From: Gunnar Wolf Date: Mon, 19 Jun 2017 19:31:44 +0000 (-0500) Subject: Reestructuro repositorio para seguir el estándar de Gettext X-Git-Tag: es-printed~793 X-Git-Url: https://pere.pagekite.me/gitweb/text-madewithcc.git/commitdiff_plain/d75b195d38dcfecf360fc728b7d5694a9856ddaf Reestructuro repositorio para seguir el estándar de Gettext --- diff --git a/HOWTO.md b/HOWTO.md index 5b5f0a9..1951f8c 100644 --- a/HOWTO.md +++ b/HOWTO.md @@ -23,6 +23,14 @@ la [página del libro](https://madewith.cc/) como que esta _no es estable_ (es siempre la «most up-to-date version»), asi que me gustaría hacerme de un mejor punto de partida. +## Estructura de directorios para la traducción + +Para vivir a gusto con las herramientas comunes, vamos a hospedar todo +lo relacionado con la traducción gettext dentro del directorio +`po`. La traducción al español vivirá dentro del directorio `po/es`; +en caso de requerir _locales_ específicos del español (aunque no +preveo que sea el caso), serán `po/es_MX`, `po/es_AR`, etcétera + ## Conversión a Markdown Empleo Pandoc: @@ -33,9 +41,14 @@ Empleo Pandoc: Para generar un archivo template para Gettext, usé «[PO for anything](https://po4a.alioth.debian.org/)» (po4a), -particularmente la herramienta `po4a-gettextize`: +particularmente la herramienta `po4a-gettextize` para generar la +plantilla (`.pot`): + + po4a-gettextize -f text -m MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md -p po/mwcc.pot -M utf-8 - po4a-gettextize -f text -m MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md -p MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.po -M utf-8 +En un primer momento, copié este `.pot` a `po/es/mwcc.po` para iniciar +la traducción; habrá que hacer lo propio con algún otro lenguaje +futuro. Por ahora, queda únicamente como documentación. ## Editar el Gettext diff --git a/MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.mo b/MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.mo deleted file mode 100644 index 8100906..0000000 Binary files a/MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.mo and /dev/null differ diff --git a/po/.gitignore b/po/.gitignore new file mode 100644 index 0000000..cd1f2c9 --- /dev/null +++ b/po/.gitignore @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +*.mo diff --git a/MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.po b/po/es/mwcc.po similarity index 99% rename from MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.po rename to po/es/mwcc.po index 43040d7..fdb8f3d 100644 --- a/MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.po +++ b/po/es/mwcc.po @@ -6,80 +6,80 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: Made with Creative Commons\n" -"POT-Creation-Date: 2017-06-09 19:31-0500\n" -"PO-Revision-Date: 2017-06-09 19:37-0500\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2017-06-19 14:24-0500\n" +"PO-Revision-Date: 2017-06-19 14:27-0500\n" "Language: es\n" "MIME-Version: 1.0\n" "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n" "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" "Last-Translator: Gunnar Wolf \n" -"Language-Team: \n" +"Language-Team: Coordinado por Gunnar Wolf y Leo Arias \n" "X-Generator: Poedit 1.8.11\n" #. type: Plain text #: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2 msgid "Made" -msgstr "Hecho" +msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4 msgid "with" -msgstr "con" +msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6 msgid "Creative" -msgstr "Creative" +msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:8 msgid "Commons" -msgstr "Commons" +msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:10 msgid "Paul Stacey and Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" -msgstr "Paul Stacey y Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" +msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:12 msgid "Made With Creative Commons" -msgstr "Hecho con Creative Commons" +msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:14 msgid "by Paul Stacey & Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" -msgstr "por Paul Stacey & Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" +msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:16 msgid "© 2017, by Creative Commons." -msgstr "© 2017, por Creative Commons." +msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:19 msgid "Published under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike license (CC BY-SA), version 4.0." -msgstr "Publicado bajo una licencia Creative Commons Atribución-Compartir Igual (CC BY-SA), versión 4.0" +msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:21 msgid "ISBN 978-87-998733-3-3" -msgstr "ISBN 978-87-998733-3-3" +msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:23 msgid "Cover and interior design by Klaus Nielsen, vinterstille.dk" -msgstr "Diseño de portada e interiores por Klaus Nielsen, vinterstille.dk" +msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:25 msgid "Content editing by Grace Yaginuma" -msgstr "Edición de contenidos por Grace Yaginuma" +msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:27 msgid "Illustrations by Bryan Mathers, bryanmathers.com" -msgstr "Ilustraciones por Bryan Mathers, bryanmathers.com" +msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:29 diff --git a/po/mwcc.pot b/po/mwcc.pot new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b81cc8e --- /dev/null +++ b/po/mwcc.pot @@ -0,0 +1,12499 @@ +# SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE +# Copyright (C) YEAR Free Software Foundation, Inc. +# This file is distributed under the same license as the PACKAGE package. +# FIRST AUTHOR , YEAR. +# +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +msgstr "" +"Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2017-06-19 14:24-0500\n" +"PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n" +"Last-Translator: FULL NAME \n" +"Language-Team: LANGUAGE \n" +"Language: \n" +"MIME-Version: 1.0\n" +"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n" +"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2 +msgid "Made" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4 +msgid "with" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6 +msgid "Creative" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:8 +msgid "Commons" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:10 +msgid "Paul Stacey and Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:12 +msgid "Made With Creative Commons" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:14 +msgid "by Paul Stacey & Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:16 +msgid "© 2017, by Creative Commons." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:19 +msgid "" +"Published under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike license (CC " +"BY-SA), version 4.0." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:21 +msgid "ISBN 978-87-998733-3-3" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:23 +msgid "Cover and interior design by Klaus Nielsen, vinterstille.dk" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:25 +msgid "Content editing by Grace Yaginuma" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:27 +msgid "Illustrations by Bryan Mathers, bryanmathers.com" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:29 +msgid "Downloadable e-book available at madewith.cc" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:31 +msgid "Publisher:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:33 +msgid "Ctrl+Alt+Delete Books" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:35 +msgid "Husumgade 10, 5." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:37 +msgid "2200 Copenhagen N" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:39 +msgid "Denmark" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:41 +msgid "www.cadb.dk" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:43 +msgid "hey@cadb.dk" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:45 +msgid "Printer:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:47 +msgid "Drukarnia POZKAL Spółka z o.o. Spółka komandytowa" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:49 +msgid "88-100 Inowrocław," +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:51 +msgid "ul. Cegielna 10/12," +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:53 +msgid "Poland" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:61 +msgid "" +"This book is published under a CC BY-SA license, which means that you can " +"copy, redistribute, remix, transform, and build upon the content for any " +"purpose, even commercially, as long as you give appropriate credit, provide " +"a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. If you remix, " +"transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your " +"contributions under the same license as the original. License details: " +"creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:65 +msgid "" +"Made With Creative Commons is published with the kind support of Creative " +"Commons and backers of our crowdfunding-campaign on the Kickstarter.com " +"platform." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:72 +msgid "" +"“I don’t know a whole lot about nonfiction " +"journalism. . . The way that I think about these things, and in terms of " +"what I can do is. . . essays like this are occasions to watch somebody " +"reasonably bright but also reasonably average pay far closer attention and " +"think at far more length about all sorts of different stuff than most of us " +"have a chance to in our daily lives.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:74 +msgid "" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:76 +msgid "- David Foster Wallace" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:78 +msgid "Foreword" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:86 +msgid "" +"Three years ago, just after I was hired as CEO of Creative Commons, I met " +"with Cory Doctorow in the hotel bar of Toronto’s Gladstone Hotel. As one of " +"CC’s most well-known proponents—one who has also had a successful career as " +"a writer who shares his work using CC—I told him I thought CC had a role in " +"defining and advancing open business models. He kindly disagreed, and called " +"the pursuit of viable business models through CC “a red herring.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:92 +msgid "" +"He was, in a way, completely correct—those who make things with Creative " +"Commons have ulterior motives, as Paul Stacey explains in this book: " +"“Regardless of legal status, they all have a social mission. Their primary " +"reason for being is to make the world a better place, not to profit. Money " +"is a means to a social end, not the end itself.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:98 +msgid "" +"In the case study about Cory Doctorow, Sarah Hinchliff Pearson cites Cory’s " +"words from his book Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free: “Entering the arts " +"because you want to get rich is like buying lottery tickets because you want " +"to get rich. It might work, but it almost certainly won’t. Though, of " +"course, someone always wins the lottery.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:105 +msgid "" +"Today, copyright is like a lottery ticket—everyone has one, and almost " +"nobody wins. What they don’t tell you is that if you choose to share your " +"work, the returns can be significant and long-lasting. This book is filled " +"with stories of those who take much greater risks than the two dollars we " +"pay for a lottery ticket, and instead reap the rewards that come from " +"pursuing their passions and living their values." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:111 +msgid "" +"So it’s not about the money. Also: it is. Finding the means to continue to " +"create and share often requires some amount of income. Max Temkin of Cards " +"Against Humanity says it best in their case study: “We don’t make jokes and " +"games to make money—we make money so we can make more jokes and games.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:119 +msgid "" +"Creative Commons’ focus is on building a vibrant, usable commons, powered by " +"collaboration and gratitude. Enabling communities of collaboration is at the " +"heart of our strategy. With that in mind, Creative Commons began this book " +"project. Led by Paul and Sarah, the project set out to define and advance " +"the best open business models. Paul and Sarah were the ideal authors to " +"write Made with Creative Commons." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:127 +msgid "" +"Paul dreams of a future where new models of creativity and innovation " +"overpower the inequality and scarcity that today define the worst parts of " +"capitalism. He is driven by the power of human connections between " +"communities of creators. He takes a longer view than most, and it’s made him " +"a better educator, an insightful researcher, and also a skilled gardener. He " +"has a calm, cool voice that conveys a passion that inspires his colleagues " +"and community." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:137 +msgid "" +"Sarah is the best kind of lawyer—a true advocate who believes in the good of " +"people, and the power of collective acts to change the world. Over the past " +"year I’ve seen Sarah struggle with the heartbreak that comes from investing " +"so much into a political campaign that didn’t end as she’d hoped. Today, " +"she’s more determined than ever to live with her values right out on her " +"sleeve. I can always count on Sarah to push Creative Commons to focus on our " +"impact—to make the main thing the main thing. She’s practical, " +"detail-oriented, and clever. There’s no one on my team that I enjoy debating " +"more." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:146 +msgid "" +"As coauthors, Paul and Sarah complement each other perfectly. They " +"researched, analyzed, argued, and worked as a team, sometimes together and " +"sometimes independently. They dove into the research and writing with " +"passion and curiosity, and a deep respect for what goes into building the " +"commons and sharing with the world. They remained open to new ideas, " +"including the possibility that their initial theories would need refinement " +"or might be completely wrong. That’s courageous, and it has made for a " +"better book that is insightful, honest, and useful." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:152 +msgid "" +"From the beginning, CC wanted to develop this project with the principles " +"and values of open collaboration. The book was funded, developed, " +"researched, and written in the open. It is being shared openly under a CC " +"BY-SA license for anyone to use, remix, or adapt with attribution. It is, in " +"itself, an example of an open business model." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:159 +msgid "" +"For 31 days in August of 2015, Sarah took point to organize and execute a " +"Kickstarter campaign to generate the core funding for the book. The " +"remainder was provided by CC’s generous donors and supporters. In the end, " +"it became one of the most successful book projects on Kickstarter, smashing " +"through two stretch goals and engaging over 1,600 donors—the majority of " +"them new supporters of Creative Commons." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:168 +msgid "" +"Paul and Sarah worked openly throughout the project, publishing the plans, " +"drafts, case studies, and analysis, early and often, and they engaged " +"communities all over the world to help write this book. As their opinions " +"diverged and their interests came into focus, they divided their voices and " +"decided to keep them separate in the final product. Working in this way " +"requires both humility and self-confidence, and without question it has made " +"Made with Creative Commons a better project." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:173 +msgid "" +"Those who work and share in the commons are not typical creators. They are " +"part of something greater than themselves, and what they offer us all is a " +"profound gift. What they receive in return is gratitude and a community." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:180 +msgid "" +"Jonathan Mann, who is profiled in this book, writes a song a day. When I " +"reached out to ask him to write a song for our Kickstarter (and to offer " +"himself up as a Kickstarter benefit), he agreed immediately. Why would he " +"agree to do that? Because the commons has collaboration at its core, and " +"community as a key value, and because the CC licenses have helped so many to " +"share in the ways that they choose with a global audience." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:192 +msgid "" +"Sarah writes, “Endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons thrive when " +"community is built around what they do. This may mean a community " +"collaborating together to create something new, or it may simply be a " +"collection of like-minded people who get to know each other and rally around " +"common interests or beliefs. To a certain extent, simply being Made with " +"Creative Commons automatically brings with it some element of community, by " +"helping connect you to like-minded others who recognize and are drawn to the " +"values symbolized by using CC.” Amanda Palmer, the other musician profiled " +"in the book, would surely add this from her case study: “There is no more " +"satisfying end goal than having someone tell you that what you do is " +"genuinely of value to them.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:201 +msgid "" +"This is not a typical business book. For those looking for a recipe or a " +"roadmap, you might be disappointed. But for those looking to pursue a social " +"end, to build something great through collaboration, or to join a powerful " +"and growing global community, they’re sure to be satisfied. Made with " +"Creative Commons offers a world-changing set of clearly articulated values " +"and principles, some essential tools for exploring your own business " +"opportunities, and two dozen doses of pure inspiration." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:209 +msgid "" +"In a 1996 Stanford Law Review article “The Zones of Cyberspace”, CC founder " +"Lawrence Lessig wrote, “Cyberspace is a place. People live there. They " +"experience all the sorts of things that they experience in real space, " +"there. For some, they experience more. They experience this not as isolated " +"individuals, playing some high tech computer game; they experience it in " +"groups, in communities, among strangers, among people they come to know, and " +"sometimes like.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:215 +msgid "" +"I’m incredibly proud that Creative Commons is able to publish this book for " +"the many communities that we have come to know and like. I’m grateful to " +"Paul and Sarah for their creativity and insights, and to the global " +"communities that have helped us bring it to you. As CC board member " +"Johnathan Nightingale often says, “It’s all made of people.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:217 +msgid "That’s the true value of things that are Made with Creative Commons." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:219 +#, no-wrap +msgid "*Ryan Merkley*\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:221 +#, no-wrap +msgid "*CEO, Creative Commons*\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:223 +msgid "Introduction" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:226 +msgid "" +"This book shows the world how sharing can be good for business—but with a " +"twist." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:236 +msgid "" +"We began the project intending to explore how creators, organizations, and " +"businesses make money to sustain what they do when they share their work " +"using Creative Commons licenses. Our goal was not to identify a formula for " +"business models that use Creative Commons but instead gather fresh ideas and " +"dynamic examples that spark new, innovative models and help others follow " +"suit by building on what already works. At the onset, we framed our " +"investigation in familiar business terms. We created a blank “open business " +"model canvas,” an interactive online tool that would help people design and " +"analyze their business model." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:243 +msgid "" +"Through the generous funding of Kickstarter backers, we set about this " +"project first by identifying and selecting a diverse group of creators, " +"organizations, and businesses who use Creative Commons in an integral " +"way—what we call being Made with Creative Commons. We interviewed them and " +"wrote up their stories. We analyzed what we heard and dug deep into the " +"literature." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:246 +msgid "" +"But as we did our research, something interesting happened. Our initial way " +"of framing the work did not match the stories we were hearing." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:252 +msgid "" +"Those we interviewed were not typical businesses selling to consumers and " +"seeking to maximize profits and the bottom line. Instead, they were sharing " +"to make the world a better place, creating relationships and community " +"around the works being shared, and generating revenue not for unlimited " +"growth but to sustain the operation." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:258 +msgid "" +"They often didn’t like hearing what they do described as an open business " +"model. Their endeavor was something more than that. Something " +"different. Something that generates not just economic value but social and " +"cultural value. Something that involves human connection. Being Made with " +"Creative Commons is not “business as usual.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:266 +msgid "" +"We had to rethink the way we conceived of this project. And it didn’t happen " +"overnight. From the fall of 2015 through 2016, we documented our thoughts in " +"blog posts on Medium and with regular updates to our Kickstarter backers. We " +"shared drafts of case studies and analysis with our Kickstarter cocreators, " +"who provided invaluable edits, feedback, and advice. Our thinking changed " +"dramatically over the course of a year and a half." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:275 +msgid "" +"Throughout the process, the two of us have often had very different ways of " +"understanding and describing what we were learning. Learning from each other " +"has been one of the great joys of this work, and, we hope, something that " +"has made the final product much richer than it ever could have been if " +"either of us undertook this project alone. We have preserved our voices " +"throughout, and you’ll be able to sense our different but complementary " +"approaches as you read through our different sections." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:279 +msgid "" +"While we recommend that you read the book from start to finish, each section " +"reads more or less independently. The book is structured into two main " +"parts." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:286 +msgid "" +"Part one, the overview, begins with a big-picture framework written by " +"Paul. He provides some historical context for the digital commons, " +"describing the three ways society has managed resources and shared " +"wealth—the commons, the market, and the state. He advocates for thinking " +"beyond business and market terms and eloquently makes the case for sharing " +"and enlarging the digital commons." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:295 +msgid "" +"The overview continues with Sarah’s chapter, as she considers what it means " +"to be successfully Made with Creative Commons. While making money is one " +"piece of the pie, there is also a set of public-minded values and the kind " +"of human connections that make sharing truly meaningful. This section " +"outlines the ways the creators, organizations, and businesses we interviewed " +"bring in revenue, how they further the public interest and live out their " +"values, and how they foster connections with the people with whom they " +"share." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:301 +msgid "" +"And to end part one, we have a short section that explains the different " +"Creative Commons licenses. We talk about the misconception that the more " +"restrictive licenses—the ones that are closest to the all-rights-reserved " +"model of traditional copyright—are the only ways to make money." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:306 +msgid "" +"Part two of the book is made up of the twenty-four stories of the creators, " +"businesses, and organizations we interviewed. While both of us participated " +"in the interviews, we divided up the writing of these profiles." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:310 +msgid "" +"Of course, we are pleased to make the book available using a Creative " +"Commons Attribution-ShareAlike license. Please copy, distribute, translate, " +"localize, and build upon this work." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:316 +msgid "" +"Writing this book has transformed and inspired us. The way we now look at " +"and think about what it means to be Made with Creative Commons has " +"irrevocably changed. We hope this book inspires you and your enterprise to " +"use Creative Commons and in so doing contribute to the transformation of our " +"economy and world for the better." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:318 +#, no-wrap +msgid "*Paul and Sarah *\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:320 +msgid "Part 1" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:322 +msgid "The Big Picture" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:324 +msgid "The New" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:326 +msgid "World of" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:328 +msgid "Digital" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:330 +msgid "Commons" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:332 +msgid "Paul Stacey" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:340 +msgid "" +"Jonathan Rowe eloquently describes the commons as “the air and oceans, the " +"web of species, wilderness and flowing water—all are parts of the " +"commons. So are language and knowledge, sidewalks and public squares, the " +"stories of childhood and the processes of democracy. Some parts of the " +"commons are gifts of nature, others the product of human endeavor. Some are " +"new, such as the Internet; others are as ancient as soil and calligraphy.”1" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:349 +msgid "" +"In Made with Creative Commons, we focus on our current era of digital " +"commons, a commons of human-produced works. This commons cuts across a broad " +"range of areas including cultural heritage, education, research, technology, " +"art, design, literature, entertainment, business, and data. Human-produced " +"works in all these areas are increasingly digital. The Internet is a kind of " +"global, digital commons. The individuals, organizations, and businesses we " +"profile in our case studies use Creative Commons to share their resources " +"online over the Internet." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:360 +msgid "" +"The commons is not just about shared resources, however. It’s also about the " +"social practices and values that manage them. A resource is a noun, but to " +"common—to put the resource into the commons—is a verb.2 The creators, " +"organizations, and businesses we profile are all engaged with " +"commoning. Their use of Creative Commons involves them in the social " +"practice of commoning, managing resources in a collective manner with a " +"community of users.3 Commoning is guided by a set of values and norms that " +"balance the costs and benefits of the enterprise with those of the " +"community. Special regard is given to equitable access, use, and " +"sustainability." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:362 +msgid "The Commons, the Market, and the State" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:367 +msgid "" +"Historically, there have been three ways to manage resources and share " +"wealth: the commons (managed collectively), the state (i.e., the " +"government), and the market—with the last two being the dominant forms " +"today.4" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:375 +msgid "" +"The organizations and businesses in our case studies are unique in the way " +"they participate in the commons while still engaging with the market and/or " +"state. The extent of engagement with market or state varies. Some operate " +"primarily as a commons with minimal or no reliance on the market or state.5 " +"Others are very much a part of the market or state, depending on them for " +"financial sustainability. All operate as hybrids, blending the norms of the " +"commons with those of the market or state." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:378 +msgid "" +"Fig. 1. is a depiction of how an enterprise can have varying levels of " +"engagement with commons, state, and market." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:387 +msgid "" +"Some of our case studies are simply commons and market enterprises with " +"little or no engagement with the state. A depiction of those case studies " +"would show the state sphere as tiny or even absent. Other case studies are " +"primarily market-based with only a small engagement with the commons. A " +"depiction of those case studies would show the market sphere as large and " +"the commons sphere as small. The extent to which an enterprise sees itself " +"as being primarily of one type or another affects the balance of norms by " +"which they operate." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:395 +msgid "" +"All our case studies generate money as a means of livelihood and " +"sustainability. Money is primarily of the market. Finding ways to generate " +"revenue while holding true to the core values of the commons (usually " +"expressed in mission statements) is challenging. To manage interaction and " +"engagement between the commons and the market requires a deft touch, a " +"strong sense of values, and the ability to blend the best of both." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:401 +msgid "" +"The state has an important role to play in fostering the use and adoption of " +"the commons. State programs and funding can deliberately contribute to and " +"build the commons. Beyond money, laws and regulations regarding property, " +"copyright, business, and finance can all be designed to foster the commons." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:409 +msgid "" +"It’s helpful to understand how the commons, market, and state manage " +"resources differently, and not just for those who consider themselves " +"primarily as a commons. For businesses or governmental organizations who " +"want to engage in and use the commons, knowing how the commons operates will " +"help them understand how best to do so. Participating in and using the " +"commons the same way you do the market or state is not a strategy for " +"success." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:411 +msgid "The Four Aspects of a Resource" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:419 +msgid "" +"As part of her Nobel Prize–winning work, Elinor Ostrom developed a framework " +"for analyzing how natural resources are managed in a commons.6 Her framework " +"considered things like the biophysical characteristics of common resources, " +"the community’s actors and the interactions that take place between them, " +"rules-in-use, and outcomes. That framework has been simplified and " +"generalized to apply to the commons, the market, and the state for this " +"chapter." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:425 +msgid "" +"To compare and contrast the ways in which the commons, market, and state " +"work, let’s consider four aspects of resource management: resource " +"characteristics, the people involved and the process they use, the norms and " +"rules they develop to govern use, and finally actual resource use along with " +"outcomes of that use (see Fig. 2)." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:427 +msgid "Characteristics" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:432 +msgid "" +"Resources have particular characteristics or attributes that affect the way " +"they can be used. Some resources are natural; others are human " +"produced. And—significantly for today’s commons—resources can be physical or " +"digital, which affects a resource’s inherent potential." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:441 +msgid "" +"Physical resources exist in limited supply. If I have a physical resource " +"and give it to you, I no longer have it. When a resource is removed and " +"used, the supply becomes scarce or depleted. Scarcity can result in " +"competing rivalry for the resource. Made with Creative Commons enterprises " +"are usually digitally based but some of our case studies also produce " +"resources in physical form. The costs of producing and distributing a " +"physical good usually require them to engage with the market." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:449 +msgid "" +"Physical resources are depletable, exclusive, and rivalrous. Digital " +"resources, on the other hand, are nondepletable, nonexclusive, and " +"nonrivalrous. If I share a digital resource with you, we both have the " +"resource. Giving it to you does not mean I no longer have it. Digital " +"resources can be infinitely stored, copied, and distributed without becoming " +"depleted, and at close to zero cost. Abundance rather than scarcity is an " +"inherent characteristic of digital resources." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:456 +msgid "" +"The nondepletable, nonexclusive, and nonrivalrous nature of digital " +"resources means the rules and norms for managing them can (and ought to) be " +"different from how physical resources are managed. However, this is not " +"always the case. Digital resources are frequently made artificially " +"scarce. Placing digital resources in the commons makes them free and " +"abundant." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:465 +msgid "" +"Our case studies frequently manage hybrid resources, which start out as " +"digital with the possibility of being made into a physical resource. The " +"digital file of a book can be printed on paper and made into a physical " +"book. A computer-rendered design for furniture can be physically " +"manufactured in wood. This conversion from digital to physical invariably " +"has costs. Often the digital resources are managed in a free and open way, " +"but money is charged to convert a digital resource into a physical one." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:473 +msgid "" +"Beyond this idea of physical versus digital, the commons, market, and state " +"conceive of resources differently (see Fig. 3). The market sees resources as " +"private goods—commodities for sale—from which value is extracted. The state " +"sees resources as public goods that provide value to state citizens. The " +"commons sees resources as common goods, providing a common wealth extending " +"beyond state boundaries, to be passed on in undiminished or enhanced form to " +"future generations." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:475 +msgid "People and processes" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:479 +msgid "" +"In the commons, the market, and the state, different people and processes " +"are used to manage resources. The processes used define both who has a say " +"and how a resource is managed." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:487 +msgid "" +"In the state, a government of elected officials is responsible for managing " +"resources on behalf of the public. The citizens who produce and use those " +"resources are not directly involved; instead, that responsibility is given " +"over to the government. State ministries and departments staffed with public " +"servants set budgets, implement programs, and manage resources based on " +"government priorities and procedures." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:494 +msgid "" +"In the market, the people involved are producers, buyers, sellers, and " +"consumers. Businesses act as intermediaries between those who produce " +"resources and those who consume or use them. Market processes seek to " +"extract as much monetary value from resources as possible. In the market, " +"resources are managed as commodities, frequently mass-produced, and sold to " +"consumers on the basis of a cash transaction." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:508 +msgid "" +"In contrast to the state and market, resources in a commons are managed more " +"directly by the people involved.7 Creators of human produced resources can " +"put them in the commons by personal choice. No permission from state or " +"market is required. Anyone can participate in the commons and determine for " +"themselves the extent to which they want to be involved—as a contributor, " +"user, or manager. The people involved include not only those who create and " +"use resources but those affected by outcome of use. Who you are affects your " +"say, actions you can take, and extent of decision making. In the commons, " +"the community as a whole manages the resources. Resources put into the " +"commons using Creative Commons require users to give the original creator " +"credit. Knowing the person behind a resource makes the commons less " +"anonymous and more personal." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:510 +msgid "Norms and rules" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:515 +msgid "" +"The social interactions between people, and the processes used by the state, " +"market, and commons, evolve social norms and rules. These norms and rules " +"define permissions, allocate entitlements, and resolve disputes." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:521 +msgid "" +"State authority is governed by national constitutions. Norms related to " +"priorities and decision making are defined by elected officials and " +"parliamentary procedures. State rules are expressed through policies, " +"regulations, and laws. The state influences the norms and rules of the " +"market and commons through the rules it passes." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:525 +msgid "" +"Market norms are influenced by economics and competition for scarce " +"resources. Market rules follow property, business, and financial laws " +"defined by the state." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:532 +msgid "" +"As with the market, a commons can be influenced by state policies, " +"regulations, and laws. But the norms and rules of a commons are largely " +"defined by the community. They weigh individual costs and benefits against " +"the costs and benefits to the whole community. Consideration is given not " +"just to economic efficiency but also to equity and sustainability.9" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:534 +msgid "Goals" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:539 +msgid "" +"The combination of the aspects we’ve discussed so far—the resource’s " +"inherent characteristics, people and processes, and norms and rules—shape " +"how resources are used. Use is also influenced by the different goals the " +"state, market, and commons have." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:546 +msgid "" +"In the market, the focus is on maximizing the utility of a resource. What " +"we pay for the goods we consume is seen as an objective measure of the " +"utility they provide. The goal then becomes maximizing total monetary value " +"in the economy.10 Units consumed translates to sales, revenue, profit, and " +"growth, and these are all ways to measure goals of the market." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:553 +msgid "" +"The state aims to use and manage resources in a way that balances the " +"economy with the social and cultural needs of its citizens. Health care, " +"education, jobs, the environment, transportation, security, heritage, and " +"justice are all facets of a healthy society, and the state applies its " +"resources toward these aims. State goals are reflected in quality of life " +"measures." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:560 +msgid "" +"In the commons, the goal is maximizing access, equity, distribution, " +"participation, innovation, and sustainability. You can measure success by " +"looking at how many people access and use a resource; how users are " +"distributed across gender, income, and location; if a community to extend " +"and enhance the resources is being formed; and if the resources are being " +"used in innovative ways for personal and social good." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:565 +msgid "" +"As hybrid combinations of the commons with the market or state, the success " +"and sustainability of all our case study enterprises depends on their " +"ability to strategically utilize and balance these different aspects of " +"managing resources." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:567 +msgid "A Short History of the Commons" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:574 +msgid "" +"Using the commons to manage resources is part of a long historical " +"continuum. However, in contemporary society, the market and the state " +"dominate the discourse on how resources are best managed. Rarely is the " +"commons even considered as an option. The commons has largely disappeared " +"from consciousness and consideration. There are no news reports or speeches " +"about the commons." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:580 +msgid "" +"But the more than 1.1 billion resources licensed with Creative Commons " +"around the world are indications of a grassroots move toward the " +"commons. The commons is making a resurgence. To understand the resilience of " +"the commons and its current renewal, it’s helpful to know something of its " +"history." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:589 +msgid "" +"For centuries, indigenous people and preindustrialized societies managed " +"resources, including water, food, firewood, irrigation, fish, wild game, and " +"many other things collectively as a commons.11 There was no market, no " +"global economy. The state in the form of rulers influenced the commons but " +"by no means controlled it. Direct social participation in a commons was the " +"primary way in which resources were managed and needs met. (Fig. 4 " +"illustrates the commons in relation to the state and the market.)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:597 +msgid "" +"This is followed by a long history of the state (a monarchy or ruler) " +"taking over the commons for their own purposes. This is called enclosure of " +"the commons.12 In olden days, “commoners” were evicted from the land, fences " +"and hedges erected, laws passed, and security set up to forbid access.13 " +"Gradually, resources became the property of the state and the state became " +"the primary means by which resources were managed. (See Fig. 5)." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:609 +msgid "" +"Holdings of land, water, and game were distributed to ruling family and " +"political appointees. Commoners displaced from the land migrated to " +"cities. With the emergence of the industrial revolution, land and resources " +"became commodities sold to businesses to support production. Monarchies " +"evolved into elected parliaments. Commoners became labourers earning money " +"operating the machinery of industry. Financial, business, and property laws " +"were revised by governments to support markets, growth, and " +"productivity. Over time ready access to market produced goods resulted in a " +"rising standard of living, improved health, and education. Fig. 6 shows how " +"today the market is the primary means by which resources are managed." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:613 +msgid "" +"However, the world today is going through turbulent times. The benefits of " +"the market have been offset by unequal distribution and overexploitation." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:622 +msgid "" +"Overexploitation was the topic of Garrett Hardin’s influential essay “The " +"Tragedy of the Commons,” published in Science in 1968. Hardin argues that " +"everyone in a commons seeks to maximize personal gain and will continue to " +"do so even when the limits of the commons are reached. The commons is then " +"tragically depleted to the point where it can no longer support " +"anyone. Hardin’s essay became widely accepted as an economic truism and a " +"justification for private property and free markets." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:639 +msgid "" +"However, there is one serious flaw with Hardin’s “The Tragedy of the " +"Commons”—it’s fiction. Hardin did not actually study how real commons " +"work. Elinor Ostrom won the 2009 Nobel Prize in economics for her work " +"studying different commons all around the world. Ostrom’s work shows that " +"natural resource commons can be successfully managed by local communities " +"without any regulation by central authorities or without " +"privatization. Government and privatization are not the only two " +"choices. There is a third way: management by the people, where those that " +"are directly impacted are directly involved. With natural resources, there " +"is a regional locality. The people in the region are the most familiar with " +"the natural resource, have the most direct relationship and history with it, " +"and are therefore best situated to manage it. Ostrom’s approach to the " +"governance of natural resources broke with convention; she recognized the " +"importance of the commons as an alternative to the market or state for " +"solving problems of collective action.14" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:649 +msgid "" +"Hardin failed to consider the actual social dynamic of the commons. His " +"model assumed that people in the commons act autonomously, out of pure " +"self-interest, without interaction or consideration of others. But as Ostrom " +"found, in reality, managing common resources together forms a community and " +"encourages discourse. This naturally generates norms and rules that help " +"people work collectively and ensure a sustainable commons. Paradoxically, " +"while Hardin’s essay is called The Tragedy of the Commons it might more " +"accurately be titled The Tragedy of the Market." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:659 +msgid "" +"Hardin’s story is based on the premise of depletable resources. Economists " +"have focused almost exclusively on scarcity-based markets. Very little is " +"known about how abundance works.15 The emergence of information technology " +"and the Internet has led to an explosion in digital resources and new means " +"of sharing and distribution. Digital resources can never be depleted. An " +"absence of a theory or model for how abundance works, however, has led the " +"market to make digital resources artificially scarce and makes it possible " +"for the usual market norms and rules to be applied." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:664 +msgid "" +"When it comes to use of state funds to create digital goods, however, there " +"is really no justification for artificial scarcity. The norm for state " +"funded digital works should be that they are freely and openly available to " +"the public that paid for them." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:666 +msgid "The Digital Revolution" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:670 +msgid "" +"In the early days of computing, programmers and developers learned from each " +"other by sharing software. In the 1980s, the free-software movement codified " +"this practice of sharing into a set of principles and freedoms:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '- ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:678 +msgid "The freedom to run a software program as you wish, for any purpose." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '- ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:678 +msgid "" +"The freedom to study how a software program works (because access to the " +"source code has been freely given), and change it so it does your computing " +"as you wish." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '- ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:678 +msgid "The freedom to redistribute copies." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '- ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:678 +msgid "The freedom to distribute copies of your modified versions to others.16" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:681 +msgid "" +"These principles and freedoms constitute a set of norms and rules that " +"typify a digital commons." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:694 +msgid "" +"In the late 1990s, to make the sharing of source code and collaboration more " +"appealing to companies, the open-source-software initiative converted these " +"principles into licenses and standards for managing access to and " +"distribution of software. The benefits of open source—such as reliability, " +"scalability, and quality verified by independent peer review—became widely " +"recognized and accepted. Customers liked the way open source gave them " +"control without being locked into a closed, proprietary technology. Free and " +"open-source software also generated a network effect where the value of a " +"product or service increases with the number of people using it.17 The " +"dramatic growth of the Internet itself owes much to the fact that nobody has " +"a proprietary lock on core Internet protocols." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:703 +msgid "" +"While open-source software functions as a commons, many businesses and " +"markets did build up around it. Business models based on the licenses and " +"standards of open-source software evolved alongside organizations that " +"managed software code on principles of abundance rather than scarcity. Eric " +"Raymond’s essay “The Magic Cauldron” does a great job of analyzing the " +"economics and business models associated with open-source software.18 These " +"models can provide examples of sustainable approaches for those Made with " +"Creative Commons." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:714 +msgid "" +"It isn’t just about an abundant availability of digital assets but also " +"about abundance of participation. The growth of personal computing, " +"information technology, and the Internet made it possible for mass " +"participation in producing creative works and distributing them. Photos, " +"books, music, and many other forms of digital content could now be readily " +"created and distributed by almost anyone. Despite this potential for " +"abundance, by default these digital works are governed by copyright " +"laws. Under copyright, a digital work is the property of the creator, and by " +"law others are excluded from accessing and using it without the creator’s " +"permission." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:720 +msgid "" +"But people like to share. One of the ways we define ourselves is by sharing " +"valuable and entertaining content. Doing so grows and nourishes " +"relationships, seeks to change opinions, encourages action, and informs " +"others about who we are and what we care about. Sharing lets us feel more " +"involved with the world.19" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:722 +msgid "The Birth of Creative Commons" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:729 +msgid "" +"In 2001, Creative Commons was created as a nonprofit to support all those " +"who wanted to share digital content. A suite of Creative Commons licenses " +"was modeled on those of open-source software but for use with digital " +"content rather than software code. The licenses give everyone from " +"individual creators to large companies and institutions a simple, " +"standardized way to grant copyright permissions to their creative work." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:743 +msgid "" +"Creative Commons licenses have a three-layer design. The norms and rules of " +"each license are first expressed in full legal language as used by " +"lawyers. This layer is called the legal code. But since most creators and " +"users are not lawyers, the licenses also have a commons deed, expressing the " +"permissions in plain language, which regular people can read and quickly " +"understand. It acts as a user-friendly interface to the legal-code layer " +"beneath. The third layer is the machine-readable one, making it easy for the " +"Web to know a work is Creative Commons–licensed by expressing permissions in " +"a way that software systems, search engines, and other kinds of technology " +"can understand.20 Taken together, these three layers ensure creators, users, " +"and even the Web itself understand the norms and rules associated with " +"digital content in a commons." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:750 +msgid "" +"In 2015, there were over one billion Creative Commons licensed works in a " +"global commons. These works were viewed online 136 billion times. People " +"are using Creative Commons licenses all around the world, in thirty-four " +"languages. These resources include photos, artwork, research articles in " +"journals, educational resources, music and other audio tracks, and videos." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:758 +msgid "" +"Individual artists, photographers, musicians, and filmmakers use Creative " +"Commons, but so do museums, governments, creative industries, manufacturers, " +"and publishers. Millions of websites use CC licenses, including major " +"platforms like Wikipedia and Flickr and smaller ones like blogs.21 Users of " +"Creative Commons are diverse and cut across many different sectors. (Our " +"case studies were chosen to reflect that diversity.)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:768 +msgid "" +"Some see Creative Commons as a way to share a gift with others, a way of " +"getting known, or a way to provide social benefit. Others are simply " +"committed to the norms associated with a commons. And for some, " +"participation has been spurred by the free-culture movement, a social " +"movement that promotes the freedom to distribute and modify creative " +"works. The free-culture movement sees a commons as providing significant " +"benefits compared to restrictive copyright laws. This ethos of free exchange " +"in a commons aligns the free-culture movement with the free and open-source " +"software movement." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:774 +msgid "" +"Over time, Creative Commons has spawned a range of open movements, including " +"open educational resources, open access, open science, and open data. The " +"goal in every case has been to democratize participation and share digital " +"resources at no cost, with legal permissions for anyone to freely access, " +"use, and modify." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:784 +msgid "" +"The state is increasingly involved in supporting open movements. The Open " +"Government Partnership was launched in 2011 to provide an international " +"platform for governments to become more open, accountable, and responsive to " +"citizens. Since then, it has grown from eight participating countries to " +"seventy.22 In all these countries, government and civil society are working " +"together to develop and implement ambitious open-government " +"reforms. Governments are increasingly adopting Creative Commons to ensure " +"works funded with taxpayer dollars are open and free to the public that paid " +"for them." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:786 +msgid "The Changing Market" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:798 +msgid "" +"Today’s market is largely driven by global capitalism. Law and financial " +"systems are structured to support extraction, privatization, and corporate " +"growth. A perception that the market is more efficient than the state has " +"led to continual privatization of many public natural resources, utilities, " +"services, and infrastructures.23 While this system has been highly efficient " +"at generating consumerism and the growth of gross domestic product, the " +"impact on human well-being has been mixed. Offsetting rising living " +"standards and improvements to health and education are ever-increasing " +"wealth inequality, social inequality, poverty, deterioration of our natural " +"environment, and breakdowns of democracy.24" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:804 +msgid "" +"In light of these challenges there is a growing recognition that GDP growth " +"should not be an end in itself, that development needs to be socially and " +"economically inclusive, that environmental sustainability is a requirement " +"not an option, and that we need to better balance the market, state and " +"community.25" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:812 +msgid "" +"These realizations have led to a resurgence of interest in the commons as a " +"means of enabling that balance. City governments like Bologna, Italy, are " +"collaborating with their citizens to put in place regulations for the care " +"and regeneration of urban commons.26 Seoul and Amsterdam call themselves " +"“sharing cities,” looking to make sustainable and more efficient use of " +"scarce resources. They see sharing as a way to improve the use of public " +"spaces, mobility, social cohesion, and safety.27" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:829 +msgid "" +"The market itself has taken an interest in the sharing economy, with " +"businesses like Airbnb providing a peer-to-peer marketplace for short-term " +"lodging and Uber providing a platform for ride sharing. However, Airbnb and " +"Uber are still largely operating under the usual norms and rules of the " +"market, making them less like a commons and more like a traditional business " +"seeking financial gain. Much of the sharing economy is not about the commons " +"or building an alternative to a corporate-driven market economy; it’s about " +"extending the deregulated free market into new areas of our lives.28 While " +"none of the people we interviewed for our case studies would describe " +"themselves as part of the sharing economy, there are in fact some " +"significant parallels. Both the sharing economy and the commons make better " +"use of asset capacity. The sharing economy sees personal residents and cars " +"as having latent spare capacity with rental value. The equitable access of " +"the commons broadens and diversifies the number of people who can use and " +"derive value from an asset." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:839 +msgid "" +"One way Made with Creative Commons case studies differ from those of the " +"sharing economy is their focus on digital resources. Digital resources " +"function under different economic rules than physical ones. In a world where " +"prices always seem to go up, information technology is an anomaly. " +"Computer-processing power, storage, and bandwidth are all rapidly " +"increasing, but rather than costs going up, costs are coming down. Digital " +"technologies are getting faster, better, and cheaper. The cost of anything " +"built on these technologies will always go down until it is close to zero.29" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:850 +msgid "" +"Those that are Made with Creative Commons are looking to leverage the unique " +"inherent characteristics of digital resources, including lowering costs. The " +"use of digital-rights-management technologies in the form of locks, " +"passwords, and controls to prevent digital goods from being accessed, " +"changed, replicated, and distributed is minimal or nonexistent. Instead, " +"Creative Commons licenses are used to put digital content out in the " +"commons, taking advantage of the unique economics associated with being " +"digital. The aim is to see digital resources used as widely and by as many " +"people as possible. Maximizing access and participation is a common " +"goal. They aim for abundance over scarcity." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:857 +msgid "" +"The incremental cost of storing, copying, and distributing digital goods is " +"next to zero, making abundance possible. But imagining a market based on " +"abundance rather than scarcity is so alien to the way we conceive of " +"economic theory and practice that we struggle to do so.30 Those that are " +"Made with Creative Commons are each pioneering in this new landscape, " +"devising their own economic models and practice." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:863 +msgid "" +"Some are looking to minimize their interactions with the market and operate " +"as autonomously as possible. Others are operating largely as a business " +"within the existing rules and norms of the market. And still others are " +"looking to change the norms and rules by which the market operates." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:874 +msgid "" +"For an ordinary corporation, making social benefit a part of its operations " +"is difficult, as it’s legally required to make decisions that financially " +"benefit stockholders. But new forms of business are emerging. There are " +"benefit corporations and social enterprises, which broaden their business " +"goals from making a profit to making a positive impact on society, workers, " +"the community, and the environment.31 Community-owned businesses, " +"worker-owned businesses, cooperatives, guilds, and other organizational " +"forms offer alternatives to the traditional corporation. Collectively, these " +"alternative market entities are changing the rules and norms of the " +"market.32" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:881 +msgid "" +"“A book on open business models” is how we described it in this book’s " +"Kickstarter campaign. We used a handbook called Business Model Generation as " +"our reference for defining just what a business model is. Developed over " +"nine years using an “open process” involving 470 coauthors from forty-five " +"countries, it is useful as a framework for talking about business models.33" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:890 +msgid "" +"It contains a “business model canvas,” which conceives of a business model " +"as having nine building blocks.34 This blank canvas can serve as a tool for " +"anyone to design their own business model. We remixed this business model " +"canvas into an open business model canvas, adding three more building blocks " +"relevant to hybrid market, commons enterprises: social good, Creative " +"Commons license, and “type of open environment that the business fits in.”35 " +"This enhanced canvas proved useful when we analyzed businesses and helped " +"start-ups plan their economic model." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:901 +msgid "" +"In our case study interviews, many expressed discomfort over describing " +"themselves as an open business model—the term business model suggested " +"primarily being situated in the market. Where you sit on the " +"commons-to-market spectrum affects the extent to which you see yourself as a " +"business in the market. The more central to the mission shared resources and " +"commons values are, the less comfort there is in describing yourself, or " +"depicting what you do, as a business. Not all who have endeavors Made with " +"Creative Commons use business speak; for some the process has been " +"experimental, emergent, and organic rather than carefully planned using a " +"predefined model." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:912 +msgid "" +"The creators, businesses, and organizations we profile all engage with the " +"market to generate revenue in some way. The ways in which this is done vary " +"widely. Donations, pay what you can, memberships, “digital for free but " +"physical for a fee,” crowdfunding, matchmaking, value-add services, patrons " +". . . the list goes on and on. (Initial description of how to earn revenue " +"available through reference note. For latest thinking see How to Bring In " +"Money in the next section.) 36 There is no single magic bullet, and each " +"endeavor has devised ways that work for them. Most make use of more than one " +"way. Diversifying revenue streams lowers risk and provides multiple paths to " +"sustainability." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:914 +msgid "Benefits of the Digital Commons" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:919 +msgid "" +"While it may be clear why commons-based organizations want to interact and " +"engage with the market (they need money to survive), it may be less obvious " +"why the market would engage with the commons. The digital commons offers " +"many benefits." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:926 +msgid "" +"The commons speeds dissemination. The free flow of resources in the commons " +"offers tremendous economies of scale. Distribution is decentralized, with " +"all those in the commons empowered to share the resources they have access " +"to. Those that are Made with Creative Commons have a reduced need for sales " +"or marketing. Decentralized distribution amplifies supply and know-how." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:937 +msgid "" +"The commons ensures access to all. The market has traditionally operated by " +"putting resources behind a paywall requiring payment first before " +"access. The commons puts resources in the open, providing access up front " +"without payment. Those that are Made with Creative Commons make little or no " +"use of digital rights management (DRM) to manage resources. Not using DRM " +"frees them of the costs of acquiring DRM technology and staff resources to " +"engage in the punitive practices associated with restricting access. The way " +"the commons provides access to everyone levels the playing field and " +"promotes inclusiveness, equity, and fairness." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:948 +msgid "" +"The commons maximizes participation. Resources in the commons can be used " +"and contributed to by everyone. Using the resources of others, contributing " +"your own, and mixing yours with others to create new works are all dynamic " +"forms of participation made possible by the commons. Being Made with " +"Creative Commons means you’re engaging as many users with your resources as " +"possible. Users are also authoring, editing, remixing, curating, localizing, " +"translating, and distributing. The commons makes it possible for people to " +"directly participate in culture, knowledge building, and even democracy, and " +"many other socially beneficial practices." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:960 +msgid "" +"The commons spurs innovation. Resources in the hands of more people who can " +"use them leads to new ideas. The way commons resources can be modified, " +"customized, and improved results in derivative works never imagined by the " +"original creator. Some endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons " +"deliberately encourage users to take the resources being shared and innovate " +"them. Doing so moves research and development (R&D) from being solely inside " +"the organization to being in the community.37 Community-based innovation " +"will keep an organization or business on its toes. It must continue to " +"contribute new ideas, absorb and build on top of the innovations of others, " +"and steward the resources and the relationship with the community." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:970 +msgid "" +"The commons boosts reach and impact. The digital commons is global. " +"Resources may be created for a local or regional need, but they go far and " +"wide generating a global impact. In the digital world, there are no borders " +"between countries. When you are Made with Creative Commons, you are often " +"local and global at the same time: Digital designs being globally " +"distributed but made and manufactured locally. Digital books or music being " +"globally distributed but readings and concerts performed locally. The " +"digital commons magnifies impact by connecting creators to those who use and " +"build on their work both locally and globally." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:982 +msgid "" +"The commons is generative. Instead of extracting value, the commons adds " +"value. Digitized resources persist without becoming depleted, and through " +"use are improved, personalized, and localized. Each use adds value. The " +"market focuses on generating value for the business and the customer. The " +"commons generates value for a broader range of beneficiaries including the " +"business, the customer, the creator, the public, and the commons itself. The " +"generative nature of the commons means that it is more cost-effective and " +"produces a greater return on investment. Value is not just measured in " +"financial terms. Each new resource added to the commons provides value to " +"the public and contributes to the overall value of the commons." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:995 +msgid "" +"The commons brings people together for a common cause. The commons vests " +"people directly with the responsibility to manage the resources for the " +"common good. The costs and benefits for the individual are balanced with the " +"costs and benefits for the community and for future generations. Resources " +"are not anonymous or mass produced. Their provenance is known and " +"acknowledged through attribution and other means. Those that are Made with " +"Creative Commons generate awareness and reputation based on their " +"contributions to the commons. The reach, impact, and sustainability of those " +"contributions rest largely on their ability to forge relationships and " +"connections with those who use and improve them. By functioning on the " +"basis of social engagement, not monetary exchange, the commons unifies " +"people." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1000 +msgid "" +"The benefits of the commons are many. When these benefits align with the " +"goals of individuals, communities, businesses in the market, or state " +"enterprises, choosing to manage resources as a commons ought to be the " +"option of choice." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1002 +msgid "Our Case Studies" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1011 +msgid "" +"The creators, organizations, and businesses in our case studies operate as " +"nonprofits, for-profits, and social enterprises. Regardless of legal status, " +"they all have a social mission. Their primary reason for being is to make " +"the world a better place, not to profit. Money is a means to a social end, " +"not the end itself. They factor public interest into decisions, behavior, " +"and practices. Transparency and trust are really important. Impact and " +"success are measured against social aims expressed in mission statements, " +"and are not just about the financial bottom line." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1017 +msgid "" +"The case studies are based on the narratives told to us by founders and key " +"staff. Instead of solely using financials as the measure of success and " +"sustainability, they emphasized their mission, practices, and means by which " +"they measure success. Metrics of success are a blend of how social goals are " +"being met and how sustainable the enterprise is." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1025 +msgid "" +"Our case studies are diverse, ranging from publishing to education and " +"manufacturing. All of the organizations, businesses, and creators in the " +"case studies produce digital resources. Those resources exist in many forms " +"including books, designs, songs, research, data, cultural works, education " +"materials, graphic icons, and video. Some are digital representations of " +"physical resources. Others are born digital but can be made into physical " +"resources." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1032 +msgid "" +"They are creating new resources, or using the resources of others, or mixing " +"existing resources together to make something new. They, and their audience, " +"all play a direct, participatory role in managing those resources, including " +"their preservation, curation, distribution, and enhancement. Access and " +"participation is open to all regardless of monetary means." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1037 +msgid "" +"And as users of Creative Commons licenses, they are automatically part of a " +"global community. The new digital commons is global. Those we profiled come " +"from nearly every continent in the world. To build and interact within this " +"global community is conducive to success." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1048 +msgid "" +"Creative Commons licenses may express legal rules around the use of " +"resources in a commons, but success in the commons requires more than " +"following the letter of the law and acquiring financial means. Over and over " +"we heard in our interviews how success and sustainability are tied to a set " +"of beliefs, values, and principles that underlie their actions: Give more " +"than you take. Be open and inclusive. Add value. Make visible what you are " +"using from the commons, what you are adding, and what you are " +"monetizing. Maximize abundance. Give attribution. Express gratitude. " +"Develop trust; don’t exploit. Build relationship and community. Be " +"transparent. Defend the commons." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1055 +msgid "" +"The new digital commons is here to stay. Made With Creative Commons case " +"studies show how it’s possible to be part of this commons while still " +"functioning within market and state systems. The commons generates benefits " +"neither the market nor state can achieve on their own. Rather than the " +"market or state dominating as primary means of resource management, a more " +"balanced alternative is possible." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1062 +msgid "" +"Enterprise use of Creative Commons has only just begun. The case studies in " +"this book are merely starting points. Each is changing and evolving over " +"time. Many more are joining and inventing new models. This overview aims to " +"provide a framework and language for thinking and talking about the new " +"digital commons. The remaining sections go deeper providing further guidance " +"and insights on how it works." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1064 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2290 +msgid "Notes" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '1. ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1164 +msgid "Jonathan Rowe, Our Common Wealth (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2013), 14." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '2. ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1164 +msgid "" +"David Bollier, Think Like a Commoner: A Short Introduction to the Life of " +"the Commons (Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014), 176." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '3. ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1164 +msgid "Ibid., 15." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '4. ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1164 +msgid "Ibid., 145." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '5. ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1164 +msgid "Ibid., 175." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '6. ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1164 +msgid "" +"Daniel H. Cole, “Learning from Lin: Lessons and Cautions from the Natural " +"Commons for the Knowledge Commons,” in Governing Knowledge Commons, " +"eds. Brett M. Frischmann, Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J. Strandburg " +"(New York: Oxford University Press, 2014), 53." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '7. ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1164 +msgid "" +"Max Haiven, Crises of Imagination, Crises of Power: Capitalism, Creativity " +"and the Commons (New York: Zed Books, 2014), 93." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '8. ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1164 +msgid "" +"Cole, “Learning from Lin,” in Frischmann, Madison, and Strandburg, Governing " +"Knowledge Commons, 59." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1164 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"9. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 175.\n" +"10. Joshua Farley and Ida Kubiszewski, “The Economics of Information in\n" +" a Post-Carbon Economy,” in Free Knowledge: Confronting the\n" +" Commodification of Human Discovery, eds. Patricia W. Elliott and\n" +" Daryl H. Hepting (Regina, SK: University of Regina Press,\n" +" 2015), 201–4.\n" +"11. Rowe, Our Common Wealth, 19; and Heather Menzies, Reclaiming the\n" +" Commons for the Common Good: A Memoir and Manifesto (Gabriola\n" +" Island, BC: New Society, 2014), 42–43.\n" +"12. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 55–78.\n" +"13. Fritjof Capra and Ugo Mattei, The Ecology of Law: Toward a Legal\n" +" System in Tune with Nature and Community (Oakland, CA:\n" +" Berrett-Koehler, 2015), 46–57; and Bollier, Think Like a\n" +" Commoner, 88.\n" +"14. Brett M. Frischmann, Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J.\n" +" Strandburg, “Governing Knowledge Commons,” in Frischmann, Madison,\n" +" and Strandburg Governing Knowledge Commons, 12.\n" +"15. Farley and Kubiszewski, “Economics of Information,” in Elliott and\n" +" Hepting, Free Knowledge, 203.\n" +"16. “What Is Free Software?” GNU Operating System, the Free Software\n" +" Foundation’s Licensing and Compliance Lab, accessed December 30,\n" +" 2016, www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.\n" +"17. Wikipedia, s.v. “Open-source software,” last modified November\n" +" 22, 2016.\n" +"18. Eric S. Raymond, “The Magic Cauldron,” in The Cathedral and the\n" +" Bazaar: Musings on Linux and Open Source by an Accidental\n" +" Revolutionary, rev. ed. (Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media,\n" +" 2001), www.catb.org/esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/.\n" +"19. New York Times Customer Insight Group, The Psychology of Sharing:\n" +" Why Do People Share Online? (New York: New York Times Customer\n" +" Insight Group, 2011), www.iab.net/media/file/POSWhitePaper.pdf.\n" +"20. “Licensing Considerations,” Creative Commons, accessed December 30,\n" +" 2016, creativecommons.org/share-your-work/licensing-considerations/.\n" +"21. Creative Commons, 2015 State of the Commons (Mountain View, CA:\n" +" Creative Commons, 2015), stateof.creativecommons.org/2015/.\n" +"22. Wikipedia, s.v. “Open Government Partnership,” last modified\n" +" September 24,\n" +" 2016, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open\\_Government\\_Partnership.\n" +"23. Capra and Mattei, Ecology of Law, 114.\n" +"24. Ibid., 116.\n" +"25. The Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, “Stockholm\n" +" Statement” accessed February 15, 2017,\n" +" sida.se/globalassets/sida/eng/press/stockholm-statement.pdf\n" +"26. City of Bologna, Regulation on Collaboration between Citizens and\n" +" the City for the Care and Regeneration of Urban Commons, trans.\n" +" LabGov (LABoratory for the GOVernance of Commons) (Bologna, Italy:\n" +" City of Bologna,\n" +" 2014), " +"www.labgov.it/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/Bologna-Regulation-on-collaboration-between-citizens-and-the-city-for-the-cure-and-regeneration-of-urban-commons1.pdf.\n" +"27. The Seoul Sharing City website is english.sharehub.kr; for Amsterdam\n" +" Sharing City, go to www.sharenl.nl/amsterdam-sharing-city/.\n" +"28. Tom Slee, What’s Yours Is Mine: Against the Sharing Economy (New\n" +" York: OR Books, 2015), 42.\n" +"29. Chris Anderson, Free: How Today’s Smartest Businesses Profit by\n" +" Giving Something for Nothing, Reprint with new preface. (New York:\n" +" Hyperion, 2010), 78.\n" +"30. Jeremy Rifkin, The Zero Marginal Cost Society: The Internet of\n" +" Things, the Collaborative Commons, and the Eclipse of Capitalism\n" +" (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014), 273.\n" +"31. Gar Alperovitz, What Then Must We Do? Straight Talk about the Next\n" +" American Revolution: Democratizing Wealth and Building a\n" +" Community-Sustaining Economy from the Ground Up (White River\n" +" Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2013), 39.\n" +"32. Marjorie Kelly, Owning Our Future: The Emerging Ownership\n" +" Revolution; Journeys to a Generative Economy (San Francisco:\n" +" Berrett-Koehler, 2012), 8–9.\n" +"33. Alex Osterwalder and Yves Pigneur, Business Model Generation\n" +" (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2010). A preview of the book is\n" +" available at strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation.\n" +"34. This business model canvas is available to download\n" +" at strategyzer.com/canvas/business-model-canvas.\n" +"35. We’ve made the “Open Business Model Canvas,” designed by the\n" +" coauthor Paul Stacey, available online\n" +" at " +"docs.google.com/drawings/d/1QOIDa2qak7wZSSOa4Wv6qVMO77IwkKHN7CYyq0wHivs/edit.\n" +" You can also find the accompanying Open Business Model Canvas\n" +" Questions\n" +" at " +"docs.google.com/drawings/d/1kACK7TkoJgsM18HUWCbX9xuQ0Byna4plSVZXZGTtays/edit.\n" +"36. A more comprehensive list of revenue streams is available in this\n" +" post I wrote on Medium on March 6, 2016. “What Is an Open Business\n" +" Model and How Can You Generate Revenue?”, available\n" +" at " +"medium.com/made-with-creative-commons/what-is-an-open-business-model-and-how-can-you-generate-revenue-5854d2659b15.\n" +"37. Henry Chesbrough, Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating\n" +" and Profiting from Technology (Boston: Harvard Business Review\n" +" Press, 2006), 31–44.\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1166 +msgid "How" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1168 +msgid "to Be" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1170 +msgid "Made with" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1172 +msgid "Creative" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1174 +msgid "Commons" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1176 +msgid "Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1190 +msgid "" +"When we began this project in August 2015, we set out to write a book about " +"business models that involve Creative Commons licenses in some significant " +"way—what we call being Made with Creative Commons. With the help of our " +"Kickstarter backers, we chose twenty-four endeavors from all around the " +"world that are Made with Creative Commons. The mix is diverse, from an " +"individual musician to a university-textbook publisher to an electronics " +"manufacturer. Some make their own content and share under Creative Commons " +"licensing. Others are platforms for CC-licensed creative work made by " +"others. Many sit somewhere in between, both using and contributing creative " +"work that’s shared with the public. Like all who use the licenses, these " +"endeavors share their work—whether it’s open data or furniture designs—in a " +"way that enables the public not only to access it but also to make use of " +"it." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1199 +msgid "" +"We analyzed the revenue models, customer segments, and value propositions of " +"each endeavor. We searched for ways that putting their content under " +"Creative Commons licenses helped boost sales or increase reach. Using " +"traditional measures of economic success, we tried to map these business " +"models in a way that meaningfully incorporated the impact of Creative " +"Commons. In our interviews, we dug into the motivations, the role of CC " +"licenses, modes of revenue generation, definitions of success." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1203 +msgid "" +"In fairly short order, we realized the book we set out to write was quite " +"different from the one that was revealing itself in our interviews and " +"research." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1211 +msgid "" +"It isn’t that we were wrong to think you can make money while using Creative " +"Commons licenses. In many instances, CC can help make you more money. Nor " +"were we wrong that there are business models out there that others who want " +"to use CC licensing as part of their livelihood or business could " +"replicate. What we didn’t realize was just how misguided it would be to " +"write a book about being Made with Creative Commons using only a business " +"lens." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1219 +msgid "" +"According to the seminal handbook Business Model Generation, a business " +"model “describes the rationale of how an organization creates, delivers, and " +"captures value.”1 Thinking about sharing in terms of creating and capturing " +"value always felt inappropriately transactional and out of place, something " +"we heard time and time again in our interviews. And as Cory Doctorow told us " +"in our interview with him, “Business model can mean anything you want it to " +"mean.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1224 +msgid "" +"Eventually, we got it. Being Made with Creative Commons is more than a " +"business model. While we will talk about specific revenue models as one " +"piece of our analysis (and in more detail in the case studies), we scrapped " +"that as our guiding rubric for the book." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1232 +msgid "" +"Admittedly, it took me a long time to get there. When Paul and I divided up " +"our writing after finishing the research, my charge was to distill " +"everything we learned from the case studies and write up the practical " +"lessons and takeaways. I spent months trying to jam what we learned into the " +"business-model box, convinced there must be some formula for the way things " +"interacted. But there is no formula. You’ll probably have to discard that " +"way of thinking before you read any further." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1242 +msgid "" +"In every interview, we started from the same simple questions. Amid all the " +"diversity among the creators, organizations, and businesses we profiled, " +"there was one constant. Being Made with Creative Commons may be good for " +"business, but that is not why they do it. Sharing work with Creative Commons " +"is, at its core, a moral decision. The commercial and other self-interested " +"benefits are secondary. Most decided to use CC licenses first and found a " +"revenue model later. This was our first hint that writing a book solely " +"about the impact of sharing on business might be a little off track." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1248 +msgid "" +"But we also started to realize something about what it means to be Made with " +"Creative Commons. When people talked to us about how and why they used CC, " +"it was clear that it meant something more than using a copyright license. It " +"also represented a set of values. There is symbolism behind using CC, and " +"that symbolism has many layers." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1259 +msgid "" +"At one level, being Made with Creative Commons expresses an affinity for the " +"value of Creative Commons. While there are many different flavors of CC " +"licenses and nearly infinite ways to be Made with Creative Commons, the " +"basic value system is rooted in a fundamental belief that knowledge and " +"creativity are building blocks of our culture rather than just commodities " +"from which to extract market value. These values reflect a belief that the " +"common good should always be part of the equation when we determine how to " +"regulate our cultural outputs. They reflect a belief that everyone has " +"something to contribute, and that no one can own our shared culture. They " +"reflect a belief in the promise of sharing." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1269 +msgid "" +"Whether the public makes use of the opportunity to copy and adapt your work, " +"sharing with a Creative Commons license is a symbol of how you want to " +"interact with the people who consume your work. Whenever you create " +"something, “all rights reserved” under copyright is automatic, so the " +"copyright symbol (©) on the work does not necessarily come across as a " +"marker of distrust or excessive protectionism. But using a CC license can be " +"a symbol of the opposite—of wanting a real human relationship, rather than " +"an impersonal market transaction. It leaves open the possibility of " +"connection." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1275 +msgid "" +"Being Made with Creative Commons not only demonstrates values connected to " +"CC and sharing. It also demonstrates that something other than profit drives " +"what you do. In our interviews, we always asked what success looked like for " +"them. It was stunning how rarely money was mentioned. Most have a deeper " +"purpose and a different vision of success." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1286 +msgid "" +"The driving motivation varies depending on the type of endeavor. For " +"individual creators, it is most often about personal inspiration. In some " +"ways, this is nothing new. As Doctorow has written, “Creators usually start " +"doing what they do for love.”2 But when you share your creative work under a " +"CC license, that dynamic is even more pronounced. Similarly, for " +"technological innovators, it is often less about creating a specific new " +"thing that will make you rich and more about solving a specific problem you " +"have. The creators of Arduino told us that the key question when creating " +"something is “Do you as the creator want to use it? It has to have personal " +"use and meaning.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1295 +msgid "" +"Many that are Made with Creative Commons have an express social mission that " +"underpins everything they do. In many cases, sharing with Creative Commons " +"expressly advances that social mission, and using the licenses can be the " +"difference between legitimacy and hypocrisy. Noun Project co-founder Edward " +"Boatman told us they could not have stated their social mission of sharing " +"with a straight face if they weren’t willing to show the world that it was " +"OK to share their content using a Creative Commons license." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1303 +msgid "" +"This dynamic is probably one reason why there are so many nonprofit examples " +"of being Made with Creative Commons. The content is the result of a labor of " +"love or a tool to drive social change, and money is like gas in the car, " +"something that you need to keep going but not an end in itself. Being Made " +"with Creative Commons is a different vision of a business or livelihood, " +"where profit is not paramount, and producing social good and human " +"connection are integral to success." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1307 +msgid "" +"Even if profit isn’t the end goal, you have to bring in money to be " +"successfully Made with Creative Commons. At a bare minimum, you have to make " +"enough money to keep the lights on." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1317 +msgid "" +"The costs of doing business vary widely for those made with CC, but there is " +"generally a much lower threshold for sustainability than there used to be " +"for any creative endeavor. Digital technology has made it easier than ever " +"to create, and easier than ever to distribute. As Doctorow put it in his " +"book Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, “If analog dollars have turned " +"into digital dimes (as the critics of ad-supported media have it), there is " +"the fact that it’s possible to run a business that gets the same amount of " +"advertising as its forebears at a fraction of the price.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1328 +msgid "" +"Some creation costs are the same as they always were. It takes the same " +"amount of time and money to write a peer-reviewed journal article or paint a " +"painting. Technology can’t change that. But other costs are dramatically " +"reduced by technology, particularly in production-heavy domains like " +"filmmaking.3 CC-licensed content and content in the public domain, as well " +"as the work of volunteer collaborators, can also dramatically reduce costs " +"if they’re being used as resources to create something new. And, of course, " +"there is the reality that some content would be created whether or not the " +"creator is paid because it is a labor of love." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1338 +msgid "" +"Distributing content is almost universally cheaper than ever. Once content " +"is created, the costs to distribute copies digitally are essentially zero.4 " +"The costs to distribute physical copies are still significant, but lower " +"than they have been historically. And it is now much easier to print and " +"distribute physical copies on-demand, which also reduces costs. Depending on " +"the endeavor, there can be a whole host of other possible expenses like " +"marketing and promotion, and even expenses associated with the various ways " +"money is being made, like touring or custom training." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1351 +msgid "" +"It’s important to recognize that the biggest impact of technology on " +"creative endeavors is that creators can now foot the costs of creation and " +"distribution themselves. People now often have a direct route to their " +"potential public without necessarily needing intermediaries like record " +"labels and book publishers. Doctorow wrote, “If you’re a creator who never " +"got the time of day from one of the great imperial powers, this is your " +"time. Where once you had no means of reaching an audience without the " +"assistance of the industry-dominating megacompanies, now you have hundreds " +"of ways to do it without them.”5 Previously, distribution of creative work " +"involved the costs associated with sustaining a monolithic entity, now " +"creators can do the work themselves. That means the financial needs of " +"creative endeavors can be a lot more modest." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1362 +msgid "" +"Whether for an individual creator or a larger endeavor, it usually isn’t " +"enough to break even if you want to make what you’re doing a livelihood. " +"You need to build in some support for the general operation. This extra bit " +"looks different for everyone, but importantly, in nearly all cases for those " +"Made with Creative Commons, the definition of “enough money” looks a lot " +"different than it does in the world of venture capital and stock options. It " +"is more about sustainability and less about unlimited growth and " +"profit. SparkFun founder Nathan Seidle told us, “Business model is a really " +"grandiose word for it. It is really just about keeping the operation going " +"day to day.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1368 +msgid "" +"This book is a testament to the notion that it is possible to make money " +"while using CC licenses and CC-licensed content, but we are still very much " +"at an experimental stage. The creators, organizations, and businesses we " +"profile in this book are blazing the trail and adapting in real time as they " +"pursue this new way of operating." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1372 +msgid "" +"There are, however, plenty of ways in which CC licensing can be good for " +"business in fairly predictable ways. The first is how it helps solve " +"“problem zero.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1374 +msgid "Problem Zero: Getting Discovered" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1389 +msgid "" +"Once you create or collect your content, the next step is finding users, " +"customers, fans—in other words, your people. As Amanda Palmer wrote, “It has " +"to start with the art. The songs had to touch people initially, and mean " +"something, for anything to work at all.”6 There isn’t any magic to finding " +"your people, and there is certainly no formula. Your work has to connect " +"with people and offer them some artistic and/or utilitarian value. In some " +"ways, this is easier than ever. Online we are not limited by shelf space, so " +"there is room for every obscure interest, taste, and need imaginable. This " +"is what Chris Anderson dubbed the Long Tail, where consumption becomes less " +"about mainstream mass “hits” and more about micromarkets for every " +"particular niche. As Anderson wrote, “We are all different, with different " +"wants and needs, and the Internet now has a place for all of them in the way " +"that physical markets did not.”7 We are no longer limited to what appeals to " +"the masses." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1402 +msgid "" +"While finding “your people” online is theoretically easier than in the " +"analog world, as a practical matter it can still be difficult to actually " +"get noticed. The Internet is a firehose of content, one that only grows " +"larger by the minute. As a content creator, not only are you competing for " +"attention against more content creators than ever before, you are competing " +"against creativity generated outside the market as well.8 Anderson wrote, " +"“The greatest change of the past decade has been the shift in time people " +"spend consuming amateur content instead of professional content.”9 To top it " +"all off, you have to compete against the rest of their lives, too—“friends, " +"family, music playlists, soccer games, and nights on the town.”10 Somehow, " +"some way, you have to get noticed by the right people." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1415 +msgid "" +"When you come to the Internet armed with an all-rights-reserved mentality " +"from the start, you are often restricting access to your work before there " +"is even any demand for it. In many cases, requiring payment for your work is " +"part of the traditional copyright system. Even a tiny cost has a big effect " +"on demand. It’s called the penny gap—the large difference in demand between " +"something that is available at the price of one cent versus the price of " +"zero.11 That doesn’t mean it is wrong to charge money for your content. It " +"simply means you need to recognize the effect that doing so will have on " +"demand. The same principle applies to restricting access to copy the " +"work. If your problem is how to get discovered and find “your people,” " +"prohibiting people from copying your work and sharing it with others is " +"counterproductive." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1419 +msgid "" +"Of course, it’s not that being discovered by people who like your work will " +"make you rich—far from it. But as Cory Doctorow says, “Recognition is one of " +"many necessary preconditions for artistic success.”12" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1428 +msgid "" +"Choosing not to spend time and energy restricting access to your work and " +"policing infringement also builds goodwill. Lumen Learning, a for-profit " +"company that publishes online educational materials, made an early decision " +"not to prevent students from accessing their content, even in the form of a " +"tiny paywall, because it would negatively impact student success in a way " +"that would undermine the social mission behind what they do. They believe " +"this decision has generated an immense amount of goodwill within the " +"community." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1435 +msgid "" +"It is not just that restricting access to your work may undermine your " +"social mission. It also may alienate the people who most value your creative " +"work. If people like your work, their natural instinct will be to share it " +"with others. But as David Bollier wrote, “Our natural human impulses to " +"imitate and share—the essence of culture—have been criminalized.”13" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1443 +msgid "" +"The fact that copying can carry criminal penalties undoubtedly deters " +"copying it, but copying with the click of a button is too easy and " +"convenient to ever fully stop it. Try as the copyright industry might to " +"persuade us otherwise, copying a copyrighted work just doesn’t feel like " +"stealing a loaf of bread. And, of course, that’s because it isn’t. Sharing " +"a creative work has no impact on anyone else’s ability to make use of it." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1457 +msgid "" +"If you take some amount of copying and sharing your work as a given, you can " +"invest your time and resources elsewhere, rather than wasting them on " +"playing a cat and mouse game with people who want to copy and share your " +"work. Lizzy Jongma from the Rijksmuseum said, “We could spend a lot of money " +"trying to protect works, but people are going to do it anyway. And they " +"will use bad-quality versions.” Instead, they started releasing " +"high-resolution digital copies of their collection into the public domain " +"and making them available for free on their website. For them, sharing was a " +"form of quality control over the copies that were inevitably being shared " +"online. Doing this meant forgoing the revenue they previously got from " +"selling digital images. But Lizzy says that was a small price to pay for all " +"of the opportunities that sharing unlocked for them." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1465 +msgid "" +"Being Made with Creative Commons means you stop thinking about ways to " +"artificially make your content scarce, and instead leverage it as the " +"potentially abundant resource it is.14 When you see information abundance as " +"a feature, not a bug, you start thinking about the ways to use the idling " +"capacity of your content to your advantage. As my friend and colleague Eric " +"Steuer once said, “Using CC licenses shows you get the Internet.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1474 +msgid "" +"Cory Doctorow says it costs him nothing when other people make copies of his " +"work, and it opens the possibility that he might get something in return.15 " +"Similarly, the makers of the Arduino boards knew it was impossible to stop " +"people from copying their hardware, so they decided not to even try and " +"instead look for the benefits of being open. For them, the result is one of " +"the most ubiquitous pieces of hardware in the world, with a thriving online " +"community of tinkerers and innovators that have done things with their work " +"they never could have done otherwise." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1477 +msgid "" +"There are all kinds of way to leverage the power of sharing and remix to " +"your benefit. Here are a few." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1479 +msgid "Use CC to grow a larger audience" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1489 +msgid "" +"Putting a Creative Commons license on your content won’t make it " +"automatically go viral, but eliminating legal barriers to copying the work " +"certainly can’t hurt the chances that your work will be shared. The CC " +"license symbolizes that sharing is welcome. It can act as a little tap on " +"the shoulder to those who come across the work—a nudge to copy the work if " +"they have any inkling of doing so. All things being equal, if one piece of " +"content has a sign that says Share and the other says Don’t Share (which is " +"what “©” means), which do you think people are more likely to share?" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1496 +msgid "" +"The Conversation is an online news site with in-depth articles written by " +"academics who are experts on particular topics. All of the articles are " +"CC-licensed, and they are copied and reshared on other sites by design. This " +"proliferating effect, which they track, is a central part of the value to " +"their academic authors who want to reach as many readers as possible." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1508 +msgid "" +"The idea that more eyeballs equates with more success is a form of the max " +"strategy, adopted by Google and other technology companies. According to " +"Google’s Eric Schmidt, the idea is simple: “Take whatever it is you are " +"doing and do it at the max in terms of distribution. The other way of saying " +"this is that since marginal cost of distribution is free, you might as well " +"put things everywhere.”16 This strategy is what often motivates companies to " +"make their products and services free (i.e., no cost), but the same logic " +"applies to making content freely shareable. Because CC-licensed content is " +"free (as in cost) and can be freely copied, CC licensing makes it even more " +"accessible and likely to spread." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1516 +msgid "" +"If you are successful in reaching more users, readers, listeners, or other " +"consumers of your work, you can start to benefit from the bandwagon " +"effect. The simple fact that there are other people consuming or following " +"your work spurs others to want to do the same.17 This is, in part, because " +"we simply have a tendency to engage in herd behavior, but it is also because " +"a large following is at least a partial indicator of quality or " +"usefulness.18" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1519 +msgid "Use CC to get attribution and name recognition" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1534 +msgid "" +"Every Creative Commons license requires that credit be given to the author, " +"and that reusers supply a link back to the original source of the " +"material. CC0, not a license but a tool used to put work in the public " +"domain, does not make attribution a legal requirement, but many communities " +"still give credit as a matter of best practices and social norms. In fact, " +"it is social norms, rather than the threat of legal enforcement, that most " +"often motivate people to provide attribution and otherwise comply with the " +"CC license terms anyway. This is the mark of any well-functioning community, " +"within both the marketplace and the society at large.19 CC licenses reflect " +"a set of wishes on the part of creators, and in the vast majority of " +"circumstances, people are naturally inclined to follow those wishes. This is " +"particularly the case for something as straightforward and consistent with " +"basic notions of fairness as providing credit." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1545 +msgid "" +"The fact that the name of the creator follows a CC-licensed work makes the " +"licenses an important means to develop a reputation or, in corporate speak, " +"a brand. The drive to associate your name with your work is not just based " +"on commercial motivations, it is fundamental to authorship. Knowledge " +"Unlatched is a nonprofit that helps to subsidize the print production of " +"CC-licensed academic texts by pooling contributions from libraries around " +"the United States. The CEO, Frances Pinter, says that the Creative Commons " +"license on the works has a huge value to authors because reputation is the " +"most important currency for academics. Sharing with CC is a way of having " +"the most people see and cite your work." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1557 +msgid "" +"Attribution can be about more than just receiving credit. It can also be " +"about establishing provenance. People naturally want to know where content " +"came from—the source of a work is sometimes just as interesting as the work " +"itself. Opendesk is a platform for furniture designers to share their " +"designs. Consumers who like those designs can then get matched with local " +"makers who turn the designs into real-life furniture. The fact that I, " +"sitting in the middle of the United States, can pick out a design created by " +"a designer in Tokyo and then use a maker within my own community to " +"transform the design into something tangible is part of the power of their " +"platform. The provenance of the design is a special part of the product." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1565 +msgid "" +"Knowing the source of a work is also critical to ensuring its " +"credibility. Just as a trademark is designed to give consumers a way to " +"identify the source and quality of a particular good and service, knowing " +"the author of a work gives the public a way to assess its credibility. In a " +"time when online discourse is plagued with misinformation, being a trusted " +"information source is more valuable than ever." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1567 +msgid "Use CC-licensed content as a marketing tool" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1574 +msgid "" +"As we will cover in more detail later, many endeavors that are Made with " +"Creative Commons make money by providing a product or service other than the " +"CC-licensed work. Sometimes that other product or service is completely " +"unrelated to the CC content. Other times it’s a physical copy or live " +"performance of the CC content. In all cases, the CC content can attract " +"people to your other product or service." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1587 +msgid "" +"Knowledge Unlatched’s Pinter told us she has seen time and again how " +"offering CC-licensed content—that is, digitally for free—actually increases " +"sales of the printed goods because it functions as a marketing tool. We see " +"this phenomenon regularly with famous artwork. The Mona Lisa is likely the " +"most recognizable painting on the planet. Its ubiquity has the effect of " +"catalyzing interest in seeing the painting in person, and in owning physical " +"goods with the image. Abundant copies of the content often entice more " +"demand, not blunt it. Another example came with the advent of the " +"radio. Although the music industry did not see it coming (and fought it!), " +"free music on the radio functioned as advertising for the paid version " +"people bought in music stores.20 Free can be a form of promotion." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1599 +msgid "" +"In some cases, endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons do not even " +"need dedicated marketing teams or marketing budgets. Cards Against Humanity " +"is a CC-licensed card game available as a free download. And because of this " +"(thanks to the CC license on the game), the creators say it is one of the " +"best-marketed games in the world, and they have never spent a dime on " +"marketing. The textbook publisher OpenStax has also avoided hiring a " +"marketing team. Their products are free, or cheaper to buy in the case of " +"physical copies, which makes them much more attractive to students who then " +"demand them from their universities. They also partner with service " +"providers who build atop the CC-licensed content and, in turn, spend money " +"and" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1602 +msgid "" +"resources marketing those services (and by extension, the OpenStax " +"textbooks)." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1605 +msgid "" +"Use CC to enable hands-on engagement with your " +"work" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1610 +msgid "" +"The great promise of Creative Commons licensing is that it signifies an " +"embrace of remix culture. Indeed, this is the great promise of digital " +"technology. The Internet opened up a whole new world of possibilities for " +"public participation in creative work." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1620 +msgid "" +"Four of the six CC licenses enable reusers to take apart, build upon, or " +"otherwise adapt the work. Depending on the context, adaptation can mean " +"wildly different things—translating, updating, localizing, improving, " +"transforming. It enables a work to be customized for particular needs, uses, " +"people, and communities, which is another distinct value to offer the " +"public.21 Adaptation is more game changing in some contexts than " +"others. With educational materials, the ability to customize and update the " +"content is critically important for its usefulness. For photography, the " +"ability to adapt a photo is less important." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1632 +msgid "" +"This is a way to counteract a potential downside of the abundance of free " +"and open content described above. As Anderson wrote in Free, “People often " +"don’t care as much about things they don’t pay for, and as a result they " +"don’t think as much about how they consume them.”22 If even the tiny act of " +"volition of paying one penny for something changes our perception of that " +"thing, then surely the act of remixing it enhances our perception " +"exponentially.23 We know that people will pay more for products they had a " +"part in creating.24 And we know that creating something, no matter what " +"quality, brings with it a type of creative satisfaction that can never be " +"replaced by consuming something created by someone else.25" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1640 +msgid "" +"Actively engaging with the content helps us avoid the type of aimless " +"consumption that anyone who has absentmindedly scrolled through their " +"social-media feeds for an hour knows all too well. In his book, Cognitive " +"Surplus, Clay Shirky says, “To participate is to act as if your presence " +"matters, as if, when you see something or hear something, your response is " +"part of the event.”26 Opening the door to your content can get people more " +"deeply tied to your work." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1642 +msgid "Use CC to differentiate yourself" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1654 +msgid "" +"Operating under a traditional copyright regime usually means operating under " +"the rules of establishment players in the media. Business strategies that " +"are embedded in the traditional copyright system, like using digital rights " +"management (DRM) and signing exclusivity contracts, can tie the hands of " +"creators, often at the expense of the creator’s best interest.27 Being Made " +"with Creative Commons means you can function without those barriers and, in " +"many cases, use the increased openness as a competitive advantage. David " +"Harris from OpenStax said they specifically pursue strategies they know that " +"traditional publishers cannot. “Don’t go into a market and play by the " +"incumbent rules,” David said. “Change the rules of engagement.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1656 +msgid "Making Money" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1668 +msgid "" +"Like any moneymaking endeavor, those that are Made with Creative Commons " +"have to generate some type of value for their audience or customers. " +"Sometimes that value is subsidized by funders who are not actually " +"beneficiaries of that value. Funders, whether philanthropic institutions, " +"governments, or concerned individuals, provide money to the organization out " +"of a sense of pure altruism. This is the way traditional nonprofit funding " +"operates.28 But in many cases, the revenue streams used by endeavors that " +"are Made with Creative Commons are directly tied to the value they generate, " +"where the recipient is paying for the value they receive like any standard " +"market transaction. In still other" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1672 +msgid "" +"cases, rather than the quid pro quo exchange of money for value that " +"typically drives market transactions, the recipient gives money out of a " +"sense of reciprocity." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1680 +msgid "" +"Most who are Made with Creative Commons use a variety of methods to bring in " +"revenue, some market-based and some not. One common strategy is using grant " +"funding for content creation when research-and-development costs are " +"particularly high, and then finding a different revenue stream (or streams) " +"for ongoing expenses. As Shirky wrote, “The trick is in knowing when markets " +"are an optimal way of organizing interactions and when they are not.”29" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1687 +msgid "" +"Our case studies explore in more detail the various revenue-generating " +"mechanisms used by the creators, organizations, and businesses we " +"interviewed. There is nuance hidden within the specific ways each of them " +"makes money, so it is a bit dangerous to generalize too much about what we " +"learned. Nonetheless, zooming out and viewing things from a higher level of " +"abstraction can be instructive." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1689 +msgid "Market-based revenue streams" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1696 +msgid "" +"In the market, the central question when determining how to bring in revenue " +"is what value people are willing to pay for.30 By definition, if you are " +"Made with Creative Commons, the content you provide is available for free " +"and not a market commodity. Like the ubiquitous freemium business model, any " +"possible market transaction with a consumer of your content has to be based " +"on some added value you provide.31" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1710 +msgid "" +"In many ways, this is the way of the future for all content-driven " +"endeavors. In the market, value lives in things that are scarce. Because the " +"Internet makes a universe of content available to all of us for free, it is " +"difficult to get people to pay for content online. The struggling newspaper " +"industry is a testament to this fact. This is compounded by the fact that at " +"least some amount of copying is probably inevitable. That means you may end " +"up competing with free versions of your own content, whether you condone it " +"or not.32 If people can easily find your content for free, getting people to " +"buy it will be difficult, particularly in a context where access to content " +"is more important than owning it. In Free, Anderson wrote, “Copyright " +"protection schemes, whether coded into either law or software, are simply " +"holding up a price against the force of gravity.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1719 +msgid "" +"Of course, this doesn’t mean that content-driven endeavors have no future in " +"the traditional marketplace. In Free, Anderson explains how when one product " +"or service becomes free, as information and content largely have in the " +"digital age, other things become more valuable. “Every abundance creates a " +"new scarcity,” he wrote. You just have to find some way other than the " +"content to provide value to your audience or customers. As Anderson says, " +"“It’s easy to compete with Free: simply offer something better or at least " +"different from the free version.”33" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1726 +msgid "" +"In light of this reality, in some ways endeavors that are Made with Creative " +"Commons are at a level playing field with all content-based endeavors in the " +"digital age. In fact, they may even have an advantage because they can use " +"the abundance of content to derive revenue from something scarce. They can " +"also benefit from the goodwill that stems from the values behind being Made " +"with Creative Commons." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1731 +msgid "" +"For content creators and distributors, there are nearly infinite ways to " +"provide value to the consumers of your work, above and beyond the value that " +"lives within your free digital content. Often, the CC-licensed content " +"functions as a marketing tool for the paid product or" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1733 +msgid "service." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1735 +msgid "Here are the most common high-level categories." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1738 +msgid "" +"Providing a custom service to consumers of " +"your work * \\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1747 +msgid "" +"In this age of information abundance, we don’t lack for content. The trick " +"is finding content that matches our needs and wants, so customized services " +"are particularly valuable. As Anderson wrote, “Commodity information " +"(everybody gets the same version) wants to be free. Customized information " +"(you get something unique and meaningful to you) wants to be expensive.”34 " +"This can be anything from the artistic and cultural consulting services " +"provided by Ártica to the custom-song business of Jonathan “Song-A-Day” " +"Mann." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1750 +msgid "" +"Charging for the physical copy * " +"\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1771 +msgid "" +"In his book about maker culture, Anderson characterizes this model as giving " +"away the bits and selling the atoms (where bits refers to digital content " +"and atoms refer to a physical object).35 This is particularly successful in " +"domains where the digital version of the content isn’t as valuable as the " +"analog version, like book publishing where a significant subset of people " +"still prefer reading something they can hold in their hands. Or in domains " +"where the content isn’t useful until it is in physical form, like furniture " +"designs. In those situations, a significant portion of consumers will pay " +"for the convenience of having someone else put the physical version together " +"for them. Some endeavors squeeze even more out of this revenue stream by " +"using a Creative Commons license that only allows noncommercial uses, which " +"means no one else can sell physical copies of their work in competition with " +"them. This strategy of reserving commercial rights can be particularly " +"important for items like books, where every printed copy of the same work is " +"likely to be the same quality, so it is harder to differentiate one " +"publishing service from another. On the other hand, for items like furniture " +"or electronics, the provider of the physical goods can compete with other " +"providers of the same works based on quality, service, or other traditional " +"business principles." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1774 +msgid "" +"Charging for the in-person version * " +"\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1782 +msgid "" +"As anyone who has ever gone to a concert will tell you, experiencing " +"creativity in person is a completely different experience from consuming a " +"digital copy on your own. Far from acting as a substitute for face-to-face " +"interaction, CC-licensed content can actually create demand for the " +"in-person version of experience. You can see this effect when people go view " +"original art in person or pay to attend a talk or training course." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1784 +msgid "Selling merchandise * \\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1789 +msgid "" +"In many cases, people who like your work will pay for products demonstrating " +"a connection to your work. As a child of the 1980s, I can personally attest " +"to the power of a good concert T-shirt. This can also be an important " +"revenue stream for museums and galleries." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1800 +msgid "" +"Sometimes the way to find a market-based revenue stream is by providing " +"value to people other than those who consume your CC-licensed content. In " +"these revenue streams, the free content is being subsidized by an entirely " +"different category of people or businesses. Often, those people or " +"businesses are paying to access your main audience. The fact that the " +"content is free increases the size of the audience, which in turn makes the " +"offer more valuable to the paying customers. This is a variation of a " +"traditional business model built on free called multi-sided platforms.36 " +"Access to your audience isn’t the only thing people are willing to pay " +"for—there are other services you can provide as well." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1803 +msgid "" +"Charging advertisers or sponsors * " +"\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1814 +msgid "" +"The traditional model of subsidizing free content is advertising. In this " +"version of multi-sided platforms, advertisers pay for the opportunity to " +"reach the set of eyeballs the content creators provide in the form of their " +"audience.37 The Internet has made this model more difficult because the " +"number of potential channels available to reach those eyeballs has become " +"essentially infinite.38 Nonetheless, it remains a viable revenue stream for " +"many content creators, including those who are Made with Creative " +"Commons. Often, instead of paying to display advertising, the advertiser " +"pays to be an official sponsor of particular content or projects, or of the " +"overall endeavor." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1817 +msgid "" +"Charging your content creators * " +"\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1827 +msgid "" +"Another type of multisided platform is where the content creators themselves " +"pay to be featured on the platform. Obviously, this revenue stream is only " +"available to those who rely on work created, at least in part, by " +"others. The most well-known version of this model is the “author-processing " +"charge” of open-access journals like those published by the Public Library " +"of Science, but there are other variations. The Conversation is primarily " +"funded by a university-membership model, where universities pay to have " +"their faculties participate as writers of the content on the Conversation " +"website." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1830 +msgid "" +"Charging a transaction fee * " +"\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1840 +msgid "" +"This is a version of a traditional business model based on brokering " +"transactions between parties.39 Curation is an important element of this " +"model. Platforms like the Noun Project add value by wading through " +"CC-licensed content to curate a high-quality set and then derive revenue " +"when creators of that content make transactions with customers. Other " +"platforms make money when service providers transact with their customers; " +"for example, Opendesk makes money every time someone on their site pays a " +"maker to make furniture based on one of the designs on the platform." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1843 +msgid "" +"Providing a service to your creators* " +"\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1850 +msgid "" +"As mentioned above, endeavors can make money by providing customized " +"services to their users. Platforms can undertake a variation of this service " +"model directed at the creators that provide the content they feature. The " +"data platforms Figure.NZ and Figshare both capitalize on this model by " +"providing paid tools to help their users make the data they contribute to " +"the platform more discoverable and reusable." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1852 +msgid "Licensing a trademark* \\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1861 +msgid "" +"Finally, some that are Made with Creative Commons make money by selling use " +"of their trademarks. Well known brands that consumers associate with " +"quality, credibility, or even an ethos can license that trademark to " +"companies that want to take advantage of that goodwill. By definition, " +"trademarks are scarce because they represent a particular source of a good " +"or service. Charging for the ability to use that trademark is a way of " +"deriving revenue from something scarce while taking advantage of the " +"abundance of CC content." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1863 +msgid "Reciprocity-based revenue streams" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1868 +msgid "" +"Even if we set aside grant funding, we found that the traditional economic " +"framework of understanding the market failed to fully capture the ways the " +"endeavors we analyzed were making money. It was not simply about monetizing " +"scarcity." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1878 +msgid "" +"Rather than devising a scheme to get people to pay money in exchange for " +"some direct value provided to them, many of the revenue streams were more " +"about providing value, building a relationship, and then eventually finding " +"some money that flows back out of a sense of reciprocity. While some look " +"like traditional nonprofit funding models, they aren’t charity. The endeavor " +"exchange value with people, just not necessarily synchronously or in a way " +"that requires that those values be equal. As David Bollier wrote in Think " +"Like a Commoner, “There is no self-serving calculation of whether the value " +"given and received is strictly equal.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1884 +msgid "" +"This should be a familiar dynamic—it is the way you deal with your friends " +"and family. We give without regard for what and when we will get back. David " +"Bollier wrote, “Reciprocal social exchange lies at the heart of human " +"identity, community and culture. It is a vital brain function that helps the " +"human species survive and evolve.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1889 +msgid "" +"What is rare is to incorporate this sort of relationship into an endeavor " +"that also engages with the market.40 We almost can’t help but think of " +"relationships in the market as being centered on an even-steven exchange of " +"value.41" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1892 +msgid "" +"Memberships and individual donations " +"*\\[RECIPROCITY-BASED\\]*" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1904 +msgid "" +"While memberships and donations are traditional nonprofit funding models, in " +"the Made with Creative Commons context, they are directly tied to the " +"reciprocal relationship that is cultivated with the beneficiaries of their " +"work. The bigger the pool of those receiving value from the content, the " +"more likely this strategy will work, given that only a small percentage of " +"people are likely to contribute. Since using CC licenses can grease the " +"wheels for content to reach more people, this strategy can be more effective " +"for endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons. The greater the argument " +"that the content is a public good or that the entire endeavor is furthering " +"a social mission, the more likely this strategy is to succeed." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1907 +msgid "" +"The pay-what-you-want model " +"*\\[RECIPROCITY-BASED\\]*" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1917 +msgid "" +"In the pay-what-you-want model, the beneficiary of Creative Commons content " +"is invited to give—at any amount they can and feel is appropriate, based on " +"the public and personal value they feel is generated by the open " +"content. Critically, these models are not touted as “buying” something " +"free. They are similar to a tip jar. People make financial contributions as " +"an act of gratitude. These models capitalize on the fact that we are " +"naturally inclined to give money for things we value in the marketplace, " +"even in situations where we could find a way to get it for free." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1919 +msgid "Crowdfunding *\\[RECIPROCITY-BASED\\]*" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1934 +msgid "" +"Crowdfunding models are based on recouping the costs of creating and " +"distributing content before the content is created. If the endeavor is Made " +"with Creative Commons, anyone who wants the work in question could simply " +"wait until it’s created and then access it for free. That means, for this " +"model to work, people have to care about more than just receiving the " +"work. They have to want you to succeed. Amanda Palmer credits the success of " +"her crowdfunding on Kickstarter and Patreon to the years she spent building " +"her community and creating a connection with her fans. She wrote in The Art " +"of Asking, “Good art is made, good art is shared, help is offered, ears are " +"bent, emotions are exchanged, the compost of real, deep connection is " +"sprayed all over the fields. Then one day, the artist steps up and asks for " +"something. And if the ground has been fertilized enough, the audience says, " +"without hesitation: of course.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1941 +msgid "" +"Other types of crowdfunding rely on a sense of responsibility that a " +"particular community may feel. Knowledge Unlatched pools funds from major " +"U.S. libraries to subsidize CC-licensed academic work that will be, by " +"definition, available to everyone for free. Libraries with bigger budgets " +"tend to give more out of a sense of commitment to the library community and " +"to the idea of open access generally." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1943 +msgid "Making Human Connections" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1956 +msgid "" +"Regardless of how they made money, in our interviews, we repeatedly heard " +"language like “persuading people to buy” and “inviting people to pay.” We " +"heard it even in connection with revenue streams that sit squarely within " +"the market. Cory Doctorow told us, “I have to convince my readers that the " +"right thing to do is to pay me.” The founders of the for-profit company " +"Lumen Learning showed us the letter they send to those who opt not to pay " +"for the services they provide in connection with their CC-licensed " +"educational content. It isn’t a cease-and-desist letter; it’s an invitation " +"to pay because it’s the right thing to do. This sort of behavior toward " +"what could be considered nonpaying customers is largely unheard of in the " +"traditional marketplace. But it seems to be part of the fabric of being Made " +"with Creative Commons." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1963 +msgid "" +"Nearly every endeavor we profiled relied, at least in part, on people being " +"invested in what they do. The closer the Creative Commons content is to " +"being “the product,” the more pronounced this dynamic has to be. Rather " +"than simply selling a product or service, they are making ideological, " +"personal, and creative connections with the people who value what they do." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1967 +msgid "" +"It took me a very long time to see how this avoidance of thinking about what " +"they do in pure market terms was deeply tied to being Made with Creative " +"Commons." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1971 +msgid "" +"I came to the research with preconceived notions about what Creative Commons " +"is and what it means to be Made with Creative Commons. It turned out I was " +"wrong on so many counts." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1980 +msgid "" +"Obviously, being Made with Creative Commons means using Creative Commons " +"licenses. That much I knew. But in our interviews, people spoke of so much " +"more than copyright permissions when they explained how sharing fit into " +"what they do. I was thinking about sharing too narrowly, and as a result, I " +"was missing vast swaths of the meaning packed within Creative " +"Commons. Rather than parsing the specific and narrow role of the copyright " +"license in the equation, it is important not to disaggregate the rest of " +"what comes with sharing. You have to widen the lens." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1992 +msgid "" +"Being Made with Creative Commons is not just about the simple act of " +"licensing a copyrighted work under a set of standardized terms, but also " +"about community, social good, contributing ideas, expressing a value system, " +"working together. These components of sharing are hard to cultivate if you " +"think about what you do in purely market terms. Decent social behavior isn’t " +"as intuitive when we are doing something that involves monetary exchange. It " +"takes a conscious effort to foster the context for real sharing, based not " +"strictly on impersonal market exchange, but on connections with the people " +"with whom you share—connections with you, with your work, with your values, " +"with each other." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1997 +msgid "" +"The rest of this section will explore some of the common strategies that " +"creators, companies, and organizations use to remind us that there are " +"humans behind every creative endeavor. To remind us we have obligations to " +"each other. To remind us what sharing really looks like." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1999 +msgid "Be human" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2006 +msgid "" +"Humans are social animals, which means we are naturally inclined to treat " +"each other well.42 But the further removed we are from the person with whom " +"we are interacting, the less caring our behavior will be. While the " +"Internet has democratized cultural production, increased access to " +"knowledge, and connected us in extraordinary ways, it can also make it easy " +"forget we are dealing with another human." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2018 +msgid "" +"To counteract the anonymous and impersonal tendencies of how we operate " +"online, individual creators and corporations who use Creative Commons " +"licenses work to demonstrate their humanity. For some, this means pouring " +"their lives out on the page. For others, it means showing their creative " +"process, giving a glimpse into how they do what they do. As writer Austin " +"Kleon wrote, “Our work doesn’t speak for itself. Human beings want to know " +"where things came from, how they were made, and who made them. The stories " +"you tell about the work you do have a huge effect on how people feel and " +"what they understand about your work, and how people feel and what they " +"understand about your work affects how they value it.”43" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2028 +msgid "" +"A critical component to doing this effectively is not worrying about being a " +"“brand.” That means not being afraid to be vulnerable. Amanda Palmer says, " +"“When you’re afraid of someone’s judgment, you can’t connect with " +"them. You’re too preoccupied with the task of impressing them.” Not everyone " +"is suited to live life as an open book like Palmer, and that’s OK. There are " +"a lot of ways to be human. The trick is just avoiding pretense and the " +"temptation to artificially craft an image. People don’t just want the " +"glossy version of you. They can’t relate to it, at least not in a meaningful " +"way." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2037 +msgid "" +"This advice is probably even more important for businesses and organizations " +"because we instinctively conceive of them as nonhuman (though in the United " +"States, corporations are people!). When corporations and organizations make " +"the people behind them more apparent, it reminds people that they are " +"dealing with something other than an anonymous corporate entity. In " +"business-speak, this is about “humanizing your interactions” with the " +"public.44 But it can’t be a gimmick. You can’t fake being human." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2039 +msgid "Be open and accountable" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2049 +msgid "" +"Transparency helps people understand who you are and why you do what you do, " +"but it also inspires trust. Max Temkin of Cards Against Humanity told us, " +"“One of the most surprising things you can do in capitalism is just be " +"honest with people.” That means sharing the good and the bad. As Amanda " +"Palmer wrote, “You can fix almost anything by authentically " +"communicating.”45 It isn’t about trying to satisfy everyone or trying to " +"sugarcoat mistakes or bad news, but instead about explaining your rationale " +"and then being prepared to defend it when people are critical.46" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2053 +msgid "" +"Being accountable does not mean operating on consensus. According to James " +"Surowiecki, consensus-driven groups tend to resort to " +"lowest-common-denominator solutions and" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2063 +msgid "" +"avoid the sort of candid exchange of ideas that cultivates healthy " +"collaboration.47 Instead, it can be as simple as asking for input and then " +"giving context and explanation about decisions you make, even if soliciting " +"feedback and inviting discourse is time-consuming. If you don’t go through " +"the effort to actually respond to the input you receive, it can be worse " +"than not inviting input in the first place.48 But when you get it right, it " +"can guarantee the type of diversity of thought that helps endeavors " +"excel. And it is another way to get people involved and invested in what you " +"do." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2065 +msgid "Design for the good actors" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2078 +msgid "" +"Traditional economics assumes people make decisions based solely on their " +"own economic self-interest.49 Any relatively introspective human knows this " +"is a fiction—we are much more complicated beings with a whole range of " +"needs, emotions, and motivations. In fact, we are hardwired to work together " +"and ensure fairness.50 Being Made with Creative Commons requires an " +"assumption that people will largely act on those social motivations, " +"motivations that would be considered “irrational” in an economic sense. As " +"Knowledge Unlatched’s Pinter told us, “It is best to ignore people who try " +"to scare you about free riding. That fear is based on a very shallow view of " +"what motivates human behavior.” There will always be people who will act in " +"purely selfish ways, but endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons " +"design for the good actors." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2087 +msgid "" +"The assumption that people will largely do the right thing can be a " +"self-fulfilling prophecy. Shirky wrote in Cognitive Surplus, “Systems that " +"assume people will act in ways that create public goods, and that give them " +"opportunities and rewards for doing so, often let them work together better " +"than neoclassical economics would predict.”51 When we acknowledge that " +"people are often motivated by something other than financial self-interest, " +"we design our endeavors in ways that encourage and accentuate our social " +"instincts." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2097 +msgid "" +"Rather than trying to exert control over people’s behavior, this mode of " +"operating requires a certain level of trust. We might not realize it, but " +"our daily lives are already built on trust. As Surowiecki wrote in The " +"Wisdom of Crowds, “It’s impossible for a society to rely on law alone to " +"make sure citizens act honestly and responsibly. And it’s impossible for any " +"organization to rely on contracts alone to make sure that its managers and " +"workers live up to their obligation.” Instead, we largely trust that " +"people—mostly strangers—will do what they are supposed to do.52 And most " +"often, they do." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2099 +msgid "Treat humans like, well, humans" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2108 +msgid "" +"For creators, treating people as humans means not treating them like " +"fans. As Kleon says, “If you want fans, you have to be a fan first.”53 Even " +"if you happen to be one of the few to reach celebrity levels of fame, you " +"are better off remembering that the people who follow your work are human, " +"too. Cory Doctorow makes a point to answer every single email someone sends " +"him. Amanda Palmer spends vast quantities of time going online to " +"communicate with her public, making a point to listen just as much as she " +"talks.54" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2113 +msgid "" +"The same idea goes for businesses and organizations. Rather than automating " +"its customer service, the music platform Tribe of Noise makes a point to " +"ensure its employees have personal, one-on-one interaction with users." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2125 +msgid "" +"When we treat people like humans, they typically return the gift in " +"kind. It’s called karma. But social relationships are fragile. It is all too " +"easy to destroy them if you make the mistake of treating people as anonymous " +"customers or free labor.55 Platforms that rely on content from contributors " +"are especially at risk of creating an exploitative dynamic. It is important " +"to find ways to acknowledge and pay back the value that contributors " +"generate. That does not mean you can solve this problem by simply paying " +"contributors for their time or contributions. As soon as we introduce money " +"into a relationship—at least when it takes a form of paying monetary value " +"in exchange for other value—it can dramatically change the dynamic.56" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2127 +msgid "State your principles and stick to them" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2137 +msgid "" +"Being Made with Creative Commons makes a statement about who you are and " +"what you do. The symbolism is powerful. Using Creative Commons licenses " +"demonstrates adherence to a particular belief system, which generates " +"goodwill and connects like-minded people to your work. Sometimes people will " +"be drawn to endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons as a way of " +"demonstrating their own commitment to the Creative Commons value system, " +"akin to a political statement. Other times people will identify and feel " +"connected with an endeavor’s separate social mission. Often both." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2146 +msgid "" +"The expression of your values doesn’t have to be implicit. In fact, many of " +"the people we interviewed talked about how important it is to state your " +"guiding principles up front. Lumen Learning attributes a lot of their " +"success to having been outspoken about the fundamental values that guide " +"what they do. As a for-profit company, they think their expressed commitment " +"to low-income students and open licensing has been critical to their " +"credibility in the OER (open educational resources) community in which they " +"operate." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2152 +msgid "" +"When your end goal is not about making a profit, people trust that you " +"aren’t just trying to extract value for your own gain. People notice when " +"you have a sense of purpose that transcends your own self-interest.57 It " +"attracts committed employees, motivates contributors, and builds trust." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2154 +msgid "Build a community" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2163 +msgid "" +"Endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons thrive when community is built " +"around what they do. This may mean a community collaborating together to " +"create something new, or it may simply be a collection of like-minded people " +"who get to know each other and rally around common interests or beliefs.58 " +"To a certain extent, simply being Made with Creative Commons automatically " +"brings with it some element of community, by helping connect you to " +"like-minded others who recognize and are drawn to the values symbolized by" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2165 +msgid "using CC." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2176 +msgid "" +"To be sustainable, though, you have to work to nurture community. People " +"have to care—about you and each other. One critical piece to this is " +"fostering a sense of belonging. As Jono Bacon writes in The Art of " +"Community, “If there is no belonging, there is no community.” For Amanda " +"Palmer and her band, that meant creating an accepting and inclusive " +"environment where people felt a part of their “weird little family.”59 For " +"organizations like Red Hat, that means connecting around common beliefs or " +"goals. As the CEO Jim Whitehurst wrote in The Open Organization, “Tapping " +"into passion is especially important in building the kinds of participative " +"communities that drive open" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2178 +msgid "organizations.”60" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2190 +msgid "" +"Communities that collaborate together take deliberate planning. Surowiecki " +"wrote, “It takes a lot of work to put the group together. It’s difficult to " +"ensure that people are working in the group’s interest and not in their " +"own. And when there’s a lack of trust between the members of the group " +"(which isn’t surprising given that they don’t really know each other), " +"considerable energy is wasted trying to determine each other’s bona " +"fides.”61 Building true community requires giving people within the " +"community the power to create or influence the rules that govern the " +"community.62 If the rules are created and imposed in a top-down manner, " +"people feel like they don’t have a voice, which in turn leads to " +"disengagement." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2194 +msgid "" +"Community takes work, but working together, or even simply being connected " +"around common interests or values, is in many ways what sharing is about." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2196 +msgid "Give more to the commons than you take" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2207 +msgid "" +"Conventional wisdom in the marketplace dictates that people should try to " +"extract as much money as possible from resources. This is essentially what " +"defines so much of the so-called sharing economy. In an article on the " +"Harvard Business Review website called “The Sharing Economy Isn’t about " +"Sharing at All,” authors Giana Eckhardt and Fleura Bardhi explained how the " +"anonymous market-driven trans-actions in most sharing-economy businesses are " +"purely about monetizing access.63 As Lisa Gansky put it in her book The " +"Mesh, the primary strategy of the sharing economy is to sell the same " +"product multiple times, by selling access rather than ownership.64 That is " +"not sharing." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2219 +msgid "" +"Sharing requires adding as much or more value to the ecosystem than you " +"take. You can’t simply treat open content as a free pool of resources from " +"which to extract value. Part of giving back to the ecosystem is contributing " +"content back to the public under CC licenses. But it doesn’t have to just be " +"about creating content; it can be about adding value in other ways. The " +"social blogging platform Medium provides value to its community by " +"incentivizing good behavior, and the result is an online space with " +"remarkably high-quality user-generated content and limited trolling.65 " +"Opendesk contributes to its community by committing to help its designers " +"make money, in part by actively curating and displaying their work on its " +"platform effectively." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2227 +msgid "" +"In all cases, it is important to openly acknowledge the amount of value you " +"add versus that which you draw on that was created by others. Being " +"transparent about this builds credibility and shows you are a contributing " +"player in the commons. When your endeavor is making money, that also means " +"apportioning financial compensation in a way that reflects the value " +"contributed by others, providing more to contributors when the value they " +"add outweighs the value provided by you." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2229 +msgid "Involve people in what you do" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2240 +msgid "" +"Thanks to the Internet, we can tap into the talents and expertise of people " +"around the globe. Chris Anderson calls it the Long Tail of talent.66 But to " +"make collaboration work, the group has to be effective at what it is doing, " +"and the people within the group have to find satisfaction from being " +"involved.67 This is easier to facilitate for some types of creative work " +"than it is for others. Groups tied together online collaborate best when " +"people can work independently and asynchronously, and particularly for " +"larger groups with loose ties, when contributors can make simple " +"improvements without a particularly heavy time" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2242 +msgid "commitment.68" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2251 +msgid "" +"As the success of Wikipedia demonstrates, editing an online encyclopedia is " +"exactly the sort of activity that is perfect for massive co-creation because " +"small, incremental edits made by a diverse range of people acting on their " +"own are immensely valuable in the aggregate. Those same sorts of small " +"contributions would be less useful for many other types of creative work, " +"and people are inherently less motivated to contribute when it doesn’t " +"appear that their efforts will make much of a difference.69" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2268 +msgid "" +"It is easy to romanticize the opportunities for global cocreation made " +"possible by the Internet, and, indeed, the successful examples of it are " +"truly incredible and inspiring. But in a wide range of circumstances—perhaps " +"more often than not—community cocreation is not part of the equation, even " +"within endeavors built on CC content. Shirky wrote, “Sometimes the value of " +"professional work trumps the value of amateur sharing or a feeling of " +"belonging.70 The textbook publisher OpenStax, which distributes all of its " +"material for free under CC licensing, is an example of this dynamic. Rather " +"than tapping the community to help cocreate their college textbooks, they " +"invest a significant amount of time and money to develop professional " +"content. For individual creators, where the creative work is the basis for " +"what they do, community cocreation is only rarely a part of the " +"picture. Even musician Amanda Palmer, who is famous for her openness and " +"involvement with her fans, said, “The only department where I wasn’t open to " +"input was the writing, the music itself.”71" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2279 +msgid "" +"While we tend to immediately think of cocreation and remixing when we hear " +"the word collaboration, you can also involve others in your creative process " +"in more informal ways, by sharing half-baked ideas and early drafts, and " +"interacting with the public to incubate ideas and get feedback. So-called " +"“making in public” opens the door to letting people feel more invested in " +"your creative work.72 And it shows a nonterritorial approach to ideas and " +"information. Stephen Covey (of The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People fame) " +"calls this the abundance mentality—treating ideas like something " +"plentiful—and it can create an environment where collaboration flourishes.73" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2288 +msgid "" +"There is no one way to involve people in what you do. They key is finding a " +"way for people to contribute on their terms, compelled by their own " +"motivations.74 What that looks like varies wildly depending on the " +"project. Not every endeavor that is Made with Creative Commons can be " +"Wikipedia, but every endeavor can find ways to invite the public into what " +"they do. The goal for any form of collaboration is to move away from " +"thinking of consumers as passive recipients of your content and transition " +"them into active participants.75" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '1. ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2391 +msgid "" +"Alex Osterwalder and Yves Pigneur, Business Model Generation (Hoboken, NJ: " +"John Wiley and Sons, 2010), 14. A preview of the book is available at " +"strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '2. ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2391 +msgid "" +"Cory Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free: Laws for the Internet " +"Age (San Francisco, CA: McSweeney’s, 2014) 68." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '3. ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2391 +msgid "Ibid., 55." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '4. ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2391 +msgid "" +"Chris Anderson, Free: How Today’s Smartest Businesses Profit by Giving " +"Something for Nothing, reprint with new preface (New York: Hyperion, 2010), " +"224." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '5. ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2391 +msgid "Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 44." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '6. ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2391 +msgid "" +"Amanda Palmer, The Art of Asking: Or How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Let " +"People Help (New York: Grand Central, 2014), 121." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '7. ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2391 +msgid "" +"Chris Anderson, Makers: The New Industrial Revolution (New York: Signal, " +"2012), 64." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '8. ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2391 +msgid "" +"David Bollier, Think Like a Commoner: A Short Introduction to the Life of " +"the Commons (Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014), 70." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2391 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"9. Anderson, Makers, 66.\n" +"10. Bryan Kramer, Shareology: How Sharing Is Powering the Human Economy\n" +" (New York: Morgan James, 2016), 10.\n" +"11. Anderson, Free, 62.\n" +"12. Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 38.\n" +"13. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 68.\n" +"14. Anderson, Free, 86.\n" +"15. Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 144.\n" +"16. Anderson, Free, 123.\n" +"17. Ibid., 132.\n" +"18. Ibid., 70.\n" +"19. James Surowiecki, The Wisdom of Crowds (New York: Anchor Books,\n" +" 2005), 124. Surowiecki says, “The measure of success of laws and\n" +" contracts is how rarely they are invoked.”\n" +"20. Anderson, Free, 44.\n" +"21. Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 23.\n" +"22. Anderson, Free, 67.\n" +"23. Ibid., 58.\n" +"24. Anderson, Makers, 71.\n" +"25. Clay Shirky, Cognitive Surplus: How Technology Makes Consumers into\n" +" Collaborators (London: Penguin Books, 2010), 78.\n" +"26. Ibid., 21.\n" +"27. Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 43.\n" +"28. William Landes Foster, Peter Kim, and Barbara Christiansen, “Ten\n" +" Nonprofit Funding Models,” Stanford Social Innovation Review, Spring\n" +" 2009, ssir.org/articles/entry/ten\\_nonprofit\\_funding\\_models.\n" +"29. Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 111.\n" +"30. Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 30.\n" +"31. Jim Whitehurst, The Open Organization: Igniting Passion and\n" +" Performance (Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2015), 202.\n" +"32. Anderson, Free, 71.\n" +"33. Ibid., 231.\n" +"34. Ibid., 97.\n" +"35. Anderson, Makers, 107.\n" +"36. Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 89.\n" +"37. Ibid., 92.\n" +"38. Anderson, Free, 142.\n" +"39. Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 32.\n" +"40. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 150.\n" +"41. Ibid., 134.\n" +"42. Dan Ariely, Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Forces That Shape Our\n" +" Decisions, rev. ed. (New York: Harper Perennial, 2010), 109.\n" +"43. Austin Kleon, Show Your Work: 10 Ways to Share Your Creativity and\n" +" Get Discovered (New York: Workman, 2014), 93.\n" +"44. Kramer, Shareology, 76.\n" +"45. Palmer, Art of Asking, 252.\n" +"46. Whitehurst, Open Organization, 145.\n" +"47. Surowiecki, Wisdom of Crowds, 203.\n" +"48. Whitehurst, Open Organization, 80.\n" +"49. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 25.\n" +"50. Ibid., 31.\n" +"51. Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 112.\n" +"52. Surowiecki, Wisdom of Crowds, 124.\n" +"53. Kleon, Show Your Work, 127.\n" +"54. Palmer, Art of Asking, 121.\n" +"55. Ariely, Predictably Irrational, 87.\n" +"56. Ibid., 105.\n" +"57. Ibid., 36.\n" +"58. Jono Bacon, The Art of Community, 2nd ed. (Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly\n" +" Media, 2012), 36.\n" +"59. Palmer, Art of Asking, 98.\n" +"60. Whitehurst, Open Organization, 34.\n" +"61. Surowiecki, Wisdom of Crowds, 200.\n" +"62. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 29.\n" +"63. Giana Eckhardt and Fleura Bardhi, “The Sharing Economy Isn’t about\n" +" Sharing at All,” Harvard Business Review (website), January 28,\n" +" 2015, hbr.org/2015/01/the-sharing-economy-isnt-about-sharing-at-all.\n" +"64. Lisa Gansky, The Mesh: Why the Future of Business Is Sharing,\n" +" reprint with new epilogue (New York: Portfolio, 2012).\n" +"65. David Lee, “Inside Medium: An Attempt to Bring Civility to the\n" +" Internet,” BBC News, March 3,\n" +" 2016, www.bbc.com/news/technology-35709680.\n" +"66. Anderson, Makers, 148.\n" +"67. Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 164.\n" +"68. Whitehurst, foreword to Open Organization.\n" +"69. Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 144.\n" +"70. Ibid., 154.\n" +"71. Palmer, Art of Asking, 163.\n" +"72. Anderson, Makers, 173.\n" +"73. Tom Kelley and David Kelley, Creative Confidence: Unleashing the\n" +" Potential within Us All (New York: Crown, 2013), 82.\n" +"74. Whitehurst, foreword to Open Organization.\n" +"75. Rachel Botsman and Roo Rogers, What’s Mine Is Yours: The Rise of\n" +" Collaborative Consumption (New York: Harper Business, 2010), 188.\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2393 +msgid "The" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2395 +msgid "Creative" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2397 +msgid "Commons" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2399 +msgid "Licenses" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2402 +msgid "" +"All of the Creative Commons licenses grant a basic set of permissions. At a " +"minimum, a CC-" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2413 +msgid "" +"licensed work can be copied and shared in its original form for " +"noncommercial purposes so long as attribution is given to the creator. " +"There are six licenses in the CC license suite that build on that basic set " +"of permissions, ranging from the most restrictive (allowing only those basic " +"permissions to share unmodified copies for noncommercial purposes) to the " +"most permissive (reusers can do anything they want with the work, even for " +"commercial purposes, as long as they give the creator credit). The licenses " +"are built on copyright and do not cover other types of rights that creators " +"might have in their works, like patents or trademarks." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2415 +msgid "Here are the six licenses:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2421 +msgid "" +"The Attribution license (CC BY) lets others distribute, remix, tweak, and " +"build upon your work, even commercially, as long as they credit you for the " +"original creation. This is the most accommodating of licenses " +"offered. Recommended for maximum dissemination and use of licensed " +"materials." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2428 +msgid "" +"The Attribution-Share-Alike license (CC BY-SA) lets others remix, tweak, and " +"build upon your work, even for commercial purposes, as long as they credit " +"you and license their new creations under identical terms. This license is " +"often compared to “copyleft” free and open source software licenses. All new " +"works based on yours will carry the same license, so any derivatives will " +"also allow commercial use." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2432 +msgid "" +"The Attribution-NoDerivs license (CC BY-ND) allows for redistribution, " +"commercial and noncommercial, as long as it is passed along unchanged with " +"credit to you." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2437 +msgid "" +"The Attribution-NonCommercial license (CC BY-NC) lets others remix, tweak, " +"and build upon your work noncommercially. Although their new works must also " +"acknowledge you, they don’t have to license their derivative works on the " +"same terms." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2441 +msgid "" +"The Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license (CC BY-NC-SA) lets others " +"remix, tweak, and build upon your work noncommercially, as long as they " +"credit you and license their new creations under the same terms." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2446 +msgid "" +"The Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs license (CC BY-NC-ND) is the most " +"restrictive of our six main licenses, only allowing others to download your " +"works and share them with others as long as they credit you, but they can’t " +"change them or use them commercially." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2451 +msgid "" +"In addition to these six licenses, Creative Commons has two public-domain " +"tools—one for creators and the other for those who manage collections of " +"existing works by authors whose terms of copyright have expired:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2454 +msgid "" +"CC0 enables authors and copyright owners to dedicate their works to the " +"worldwide public domain (“no rights reserved”)." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2458 +msgid "" +"The Creative Commons Public Domain Mark facilitates the labeling and " +"discovery of works that are already free of known copyright restrictions." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2467 +msgid "" +"In our case studies, some use just one Creative Commons license, others use " +"several. Attribution (found in thirteen case studies) and " +"Attribution-ShareAlike (found in eight studies) were the most common, with " +"the other licenses coming up in four or so case studies, including the " +"public-domain tool CC0. Some of the organizations we profiled offer both " +"digital content and software: by using open-source-software licenses for the " +"software code and Creative Commons licenses for digital content, they " +"amplify their involvement with and commitment to sharing." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2479 +msgid "" +"There is a popular misconception that the three NonCommercial licenses " +"offered by CC are the only options for those who want to make money off " +"their work. As we hope this book makes clear, there are many ways to make " +"endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons sustainable. Reserving " +"commercial rights is only one of those ways. It is certainly true that a " +"license that allows others to make commercial use of your work (CC BY, CC " +"BY-SA, and CC BY-ND) forecloses some traditional revenue streams. If you " +"apply an Attribution (CC BY) license to your book, you can’t force a film " +"company to pay you royalties if they turn your book into a feature-length " +"film, or prevent another company from selling physical copies of your work." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2491 +msgid "" +"The decision to choose a NonCommercial and/or NoDerivs license comes down to " +"how much you need to retain control over the creative work. The " +"NonCommercial and NoDerivs licenses are ways of reserving some significant " +"portion of the exclusive bundle of rights that copyright grants to " +"creators. In some cases, reserving those rights is important to how you " +"bring in revenue. In other cases, creators use a NonCommercial or NoDerivs " +"license because they can’t give up on the dream of hitting the creative " +"jackpot. The music platform Tribe of Noise told us the NonCommercial " +"licenses were popular among their users because people still held out the " +"dream of having a major record label discover their work." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2496 +msgid "" +"Other times the decision to use a more restrictive license is due to a " +"concern about the integrity of the work. For example, the nonprofit " +"TeachAIDS uses a NoDerivs license for its educational materials because the " +"medical subject matter is particularly important to get right." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2506 +msgid "" +"There is no one right way. The NonCommercial and NoDerivs restrictions " +"reflect the values and preferences of creators about how their creative work " +"should be reused, just as the ShareAlike license reflects a different set of " +"values, one that is less about controlling access to their own work and more " +"about ensuring that whatever gets created with their work is available to " +"all on the same terms. Since the beginning of the commons, people have been " +"setting up structures that helped regulate the way in which shared resources " +"were used. The CC licenses are an attempt to standardize norms across all " +"domains." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2508 +msgid "Note" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2512 +msgid "" +"For more about the licenses including examples and tips on sharing your work " +"in the digital commons, start with the Creative Commons page called “Share " +"Your Work” at" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2514 +msgid "creativecommons.org/share-your-work/." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2516 +msgid "Part 2" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2518 +msgid "The Case Studies" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2526 +msgid "" +"The twenty-four case studies in this section were chosen from hundreds of " +"nominations received from Kickstarter backers, Creative Commons staff, and " +"the global Creative Commons community. We selected eighty potential " +"candidates that represented a mix of industries, content types, revenue " +"streams, and parts of the world. Twelve of the case studies were selected " +"from that group based on votes cast by Kickstarter backers, and the other " +"twelve were selected by us." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2532 +msgid "" +"We did background research and conducted interviews for each case study, " +"based on the same set of basic questions about the endeavor. The idea for " +"each case study is to tell the story about the endeavor and the role sharing " +"plays within it, largely the way in which it was told to us by those we " +"interviewed." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2534 +msgid "Arduino" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2537 +msgid "" +"Arduino is a for-profit open-source electronics platform and computer " +"hardware and software company. Founded in 2005 in Italy." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2539 +msgid "www.arduino.cc" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2543 +msgid "" +"Revenue model: charging for physical copies (sales of boards, modules, " +"shields, and kits), licensing a trademark (fees paid by those who want to " +"sell Arduino products using their name)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2545 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3231 +msgid "Interview date: February 4, 2016" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2547 +msgid "Interviewees: David Cuartielles and Tom Igoe, cofounders" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2549 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3235 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3591 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3797 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4038 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4276 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4691 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4904 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5131 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5369 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5806 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6051 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6441 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7086 +msgid "Profile written by Paul Stacey" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2561 +msgid "" +"In 2005, at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea in northern Italy, " +"teachers and students needed an easy way to use electronics and programming " +"to quickly prototype design ideas. As musicians, artists, and designers, " +"they needed a platform that didn’t require engineering expertise. A group of " +"teachers and students, including Massimo Banzi, David Cuartielles, Tom Igoe, " +"Gianluca Martino, and David Mellis, built a platform that combined different " +"open technologies. They called it Arduino. The platform integrated software, " +"hardware, microcontrollers, and electronics. All aspects of the platform " +"were openly licensed: hardware designs and documentation with the " +"Attribution-Share-Alike license (CC BY-SA), and software with the GNU " +"General Public License." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2569 +msgid "" +"Arduino boards are able to read inputs—light on a sensor, a finger on a " +"button, or a Twitter message—and turn it into outputs—activating a motor, " +"turning on an LED, publishing something online. You send a set of " +"instructions to the microcontroller on the board by using the Arduino " +"programming language and Arduino software (based on a piece of open-source " +"software called Processing, a programming tool used to make visual art)." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2576 +msgid "" +"“The reasons for making Arduino open source are complicated,” Tom says. " +"Partly it was about supporting flexibility. The open-source nature of " +"Arduino empowers users to modify it and create a lot of different " +"variations, adding on top of what the founders build. David says this “ended " +"up strengthening the platform far beyond what we had even thought of " +"building.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2584 +msgid "" +"For Tom another factor was the impending closure of the Ivrea design " +"school. He’d seen other organizations close their doors and all their work " +"and research just disappear. Open-sourcing ensured that Arduino would " +"outlive the Ivrea closure. Persistence is one thing Tom really likes about " +"open source. If key people leave, or a company shuts down, an open-source " +"product lives on. In Tom’s view, “Open sourcing makes it easier to trust a" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2586 +msgid "product.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2593 +msgid "" +"With the school closing, David and some of the other Arduino founders " +"started a consulting firm and multidisciplinary design studio they called " +"Tinker, in London. Tinker designed products and services that bridged the " +"digital and the physical, and they taught people how to use new technologies " +"in creative ways. Revenue from Tinker was invested in sustaining and " +"enhancing Arduino." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2600 +msgid "" +"For Tom, part of Arduino’s success is because the founders made themselves " +"the first customer of their product. They made products they themselves " +"personally wanted. It was a matter of “I need this thing,” not “If we make " +"this, we’ll make a lot of money.” Tom notes that being your own first " +"customer makes you more confident and convincing at selling your product." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2612 +msgid "" +"Arduino’s business model has evolved over time—and Tom says model is a " +"grandiose term for it. Originally, they just wanted to make a few boards and " +"get them out into the world. They started out with two hundred boards, sold " +"them, and made a little profit. They used that to make another thousand, " +"which generated enough revenue to make five thousand. In the early days, " +"they simply tried to generate enough funding to keep the venture going day " +"to day. When they hit the ten thousand mark, they started to think about " +"Arduino as a company. By then it was clear you can open-source the design " +"but still manufacture the physical product. As long as it’s a quality " +"product and sold at a reasonable price, people will buy it." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2625 +msgid "" +"Arduino now has a worldwide community of makers—students, hobbyists, " +"artists, programmers, and professionals. Arduino provides a wiki called " +"Playground (a wiki is where all users can edit and add pages, contributing " +"to and benefiting from collective research). People share code, circuit " +"diagrams, tutorials, DIY instructions, and tips and tricks, and show off " +"their projects. In addition, there’s a multilanguage discussion forum where " +"users can get help using Arduino, discuss topics like robotics, and make " +"suggestions for new Arduino product designs. As of January 2017, 324,928 " +"members had made 2,989,489 posts on 379,044 topics. The worldwide community " +"of makers has contributed an incredible amount of accessible knowledge " +"helpful to novices and experts alike." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2632 +msgid "" +"Transitioning Arduino from a project to a company was a big step. Other " +"businesses who made boards were charging a lot of money for them. Arduino " +"wanted to make theirs available at a low price to people across a wide range " +"of industries. As with any business, pricing was key. They wanted prices " +"that would get lots of customers but were also high enough to sustain the " +"business." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2638 +msgid "" +"For a business, getting to the end of the year and not being in the red is a " +"success. Arduino may have an open-licensing strategy, but they are still a " +"business, and all the things needed to successfully run one still " +"apply. David says, “If you do those other things well, sharing things in an " +"open-source way can only help you.