engagement does not always translate to "
+"people actively contributing to SparkFun’s projects. The company has a "
+"public repository of software code for each of its devices online. On a "
+"particularly active project, there will only be about two dozen people "
+"contributing significant improvements. The vast majority of projects are "
+"relatively untouched by the public. “There is a theory that if you "
+"open-source it, they will come,” Nathan said. “That’s not really true.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6870
+msgid ""
+"Rather than focusing on cocreation with their customers, SparkFun instead "
+"focuses on enabling people to copy, tinker, and improve products on their "
+"own. They heavily invest in tutorials and other material designed to help "
+"people understand how the products work so they can fix and improve things "
+"independently. “What gives me joy is when people take open-source layouts "
+"and then build their own circuit boards from our designs,” Nathan said."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6882
+msgid ""
+"Obviously, opening up the design of their products is a necessary step if "
+"their goal is to empower the public. Nathan also firmly believes it makes "
+"them more money because it requires them to focus on how to provide maximum "
+"value. Rather than designing a new product and protecting it in order to "
+"extract as much money as possible from it, they release the keys necessary "
+"for others to build it themselves and then spend company time and resources "
+"on innovation and service. From a short-term perspective, SparkFun may lose "
+"a few dollars when others copy their products. But in the long run, it makes "
+"them a more nimble, innovative business. In other words, it makes them the "
+"kind of company they set out to be."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6884
+msgid "<span id=\"anchor-91\"></span>TeachAIDS"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6888
+msgid ""
+"TeachAIDS is a nonprofit that creates educational materials designed to "
+"teach people around the world about HIV and AIDS. Founded in 2005 in the "
+"U.S."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6890
+msgid "teachaids.org"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6892
+msgid "Revenue model: sponsorships"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6894
+msgid "Interview date: March 24, 2016"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6896
+msgid "Interviewees: Piya Sorcar, the CEO, and Shuman Ghosemajumder, the chair"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6903
+msgid ""
+"TeachAIDS is an unconventional media company with a conventional revenue "
+"model. Like most media companies, they are subsidized by advertising. "
+"Corporations pay to have their logos appear on the educational materials "
+"TeachAIDS distributes."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6914
+msgid ""
+"But unlike most media companies, Teach-AIDS is a nonprofit organization with "
+"a purely social mission. TeachAIDS is dedicated to educating the global "
+"population about HIV and AIDS, particularly in parts of the world where "
+"education efforts have been historically unsuccessful. Their educational "
+"content is conveyed through interactive software, using methods based on the "
+"latest research about how people learn. TeachAIDS serves content in more "
+"than eighty countries around the world. In each instance, the content is "
+"translated to the local language and adjusted to conform to local norms and "
+"customs. All content is free and made available under a Creative Commons "
+"license."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6932
+msgid ""
+"TeachAIDS is a labor of love for founder and CEO Piya Sorcar, who earns a "
+"salary of one dollar per year from the nonprofit. The project grew out of "
+"research she was doing while pursuing her doctorate at Stanford "
+"University. She was reading reports about India, noting it would be the next "
+"hot zone of people living with HIV. Despite international and national "
+"entities pouring in hundreds of millions of dollars on HIV-prevention "
+"efforts, the reports showed knowledge levels were still low. People were "
+"unaware of whether the virus could be transmitted through coughing and "
+"sneezing, for instance. Supported by an interdisciplinary team of experts at "
+"Stanford, Piya conducted similar studies, which corroborated the previous "
+"research. They found that the primary cause of the limited understanding was "
+"that HIV, and issues relating to it, were often considered too taboo to "
+"discuss comprehensively. The other major problem was that most of the "
+"education on this topic was being taught through television advertising, "
+"billboards, and other mass-media campaigns, which meant people were only "
+"receiving bits and pieces of information."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6942
+msgid ""
+"In late 2005, Piya and her team used research-based design to create new "
+"educational materials and worked with local partners in India to help "
+"distribute them. As soon as the animated software was posted online, Piya’s "
+"team started receiving requests from individuals and governments who were "
+"interested in bringing this model to more countries. “We realized fairly "
+"quickly that educating large populations about a topic that was considered "
+"taboo would be challenging. We began by identifying optimal local partners "
+"and worked toward creating an effective, culturally appropriate education,” "
+"Piya said."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6946
+msgid ""
+"Very shortly after the initial release, Piya’s team decided to spin the "
+"endeavor into an independent nonprofit out of Stanford University. They also "
+"decided to use Creative Commons licenses on the materials."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6959
+msgid ""
+"Given their educational mission, TeachAIDS had an obvious interest in seeing "
+"the materials as widely shared as possible. But they also needed to preserve "
+"the integrity of the medical information in the content. They chose the "
+"Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs license (CC BY-NC-ND), which essentially "
+"gives the public the right to distribute only verbatim copies of the "
+"content, and for noncommercial purposes. “We wanted attribution for "
+"TeachAIDS, and we couldn’t stand by derivatives without vetting them,” the "
+"cofounder and chair Shuman Ghosemajumder said. “It was almost a no-brainer "
+"to go with a CC license because it was a plug-and-play solution to this "
+"exact problem. It has allowed us to scale our materials safely and quickly "
+"worldwide while preserving our content and protecting us at the same time.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6966
+msgid ""
+"Choosing a license that does not allow adaptation of the content was an "
+"outgrowth of the careful precision with which TeachAIDS crafts their "
+"content. The organization invests heavily in research and testing to "
+"determine the best method of conveying the information. “Creating "
+"high-quality content is what matters most to us,” Piya said. “Research "
+"drives everything we do.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6973
+msgid ""
+"One important finding was that people accept the message best when it comes "
+"from familiar voices they trust and admire. To achieve this, TeachAIDS "
+"researches cultural icons that would best resonate with their target "
+"audiences and recruits them to donate their likenesses and voices for use in "
+"the animated software. The celebrities involved vary for each localized "
+"version of the materials."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6986
+msgid ""
+"Localization is probably the single-most important aspect of the way "
+"TeachAIDS creates its content. While each regional version builds from the "
+"same core scientific materials, they pour a lot of resources into "
+"customizing the content for a particular population. Because they use a CC "
+"license that does not allow the public to adapt the content, TeachAIDS "
+"retains careful control over the localization process. The content is "
+"translated into the local language, but there are also changes in substance "
+"and format to reflect cultural differences. This process results in minor "
+"changes, like choosing different idioms based on the local language, and "
+"significant changes, like creating gendered versions for places where people "
+"are more likely to accept information from someone of the same gender."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7000
+msgid ""
+"The localization process relies heavily on volunteers. Their volunteer base "
+"is deeply committed to the cause, and the organization has had better luck "
+"controlling the quality of the materials when they tap volunteers instead of "
+"using paid translators. For quality control, TeachAIDS has three separate "
+"volunteer teams translate the materials from English to the local language "
+"and customize the content based on local customs and norms. Those three "
+"versions are then analyzed and combined into a single master "
+"translation. TeachAIDS has additional teams of volunteers then translate "
+"that version back into English to see how well it lines up with the original "
+"materials. They repeat this process until they reach a translated version "
+"that meets their standards. For the Tibetan version, they went through this "
+"cycle eleven times."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7017
+msgid ""
+"TeachAIDS employs full-time employees, contractors, and volunteers, all in "
+"different capacities and organizational configurations. They are careful to "
+"use people from diverse backgrounds to create the materials, including "
+"teachers, students, and doctors, as well as individuals experienced in "
+"working in the NGO space. This diversity and breadth of knowledge help "
+"ensure their materials resonate with people from all walks of "
+"life. Additionally, TeachAIDS works closely with film writers and directors "
+"to help keep the concepts entertaining and easy to understand. The "
+"inclusive, but highly controlled, creative process is undertaken entirely by "