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2648 +msgid "" +"While openly licensing the designs, documentation, and software ensures " +"longevity, it does have risks. There’s a possibility that others will create " +"knockoffs, clones, and copies. The CC BY-SA license means anyone can produce " +"copies of their boards, redesign them, and even sell boards that copy the " +"design. They don’t have to pay a license fee to Arduino or even ask " +"permission. However, if they republish the design of the board, they have to " +"give attribution to Arduino. If they change the design, they must release " +"the new design using the same Creative Commons license to ensure that the " +"new version is equally free and open." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2658 +msgid "" +"Tom and David say that a lot of people have built companies off of Arduino, " +"with dozens of Arduino derivatives out there. But in contrast to closed " +"business models that can wring money out of the system over many years " +"because there is no competition, Arduino founders saw competition as keeping " +"them honest, and aimed for an environment of collaboration. A benefit of " +"open over closed is the many new ideas and designs others have contributed " +"back to the Arduino ecosystem, ideas and designs that Arduino and the " +"Arduino community use and incorporate into new products." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2667 +msgid "" +"Over time, the range of Arduino products has diversified, changing and " +"adapting to new needs and challenges. In addition to simple entry level " +"boards, new products have been added ranging from enhanced boards that " +"provide advanced functionality and faster performance, to boards for " +"creating Internet of Things applications, wearables, and 3-D printing. The " +"full range of official Arduino products includes boards, modules (a smaller " +"form-factor of classic boards), shields (elements that can be plugged onto a " +"board to give it extra features), and kits.1" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2678 +msgid "" +"Arduino’s focus is on high-quality boards, well-designed support materials, " +"and the building of community; this focus is one of the keys to their " +"success. And being open lets you build a real community. David says " +"Arduino’s community is a big strength and something that really does " +"matter—in his words, “It’s good business.” When they started, the Arduino " +"team had almost entirely no idea how to build a community. They started by " +"conducting numerous workshops, working directly with people using the " +"platform to make sure the hardware and software worked the way it was meant " +"to work and solved people’s problems. The community grew organically from " +"there." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2688 +msgid "" +"A key decision for Arduino was trademarking the name. The founders needed a " +"way to guarantee to people that they were buying a quality product from a " +"company committed to open-source values and knowledge sharing. Trademarking " +"the Arduino name and logo expresses that guarantee and helps customers " +"easily identify their products, and the products sanctioned by them. If " +"others want to sell boards using the Arduino name and logo, they have to pay " +"a small fee to Arduino. This allows Arduino to scale up manufacturing and " +"distribution while at the same time ensuring the Arduino brand isn’t hurt by " +"low-quality copies." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2696 +msgid "" +"Current official manufacturers are Smart Projects in Italy, SparkFun in the " +"United States, and Dog Hunter in Taiwan/China. These are the only " +"manufacturers that are allowed to use the Arduino logo on their boards. " +"Trademarking their brand provided the founders with a way to protect " +"Arduino, build it out further, and fund software and tutorial " +"development. The trademark-licensing fee for the brand became Arduino’s " +"revenue-generating model." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2703 +msgid "" +"How far to open things up wasn’t always something the founders perfectly " +"agreed on. David, who was always one to advocate for opening things up more, " +"had some fears about protecting the Arduino name, thinking people would be " +"mad if they policed their brand. There was some early backlash with a " +"project called Freeduino, but overall, trademarking and branding has been a " +"critical tool for Arduino." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2716 +msgid "" +"David encourages people and businesses to start by sharing everything as a " +"default strategy, and then think about whether there is anything that really " +"needs to be protected and why. There are lots of good reasons to not open up " +"certain elements. This strategy of sharing everything is certainly the " +"complete opposite of how today’s world operates, where nothing is " +"shared. Tom suggests a business formalize which elements are based on open " +"sharing and which are closed. An Arduino blog post from 2013 entitled “Send " +"In the Clones,” by one of the founders Massimo Banzi, does a great job of " +"explaining the full complexities of how trademarking their brand has played " +"out, distinguishing between official boards and those that are clones, " +"derivatives, compatibles, and counterfeits.2" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2722 +msgid "" +"For David, an exciting aspect of Arduino is the way lots of people can use " +"it to adapt technology in many different ways. Technology is always making " +"more things possible but doesn’t always focus on making it easy to use and " +"adapt. This is where Arduino steps in. Arduino’s goal is “making things that " +"help other people make things.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2728 +msgid "" +"Arduino has been hugely successful in making technology and electronics " +"reach a larger audience. For Tom, Arduino has been about “the " +"democratization of technology.” Tom sees Arduino’s open-source strategy as " +"helping the world get over the idea that technology has to be protected. Tom " +"says, “Technology is a literacy everyone should learn.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2732 +msgid "" +"Ultimately, for Arduino, going open has been good business—good for product " +"development, good for distribution, good for pricing, and good for " +"manufacturing." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2734 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3776 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4017 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4255 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4883 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5108 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5347 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5594 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6029 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6258 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6700 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7268 +msgid "Web links" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '1. ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2737 +msgid "www.arduino.cc/en/Main/Products" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '2. ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2737 +msgid "blog.arduino.cc/2013/07/10/send-in-the-clones/" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2739 +msgid "Ártica" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2743 +msgid "" +"Ártica provides online courses and consulting services focused on how to use " +"digital technology to share knowledge and enable collaboration in arts and " +"culture. Founded in 2011 in Uruguay." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2745 +msgid "www.articaonline.com" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2747 +msgid "Revenue model: charging for custom services" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2749 +msgid "Interview date: March 9, 2016" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2751 +msgid "Interviewees: Mariana Fossatti and Jorge Gemetto, cofounders" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2753 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2903 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3058 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3402 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4520 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5611 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6282 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6720 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6898 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7287 +msgid "Profile written by Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2758 +msgid "" +"The story of Mariana Fossatti and Jorge Gemetto’s business, Ártica, is the " +"ultimate example of DIY. Not only are they successful entrepreneurs, the " +"niche in which their small business operates is essentially one they built " +"themselves." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2760 +msgid "Their dream jobs didn’t exist, so they created them." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2770 +msgid "" +"In 2011, Mariana was a sociologist working for an international organization " +"to develop research and online education about rural-development " +"issues. Jorge was a psychologist, also working in online education. Both " +"were bloggers and heavy users of social media, and both had a passion for " +"arts and culture. They decided to take their skills in digital technology " +"and online learning and apply them to a topic area they loved. They launched " +"Ártica, an online business that provides education and consulting for people " +"and institutions creating artistic and cultural projects on the Internet." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2781 +msgid "" +"Ártica feels like a uniquely twenty-first century business. The small " +"company has a global online presence with no physical offices. Jorge and " +"Mariana live in Uruguay, and the other two full-time employees, who Jorge " +"and Mariana have never actually met in person, live in Spain. They started " +"by creating a MOOC (massive open online course) about remix culture and " +"collaboration in the arts, which gave them a direct way to reach an " +"international audience, attracting students from across Latin America and " +"Spain. In other words, it is the classic Internet story of being able to " +"directly tap into an audience without relying upon gatekeepers or " +"intermediaries." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2790 +msgid "" +"Ártica offers personalized education and consulting services, and helps " +"clients implement projects. All of these services are customized. They call " +"it an “artisan” process because of the time and effort it takes to adapt " +"their work for the particular needs of students and clients. “Each student " +"or client is paying for a specific solution to his or her problems and " +"questions,” Mariana said. Rather than sell access to their content, they " +"provide it for free and charge for the personalized services." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2797 +msgid "" +"When they started, they offered a smaller number of courses designed to " +"attract large audiences. “Over the years, we realized that online " +"communities are more specific than we thought,” Mariana said. Ártica now " +"provides more options for classes and has lower enrollment in each " +"course. This means they can provide more attention to individual students " +"and offer classes on more specialized topics." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2803 +msgid "" +"Online courses are their biggest revenue stream, but they also do more than " +"a dozen consulting projects each year, ranging from digitization to event " +"planning to marketing campaigns. Some are significant in scope, particularly " +"when they work with cultural institutions, and some are smaller projects " +"commissioned by individual artists." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2809 +msgid "" +"Ártica also seeks out public and private funding for specific projects. " +"Sometimes, even if they are unsuccessful in subsidizing a project like a new " +"course or e-book, they will go ahead because they believe in it. They take " +"the stance that every new project leads them to something new, every new " +"resource they create opens new doors." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2823 +msgid "" +"Ártica relies heavily on their free Creative Commons–licensed content to " +"attract new students and clients. Everything they create—online education, " +"blog posts, videos—is published under an Attribution-ShareAlike license (CC " +"BY-SA). “We use a ShareAlike license because we want to give the greatest " +"freedom to our students and readers, and we also want that freedom to be " +"viral,” Jorge said. For them, giving others the right to reuse and remix " +"their content is a fundamental value. “How can you offer an online " +"educational service without giving permission to download, make and keep " +"copies, or print the educational resources?” Jorge said. “If we want to do " +"the best for our students—those who trust in us to the point that they are " +"willing to pay online without face-to-face contact—we have to offer them a " +"fair and ethical agreement.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2829 +msgid "" +"They also believe sharing their ideas and expertise openly helps them build " +"their reputation and visibility. People often share and cite their work. A " +"few years ago, a publisher even picked up one of their e-books and " +"distributed printed copies. Ártica views reuse of their work as a way to " +"open up new opportunities for their business." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2838 +msgid "" +"This belief that openness creates new opportunities reflects another " +"belief—in serendipity. When describing their process for creating content, " +"they spoke of all of the spontaneous and organic ways they find " +"inspiration. “Sometimes, the collaborative process starts with a " +"conversation between us, or with friends from other projects,” Jorge " +"said. “That can be the first step for a new blog post or another simple " +"piece of content, which can evolve to a more complex product in the future, " +"like a course or a book.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2846 +msgid "" +"Rather than planning their work in advance, they let their creative process " +"be dynamic. “This doesn’t mean that we don’t need to work hard in order to " +"get good professional results, but the design process is more flexible,” " +"Jorge said. They share early and often, and they adjust based on what they " +"learn, always exploring and testing new ideas and ways of operating. In many " +"ways, for them, the process is just as important as the final product." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2852 +msgid "" +"People and relationships are also just as important, sometimes more. “In the " +"educational and cultural business, it is more important to pay attention to " +"people and process, rather than content or specific formats or materials,” " +"Mariana said. “Materials and content are fluid. The important thing is the " +"relationships.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2856 +msgid "" +"Ártica believes in the power of the network. They seek to make connections " +"with people and institutions across the globe so they can learn from them " +"and share their knowledge." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2867 +msgid "" +"At the core of everything Ártica does is a set of values. “Good content is " +"not enough,” Jorge said. “We also think that it is very important to take a " +"stand for some things in the cultural sector.” Mariana and Jorge are " +"activists. They defend free culture (the movement promoting the freedom to " +"modify and distribute creative work) and work to demonstrate the " +"intersection between free culture and other social-justice movements. Their " +"efforts to involve people in their work and enable artists and cultural " +"institutions to better use technology are all tied closely to their belief " +"system. Ultimately, what drives their work is a mission to democratize art " +"and culture." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2875 +msgid "" +"Of course, Ártica also has to make enough money to cover its expenses. " +"Human resources are, by far, their biggest expense. They tap a network of " +"collaborators on a case-by-case basis and hire contractors for specific " +"projects. Whenever possible, they draw from artistic and cultural resources " +"in the commons, and they rely on free software. Their operation is small, " +"efficient, and sustainable, and because of that, it is a success." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2881 +msgid "" +"“There are lots of people offering online courses,” Jorge said. “But it is " +"easy to differentiate us. We have an approach that is very specific and " +"personal.” Ártica’s model is rooted in the personal at every level. For " +"Mariana and Jorge, success means doing what brings them personal meaning and " +"purpose, and doing it sustainably and collaboratively." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2887 +msgid "" +"In their work with younger artists, Mariana and Jorge try to emphasize that " +"this model of success is just as valuable as the picture of success we get " +"from the media. “If they seek only the traditional type of success, they " +"will get frustrated,” Mariana said. “We try to show them another image of " +"what it looks like.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2889 +msgid "Blender Institute" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2892 +msgid "" +"The Blender Institute is an animation studio that creates 3-D films using " +"Blender software. Founded in 2006 in the Netherlands." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2894 +msgid "www.blender.org" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2897 +msgid "" +"Revenue model: crowdfunding (subscription-based), charging for physical " +"copies, selling merchandise" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2899 +msgid "Interview date: March 8, 2016" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2901 +msgid "Interviewee: Francesco Siddi, production coordinator" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2912 +msgid "" +"For Ton Roosendaal, the creator of Blender software and its related " +"entities, sharing is practical. Making their 3-D content creation software " +"available under a free software license has been integral to its development " +"and popularity. Using that software to make movies that were licensed with " +"Creative Commons pushed that development even further. Sharing enables " +"people to participate and to interact with and build upon the technology and " +"content they create in a way that benefits Blender and its community in " +"concrete ways." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2921 +msgid "" +"Each open-movie project Blender runs produces a host of openly licensed " +"outputs, not just the final film itself but all of the source material as " +"well. The creative process also enhances the development of the Blender " +"software because the technical team responds directly to the needs of the " +"film production team, creating tools and features that make their lives " +"easier. And, of course, each project involves a long, rewarding process for " +"the creative and technical community working together." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2927 +msgid "" +"Rather than just talking about the theoretical benefits of sharing and free " +"culture, Ton is very much about doing and making free culture. Blender’s " +"production coordinator Francesco Siddi told us, “Ton believes if you don’t " +"make content using your tools, then you’re not doing anything.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2937 +msgid "" +"Blender’s history begins in the late 1990s, when Ton created the Blender " +"software. Originally, the software was an in-house resource for his " +"animation studio based in the Netherlands. Investors became interested in " +"the software, so he began marketing the software to the public, offering a " +"free version in addition to a paid version. Sales were disappointing, and " +"his investors gave up on the endeavor in the early 2000s. He made a deal " +"with investors—if he could raise enough money, he could then make the " +"Blender software available under the GNU General Public License." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2947 +msgid "" +"This was long before Kickstarter and other online crowdfunding sites " +"existed, but Ton ran his own version of a crowdfunding campaign and quickly " +"raised the money he needed. The Blender software became freely available for " +"anyone to use. Simply applying the General Public License to the software, " +"however, was not enough to create a thriving community around it. Francesco " +"told us, “Software of this complexity relies on people and their vision of " +"how people work together. Ton is a fantastic community builder and manager, " +"and he put a lot of work into fostering a community of developers so that " +"the project could live.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2954 +msgid "" +"Like any successful free and open-source software project, Blender developed " +"quickly because the community could make fixes and improvements. “Software " +"should be free and open to hack,” Francesco said. “Otherwise, everyone is " +"doing the same thing in the dark for ten years.” Ton set up the Blender " +"Foundation to oversee and steward the software development and maintenance." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2963 +msgid "" +"After a few years, Ton began looking for new ways to push development of the " +"software. He came up with the idea of creating CC-licensed films using the " +"Blender software. Ton put a call online for all interested and skilled " +"artists. Francesco said the idea was to get the best artists available, put " +"them in a building together with the best developers, and have them work " +"together. They would not only produce high-quality openly licensed content, " +"they would improve the Blender software in the process." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2970 +msgid "" +"They turned to crowdfunding to subsidize the costs of the project. They had " +"about twenty people working full-time for six to ten months, so the costs " +"were significant. Francesco said that when their crowdfunding campaign " +"succeeded, people were astounded. “The idea that making money was possible " +"by producing CC-licensed material was mind-blowing to people,” he " +"said. “They were like, ‘I have to see it to believe it.’”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2976 +msgid "" +"The first film, which was released in 2006, was an experiment. It was so " +"successful that Ton decided to set up the Blender Institute, an entity " +"dedicated to hosting open-movie projects. The Blender Institute’s next " +"project was an even bigger success. The film, Big Buck Bunny, went viral, " +"and its animated characters were picked up by marketers." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2987 +msgid "" +"Francesco said that, over time, the Blender Institute projects have gotten " +"bigger and more prominent. That means the filmmaking process has become more " +"complex, combining technical experts and artists who focus on " +"storytelling. Francesco says the process is almost on an industrial scale " +"because of the number of moving parts. This requires a lot of specialized " +"assistance, but the Blender Institute has no problem finding the talent it " +"needs to help on projects. “Blender hardly does any recruiting for film " +"projects because the talent emerges naturally,” Francesco said. “So many " +"people want to work with us, and we can’t always hire them because of budget " +"constraints.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2995 +msgid "" +"Blender has had a lot of success raising money from its community over the " +"years. In many ways, the pitch has gotten easier to make. Not only is " +"crowdfunding simply more familiar to the public, but people know and trust " +"Blender to deliver, and Ton has developed a reputation as an effective " +"community leader and visionary for their work. “There is a whole community " +"who sees and understands the benefit of these projects,” Francesco said." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3002 +msgid "" +"While these benefits of each open-movie project make a compelling pitch for " +"crowdfunding campaigns, Francesco told us the Blender Institute has found " +"some limitations in the standard crowdfunding model where you propose a " +"specific project and ask for funding. “Once a project is over, everyone goes " +"home,” he said. “It is great fun, but then it ends. That is a problem.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3016 +msgid "" +"To make their work more sustainable, they needed a way to receive ongoing " +"support rather than on a project-by-project basis. Their solution is Blender " +"Cloud, a subscription-style crowdfunding model akin to the online " +"crowdfunding platform, Patreon. For about ten euros each month, subscribers " +"get access to download everything the Blender Institute produces—software, " +"art, training, and more. All of the assets are available under an " +"Attribution license (CC BY) or placed in the public domain (CC0), but they " +"are initially made available only to subscribers. Blender Cloud enables " +"subscribers to follow Blender’s movie projects as they develop, sharing " +"detailed information and content used in the creative process. Blender Cloud " +"also has extensive training materials and libraries of characters and other " +"assets used in various projects." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3021 +msgid "" +"The continuous financial support provided by Blender Cloud subsidizes five " +"to six full-time employees at the Blender Institute. Francesco says their " +"goal is to grow their subscriber base. “This is our freedom,” he told us, " +"“and for artists, freedom is everything.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3028 +msgid "" +"Blender Cloud is the primary revenue stream of the Blender Institute. The " +"Blender Foundation is funded primarily by donations, and that money goes " +"toward software development and maintenance. The revenue streams of the " +"Institute and Foundation are deliberately kept separate. Blender also has " +"other revenue streams, such as the Blender Store, where people can purchase " +"DVDs, T-shirts, and other Blender products." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3033 +msgid "" +"Ton has worked on projects relating to his Blender software for nearly " +"twenty years. Throughout most of that time, he has been committed to making " +"the software and the content produced with the software free and " +"open. Selling a license has never been part of the business model." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3041 +msgid "" +"Since 2006, he has been making films available along with all of their " +"source material. He says he has hardly ever seen people stepping into " +"Blender’s shoes and trying to make money off of their content. Ton believes " +"this is because the true value of what they do is in the creative and " +"production process. “Even when you share everything, all your original " +"sources, it still takes a lot of talent, skills, time, and budget to " +"reproduce what you did,” Ton said." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3043 +msgid "For Ton and Blender, it all comes back to doing." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3045 +msgid "Cards Against Humanity" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3048 +msgid "" +"Cards Against Humanity is a private, for-profit company that makes a popular " +"party game by the same name. Founded in 2011 in the U.S." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3050 +msgid "www.cardsagainsthumanity.com" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3052 +msgid "Revenue model: charging for physical copies" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3054 +msgid "Interview date: February 3, 2016" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3056 +msgid "Interviewee: Max Temkin, cofounder" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3063 +msgid "" +"If you ask cofounder Max Temkin, there is nothing particularly interesting " +"about the Cards Against Humanity business model. “We make a product. We sell " +"it for money. Then we spend less money than we make,” Max said." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3071 +msgid "" +"He is right. Cards Against Humanity is a simple party game, modeled after " +"the game Apples to Apples. To play, one player asks a question or " +"fill-in-the-blank statement from a black card, and the other players submit " +"their funniest white card in response. The catch is that all of the cards " +"are filled with crude, gruesome, and otherwise awful things. For the right " +"kind of people (“horrible people,” according to Cards Against Humanity " +"advertising), this makes for a hilarious and fun game." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3077 +msgid "" +"The revenue model is simple. Physical copies of the game are sold for a " +"profit. And it works. At the time of this writing, Cards Against Humanity is " +"the number-one best-selling item out of all toys and games on Amazon. There " +"are official expansion packs available, and several official themed packs " +"and international editions as well." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3082 +msgid "" +"But Cards Against Humanity is also available for free. Anyone can download a " +"digital version of the game on the Cards Against Humanity website. More than " +"one million people have downloaded the game since the company began tracking " +"the numbers." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3088 +msgid "" +"The game is available under an Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license " +"(CC BY-NC-SA). That means, in addition to copying the game, anyone can " +"create new versions of the game as long as they make it available under the " +"same noncommercial terms. The ability to adapt the game is like an entire " +"new game unto itself." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3091 +msgid "" +"All together, these factors—the crass tone of the game and company, the free " +"download, the" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3093 +msgid "openness to fans remixing the game—give" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3095 +msgid "the game a massive cult following." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3106 +msgid "" +"Their success is not the result of a grand plan. Instead, Cards Against " +"Humanity was the last in a long line of games and comedy projects that Max " +"Temkin and his friends put together for their own amusement. As Max tells " +"the story, they made the game so they could play it themselves on New Year’s " +"Eve because they were too nerdy to be invited to other parties. The game was " +"a hit, so they decided to put it up online as a free PDF. People started " +"asking if they could pay to have the game printed for them, and eventually " +"they decided to run a Kickstarter to fund the printing. They set their " +"Kickstarter goal at \\$4,000—and raised \\$15,000. The game was officially " +"released in May 2011." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3110 +msgid "" +"The game caught on quickly, and it has only grown more popular over " +"time. Max says the eight founders never had a meeting where they decided to " +"make it an ongoing business. “It kind of just happened,” he said." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3115 +msgid "" +"But this tale of a “happy accident” belies marketing genius. Just like the " +"game, the Cards Against Humanity brand is irreverent and memorable. It is " +"hard to forget a company that calls the FAQ on their website “Your dumb " +"questions.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3127 +msgid "" +"Like most quality satire, however, there is more to the joke than vulgarity " +"and shock value. The company’s marketing efforts around Black Friday " +"illustrate this particularly well. For those outside the United States, " +"Black Friday is the term for the day after the Thanksgiving holiday, the " +"biggest shopping day of the year. It is an incredibly important day for " +"Cards Against Humanity, like it is for all U.S. retailers. Max said they " +"struggled with what to do on Black Friday because they didn’t want to " +"support what he called the “orgy of consumerism” the day has become, " +"particularly since it follows a day that is about being grateful for what " +"you have. In 2013, after deliberating, they decided to have an Everything " +"Costs \\$5 More sale." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3131 +msgid "" +"“We sweated it out the night before Black Friday, wondering if our fans were " +"going to hate us for it,” he said. “But it made us laugh so we went with " +"it. People totally caught the joke.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3136 +msgid "" +"This sort of bold transparency delights the media, but more importantly, it " +"engages their fans. “One of the most surprising things you can do in " +"capitalism is just be honest with people,” Max said. “It shocks people that " +"there is transparency about what you are doing.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3143 +msgid "" +"Max also likened it to a grand improv scene. “If we do something a little " +"subversive and unexpected, the public wants to be a part of the joke.” One " +"year they did a Give Cards Against Humanity \\$5 event, where people " +"literally paid them five dollars for no reason. Their fans wanted to make " +"the joke funnier by making it successful. They made \\$70,000 in a single " +"day." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3154 +msgid "" +"This remarkable trust they have in their customers is what inspired their " +"decision to apply a Creative Commons license to the game. Trusting your " +"customers to reuse and remix your work requires a leap of faith. Cards " +"Against Humanity obviously isn’t afraid of doing the unexpected, but there " +"are lines even they do not want to cross. Before applying the license, Max " +"said they worried that some fans would adapt the game to include all of the " +"jokes they intentionally never made because they crossed that line. “It " +"happened, and the world didn’t end,” Max said. “If that is the worst cost " +"of using CC, I’d pay that a hundred times over because there are so many " +"benefits.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3161 +msgid "" +"Any successful product inspires its biggest fans to create remixes of it, " +"but unsanctioned adaptations are more likely to fly under the radar. The " +"Creative Commons license gives fans of Cards Against Humanity the freedom to " +"run with the game and copy, adapt, and promote their creations openly. Today " +"there are thousands of fan expansions of the game." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3166 +msgid "" +"Max said, “CC was a no-brainer for us because it gets the most people " +"involved. Making the game free and available under a CC license led to the " +"unbelievable situation where we are one of the best-marketed games in the " +"world, and we have never spent a dime on marketing.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3177 +msgid "" +"Of course, there are limits to what the company allows its customers to do " +"with the game. They chose the Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license " +"because it restricts people from using the game to make money. It also " +"requires that adaptations of the game be made available under the same " +"licensing terms if they are shared publicly. Cards Against Humanity also " +"polices its brand. “We feel like we’re the only ones who can use our brand " +"and our game and make money off of it,” Max said. About 99.9 percent of the " +"time, they just send an email to those making commercial use of the game, " +"and that is the end of it. There have only been a handful of instances where " +"they had to get a lawyer involved." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3185 +msgid "" +"Just as there is more than meets the eye to the Cards Against Humanity " +"business model, the same can be said of the game itself. To be playable, " +"every white card has to work syntactically with enough black cards. The " +"eight creators invest an incredible amount of work into creating new cards " +"for the game. “We have daylong arguments about commas,” Max said. “The " +"slacker tone of the cards gives people the impression that it is easy to " +"write them, but it is actually a lot of work and quibbling.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3194 +msgid "" +"That means cocreation with their fans really doesn’t work. The company has a " +"submission mechanism on their website, and they get thousands of " +"suggestions, but it is very rare that a submitted card is adopted. Instead, " +"the eight initial creators remain the primary authors of expansion decks and " +"other new products released by the company. Interestingly, the creativity " +"of their customer base is really only an asset to the company once their " +"original work is created and published when people make their own " +"adaptations of the game." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3200 +msgid "" +"For all of their success, the creators of Cards Against Humanity are only " +"partially motivated by money. Max says they have always been interested in " +"the Walt Disney philosophy of financial success. “We don’t make jokes and " +"games to make money—we make money so we can make more jokes and games,” he " +"said." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3207 +msgid "" +"In fact, the company has given more than \\$4 million to various charities " +"and causes. “Cards is not our life plan,” Max said. “We all have other " +"interests and hobbies. We are passionate about other things going on in our " +"lives. A lot of the activism we have done comes out of us taking things from " +"the rest of our lives and channeling some of the excitement from the game " +"into it.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3213 +msgid "" +"Seeing money as fuel rather than the ultimate goal is what has enabled them " +"to embrace Creative Commons licensing without reservation. CC licensing " +"ended up being a savvy marketing move for the company, but nonetheless, " +"giving up exclusive control of your work necessarily means giving up some " +"opportunities to extract more money from customers." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3218 +msgid "" +"“It’s not right for everyone to release everything under CC licensing,” Max " +"said. “If your only goal is to make a lot of money, then CC is not best " +"strategy. This kind of business model, though, speaks to your values, and " +"who you are and why you’re making things.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3220 +msgid "The Conversation" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3224 +msgid "" +"The Conversation is an independent source of news, sourced from the academic " +"and research community and delivered direct to the public over the " +"Internet. Founded in 2011 in Australia." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3226 +msgid "theconversation.com" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3229 +msgid "" +"Revenue model: charging content creators (universities pay membership fees " +"to have their faculties serve as writers), grant funding" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3233 +msgid "Interviewee: Andrew Jaspan, founder" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3243 +msgid "" +"Andrew Jaspan spent years as an editor of major newspapers including the " +"Observer in London, the Sunday Herald in Glasgow, and the Age in Melbourne, " +"Australia. He experienced firsthand the decline of newspapers, including the " +"collapse of revenues, layoffs, and the constant pressure to reduce " +"costs. After he left the Age in 2005, his concern for the future journalism " +"didn’t go away. Andrew made a commitment to come up with an alternative " +"model." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3249 +msgid "" +"Around the time he left his job as editor of the Melbourne Age, Andrew " +"wondered where citizens would get news grounded in fact and evidence rather " +"than opinion or ideology. He believed there was still an appetite for " +"journalism with depth and substance but was concerned about the increasing " +"focus on the sensational and sexy." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3267 +msgid "" +"While at the Age, he’d become friends with a vice-chancellor of a university " +"in Melbourne who encouraged him to talk to smart people across campus—an " +"astrophysicist, a Nobel laureate, earth scientists, economists . . . These " +"were the kind of smart people he wished were more involved in informing the " +"world about what is going on and correcting the errors that appear in " +"media. However, they were reluctant to engage with mass media. Often, " +"journalists didn’t understand what they said, or unilaterally chose what " +"aspect of a story to tell, putting out a version that these people felt was " +"wrong or mischaracterized. Newspapers want to attract a mass " +"audience. Scholars want to communicate serious news, findings, and " +"insights. It’s not a perfect match. Universities are massive repositories of " +"knowledge, research, wisdom, and expertise. But a lot of that stays behind a " +"wall of their own making—there are the walled garden and ivory tower " +"metaphors, and in more literal terms, the paywall. Broadly speaking, " +"universities are part of society but disconnected from it. They are an " +"enormous public resource but not that good at presenting their expertise to " +"the wider public." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3278 +msgid "" +"Andrew believed he could to help connect academics back into the public " +"arena, and maybe help society find solutions to big problems. He thought " +"about pairing professional editors with university and research experts, " +"working one-on-one to refine everything from story structure to headline, " +"captions, and quotes. The editors could help turn something that is academic " +"into something understandable and readable. And this would be a key " +"difference from traditional journalism—the subject matter expert would get a " +"chance to check the article and give final approval before it is " +"published. Compare this with reporters just picking and choosing the quotes " +"and writing whatever they want." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3289 +msgid "" +"The people he spoke to liked this idea, and Andrew embarked on raising money " +"and support with the help of the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial " +"Research Organisation (CSIRO), the University of Melbourne, Monash " +"University, the University of Technology Sydney, and the University of " +"Western Australia. These founding partners saw the value of an independent " +"information channel that would also showcase the talent and knowledge of the " +"university and research sector. With their help, in 2011, the Conversation, " +"was launched as an independent news site in Australia. Everything published " +"in the Conversation is openly licensed with Creative Commons." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3298 +msgid "" +"The Conversation is founded on the belief that underpinning a functioning " +"democracy is access to independent, high-quality, informative " +"journalism. The Conversation’s aim is for people to have a better " +"understanding of current affairs and complex issues—and hopefully a better " +"quality of public discourse. The Conversation sees itself as a source of " +"trusted information dedicated to the public good. Their core mission is " +"simple: to provide readers with a reliable source of evidence-based " +"information." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3311 +msgid "" +"Andrew worked hard to reinvent a methodology for creating reliable, credible " +"content. He introduced strict new working practices, a charter, and codes of " +"conduct.1 These include fully disclosing who every author is (with their " +"relevant expertise); who is funding their research; and if there are any " +"potential or real conflicts of interest. Also important is where the content " +"originates, and even though it comes from the university and research " +"community, it still needs to be fully disclosed. The Conversation does not " +"sit behind a paywall. Andrew believes access to information is an issue of " +"equality—everyone should have access, like access to clean water. The " +"Conversation is committed to an open and free Internet. Everyone should have " +"free access to their content, and be able to share it or republish it." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3314 +msgid "" +"Creative Commons help with these goals; articles are published with the " +"Attribution-" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3323 +msgid "" +"NoDerivs license (CC BY-ND). They’re freely available for others to " +"republish elsewhere as long as attribution is given and the content is not " +"edited. Over five years, more than twenty-two thousand sites have " +"republished their content. The Conversation website gets about 2.9 million " +"unique views per month, but through republication they have thirty-five " +"million readers. This couldn’t have been done without the Creative Commons " +"license, and in Andrew’s view, Creative Commons is central to everything the " +"Conversation does." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3330 +msgid "" +"When readers come across the Conversation, they seem to like what they find " +"and recommend it to their friends, peers, and networks. Readership has grown " +"primarily through word of mouth. While they don’t have sales and marketing, " +"they do promote their work through social media (including Twitter and " +"Facebook), and by being an accredited supplier to Google News." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3338 +msgid "" +"It’s usual for the founders of any company to ask themselves what kind of " +"company it should be. It quickly became clear to the founders of the " +"Conversation that they wanted to create a public good rather than make money " +"off of information. Most media companies are working to aggregate as many " +"eyeballs as possible and sell ads. The Conversation founders didn’t want " +"this model. It takes no advertising and is a not-for-profit venture." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3347 +msgid "" +"There are now different editions of the Conversation for Africa, the United " +"Kingdom, France, and the United States, in addition to the one for " +"Australia. All five editions have their own editorial mastheads, advisory " +"boards, and content. The Conversation’s global virtual newsroom has roughly " +"ninety staff working with thirty-five thousand academics from over sixteen " +"hundred universities around the world. The Conversation would like to be " +"working with university scholars from even more parts of the world." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3354 +msgid "" +"Additionally, each edition has its own set of founding partners, strategic " +"partners, and funders. They’ve received funding from foundations, " +"corporates, institutions, and individual donations, but the Conversation is " +"shifting toward paid memberships by universities and research institutions " +"to sustain operations. This would safeguard the current service and help " +"improve coverage and features." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3360 +msgid "" +"When professors from member universities write an article, there is some " +"branding of the university associated with the article. On the Conversation " +"website, paying university members are listed as “members and funders.” " +"Early participants may be designated as “founding members,” with seats on " +"the editorial advisory board." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3368 +msgid "" +"Academics are not paid for their contributions, but they get free editing " +"from a professional (four to five hours per piece, on average). They also " +"get access to a large audience. Every author and member university has " +"access to a special analytics dashboard where they can check the reach of an " +"article. The metrics include what people are tweeting, the comments, " +"countries the readership represents, where the article is being republished, " +"and the number of readers per article." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3374 +msgid "" +"The Conversation plans to expand the dashboard to show not just reach but " +"impact. This tracks activities, behaviors, and events that occurred as a " +"result of publication, including things like a scholar being asked to go on " +"a show to discuss their piece, give a talk at a conference, collaborate, " +"submit a journal paper, and consult a company on a topic." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3378 +msgid "" +"These reach and impact metrics show the benefits of membership. With the " +"Conversation, universities can engage with the public and show why they’re " +"of value." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3384 +msgid "" +"With its tagline, “Academic Rigor, Journalistic Flair,” the Conversation " +"represents a new form of journalism that contributes to a more informed " +"citizenry and improved democracy around the world. Its open business model " +"and use of Creative Commons show how it’s possible to generate both a public " +"good and operational revenue at the same time." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3386 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4501 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5785 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7436 +msgid "Web link" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '1. ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3388 +msgid "theconversation.com/us/charter" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3390 +msgid "Cory Doctorow" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3393 +msgid "" +"Cory Doctorow is a science fiction writer, activist, blogger, and " +"journalist. Based in the U.S." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3395 +msgid "craphound.com and boingboing.net" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3398 +msgid "" +"Revenue model: charging for physical copies (book sales), pay-what-you-want, " +"selling translation rights to books" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3400 +msgid "Interview date: January 12, 2016" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3409 +msgid "" +"Cory Doctorow hates the term “business model,” and he is adamant that he is " +"not a brand. “To me, branding is the idea that you can take a thing that has " +"certain qualities, remove the qualities, and go on selling it,” he " +"said. “I’m not out there trying to figure out how to be a brand. I’m doing " +"this thing that animates me to work crazy insane hours because it’s the most " +"important thing I know how to do.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3413 +msgid "" +"Cory calls himself an entrepreneur. He likes to say his success came from " +"making stuff people happened to like and then getting out of the way of them " +"sharing it." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3422 +msgid "" +"He is a science fiction writer, activist, blogger, and journalist. " +"Beginning with his first novel, Down and Out in the Magic Kingdom, in 2003, " +"his work has been published under a Creative Commons license. Cory is " +"coeditor of the popular CC-licensed site Boing Boing, where he writes about " +"technology, politics, and intellectual property. He has also written several " +"nonfiction books, including the most recent Information Doesn’t Want to Be " +"Free, about the ways in which creators can make a living in the Internet " +"age." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3426 +msgid "" +"Cory primarily makes money by selling physical books, but he also takes on " +"paid speaking gigs and is experimenting with pay-what-you-want models for " +"his work." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3441 +msgid "" +"While Cory’s extensive body of fiction work has a large following, he is " +"just as well known for his activism. He is an outspoken opponent of " +"restrictive copyright and digital-rights-management (DRM) technology used to " +"lock up content because he thinks both undermine creators and the public " +"interest. He is currently a special adviser at the Electronic Frontier " +"Foundation, where he is involved in a lawsuit challenging the U.S. law that " +"protects DRM. Cory says his political work doesn’t directly make him money, " +"but if he gave it up, he thinks he would lose credibility and, more " +"importantly, lose the drive that propels him to create. “My political work " +"is a different expression of the same artistic-political urge,” he said. “I " +"have this suspicion that if I gave up the things that didn’t make me money, " +"the genuineness would leach out of what I do, and the quality that causes " +"people to like what I do would be gone.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3452 +msgid "" +"Cory has been financially successful, but money is not his primary " +"motivation. At the start of his book Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, he " +"stresses how important it is not to become an artist if your goal is to get " +"rich. “Entering the arts because you want to get rich is like buying lottery " +"tickets because you want to get rich,” he wrote. “It might work, but it " +"almost certainly won’t. Though, of course, someone always wins the lottery.” " +"He acknowledges that he is one of the lucky few to “make it,” but he says he " +"would be writing no matter what. “I am compelled to write,” he wrote. “Long " +"before I wrote to keep myself fed and sheltered, I was writing to keep " +"myself sane.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3460 +msgid "" +"Just as money is not his primary motivation to create, money is not his " +"primary motivation to share. For Cory, sharing his work with Creative " +"Commons is a moral imperative. “It felt morally right,” he said of his " +"decision to adopt Creative Commons licenses. “I felt like I wasn’t " +"contributing to the culture of surveillance and censorship that has been " +"created to try to stop copying.” In other words, using CC licenses " +"symbolizes his worldview." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3468 +msgid "" +"He also feels like there is a solid commercial basis for licensing his work " +"with Creative Commons. While he acknowledges he hasn’t been able to do a " +"controlled experiment to compare the commercial benefits of licensing with " +"CC against reserving all rights, he thinks he has sold more books using a CC " +"license than he would have without it. Cory says his goal is to convince " +"people they should pay him for his work. “I started by not calling them " +"thieves,” he said." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3479 +msgid "" +"Cory started using CC licenses soon after they were first created. At the " +"time his first novel came out, he says the science fiction genre was overrun " +"with people scanning and downloading books without permission. When he and " +"his publisher took a closer look at who was doing that sort of thing online, " +"they realized it looked a lot like book promotion. “I knew there was a " +"relationship between having enthusiastic readers and having a successful " +"career as a writer,” he said. “At the time, it took eighty hours to OCR a " +"book, which is a big effort. I decided to spare them the time and energy, " +"and give them the book for free in a format destined to spread.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3485 +msgid "" +"Cory admits the stakes were pretty low for him when he first adopted " +"Creative Commons licenses. He only had to sell two thousand copies of his " +"book to break even. People often said he was only able to use CC licenses " +"successfully at that time because he was just starting out. Now they say he " +"can only do it because he is an established author." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3492 +msgid "" +"The bottom line, Cory says, is that no one has found a way to prevent people " +"from copying the stuff they like. Rather than fighting the tide, Cory makes " +"his work intrinsically shareable. “Getting the hell out of the way for " +"people who want to share their love of you with other people sounds obvious, " +"but it’s remarkable how many people don’t do it,” he said." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3505 +msgid "" +"Making his work available under Creative Commons licenses enables him to " +"view his biggest fans as his ambassadors. “Being open to fan activity makes " +"you part of the conversation about what fans do with your work and how they " +"interact with it,” he said. Cory’s own website routinely highlights cool " +"things his audience has done with his work. Unlike corporations like Disney " +"that tend to have a hands-off relationship with their fan activity, he has a " +"symbiotic relationship with his audience. “Engaging with your audience " +"can’t guarantee you success,” he said. “And Disney is an example of being " +"able to remain aloof and still being the most successful company in the " +"creative industry in history. But I figure my likelihood of being Disney is " +"pretty slim, so I should take all the help I can get.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3518 +msgid "" +"His first book was published under the most restrictive Creative Commons " +"license, Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs (CC BY-NC-ND). It allows only " +"verbatim copying for noncommercial purposes. His later work is published " +"under the Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license (CC BY-NC-SA), which " +"gives people the right to adapt his work for noncommercial purposes but only " +"if they share it back under the same license terms. Before releasing his " +"work under a CC license that allows adaptations, he always sells the right " +"to translate the book to other languages to a commercial publisher first. He " +"wants to reach new potential buyers in other parts of the world, and he " +"thinks it is more difficult to get people to pay for translations if there " +"are fan translations already available for free." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3530 +msgid "" +"In his book Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, Cory likens his philosophy " +"to thinking like a dandelion. Dandelions produce thousands of seeds each " +"spring, and they are blown into the air going in every direction. The " +"strategy is to maximize the number of blind chances the dandelion has for " +"continuing its genetic line. Similarly, he says there are lots of people out " +"there who may want to buy creative work or compensate authors for it in some " +"other way. “The more places your work can find itself, the greater the " +"likelihood that it will find one of those would-be customers in some " +"unsuspected crack in the metaphorical pavement,” he wrote. “The copies that " +"others make of my work cost me nothing, and present the possibility that " +"I’ll get something.