+"people who are specifically brought on to help with a particular project, "
+"rather than ongoing staff. The final product they create is designed to "
+"require zero training for people to implement in practice. “In our research, "
+"we found we can’t depend on people passing on the information correctly, "
+"even if they have the best of intentions,” Piya said. “We need materials "
+"where you can push play and they will work.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7028
+msgid ""
+"Piya’s team was able to produce all of these versions over several years "
+"with a head count that never exceeded eight full-time employees. The "
+"organization is able to reduce costs by relying heavily on volunteers and "
+"in-kind donations. Nevertheless, the nonprofit needed a sustainable revenue "
+"model to subsidize content creation and physical distribution of the "
+"materials. Charging even a low price was simply not an option. “Educators "
+"from various nonprofits around the world were just creating their own "
+"materials using whatever they could find for free online,” Shuman said. “The "
+"only way to persuade them to use our highly effective model was to make it "
+"completely free.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7037
+msgid ""
+"Like many content creators offering their work for free, they settled on "
+"advertising as a funding model. But they were extremely careful not to let "
+"the advertising compromise their credibility or undermine the heavy "
+"investment they put into creating quality content. Sponsors of the content "
+"have no ability to influence the substance of the content, and they cannot "
+"even create advertising content. Sponsors only get the right to have their "
+"logo appear before and after the educational content. All of the content "
+"remains branded as TeachAIDS."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7045
+msgid ""
+"TeachAIDS is careful not to seek funding to cover the costs of a specific "
+"project. Instead, sponsorships are structured as unrestricted donations to "
+"the nonprofit. This gives the nonprofit more stability, but even more "
+"importantly, it enables them to subsidize projects being localized for an "
+"area with no sponsors. “If we just created versions based on where we could "
+"get sponsorships, we would only have materials for wealthier countries,” "
+"Shuman said."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7056
+msgid ""
+"As of 2016, TeachAIDS has dozens of sponsors. “When we go into a new "
+"country, various companies hear about us and reach out to us,” Piya "
+"said. “We don’t have to do much to find or attract them.” They believe the "
+"sponsorships are easy to sell because they offer so much value to "
+"sponsors. TeachAIDS sponsorships give corporations the chance to reach new "
+"eyeballs with their brand, but at a much lower cost than other advertising "
+"channels. The audience for TeachAIDS content also tends to skew young, which "
+"is often a desirable demographic for brands. Unlike traditional advertising, "
+"the content is not time-sensitive, so an investment in a sponsorship can "
+"benefit a brand for many years to come."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7063
+msgid ""
+"Importantly, the value to corporate sponsors goes beyond commercial "
+"considerations. As a nonprofit with a clearly articulated social mission, "
+"corporate sponsorships are donations to a cause. “This is something "
+"companies can be proud of internally,” Shuman said. Some companies have even "
+"built publicity campaigns around the fact that they have sponsored these "
+"initiatives."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7070
+msgid ""
+"The core mission of TeachAIDS—ensuring global access to life-saving "
+"education—is at the root of everything the organization does. It underpins "
+"the work; it motivates the funders. The CC license on the materials they "
+"create furthers that mission, allowing them to safely and quickly scale "
+"their materials worldwide. “The Creative Commons license has been a game "
+"changer for TeachAIDS,” Piya said."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7072
+msgid "<span id=\"anchor-92\"></span>Tribe of Noise"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7076
+msgid ""
+"Tribe of Noise is a for-profit online music platform serving the film, TV, "
+"video, gaming, and in-store-media industries. Founded in 2008 in the "
+"Netherlands."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7078
+msgid "www.tribeofnoise.com"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7082
+msgid "Interview date: January 26, 2016"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7084
+msgid "Interviewee: Hessel van Oorschot, cofounder"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7094
+msgid ""
+"In the early 2000s, Hessel van Oorschot was an entrepreneur running a "
+"business where he coached other midsize entrepreneurs how to create an "
+"online business. He also coauthored a number of workbooks for small- to "
+"medium-size enterprises to use to optimize their business for the Web. "
+"Through this early work, Hessel became familiar with the principles of open "
+"licensing, including the use of open-source software and Creative Commons."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7102
+msgid ""
+"In 2005, Hessel and Sandra Brandenburg launched a niche video-production "
+"initiative. Almost immediately, they ran into issues around finding and "
+"licensing music tracks. All they could find was standard, cold "
+"stock-music. They thought of looking up websites where you could license "
+"music directly from the musician without going through record labels or "
+"agents. But in 2005, the ability to directly license music from a rights "
+"holder was not readily available."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7110
+msgid ""
+"They hired two lawyers to investigate further, and while they uncovered five "
+"or six examples, Hessel found the business models lacking. The lawyers "
+"expressed interest in being their legal team should they decide to pursue "
+"this as an entrepreneurial opportunity. Hessel says, “When lawyers are "
+"interested in a venture like this, you might have something special.” So "
+"after some more research, in early 2008, Hessel and Sandra decided to build "
+"a platform."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7116
+msgid ""
+"Building a platform posed a real chicken-and-egg problem. The platform had "
+"to build an online community of music-rights holders and, at the same time, "
+"provide the community with information and ideas about how the new economy "
+"works. Community willingness to try new music business models requires a "
+"trust relationship."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7123
+msgid ""
+"In July 2008, Tribe of Noise opened its virtual doors with a couple hundred "
+"musicians willing to use the CC BY-SA license (Attribution-ShareAlike) for a "
+"limited part of their repertoire. The two entrepreneurs wanted to take the "
+"pain away for media makers who wanted to license music and solve the "
+"problems the two had personally experienced finding this music."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7131
+msgid ""
+"As they were growing the community, Hessel got a phone call from a company "
+"that made in-store music playlists asking if they had enough music licensed "
+"with Creative Commons that they could use. Stores need quality, "
+"good-listening music but not necessarily hits, a bit like a radio show "
+"without the DJ. This opened a new opportunity for Tribe of Noise. They "
+"started their In-store Music Service, using music (licensed with CC BY-SA) "
+"uploaded by the Tribe of Noise community of musicians.1"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7149
+msgid ""
+"In most countries, artists, authors, and musicians join a collecting society "
+"that manages the licensing and helps collect the royalties. Copyright "
+"collecting societies in the European Union usually hold monopolies in their "
+"respective national markets. In addition, they require their members to "
+"transfer exclusive administration rights to them of all of their works. This "
+"complicates the picture for Tribe of Noise, who wants to represent artists, "
+"or at least a portion of their repertoire. Hessel and his legal team reached "
+"out to collecting societies, starting with those in the Netherlands. What "
+"would be the best legal way forward that would respect the wishes of "
+"composers and musicians who’d be interested in trying out new models like "
+"the In-store Music Service? Collecting societies at first were hesitant and "
+"said no, but Tribe of Noise persisted arguing that they primarily work with "
+"unknown artists and provide them exposure in parts of the world where they "
+"don’t get airtime normally and a source of revenue—and this convinced them "
+"that it was OK. However, Hessel says, “We are still fighting for a good "
+"cause every single day.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7160
+msgid ""
+"Instead of building a large sales force, Tribe of Noise partnered with big "
+"organizations who have lots of clients and can act as a kind of Tribe of "
+"Noise reseller. The largest telecom network in the Netherlands, for example, "
+"sells Tribe’s In-store Music Service subscriptions to their business "
+"clients, which include fashion retailers and fitness centers. They have a "
+"similar deal with the leading trade association representing hotels and "
+"restaurants in the country. Hessel hopes to “copy and paste” this service "
+"into other countries where collecting societies understand what you can do "
+"with Creative Commons. Outside of the Netherlands, early adoptions have "
+"happened in Scandinavia, Belgium, and the U.S."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7167
+msgid ""
+"Tribe of Noise doesn’t pay the musicians up front; they get paid when their "
+"music ends up in Tribe of Noise’s in-store music channels. The musicians’ "
+"share is 42.5 percent. It’s not uncommon in a traditional model for the "
+"artist to get only 5 to 10 percent, so a share of over 40 percent is a "
+"significantly better deal. Here’s how they give an example on their website:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7176
+msgid ""
+"A few of your songs \\[licensed with CC BY-SA\\], for example five in total, "
+"are selected for a bespoke in-store music channel broadcasting at a large "
+"retailer with 1,000 stores nationwide. In this case the overall playlist "
+"contains 350 songs so the musician’s share is 5/350 = 1.43%. The license "
+"fee agreed with this retailer is US\\$12 per month per play-out. So if 42.5% "
+"is shared with the Tribe musicians in this playlist and your share is 1.43%, "
+"you end up with US\\$12 \\* 1000 stores \\* 0.425 \\* 0.0143 = US\\$73 per "
+"month.2"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7185
+msgid ""
+"Tribe of Noise has another model that does not involve Creative Commons. In "
+"a survey with members, most said they liked the exposure using Creative "
+"Commons gets them and the way it lets them reach out to others to share and "
+"remix. However, they had a bit of a mental struggle with Creative Commons "
+"licenses being perpetual. A lot of musicians have the mind-set that one day "
+"one of their songs may become an overnight hit. If that happened the CC "
+"BY-SA license would preclude them getting rich off the sale of that song."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7194
+msgid ""
+"Hessel’s legal team took this feedback and created a second model and "
+"separate area of the platform called Tribe of Noise Pro. Songs uploaded to "
+"Tribe of Noise Pro aren’t Creative Commons licensed; Tribe of Noise has "
+"instead created a “nonexclusive exploitation” contract, similar to a "
+"Creative Commons license but allowing musicians to opt out whenever they "
+"want. When you opt out, Tribe of Noise agrees to take your music off the "
+"Tribe of Noise platform within one to two months. This lets the musician "
+"reuse their song for a better deal."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7201
+msgid ""
+"Tribe of Noise Pro is primarily geared toward media makers who are looking "
+"for music. If they buy a license from this catalog, they don’t have to state "
+"the name of the creator; they just license the song for a specific "
+"amount. This is a big plus for media makers. And musicians can pull their "
+"repertoire at any time. Hessel sees this as a more direct and clean deal."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7206
+msgid ""
+"Lots of Tribe of Noise musicians upload songs to both Tribe of Noise Pro and "
+"the community area of Tribe of Noises. There aren’t that many artists who "
+"upload only to Tribe of Noise Pro, which has a smaller repertoire of music "
+"than the community area."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7213
+msgid ""
+"Hessel sees the two as complementary. Both are needed for the model to "
+"work. With a whole generation of musicians interested in the sharing "
+"economy, the community area of Tribe of Noise is where they can build trust, "
+"create exposure, and generate money. And after that, musicians may become "
+"more interested in exploring other models like Tribe of Noise Pro."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7222
+msgid ""
+"Every musician who joins Tribe of Noise gets their own home page and free "
+"unlimited Web space to upload as much of their own music as they like. Tribe "
+"of Noise is also a social network; fellow musicians and professionals can "
+"vote for, comment on, and like your music. Community managers interact with "
+"and support members, and music supervisors pick and choose from the uploaded "
+"songs for in-store play or to promote them to media producers. Members "
+"really like having people working for the platform who truly engage with "
+"them."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7230
+msgid ""
+"Another way Tribe of Noise creates community and interest is with contests, "
+"which are organized in partnership with Tribe of Noise clients. The client "
+"specifies what they want, and any member can submit a song. Contests usually "
+"involve prizes, exposure, and money. In addition to building member "
+"engagement, contests help members learn how to work with clients: listening "
+"to them, understanding what they want, and creating a song to meet that "
+"need."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7240
+msgid ""
+"Tribe of Noise now has twenty-seven thousand members from 192 countries, and "
+"many are exploring do-it-yourself models for generating revenue. Some came "
+"from music labels and publishers, having gone through the traditional way of "
+"music licensing and now seeing if this new model makes sense for "
+"them. Others are young musicians, who grew up with a DIY mentality and see "
+"little reason to sign with a third party or hand over some of the "
+"control. Still a small but growing group of Tribe members are pursuing a "
+"hybrid model by licensing some of their songs under CC BY-SA and opting in "
+"others with collecting societies like"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7242
+msgid "ASCAP or BMI."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7257
+msgid ""
+"It’s not uncommon for performance-rights organizations, record labels, or "
+"music publishers to sign contracts with musicians based on exclusivity. Such "
+"an arrangement prevents those musicians from uploading their music to Tribe "
+"of Noise. In the United States, you can have a collecting society handle "
+"only some of your tracks, whereas in many countries in Europe, a collecting "
+"society prefers to represent your entire repertoire (although the European "
+"Commission is making some changes). Tribe of Noise deals with this issue all "
+"the time and gives you a warning whenever you upload a song. If collecting "
+"societies are willing to be open and flexible and do the most they can for "
+"their members, then they can consider organizations like Tribe of Noise as a "
+"nice add-on, generating more exposure and revenue for the musicians they "
+"represent. So far, Tribe of Noise has been able to make all this work "
+"without litigation."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7266
+msgid ""
+"For Hessel the key to Tribe of Noise’s success is trust. The fact that "
+"Creative Commons licenses work the same way all over the world and have been "
+"translated into all languages really helps build that trust. Tribe of Noise "
+"believes in creating a model where they work together with musicians. They "
+"can only do that if they have a live and kicking community, with people who "
+"think that the Tribe of Noise team has their best interests in "
+"mind. Creative Commons makes it possible to create a new business model for "
+"music, a model that’s based on trust."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '1. '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7271
+msgid "www.instoremusicservice.com"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '2. '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7271
+msgid "www.tribeofnoise.com/info\\_instoremusic.php"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7273
+msgid "<span id=\"anchor-93\"></span>Wikimedia Foundation"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7276
+msgid ""
+"The Wikimedia Foundation is the nonprofit organization that hosts Wikipedia "
+"and its sister projects. Founded in 2003 in the U.S."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7278
+msgid "wikimediafoundation.org"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7280
+msgid "Revenue model: donations"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7282
+msgid "Interview date: December 18, 2015"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7285
+msgid ""
+"Interviewees: Luis Villa, former Chief Officer of Community Engagement, and "
+"Stephen LaPorte, legal counsel"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7289
+msgid "Nearly every person with an online presence knows Wikipedia."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7295
+msgid ""
+"In many ways, it is the preeminent open project: The online encyclopedia is "
+"created entirely by volunteers. Anyone in the world can edit the "
+"articles. All of the content is available for free to anyone online. All of "
+"the content is released under a Creative Commons license that enables people "
+"to reuse and adapt it for any purpose."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7299
+msgid ""
+"As of December 2016, there were more than forty-two million articles in the "
+"295 language editions of the online encyclopedia, according to—what "
+"else?—the Wikipedia article about Wikipedia."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7311
+msgid ""
+"The Wikimedia Foundation is a U.S.-based nonprofit organization that owns "
+"the Wikipedia domain name and hosts the site, along with many other related "
+"sites like Wikidata and Wikimedia Commons. The foundation employs about two "
+"hundred and eighty people, who all work to support the projects it "
+"hosts. But the true heart of Wikipedia and its sister projects is its "
+"community. The numbers of people in the community are variable, but about "
+"seventy-five thousand volunteers edit and improve Wikipedia articles every "
+"month. Volunteers are organized in a variety of ways across the globe, "
+"including formal Wikimedia chapters (mostly national), groups focused on a "
+"particular theme, user groups, and many thousands who are not connected to a "
+"particular organization."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7316
+msgid ""
+"As Wikimedia legal counsel Stephen LaPorte told us, “There is a common "
+"saying that Wikipedia works in practice but not in theory.” While it "
+"undoubtedly has its challenges and flaws, Wikipedia and its sister projects "
+"are a striking testament to the power of human collaboration."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7323
+msgid ""
+"Because of its extraordinary breadth and scope, it does feel a bit like a "
+"unicorn. Indeed, there is nothing else like Wikipedia. Still, much of what "
+"makes the projects successful—community, transparency, a strong mission, "
+"trust—are consistent with what it takes to be successfully Made with "
+"Creative Commons more generally. With Wikipedia, everything just happens at "
+"an unprecedented scale."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7333
+msgid ""
+"The story of Wikipedia has been told many times. For our purposes, it is "