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3539 +msgid "" +"Applying a CC license to his work increases the chances it will be shared " +"more widely around the Web. He avoids DRM—and openly opposes the " +"practice—for similar reasons. DRM has the effect of tying a work to a " +"particular platform. This digital lock, in turn, strips the authors of " +"control over their own work and hands that control over to the platform. He " +"calls it Cory’s First Law: “Anytime someone puts a lock on something that " +"belongs to you and won’t give you the key, that lock isn’t there for your " +"benefit.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3548 +msgid "" +"Cory operates under the premise that artists benefit when there are more, " +"rather than fewer, places where people can access their work. The Internet " +"has opened up those avenues, but DRM is designed to limit them. “On the one " +"hand, we can credibly make our work available to a widely dispersed " +"audience,” he said. “On the other hand, the intermediaries we historically " +"sold to are making it harder to go around them.” Cory continually looks for " +"ways to reach his audience without relying upon major platforms that will " +"try to take control over his work." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3557 +msgid "" +"Cory says his e-book sales have been lower than those of his competitors, " +"and he attributes some of that to the CC license making the work available " +"for free. But he believes people are willing to pay for content they like, " +"even when it is available for free, as long as it is easy to do. He was " +"extremely successful using Humble Bundle, a platform that allows people to " +"pay what they want for DRM-free versions of a bundle of a particular " +"creator’s work. He is planning to try his own pay-what-you-want experiment " +"soon." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3566 +msgid "" +"Fans are particularly willing to pay when they feel personally connected to " +"the artist. Cory works hard to create that personal connection. One way he " +"does this is by personally answering every single email he gets. “If you " +"look at the history of artists, most die in penury,” he said. “That reality " +"means that for artists, we have to find ways to support ourselves when " +"public tastes shift, when copyright stops producing. Future-proofing your " +"artistic career in many ways means figuring out how to stay connected to " +"those people who have been touched by your work.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3572 +msgid "" +"Cory’s realism about the difficulty of making a living in the arts does not " +"reflect pessimism about the Internet age. Instead, he says the fact that it " +"is hard to make a living as an artist is nothing new. What is new, he writes " +"in his book, “is how many ways there are to make things, and to get them " +"into other people’s hands and minds.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3574 +msgid "It has never been easier to think like a dandelion." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3576 +msgid "Figshare" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3581 +msgid "" +"Figshare is a for-profit company offering an online repository where " +"researchers can preserve and share the output of their research, including " +"figures, data sets, images, and videos. Founded in 2011 in the UK." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3583 +msgid "figshare.com" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3585 +msgid "Revenue model: platform providing paid services to creators" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3587 +msgid "Interview date: January 28, 2016" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3589 +msgid "Interviewee: Mark Hahnel, founder" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3600 +msgid "" +"Figshare’s mission is to change the face of academic publishing through " +"improved dissemination, discoverability, and reusability of scholarly " +"research. Figshare is a repository where users can make all the output of " +"their research available—from posters and presentations to data sets and " +"code—in a way that’s easy to discover, cite, and share. Users can upload any " +"file format, which can then be previewed in a Web browser. Research output " +"is disseminated in a way that the current scholarly-publishing model does " +"not allow." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3604 +msgid "" +"Figshare founder Mark Hahnel often gets asked: How do you make money? How do " +"we know you’ll be here in five years? Can you, as a for-profit venture, be " +"trusted? Answers have evolved over time." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3612 +msgid "" +"Mark traces the origins of Figshare back to when he was a graduate student " +"getting his PhD in stem cell biology. His research involved working with " +"videos of stem cells in motion. However, when he went to publish his " +"research, there was no way for him to also publish the videos, figures, " +"graphs, and data sets. This was frustrating. Mark believed publishing his " +"complete research would lead to more citations and be better for his career." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3618 +msgid "" +"Mark does not consider himself an advanced software programmer. " +"Fortunately, things like cloud-based computing and wikis had become " +"mainstream, and he believed it ought to be possible to put all his research " +"online and share it with anyone. So he began working on a solution." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3622 +msgid "" +"There were two key needs: licenses to make the data citable, and persistent " +"identifiers— URL links that always point back to the original object " +"ensuring the research is citable for the long term." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3629 +msgid "" +"Mark chose Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs) to meet the need for a " +"persistent identifier. In the DOI system, an object’s metadata is stored as " +"a series of numbers in the DOI name. Referring to an object by its DOI is " +"more stable than referring to it by its URL, because the location of an " +"object (the web page or URL) can often change. Mark partnered with DataCite " +"for the provision of DOIs for research data." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3635 +msgid "" +"As for licenses, Mark chose Creative Commons. The open-access and " +"open-science communities were already using and recommending Creative " +"Commons. Based on what was happening in those communities and Mark’s " +"dialogue with peers, he went with CC0 (in the public domain) for data sets " +"and CC BY (Attribution) for figures, videos, and data sets." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3640 +msgid "" +"So Mark began using DOIs and Creative Commons for his own research work. He " +"had a science blog where he wrote about it and made all his data " +"open. People started commenting on his blog that they wanted to do the " +"same. So he opened it up for them to use, too." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3647 +msgid "" +"People liked the interface and simple upload process. People started asking " +"if they could also share theses, grant proposals, and code. Inclusion of " +"code raised new licensing issues, as Creative Commons licenses are not used " +"for software. To allow the sharing of software code, Mark chose the MIT " +"license, but GNU and Apache licenses can also be used." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3653 +msgid "" +"Mark sought investment to make this into a scalable product. After a few " +"unsuccessful funding pitches, UK-based Digital Science expressed interest " +"but insisted on a more viable business model. They made an initial " +"investment, and together they came up with a freemium-like business model." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3663 +msgid "" +"Under the freemium model, academics upload their research to Figshare for " +"storage and sharing for free. Each research object is licensed with Creative " +"Commons and receives a DOI link. The premium option charges researchers a " +"fee for gigabytes of private storage space, and for private online space " +"designed for a set number of research collaborators, which is ideal for " +"larger teams and geographically dispersed research groups. Figshare sums up " +"its value proposition to researchers as “You retain ownership. You license " +"it. You get credit. We just make sure it persists.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3671 +msgid "" +"In January 2012, Figshare was launched. (The fig in Figshare stands for " +"figures.) Using investment funds, Mark made significant improvements to " +"Figshare. For example, researchers could quickly preview their research " +"files within a browser without having to download them first or require " +"third-party software. Journals who were still largely publishing articles as " +"static noninteractive PDFs became interested in having Figshare provide that " +"functionality for them." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3680 +msgid "" +"Figshare diversified its business model to include services for " +"journals. Figshare began hosting large amounts of data for the journals’ " +"online articles. This additional data improved the quality of the " +"articles. Outsourcing this service to Figshare freed publishers from having " +"to develop this functionality as part of their own " +"infrastructure. Figshare-hosted data also provides a link back to the " +"article, generating additional click-through and readership—a benefit to " +"both journal publishers and researchers. Figshare now provides" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3684 +msgid "" +"research-data infrastructure for a wide variety of publishers including " +"Wiley, Springer Nature, PLOS, and Taylor and Francis, to name a few, and has " +"convinced them to use Creative Commons licenses for the data." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3692 +msgid "" +"Governments allocate significant public funds to research. In parallel with " +"the launch of Figshare, governments around the world began requesting the " +"research they fund be open and accessible. They mandated that researchers " +"and academic institutions better manage and disseminate their research " +"outputs. Institutions looking to comply with this new mandate became " +"interested in Figshare. Figshare once again diversified its business model, " +"adding services for institutions." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3700 +msgid "" +"Figshare now offers a range of fee-based services to institutions, including " +"their own minibranded Figshare space (called Figshare for Institutions) that " +"securely hosts research data of institutions in the cloud. Services include " +"not just hosting but data metrics, data dissemination, and user-group " +"administration. Figshare’s workflow, and the services they offer for " +"institutions, take into account the needs of librarians and administrators, " +"as well as of the researchers." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3711 +msgid "" +"As with researchers and publishers, Fig-share encouraged institutions to " +"share their research with CC BY (Attribution) and their data with CC0 (into " +"the public domain). Funders who require researchers and institutions to use " +"open licensing believe in the social responsibilities and benefits of making " +"research accessible to all. Publishing research in this open way has come " +"to be called open access. But not all funders specify CC BY; some " +"institutions want to offer their researchers a choice, including less " +"permissive licenses like CC BY-NC (Attribution-NonCommercial), CC BY-SA " +"(Attribution-ShareAlike), or CC BY-ND (Attribution-NoDerivs)." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3719 +msgid "" +"For Mark this created a conflict. On the one hand, the principles and " +"benefits of open science are at the heart of Figshare, and Mark believes CC " +"BY is the best license for this. On the other hand, institutions were saying " +"they wouldn’t use Figshare unless it offered a choice in licenses. He " +"initially refused to offer anything beyond CC0 and CC BY, but after seeing " +"an open-source CERN project offer all Creative Commons licenses without any " +"negative repercussions, he decided to follow suit." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3726 +msgid "" +"Mark is thinking of doing a Figshare study that tracks research " +"dissemination according to Creative Commons license, and gathering metrics " +"on views, citations, and downloads. You could see which license generates " +"the biggest impact. If the data showed that CC BY is more impactful, Mark " +"believes more and more researchers and institutions will make it their " +"license of choice." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3735 +msgid "" +"Figshare has an Application Programming Interface (API) that makes it " +"possible for data to be pulled from Figshare and used in other " +"applications. As an example, Mark shared a Figshare data set showing the " +"journal subscriptions that higher-education institutions in the United " +"Kingdom paid to ten major publishers.1 Figshare’s API enables that data to " +"be pulled into an app developed by a completely different researcher that " +"converts the data into a visually interesting graph, which any viewer can " +"alter by changing any of the variables.2" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3745 +msgid "" +"The free version of Figshare has built a community of academics, who through " +"word of mouth and presentations have promoted and spread awareness of " +"Figshare. To amplify and reward the community, Figshare established an " +"Advisor program, providing those who promoted Figshare with hoodies and " +"T-shirts, early access to new features, and travel expenses when they gave " +"presentations outside of their area. These Advisors also helped Mark on what " +"license to use for software code and whether to offer universities an option " +"of using Creative Commons licenses." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3755 +msgid "" +"Mark says his success is partly about being in the right place at the right " +"time. He also believes that the diversification of Figshare’s model over " +"time has been key to success. Figshare now offers a comprehensive set of " +"services to researchers, publishers, and institutions.3 If he had relied " +"solely on revenue from premium subscriptions, he believes Figshare would " +"have struggled. In Figshare’s early days, their primary users were " +"early-career and late-career academics. It has only been because funders " +"mandated open licensing that Figshare is now being used by the mainstream." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3762 +msgid "" +"Today Figshare has 26 million–plus page views, 7.5 million–plus downloads, " +"800,000–plus user uploads, 2 million–plus articles, 500,000-plus " +"collections, and 5,000–plus projects. Sixty percent of their traffic comes " +"from Google. A sister company called Altmetric tracks the use of Figshare by " +"others, including Wikipedia and news sources." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3774 +msgid "" +"Figshare uses the revenue it generates from the premium subscribers, journal " +"publishers, and institutions to fund and expand what it can offer to " +"researchers for free. Figshare has publicly stuck to its principles—keeping " +"the free service free and requiring the use of CC BY and CC0 from the " +"start—and from Mark’s perspective, this is why people trust Figshare. Mark " +"sees new competitors coming forward who are just in it for money. If " +"Figshare was only in it for the money, they wouldn’t care about offering a " +"free version. Figshare’s principles and advocacy for openness are a key " +"differentiator. Going forward, Mark sees Figshare not only as supporting " +"open access to research but also enabling people to collaborate and make new " +"discoveries." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '1. ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3780 +msgid "figshare.com/articles/Journal\\_subscription\\_costs\\_FOIs\\_to\\_UK\\_universities/1186832" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '2. ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3780 +msgid "retr0.shinyapps.io/journal\\_costs/?year=2014&inst=19,22,38,42,59,64,80,95,136" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '3. ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3780 +msgid "figshare.com/features" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3782 +msgid "Figure.NZ" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3786 +msgid "" +"Figure.NZ is a nonprofit charity that makes an online data platform designed " +"to make data reusable and easy to understand. Founded in 2012 in New " +"Zealand." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3788 +msgid "figure.nz" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3791 +msgid "" +"Revenue model: platform providing paid services to creators, donations, " +"sponsorships" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3793 +msgid "Interview date: May 3, 2016" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3795 +msgid "Interviewee: Lillian Grace, founder" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3814 +msgid "" +"In the paper Harnessing the Economic and Social Power of Data presented at " +"the New Zealand Data Futures Forum in 2014,1 Figure.NZ founder Lillian Grace " +"said there are thousands of valuable and relevant data sets freely available " +"to us right now, but most people don’t use them. She used to think this " +"meant people didn’t care about being informed, but she’s come to see that " +"she was wrong. Almost everyone wants to be informed about issues that " +"matter—not only to them, but also to their families, their communities, " +"their businesses, and their country. But there’s a big difference between " +"availability and accessibility of information. Data is spread across " +"thousands of sites and is held within databases and spreadsheets that " +"require both time and skill to engage with. To use data when making a " +"decision, you have to know what specific question to ask, identify a source " +"that has collected the data, and manipulate complex tools to extract and " +"visualize the information within the data set. Lillian established Figure.NZ " +"to make data truly accessible to all, with a specific focus on New Zealand." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3823 +msgid "" +"Lillian had the idea for Figure.NZ in February 2012 while working for the " +"New Zealand Institute, a think tank concerned with improving economic " +"prosperity, social well-being, environmental quality, and environmental " +"productivity for New Zealand and New Zealanders. While giving talks to " +"community and business groups, Lillian realized “every single issue we " +"addressed would have been easier to deal with if more people understood the " +"basic facts.” But understanding the basic facts sometimes requires data and " +"research that you often have to pay for." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3835 +msgid "" +"Lillian began to imagine a website that lifted data up to a visual form that " +"could be easily understood and freely accessed. Initially launched as Wiki " +"New Zealand, the original idea was that people could contribute their data " +"and visuals via a wiki. However, few people had graphs that could be used " +"and shared, and there were no standards or consistency around the data and " +"the visuals. Realizing the wiki model wasn’t working, Lillian brought the " +"process of data aggregation, curation, and visual presentation in-house, and " +"invested in the technology to help automate some of it. Wiki New Zealand " +"became Figure.NZ, and efforts were reoriented toward providing services to " +"those wanting to open their data and present it visually." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3850 +msgid "" +"Here’s how it works. Figure.NZ sources data from other organizations, " +"including corporations, public repositories, government departments, and " +"academics. Figure.NZ imports and extracts that data, and then validates and " +"standardizes it—all with a strong eye on what will be best for users. They " +"then make the data available in a series of standardized forms, both human- " +"and machine-readable, with rich metadata about the sources, the licenses, " +"and data types. Figure.NZ has a chart-designing tool that makes simple bar, " +"line, and area graphs from any data source. The graphs are posted to the " +"Figure.NZ website, and they can also be exported in a variety of formats for " +"print or online use. Figure.NZ makes its data and graphs available using the " +"Attribution (CC BY) license. This allows others to reuse, revise, remix, " +"and redistribute Figure.NZ data and graphs as long as they give attribution " +"to the original source and to Figure.NZ." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3864 +msgid "" +"Lillian characterizes the initial decision to use Creative Commons as " +"naively fortunate. It was first recommended to her by a colleague. Lillian " +"spent time looking at what Creative Commons offered and thought it looked " +"good, was clear, and made common sense. It was easy to use and easy for " +"others to understand. Over time, she’s come to realize just how fortunate " +"and important that decision turned out to be. New Zealand’s government has " +"an open-access and licensing framework called NZGOAL, which provides " +"guidance for agencies when they release copyrighted and noncopyrighted work " +"and material.2 It aims to standardize the licensing of works with government " +"copyright and how they can be reused, and it does this with Creative Commons " +"licenses. As a result, 98 percent of all government-agency data is Creative " +"Commons licensed, fitting in nicely with Figure.NZ’s decision." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3875 +msgid "" +"Lillian thinks current ideas of what a business is are relatively new, only " +"a hundred years old or so. She’s convinced that twenty years from now, we " +"will see new and different models for business. Figure.NZ is set up as a " +"nonprofit charity. It is purpose-driven but also strives to pay people well " +"and thinks like a business. Lillian sees the charity-nonprofit status as an " +"essential element for the mission and purpose of Figure.NZ. She believes " +"Wikipedia would not work if it were for profit, and similarly, Figure.NZ’s " +"nonprofit status assures people who have data and people who want to use it " +"that they can rely on Figure.NZ’s motives. People see them as a trusted " +"wrangler and source." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3892 +msgid "" +"Although Figure.NZ is a social enterprise that openly licenses their data " +"and graphs for everyone to use for free, they have taken care not to be " +"perceived as a free service all around the table. Lillian believes hundreds " +"of millions of dollars are spent by the government and organizations to " +"collect data. However, very little money is spent on taking that data and " +"making it accessible, understandable, and useful for decision " +"making. Government uses some of the data for policy, but Lillian believes " +"that it is underutilized and the potential value is much larger. Figure.NZ " +"is focused on solving that problem. They believe a portion of money " +"allocated to collecting data should go into making sure that data is useful " +"and generates value. If the government wants citizens to understand why " +"certain decisions are being made and to be more aware about what the " +"government is doing, why not transform the data it collects into easily " +"understood visuals? It could even become a way for a government or any " +"organization to differentiate, market, and brand itself." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3897 +msgid "" +"Figure.NZ spends a lot of time seeking to understand the motivations of data " +"collectors and to identify the channels where it can provide value. Every " +"part of their business model has been focused on who is going to get value " +"from the data and visuals." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3910 +msgid "" +"Figure.NZ has multiple lines of business. They provide commercial services " +"to organizations that want their data publicly available and want to use " +"Figure.NZ as their publishing platform. People who want to publish open data " +"appreciate Figure.NZ’s ability to do it faster, more easily, and better than " +"they can. Customers are encouraged to help their users find, use, and make " +"things from the data they make available on Figure.NZ’s website. Customers " +"control what is released and the license terms (although Figure.NZ " +"encourages Creative Commons licensing). Figure.NZ also serves customers who " +"want a specific collection of charts created—for example, for their website " +"or annual report. Charging the organizations that want to make their data " +"available enables Figure.NZ to provide their site free to all users, to " +"truly democratize data." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3921 +msgid "" +"Lillian notes that the current state of most data is terrible and often not " +"well understood by the people who have it. This sometimes makes it difficult " +"for customers and Figure.NZ to figure out what it would cost to import, " +"standardize, and display that data in a useful way. To deal with this, " +"Figure.NZ uses “high-trust contracts,” where customers allocate a certain " +"budget to the task that Figure.NZ is then free to draw from, as long as " +"Figure.NZ frequently reports on what they’ve produced so the customer can " +"determine the value for money. This strategy has helped build trust and " +"transparency about the level of effort associated with doing work that has " +"never been done before." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3927 +msgid "" +"A second line of business is what Figure.NZ calls partners. ASB Bank and " +"Statistics New Zealand are partners who back Figure.NZ’s efforts. As one " +"example, with their support Figure.NZ has been able to create Business " +"Figures, a special way for businesses to find useful data without having to " +"know what questions to ask.3" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3931 +msgid "" +"Figure.NZ also has patrons.4 Patrons donate to topic areas they care about, " +"directly enabling Figure.NZ to get data together to flesh out those " +"areas. Patrons do not direct what data is included or excluded." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3936 +msgid "" +"Figure.NZ also accepts philanthropic donations, which are used to provide " +"more content, extend technology, and improve services, or are targeted to " +"fund a specific effort or provide in-kind support. As a charity, donations " +"are tax deductible." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3946 +msgid "" +"Figure.NZ has morphed and grown over time. With data aggregation, curation, " +"and visualizing services all in-house, Figure.NZ has developed a deep " +"expertise in taking random styles of data, standardizing it, and making it " +"useful. Lillian realized that Figure.NZ could easily become a warehouse of " +"seventy people doing data. But for Lillian, growth isn’t always good. In her " +"view, bigger often means less effective. Lillian set artificial constraints " +"on growth, forcing the organization to think differently and be more " +"efficient. Rather than in-house growth, they are growing and building " +"external relationships." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3955 +msgid "" +"Figure.NZ’s website displays visuals and data associated with a wide range " +"of categories including crime, economy, education, employment, energy, " +"environment, health, information and communications technology, industry, " +"tourism, and many others. A search function helps users find tables and " +"graphs. Figure.NZ does not provide analysis or interpretation of the data or " +"visuals. Their goal is to teach people how to think, not think for " +"them. Figure.NZ wants to create intuitive experiences, not user manuals." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3967 +msgid "" +"Figure.NZ believes data and visuals should be useful. They provide their " +"customers with a data collection template and teach them why it’s important " +"and how to use it. They’ve begun putting more emphasis on tracking what " +"users of their website want. They also get requests from social media and " +"through email for them to share data for a specific topic—for example, can " +"you share data for water quality? If they have the data, they respond " +"quickly; if they don’t, they try and identify the organizations that would " +"have that data and forge a relationship so they can be included on " +"Figure.NZ’s site. Overall, Figure.NZ is seeking to provide a place for " +"people to be curious about, access, and interpret data on topics they are " +"interested in." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3975 +msgid "" +"Lillian has a deep and profound vision for Figure.NZ that goes well beyond " +"simply providing open-data services. She says things are different now. “We " +"used to live in a world where it was really hard to share information " +"widely. And in that world, the best future was created by having a few great " +"leaders who essentially had access to the information and made decisions on " +"behalf of others, whether it was on behalf of a country or companies." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3979 +msgid "" +"“But now we live in a world where it’s really easy to share information " +"widely and also to communicate widely. In the world we live in now, the best " +"future is the one where everyone can make well-informed decisions." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3983 +msgid "" +"“The use of numbers and data as a way of making well-informed decisions is " +"one of the areas where there is the biggest gaps. We don’t really use " +"numbers as a part of our thinking and part of our understanding yet." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3993 +msgid "" +"“Part of the reason is the way data is spread across hundreds of sites. In " +"addition, for the most part, deep thinking based on data is constrained to " +"experts because most people don’t have data literacy. There once was a time " +"when many citizens in society couldn’t read or write. However, as a society, " +"we’ve now come to believe that reading and writing skills should be " +"something all citizens have. We haven’t yet adopted a similar belief around " +"numbers and data literacy. We largely still believe that only a few " +"specially trained people can analyze and think with numbers." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3999 +msgid "" +"“Figure.NZ may be the first organization to assert that everyone can use " +"numbers in their thinking, and it’s built a technological platform along " +"with trust and a network of relationships to make that possible. What you " +"can see on Figure.NZ are tens of thousands of graphs, maps, and data." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4007 +msgid "" +"“Figure.NZ sees this as a new kind of alphabet that can help people analyze " +"what they see around them. A way to be thoughtful and informed about " +"society. A means of engaging in conversation and shaping decision making " +"that transcends personal experience. The long-term value and impact is " +"almost impossible to measure, but the goal is to help citizens gain " +"understanding and work together in more informed ways to shape the future.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4011 +msgid "" +"Lillian sees Figure.NZ’s model as having global potential. But for now, " +"their focus is completely on making Figure.NZ work in New Zealand and to get " +"the “network effect”—" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4015 +msgid "" +"users dramatically increasing value for themselves and for others through " +"use of their service. Creative Commons is core to making the network effect " +"possible." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '1. ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4022 +msgid "www.nzdatafutures.org.nz/sites/default/files/NZDFF\\_harness-the-power.pdf" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '2. ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4022 +msgid "www.ict.govt.nz/guidance-and-resources/open-government/new-zealand-government-open-access-and-licensing-nzgoal-framework/" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '3. ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4022 +msgid "figure.nz/business/" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '4. ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4022 +msgid "figure.nz/patrons/" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4024 +msgid "Knowledge Unlatched" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4028 +msgid "" +"Knowledge Unlatched is a not-for-profit community interest company that " +"brings libraries together to pool funds to publish open-access books. " +"Founded in 2012 in the UK." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4030 +msgid "knowledgeunlatched.org" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4032 +msgid "Revenue model: crowdfunding (specialized)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4034 +msgid "Interview date: February 26, 2016" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4036 +msgid "Interviewee: Frances Pinter, founder" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4043 +msgid "" +"The serial entrepreneur Dr. Frances Pinter has been at the forefront of " +"innovation in the publishing industry for nearly forty years. She founded " +"the UK-based Knowledge Unlatched with a mission to enable open access to " +"scholarly books. For Frances, the current scholarly-" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4053 +msgid "" +"book-publishing system is not working for anyone, and especially not for " +"monographs in the humanities and social sciences. Knowledge Unlatched is " +"committed to changing this and has been working with libraries to create a " +"sustainable alternative model for publishing scholarly books, sharing the " +"cost of making monographs (released under a Creative Commons license) and " +"savings costs over the long term. Since its launch, Knowledge Unlatched has " +"received several awards, including the IFLA/Brill Open Access award in 2014 " +"and a Curtin University Commercial Innovation Award for Innovation in " +"Education in 2015." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4058 +msgid "" +"Dr. Pinter has been in academic publishing most of her career. About ten " +"years ago, she became acquainted with the Creative Commons founder Lawrence " +"Lessig and got interested in Creative Commons as a tool for both protecting " +"content online and distributing it free to users." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4063 +msgid "" +"Not long after, she ran a project in Africa convincing publishers in Uganda " +"and South Africa to put some of their content online for free using a " +"Creative Commons license and to see what happened to print sales. Sales went " +"up, not down." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4077 +msgid "" +"In 2008, Bloomsbury Academic, a new imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing in the " +"United Kingdom, appointed her its founding publisher in London. As part of " +"the launch, Frances convinced Bloomsbury to differentiate themselves by " +"putting out monographs for free online under a Creative Commons license " +"(BY-NC or BY-NC-ND, i.e., Attribution-NonCommercial or " +"Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs). This was seen as risky, as the biggest " +"cost for publishers is getting a book to the stage where it can be " +"printed. If everyone read the online book for free, there would be no " +"print-book sales at all, and the costs associated with getting the book to " +"print would be lost. Surprisingly, Bloomsbury found that sales of the print " +"versions of these books were 10 to 20 percent higher than normal. Frances " +"found it intriguing that the Creative Commons–licensed free online book acts " +"as a marketing vehicle for the print format." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4084 +msgid "" +"Frances began to look at customer interest in the three forms of the book: " +"1) the Creative Commons–licensed free online book in PDF form, 2) the " +"printed book, and 3) a digital version of the book on an aggregator platform " +"with enhanced features. She thought of this as the “ice cream model”: the " +"free PDF was vanilla ice cream, the printed book was an ice cream cone, and " +"the enhanced e-book was an ice cream sundae." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4091 +msgid "" +"After a while, Frances had an epiphany—what if there was a way to get " +"libraries to underwrite the costs of making these books up until they’re " +"ready be printed, in other words, cover the fixed costs of getting to the " +"first digital copy? Then you could either bring down the cost of the printed " +"book, or do a whole bunch of interesting things with the printed book and " +"e-book—the ice cream cone or sundae part of the model." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4098 +msgid "" +"This idea is similar to the article-processing charge some open-access " +"journals charge researchers to cover publishing costs. Frances began to " +"imagine a coalition of libraries paying for the prepress costs—a " +"“book-processing charge”—and providing everyone in the world with an " +"open-access version of the books released under a Creative Commons license." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4107 +msgid "" +"This idea really took hold in her mind. She didn’t really have a name for it " +"but began talking about it and making presentations to see if there was " +"interest. The more she talked about it, the more people agreed it had " +"appeal. She offered a bottle of champagne to anyone who could come up with a " +"good name for the idea. Her husband came up with Knowledge Unlatched, and " +"after two years of generating interest, she decided to move forward and " +"launch a community interest company (a UK term for not-for-profit social " +"enterprises) in 2012." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4110 +msgid "" +"She describes the business model in a paper called Knowledge Unlatched: " +"Toward an Open and Networked Future for Academic Publishing:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '1. ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4128 +msgid "" +"Publishers offer titles for sale reflecting origination costs only via " +"Knowledge Unlatched." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '2. ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4128 +msgid "" +"Individual libraries select titles either as individual titles or as " +"collections (as they do from library suppliers now)." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '3. ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4128 +msgid "" +"Their selections are sent to Knowledge Unlatched specifying the titles to be " +"purchased at the stated price(s)." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '4. ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4128 +msgid "" +"The price, called a Title Fee (set by publishers and negotiated by Knowledge " +"Unlatched), is paid to publishers to cover the fixed costs of publishing " +"each of the titles that were selected by a minimum number of libraries to " +"cover the Title Fee." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '5. ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4128 +msgid "" +"Publishers make the selected titles available Open Access (on a Creative " +"Commons or similar open license) and are then paid the Title Fee which is " +"the total collected from the libraries." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '6. ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4128 +msgid "" +"Publishers make print copies, e-Pub, and other digital versions of selected " +"titles available to member libraries at a discount that reflects their " +"contribution to the Title Fee and incentivizes membership.1" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4136 +msgid "" +"The first round of this model resulted in a collection of twenty-eight " +"current titles from thirteen recognized scholarly publishers being " +"unlatched. The target was to have two hundred libraries participate. The " +"cost of the package per library was capped at \\$1,680, which was an average " +"price of sixty dollars per book, but in the end they had nearly three " +"hundred libraries sharing the costs, and the price per book came in at just " +"under forty-three dollars." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4145 +msgid "" +"The open-access, Creative Commons versions of these twenty-eight books are " +"still available online.4 Most books have been licensed with CC BY-NC or CC " +"BY-NC-ND. Authors are the copyright holder, not the publisher, and negotiate " +"choice of license as part of the publishing agreement. Frances has found " +"that most authors want to retain control over the commercial and remix use " +"of their work. Publishers list the book in their catalogs, and the " +"noncommercial restriction in the Creative Commons license ensures authors " +"continue to get royalties on sales of physical copies." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4155 +msgid "" +"There are three cost variables to consider for each round: the overall cost " +"incurred by the publishers, total cost for each library to acquire all the " +"books, and the individual price per book. The fee publishers charge for each " +"title is a fixed charge, and Knowledge Unlatched calculates the total amount " +"for all the books being unlatched at a time. The cost of an order for each " +"library is capped at a maximum based on a minimum number of libraries " +"participating. If the number of participating libraries exceeds the minimum, " +"then the cost of the order and the price per book go down for each library." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4168 +msgid "" +"The second round, recently completed, unlatched seventy-eight books from " +"twenty-six publishers. For this round, Frances was experimenting with the " +"size and shape of the offerings. Books were being bundled into eight small " +"packages separated by subject (including Anthropology, History, Literature, " +"Media and Communications, and Politics), of around ten books per " +"package. Three hundred libraries around the world have to commit to at least " +"six of the eight packages to enable unlatching. The average cost per book " +"was just under fifty dollars. The unlatching process took roughly ten " +"months. It started with a call to publishers for titles, followed by having " +"a library task force select the titles, getting authors’ permissions, " +"getting the libraries to pledge, billing the libraries, and finally, " +"unlatching." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4173 +msgid "" +"The longest part of the whole process is getting libraries to pledge and " +"commit funds. It takes about five months, as library buy-in has to fit " +"within acquisition cycles, budget cycles, and library-committee meetings." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4181 +msgid "" +"Knowledge Unlatched informs and recruits libraries through social media, " +"mailing lists, listservs, and library associations. Of the three hundred " +"libraries that participated in the first round, 80 percent are also " +"participating in the second round, and there are an additional eighty new " +"libraries taking part. Knowledge Unlatched is also working not just with " +"individual libraries but also library consortia, which has been getting even " +"more libraries involved." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4185 +msgid "" +"Knowledge Unlatched is scaling up, offering 150 new titles in the second " +"half of 2016. It will also offer backlist titles, and in 2017 will start to " +"make journals open access too." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4189 +msgid "" +"Knowledge Unlatched deliberately chose monographs as the initial type of " +"book to unlatch. Monographs are foundational and important, but also " +"problematic to keep going in the standard closed publishing model." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4197 +msgid "" +"The cost for the publisher to get to a first digital copy of a monograph is " +"\\$5,000 to \\$50,000. A good one costs in the \\$10,000 to \\$15,000 " +"range. Monographs typically don’t sell a lot of copies. A publisher who in " +"the past sold three thousand copies now typically sells only three " +"hundred. That makes unlatching monographs a low risk for publishers. For the " +"first round, it took five months to get thirteen publishers. For the second " +"round, it took one month to get twenty-six." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4206 +msgid "" +"Authors don’t generally make a lot of royalties from monographs. Royalties " +"range from zero dollars to 5 to 10 percent of receipts. The value to the " +"author is the awareness it brings to them; when their book is being read, it " +"increases their reputation. Open access through unlatching generates many " +"more downloads and therefore awareness. (On the Knowledge Unlatched website, " +"you can find interviews with the twenty-eight round-one authors describing " +"their experience and the benefits of taking part.)5" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4215 +msgid "" +"Library budgets are constantly being squeezed, partly due to the inflation " +"of journal subscriptions. But even without budget constraints, academic " +"libraries are moving away from buying physical copies. An academic library " +"catalog entry is typically a URL to wherever the book is hosted. Or if they " +"have enough electronic storage space, they may download the digital file " +"into their digital repository. Only secondarily do they consider getting a " +"print book, and if they do, they buy it separately from the digital version." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4222 +msgid "" +"Knowledge Unlatched offers libraries a compelling economic argument. Many " +"of the participating libraries would have bought a copy of the monograph " +"anyway, but instead of paying \\$95 for a print copy or \\$150 for a digital " +"multiple-use copy, they pay \\$50 to unlatch. It costs them less, and it " +"opens the book to not just the participating libraries, but to the world." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4232 +msgid "" +"Not only do the economics make sense, but there is very strong alignment " +"with library mandates. The participating libraries pay less than they would " +"have in the closed model, and the open-access book is available to all " +"libraries. While this means nonparticipating libraries could be seen as free " +"riders, in the library world, wealthy libraries are used to paying more than " +"poor libraries and accept that part of their money should be spent to " +"support open access. “Free ride” is more like community responsibility. By " +"the end of March 2016, the round-one books had been downloaded nearly eighty " +"thousand times in 175 countries." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4235 +msgid "" +"For publishers, authors, and librarians, the Knowledge Unlatched model for " +"monographs is a win-win-win." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4244 +msgid "" +"In the first round, Knowledge Unlatched’s overheads were covered by " +"grants. In the second round, they aim to demonstrate the model is " +"sustainable. Libraries and publishers will each pay a 7.5 percent service " +"charge that will go toward Knowledge Unlatched’s running costs. With plans " +"to scale up in future rounds, Frances figures they can fully recover costs " +"when they are unlatching two hundred books at a time. Moving forward, " +"Knowledge Unlatched is making investments in technology and " +"processes. Future plans include unlatching journals and older books." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4253 +msgid "" +"Frances believes that Knowledge Unlatched is tapping into new ways of " +"valuing academic content. It’s about considering how many people can find, " +"access, and use your content without pay barriers. Knowledge Unlatched taps " +"into the new possibilities and behaviors of the digital world. In the " +"Knowledge Unlatched model, the content-creation process is exactly the same " +"as it always has been, but the economics are different. For Frances, " +"Knowledge Unlatched is connected to the past but moving into the future, an " +"evolution rather than a revolution." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '1. ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4261 +msgid "www.pinter.org.uk/pdfs/Toward\\_an\\_Open.pdf" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '2. ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4261 +msgid "www.oapen.org" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '3. ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4261 +msgid "www.hathitrust.org" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '4. ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4261 +msgid "collections.knowledgeunlatched.org/collection-availability-1/" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '5. ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4261 +msgid "www.knowledgeunlatched.org/featured-authors-section/" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4263 +msgid "Lumen Learning" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4266 +msgid "" +"Lumen Learning is a for-profit company helping educational institutions use " +"open educational resources (OER). Founded in 2013 in the U.S." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4268 +msgid "lumenlearning.com" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4270 +msgid "Revenue model: charging for custom services, grant funding" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4272 +msgid "Interview date: December 21, 2015" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4274 +msgid "Interviewees: David Wiley and Kim Thanos, cofounders" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4296 +msgid "" +"Cofounded by open education visionary Dr. David Wiley and " +"education-technology strategist Kim Thanos, Lumen Learning is dedicated to " +"improving student success, bringing new ideas to pedagogy, and making " +"education more affordable by facilitating adoption of open educational " +"resources. In 2012, David and Kim partnered on a grant-funded project called " +"the Kaleidoscope Open Course Initiative.1 It involved a set of fully open " +"general-education courses across eight colleges predominantly serving " +"at-risk students, with goals to dramatically reduce textbook costs and " +"collaborate to improve the courses to help students succeed. David and Kim " +"exceeded those goals: the cost of the required textbooks, replaced with OER, " +"decreased to zero dollars, and average student-success rates improved by 5 " +"to 10 percent when compared with previous years. After a second round of " +"funding, a total of more than twenty-five institutions participated in and " +"benefited from this project. It was career changing for David and Kim to see " +"the impact this initiative had on low-income students. David and Kim sought " +"further funding from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, who asked them " +"to define a plan to scale their work in a financially sustainable way. That " +"is when they decided to create Lumen Learning." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4299 +msgid "" +"David and Kim went back and forth on whether it should be a nonprofit or " +"for-" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4306 +msgid "" +"profit. A nonprofit would make it a more comfortable fit with the education " +"sector but meant they’d be constantly fund-raising and seeking grants from " +"philanthropies. Also, grants usually require money to be used in certain " +"ways for specific deliverables. If you learn things along the way that " +"change how you think the grant money should be used, there often isn’t a lot " +"of flexibility to do so." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4314 +msgid "" +"But as a for-profit, they’d have to convince educational institutions to pay " +"for what Lumen had to offer. On the positive side, they’d have more control " +"over what to do with the revenue and investment money; they could make " +"decisions to invest the funds or use them differently based on the situation " +"and shifting opportunities. In the end, they chose the for-profit status, " +"with its different model for and approach to sustainability." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4320 +msgid "" +"Right from the start, David and Kim positioned Lumen Learning as a way to " +"help institutions engage in open educational resources, or OER. OER are " +"teaching, learning, and research materials, in all different media, that " +"reside in the public domain or are released under an open license that " +"permits free use and repurposing by others." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4332 +msgid "" +"Originally, Lumen did custom contracts for each institution. This was " +"complicated and challenging to manage. However, through that process " +"patterns emerged which allowed them to generalize a set of approaches and " +"offerings. Today they don’t customize as much as they used to, and instead " +"they tend to work with customers who can use their off-the-shelf " +"options. Lumen finds that institutions and faculty are generally very good " +"at seeing the value Lumen brings and are willing to pay for it. Serving " +"disadvantaged learner populations has led Lumen to be very pragmatic; they " +"describe what they offer in quantitative terms—with facts and figures—and in " +"a way that is very student-focused. Lumen Learning helps colleges and " +"universities—" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '- ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4341 +msgid "replace expensive textbooks in high-enrollment courses with OER;" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '- ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4341 +msgid "" +"provide enrolled students day one access to Lumen’s fully customizable OER " +"course materials through the institution’s learning-management system;" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '- ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4341 +msgid "" +"measure improvements in student success with metrics like passing rates, " +"persistence, and course completion; and" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '- ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4341 +msgid "" +"collaborate with faculty to make ongoing improvements to OER based on " +"student success research." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4347 +msgid "" +"Lumen has developed a suite of open, Creative Commons–licensed courseware in " +"more than sixty-five subjects. All courses are freely and publicly available " +"right off their website. They can be copied and used by others as long as " +"they provide attribution to Lumen Learning following the terms of the " +"Creative Commons license." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4353 +msgid "" +"Then there are three types of bundled services that cost money. One option, " +"which Lumen calls Candela courseware, offers integration with the " +"institution’s learning-management system, technical and pedagogical support, " +"and tracking of effectiveness. Candela courseware costs institutions ten " +"dollars per enrolled student." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4359 +msgid "" +"A second option is Waymaker, which offers the services of Candela but adds " +"personalized learning technologies, such as study plans, automated messages, " +"and assessments, and helps instructors find and support the students who " +"need it most. Waymaker courses cost twenty-five dollars per enrolled " +"student." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4366 +msgid "" +"The third and emerging line of business for Lumen is providing guidance and " +"support for institutions and state systems that are pursuing the development " +"of complete OER degrees. Often called Z-Degrees, these programs eliminate " +"textbook costs for students in all courses that make up the degree (both " +"required and elective) by replacing commercial textbooks and other expensive " +"resources with OER." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4381 +msgid "" +"Lumen generates revenue by charging for their value-added tools and services " +"on top of their free courses, just as solar-power companies provide the " +"tools and services that help people use a free resource—sunlight. And " +"Lumen’s business model focuses on getting the institutions to pay, not the " +"students. With projects they did prior to Lumen, David and Kim learned that " +"students who have access to all course materials from day one have greater " +"success. If students had to pay, Lumen would have to restrict access to " +"those who paid. Right from the start, their stance was that they would not " +"put their content behind a paywall. Lumen invests zero dollars in " +"technologies and processes for restricting access—no digital rights " +"management, no time bombs. While this has been a challenge from a " +"business-model perspective, from an open-access perspective, it has " +"generated immense goodwill in the community." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4390 +msgid "" +"In most cases, development of their courses is funded by the institution " +"Lumen has a contract with. When creating new courses, Lumen typically works " +"with the faculty who are teaching the new course. They’re often part of the " +"institution paying Lumen, but sometimes Lumen has to expand the team and " +"contract faculty from other institutions. First, the faculty identifies all " +"of the course’s learning outcomes. Lumen then searches for, aggregates, and " +"curates the best OER they can find that addresses those learning needs, " +"which the faculty reviews." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4400 +msgid "" +"Sometimes faculty like the existing OER but not the way it is presented. " +"The open licensing of existing OER allows Lumen to pick and choose from " +"images, videos, and other media to adapt and customize the course. Lumen " +"creates new content as they discover gaps in existing OER. Test-bank items " +"and feedback for students on their progress are areas where new content is " +"frequently needed. Once a course is created, Lumen puts it on their platform " +"with all the attributions and links to the original sources intact, and any " +"of Lumen’s new content is given an Attribution (CC BY) license." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4406 +msgid "" +"Using only OER made them experience firsthand how complex it could be to mix " +"differently licensed work together. A common strategy with OER is to place " +"the Creative Commons license and attribution information in the website’s " +"footer, which stays the same for all pages. This doesn’t quite work, " +"however, when mixing different OER together." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4415 +msgid "" +"Remixing OER often results in multiple attributions on every page of every " +"course—text from one place, images from another, and videos from yet " +"another. Some are licensed as Attribution (CC BY), others as " +"Attribution-ShareAlike (CC BY-SA). If this information is put within the " +"text of the course, faculty members sometimes try to edit it and students " +"find it a distraction. Lumen dealt with this challenge by capturing the " +"license and attribution information as metadata, and getting it to show up " +"at the end of each page." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4422 +msgid "" +"Lumen’s commitment to open licensing and helping low-income students has led " +"to strong relationships with institutions, open-education enthusiasts, and " +"grant funders. People in their network generously increase the visibility of " +"Lumen through presentations, word of mouth, and referrals. Sometimes the " +"number of general inquiries exceed Lumen’s sales" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4424 +msgid "capacity." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4435 +msgid "" +"To manage demand and ensure the success of projects, their strategy is to be " +"proactive and focus on what’s going on in higher education in different " +"regions of the United States, watching out for things happening at the " +"system level in a way that fits with what Lumen offers. A great example is " +"the Virginia community college system, which is building out " +"Z-Degrees. David and Kim say there are nine other U.S. states with similar " +"system-level activity where Lumen is strategically focusing its " +"efforts. Where there are projects that would require a lot of resources on " +"Lumen’s part, they prioritize the ones that would impact the largest number " +"of students." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4443 +msgid "" +"As a business, Lumen is committed to openness. There are two core " +"nonnegotiables: Lumen’s use of CC BY, the most permissive of the Creative " +"Commons licenses, for all the materials it creates; and day-one access for " +"students. Having clear nonnegotiables allows them to then engage with the " +"education community to solve for other challenges and work with institutions " +"to identify new business models that achieve institution goals, while " +"keeping Lumen healthy." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4451 +msgid "" +"Openness also means that Lumen’s OER must necessarily be nonexclusive and " +"nonrivalrous. This represents several big challenges for the business model: " +"Why should you invest in creating something that people will be reluctant to " +"pay for? How do you ensure that the investment the diverse education " +"community makes in OER is not exploited? Lumen thinks we all need to be " +"clear about how we are benefiting from and contributing to the open" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4453 +msgid "community." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4460 +msgid "" +"In the OER sector, there are examples of corporations, and even " +"institutions, acting as free riders. Some simply take and use open resources " +"without paying anything or contributing anything back. Others give back the " +"minimum amount so they can save face. Sustainability will require those " +"using open resources to give back an amount that seems fair or even give " +"back something that is generous." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4469 +msgid "" +"Lumen does track institutions accessing and using their free content. They " +"proactively contact those institutions, with an estimate of how much their " +"students are saving and encouraging them to switch to a paid model. Lumen " +"explains the advantages of the paid model: a more interactive relationship " +"with Lumen; integration with the institution’s learning-management system; a " +"guarantee of support for faculty and students; and future sustainability " +"with funding supporting the evolution and improvement of the OER they are " +"using." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4476 +msgid "" +"Lumen works hard to be a good corporate citizen in the OER community. For " +"David and Kim, a good corporate citizen gives more than they take, adds " +"unique value, and is very transparent about what they are taking from " +"community, what they are giving back, and what they are monetizing. Lumen " +"believes these are the building blocks of a sustainable model and strives " +"for a correct balance of all these factors." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4481 +msgid "" +"Licensing all the content they produce with CC BY is a key part of giving " +"more value than they take. They’ve also worked hard at finding the right " +"structure for their value-add and how to package it in a way that is " +"understandable and repeatable." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4491 +msgid "" +"As of the fall 2016 term, Lumen had eighty-six different open courses, " +"working relationships with ninety-two institutions, and more than " +"seventy-five thousand student enrollments. Lumen received early start-up " +"funding from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, the Hewlett Foundation, " +"and the Shuttleworth Foundation. Since then, Lumen has also attracted " +"investment funding. Over the last three years, Lumen has been roughly 60 " +"percent grant funded, 20 percent revenue earned, and 20 percent funded with " +"angel capital. Going forward, their strategy is to replace grant funding " +"with revenue." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4499 +msgid "" +"In creating Lumen Learning, David and Kim say they’ve landed on solutions " +"they never imagined, and there is still a lot of learning taking place. For " +"them, open business models are an emerging field where we are all learning " +"through sharing. Their biggest recommendations for others wanting to pursue " +"the open model are to make your commitment to open resources public, let " +"people know where you stand, and don’t back away from it. It really is about " +"trust." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '1. ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4503 +msgid "lumenlearning.com/innovative-projects/" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4505 +msgid "Jonathan Mann" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4508 +msgid "" +"Jonathan Mann is a singer and songwriter who is most well known as the “Song " +"A Day” guy. Based in the U.S." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4510 +msgid "jonathanmann.net and" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4512 +msgid "jonathanmann.bandcamp.com" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4516 +msgid "" +"Revenue model: charging for custom services, pay-what-you-want, crowdfunding " +"(subscription-based), charging for in-person version (speaking engagements " +"and musical performances)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4518 +msgid "Interview date: February 22, 2016" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4530 +msgid "" +"Jonathan Mann thinks of his business model as “hustling”—seizing nearly " +"every opportunity he sees to make money. The bulk of his income comes from " +"writing songs under commission for people and companies, but he has a wide " +"variety of income sources. He has supporters on the crowdfunding site " +"Patreon. He gets advertising revenue from YouTube and Bandcamp, where he " +"posts all of his music. He gives paid speaking engagements about creativity " +"and motivation. He has been hired by major conferences to write songs " +"summarizing what speakers have said in the conference sessions." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4539 +msgid "" +"His entrepreneurial spirit is coupled with a willingness to take action " +"quickly. A perfect illustration of his ability to act fast happened in 2010, " +"when he read that Apple was having a conference the following day to address " +"a snafu related to the iPhone 4. He decided to write and post a song about " +"the iPhone 4 that day, and the next day he got a call from the public " +"relations people at Apple wanting to use and promote his video at the Apple " +"conference. The song then went viral, and the experience landed him in Time " +"magazine." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4544 +msgid "" +"Jonathan’s successful “hustling” is also about old-fashioned persistence. He " +"is currently in his eighth straight year of writing one song each day. He " +"holds the Guinness World Record for consecutive daily songwriting, and he is " +"widely known as the “song-a-day guy.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4552 +msgid "" +"He fell into this role by, naturally, seizing a random opportunity a friend " +"alerted him to seven years ago—an event called Fun-A-Day, where people are " +"supposed to create a piece of art every day for thirty-one days straight. He " +"was in need of a new project, so he decided to give it a try by writing and " +"posting a song each day. He added a video component to the songs because he " +"knew people were more likely to watch video online than simply listening to " +"audio files." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4566 +msgid "" +"He had a really good time doing the thirty-one-day challenge, so he decided " +"to see if he could continue it for one year. He never stopped. He has " +"written and posted a new song literally every day, seven days a week, since " +"he began the project in 2009. When he isn’t writing songs that he is hired " +"to write by clients, he writes songs about whatever is on his mind that " +"day. His songs are catchy and mostly lighthearted, but they often contain at " +"least an undercurrent of a deeper theme or meaning. Occasionally, they are " +"extremely personal, like the song he cowrote with his exgirlfriend " +"announcing their breakup. Rain or shine, in sickness or health, Jonathan " +"posts and writes a song every day. If he is on a flight or otherwise " +"incapable of getting Internet access in time to meet the deadline, he will " +"prepare ahead and have someone else post the song for him." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4573 +msgid "" +"Over time, the song-a-day gig became the basis of his livelihood. In the " +"beginning, he made money one of two ways. The first was by entering a wide " +"variety of contests and winning a handful. The second was by having the " +"occasional song and video go some varying degree of viral, which would bring " +"more eyeballs and mean that there were more people wanting him to write " +"songs for them. Today he earns most of his money this way." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4580 +msgid "" +"His website explains his gig as “taking any message, from the super simple " +"to the totally complicated, and conveying that message through a heartfelt, " +"fun and quirky song.” He charges \\$500 to create a produced song and \\$300 " +"for an acoustic song. He has been hired for product launches, weddings, " +"conferences, and even Kickstarter campaigns like the one that funded the " +"production of this book." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4587 +msgid "" +"Jonathan can’t recall when exactly he first learned about Creative Commons, " +"but he began applying CC licenses to his songs and videos as soon as he " +"discovered the option. “CC seems like such a no-brainer,” Jonathan said. “I " +"don’t understand how anything else would make sense. It seems like such an " +"obvious thing that you would want your work to be able to be shared.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4595 +msgid "" +"His songs are essentially marketing for his services, so obviously the " +"further his songs spread, the better. Using CC licenses helps grease the " +"wheels, letting people know that Jonathan allows and encourages them to " +"copy, interact with, and remix his music. “If you let someone cover your " +"song or remix it or use parts of it, that’s how music is supposed to work,” " +"Jonathan said. “That is how music has worked since the beginning of " +"time. Our me-me, mine-mine culture has undermined that.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4601 +msgid "" +"There are some people who cover his songs fairly regularly, and he would " +"never shut that down. But he acknowledges there is a lot more he could do to " +"build community. “There is all of this conventional wisdom about how to " +"build an audience online, and I generally think I don’t do any of that,” " +"Jonathan said." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4609 +msgid "" +"He does have a fan community he cultivates on Bandcamp, but it isn’t his " +"major focus. “I do have a core audience that has stuck around for a really " +"long time, some even longer than I’ve been doing song-a-day,” he " +"said. “There is also a transitional aspect that drop in and get what they " +"need and then move on.” Focusing less on community building than other " +"artists makes sense given Jonathan’s primary income source of writing custom " +"songs for clients." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4619 +msgid "" +"Jonathan recognizes what comes naturally to him and leverages those " +"skills. Through the practice of daily songwriting, he realized he has a gift " +"for distilling complicated subjects into simple concepts and putting them to " +"music. In his song “How to Choose a Master Password,” Jonathan explained the " +"process of creating a secure password in a silly, simple song. He was hired " +"to write the song by a client who handed him a long technical blog post from " +"which to draw the information. Like a good (and rare) journalist, he " +"translated the technical concepts into something understandable." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4630 +msgid "" +"When he is hired by a client to write a song, he first asks them to send a " +"list of talking points and other information they want to include in the " +"song. He puts all of that into a text file and starts moving things around, " +"cutting and pasting until the message starts to come together. The first " +"thing he tries to do is grok the core message and develop the chorus. Then " +"he looks for connections or parts he can make rhyme. The entire process " +"really does resemble good journalism, but of course the final product of his " +"work is a song rather than news. “There is something about being challenged " +"and forced to take information that doesn’t seem like it should be sung " +"about" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4634 +msgid "" +"or doesn’t seem like it lends itself to a song,” he said. “I find that " +"creative challenge really satisfying. I enjoy getting lost in that process.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4639 +msgid "" +"Jonathan admits that in an ideal world, he would exclusively write the music " +"he wanted to write, rather than what clients hire him to write. But his " +"business model is about capitalizing on his strengths as a songwriter, and " +"he has found a way to keep it interesting for" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4641 +msgid "himself." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4651 +msgid "" +"Jonathan uses nearly every tool possible to make money from his art, but he " +"does have lines he won’t cross. He won’t write songs about things he " +"fundamentally does not believe in, and there are times he has turned down " +"jobs on principle. He also won’t stray too much from his natural style. “My " +"style is silly, so I can’t really accommodate people who want something " +"super serious,” Jonathan said. “I do what I do very easily, and it’s part of " +"who I am.” Jonathan hasn’t gotten into writing commercials for the same " +"reasons; he is best at using his own unique style rather than mimicking " +"others." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4658 +msgid "" +"Jonathan’s song-a-day commitment exemplifies the power of habit and " +"grit. Conventional wisdom about creative productivity, including advice in " +"books like the best-seller The Creative Habit by Twyla Tharp, routinely " +"emphasizes the importance of ritual and action. No amount of planning can " +"replace the value of simple practice and just doing. Jonathan Mann’s work " +"is a living embodiment of these principles." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4664 +msgid "" +"When he speaks about his work, he talks about how much the song-a-day " +"process has changed him. Rather than seeing any given piece of work as " +"precious and getting stuck on trying to make it perfect, he has become " +"comfortable with just doing. If today’s song is a bust, tomorrow’s song " +"might be better." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4671 +msgid "" +"Jonathan seems to have this mentality about his career more generally. He " +"is constantly experimenting with ways to make a living while sharing his " +"work as widely as possible, seeing what sticks. While he has major " +"accomplishments he is proud of, like being in the Guinness World Records or " +"having his song used by Steve Jobs, he says he never truly feels successful." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4675 +msgid "" +"“Success feels like it’s over,” he said. “To a certain extent, a creative " +"person is not ever going to feel completely satisfied because then so much " +"of what drives you would be gone.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4677 +msgid "Noun Project" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4681 +msgid "" +"The Noun Project is a for-profit company offering an online platform to " +"display visual icons from a global network of designers. Founded in 2010 in " +"the U.S." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4683 +msgid "thenounproject.com" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4685 +msgid "Revenue model: charging a transaction fee, charging for custom services" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4687 +msgid "Interview date: October 6, 2015" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4689 +msgid "Interviewee: Edward Boatman, cofounder" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4695 +msgid "" +"The Noun Project creates and shares visual language. There are millions who " +"use Noun Project symbols to simplify communication across borders, " +"languages, and cultures." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4702 +msgid "" +"The original idea for the Noun Project came to cofounder Edward Boatman " +"while he was a student in architecture design school. He’d always done a lot " +"of sketches and started to draw what used to fascinate him as a child, like " +"trains, sequoias, and bulldozers. He began thinking how great it would be if " +"he had a simple image or small icon of every single object or concept on the " +"planet." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4708 +msgid "" +"When Edward went on to work at an architecture firm, he had to make a lot of " +"presentation boards for clients. But finding high-quality sources for " +"symbols and icons was difficult. He couldn’t find any website that could " +"provide them. Perhaps his idea for creating a library of icons could " +"actually help people in similar situations." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4715 +msgid "" +"With his partner, Sofya Polyakov, he began collecting symbols for a website " +"and writing a business plan. Inspiration came from the book Professor and " +"the Madman, which chronicles the use of crowdsourcing to create the Oxford " +"English Dictionary in 1870. Edward began to imagine crowdsourcing icons and " +"symbols from volunteer designers around the world." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4723 +msgid "" +"Then Edward got laid off during the recession, which turned out to be a huge " +"catalyst. He decided to give his idea a go, and in 2010 Edward and Sofya " +"launched the Noun Project with a Kickstarter campaign, back when Kickstarter " +"was in its infancy.1 They thought it’d be a good way to introduce the global " +"web community to their idea. Their goal was to raise \\$1,500, but in twenty " +"days they got over \\$14,000. They realized their idea had the potential to " +"be something much bigger." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4729 +msgid "" +"They created a platform where symbols and icons could be uploaded, and " +"Edward began recruiting talented designers to contribute their designs, a " +"process he describes as a relatively easy sell. Lots of designers have old " +"drawings just gathering “digital dust” on their hard drives. It’s easy to " +"convince them to finally share them with the world." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4737 +msgid "" +"The Noun Project currently has about seven thousand designers from around " +"the world. But not all submissions are accepted. The Noun Project’s " +"quality-review process means that only the best works become part of its " +"collection. They make sure to provide encouraging, constructive feedback " +"whenever they reject a piece of work, which maintains and builds the " +"relationship they have with their global community of designers." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4742 +msgid "" +"Creative Commons is an integral part of the Noun Project’s business model; " +"this decision was inspired by Chris Anderson’s book Free: The Future of " +"Radical Price, which introduced Edward to the idea that you could build a " +"business model around free content." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4754 +msgid "" +"Edward knew he wanted to offer a free visual language while still providing " +"some protection and reward for its contributors. There is a tension between " +"those two goals, but for Edward, Creative Commons licenses bring this " +"idealism and business opportunity together elegantly. He chose the " +"Attribution (CC BY) license, which means people can download the icons for " +"free and modify them and even use them commercially. The requirement to give " +"attribution to the original creator ensures that the creator can build a " +"reputation and get global recognition for their work. And if they simply " +"want to offer an icon that people can use without having to give credit, " +"they can use CC0 to put the work into the public domain." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4763 +msgid "" +"Noun Project’s business model and means of generating revenue have evolved " +"significantly over time. Their initial plan was to sell T-shirts with the " +"icons on it, which in retrospect Edward says was a horrible idea. They did " +"get a lot of email from people saying they loved the icons but asking if " +"they could pay a fee instead of giving attribution. Ad agencies (among " +"others) wanted to keep marketing and presentation materials clean and free " +"of attribution statements. For Edward, “That’s when our lightbulb went off.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4769 +msgid "" +"They asked their global network of designers whether they’d be open to " +"receiving modest remuneration instead of attribution. Designers saw it as a " +"win-win. The idea that you could offer your designs for free and have a " +"global audience and maybe even make some money was pretty exciting for most " +"designers." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4781 +msgid "" +"The Noun Project first adopted a model whereby using an icon without giving " +"attribution would cost \\$1.99 per icon. The model’s second iteration added " +"a subscription component, where there would be a monthly fee to access a " +"certain number of icons—ten, fifty, a hundred, or five hundred. However, " +"users didn’t like these hard-count options. They preferred to try out many " +"similar icons to see which worked best before eventually choosing the one " +"they wanted to use. So the Noun Project moved to an unlimited model, whereby " +"users have unlimited access to the whole library for a flat monthly " +"fee. This service is called NounPro and costs \\$9.99 per month. Edward says " +"this model is working well—good for customers, good for creators, and good " +"for the platform." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4792 +msgid "" +"Customers then began asking for an application-programming interface (API), " +"which would allow Noun Project icons and symbols to be directly accessed " +"from within other applications. Edward knew that the icons and symbols would " +"be valuable in a lot of different contexts and that they couldn’t possibly " +"know all of them in advance, so they built an API with a lot of " +"flexibility. Knowing that most API applications would want to use the icons " +"without giving attribution, the API was built with the aim of charging for " +"its use. You can use what’s called the “Playground API” for free to test how " +"it integrates with your application, but full implementation will require " +"you to purchase the API Pro version." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4796 +msgid "" +"The Noun Project shares revenue with its international designers. For " +"one-off purchases, the revenue is split 70 percent to the designer and 30 " +"percent to Noun Project." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4805 +msgid "" +"The revenue from premium purchases (the subscription and API options) is " +"split a little differently. At the end of each month, the total revenue from " +"subscriptions is divided by Noun Project’s total number of downloads, " +"resulting in a rate per download—for example, it could be \\$0.13 per " +"download for that month. For each download, the revenue is split 40 percent " +"to the designer and 60 percent to the Noun Project. (For API usage, it’s " +"per use instead of per download.) Noun Project’s share is higher this time " +"as it’s providing more service to the user." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4809 +msgid "" +"The Noun Project tries to be completely transparent about their royalty " +"structure.2 They tend to over communicate with creators about it because " +"building trust is the top" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4811 +msgid "priority." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4817 +msgid "" +"For most creators, contributing to the Noun Project is not a full-time job " +"but something they do on the side. Edward categorizes monthly earnings for " +"creators into three broad categories: enough money to buy beer; enough to " +"pay the bills; and most successful of all, enough to pay the rent." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4829 +msgid "" +"Recently the Noun Project launched a new app called Lingo. Designers can use " +"Lingo to organize not just their Noun Project icons and symbols but also " +"their photos, illustrations, UX designs, et cetera. You simply drag any " +"visual item directly into Lingo to save it. Lingo also works for teams so " +"people can share visuals with each other and search across their combined " +"collections. Lingo is free for personal use. A pro version for \\$9.99 per " +"month lets you add guests. A team version for \\$49.95 per month allows up " +"to twenty-five team members to collaborate, and to view, use, edit, and add " +"new assets to each other’s collections. And if you subscribe to NounPro, " +"you can access Noun Project from within Lingo." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4835 +msgid "" +"The Noun Project gives a ton of value away for free. A very large percentage " +"of their roughly one million members have a free account, but there are " +"still lots of paid accounts coming from digital designers, advertising and " +"design agencies, educators, and others who need to communicate ideas " +"visually." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4840 +msgid "" +"For Edward, “creating, sharing, and celebrating the world’s visual language” " +"is the most important aspect of what they do; it’s their stated mission. It " +"differentiates them from others who offer graphics, icons, or clip art." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4847 +msgid "" +"Noun Project creators agree. When surveyed on why they participate in the " +"Noun Project, this is how designers rank their reasons: 1) to support the " +"Noun Project mission, 2) to promote their own personal brand, and 3) to " +"generate money. It’s striking to see that money comes third, and mission, " +"first. If you want to engage a global network of contributors, it’s " +"important to have a mission beyond making money." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4852 +msgid "" +"In Edward’s view, Creative Commons is central to their mission of sharing " +"and social good. Using Creative Commons makes the Noun Project’s mission " +"genuine and has generated a lot of their initial traction and " +"credibility. CC comes with a built-in community of users and fans." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4860 +msgid "" +"Edward told us, “Don’t underestimate the power of a passionate community " +"around your product or your business. They are going to go to bat for you " +"when you’re getting ripped in the media. If you go down the road of choosing " +"to work with Creative Commons, you’re taking the first step to building a " +"great community and tapping into a really awesome community that comes with " +"it. But you need to continue to foster that community through other " +"initiatives and continue to nurture it.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4865 +msgid "" +"The Noun Project nurtures their creators’ second motivation—promoting a " +"personal brand—by connecting every icon and symbol to the creator’s name and " +"profile page; each profile features their full collection. Users can also " +"search the icons by the creator’s name." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4873 +msgid "" +"The Noun Project also builds community through Iconathons—hackathons for " +"icons.2 In partnership with a sponsoring organization, the Noun Project " +"comes up with a theme (e.g., sustainable energy, food bank, guerrilla " +"gardening, human rights) and a list of icons that are needed, which " +"designers are invited to create at the event. The results are vectorized, " +"and added to the Noun Project using CC0 so they can be used by anyone for " +"free." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4881 +msgid "" +"Providing a free version of their product that satisfies a lot of their " +"customers’ needs has actually enabled the Noun Project to build the paid " +"version, using a service-oriented model. The Noun Project’s success lies in " +"creating services and content that are a strategic mix of free and paid " +"while staying true to their mission—creating, sharing, and celebrating the " +"world’s visual language. Integrating Creative Commons into their model has " +"been key to that goal." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '1. ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4887 +msgid "www.kickstarter.com/projects/tnp/building-a-free-collection-of-our-worlds-visual-sy/description" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '2. ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4887 +msgid "thenounproject.com/handbook/royalties/\\#getting\\_paid" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '3. ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4887 +msgid "thenounproject.com/iconathon/" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4889 +msgid "Open Data Institute" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4893 +msgid "" +"The Open Data Institute is an independent nonprofit that connects, equips, " +"and inspires people around the world to innovate with data. Founded in 2012 " +"in the UK." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4895 +msgid "theodi.org" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4898 +msgid "" +"Revenue model: grant and government funding, charging for custom services, " +"donations" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4900 +msgid "Interview date: November 11, 2015" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4902 +msgid "Interviewee: Jeni Tennison, technical director" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4912 +msgid "" +"Cofounded by Sir Tim Berners-Lee and Sir Nigel Shadbolt in 2012, the " +"London-based Open Data Institute (ODI) offers data-related training, events, " +"consulting services, and research. For ODI, Creative Commons licenses are " +"central to making their own business model and their customers’ open. CC BY " +"(Attribution), CC BY-SA (Attribution-ShareAlike), and CC0 (placed in the " +"public domain) all play a critical role in ODI’s mission to help people " +"around the world innovate with data." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4922 +msgid "" +"Data underpins planning and decision making across all aspects of " +"society. Weather data helps farmers know when to plant their crops, flight " +"time data from airplane companies helps us plan our travel, data on local " +"housing informs city planning. When this data is not only accurate and " +"timely, but open and accessible, it opens up new possibilities. Open data " +"can be a resource businesses use to build new products and services. It can " +"help governments measure progress, improve efficiency, and target " +"investments. It can help citizens improve their lives by better " +"understanding what is happening around them." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4928 +msgid "" +"The Open Data Institute’s 2012–17 business plan starts out by describing its " +"vision to establish itself as a world-leading center and to research and be " +"innovative with the opportunities created by the UK government’s open data " +"policy. (The government was an early pioneer in open policy and open-data " +"initiatives.) It goes on to say that the ODI wants to—" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '- ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4935 +msgid "" +"demonstrate the commercial value of open government data and how open-data " +"policies affect this;" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '- ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4935 +msgid "develop the economic benefits case and business models for open data;" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '- ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4935 +msgid "help UK businesses use open data; and" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '- ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4935 +msgid "show how open data can improve public services.1" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4943 +msgid "" +"ODI is very explicit about how it wants to make open business models, and " +"defining what this means. Jeni Tennison, ODI’s technical director, puts it " +"this way: “There is a whole ecosystem of open—open-source software, open " +"government, open-access research—and a whole ecosystem of data. ODI’s work " +"cuts across both, with an emphasis on where they overlap—with open data.” " +"ODI’s particular focus is to show open data’s potential for revenue." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4949 +msgid "" +"As an independent nonprofit, ODI secured £10 million over five years from " +"the UK government via Innovate UK, an agency that promotes innovation in " +"science and technology. For this funding, ODI has to secure matching funds " +"from other sources, some of which were met through a \\$4.75-million " +"investment from the Omidyar Network." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4955 +msgid "" +"Jeni started out as a developer and technical architect for data.gov.uk, the " +"UK government’s pioneering open-data initiative. She helped make data sets " +"from government departments available as open data. She joined ODI in 2012 " +"when it was just starting up, as one of six people. It now has a staff of " +"about sixty." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4962 +msgid "" +"ODI strives to have half its annual budget come from the core UK government " +"and Omidyar grants, and the other half from project-based research and " +"commercial work. In Jeni’s view, having this balance of revenue sources " +"establishes some stability, but also keeps them motivated to go out and " +"generate these matching funds in response to market needs." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4965 +msgid "" +"On the commercial side, ODI generates funding through memberships, training, " +"and advisory services." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4976 +msgid "" +"You can join the ODI as an individual or commercial member. Individual " +"membership is pay-what-you-can, with options ranging from £1 to £100. " +"Members receive a newsletter and related communications and a discount on " +"ODI training courses and the annual summit, and they can display an " +"ODI-supporter badge on their website. Commercial membership is divided into " +"two tiers: small to medium size enterprises and nonprofits at £720 a year, " +"and corporations and government organizations at £2,200 a year. Commercial " +"members have greater opportunities to connect and collaborate, explore the " +"benefits of open data, and unlock new business opportunities. (All members " +"are listed on their website.)2" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4988 +msgid "" +"ODI provides standardized open data training courses in which anyone can " +"enroll. The initial idea was to offer an intensive and academically oriented " +"diploma in open data, but it quickly became clear there was no market for " +"that. Instead, they offered a five-day-long public training course, which " +"has subsequently been reduced to three days; now the most popular course is " +"one day long. The fee, in addition to the time commitment, can be a barrier " +"for participation. Jeni says, “Most of the people who would be able to pay " +"don’t know they need it. Most who know they need it can’t pay.” " +"Public-sector organizations sometimes give vouchers to their employees so " +"they can attend as a form of professional development." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4996 +msgid "" +"ODI customizes training for clients as well, for which there is more " +"demand. Custom training usually emerges through an established relationship " +"with an organization. The training program is based on a definition of " +"open-data knowledge as applicable to the organization and on the skills " +"needed by their high-level executives, management, and technical staff. The " +"training tends to generate high interest and commitment." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5003 +msgid "" +"Education about open data is also a part of ODI’s annual summit event, where " +"curated presentations and speakers showcase the work of ODI and its members " +"across the entire ecosystem. Tickets to the summit are available to the " +"public, and hundreds of people and organizations attend and participate. In " +"2014, there were four thematic tracks and over 750 attendees." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5010 +msgid "" +"In addition to memberships and training, ODI provides advisory services to " +"help with technical-data support, technology development, change management, " +"policies, and other areas. ODI has advised large commercial organizations, " +"small businesses, and international governments; the focus at the moment is " +"on government, but ODI is working to shift more toward commercial " +"organizations." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5013 +msgid "On the commercial side, the following value propositions seem to resonate:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '- ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5028 +msgid "" +"Data-driven insights. Businesses need data from outside their business to " +"get more insight. Businesses can generate value and more effectively pursue " +"their own goals if they open up their own data too. Big data is a hot topic." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '- ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5028 +msgid "" +"Open innovation. Many large-scale enterprises are aware they don’t innovate " +"very well. One way they can innovate is to open up their data. ODI " +"encourages them to do so even if it exposes problems and challenges. The key " +"is to invite other people to help while still maintaining organizational " +"autonomy." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '- ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5028 +msgid "" +"Corporate social responsibility. While this resonates with businesses, ODI " +"cautions against having it be the sole reason for making data open. If a " +"business is just thinking about open data as a way to be transparent and " +"accountable, they can miss out on efficiencies and opportunities." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5036 +msgid "" +"During their early years, ODI wanted to focus solely on the United " +"Kingdom. But in their first year, large delegations of government visitors " +"from over fifty countries wanted to learn more about the UK government’s " +"open-data practices and how ODI saw that translating into economic " +"value. They were contracted as a service provider to international " +"governments, which prompted a need to set up international ODI “nodes.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5046 +msgid "" +"Nodes are franchises of the ODI at a regional or city level. Hosted by " +"existing (for-profit or not-for-profit) organizations, they operate locally " +"but are part of the global network. Each ODI node adopts the charter, a set " +"of guiding principles and rules under which ODI operates. They develop and " +"deliver training, connect people and businesses through membership and " +"events, and communicate open-data stories from their part of the " +"world. There are twenty-seven different nodes across nineteen countries. ODI " +"nodes are charged a small fee to be part of the network and to use the " +"brand." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5050 +msgid "" +"ODI also runs programs to help start-ups in the UK and across Europe develop " +"a sustainable business around open data, offering mentoring, advice, " +"training, and even office space.3" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5058 +msgid "" +"A big part of ODI’s business model revolves around community building. " +"Memberships, training, summits, consulting services, nodes, and start-up " +"programs create an ever-growing network of open-data users and leaders. (In " +"fact, ODI even operates something called an Open Data Leaders Network.) For " +"ODI, community is key to success. They devote significant time and effort to " +"build it, not just online but through face-to-face events." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5064 +msgid "" +"ODI has created an online tool that organizations can use to assess the " +"legal, practical, technical, and social aspects of their open data. If it is " +"of high quality, the organization can earn ODI’s Open Data Certificate, a " +"globally recognized mark that signals that their open data is useful, " +"reliable, accessible, discoverable, and supported.4" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5069 +msgid "" +"Separate from commercial activities, the ODI generates funding through " +"research grants. Research includes looking at evidence on the impact of open " +"data, development of open-data tools and standards, and how to deploy open " +"data at scale." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5074 +msgid "" +"Creative Commons 4.0 licenses cover database rights and ODI recommends CC " +"BY, CC BY-SA, and CC0 for data releases. ODI encourages publishers of data " +"to use Creative Commons licenses rather than creating new “open licenses” of " +"their own." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5090 +msgid "" +"For ODI, open is at the heart of what they do. They also release any " +"software code they produce under open-source-software licenses, and " +"publications and reports under CC BY or CC BY-SA licenses. ODI’s mission is " +"to connect and equip people around the world so they can innovate with " +"data. Disseminating stories, research, guidance, and code under an open " +"license is essential for achieving that mission. It also demonstrates that " +"it is perfectly possible to generate sustainable revenue streams that do not " +"rely on restrictive licensing of content, data, or code. People pay to have " +"ODI experts provide training to them, not for the content of the training; " +"people pay for the advice ODI gives them, not for the methodologies they " +"use. Producing open content, data, and source code helps establish " +"credibility and creates leads for the paid services that they " +"offer. According to Jeni, “The biggest lesson we have learned is that it is " +"completely possible to be open, get customers, and make money.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5094 +msgid "" +"To serve as evidence of a successful open business model and return on " +"investment, ODI has a public dashboard of key performance indicators. Here " +"are a few metrics as of April 27, 2016:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '- ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5106 +msgid "" +"Total amount of cash investments unlocked in direct investments in ODI, " +"competition funding, direct contracts, and partnerships, and income that ODI " +"nodes and ODI start-ups have generated since joining the ODI program: £44.5 " +"million" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '- ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5106 +msgid "Total number of active members and nodes across the globe: 1,350" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '- ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5106 +msgid "Total sales since ODI began: £7.44 million" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '- ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5106 +msgid "" +"Total number of unique people reached since ODI began, in person and online: " +"2.2 million" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '- ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5106 +msgid "Total Open Data Certificates created: 151,000" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '- ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5106 +msgid "Total number of people trained by ODI and its nodes since ODI began: 5,0805" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '1. ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5115 +msgid "e642e8368e3bf8d5526e-464b4b70b4554c1a79566214d402739e.r6.cf3.rackcdn.com/odi-business-plan-may-release.pdf" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '2. ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5115 +msgid "directory.theodi.org/members" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '3. ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5115 +msgid "theodi.org/odi-startup-programme; theodi.org/open-data-incubator-for-europe" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '4. ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5115 +msgid "certificates.theodi.org" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '5. ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5115 +msgid "dashboards.theodi.org/company/all" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5117 +msgid "OpenDesk" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5121 +msgid "" +"Opendesk is a for-profit company offering an online platform that connects " +"furniture designers around the world with customers and local makers who " +"bring the designs to life. Founded in 2014 in the UK." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5123 +msgid "www.opendesk.cc" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5125 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7080 +msgid "Revenue model: charging a transaction fee" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5127 +msgid "Interview date: November 4, 2015" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5129 +msgid "Interviewees: Nick Ierodiaconou and Joni Steiner, cofounders" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5136 +msgid "" +"Opendesk is an online platform that connects furniture designers around the " +"world not just with customers but also with local registered makers who " +"bring the designs to life. Opendesk and the designer receive a portion of " +"every sale that is made by a maker." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5151 +msgid "" +"Cofounders Nick Ierodiaconou and Joni Steiner studied and worked as " +"architects together. They also made goods. Their first client was Mint " +"Digital, who had an interest in open licensing. Nick and Joni were exploring " +"digital fabrication, and Mint’s interest in open licensing got them to " +"thinking how the open-source world may interact and apply to physical " +"goods. They sought to design something for their client that was also " +"reproducible. As they put it, they decided to “ship the recipe, but not the " +"goods.” They created the design using software, put it under an open " +"license, and had it manufactured locally near the client. This was the start " +"of the idea for Opendesk. The idea for Wikihouse—another open project " +"dedicated to accessible housing for all—started as discussions around the " +"same table. The two projects ultimately went on separate paths, with " +"Wikihouse becoming a nonprofit foundation and Opendesk a for-profit company." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5157 +msgid "" +"When Nick and Joni set out to create Opendesk, there were a lot of questions " +"about the viability of distributed manufacturing. No one was doing it in a " +"way that was even close to realistic or competitive. The design community " +"had the intent, but fulfilling this vision was still a long way away." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5167 +msgid "" +"And now this sector is emerging, and Nick and Joni are highly interested in " +"the commercialization aspects of it. As part of coming up with a business " +"model, they began investigating intellectual property and licensing " +"options. It was a thorny space, especially for designs. Just what aspect of " +"a design is copyrightable? What is patentable? How can allowing for digital " +"sharing and distribution be balanced against the designer’s desire to still " +"hold ownership? In the end, they decided there was no need to reinvent the " +"wheel and settled on using Creative Commons." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5173 +msgid "" +"When designing the Opendesk system, they had two goals. They wanted anyone, " +"anywhere in the world, to be able to download designs so that they could be " +"made locally, and they wanted a viable model that benefited designers when " +"their designs were sold. Coming up with a business model was going to be " +"complex." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5177 +msgid "" +"They gave a lot of thought to three angles—the potential for social sharing, " +"allowing designers to choose their license, and the impact these choices " +"would have on the business model." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5183 +msgid "" +"In support of social sharing, Opendesk actively advocates for (but doesn’t " +"demand) open licensing. And Nick and Joni are agnostic about which Creative " +"Commons license is used; it’s up to the designer. They can be proprietary or " +"choose from the full suite of Creative Commons licenses, deciding for " +"themselves how open or closed they want to be." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5188 +msgid "" +"For the most part, designers love the idea of sharing content. They " +"understand that you get positive feedback when you’re attributed, what Nick " +"and Joni called “reputational glow.” And Opendesk does an awesome job " +"profiling the designers.1" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5193 +msgid "" +"While designers are largely OK with personal sharing, there is a concern " +"that someone will take the design and manufacture the furniture in bulk, " +"with the designer not getting any benefits. So most Opendesk designers " +"choose the Attribution-NonCommercial license (CC BY-NC)." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5202 +msgid "" +"Anyone can download a design and make it themselves, provided it’s for " +"noncommercial use — and there have been many, many downloads. Or users can " +"buy the product from Opendesk, or from a registered maker in Opendesk’s " +"network, for on-demand personal fabrication. The network of Opendesk makers " +"currently is made up of those who do digital fabrication using a " +"computer-controlled CNC (Computer Numeric Control) machining device that " +"cuts shapes out of wooden sheets according to the specifications in the " +"design file." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5210 +msgid "" +"Makers benefit from being part of Opendesk’s network. Making furniture for " +"local customers is paid work, and Opendesk generates business for them. Joni " +"said, “Finding a whole network and community of makers was pretty easy " +"because we built a site where people could write in about their " +"capabilities. Building the community by learning from the maker community is " +"how we have moved forward.” Opendesk now has relationships with hundreds of " +"makers in countries all around the world.2" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5214 +msgid "" +"The makers are a critical part of the Opendesk business model. Their model " +"builds off the makers’ quotes. Here’s how it’s expressed on Opendesk’s " +"website:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5217 +msgid "" +"When customers buy an Opendesk product directly from a registered maker, " +"they pay:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '- ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5239 +msgid "" +"the manufacturing cost as set by the maker (this covers material and labour " +"costs for the product to be manufactured and any extra assembly costs " +"charged by the maker)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '- ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5239 +msgid "" +"a design fee for the designer (a design fee that is paid to the designer " +"every time their design is used)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '- ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5239 +msgid "" +"a percentage fee to the Opendesk platform (this supports the infrastructure " +"and ongoing development of the platform that helps us build out our " +"marketplace)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '- ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5239 +msgid "" +"a percentage fee to the channel through which the sale is made (at the " +"moment this is Opendesk, but in the future we aim to open this up to " +"third-party sellers who can sell Opendesk products through their own " +"channels—this covers sales and marketing fees for the relevant channel)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '- ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5239 +msgid "" +"a local delivery service charge (the delivery is typically charged by the " +"maker, but in some cases may be paid to a third-party delivery partner)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '- ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5239 +msgid "" +"charges for any additional services the customer chooses, such as on-site " +"assembly (additional services are discretionary—in many cases makers will be " +"happy to quote for assembly on-site and designers may offer bespoke design " +"options)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '- ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5239 +msgid "local sales taxes (variable by customer and maker location)3" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5241 +msgid "They then go into detail how makers’ quotes are created:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5250 +msgid "" +"When a customer wants to buy an Opendesk . . . they are provided with a " +"transparent breakdown of fees including the manufacturing cost, design fee, " +"Opendesk platform fee and channel fees. If a customer opts to buy by getting " +"in touch directly with a registered local maker using a downloaded Opendesk " +"file, the maker is responsible for ensuring the design fee, Opendesk " +"platform fee and channel fees are included in any quote at the time of " +"sale. Percentage fees are always based on the underlying manufacturing cost " +"and are typically apportioned as follows:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '- ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5258 +msgid "" +"manufacturing cost: fabrication, finishing and any other costs as set by the " +"maker (excluding any services like delivery or on-site assembly)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '- ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5258 +msgid "design fee: 8 percent of the manufacturing cost" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '- ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5258 +msgid "platform fee: 12 percent of the manufacturing cost" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '- ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5258 +msgid "channel fee: 18 percent of the manufacturing cost" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '- ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5258 +msgid "sales tax: as applicable (depends on product and location)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5263 +msgid "" +"Opendesk shares revenue with their community of designers. According to Nick " +"and Joni, a typical designer fee is around 2.5 percent, so Opendesk’s 8 " +"percent is more generous, and providing a higher value to the designer." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5270 +msgid "" +"The Opendesk website features stories of designers and makers. Denis Fuzii " +"published the design for the Valovi Chair from his studio in São Paulo. His " +"designs have been downloaded over five thousand times in ninety-five " +"countries. I.J. CNC Services is Ian Jinks, a professional maker based in the " +"United Kingdom. Opendesk now makes up a large proportion of his business." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5278 +msgid "" +"To manage resources and remain effective, Opendesk has so far focused on a " +"very narrow niche—primarily office furniture of a certain simple aesthetic, " +"which uses only one type of material and one manufacturing technique. This " +"allows them to be more strategic and more disruptive in the market, by " +"getting things to market quickly with competitive prices. It also reflects " +"their vision of creating reproducible and functional pieces." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5284 +msgid "" +"On their website, Opendesk describes what they do as “open making”: " +"“Designers get a global distribution channel. Makers get profitable jobs and " +"new customers. You get designer products without the designer price tag, a " +"more social, eco-friendly alternative to mass-production and an affordable " +"way to buy custom-made products.