+"enough to know the experiment started in 2001 at a small scale, inspired by "
+"the crazy notion that perhaps a truly open, collaborative project could "
+"create something meaningful. At this point, Wikipedia is so ubiquitous and "
+"ingrained in our digital lives that the fact of its existence seems less "
+"remarkable. But outside of software, Wikipedia is perhaps the single most "
+"stunning example of successful community cocreation. Every day, seven "
+"thousand new articles are created on Wikipedia, and nearly fifteen thousand "
+"edits are made every hour."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7353
+msgid ""
+"The nature of the content the community creates is ideal for asynchronous "
+"cocreation. “An encyclopedia is something where incremental community "
+"improvement really works,” Luis Villa, former Chief Officer of Community "
+"Engagement, told us. The rules and processes that govern cocreation on "
+"Wikipedia and its sister projects are all community-driven and vary by "
+"language edition. There are entire books written on the intricacies of their "
+"systems, but generally speaking, there are very few exceptions to the rule "
+"that anyone can edit any article, even without an account on their "
+"system. The extensive peer-review process includes elaborate systems to "
+"resolve disputes, methods for managing particularly controversial subject "
+"areas, talk pages explaining decisions, and much, much more. The Wikimedia "
+"Foundation’s decision to leave governance of the projects to the community "
+"is very deliberate. “We look at the things that the community can do well, "
+"and we want to let them do those things,” Stephen told us. Instead, the "
+"foundation focuses its time and resources on what the community cannot do as "
+"effectively, like the software engineering that supports the technical "
+"infrastructure of the sites. In 2015-16, about half of the foundation’s "
+"budget went to direct support for the Wikimedia sites."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7366
+msgid ""
+"Some of that is directed at servers and general IT support, but the "
+"foundation also invests a significant amount on architecture designed to "
+"help the site function as effectively as possible. “There is a constantly "
+"evolving system to keep the balance in place to avoid Wikipedia becoming the "
+"world’s biggest graffiti wall,” Luis said. Depending on how you measure it, "
+"somewhere between 90 to 98 percent of edits to Wikipedia are positive. Some "
+"portion of that success is attributable to the tools Wikimedia has in place "
+"to try to incentivize good actors. “The secret to having any healthy "
+"community is bringing back the right people,” Luis said. “Vandals tend to "
+"get bored and go away. That is partially our model working, and partially "
+"just human nature.” Most of the time, people want to do the right thing."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7377
+msgid ""
+"Wikipedia not only relies on good behavior within its community and on its "
+"sites, but also by everyone else once the content leaves Wikipedia. All of "
+"the text of Wikipedia is available under an Attribution-ShareAlike license "
+"(CC BY-SA), which means it can be used for any purpose and modified so long "
+"as credit is given and anything new is shared back with the public under the "
+"same license. In theory, that means anyone can copy the content and start a "
+"new Wikipedia. But as Stephen explained, “Being open has only made Wikipedia "
+"bigger and stronger. The desire to protect is not always what is best for "
+"everyone.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7393
+msgid ""
+"Of course, the primary reason no one has successfully co-opted Wikipedia is "
+"that copycat efforts do not have the Wikipedia community to sustain what "
+"they do. Wikipedia is not simply a source of up-to-the-minute content on "
+"every given topic—it is also a global patchwork of humans working together "
+"in a million different ways, in a million different capacities, for a "
+"million different reasons. While many have tried to guess what makes "
+"Wikipedia work as well it does, the fact is there is no single "
+"explanation. “In a movement as large as ours, there is an incredible "
+"diversity of motivations,” Stephen said. For example, there is one editor of "
+"the English Wikipedia edition who has corrected a single grammatical error "
+"in articles more than forty-eight thousand times.1 Only a fraction of "
+"Wikipedia users are also editors. But editing is not the only way to "
+"contribute to Wikipedia. “Some donate text, some donate images, some donate "
+"financially,” Stephen told us. “They are all contributors.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7401
+msgid ""
+"But the vast majority of us who use Wikipedia are not contributors; we are "
+"passive readers. The Wikimedia Foundation survives primarily on individual "
+"donations, with about \\$15 as the average. Because Wikipedia is one of the "
+"ten most popular websites in terms of total page views, donations from a "
+"small portion of that audience can translate into a lot of money. In the "
+"2015-16 fiscal year, they received more than \\$77 million from more than "
+"five million donors."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7410
+msgid ""
+"The foundation has a fund-raising team that works year-round to raise money, "
+"but the bulk of their revenue comes in during the December campaign in "
+"Australia, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United "
+"States. They engage in extensive user testing and research to maximize the "
+"reach of their fund-raising campaigns. Their basic fund-raising message is "
+"simple: We provide our readers and the world immense value, so give "
+"back. Every little bit helps. With enough eyeballs, they are right."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7418
+msgid ""
+"The vision of the Wikimedia Foundation is a world in which every single "
+"human being can freely share in the sum of all knowledge. They work to "
+"realize this vision by empowering people around the globe to create "
+"educational content made freely available under an open license or in the "
+"public domain. Stephen and Luis said the mission, which is rooted in the "
+"same philosophy behind Creative Commons, drives everything the foundation "
+"does."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7423
+msgid ""
+"The philosophy behind the endeavor also enables the foundation to be "
+"financially sustainable. It instills trust in their readership, which is "
+"critical for a revenue strategy that relies on reader donations. It also "
+"instills trust in their community."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7428
+msgid ""
+"Any given edit on Wikipedia could be motivated by nearly an infinite number "
+"of reasons. But the social mission of the project is what binds the global "
+"community together. “Wikipedia is an example of how a mission can motivate "
+"an entire movement,” Stephen told us."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7434
+msgid ""
+"Of course, what results from that movement is one of the Internet’s great "
+"public resources. “The Internet has a lot of businesses and stores, but it "
+"is missing the digital equivalent of parks and open public spaces,” Stephen "
+"said. “Wikipedia has found a way to be that open public space.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Bullet: '1. '
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7438
+msgid "gimletmedia.com/episode/14-the-art-of-making-and-fixing-mistakes/"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7440
+msgid "<span id=\"anchor-94\"></span>Bibliography"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7445
+msgid ""
+"Alperovitz, Gar. What Then Must We Do? Straight Talk about the Next American "
+"Revolution; Democratizing Wealth and Building a Community-Sustaining Economy "
+"from the Ground Up. White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2013."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7449
+msgid ""
+"Anderson, Chris. Free: How Today’s Smartest Businesses Profit by Giving "
+"Something for Nothing, reprint with new preface. New York: Hyperion, 2010."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7451
+msgid "———. Makers: The New Industrial Revolution. New York: Signal, 2012."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7454
+msgid ""
+"Ariely, Dan. Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Forces That Shape Our "
+"Decisions. Rev. ed. New York: Harper Perennial, 2010."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7457
+msgid ""
+"Bacon, Jono. The Art of Community. 2nd ed. Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media, "
+"2012."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7462
+msgid ""
+"Benkler, Yochai. The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms "
+"Markets and Freedom. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006. "
+"www.benkler.org/Benkler\\_Wealth\\_Of\\_Networks.pdf (licensed under CC "
+"BY-NC-SA)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7467
+msgid ""
+"Benyayer, Louis-David, ed. Open Models: Business Models of the Open "
+"Economy. Cachan, France: Without Model, 2016. "
+"www.slideshare.net/WithoutModel/open-models-book-64463892 (licensed under CC "
+"BY-SA)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7472
+msgid ""
+"Bollier, David. Commoning as a Transformative Social Paradigm. Paper "
+"commissioned by the Next Systems Project. Washington, DC: Democracy "
+"Collaborative, 2016. "
+"thenextsystem.org/commoning-as-a-transformative-social-paradigm/."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7475
+msgid ""
+"———. Think Like a Commoner: A Short Introduction to the Life of the "
+"Commons. Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7483
+msgid ""
+"Bollier, David, and Pat Conaty. Democratic Money and Capital for the "
+"Commons: Strategies for Transforming Neoliberal Finance through "
+"Commons-Based Alternatives. A report on a Commons Strategies Group Workshop "
+"in cooperation with the Heinrich Böll Foundation, Berlin, Germany, 2015. "
+"bollier.org/democratic-money-and-capital-commons-report-pdf. For more "
+"information, see bollier.org/blog/democratic-money-and-capital-commons."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7486
+msgid ""
+"Bollier, David, and Silke Helfrich, eds. The Wealth of the Commons: A World "
+"Beyond Market and State. Amherst, MA: Levellers Press, 2012."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7489
+msgid ""
+"Botsman, Rachel, and Roo Rogers. What’s Mine Is Yours: The Rise of "
+"Collaborative Consumption. New York: Harper Business, 2010."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7492
+msgid ""
+"Boyle, James. The Public Domain: Enclosing the Commons of the Mind. New "
+"Haven: Yale University Press, 2008."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7494
+msgid "www.thepublicdomain.org/download/ (licensed under CC BY-NC-SA)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7498
+msgid ""
+"Capra, Fritjof, and Ugo Mattei. The Ecology of Law: Toward a Legal System in "
+"Tune with Nature and Community. Oakland, CA: Berrett-Koehler, 2015."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7501
+msgid ""
+"Chesbrough, Henry. Open Business Models: How to Thrive in the New Innovation "
+"Landscape. Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2006."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7504
+msgid ""
+"———. Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating and Profiting from "
+"Technology. Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2006."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7510
+msgid ""
+"City of Bologna. Regulation on Collaboration between Citizens and the City "
+"for the Care and Regeneration of Urban Commons. Translated by LabGov "
+"(LABoratory for the GOVernance of Commons). Bologna, Italy: City of Bologna, "
+"2014). "
+"www.labgov.it/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/Bologna-Regulation-on-collaboration-between-citizens-and-the-city-for-the-cure-and-regeneration-of-urban-commons1.pdf."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7514
+msgid ""
+"Cole, Daniel H. “Learning from Lin: Lessons and Cautions from the Natural "
+"Commons for the Knowledge Commons.” Chap. 2 in Frischmann, Madison, and "
+"Strandburg, Governing Knowledge Commons."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7517
+msgid ""
+"Creative Commons. 2015 State of the Commons. Mountain View, CA: Creative "
+"Commons, 2015. stateof.creativecommons.org/2015/."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7520
+msgid ""
+"Doctorow, Cory. Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free: Laws for the Internet "
+"Age. San Francisco: McSweeney’s, 2014."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7524
+msgid ""
+"Eckhardt, Giana, and Fleura Bardhi. “The Sharing Economy Isn’t about Sharing "
+"at All.” Harvard Business Review, January 28, 2015. "
+"hbr.org/2015/01/the-sharing-economy-isnt-about-sharing-at-all."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7529
+msgid ""
+"Elliott, Patricia W., and Daryl H. Hepting, eds. (2015). Free Knowledge: "
+"Confronting the Commodification of Human Discovery. Regina, SK: University "
+"of Regina Press, 2015. uofrpress.ca/publications/Free-Knowledge (licensed "
+"under CC BY-NC-ND)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7532
+msgid ""
+"Eyal, Nir. Hooked: How to Build Habit-Forming Products. With Ryan "
+"Hoover. New York: Portfolio, 2014."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7535
+msgid ""
+"Farley, Joshua, and Ida Kubiszewski. “The Economics of Information in a "
+"Post-Carbon Economy.” Chap. 11 in Elliott and Hepting, Free Knowledge."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7539
+msgid ""
+"Foster, William Landes, Peter Kim, and Barbara Christiansen. “Ten Nonprofit "
+"Funding Models.” Stanford Social Innovation Review, Spring "
+"2009. ssir.org/articles/entry/ten\\_nonprofit\\_funding\\_models."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7542
+msgid ""
+"Frischmann, Brett M. Infrastructure: The Social Value of Shared "
+"Resources. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7546
+msgid ""
+"Frischmann, Brett M., Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J. Strandburg, "
+"eds. Governing Knowledge Commons. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7550
+msgid ""
+"Frischmann, Brett M., Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J. Strandburg. "
+"“Governing Knowledge Commons.” Chap. 1 in Frischmann, Madison, and "
+"Strandburg, Governing Knowledge Commons."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7553
+msgid ""
+"Gansky, Lisa. The Mesh: Why the Future of Business Is Sharing. Reprint with "
+"new epilogue. New York: Portfolio, 2012."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7556
+msgid ""
+"Grant, Adam. Give and Take: Why Helping Others Drives Our Success. New York: "
+"Viking, 2013."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7559
+msgid ""
+"Haiven, Max. Crises of Imagination, Crises of Power: Capitalism, Creativity "
+"and the Commons. New York: Zed Books, 2014."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7563
+msgid ""
+"Harris, Malcom, ed. Share or Die: Voices of the Get Lost Generation in the "
+"Age of Crisis. With Neal Gorenflo. Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2012."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7566
+msgid ""
+"Hermida, Alfred. Tell Everyone: Why We Share and Why It Matters. Toronto: "
+"Doubleday Canada, 2014."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7569
+msgid ""
+"Hyde, Lewis. Common as Air: Revolution, Art, and Ownership. New York: "
+"Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2010."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7572
+msgid ""
+"———. The Gift: Creativity and the Artist in the Modern World. 2nd Vintage "
+"Books edition. New York: Vintage Books, 2007."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7575
+msgid ""
+"Kelley, Tom, and David Kelley. Creative Confidence: Unleashing the Potential "
+"within Us All. New York: Crown, 2013."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7578
+msgid ""
+"Kelly, Marjorie. Owning Our Future: The Emerging Ownership Revolution; "
+"Journeys to a Generative Economy. San Francisco:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7580
+msgid "Berrett-Koehler, 2012."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7583
+msgid ""
+"Kleon, Austin. Show Your Work: 10 Ways to Share Your Creativity and Get "
+"Discovered. New York: Workman, 2014."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7586
+msgid ""
+"———. Steal Like an Artist: 10 Things Nobody Told You about Being "
+"Creative. New York: Workman, 2012."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7589
+msgid ""
+"Kramer, Bryan. Shareology: How Sharing Is Powering the Human Economy. New "
+"York: Morgan James, 2016."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7592
+msgid ""
+"Lee, David. “Inside Medium: An Attempt to Bring Civility to the Internet.” "
+"BBC News, March 3, 2016. www.bbc.com/news/technology-35709680"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7595
+msgid ""
+"Lessig, Lawrence. Remix: Making Art and Commerce Thrive in the Hybrid "
+"Economy. New York: Penguin Press, 2008."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7598
+msgid ""
+"Menzies, Heather. Reclaiming the Commons for the Common Good: A Memoir and "
+"Manifesto. Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7601
+msgid ""
+"Mason, Paul. Postcapitalism: A Guide to Our Future. New York: Farrar, Straus "
+"and Giroux, 2015."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7605
+msgid ""
+"New York Times Customer Insight Group. The Psychology of Sharing: Why Do "
+"People Share Online? New York: New York Times Customer Insight Group, "
+"2011. www.iab.net/media/file/POSWhitePaper.pdf."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7609
+msgid ""
+"Osterwalder, Alex, and Yves Pigneur. Business Model Generation. Hoboken, NJ: "
+"John Wiley and Sons, 2010. A preview of the book is available at "
+"strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7613
+msgid ""
+"Osterwalder, Alex, Yves Pigneur, Greg Bernarda, and Adam Smith. Value "
+"Proposition Design. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2014. A preview of the "
+"book is available at strategyzer.com/books/value-proposition-design."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7616
+msgid ""
+"Palmer, Amanda. The Art of Asking: Or How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Let "
+"People Help. New York: Grand Central, 2014."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7622
+msgid ""
+"Pekel, Joris. Democratising the Rijksmuseum: Why Did the Rijksmuseum Make "
+"Available Their Highest Quality Material without Restrictions, and What Are "
+"the Results? The Hague, Netherlands: Europeana Foundation, "
+"2014. pro.europeana.eu/publication/democratising-the-rijksmuseum (licensed "
+"under CC BY-SA)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7627
+msgid ""
+"Ramos, José Maria, ed. The City as Commons: A Policy Reader. Melbourne, "
+"Australia: Commons Transition Coalition, 2016. "
+"www.academia.edu/27143172/The\\_City\\_as\\_Commons\\_a\\_Policy\\_Reader "
+"(licensed under CC BY-NC-ND)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7632
+msgid ""
+"Raymond, Eric S. The Cathedral and the Bazaar: Musings on Linux and Open "
+"Source by an Accidental Revolutionary. Rev. ed. Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly "
+"Media, 2001. See esp. “The Magic Cauldron.” "
+"www.catb.org/esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7636
+msgid ""
+"Ries, Eric. The Lean Startup: How Today’s Entrepreneurs Use Continuous "
+"Innovation to Create Radically Successful Businesses. New York: Crown "
+"Business, 2011."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7640
+msgid ""
+"Rifkin, Jeremy. The Zero Marginal Cost Society: The Internet of Things, the "
+"Collaborative Commons, and the Eclipse of Capitalism. New York: Palgrave "
+"Macmillan, 2014."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7642
+msgid "Rowe, Jonathan. Our Common Wealth. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2013."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7645
+msgid ""
+"Rushkoff, Douglas. Throwing Rocks at the Google Bus: How Growth Became the "
+"Enemy of Prosperity. New York: Portfolio, 2016."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7648
+msgid ""
+"Sandel, Michael J. What Money Can’t Buy: The Moral Limits of Markets. New "
+"York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2012."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7651
+msgid ""
+"Shirky, Clay. Cognitive Surplus: How Technology Makes Consumers into "
+"Collaborators. London, England: Penguin Books, 2010."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7654
+msgid ""
+"Slee, Tom. What’s Yours Is Mine: Against the Sharing Economy. New York: OR "
+"Books, 2015."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7657
+msgid ""
+"Stephany, Alex. The Business of Sharing: Making in the New Sharing "
+"Economy. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7660
+msgid ""
+"Stepper, John. Working Out Loud: For a Better Career and Life. New York: "
+"Ikigai Press, 2015."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7663
+msgid ""
+"Sull, Donald, and Kathleen M. Eisenhardt. Simple Rules: How to Thrive in a "
+"Complex World. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2015."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7666
+msgid ""
+"Sundararajan, Arun. The Sharing Economy: The End of Employment and the Rise "
+"of Crowd-Based Capitalism. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2016."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7668
+msgid "Surowiecki, James. The Wisdom of Crowds. New York: Anchor Books, 2005."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7672
+msgid ""
+"Tapscott, Don, and Alex Tapscott. Blockchain Revolution: How the Technology "
+"Behind Bitcoin Is Changing Money, Business, and the World. Toronto: "
+"Portfolio, 2016."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7675
+msgid ""
+"Tharp, Twyla. The Creative Habit: Learn It and Use It for Life. With Mark "
+"Reiter. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2006."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7678
+msgid ""
+"Tkacz, Nathaniel. Wikipedia and the Politics of Openness. Chicago: "
+"University of Chicago Press, 2015."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7684
+msgid ""
+"Van Abel, Bass, Lucas Evers, Roel Klaassen, and Peter Troxler, eds. Open "
+"Design Now: Why Design Cannot Remain Exclusive. Amsterdam: BIS Publishers, "
+"with Creative Commons Netherlands; Premsela, the Netherlands Institute for "
+"Design and Fashion; and the Waag Society, 2011. opendesignnow.org (licensed "
+"under CC BY-NC-SA)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7688
+msgid ""
+"Van den Hoff, Ronald. Mastering the Global Transition on Our Way to Society "
+"3.0. Utrecht, the Netherlands: Society 3.0 Foundation, 2014. "
+"society30.com/get-the-book/ (licensed under CC BY-NC-ND)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7691
+msgid ""
+"Von Hippel, Eric. Democratizing Innovation. London: MIT Press, 2005. "
+"web.mit.edu/evhippel/www/democ1.htm (licensed under CC BY-NC-ND)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7694
+msgid ""
+"Whitehurst, Jim. The Open Organization: Igniting Passion and "
+"Performance. Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2015."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7696
+msgid "<span id=\"anchor-95\"></span>Acknowledgments"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7702
+msgid ""
+"We extend special thanks to Creative Commons CEO Ryan Merkley, the Creative "
+"Commons Board, and all of our Creative Commons colleagues for "
+"enthusiastically supporting our work. Special gratitude to the William and "
+"Flora Hewlett Foundation for the initial seed funding that got us started on "
+"this project."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7706
+msgid ""
+"Huge appreciation to all the Made with Creative Commons interviewees for "
+"sharing their stories with us. You make the commons come alive. Thanks for "
+"the inspiration."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7712
+msgid ""
+"We interviewed more than the twenty-four organizations profiled in this "
+"book. We extend special thanks to Gooru, OERu, Sage Bionetworks, and Medium "
+"for sharing their stories with us. While not featured as case studies in "
+"this book, you all are equally interesting, and we encourage our readers to "
+"visit your sites and explore your work."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7717
+msgid ""
+"This book was made possible by the generous support of 1,687 Kickstarter "
+"backers listed below. We especially acknowledge our many Kickstarter "
+"co-editors who read early drafts of our work and provided invaluable "
+"feedback. Heartfelt thanks to all of you."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7764
+msgid ""
+"Co-editor Kickstarter backers (alphabetically by first name): Abraham "
+"Taherivand, Alan Graham, Alfredo Louro, Anatoly Volynets, Aurora Thornton, "
+"Austin Tolentino, Ben Sheridan, Benedikt Foit, Benjamin Costantini, Bernd "
+"Nurnberger, Bernhard Seefeld, Bethanye Blount, Bradford Benn, Bryan Mock, "
+"Carmen Garcia Wiedenhoeft, Carolyn Hinchliff, Casey Milford, Cat Cooper, "
+"Chip McIntosh, Chris Thorne, Chris Weber, Chutika Udomsinn, Claire Wardle, "
+"Claudia Cristiani, Cody Allard, Colleen Cressman, Craig Thomler, Creative "
+"Commons Uruguay, Curt McNamara, Dan Parson, Daniel Dominguez, Daniel Morado, "
+"Darius Irvin, Dave Taillefer, David Lewis, David Mikula, David Varnes, David "
+"Wiley, Deborah Nas, Diderik van Wingerden, Dirk Kiefer, Dom Lane, Domi "
+"Enders, Douglas Van Houweling, Dylan Field, Einar Joergensen, Elad Wieder, "
+"Elie Calhoun, Erika Reid, Evtim Papushev, Fauxton Software, Felix "
+"Maximiliano Obes, Ferdies Food Lab, Gatien de Broucker, Gaurav Kapil, Gavin "
+"Romig-Koch, George Baier IV, George De Bruin, Gianpaolo Rando, Glenn Otis "
+"Brown, Govindarajan Umakanthan, Graham Bird, Graham Freeman, Hamish MacEwan, "
+"Harry Kaczka, Humble Daisy, Ian Capstick, Iris Brest, James Cloos, Jamie "
+"Stevens, Jamil Khatib, Jane Finette, Jason Blasso, Jason E. Barkeloo, Jay M "
+"Williams, Jean-Philippe Turcotte, Jeanette Frey, Jeff De Cagna, Jérôme "
+"Mizeret, Jessica Dickinson Goodman, Jessy Kate Schingler, Jim O’Flaherty, "
+"Jim Pellegrini, Jiří Marek, Jo Allum, Joachim von Goetz, Johan Adda, John "
+"Benfield, John Bevan, Jonas Öberg, Jonathan Lin, JP Rangaswami, Juan Carlos "
+"Belair, Justin Christian, Justin Szlasa, Kate Chapman, Kate Stewart, Kellie "
+"Higginbottom, Kendra Byrne, Kevin Coates, Kristina Popova, Kristoffer Steen, "
+"Kyle Simpson, Laurie Racine, Leonardo Bueno Postacchini, Leticia Britos "
+"Cavagnaro, Livia Leskovec, Louis-David Benyayer, Maik Schmalstich, Mairi "
+"Thomson, Marcia Hofmann, Maria Liberman, Marino Hernandez, Mario R. Hemsley, "
+"MD, Mark Cohen, Mark Mullen, Mary Ellen Davis, Mathias Bavay, Matt Black, "
+"Matt Hall, Max van Balgooy, Médéric Droz-dit-Busset, Melissa Aho, Menachem "
+"Goldstein, Michael Harries, Michael Lewis, Michael Weiss, Miha Batic, Mike "
+"Stop Continues, Mike Stringer, Mustafa K Calik, MD, Neal Stimler, Niall "
+"McDonagh, Niall Twohig, Nicholas Norfolk, Nick Coghlan, Nicole Hickman, "
+"Nikki Thompson, Norrie Mailer, Omar Kaminski, OpenBuilds, Papp István Péter, "
+"Pat Sticks, Patricia Brennan, Paul and Iris Brest, Paul Elosegui, Penny "
+"Pearson, Peter Mengelers, Playground Inc., Pomax, Rafaela Kunz, Rajiv "
+"Jhangiani, Rayna Stamboliyska, Rob Berkley, Rob Bertholf, Robert Jones, "
+"Robert Thompson, Ronald van den Hoff, Rusi Popov, Ryan Merkley, S Searle, "
+"Salomon Riedo, Samuel A. Rebelsky, Samuel Tait, Sarah McGovern, Scott "
+"Gillespie, Seb Schmoller, Sharon Clapp, Sheona Thomson, Siena Oristaglio, "
+"Simon Law, Solomon Simon, Stefano Guidotti, Subhendu Ghosh, Susan Chun, "
+"Suzie Wiley, Sylvain Carle, Theresa Bernardo, Thomas Hartman, Thomas Kent, "
+"Timothée Planté, Timothy Hinchliff, Traci Long DeForge, Trevor Hogue, "
+"Tumuult, Vickie Goode, Vikas Shah, Virginia Kopelman, Wayne Mackintosh, "
+"William Peter Nash, Winie Evers, Wolfgang Renninger, Xavier Antoviaque, "
+"Yancey Strickler"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7819
+msgid ""
+"All other Kickstarter backers (alphabetically by first name): A. Lee, Aaron "
+"C. Rathbun, Aaron Stubbs, Aaron Suggs, Abdul Razak Manaf, Abraham "
+"Taherivand, Adam Croom, Adam Finer, Adam Hansen, Adam Morris, Adam Procter, "
+"Adam Quirk, Adam Rory Porter, Adam Simmons, Adam Tinworth, Adam Zimmerman, "
+"Adrian Ho, Adrian Smith, Adriane Ruzak, Adriano Loconte, Al Sweigart, Alain "
+"Imbaud, Alan Graham, Alan M. Ford, Alan Swithenbank, Alan Vonlanthen, Albert "
+"O’Connor, Alec Foster, Alejandro Suarez Cebrian, Aleks Degtyarev, Alex "
+"Blood, Alex C. Ion, Alex Ross Shaw, Alexander Bartl, Alexander Brown, "
+"Alexander Brunner, Alexander Eliesen, Alexander Hawson, Alexander Klar, "
+"Alexander Neumann, Alexander Plaum, Alexander Wendland, Alexandre "
+"Rafalovitch, Alexey Volkow, Alexi Wheeler, Alexis Sevault, Alfredo Louro, "
+"Ali Sternburg, Alicia Gibb & Lunchbox Electronics, Alison Link, Alison "
+"Pentecost, Alistair Boettiger, Alistair Walder, Alix Bernier, Allan "
+"Callaghan, Allen Riddell, Allison Breland Crotwell, Allison Jane Smith, "
+"Álvaro Justen, Amanda Palmer, Amanda Wetherhold, Amit Bagree, Amit Tikare, "
+"Amos Blanton, Amy Sept, Anatoly Volynets, Anders Ericsson, Andi Popp, André "
+"Bose Do Amaral, Andre Dickson, André Koot, André Ricardo, Andre van Rooyen, "
+"Andre Wallace, Andrea Bagnacani, Andrea Pepe, Andrea Pigato, Andreas "
+"Jagelund, Andres Gomez Casanova, Andrew A. Farke, Andrew Berhow, Andrew "
+"Hearse, Andrew Matangi, Andrew R McHugh, Andrew Tam, Andrew Turvey, Andrew "
+"Walsh, Andrew Wilson, Andrey Novoseltsev, Andy McGhee, Andy Reeve, Andy "
+"Woods, Angela Brett, Angeliki Kapoglou, Angus Keenan, Anne-Marie Scott, "
+"Antero Garcia, Antoine Authier, Antoine Michard, Anton Kurkin, Anton "
+"Porsche, Antònia Folguera, António Ornelas, Antonis Triantafyllakis, aois21 "
+"publishing, April Johnson, Aria F. Chernik, Ariane Allan, Ariel Katz, "
+"Arithmomaniac, Arnaud Tessier, Arnim Sommer, Ashima Bawa, Ashley Elsdon, "
+"Athanassios Diacakis, Aurora Thornton, Aurore Chavet Henry, Austin "
+"Hartzheim, Austin Tolentino, Avner Shanan, Axel Pettersson, Axel "
+"Stieglbauer, Ay Okpokam, Barb Bartkowiak, Barbara Lindsey, Barry Dayton, "
+"Bastian Hougaard, Ben Chad, Ben Doherty, Ben Hansen, Ben Nuttall, Ben "
+"Rosenthal, Ben Sheridan, Benedikt Foit, Benita Tsao, Benjamin Costantini, "
+"Benjamin Daemon, Benjamin Keele, Benjamin Pflanz, Berglind Ósk Bergsdóttir, "
+"Bernardo Miguel Antunes, Bernd Nurnberger, Bernhard Seefeld, Beth Gis, Beth "
+"Tillinghast, Bethanye Blount, Bill Bonwitt, Bill Browne, Bill Keaggy, Bill "
+"Maiden, Bill Rafferty, Bill Scanlon, Bill Shields, Bill Slankard, BJ Becker, "
+"Bjorn Freeman-Benson, Bjørn Otto Wallevik, BK Bitner, Bo Ilsøe Hansen, Bo "
+"Sprotte Kofod, Bob Doran, Bob Recny, Bob Stuart, Bonnie Chiu, Boris Mindzak, "
+"Boriss Lariushin, Borjan Tchakaloff, Brad Kik, Braden Hassett, Bradford "
+"Benn, Bradley Keyes, Bradley L’Herrou, Brady Forrest, Brandon McGaha, Branka "
+"Tokic, Brant Anderson, Brenda Sullivan, Brendan O’Brien, Brendan Schlagel, "
+"Brett Abbott, Brett Gaylor, Brian Dysart, Brian Lampl, Brian Lipscomb, Brian "
+"S. Weis, Brian Schrader, Brian Walsh, Brian Walsh, Brooke Dukes, Brooke "
+"Schreier Ganz, Bruce Lerner, Bruce Wilson, Bruno Boutot, Bruno Girin, Bryan "
+"Mock, Bryant Durrell, Bryce Barbato, Buzz Technology Limited, Byung-Geun "
+"Jeon, C. Glen Williams, C. L. Couch, Cable Green, Callum Gare, Cameron "
+"Callahan, Cameron Colby Thomson, Cameron Mulder, Camille Bissuel / Nylnook, "
+"Candace Robertson, Carl Morris, Carl Perry, Carl Rigney, Carles Mateu, "
+"Carlos Correa Loyola, Carlos Solis, Carmen Garcia Wiedenhoeft, Carol Long, "
+"Carol marquardsen, Caroline Calomme, Caroline Mailloux, Carolyn Hinchliff, "
+"Carolyn Rude, Carrie Cousins, Carrie Watkins, Casey Hunt, Casey Milford, "
+"Casey Powell Shorthouse, Cat Cooper, Cecilie Maria, Cedric Howe, Cefn Hoile,"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7863
+msgid ""
+"@ShrimpingIt, Celia Muller, Ces Keller, Chad Anderson, Charles Butler, "
+"Charles Carstensen, Charles Chi Thoi Le, Charles Kobbe, Charles S. Tritt, "
+"Charles Stanhope, Charlotte Ong-Wisener, Chealsye Bowley, Chelle Destefano, "
+"Chenpang Chou, Cheryl Corte, Cheryl Todd, Chip Dickerson, Chip McIntosh, "
+"Chris Bannister, Chris Betcher, Chris Coleman, Chris Conway, Chris Foote "
+"(Spike), Chris Hurst, Chris Mitchell, Chris Muscat Azzopardi, Chris "
+"Niewiarowski, Chris Opperwall, Chris Stieha, Chris Thorne, Chris Weber, "
+"Chris Woolfrey, Chris Zabriskie, Christi Reid, Christian Holzberger, "
+"Christian Schubert, Christian Sheehy, Christian Thibault, Christian Villum, "
+"Christian Wachter, Christina Bennett, Christine Henry, Christine Rico, "
+"Christopher Burrows, Christopher Chan, Christopher Clay, Christopher Harris, "
+"Christopher Opiah, Christopher Swenson, Christos Keramitsis, Chuck Roslof, "
+"Chutika Udomsinn, Claire Wardle, Clare Forrest, Claudia Cristiani, Claudio "
+"Gallo, Claudio Ruiz, Clayton Dewey, Clement Delort, Cliff Church, Clint "
+"Lalonde, Clint O’Connor, Cody Allard, Cody Taylor, Colin Ayer, Colin "
+"Campbell, Colin Dean, Colin Mutchler, Colleen Cressman, Comfy Nomad, Connie "
+"Roberts, Connor Bär, Connor Merkley, Constantin Graf, Corbett Messa, Cory "
+"Chapman, Cosmic Wombat Games, Craig Engler, Craig Heath, Craig Maloney, "
+"Craig Thomler, Creative Commons Uruguay, Crina Kienle, Cristiano Gozzini, "
+"Curt McNamara, D C Petty, D. Moonfire, D. Rohhyn, D. Schulz, Dacian Herbei, "
+"Dagmar M. Meyer, Dan Mcalister, Dan Mohr, Dan Parson, Dana Freeman, Dana "
+"Ospina, Dani Leviss, Daniel Bustamante, Daniel Demmel, Daniel Dominguez, "
+"Daniel Dultz, Daniel Gallant, Daniel Kossmann, Daniel Kruse, Daniel Morado, "
+"Daniel Morgan, Daniel Pimley, Daniel Sabo, Daniel Sobey, Daniel Stein, "
+"Daniel Wildt, Daniele Prati, Danielle Moss, Danny Mendoza, Dario "
+"Taraborelli, Darius Irvin, Darius Whelan, Darla Anderson, Dasha Brezinova, "
+"Dave Ainscough, Dave Bull, Dave Crosby, Dave Eagle, Dave Moskovitz, Dave "
+"Neeteson, Dave Taillefer, Dave Witzel, David Bailey, David Cheung, David "
+"Eriksson, David Gallagher, David H. Bronke, David Hartley, David Hellam, "
+"David Hood, David Hunter, David jlaietta, David Lewis, David Mason, David "
+"Mcconville, David Mikula, David Nelson, David Orban, David Parry, David "
+"Spira, David T. Kindler, David Varnes, David Wiley, David Wormley, Deborah "
+"Nas, Denis Jean, dennis straub, Dennis Whittle, Denver Gingerich, Derek "
+"Slater, Devon Cooke, Diana Pasek-Atkinson, Diane Johnston Graves, Diane "
+"K. Kovacs, Diane Trout, Diderik van Wingerden, Diego Cuevas, Diego De La "
+"Cruz, Dimitrie Grigorescu, Dina Marie Rodriguez, Dinah Fabela, Dirk Haun, "
+"Dirk Kiefer, Dirk Loop, DJ Fusion - FuseBox Radio Broadcast, Dom jurkewitz, "
+"Dom Lane, Domi Enders, Domingo Gallardo, Dominic de Haas, Dominique "
+"Karadjian, Dongpo Deng, Donnovan Knight, Door de Flines, Doug Fitzpatrick, "
+"Doug Hoover, Douglas Craver, Douglas Van Camp, Douglas Van Houweling, Dr. "
+"Braddlee, Drew Spencer, Duncan"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7869
+msgid ""
+"Sample, Durand D’souza, Dylan Field, E C Humphries, Eamon Caddigan, Earleen "
+"Smith, Eden Sarid, Eden Spodek, Eduardo Belinchon, Eduardo Castro, Edwin "
+"Vandam, Einar Joergensen, Ejnar Brendsdal, Elad Wieder, Elar Haljas, Elena "
+"Valhalla, Eli Doran, Elias Bouchi, Elie Calhoun, Elizabeth Holloway, Ellen "
+"Buecher, Ellen Kaye-"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7900
+msgid ""
+"Cheveldayoff, Elli Verhulst, Elroy Fernandes, Emery Hurst Mikel, Emily "
+"Catedral, Enrique Mandujano R., Eric Astor, Eric Axelrod, Eric Celeste, Eric "
+"Finkenbiner, Eric Hellman, Eric Steuer, Erica Fletcher, Erik Hedman, Erik "
+"Lindholm Bundgaard, Erika Reid, Erin Hawley, Erin McKean of Wordnik, Ernest "
+"Risner, Erwan Bousse, Erwin Bell, Ethan Celery, Étienne Gilli, Eugeen "
+"Sablin, Evan Tangman, Evonne Okafor, Evtim Papushev, Fabien Cambi, Fabio "
+"Natali, Fauxton Software, Felix Deierlein, Felix Gebauer, Felix Maximiliano "
+"Obes, Felix Schmidt, Felix Zephyr Hsiao, Ferdies Food Lab, Fernand "
+"Deschambault, Filipe Rodrigues, Filippo Toso, Fiona MacAlister, "
+"fiona.mac.uk, Floor Scheffer, Florent Darrault, Florian Hähnel, Florian "
+"Schneider, Floyd Wilde, Foxtrot Games, Francis Clarke, Francisco "
+"Rivas-Portillo, Francois Dechery, Francois Grey, François Gros, François "
+"Pelletier, Fred Benenson, Frédéric Abella, Frédéric Schütz, Fredrik Ekelund, "
+"Fumi Yamazaki, Gabor Sooki-Toth, Gabriel Staples, Gabriel Véjar Valenzuela, "
+"Gal Buki, Gareth Jordan, Garrett Heath, Gary Anson, Gary Forster, Gatien de "
+"Broucker, Gaurav Kapil, Gauthier de Valensart, Gavin Gray, Gavin Romig-Koch, "
+"Geoff Wood, Geoffrey Lehr, George Baier IV, George De Bruin, George Lawie, "
+"George Strakhov, Gerard Gorman, Geronimo de la Lama, Gianpaolo Rando, Gil "
+"Stendig, Gino Cingolani Trucco, Giovanna Sala, Glen Moffat, Glenn D. Jones, "
+"Glenn Otis Brown, Global Lives Project, Gorm Lai, Govindarajan Umakanthan, "
+"Graham Bird, Graham Freeman, Graham Heath, Graham Jones, Graham "
+"Smith-Gordon, Graham Vowles, Greg Brodsky, Greg Malone, Grégoire Detrez, "
+"Gregory Chevalley, Gregory Flynn, Grit Matthias, Gui Louback, Guillaume "
+"Rischard, Gustavo Vaz de Carvalho Gonçalves, Gustin Johnson, Gwen Franck, "
+"Gwilym Lucas, Haggen So, Håkon T Sønderland, Hamid Larbi, Hamish MacEwan, "
+"Hannes Leo, Hans Bickhofe, Hans de Raad, Hans Vd Horst, Harold van Ingen, "
+"Harold Watson, Harry Chapman, Harry Kaczka, Harry Torque, Hayden Glass, "
+"Hayley Rosenblum, Heather Leson, Helen Crisp, Helen"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:8121
+msgid ""
+"Michaud, Helen Qubain, Helle Rekdal Schønemann, Henrique Flach Latorre "
+"Moreno, Henry Finn, Henry Kaiser, Henry Lahore, Henry Steingieser, Hermann "
+"Paar, Hillary Miller, Hironori Kuriaki, Holly Dykes, Holly Lyne, Hubert "
+"Gertis, Hugh Geenen, Humble Daisy, Hüppe Keith, Iain Davidson, Ian Capstick, "
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+"Gołębiowski, Jack Hart, Jacky Hood, Jacob Dante Leffler, Jaime Perla, Jaime "
+"Woo, Jake Campbell, Jake Loeterman, Jakes Rawlinson, James Allenspach, James "
+"Chesky, James Cloos, James Docherty, James Ellars, James K Wood, James "
+"Tyler, Jamie Finlay, Jamie Stevens, Jamil Khatib, Jan E Ellison, Jan Gondol, "
+"Jan Sepp, Jan Zuppinger, Jane Finette, jane Lofton, Jane Mason, Jane Park, "
+"Janos Kovacs, Jasmina Bricic, Jason Blasso, Jason Chu, Jason Cole, Jason "
+"E. Barkeloo, Jason Hibbets, Jason Owen, Jason Sigal, Jay M Williams, Jazzy "
+"Bear Brown, JC Lara, Jean-Baptiste Carré, Jean-Philippe Dufraigne, "
+"Jean-Philippe Turcotte, Jean-Yves Hemlin, Jeanette Frey, Jeff Atwood, Jeff "
+"De Cagna, Jeff Donoghue, Jeff Edwards, Jeff Hilnbrand, Jeff Lowe, Jeff "
+"Rasalla, Jeff Ski Kinsey, Jeff Smith, Jeffrey L Tucker, Jeffrey Meyer, Jen "
+"Garcia, Jens Erat, Jeppe Bager Skjerning, Jeremy Dudet, Jeremy Russell, "
+"Jeremy Sabo, Jeremy Zauder, Jerko Grubisic, Jerome Glacken, Jérôme Mizeret, "
+"Jessica Dickinson Goodman, Jessica Litman, Jessica Mackay, Jessy Kate "
+"Schingler, Jesús Longás Gamarra, Jesus Marin, Jim Matt, Jim Meloy, Jim "
+"O’Flaherty, Jim Pellegrini, Jim Tittsler, Jimmy Alenius, Jiří Marek, Jo "
+"Allum, Joachim Brandon LeBlanc, Joachim Pileborg, Joachim von Goetz, Joakim "
+"Bang Larsen, Joan Rieu, Joanna Penn, João Almeida, Jochen Muetsch, Jodi "
+"Sandfort, Joe Cardillo, Joe Carpita, Joe Moross, Joerg Fricke, Johan Adda, "
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+"Jonas Öberg, Jonas Weitzmann, Jonathan Campbell, Jonathan Deamer, Jonathan "
+"Holst, Jonathan Lin, Jonathan Schmid, Jonathan Yao, Jordon Kalilich, Jörg "
+"Schwarz, Jose Antonio Gallego Vázquez, Joseph Mcarthur, Joseph Noll, Joseph "
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+"Kasia Zygmuntowicz, Kat Lim, Kate Chapman, Kate Stewart, Kathleen Beck, "
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+"Kiane l’Azin, Kianosh Pourian, Kiran Kadekoppa, Kit Walsh, Klaus Mickus, "
+"Konrad Rennert, Kris Kasianovitz, Kristian Lundquist, Kristin Buxton, "
+"Kristina Popova, Kristofer Bratt, Kristoffer Steen, Kumar McMillan, Kurt "
+"Whittemore, Kyle Pinches, Kyle Simpson, L Eaton, Lalo Martins, Lane "
+"Rasberry, Larry Garfield, Larry Singer, Lars Josephsen, Lars Klaeboe, Laura "
+"Anne Brown, Laura Billings, Laura Ferejohn, Lauren Pedersen, Laurence "
+"Gonsalves, Laurent Muchacho, Laurie Racine, Laurie Reynolds, Lawrence "
+"M. Schoen, Leandro Pangilinan, Leigh Verlandson, Lenka Gondolova, Leonardo "
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+"Hernandez, Mario Lurig, Mario R. Hemsley, MD, Marissa Demers, Mark Chandler, "
+"Mark Cohen, Mark De Solla Price, Mark Gabby, Mark Gray, Mark Koudritsky, "
+"Mark Kupfer, Mark Lednor, Mark McGuire, Mark Moleda, Mark Mullen, Mark "
+"Murphy, Mark Perot, Mark Reeder, Mark Spickett, Mark Vincent Adams, Mark "
+"Waks, Mark Zuccarell II, Markus Deimann, Markus Jaritz, Markus Luethi, "
+"Marshal Miller, Marshall Warner, Martijn Arets, Martin Beaudoin, Martin "
+"Decky, Martin DeMello, Martin Humpolec, Martin Mayr, Martin Peck, Martin "
+"Sanchez, Martino Loco, Martti Remmelgas, Martyn Eggleton, Martyn Lewis, Mary "
+"Ellen Davis, Mary Heacock, Mary Hess, Mary Mi, Masahiro Takagi, Mason Du, "
+"Massimo V.A. Manzari, Mathias Bavay, Mathias Nicolajsen Kjærgaard, Matias "
+"Kruk, Matija Nalis, Matt Alcock, Matt Black, Matt Broach, Matt Hall, Matt "
+"Haughey, Matt Lee, Matt Plec, Matt Skoss, Matt Thompson, Matt Vance, Matt "
+"Wagstaff, Matteo Cocco, Matthew Bendert, Matthew Bergholt, Matthew Darlison, "
+"Matthew Epler, Matthew Hawken, Matthew Heimbecker, Matthew Orstad, Matthew "
+"Peterworth, Matthew Sheehy, Matthew Tucker, Adaptive Handy Apps, LLC, "
+"Mattias Axell, Max Green, Max Kossatz, Max lupo, Max Temkin, Max van "
+"Balgooy, Médéric Droz-dit-Busset, Megan Ingle, Megan Wacha, Meghan "
+"Finlayson, Melissa Aho, Melissa Sterry, Melle Funambuline, Menachem "
+"Goldstein, Micah Bridges, Michael Ailberto, Michael Anderson, Michael "
+"Andersson Skane, Michael C. Stewart, Michael Carroll, Michael Cavette, "
+"Michael Crees, Michael David Johas Teener, Michael Dennis Moore, Michael "
+"Freundt Karlsen, Michael Harries, Michael Hawel, Michael Lewis, Michael May, "
+"Michael Murphy, Michael Murvine, Michael Perkins, Michael Sauers, Michael "
+"St.Onge, Michael Stanford, Michael Stanley, Michael Underwood, Michael "
+"Weiss, Michael Wright, Michael-Andreas Kuttner, Michaela Voigt, Michal "
+"Rosenn, Michał Szymański, Michel Gallez, Michell Zappa, Michelle Heeyeon "
+"You, Miha Batic, Mik Ishmael, Mikael Andersson, Mike Chelen, Mike Habicher, "
+"Mike Maloney, Mike Masnick, Mike McDaniel, Mike Pouraryan, Mike Sheldon, "
+"Mike Stop Continues, Mike Stringer, Mike Wittenstein, Mikkel Ovesen, Mikołaj "
+"Podlaszewski, Millie Gonzalez, Mindi Lovell, Mindy Lin, Mirko “Macro” "
+"Fichtner, Mitch Featherston, Mitchell Adams, Molika Oum, Molly Shaffer Van "
+"Houweling, Monica Mora, Morgan Loomis, Moritz Schubert, Mrs. Paganini, "
+"Mushin Schilling, Mustafa K Calik, MD, Myk Pilgrim, Myra Harmer, Nadine "
+"Forget-Dubois, Nagle Industries, LLC, Nah Wee Yang, Natalie Brown, Natalie "
+"Freed, Nathan D Howell, Nathan Massey, Nathan Miller, Neal Gorenflo, Neal "
+"McBurnett, Neal Stimler, Neil Wilson, Nele Wollert, Neuchee Chang, Niall "
+"McDonagh, Niall Twohig, Nic McPhee, Nicholas Bentley, Nicholas Koran, "
+"Nicholas Norfolk, Nicholas Potter, Nick Bell, Nick Coghlan, Nick Isaacs, "
+"Nick M. Daly, Nick Vance, Nickolay Vedernikov, Nicky Weaver-Weinberg, Nico "
+"Prin, Nicolas Weidinger, Nicole Hickman, Niek Theunissen, Nigel Robertson, "
+"Nikki Thompson, Nikko Marie, Nikola Chernev, Nils Lavesson, Noah "
+"Blumenson-Cook, Noah Fang, Noah Kardos-Fein, Noah Meyerhans, Noel Hanigan, "
+"Noel Hart, Norrie Mailer, O.P. Gobée, Ohad Mayblum, Olivia Wilson, Olivier "
+"De Doncker, Olivier Schulbaum, Olle Ahnve, Omar Kaminski, Omar Willey, "
+"OpenBuilds, Ove Ødegård, Øystein Kjærnet, Pablo López Soriano, Pablo "
+"Vasquez, Pacific Design, Paige Mackay, Papp István Péter, Paris Marx, Parker "
+"Higgins, Pasquale Borriello, Pat Allan, Pat Hawks, Pat Ludwig, Pat Sticks, "
+"Patricia Brennan, Patricia Rosnel, Patricia Wolf, Patrick Berry, Patrick "
+"Beseda, Patrick Hurley, Patrick M. Lozeau, Patrick McCabe, Patrick "
+"Nafarrete, Patrick Tanguay, Patrick von Hauff, Patrik Kernstock, Patti J "
+"Ryan, Paul A Golder, Paul and Iris Brest, Paul Bailey, Paul Bryan, Paul "
+"Bunkham, Paul Elosegui, Paul Hibbitts, Paul Jacobson, Paul Keller, Paul "
+"Rowe, Paul Timpson, Paul Walker, Pavel Dostál, Peeter Sällström Randsalu, "
+"Peggy Frith, Pen-Yuan Hsing, Penny Pearson, Per Åström, Perry Jetter, Péter "
+"Fankhauser, Peter Hirtle, Peter Humphries, Peter Jenkins, Peter Langmar, "
+"Peter le Roux, Peter Marinari, Peter Mengelers, Peter O’Brien, Peter Pinch, "
+"Peter S. Crosby, Peter Wells, Petr Fristedt, Petr Viktorin, Petronella "
+"Jeurissen, Phil Flickinger, Philip Chung, Philip Pangrac, Philip R. Skaggs "
+"Jr., Philip Young, Philippa Lorne Channer, Philippe Vandenbroeck, Pierluigi "
+"Luisi, Pierre Suter, Pieter-Jan Pauwels, Playground Inc., Pomax, Popenoe, "
+"Pouhiou Noenaute, Prilutskiy Kirill, Print3Dreams Ltd., Quentin Coispeau, "
+"R. Smith, Race DiLoreto, Rachel Mercer, Rafael Scapin, Rafaela Kunz, Rain "
+"Doggerel, Raine Lourie, Rajiv Jhangiani, Ralph Chapoteau, Randall Kirby, "
+"Randy Brians, Raphaël Alexandre, Raphaël Schröder, Rasmus Jensen, Rayn "
+"Drahps, Rayna Stamboliyska, Rebecca Godar, Rebecca Lendl, Rebecca Weir, "
+"Regina Tschud, Remi Dino, Ric Herrero, Rich McCue, Richard “TalkToMeGuy” "
+"Olson, Richard Best, Richard Blumberg, Richard Fannon, Richard Heying, "
+"Richard Karnesky, Richard Kelly, Richard Littauer, Richard Sobey, Richard "
+"White, Richard Winchell, Rik ToeWater, Rita Lewis, Rita Wood, Riyadh Al "
+"Balushi, Rob Balder, Rob Berkley, Rob Bertholf, Rob Emanuele, Rob McAuliffe, "
+"Rob McKaughan, Rob Tillie, Rob Utter, Rob Vincent, Robert Gaffney, Robert "
+"Jones, Robert Kelly, Robert Lawlis, Robert McDonald, Robert Orzanna, Robert "
+"Paterson Hunter, Robert R. Daniel Jr., Robert Ryan-Silva, Robert Thompson, "
+"Robert Wagoner, Roberto Selvaggio, Robin DeRosa, Robin Rist Kildal, Rodrigo "
+"Castilhos, Roger Bacon, Roger Saner, Roger So, Roger Solé, Roger Tregear, "
+"Roland Tanglao, Rolf and Mari von Walthausen, Rolf Egstad, Rolf Schaller, "
+"Ron Zuijlen, Ronald Bissell, Ronald van den Hoff, Ronda Snow, Rory Landon "
+"Aronson, Ross Findlay, Ross Pruden, Ross Williams, Rowan Skewes, Roy Ivy "
+"III, Ruben Flores, Rupert Hitzenberger, Rusi Popov, Russ Antonucci, Russ "
+"Spollin, Russell Brand, Rute Correia, Ruth Ann Carpenter, Ruth White, Ryan "
+"Mentock, Ryan Merkley, Ryan Price, Ryan Sasaki, Ryan Singer, Ryan Voisin, "
+"Ryan Weir, S Searle, Salem Bin Kenaid, Salomon Riedo, Sam Hokin, Sam "
+"Twidale, Samantha Levin, Samantha-Jayne Chapman, Samarth Agarwal, Sami "
+"Al-AbdRabbuh, Samuel A. Rebelsky, Samuel Goëta, Samuel Hauser, Samuel "
+"Landete, Samuel Oliveira Cersosimo, Samuel Tait, Sandra Fauconnier, Sandra "
+"Markus, Sandy Bjar, Sandy ONeil, Sang-Phil Ju, Sanjay Basu, Santiago Garcia, "
+"Sara Armstrong, Sara Lucca, Sara Rodriguez Marin, Sarah Brand, Sarah Cove, "
+"Sarah Curran, Sarah Gold, Sarah McGovern, Sarah Smith, Sarinee "
+"Achavanuntakul, Sasha Moss, Sasha VanHoven, Saul Gasca, Scott Abbott, Scott "
+"Akerman, Scott Beattie, Scott Bruinooge, Scott Conroy, Scott Gillespie, "
+"Scott Williams, Sean Anderson, Sean Johnson, Sean Lim, Sean Wickett, Seb "
+"Schmoller, Sebastiaan Bekker, Sebastiaan ter Burg, Sebastian Makowiecki, "
+"Sebastian Meyer, Sebastian Schweizer, Sebastian Sigloch, Sebastien Huchet, "
+"Seokwon Yang, Sergey Chernyshev, Sergey Storchay, Sergio Cardoso, Seth "
+"Drebitko, Seth Gover, Seth Lepore, Shannon Turner, Sharon Clapp, Shauna "
+"Redmond, Shawn Gaston, Shawn Martin, Shay Knohl, Shelby Hatfield, Sheldon "
+"(Vila) Widuch, Sheona Thomson, Si Jie, Sicco van Sas, Siena Oristaglio, "
+"Simon Glover, Simon John King, Simon Klose, Simon Law, Simon Linder, Simon "
+"Moffitt, Solomon Kahn, Solomon Simon, Soujanna Sarkar, Stanislav Trifonov, "
+"Stefan Dumont, Stefan Jansson, Stefan Langer, Stefan Lindblad, Stefano "
+"Guidotti, Stefano Luzardi, Stephan Meißl, Stéphane Wojewoda, Stephanie "
+"Pereira, Stephen Gates, Stephen Murphey, Stephen Pearce, Stephen Rose, "
+"Stephen Suen, Stephen Walli, Stevan Matheson, Steve Battle, Steve Fisches, "
+"Steve Fitzhugh, Steve Guen-gerich, Steve Ingram, Steve Kroy, Steve Midgley, "
+"Steve Rhine, Steven Kasprzyk, Steven Knudsen, Steven Melvin, Stig-Jørund "
+"B. Ö. Arnesen, Stuart Drewer, Stuart Maxwell, Stuart Reich, Subhendu Ghosh, "
+"Sujal Shah, Sune Bøegh, Susan Chun, Susan R Grossman, Suzie Wiley, Sven "
+"Fielitz, Swan/Starts, Sylvain Carle, Sylvain Chery, Sylvia Green, Sylvia van "
+"Bruggen, Szabolcs Berecz, T. L. Mason, Tanbir Baeg, Tanya Hart, Tara Tiger "
+"Brown, Tara Westover, Tarmo Toikkanen, Tasha Turner Lennhoff, Tathagat "
+"Varma, Ted Timmons, Tej Dhawan, Teresa Gonczy, Terry Hook, Theis Madsen, "
+"Theo M. Scholl, Theresa Bernardo, Thibault Badenas, Thomas Bacig, Thomas "
+"Boehnlein, Thomas Bøvith, Thomas Chang, Thomas Hartman, Thomas Kent, Thomas "
+"Morgan, Thomas Philipp-Edmonds, Thomas Thrush, Thomas Werkmeister, Tieg "
+"Zaharia, Tieu Thuy Nguyen, Tim Chambers, Tim Cook, Tim Evers, Tim Nichols, "
+"Tim Stahmer, Timothée Planté, Timothy Arfsten, Timothy Hinchliff, Timothy "
+"Vollmer, Tina Coffman, Tisza Gergő, Tobias Schonwetter, Todd Brown, Todd "
+"Pousley, Todd Sattersten, Tom Bamford, Tom Caswell, Tom Goren, Tom Kent, Tom "
+"MacWright, Tom Maillioux, Tom Merkli, Tom Merritt, Tom Myers, Tom Olijhoek, "
+"Tom Rubin, Tommaso De Benetti, Tommy Dahlen, Tony Ciak, Tony Nwachukwu, "
+"Torsten Skomp, Tracey Depellegrin, Tracey Henton, Tracey James, Traci Long "
+"DeForge, Trent Yarwood, Trevor Hogue, Trey Blalock, Trey Hunner, Tryggvi "
+"Björgvinsson, Tumuult, Tushar Roy, Tyler Occhiogrosso, Udo Blenkhorn, Uri "
+"Sivan, Vanja Bobas, Vantharith Oum, Vaughan jenkins, Veethika Mishra, Vic "
+"King, Vickie Goode, Victor DePina, Victor Grigas, Victoria Klassen, "
+"Victorien Elvinger, VIGA Manufacture, Vikas Shah, Vinayak S.Kaujalgi, "
+"Vincent O’Leary, Violette Paquet, Virginia Gentilini, Virginia Kopelman, "
+"Vitor Menezes, Vivian Marthell, Wayne Mackintosh, Wendy Keenan, Werner "
+"Wiethege, Wesley Derbyshire, Widar Hellwig, Willa Köerner, William "
+"Bettridge-Radford, William Jefferson, William Marshall, William Peter Nash, "
+"William Ray, William Robins, Willow Rosenberg, Winie Evers, Wolfgang "
+"Renninger, Xavier Antoviaque, Xavier Hugonet, Xavier Moisant, Xueqi Li, "
+"Yancey Strickler, Yann Heurtaux, Yasmine Hajjar, Yu-Hsian Sun, Yves "
+"Deruisseau, Zach Chandler, Zak Zebrowski, Zane Amiralis and Joshua de Haan, "
+"ZeMarmot Open Movie"
+msgstr ""
projects / text-madewithcc.git / commitdiff