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5290 +msgid "" +"Nick and Joni say that customers like the fact that the furniture has a " +"known provenance. People really like that their furniture was designed by a " +"certain international designer but was made by a maker in their local " +"community; it’s a great story to tell. It certainly sets apart Opendesk " +"furniture from the usual mass-produced items from a store." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5298 +msgid "" +"Nick and Joni are taking a community-based approach to define and evolve " +"Opendesk and the “open making” business model. They’re engaging thought " +"leaders and practitioners to define this new movement. They have a separate " +"Open Making site, which includes a manifesto, a field guide, and an " +"invitation to get involved in the Open Making community.4 People can submit " +"ideas and discuss the principles and business practices they’d like to see " +"used." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5304 +msgid "" +"Nick and Joni talked a lot with us about intellectual property (IP) and " +"commercialization. Many of their designers fear the idea that someone could " +"take one of their design files and make and sell infinite number of pieces " +"of furniture with it. As a consequence, most Opendesk designers choose the " +"Attribution-NonCommercial license (CC BY-NC)." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5307 +msgid "" +"Opendesk established a set of principles for what their community considers " +"commercial and noncommercial use. Their website states:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5309 +msgid "It is unambiguously commercial use when anyone:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '- ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5312 +msgid "charges a fee or makes a profit when making an Opendesk" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '- ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5312 +msgid "sells (or bases a commercial service on) an Opendesk" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5316 +msgid "" +"It follows from this that noncommercial use is when you make an Opendesk " +"yourself, with no intention to gain commercial advantage or monetary " +"compensation. For example, these qualify as noncommercial:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '- ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5325 +msgid "" +"you are an individual with your own CNC machine, or access to a shared CNC " +"machine, and will personally cut and make a few pieces of furniture yourself" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '- ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5325 +msgid "" +"you are a student (or teacher) and you use the design files for educational " +"purposes or training (and do not intend to sell the resulting pieces)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '- ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5325 +msgid "" +"you work for a charity and get furniture cut by volunteers, or by employees " +"at a fab lab or maker space" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5334 +msgid "" +"Whether or not people technically are doing things that implicate IP, Nick " +"and Joni have found that people tend to comply with the wishes of creators " +"out of a sense of fairness. They have found that behavioral economics can " +"replace some of the thorny legal issues. In their business model, Nick and " +"Joni are trying to suspend the focus on IP and build an open business model " +"that works for all stakeholders—designers, channels, manufacturers, and " +"customers. For them, the value Opendesk generates hangs off “open,” not IP." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5340 +msgid "" +"The mission of Opendesk is about relocalizing manufacturing, which changes " +"the way we think about how goods are made. Commercialization is integral to " +"their mission, and they’ve begun to focus on success metrics that track how " +"many makers and designers are engaged through Opendesk in revenue-making " +"work." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5345 +msgid "" +"As a global platform for local making, Opendesk’s business model has been " +"built on honesty, transparency, and inclusivity. As Nick and Joni describe " +"it, they put ideas out there that get traction and then have faith in " +"people." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '1. ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5352 +msgid "www.opendesk.cc/designers" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '2. ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5352 +msgid "www.opendesk.cc/open-making/makers/" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '3. ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5352 +msgid "www.opendesk.cc/open-making/join" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '4. ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5352 +msgid "openmaking.is" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5354 +msgid "OpenStax" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5358 +msgid "" +"OpenStax is a nonprofit that provides free, openly licensed textbooks for " +"high-enrollment introductory college courses and Advanced Placement " +"courses. Founded in 2012 in the U.S." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5360 +msgid "www.openstaxcollege.org" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5363 +msgid "" +"Revenue model: grant funding, charging for custom services, charging for " +"physical copies (textbook sales)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5365 +msgid "Interview date: December 16, 2015" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5367 +msgid "Interviewee: David Harris, editor-in-chief" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5380 +msgid "" +"OpenStax is an extension of a program called Connexions, which was started " +"in 1999 by Dr. Richard Baraniuk, the Victor E. Cameron Professor of " +"Electrical and Computer Engineering at Rice University in Houston, " +"Texas. Frustrated by the limitations of traditional textbooks and courses, " +"Dr. Baraniuk wanted to provide authors and learners a way to share and " +"freely adapt educational materials such as courses, books, and " +"reports. Today, Connexions (now called OpenStax CNX) is one of the world’s " +"best libraries of customizable educational materials, all licensed with " +"Creative Commons and available to anyone, anywhere, anytime—for free." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5389 +msgid "" +"In 2008, while in a senior leadership role at WebAssign and looking at ways " +"to reduce the risk that came with relying on publishers, David Harris began " +"investigating open educational resources (OER) and discovered Connexions. A " +"year and a half later, Connexions received a grant to help grow the use of " +"OER so that it could meet the needs of students who couldn’t afford " +"textbooks. David came on board to spearhead this effort. Connexions became " +"OpenStax CNX; the program to create open textbooks became OpenStax College, " +"now simply called OpenStax." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5399 +msgid "" +"David brought with him a deep understanding of the best practices of " +"publishing along with where publishers have inefficiencies. In David’s view, " +"peer review and high standards for quality are critically important if you " +"want to scale easily. Books have to have logical scope and sequence, they " +"have to exist as a whole and not in pieces, and they have to be easy to " +"find. The working hypothesis for the launch of OpenStax was to " +"professionally produce a turnkey textbook by investing effort up front, with " +"the expectation that this would lead to rapid growth through easy downstream " +"adoptions by faculty and students." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5408 +msgid "" +"In 2012, OpenStax College launched as a nonprofit with the aim of producing " +"high-quality, peer-reviewed full-color textbooks that would be available for " +"free for the twenty-five most heavily attended college courses in the " +"nation. Today they are fast approaching that number. There is data that " +"proves the success of their original hypothesis on how many students they " +"could help and how much money they could help save.1 Professionally produced " +"content scales rapidly. All with no sales force!" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5416 +msgid "" +"OpenStax textbooks are all Attribution (CC BY) licensed, and each textbook " +"is available as a PDF, an e-book, or web pages. Those who want a physical " +"copy can buy one for an affordable price. Given the cost of education and " +"student debt in North America, free or very low-cost textbooks are very " +"appealing. OpenStax encourages students to talk to their professor and " +"librarians about these textbooks and to advocate for their use." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5423 +msgid "" +"Teachers are invited to try out a single chapter from one of the textbooks " +"with students. If that goes well, they’re encouraged to adopt the entire " +"book. They can simply paste a URL into their course syllabus, for free and " +"unlimited access. And with the CC BY license, teachers are free to delete " +"chapters, make changes, and customize any book to fit their needs." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5428 +msgid "" +"Any teacher can post corrections, suggest examples for difficult concepts, " +"or volunteer as an editor or author. As many teachers also want supplemental " +"material to accompany a textbook, OpenStax also provides slide " +"presentations, test banks, answer keys, and so on." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5433 +msgid "" +"Institutions can stand out by offering students a lower-cost education " +"through the use of OpenStax textbooks; there’s even a textbook-savings " +"calculator they can use to see how much students would save. OpenStax keeps " +"a running list of institutions that have adopted their textbooks.2" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5438 +msgid "" +"Unlike traditional publishers’ monolithic approach of controlling " +"intellectual property, distribution, and so many other aspects, OpenStax has " +"adopted a model that embraces open licensing and relies on an extensive " +"network of partners." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5447 +msgid "" +"Up-front funding of a professionally produced all-color turnkey textbook is " +"expensive. For this part of their model, OpenStax relies on " +"philanthropy. They have initially been funded by the William and Flora " +"Hewlett Foundation, the Laura and John Arnold Foundation, the Bill and " +"Melinda Gates Foundation, the 20 Million Minds Foundation, the Maxfield " +"Foundation, the Calvin K. Kazanjian Foundation, and Rice University. To " +"develop additional titles and supporting technology is probably still going " +"to require philanthropic investment." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5456 +msgid "" +"However, ongoing operations will not rely on foundation grants but instead " +"on funds received through an ecosystem of over forty partners, whereby a " +"partner takes core content from OpenStax and adds features that it can " +"create revenue from. For example, WebAssign, an online homework and " +"assessment tool, takes the physics book and adds algorithmically generated " +"physics problems, with problem-specific feedback, detailed solutions, and " +"tutorial support. WebAssign resources are available to students for a fee." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5464 +msgid "" +"Another example is Odigia, who has turned OpenStax books into interactive " +"learning experiences and created additional tools to measure and promote " +"student engagement. Odigia licenses its learning platform to " +"institutions. Partners like Odigia and WebAssign give a percentage of the " +"revenue they earn back to OpenStax, as mission-support fees. OpenStax has " +"already published revisions of their titles, such as Introduction to " +"Sociology 2e, using these funds." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5474 +msgid "" +"In David’s view, this approach lets the market operate at peak " +"efficiency. OpenStax’s partners don’t have to worry about developing " +"textbook content, freeing them up from those development costs and letting " +"them focus on what they do best. With OpenStax textbooks available at no " +"cost, they can provide their services at a lower cost—not free, but still " +"saving students money. OpenStax benefits not only by receiving " +"mission-support fees but through free publicity and marketing. OpenStax " +"doesn’t have a sales force; partners are out there showcasing their " +"materials." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5480 +msgid "" +"OpenStax’s cost of sales to acquire a single student is very, very low and " +"is a fraction of what traditional players in the market face. This year, " +"Tyton Partners is actually evaluating the costs of sales for an OER effort " +"like OpenStax in comparison with incumbents. David looks forward to sharing " +"these findings with the community." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5489 +msgid "" +"While OpenStax books are available online for free, many students still want " +"a print copy. Through a partnership with a print and courier company, " +"OpenStax offers a complete solution that scales. OpenStax sells tens of " +"thousands of print books. The price of an OpenStax sociology textbook is " +"about twenty-eight dollars, a fraction of what sociology textbooks usually " +"cost. OpenStax keeps the prices low but does aim to earn a small margin on " +"each book sold, which also contributes to ongoing operations." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5500 +msgid "" +"Campus-based bookstores are part of the OpenStax solution. OpenStax " +"collaborates with NACSCORP (the National Association of College Stores " +"Corporation) to provide print versions of their textbooks in the stores. " +"While the overall cost of the textbook is significantly less than a " +"traditional textbook, bookstores can still make a profit on sales. " +"Sometimes students take the savings they have from the lower-priced book and " +"use it to buy other things in the bookstore. And OpenStax is trying to break " +"the expensive behavior of excessive returns by having a no-returns " +"policy. This is working well, since the sell-through of their print titles " +"is virtually a hundred percent." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5507 +msgid "" +"David thinks of the OpenStax model as “OER 2.0.” So what is OER 1.0? " +"Historically in the OER field, many OER initiatives have been locally funded " +"by institutions or government ministries. In David’s view, this results in " +"content that has high local value but is infrequently adopted " +"nationally. It’s therefore difficult to show payback over a time scale that " +"is reasonable." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5518 +msgid "" +"OER 2.0 is about OER intended to be used and adopted on a national level " +"right from the start. This requires a bigger investment up front but pays " +"off through wide geographic adoption. The OER 2.0 process for OpenStax " +"involves two development models. The first is what David calls the " +"acquisition model, where OpenStax purchases the rights from a publisher or " +"author for an already published book and then extensively revises it. The " +"OpenStax physics textbook, for example, was licensed from an author after " +"the publisher released the rights back to the authors. The second model is " +"to develop a book from scratch, a good example being their biology book." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5533 +msgid "" +"The process is similar for both models. First they look at the scope and " +"sequence of existing textbooks. They ask questions like what does the " +"customer need? Where are students having challenges? Then they identify " +"potential authors and put them through a rigorous evaluation—only one in ten " +"authors make it through. OpenStax selects a team of authors who come " +"together to develop a template for a chapter and collectively write the " +"first draft (or revise it, in the acquisitions model). (OpenStax doesn’t do " +"books with just a single author as David says it risks the project going " +"longer than scheduled.) The draft is peer-reviewed with no less than three " +"reviewers per chapter. A second draft is generated, with artists producing " +"illustrations and visuals to go along with the text. The book is then " +"copyedited to ensure grammatical correctness and a singular voice. Finally, " +"it goes into production and through a final proofread. The whole process is " +"very time-consuming." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5542 +msgid "" +"All the people involved in this process are paid. OpenStax does not rely on " +"volunteers. Writers, reviewers, illustrators, and editors are all paid an " +"up-front fee—OpenStax does not use a royalty model. A best-selling author " +"might make more money under the traditional publishing model, but that is " +"only maybe 5 percent of all authors. From David’s perspective, 95 percent of " +"all authors do better under the OER 2.0 model, as there is no risk to them " +"and they earn all the money up front." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5550 +msgid "" +"David thinks of the Attribution license (CC BY) as the “innovation license.” " +"It’s core to the mission of OpenStax, letting people use their textbooks in " +"innovative ways without having to ask for permission. It frees up the whole " +"market and has been central to OpenStax being able to bring on " +"partners. OpenStax sees a lot of customization of their materials. By " +"enabling frictionless remixing, CC BY gives teachers control and academic " +"freedom." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5559 +msgid "" +"Using CC BY is also a good example of using strategies that traditional " +"publishers can’t. Traditional publishers rely on copyright to prevent others " +"from making copies and heavily invest in digital rights management to ensure " +"their books aren’t shared. By using CC BY, OpenStax avoids having to deal " +"with digital rights management and its costs. OpenStax books can be copied " +"and shared over and over again. CC BY changes the rules of engagement and " +"takes advantage of traditional market inefficiencies." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5562 +msgid "" +"As of September 16, 2016, OpenStax has achieved some impressive results. " +"From the OpenStax at a Glance fact sheet from their recent press kit:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '- ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5571 +msgid "Books published: 23" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '- ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5571 +msgid "Students who have used OpenStax: 1.6 million" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '- ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5571 +msgid "Money saved for students: \\$155 million" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '- ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5571 +msgid "Money saved for students in the 2016/17 academic year: \\$77 million" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '- ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5571 +msgid "" +"Schools that have used OpenStax: 2,668 (This number reflects all " +"institutions using at least one OpenStax textbook. Out of 2,668 schools, 517 " +"are two-year colleges, 835 four-year colleges and universities, and 344 " +"colleges and universities outside the U.S.)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5576 +msgid "" +"While OpenStax has to date been focused on the United States, there is " +"overseas adoption especially in the science, technology, engineering, and " +"math (STEM) fields. Large scale adoption in the United States is seen as a " +"necessary precursor to international interest." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5582 +msgid "" +"OpenStax has primarily focused on introductory-level college courses where " +"there is high enrollment, but they are starting to think about verticals—a " +"broad offering for a specific group or need. David thinks it would be " +"terrific if OpenStax could provide access to free textbooks through the " +"entire curriculum of a nursing degree, for example." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5592 +msgid "" +"Finally, for OpenStax success is not just about the adoption of their " +"textbooks and student savings. There is a human aspect to the work that is " +"hard to quantify but incredibly important. They get emails from students " +"saying how OpenStax saved them from making difficult choices like buying " +"food or a textbook. OpenStax would also like to assess the impact their " +"books have on learning efficiency, persistence, and completion. By building " +"an open business model based on Creative Commons, OpenStax is making it " +"possible for every student who wants access to education to get it." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '1. ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5597 +msgid "news.rice.edu/files/2016/01/0119-OPENSTAX-2016Infographic-lg-1tahxiu.jpg" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '2. ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5597 +msgid "openstax.org/adopters" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5599 +msgid "Amanda Palmer" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5601 +msgid "Amanda Palmer is a musician, artist, and writer. Based in the U.S." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5603 +msgid "amandapalmer.net" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5607 +msgid "" +"Revenue model: crowdfunding (subscription-based), pay-what-you-want, " +"charging for physical copies (book and album sales), charg-ing for in-person " +"version (performances), selling merchandise" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5609 +msgid "Interview date: December 15, 2015" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5615 +msgid "" +"Since the beginning of her career, Amanda Palmer has been on what she calls " +"a “journey with no roadmap,” continually experimenting to find new ways to " +"sustain her creative work. 1" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5621 +msgid "" +"In her best-selling book, The Art of Asking, Amanda articulates exactly what " +"she has been and continues to strive for—“the ideal sweet spot . . . in " +"which the artist can share freely and directly feel the reverberations of " +"their artistic gifts to the community, and make a living doing that.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5628 +msgid "" +"While she seems to have successfully found that sweet spot for herself, " +"Amanda is the first to acknowledge there is no silver bullet. She thinks the " +"digital age is both an exciting and frustrating time for creators. “On the " +"one hand, we have this beautiful shareability,” Amanda said. “On the other, " +"you’ve got a bunch of confused artists wondering how to make money to buy " +"food so we can make more art.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5640 +msgid "" +"Amanda began her artistic career as a street performer. She would dress up " +"in an antique wedding gown, paint her face white, stand on a stack of milk " +"crates, and hand out flowers to strangers as part of a silent dramatic " +"performance. She collected money in a hat. Most people walked by her without " +"stopping, but an essential few stopped to watch and drop some money into her " +"hat to show their appreciation. Rather than dwelling on the majority of " +"people who ignored her, she felt thankful for those who stopped. “All I " +"needed was . . . some people,” she wrote in her book. “Enough people. Enough " +"to make it worth coming back the next day, enough people to help me make " +"rent and put food on the table. Enough so I could keep making art.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5649 +msgid "" +"Amanda has come a long way from her street-performing days, but her career " +"remains dominated by that same sentiment—finding ways to reach “her crowd” " +"and feeling gratitude when she does. With her band the Dresden Dolls, Amanda " +"tried the traditional path of signing with a record label. It didn’t take " +"for a variety of reasons, but one of them was that the label had absolutely " +"no interest in Amanda’s view of success. They wanted hits, but making music " +"for the masses was never what Amanda and the Dresden Dolls set out to do." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5659 +msgid "" +"After leaving the record label in 2008, she began experimenting with " +"different ways to make a living. She released music directly to the public " +"without involving a middle man, releasing digital files on a “pay what you " +"want” basis and selling CDs and vinyl. She also made money from live " +"performances and merchandise sales. Eventually, in 2012 she decided to try " +"her hand at the sort of crowdfunding we know so well today. Her Kickstarter " +"project started with a goal of \\$100,000, and she made \\$1.2 million. It " +"remains one of the most successful Kickstarter projects of all time." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5669 +msgid "" +"Today, Amanda has switched gears away from crowdfunding for specific " +"projects to instead getting consistent financial support from her fan base " +"on Patreon, a crowdfunding site that allows artists to get recurring " +"donations from fans. More than eight thousand people have signed up to " +"support her so she can create music, art, and any other creative “thing” " +"that she is inspired to make. The recurring pledges are made on a “per " +"thing” basis. All of the content she makes is made freely available under an " +"Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license (CC BY-NC-SA)." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5684 +msgid "" +"Making her music and art available under Creative Commons licensing " +"undoubtedly limits her options for how she makes a living. But sharing her " +"work has been part of her model since the beginning of her career, even " +"before she discovered Creative Commons. Amanda says the Dresden Dolls used " +"to get ten emails per week from fans asking if they could use their music " +"for different projects. They said yes to all of the requests, as long as it " +"wasn’t for a completely for-profit venture. At the time, they used a " +"short-form agreement written by Amanda herself. “I made everyone sign that " +"contract so at least I wouldn’t be leaving the band vulnerable to someone " +"later going on and putting our music in a Camel cigarette ad,” Amanda " +"said. Once she discovered Creative Commons, adopting the licenses was an " +"easy decision because it gave them a more formal, standardized way of doing " +"what they had been doing all along. The NonCommercial licenses were a " +"natural fit." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5691 +msgid "" +"Amanda embraces the way her fans share and build upon her music. In The Art " +"of Asking, she wrote that some of her fans’ unofficial videos using her " +"music surpass the official videos in number of views on YouTube. Rather " +"than seeing this sort of thing as competition, Amanda celebrates it. “We got " +"into this because we wanted to share the joy of music,” she said." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5699 +msgid "" +"This is symbolic of how nearly everything she does in her career is " +"motivated by a desire to connect with her fans. At the start of her career, " +"she and the band would throw concerts at house parties. As the gatherings " +"grew, the line between fans and friends was completely blurred. “Not only " +"did most our early fans know where I lived and where we practiced, but most " +"of them had also been in my kitchen,” Amanda wrote in The Art of Asking." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5709 +msgid "" +"Even though her fan base is now huge and global, she continues to seek this " +"sort of human connection with her fans. She seeks out face-to-face contact " +"with her fans every chance she can get. Her hugely successful Kickstarter " +"featured fifty concerts at house parties for backers. She spends hours in " +"the signing line after shows. It helps that Amanda has the kind of dynamic, " +"engaging personality that instantly draws people to her, but a big component " +"of her ability to connect with people is her willingness to " +"listen. “Listening fast and caring immediately is a skill unto itself,” " +"Amanda wrote." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5718 +msgid "" +"Another part of the connection fans feel with Amanda is how much they know " +"about her life. Rather than trying to craft a public persona or image, she " +"essentially lives her life as an open book. She has written openly about " +"incredibly personal events in her life, and she isn’t afraid to be " +"vulnerable. Having that kind of trust in her fans—the trust it takes to be " +"truly honest—begets trust from her fans in return. When she meets fans for " +"the first time after a show, they can legitimately feel like they know her." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5725 +msgid "" +"“With social media, we’re so concerned with the picture looking palatable " +"and consumable that we forget that being human and showing the flaws and " +"exposing the vulnerability actually create a deeper connection than just " +"looking fantastic,” Amanda said. “Everything in our culture is telling us " +"otherwise. But my experience has shown me that the risk of making yourself " +"vulnerable is almost always worth it.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5733 +msgid "" +"Not only does she disclose intimate details of her life to them, she sleeps " +"on their couches, listens to their stories, cries with them. In short, she " +"treats her fans like friends in nearly every possible way, even when they " +"are complete strangers. This mentality—that fans are friends—is completely " +"intertwined with Amanda’s success as an artist. It is also intertwined with " +"her use of Creative Commons licenses. Because that is what you do with your " +"friends—you share." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5741 +msgid "" +"After years of investing time and energy into building trust with her fans, " +"she has a strong enough relationship with them to ask for support—through " +"pay-what-you-want donations, Kickstarter, Patreon, or even asking them to " +"lend a hand at a concert. As Amanda explains it, crowdfunding (which is " +"really what all of these different things are) is about asking for support " +"from people who know and trust you. People who feel personally invested in " +"your success." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5748 +msgid "" +"“When you openly, radically trust people, they not only take care of you, " +"they become your allies, your family,” she wrote. There really is a feeling " +"of solidarity within her core fan base. From the beginning, Amanda and her " +"band encouraged people to dress up for their shows. They consciously " +"cultivated a feeling of belonging to their “weird little family.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5756 +msgid "" +"This sort of intimacy with fans is not possible or even desirable for every " +"creator. “I don’t take for granted that I happen to be the type of person " +"who loves cavorting with strangers,” Amanda said. “I recognize that it’s not " +"necessarily everyone’s idea of a good time. Everyone does it " +"differently. Replicating what I have done won’t work for others if it isn’t " +"joyful to them. It’s about finding a way to channel energy in a way that is " +"joyful to you.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5767 +msgid "" +"Yet while Amanda joyfully interacts with her fans and involves them in her " +"work as much as possible, she does keep one job primarily to herself—writing " +"the music. She loves the creativity with which her fans use and adapt her " +"work, but she intentionally does not involve them at the first stage of " +"creating her artistic work. And, of course, the songs and music are what " +"initially draw people to Amanda Palmer. It is only once she has connected to " +"people through her music that she can then begin to build ties with them on " +"a more personal level, both in person and online. In her book, Amanda " +"describes it as casting a net. It starts with the art and then the bond " +"strengthens with human connection." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5775 +msgid "" +"For Amanda, the entire point of being an artist is to establish and maintain " +"this connection. “It sounds so corny,” she said, “but my experience in forty " +"years on this planet has pointed me to an obvious truth—that connection with " +"human beings feels so much better and more fulfilling than approaching art " +"through a capitalist lens. There is no more satisfying end goal than having " +"someone tell you that what you do is genuinely of value to them.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5783 +msgid "" +"As she explains it, when a fan gives her a ten-dollar bill, usually what " +"they are saying is that the money symbolizes some deeper value the music " +"provided them. For Amanda, art is not just a product; it’s a " +"relationship. Viewed from this lens, what Amanda does today is not that " +"different from what she did as a young street performer. She shares her " +"music and other artistic gifts. She shares herself. And then rather than " +"forcing people to help her, she lets them." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '1. ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5787 +msgid "http://www.forbes.com/sites/zackomalleygreenburg/2015/04/16/amanda-palmer-uncut-the-kickstarter-queen-on-spotify-patreon-and-taylor-swift/\\#44e20ce46d67" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5789 +msgid "PLOS" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5791 +msgid "(Public Library of Science)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5795 +msgid "" +"PLOS (Public Library of Science) is a nonprofit that publishes a library of " +"academic journals and other scientific literature. Founded in 2000 in the " +"U.S." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5797 +msgid "plos.org" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5800 +msgid "" +"Revenue model: charging content creators an author processing charge to be " +"featured in the journal" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5802 +msgid "Interview date: March 7, 2016" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5804 +msgid "Interviewee: Louise Page, publisher" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5818 +msgid "" +"The Public Library of Science (PLOS) began in 2000 when three leading " +"scientists—Harold E. Varmus, Patrick O. Brown, and Michael Eisen—started an " +"online petition. They were calling for scientists to stop submitting papers " +"to journals that didn’t make the full text of their papers freely available " +"immediately or within six months. Although tens of thousands signed the " +"petition, most did not follow through. In August 2001, Patrick and Michael " +"announced that they would start their own nonprofit publishing operation to " +"do just what the petition promised. With start-up grant support from the " +"Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, PLOS was launched to provide new " +"open-access journals for biomedicine, with research articles being released " +"under Attribution (CC BY) licenses." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5828 +msgid "" +"Traditionally, academic publishing begins with an author submitting a " +"manuscript to a publisher. After in-house technical and ethical " +"considerations, the article is then peer-reviewed to determine if the " +"quality of the work is acceptable for publishing. Once accepted, the " +"publisher takes the article through the process of copyediting, typesetting, " +"and eventual publishing in a print or online publication. Traditional " +"journal publishers recover costs and earn profit by charging a subscription " +"fee to libraries or an access fee to users wanting to read the journal or " +"article." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5838 +msgid "" +"For Louise Page, the current publisher of PLOS, this traditional model " +"results in inequity. Access is restricted to those who can pay. Most " +"research is funded through government-appointed agencies, that is, with " +"public funds. It’s unjust that the public who funded the research would be " +"required to pay again to access the results. Not everyone can afford the " +"ever-escalating subscription fees publishers charge, especially when library " +"budgets are being reduced. Restricting access to the results of scientific " +"research slows the dissemination of this research and advancement of the " +"field. It was time for a new model." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5848 +msgid "" +"That new model became known as open access. That is, free and open " +"availability on the Internet. Open-access research articles are not behind a " +"paywall and do not require a login. A key benefit of open access is that it " +"allows people to freely use, copy, and distribute the articles, as they are " +"primarily published under an Attribution (CC BY) license (which only " +"requires the user to provide appropriate attribution). And more importantly, " +"policy makers, clinicians, entrepreneurs, educators, and students around the " +"world have free and timely access to the latest research immediately on " +"publication." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5859 +msgid "" +"However, open access requires rethinking the business model of research " +"publication. Rather than charge a subscription fee to access the journal, " +"PLOS decided to turn the model on its head and charge a publication fee, " +"known as an article-processing charge. This up-front fee, generally paid by " +"the funder of the research or the author’s institution, covers the expenses " +"such as editorial oversight, peer-review management, journal production, " +"online hosting, and support for discovery. Fees are per article and are " +"billed upon acceptance for publishing. There are no additional charges based " +"on word length, figures, or other elements." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5867 +msgid "" +"Calculating the article-processing charge involves taking all the costs " +"associated with publishing the journal and determining a cost per article " +"that collectively recovers costs. For PLOS’s journals in biology, medicine, " +"genetics, computational biology, neglected tropical diseases, and pathogens, " +"the article-processing charge ranges from \\$2,250 to " +"\\$2,900. Article-publication charges for PLOS ONE, a journal started in " +"2006, are just under \\$1,500." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5872 +msgid "" +"PLOS believes that lack of funds should not be a barrier to publication. " +"Since its inception, PLOS has provided fee support for individuals and " +"institutions to help authors who can’t afford the article-processing " +"charges." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5887 +msgid "" +"Louise identifies marketing as one area of big difference between PLOS and " +"traditional journal publishers. Traditional journals have to invest heavily " +"in staff, buildings, and infrastructure to market their journal and convince " +"customers to subscribe. Restricting access to subscribers means that tools " +"for managing access control are necessary. They spend millions of dollars on " +"access-control systems, staff to manage them, and sales staff. With PLOS’s " +"open-access publishing, there’s no need for these massive expenses; the " +"articles are free, open, and accessible to all upon " +"publication. Additionally, traditional publishers tend to spend more on " +"marketing to libraries, who ultimately pay the subscription fees. PLOS " +"provides a better service for authors by promoting their research directly " +"to the research community and giving the authors exposure. And this " +"encourages other authors to submit their work for publication." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5894 +msgid "" +"For Louise, PLOS would not exist without the Attribution license (CC " +"BY). This makes it very clear what rights are associated with the content " +"and provides a safe way for researchers to make their work available while " +"ensuring they get recognition (appropriate attribution). For PLOS, all of " +"this aligns with how they think research content should be published and " +"disseminated." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5898 +msgid "" +"PLOS also has a broad open-data policy. To get their research paper " +"published, PLOS authors must also make their data available in a public " +"repository and provide a data-availability statement." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5906 +msgid "" +"Business-operation costs associated with the open-access model still largely " +"follow the existing publishing model. PLOS journals are online only, but the " +"editorial, peer-review, production, typesetting, and publishing stages are " +"all the same as for a traditional publisher. The editorial teams must be top " +"notch. PLOS has to function as well as or better than other premier " +"journals, as researchers have a choice about where to publish." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5911 +msgid "" +"Researchers are influenced by journal rankings, which reflect the place of a " +"journal within its field, the relative difficulty of being published in that " +"journal, and the prestige associated with it. PLOS journals rank high, even " +"though they are relatively new." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5919 +msgid "" +"The promotion and tenure of researchers are partially based how many times " +"other researchers cite their articles. Louise says when researchers want to " +"discover and read the work of others in their field, they go to an online " +"aggregator or search engine, and not typically to a particular journal. The " +"CC BY licensing of PLOS research articles ensures easy access for readers " +"and generates more discovery and citations for authors." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5926 +msgid "" +"Louise believes that open access has been a huge success, progressing from a " +"movement led by a small cadre of researchers to something that is now " +"widespread and used in some form by every journal publisher. PLOS has had a " +"big impact. In 2012 to 2014, they published more open-access articles than " +"BioMed Central, the original open-access publisher, or anyone else." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5947 +msgid "" +"PLOS further disrupted the traditional journal-publishing model by " +"pioneering the concept of a megajournal. The PLOS ONE megajournal, launched " +"in 2006, is an open-access peer-reviewed academic journal that is much " +"larger than a traditional journal, publishing thousands of articles per year " +"and benefiting from economies of scale. PLOS ONE has a broad scope, covering " +"science and medicine as well as social sciences and the humanities. The " +"review and editorial process is less subjective. Articles are accepted for " +"publication based on whether they are technically sound rather than " +"perceived importance or relevance. This is very important in the current " +"debate about the integrity and reproducibility of research because negative " +"or null results can then be published as well, which are generally rejected " +"by traditional journals. PLOS ONE, like all the PLOS journals, is online " +"only with no print version. PLOS passes on the financial savings accrued " +"through economies of scale to researchers and the public by lowering the " +"article-processing charges, which are below that of other journals. PLOS ONE " +"is the biggest journal in the world and has really set the bar for " +"publishing academic journal articles on a large scale. Other publishers see " +"the value of the PLOS ONE model and are now offering their own " +"multidisciplinary forums for publishing all sound science." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5951 +msgid "" +"Louise outlined some other aspects of the research-journal business model " +"PLOS is experimenting with, describing each as a kind of slider that could " +"be adjusted to change current practice." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5956 +msgid "" +"One slider is time to publication. Time to publication may shorten as " +"journals get better at providing quicker decisions to authors. However, " +"there is always a trade-off with scale, as the bigger the volume of " +"articles, the more time the approval process inevitably takes." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5966 +msgid "" +"Peer review is another part of the process that could change. It’s possible " +"to redefine what peer review actually is, when to review, and what " +"constitutes the final article for publication. Louise talked about the " +"potential to shift to an open-review process, placing the emphasis on " +"transparency rather than double-blind reviews. Louise thinks we’re moving " +"into a direction where it’s actually beneficial for an author to know who is " +"reviewing their paper and for the reviewer to know their review will be " +"public. An open-review process can also ensure everyone gets credit; right " +"now, credit is limited to the publisher and author." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5971 +msgid "" +"Louise says research with negative outcomes is almost as important as " +"positive results. If journals published more research with negative " +"outcomes, we’d learn from what didn’t work. It could also reduce how much " +"the research wheel gets reinvented around the world." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5986 +msgid "" +"Another adjustable practice is the sharing of articles at early preprint " +"stages. Publication of research in a peer-reviewed journal can take a long " +"time because articles must undergo extensive peer review. The need to " +"quickly circulate current results within a scientific community has led to a " +"practice of distributing pre-print documents that have not yet undergone " +"peer review. Preprints broaden the peer-review process, allowing authors to " +"receive early feedback from a wide group of peers, which can help revise and " +"prepare the article for submission. Offsetting the advantages of preprints " +"are author concerns over ensuring their primacy of being first to come up " +"with findings based on their research. Other researches may see findings " +"the preprint author has not yet thought of. However, preprints help " +"researchers get their discoveries out early and establish precedence. A big " +"challenge is that researchers don’t have a lot of time to comment on " +"preprints." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5994 +msgid "" +"What constitutes a journal article could also change. The idea of a research " +"article as printed, bound, and in a library stack is outdated. Digital and " +"online open up new possibilities, such as a living document evolving over " +"time, inclusion of audio and video, and interactivity, like discussion and " +"recommendations. Even the size of what gets published could change. With " +"these changes the current form factor for what constitutes a research " +"article would undergo transformation." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6006 +msgid "" +"As journals scale up, and new journals are introduced, more and more " +"information is being pushed out to readers, making the experience feel like " +"drinking from a fire hose. To help mitigate this, PLOS aggregates and " +"curates content from PLOS journals and their network of blogs.1 It also " +"offers something called Article-Level Metrics, which helps users assess " +"research most relevant to the field itself, based on indicators like usage, " +"citations, social bookmarking and dissemination activity, media and blog " +"coverage, discussions, and ratings.2 Louise believes that the journal model " +"could evolve to provide a more friendly and interactive user experience, " +"including a way for readers to communicate with authors." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6015 +msgid "" +"The big picture for PLOS going forward is to combine and adjust these " +"experimental practices in ways that continue to improve accessibility and " +"dissemination of research, while ensuring its integrity and reliability. The " +"ways they interlink are complex. The process of change and adjustment is not " +"linear. PLOS sees itself as a very flexible publisher interested in " +"exploring all the permutations research-publishing can take, with authors " +"and readers who are open to experimentation." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6023 +msgid "" +"For PLOS, success is not about revenue. Success is about proving that " +"scientific research can be communicated rapidly and economically at scale, " +"for the benefit of researchers and society. The CC BY license makes it " +"possible for PLOS to publish in a way that is unfettered, open, and fast, " +"while ensuring that the authors get credit for their work. More than two " +"million scientists, scholars, and clinicians visit PLOS every month, with " +"more than 135,000 quality articles to peruse for free." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6027 +msgid "" +"Ultimately, for PLOS, its authors, and its readers, success is about making " +"research discoverable, available, and reproducible for the advancement of " +"science." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '1. ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6032 +msgid "collections.plos.org" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '2. ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6032 +msgid "plos.org/article-level-metrics" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6034 +msgid "Rijksmuseum" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6037 +msgid "" +"The Rijksmuseum is a Dutch national museum dedicated to art and history. " +"Founded in 1800 in the Netherlands" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6039 +msgid "www.rijksmuseum.nl" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6042 +msgid "Revenue model: grants and government funding, charging for in-person version" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6044 +msgid "(museum admission), selling merchandise" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6046 +msgid "Interview date: December 11, 2015" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6049 +msgid "" +"Interviewee: Lizzy Jongma, the data manager of the collections information " +"department" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6065 +msgid "" +"The Rijksmuseum, a national museum in the Netherlands dedicated to art and " +"history, has been housed in its current building since 1885. The monumental " +"building enjoyed more than 125 years of intensive use before needing a " +"thorough overhaul. In 2003, the museum was closed for renovations. Asbestos " +"was found in the roof, and although the museum was scheduled to be closed " +"for only three to four years, renovations ended up taking ten years. During " +"this time, the collection was moved to a different part of Amsterdam, which " +"created a physical distance with the curators. Out of necessity, they " +"started digitally photographing the collection and creating metadata " +"(information about each object to put into a database). With the renovations " +"going on for so long, the museum became largely forgotten by the public. Out " +"of these circumstances emerged a new and more open model for the museum." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6077 +msgid "" +"By the time Lizzy Jongma joined the Rijksmuseum in 2011 as a data manager, " +"staff were fed up with the situation the museum was in. They also realized " +"that even with the new and larger space, it still wouldn’t be able to show " +"very much of the whole collection—eight thousand of over one million works " +"representing just 1 percent. Staff began exploring ways to express " +"themselves, to have something to show for all of the work they had been " +"doing. The Rijksmuseum is primarily funded by Dutch taxpayers, so was there " +"a way for the museum provide benefit to the public while it was closed? They " +"began thinking about sharing Rijksmuseum’s collection using information " +"technology. And they put up a card-catalog like database of the entire " +"collection online." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6085 +msgid "" +"It was effective but a bit boring. It was just data. A hackathon they were " +"invited to got them to start talking about events like that as having " +"potential. They liked the idea of inviting people to do cool stuff with " +"their collection. What about giving online access to digital representations " +"of the one hundred most important pieces in the Rijksmuseum collection? That " +"eventually led to why not put the whole collection online?" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6097 +msgid "" +"Then, Lizzy says, Europeana came along. Europeana is Europe’s digital " +"library, museum, and archive for cultural heritage.1 As an online portal to " +"museum collections all across Europe, Europeana had become an important " +"online platform. In October 2010 Creative Commons released CC0 and its " +"public-domain mark as tools people could use to identify works as free of " +"known copyright. Europeana was the first major adopter, using CC0 to release " +"metadata about their collection and the public domain mark for millions of " +"digital works in their collection. Lizzy says the Rijksmuseum initially " +"found this change in business practice a bit scary, but at the same time it " +"stimulated even more discussion on whether the Rijksmuseum should follow " +"suit." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6108 +msgid "" +"They realized that they don’t “own” the collection and couldn’t " +"realistically monitor and enforce compliance with the restrictive licensing " +"terms they currently had in place. For example, many copies and versions of " +"Vermeer’s Milkmaid (part of their collection) were already online, many of " +"them of very poor quality. They could spend time and money policing its use, " +"but it would probably be futile and wouldn’t make people stop using their " +"images online. They ended up thinking it’s an utter waste of time to hunt " +"down people who use the Rijksmuseum collection. And anyway, restricting " +"access meant the people they were frustrating the most were schoolkids." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6120 +msgid "" +"In 2011 the Rijksmuseum began making their digital photos of works known to " +"be free of copyright available online, using Creative Commons CC0 to place " +"works in the public domain. A medium-resolution image was offered for free, " +"but a high-resolution version cost forty euros. People started paying, but " +"Lizzy says getting the money was frequently a nightmare, especially from " +"overseas customers. The administrative costs often offset revenue, and " +"income above costs was relatively low. In addition, having to pay for an " +"image of a work in the public domain from a collection owned by the Dutch " +"government (i.e., paid for by the public) was contentious and frustrating " +"for some. Lizzy says they had lots of fierce debates about what to do." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6130 +msgid "" +"In 2013 the Rijksmuseum changed its business model. They Creative Commons " +"licensed their highest-quality images and released them online for " +"free. Digitization still cost money, however; they decided to define " +"discrete digitization projects and find sponsors willing to fund each " +"project. This turned out to be a successful strategy, generating high " +"interest from sponsors and lower administrative effort for the " +"Rijksmuseum. They started out making 150,000 high-quality images of their " +"collection available, with the goal to eventually have the entire collection " +"online." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6143 +msgid "" +"Releasing these high-quality images for free reduced the number of " +"poor-quality images that were proliferating. The high-quality image of " +"Vermeer’s Milkmaid, for example, is downloaded two to three thousand times a " +"month. On the Internet, images from a source like the Rijksmuseum are more " +"trusted, and releasing them with a Creative Commons CC0 means they can " +"easily be found in other platforms. For example, Rijksmuseum images are now " +"used in thousands of Wikipedia articles, receiving ten to eleven million " +"views per month. This extends Rijksmuseum’s reach far beyond the scope of " +"its website. Sharing these images online creates what Lizzy calls the “Mona " +"Lisa effect,” where a work of art becomes so famous that people want to see " +"it in real life by visiting the actual museum." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6150 +msgid "" +"Every museum tends to be driven by the number of physical visitors. The " +"Rijksmuseum is primarily publicly funded, receiving roughly 70 percent of " +"its operating budget from the government. But like many museums, it must " +"generate the rest of the funding through other means. The admission fee has " +"long been a way to generate revenue generation, including for the " +"Rijksmuseum." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6162 +msgid "" +"As museums create a digital presence for themselves and put up digital " +"representations of their collection online, there’s frequently a worry that " +"it will lead to a drop in actual physical visits. For the Rijksmuseum, this " +"has not turned out to be the case. Lizzy told us the Rijksmuseum used to get " +"about one million visitors a year before closing and now gets more than two " +"million a year. Making the collection available online has generated " +"publicity and acts as a form of marketing. The Creative Commons mark " +"encourages reuse as well. When the image is found on protest leaflets, milk " +"cartons, and children’s toys, people also see what museum the image comes " +"from and this increases the museum’s visibility." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6169 +msgid "" +"In 2011 the Rijksmuseum received €1 million from the Dutch lottery to create " +"a new web presence that would be different from any other museum’s. In " +"addition to redesigning their main website to be mobile friendly and " +"responsive to devices like the iPad, the Rijksmuseum also created the " +"Rijksstudio, where users and artists could use and do various things with " +"the Rijksmuseum collection.2" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6178 +msgid "" +"The Rijksstudio gives users access to over two hundred thousand high-quality " +"digital representations of masterworks from the collection. Users can zoom " +"in to any work and even clip small parts of images they like. Rijksstudio is " +"a bit like Pinterest. You can “like” works and compile your personal " +"favorites, and you can share them with friends or download them free of " +"charge. All the images in the Rijksstudio are copyright and royalty free, " +"and users are encouraged to use them as they like, for private or even " +"commercial purposes." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6183 +msgid "" +"Users have created over 276,000 Rijksstudios, generating their own themed " +"virtual exhibitions on a wide variety of topics ranging from tapestries to " +"ugly babies and birds. Sets of images have also been created for educational " +"purposes including use for school exams." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6190 +msgid "" +"Some contemporary artists who have works in the Rijksmuseum collection " +"contacted them to ask why their works were not included in the " +"Rijksstudio. The answer was that contemporary artists’ works are still bound " +"by copyright. The Rijksmuseum does encourage contemporary artists to use a " +"Creative Commons license for their works, usually a CC BY-SA license" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6194 +msgid "" +"(Attribution-ShareAlike), or a CC BY-NC (Attribution-NonCommercial) if they " +"want to preclude commercial use. That way, their works can be made available " +"to the public, but within limits the artists have specified." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6204 +msgid "" +"The Rijksmuseum believes that art stimulates entrepreneurial activity. The " +"line between creative and commercial can be blurry. As Lizzy says, even " +"Rembrandt was commercial, making his livelihood from selling his " +"paintings. The Rijksmuseum encourages entrepreneurial commercial use of the " +"images in Rijksstudio. They’ve even partnered with the DIY marketplace Etsy " +"to inspire people to sell their creations. One great example you can find on " +"Etsy is a kimono designed by Angie Johnson, who used an image of an " +"elaborate cabinet along with an oil painting by Jan Asselijn called The " +"Threatened Swan.3" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6217 +msgid "" +"In 2013 the Rijksmuseum organized their first high-profile design " +"competition, known as the Rijksstudio Award.4 With the call to action Make " +"Your Own Masterpiece, the competition invites the public to use Rijksstudio " +"images to make new creative designs. A jury of renowned designers and " +"curators selects ten finalists and three winners. The final award comes with " +"a prize of €10,000. The second edition in 2015 attracted a staggering 892 " +"top-class entries. Some award winners end up with their work sold through " +"the Rijksmuseum store, such as the 2014 entry featuring makeup based on a " +"specific color scheme of a work of art.5 The Rijksmuseum has been thrilled " +"with the results. Entries range from the fun to the weird to the " +"inspirational. The third international edition of the Rijksstudio Award " +"started in September 2016." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6221 +msgid "" +"For the next iteration of the Rijksstudio, the Rijksmuseum is considering an " +"upload tool, for people to upload their own works of art, and enhanced " +"social elements so users can interact with each other more." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6228 +msgid "" +"Going with a more open business model generated lots of publicity for the " +"Rijksmuseum. They were one of the first museums to open up their collection " +"(that is, give free access) with high-quality images. This strategy, along " +"with the many improvements to the Rijksmuseum’s website, dramatically " +"increased visits to their website from thirty-five thousand visits per month " +"to three hundred thousand." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6239 +msgid "" +"The Rijksmuseum has been experimenting with other ways to invite the public " +"to look at and interact with their collection. On an international day " +"celebrating animals, they ran a successful bird-themed event. The museum put " +"together a showing of two thousand works that featured birds and invited " +"bird-watchers to identify the birds depicted. Lizzy notes that while museum " +"curators know a lot about the works in their collections, they may not know " +"about certain details in the paintings such as bird species. Over eight " +"hundred different birds were identified, including a specific species of " +"crane bird that was unknown to the scientific community at the time of the " +"painting." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6256 +msgid "" +"For the Rijksmuseum, adopting an open business model was scary. They came up " +"with many worst-case scenarios, imagining all kinds of awful things people " +"might do with the museum’s works. But Lizzy says those fears did not come " +"true because “ninety-nine percent of people have respect for great art.” " +"Many museums think they can make a lot of money by selling things related to " +"their collection. But in Lizzy’s experience, museums are usually bad at " +"selling things, and sometimes efforts to generate a small amount of money " +"block something much bigger—the real value that the collection has. For " +"Lizzy, clinging to small amounts of revenue is being penny-wise but " +"pound-foolish. For the Rijksmuseum, a key lesson has been to never lose " +"sight of its vision for the collection. Allowing access to and use of their " +"collection has generated great promotional value—far more than the previous " +"practice of charging fees for access and use. Lizzy sums up their " +"experience: “Give away; get something in return. Generosity makes people " +"happy to join you and help out.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '1. ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6266 +msgid "www.europeana.eu/portal/en" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '2. ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6266 +msgid "www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '3. ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6266 +msgid "www.etsy.com/ca/listing/175696771/fringe-kimono-silk-kimono-kimono-robe" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '4. ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6266 +msgid "" +"www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio-award; the 2014 award: " +"www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio-award-2014; the 2015 award: " +"www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio-award-2015" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '5. ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6266 +msgid "www.rijksmuseum.nl/nl/rijksstudio/142328--nominees-rijksstudio-award/creaties/ba595afe-452d-46bd-9c8c-48dcbdd7f0a4" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6268 +msgid "Shareable" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6271 +msgid "Shareable is an online magazine about sharing. Founded in 2009 in the U.S." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6273 +msgid "www.shareable.net" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6276 +msgid "" +"Revenue model: grant funding, crowdfunding (project-based), donations, " +"sponsorships" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6278 +msgid "Interview date: February 24, 2016" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6280 +msgid "Interviewee: Neal Gorenflo, cofounder and executive editor" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6291 +msgid "" +"In 2013, Shareable faced an impasse. The nonprofit online publication had " +"helped start a sharing movement four years prior, but over time, they " +"watched one part of the movement stray from its ideals. As giants like Uber " +"and Airbnb gained ground, attention began to center on the “sharing economy” " +"we know now—profit-driven, transactional, and loaded with venture-capital " +"money. Leaders of corporate start-ups in this domain invited Shareable to " +"advocate for them. The magazine faced a choice: ride the wave or stand on " +"principle." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6301 +msgid "" +"As an organization, Shareable decided to draw a line in the sand. In 2013, " +"the cofounder and executive editor Neal Gorenflo wrote an opinion piece in " +"the PandoDaily that charted Shareable’s new critical stance on the Silicon " +"Valley version of the sharing economy, while contrasting it with aspects of " +"the real sharing economy like open-source software, participatory budgeting " +"(where citizens decide how a public budget is spent), cooperatives, and " +"more. He wrote, “It’s not so much that collaborative consumption is dead, " +"it’s more that it risks dying as it gets absorbed by the ‘Borg.’”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6308 +msgid "" +"Neal said their public critique of the corporate sharing economy defined " +"what Shareable was and is. He does not think the magazine would still be " +"around had they chosen differently. “We would have gotten another type of " +"audience, but it would have spelled the end of us,” he said. “We are a " +"small, mission-driven organization. We would never have been able to weather " +"the criticism that Airbnb and Uber are getting now.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6317 +msgid "" +"Interestingly, impassioned supporters are only a small sliver of Shareable’s " +"total audience. Most are casual readers who come across a Shareable story " +"because it happens to align with a project or interest they have. But " +"choosing principles over the possibility of riding the coattails of the " +"major corporate players in the sharing space saved Shareable’s " +"credibility. Although they became detached from the corporate sharing " +"economy, the online magazine became the voice of the “real sharing economy” " +"and continued to grow their audience." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6327 +msgid "" +"Shareable is a magazine, but the content they publish is a means to " +"furthering their role as a leader and catalyst of a movement. Shareable " +"became a leader in the movement in 2009. “At that time, there was a sharing " +"movement bubbling beneath the surface, but no one was connecting the dots,” " +"Neal said. “We decided to step into that space and take on that role.” The " +"small team behind the nonprofit publication truly believed sharing could be " +"central to solving some of the major problems human beings face—resource " +"inequality, social isolation, and global warming." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6336 +msgid "" +"They have worked hard to find ways to tell stories that show different " +"metrics for success. “We wanted to change the notion of what constitutes the " +"good life,” Neal said. While they started out with a very broad focus on " +"sharing generally, today they emphasize stories about the physical commons " +"like “sharing cities” (i.e., urban areas managed in a sustainable, " +"cooperative way), as well as digital platforms that are run " +"democratically. They particularly focus on how-to content that help their " +"readers make changes in their own lives and communities." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6348 +msgid "" +"More than half of Shareable’s stories are written by paid journalists that " +"are contracted by the magazine. “Particularly in content areas that are a " +"priority for us, we really want to go deep and control the quality,” Neal " +"said. The rest of the content is either contributed by guest writers, often " +"for free, or written by other publications from their network of content " +"publishers. Shareable is a member of the Post Growth Alliance, which " +"facilitates the sharing of content and audiences among a large and growing " +"group of mostly nonprofits. Each organization gets a chance to present " +"stories to the group, and the organizations can use and promote each other’s " +"stories. Much of the content created by the network is licensed with " +"Creative Commons." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6360 +msgid "" +"All of Shareable’s original content is published under the Attribution " +"license (CC BY), meaning it can be used for any purpose as long as credit is " +"given to Shareable. Creative Commons licensing is aligned with Shareable’s " +"vision, mission, and identity. That alone explains the organization’s " +"embrace of the licenses for their content, but Neal also believes CC " +"licensing helps them increase their reach. “By using CC licensing,” he said, " +"“we realized we could reach far more people through a formal and informal " +"network of republishers or affiliates. That has definitely been the " +"case. It’s hard for us to measure the reach of other media properties, but " +"most of the outlets who republish our work have much bigger audiences than " +"we do.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6368 +msgid "" +"In addition to their regular news and commentary online, Shareable has also " +"experimented with book publishing. In 2012, they worked with a traditional " +"publisher to release Share or Die: Voices of the Get Lost Generation in an " +"Age of Crisis. The CC-licensed book was available in print form for purchase " +"or online for free. To this day, the book—along with their CC-licensed guide " +"Policies for Shareable Cities—are two of the biggest generators of traffic " +"on their website." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6373 +msgid "" +"In 2016, Shareable self-published a book of curated Shareable stories called " +"How to: Share, Save Money and Have Fun. The book was available for sale, but " +"a PDF version of the book was available for free. Shareable plans to offer " +"the book in upcoming fund-raising campaigns." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6381 +msgid "" +"This recent book is one of many fund-raising experiments Shareable has " +"conducted in recent years. Currently, Shareable is primarily funded by " +"grants from foundations, but they are actively moving toward a more " +"diversified model. They have organizational sponsors and are working to " +"expand their base of individual donors. Ideally, they will eventually be a " +"hundred percent funded by their audience. Neal believes being fully " +"community-supported will better represent their vision of the world." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6391 +msgid "" +"For Shareable, success is very much about their impact on the world. This " +"is true for Neal, but also for everyone who works for Shareable. “We " +"attract passionate people,” Neal said. At times, that means employees work " +"so hard they burn out. Neal tries to stress to the Shareable team that " +"another part of success is having fun and taking care of yourself while you " +"do something you love. “A central part of human beings is that we long to be " +"on a great adventure with people we love,” he said. “We are a species who " +"look over the horizon and imagine and create new worlds, but we also seek " +"the comfort of hearth and home.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6400 +msgid "" +"In 2013, Shareable ran its first crowdfunding campaign to launch their " +"Sharing Cities Network. Neal said at first they were on pace to fail " +"spectacularly. They called in their advisers in a panic and asked for " +"help. The advice they received was simple—“Sit your ass in a chair and start " +"making calls.” That’s exactly what they did, and they ended up reaching " +"their \\$50,000 goal. Neal said the campaign helped them reach new people, " +"but the vast majority of backers were people in their existing base." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6406 +msgid "" +"For Neal, this symbolized how so much of success comes down to " +"relationships. Over time, Shareable has invested time and energy into the " +"relationships they have forged with their readers and supporters. They have " +"also invested resources into building relationships between their readers " +"and supporters." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6420 +msgid "" +"Shareable began hosting events in 2010. These events were designed to bring " +"the sharing community together. But over time they realized they could reach " +"far more people if they helped their readers to host their own events. “If " +"we wanted to go big on a conference, there was a huge risk and huge staffing " +"needs, plus only a fraction of our community could travel to the event,” " +"Neal said. Enabling others to create their own events around the globe " +"allowed them to scale up their work more effectively and reach far more " +"people. Shareable has catalyzed three hundred different events reaching over " +"twenty thousand people since implementing this strategy three years " +"ago. Going forward, Shareable is focusing the network on creating and " +"distributing content meant to spur local action. For instance, Shareable " +"will publish a new CC-licensed book in 2017 filled with ideas for their " +"network to implement." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6425 +msgid "" +"Neal says Shareable stumbled upon this strategy, but it seems to perfectly " +"encapsulate just how the commons is supposed to work. Rather than a " +"one-size-fits-all approach, Shareable puts the tools out there for people " +"take the ideas and adapt them to their own communities." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6427 +msgid "Siyavula" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6431 +msgid "" +"Siyavula is a for-profit educational-technology company that creates " +"textbooks and integrated learning experiences. Founded in 2012 in South " +"Africa." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6433 +msgid "www.siyavula.com" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6435 +msgid "Revenue model: charging for custom services, sponsorships" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6437 +msgid "Interview date: April 5, 2016" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6439 +msgid "Interviewee: Mark Horner, CEO" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6447 +msgid "" +"Openness is a key principle for Siyavula. They believe that every learner " +"and teacher should have access to high-quality educational resources, as " +"this forms the basis for long-term growth and development. Siyavula has " +"been a pioneer in creating high-quality open textbooks on mathematics and " +"science subjects for grades 4 to 12 in South Africa." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6452 +msgid "" +"In terms of creating an open business model that involves Creative Commons, " +"Siyavula—and its founder, Mark Horner—have been around the block a few " +"times. Siyavula has significantly shifted directions and strategies to " +"survive and prosper. Mark says it’s been very organic." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6459 +msgid "" +"It all started in 2002, when Mark and several other colleagues at the " +"University of Cape Town in South Africa founded the Free High School Science " +"Texts project. Most students in South Africa high schools didn’t have access " +"to high-quality, comprehensive science and math textbooks, so Mark and his " +"colleagues set out to write them and make them freely available." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6467 +msgid "" +"As physicists, Mark and his colleagues were advocates of open-source " +"software. To make the books open and free, they adopted the Free Software " +"Foundation’s GNU Free Documentation License.1 They chose LaTeX, a " +"typesetting program used to publish scientific documents, to author the " +"books. Over a period of five years, the Free High School Science Texts " +"project produced math and physical-science textbooks for grades 10 to 12." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6473 +msgid "" +"In 2007, the Shuttleworth Foundation offered funding support to make the " +"textbooks available for trial use at more schools. Surveys before and after " +"the textbooks were adopted showed there were no substantial criticisms of " +"the textbooks’ pedagogical content. This pleased both the authors and " +"Shuttleworth; Mark remains incredibly proud of this" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6475 +msgid "accomplishment." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6480 +msgid "" +"But the development of new textbooks froze at this stage. Mark shifted his " +"focus to rural schools, which didn’t have textbooks at all, and looked into " +"the printing and distribution options. A few sponsors came on board but not " +"enough to meet the need." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6488 +msgid "" +"In 2007, Shuttleworth and the Open Society Institute convened a group of " +"open-education activists for a small but lively meeting in Cape Town. One " +"result was the Cape Town Open Education Declaration, a statement of " +"principles, strategies, and commitment to help the open-education movement " +"grow.2 Shuttleworth also invited Mark to run a project writing open content " +"for all subjects for K–12 in English. That project became Siyavula." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6495 +msgid "" +"They wrote six original textbooks. A small publishing company offered " +"Shuttleworth the option to buy out the publisher’s existing K–9 content for " +"every subject in South African schools in both English and Afrikaans. A deal " +"was struck, and all the acquired content was licensed with Creative Commons, " +"significantly expanding the collection beyond the six original books." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6508 +msgid "" +"Mark wanted to build out the remaining curricula collaboratively through " +"communities of practice—that is, with fellow educators and writers. " +"Although sharing is fundamental to teaching, there can be a few challenges " +"when you create educational resources collectively. One concern is legal. It " +"is standard practice in education to copy diagrams and snippets of text, but " +"of course this doesn’t always comply with copyright law. Another concern is " +"transparency. Sharing what you’ve authored means everyone can see it and " +"opens you up to criticism. To alleviate these concerns, Mark adopted a " +"team-based approach to authoring and insisted the curricula be based " +"entirely on resources with Creative Commons licenses, thereby ensuring they " +"were safe to share and free from legal repercussions." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6516 +msgid "" +"Not only did Mark want the resources to be shareable, he wanted all teachers " +"to be able to remix and edit the content. Mark and his team had to come up " +"with an open editable format and provide tools for editing. They ended up " +"putting all the books they’d acquired and authored on a platform called " +"Connexions.3 Siyavula trained many teachers to use Connexions, but it proved " +"to be too complex and the textbooks were rarely edited." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6522 +msgid "" +"Then the Shuttleworth Foundation decided to completely restructure its work " +"as a foundation into a fellowship model (for reasons completely unrelated to " +"Siyavula). As part of that transition in 2009–10, Mark inherited Siyavula as " +"an independent entity and took ownership over it as a Shuttleworth fellow." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6529 +msgid "" +"Mark and his team experimented with several different strategies. They tried " +"creating an authoring and hosting platform called Full Marks so that " +"teachers could share assessment items. They tried creating a service called " +"Open Press, where teachers could ask for open educational resources to be " +"aggregated into a package and printed for them. These services never really " +"panned out." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6536 +msgid "" +"Then the South African government approached Siyavula with an interest in " +"printing out the original six Free High School Science Texts (math and " +"physical-science textbooks for grades 10 to 12) for all high school students " +"in South Africa. Although at this point Siyavula was a bit discouraged by " +"open educational resources, they saw this as a big opportunity." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6544 +msgid "" +"They began to conceive of the six books as having massive marketing " +"potential for Siyavula. Printing Siyavula books for every kid in South " +"Africa would give their brand huge exposure and could drive vast amounts of " +"traffic to their website. In addition to print books, Siyavula could also " +"make the books available on their website, making it possible for learners " +"to access them using any device—computer, tablet, or mobile phone." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6555 +msgid "" +"Mark and his team began imagining what they could develop beyond what was in " +"the textbooks as a service they charge for. One key thing you can’t do well " +"in a printed textbook is demonstrate solutions. Typically, a one-line answer " +"is given at the end of the book but nothing on the process for arriving at " +"that solution. Mark and his team developed practice items and detailed " +"solutions, giving learners plenty of opportunity to test out what they’ve " +"learned. Furthermore, an algorithm could adapt these practice items to the " +"individual needs of each learner. They called this service Intelligent " +"Practice and embedded links to it in the open textbooks." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6560 +msgid "" +"The costs for using Intelligent Practice were set very low, making it " +"accessible even to those with limited financial means. Siyavula was going " +"for large volumes and wide-scale use rather than an expensive product " +"targeting only the high end of the market." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6568 +msgid "" +"The government distributed the books to 1.5 million students, but there was " +"an unexpected wrinkle: the books were delivered late. Rather than wait, " +"schools who could afford it provided students with a different textbook. The " +"Siyavula books were eventually distributed, but with well-off schools mainly " +"using a different book, the primary market for Siyavula’s Intelligent " +"Practice service inadvertently became low-income learners." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6576 +msgid "" +"Siyavula’s site did see a dramatic increase in traffic. They got five " +"hundred thousand visitors per month to their math site and the same number " +"to their science site. Two-fifths of the traffic was reading on a “feature " +"phone” (a nonsmartphone with no apps). People on basic phones were reading " +"math and science on a two-inch screen at all hours of the day. To Mark, it " +"was quite amazing and spoke to a need they were servicing." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6583 +msgid "" +"At first, the Intelligent Practice services could only be paid using a " +"credit card. This proved problematic, especially for those in the low-income " +"demographic, as credit cards were not prevalent. Mark says Siyavula got a " +"harsh business-model lesson early on. As he describes it, it’s not just " +"about product, but how you sell it, who the market is, what the price is, " +"and what the barriers to entry are." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6588 +msgid "" +"Mark describes this as the first version of Siyavula’s business model: open " +"textbooks serving as marketing material and driving traffic to your site, " +"where you can offer a related service and convert some people into a paid " +"customer." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6595 +msgid "" +"For Mark a key decision for Siyavula’s business was to focus on how they can " +"add value on top of their basic service. They’ll charge only if they are " +"adding unique value. The actual content of the textbook isn’t unique at all, " +"so Siyavula sees no value in locking it down and charging for it. Mark " +"contrasts this with traditional publishers who charge over and over again " +"for the same content without adding value." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6605 +msgid "" +"Version two of Siyavula’s business model was a big, ambitious idea—scale " +"up. They also decided to sell the Intelligent Practice service to schools " +"directly. Schools can subscribe on a per-student, per-subject basis. A " +"single subscription gives a learner access to a single subject, including " +"practice content from every grade available for that subject. Lower " +"subscription rates are provided when there are over two hundred students, " +"and big schools have a price cap. A 40 percent discount is offered to " +"schools where both the science and math departments subscribe." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6613 +msgid "" +"Teachers get a dashboard that allows them to monitor the progress of an " +"entire class or view an individual learner’s results. They can see the " +"questions that learners are working on, identify areas of difficulty, and be " +"more strategic in their teaching. Students also have their own personalized " +"dashboard, where they can view the sections they’ve practiced, how many " +"points they’ve earned, and how their performance is improving." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6619 +msgid "" +"Based on the success of this effort, Siyavula decided to substantially " +"increase the production of open educational resources so they could provide " +"the Intelligent Practice service for a wider range of books. Grades 10 to " +"12 math and science books were reworked each year, and new books created for " +"grades 4 to 6 and later grades 7 to 9." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6625 +msgid "" +"In partnership with, and sponsored by, the Sasol Inzalo Foundation, Siyavula " +"produced a series of natural sciences and technology workbooks for grades 4 " +"to 6 called Thunderbolt Kids that uses a fun comic-book style.4 It’s a " +"complete curriculum that also comes with teacher’s guides and other " +"resources." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6633 +msgid "" +"Through this experience, Siyavula learned they could get sponsors to help " +"fund openly licensed textbooks. It helped that Siyavula had by this time " +"nailed the production model. It cost roughly \\$150,000 to produce a book in " +"two languages. Sponsors liked the social-benefit aspect of textbooks " +"unlocked via a Creative Commons license. They also liked the exposure their " +"brand got. For roughly \\$150,000, their logo would be visible on books " +"distributed to over one million students." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6640 +msgid "" +"The Siyavula books that are reviewed, approved, and branded by the " +"government are freely and openly available on Siyavula’s website under an " +"Attribution-NoDerivs license (CC BY-ND) —NoDerivs means that these books " +"cannot be modified. Non-government-branded books are available under an " +"Attribution license (CC BY), allowing others to modify and redistribute the " +"books." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6649 +msgid "" +"Although the South African government paid to print and distribute hard " +"copies of the books to schoolkids, Siyavula itself received no funding from " +"the government. Siyavula initially tried to convince the government to " +"provide them with five rand per book (about US35¢). With those funds, Mark " +"says that Siyavula could have run its entire operation, built a " +"community-based model for producing more books, and provide Intelligent " +"Practice for free to every child in the country. But after a lengthy " +"negotiation, the government said no." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6657 +msgid "" +"Using Siyavula books generated huge savings for the government. Providing " +"students with a traditionally published grade 12 science or math textbook " +"costs around 250 rand per book (about US\\$18). Providing the Siyavula " +"version cost around 36 rand (about \\$2.60), a savings of over 200 rand per " +"book. But none of those savings were passed on to Siyavula. In retrospect, " +"Mark thinks this may have turned out in their favor as it allowed them to " +"remain independent from the government." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6664 +msgid "" +"Just as Siyavula was planning to scale up the production of open textbooks " +"even more, the South African government changed its textbook policy. To save " +"costs, the government declared there would be only one authorized textbook " +"for each grade and each subject. There was no guarantee that Siyavula’s " +"would be chosen. This scared away potential sponsors." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6673 +msgid "" +"Rather than producing more textbooks, Siyavula focused on improving its " +"Intelligent Practice technology for its existing books. Mark calls this " +"version three of Siyavula’s business model—focusing on the technology that " +"provides the revenue-generating service and generating more users of this " +"service. Version three got a significant boost in 2014 with an investment by " +"the Omidyar Network (the philanthropic venture started by eBay founder " +"Pierre Omidyar and his spouse), and continues to be the model Siyavula uses " +"today." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6678 +msgid "" +"Mark says sales are way up, and they are really nailing Intelligent " +"Practice. Schools continue to use their open textbooks. The " +"government-announced policy that there would be only one textbook per " +"subject turned out to be highly contentious and is in limbo." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6685 +msgid "" +"Siyavula is exploring a range of enhancements to their business model. " +"These include charging a small amount for assessment services provided over " +"the phone, diversifying their market to all English-speaking countries in " +"Africa, and setting up a consortium that makes Intelligent Practice free to " +"all kids by selling the nonpersonal data Intelligent Practice collects." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6698 +msgid "" +"Siyavula is a for-profit business but one with a social mission. Their " +"shareholders’ agreement lists lots of requirements around openness for " +"Siyavula, including stipulations that content always be put under an open " +"license and that they can’t charge for something that people volunteered to " +"do for them. They believe each individual should have access to the " +"resources and support they need to achieve the education they " +"deserve. Having educational resources openly licensed with Creative Commons " +"means they can fulfill their social mission, on top of which they can build " +"revenue-generating services to sustain the ongoing operation of Siyavula. In " +"terms of open business models, Mark and Siyavula may have been around the " +"block a few times, but both he and the company are stronger for it." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '1. ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6705 +msgid "www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '2. ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6705 +msgid "www.capetowndeclaration.org" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '3. ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6705 +msgid "cnx.org" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '4. ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6705 +msgid "www.siyavula.com/products-primary-school.html" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6707 +msgid "Sparkfun" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6710 +msgid "" +"SparkFun is an online electronics retailer specializing in open " +"hardware. Founded in 2003 in the U.S." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6712 +msgid "www.sparkfun.com" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6714 +msgid "Revenue model: charging for physical copies (electronics sales)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6716 +msgid "Interview date: February 29, 2016" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6718 +msgid "Interviewee: Nathan Seidle, founder" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6726 +msgid "" +"SparkFun founder and former CEO Nathan Seidle has a picture of himself " +"holding up a clone of a SparkFun product in an electronics market in China, " +"with a huge grin on his face. He was traveling in China when he came across " +"their LilyPad wearable technology being made by someone else. His reaction " +"was glee." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6731 +msgid "" +"“Being copied is the greatest earmark of flattery and success,” Nathan " +"said. “I thought it was so cool that they were selling to a market we were " +"never going to get access to otherwise. It was evidence of our impact on the " +"world.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6739 +msgid "" +"This worldview runs through everything SparkFun does. SparkFun is an " +"electronics manufacturer. The company sells its products directly to the " +"public online, and it bundles them with educational tools to sell to schools " +"and teachers. SparkFun applies Creative Commons licenses to all of its " +"schematics, images, tutorial content, and curricula, so anyone can make " +"their products on their own. Being copied is part of the design." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6747 +msgid "" +"Nathan believes open licensing is good for the world. “It touches on our " +"natural human instinct to share,” he said. But he also strongly believes it " +"makes SparkFun better at what they do. They encourage copying, and their " +"products are copied at a very fast rate, often within ten to twelve weeks of " +"release. This forces the company to compete on something other than product " +"design, or what most commonly consider their intellectual property." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6751 +msgid "" +"“We compete on business principles,” Nathan said. “Claiming your territory " +"with intellectual property allows you to get comfy and rest on your " +"laurels. It gives you a safety net. We took away that safety net.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6759 +msgid "" +"The result is an intense company-wide focus on product development and " +"improvement. “Our products are so much better than they were five years " +"ago,” Nathan said. “We used to just sell products. Now it’s a product plus a " +"video, a seventeen-page hookup guide, and example firmware on three " +"different platforms to get you up and running faster. We have gotten better " +"because we had to in order to compete. As painful as it is for us, it’s " +"better for the customers.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6767 +msgid "" +"SparkFun parts are available on eBay for lower prices. But people come " +"directly to SparkFun because SparkFun makes their lives easier. The example " +"code works; there is a service number to call; they ship replacement parts " +"the day they get a service call. They invest heavily in service and " +"support. “I don’t believe businesses should be competing with IP " +"\\[intellectual property\\] barriers,” Nathan said. “This is the stuff they " +"should be competing on.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6776 +msgid "" +"SparkFun’s company history began in Nathan’s college dorm room. He spent a " +"lot of time experimenting with and building electronics, and he realized " +"there was a void in the market. “If you wanted to place an order for " +"something,” he said, “you first had to search far and wide to find it, and " +"then you had to call or fax someone.” In 2003, during his third year of " +"college, he registered sparkfun.com and started reselling products out of " +"his bedroom. After he graduated, he started making and selling his own " +"products." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6783 +msgid "" +"Once he started designing his own products, he began putting the software " +"and schematics online to help with technical support. After doing some " +"research on licensing options, he chose Creative Commons licenses because he " +"was drawn to the “human-readable deeds” that explain the licensing terms in " +"simple terms. SparkFun still uses CC licenses for all of the schematics and " +"firmware for the products they create." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6790 +msgid "" +"The company has grown from a solo project to a corporation with 140 " +"employees. In 2015, SparkFun earned \\$33 million in revenue. Selling " +"components and widgets to hobbyists, professionals, and artists remains a " +"major part of SparkFun’s business. They sell their own products, but they " +"also partner with Arduino (also profiled in this book) by manufacturing " +"boards for resale using Arduino’s brand." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6797 +msgid "" +"SparkFun also has an educational department dedicated to creating a hands-on " +"curriculum to teach students about electronics using prototyping " +"parts. Because SparkFun has always been dedicated to enabling others to " +"re-create and fix their products on their own, the more recent focus on " +"introducing young people to technology is a natural extension of their core " +"business." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6801 +msgid "" +"“We have the burden and opportunity to educate the next generation of " +"technical citizens,” Nathan said. “Our goal is to affect the lives of three " +"hundred and fifty thousand high school students by 2020.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6810 +msgid "" +"The Creative Commons license underlying all of SparkFun’s products is " +"central to this mission. The license not only signals a willingness to " +"share, but it also expresses a desire for others to get in and tinker with " +"their products, both to learn and to make their products better. SparkFun " +"uses the Attribution-ShareAlike license (CC BY-SA), which is a “copyleft” " +"license that allows people to do anything with the content as long as they " +"provide credit and make any adaptations available under the same licensing " +"terms." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6819 +msgid "" +"From the beginning, Nathan has tried to create a work environment at " +"SparkFun that he himself would want to work in. The result is what appears " +"to be a pretty fun workplace. The U.S. company is based in Boulder, " +"Colorado. They have an eighty-thousand-square-foot facility (approximately " +"seventy-four-hundred square meters), where they design and manufacture their " +"products. They offer public tours of the space several times a week, and " +"they open their doors to the public for a competition once a year." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6830 +msgid "" +"The public event, called the Autonomous Vehicle Competition, brings in a " +"thousand to two thousand customers and other technology enthusiasts from " +"around the area to race their own self-created bots against each other, " +"participate in training workshops, and socialize. From a business " +"perspective, Nathan says it’s a terrible idea. But they don’t hold the event " +"for business reasons. “The reason we do it is because I get to travel and " +"have interactions with our customers all the time, but most of our employees " +"don’t,” he said. “This event gives our employees the opportunity to get " +"face-to-face contact with our customers.” The event infuses their work with " +"a human element, which makes it more meaningful." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6838 +msgid "" +"Nathan has worked hard to imbue a deeper meaning into the work SparkFun " +"does. The company is, of course, focused on being fiscally responsible, but " +"they are ultimately driven by something other than money. “Profit is not the " +"goal; it is the outcome of a well-executed plan,” Nathan said. “We focus on " +"having a bigger impact on the world.” Nathan believes they get some of the " +"brightest and most amazing employees because they aren’t singularly focused " +"on the bottom line." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6844 +msgid "" +"The company is committed to transparency and shares all of its financials " +"with its employees. They also generally strive to avoid being another " +"soulless corporation. They actively try to reveal the humans behind the " +"company, and they work to ensure people coming to their site don’t find only " +"unchanging content." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6854 +msgid "" +"SparkFun’s customer base is largely made up of industrious electronics " +"enthusiasts. They have customers who are regularly involved in the company’s " +"customer support, independently responding to questions in forums and " +"product-comment sections. Customers also bring product ideas to the " +"company. SparkFun regularly sifts through suggestions from customers and " +"tries to build on them where they can. “From the beginning, we have been " +"listening to the community,” Nathan said. “Customers would identify a pain " +"point, and we would design something to address it.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6862 +msgid "" +"However, this sort of customer engagement does not always translate to " +"people actively contributing to SparkFun’s projects. The company has a " +"public repository of software code for each of its devices online. On a " +"particularly active project, there will only be about two dozen people " +"contributing significant improvements. The vast majority of projects are " +"relatively untouched by the public. “There is a theory that if you " +"open-source it, they will come,” Nathan said. “That’s not really true.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6870 +msgid "" +"Rather than focusing on cocreation with their customers, SparkFun instead " +"focuses on enabling people to copy, tinker, and improve products on their " +"own. They heavily invest in tutorials and other material designed to help " +"people understand how the products work so they can fix and improve things " +"independently. “What gives me joy is when people take open-source layouts " +"and then build their own circuit boards from our designs,” Nathan said." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6882 +msgid "" +"Obviously, opening up the design of their products is a necessary step if " +"their goal is to empower the public. Nathan also firmly believes it makes " +"them more money because it requires them to focus on how to provide maximum " +"value. Rather than designing a new product and protecting it in order to " +"extract as much money as possible from it, they release the keys necessary " +"for others to build it themselves and then spend company time and resources " +"on innovation and service. From a short-term perspective, SparkFun may lose " +"a few dollars when others copy their products. But in the long run, it makes " +"them a more nimble, innovative business. In other words, it makes them the " +"kind of company they set out to be." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6884 +msgid "TeachAIDS" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6888 +msgid "" +"TeachAIDS is a nonprofit that creates educational materials designed to " +"teach people around the world about HIV and AIDS. Founded in 2005 in the " +"U.S." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6890 +msgid "teachaids.org" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6892 +msgid "Revenue model: sponsorships" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6894 +msgid "Interview date: March 24, 2016" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6896 +msgid "Interviewees: Piya Sorcar, the CEO, and Shuman Ghosemajumder, the chair" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6903 +msgid "" +"TeachAIDS is an unconventional media company with a conventional revenue " +"model. Like most media companies, they are subsidized by advertising. " +"Corporations pay to have their logos appear on the educational materials " +"TeachAIDS distributes." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6914 +msgid "" +"But unlike most media companies, Teach-AIDS is a nonprofit organization with " +"a purely social mission. TeachAIDS is dedicated to educating the global " +"population about HIV and AIDS, particularly in parts of the world where " +"education efforts have been historically unsuccessful. Their educational " +"content is conveyed through interactive software, using methods based on the " +"latest research about how people learn. TeachAIDS serves content in more " +"than eighty countries around the world. In each instance, the content is " +"translated to the local language and adjusted to conform to local norms and " +"customs. All content is free and made available under a Creative Commons " +"license." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6932 +msgid "" +"TeachAIDS is a labor of love for founder and CEO Piya Sorcar, who earns a " +"salary of one dollar per year from the nonprofit. The project grew out of " +"research she was doing while pursuing her doctorate at Stanford " +"University. She was reading reports about India, noting it would be the next " +"hot zone of people living with HIV. Despite international and national " +"entities pouring in hundreds of millions of dollars on HIV-prevention " +"efforts, the reports showed knowledge levels were still low. People were " +"unaware of whether the virus could be transmitted through coughing and " +"sneezing, for instance. Supported by an interdisciplinary team of experts at " +"Stanford, Piya conducted similar studies, which corroborated the previous " +"research. They found that the primary cause of the limited understanding was " +"that HIV, and issues relating to it, were often considered too taboo to " +"discuss comprehensively. The other major problem was that most of the " +"education on this topic was being taught through television advertising, " +"billboards, and other mass-media campaigns, which meant people were only " +"receiving bits and pieces of information." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6942 +msgid "" +"In late 2005, Piya and her team used research-based design to create new " +"educational materials and worked with local partners in India to help " +"distribute them. As soon as the animated software was posted online, Piya’s " +"team started receiving requests from individuals and governments who were " +"interested in bringing this model to more countries. “We realized fairly " +"quickly that educating large populations about a topic that was considered " +"taboo would be challenging. We began by identifying optimal local partners " +"and worked toward creating an effective, culturally appropriate education,” " +"Piya said." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6946 +msgid "" +"Very shortly after the initial release, Piya’s team decided to spin the " +"endeavor into an independent nonprofit out of Stanford University. They also " +"decided to use Creative Commons licenses on the materials." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6959 +msgid "" +"Given their educational mission, TeachAIDS had an obvious interest in seeing " +"the materials as widely shared as possible. But they also needed to preserve " +"the integrity of the medical information in the content. They chose the " +"Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs license (CC BY-NC-ND), which essentially " +"gives the public the right to distribute only verbatim copies of the " +"content, and for noncommercial purposes. “We wanted attribution for " +"TeachAIDS, and we couldn’t stand by derivatives without vetting them,” the " +"cofounder and chair Shuman Ghosemajumder said. “It was almost a no-brainer " +"to go with a CC license because it was a plug-and-play solution to this " +"exact problem. It has allowed us to scale our materials safely and quickly " +"worldwide while preserving our content and protecting us at the same time.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6966 +msgid "" +"Choosing a license that does not allow adaptation of the content was an " +"outgrowth of the careful precision with which TeachAIDS crafts their " +"content. The organization invests heavily in research and testing to " +"determine the best method of conveying the information. “Creating " +"high-quality content is what matters most to us,” Piya said. “Research " +"drives everything we do.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6973 +msgid "" +"One important finding was that people accept the message best when it comes " +"from familiar voices they trust and admire. To achieve this, TeachAIDS " +"researches cultural icons that would best resonate with their target " +"audiences and recruits them to donate their likenesses and voices for use in " +"the animated software. The celebrities involved vary for each localized " +"version of the materials." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6986 +msgid "" +"Localization is probably the single-most important aspect of the way " +"TeachAIDS creates its content. While each regional version builds from the " +"same core scientific materials, they pour a lot of resources into " +"customizing the content for a particular population. Because they use a CC " +"license that does not allow the public to adapt the content, TeachAIDS " +"retains careful control over the localization process. The content is " +"translated into the local language, but there are also changes in substance " +"and format to reflect cultural differences. This process results in minor " +"changes, like choosing different idioms based on the local language, and " +"significant changes, like creating gendered versions for places where people " +"are more likely to accept information from someone of the same gender." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7000 +msgid "" +"The localization process relies heavily on volunteers. Their volunteer base " +"is deeply committed to the cause, and the organization has had better luck " +"controlling the quality of the materials when they tap volunteers instead of " +"using paid translators. For quality control, TeachAIDS has three separate " +"volunteer teams translate the materials from English to the local language " +"and customize the content based on local customs and norms. Those three " +"versions are then analyzed and combined into a single master " +"translation. TeachAIDS has additional teams of volunteers then translate " +"that version back into English to see how well it lines up with the original " +"materials. They repeat this process until they reach a translated version " +"that meets their standards. For the Tibetan version, they went through this " +"cycle eleven times." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7017 +msgid "" +"TeachAIDS employs full-time employees, contractors, and volunteers, all in " +"different capacities and organizational configurations. They are careful to " +"use people from diverse backgrounds to create the materials, including " +"teachers, students, and doctors, as well as individuals experienced in " +"working in the NGO space. This diversity and breadth of knowledge help " +"ensure their materials resonate with people from all walks of " +"life. Additionally, TeachAIDS works closely with film writers and directors " +"to help keep the concepts entertaining and easy to understand. The " +"inclusive, but highly controlled, creative process is undertaken entirely by " +"people who are specifically brought on to help with a particular project, " +"rather than ongoing staff. The final product they create is designed to " +"require zero training for people to implement in practice. “In our research, " +"we found we can’t depend on people passing on the information correctly, " +"even if they have the best of intentions,” Piya said. “We need materials " +"where you can push play and they will work.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7028 +msgid "" +"Piya’s team was able to produce all of these versions over several years " +"with a head count that never exceeded eight full-time employees. The " +"organization is able to reduce costs by relying heavily on volunteers and " +"in-kind donations. Nevertheless, the nonprofit needed a sustainable revenue " +"model to subsidize content creation and physical distribution of the " +"materials. Charging even a low price was simply not an option. “Educators " +"from various nonprofits around the world were just creating their own " +"materials using whatever they could find for free online,” Shuman said. “The " +"only way to persuade them to use our highly effective model was to make it " +"completely free.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7037 +msgid "" +"Like many content creators offering their work for free, they settled on " +"advertising as a funding model. But they were extremely careful not to let " +"the advertising compromise their credibility or undermine the heavy " +"investment they put into creating quality content. Sponsors of the content " +"have no ability to influence the substance of the content, and they cannot " +"even create advertising content. Sponsors only get the right to have their " +"logo appear before and after the educational content. All of the content " +"remains branded as TeachAIDS." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7045 +msgid "" +"TeachAIDS is careful not to seek funding to cover the costs of a specific " +"project. Instead, sponsorships are structured as unrestricted donations to " +"the nonprofit. This gives the nonprofit more stability, but even more " +"importantly, it enables them to subsidize projects being localized for an " +"area with no sponsors. “If we just created versions based on where we could " +"get sponsorships, we would only have materials for wealthier countries,” " +"Shuman said." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7056 +msgid "" +"As of 2016, TeachAIDS has dozens of sponsors. “When we go into a new " +"country, various companies hear about us and reach out to us,” Piya " +"said. “We don’t have to do much to find or attract them.” They believe the " +"sponsorships are easy to sell because they offer so much value to " +"sponsors. TeachAIDS sponsorships give corporations the chance to reach new " +"eyeballs with their brand, but at a much lower cost than other advertising " +"channels. The audience for TeachAIDS content also tends to skew young, which " +"is often a desirable demographic for brands. Unlike traditional advertising, " +"the content is not time-sensitive, so an investment in a sponsorship can " +"benefit a brand for many years to come." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7063 +msgid "" +"Importantly, the value to corporate sponsors goes beyond commercial " +"considerations. As a nonprofit with a clearly articulated social mission, " +"corporate sponsorships are donations to a cause. “This is something " +"companies can be proud of internally,” Shuman said. Some companies have even " +"built publicity campaigns around the fact that they have sponsored these " +"initiatives." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7070 +msgid "" +"The core mission of TeachAIDS—ensuring global access to life-saving " +"education—is at the root of everything the organization does. It underpins " +"the work; it motivates the funders. The CC license on the materials they " +"create furthers that mission, allowing them to safely and quickly scale " +"their materials worldwide. “The Creative Commons license has been a game " +"changer for TeachAIDS,” Piya said." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7072 +msgid "Tribe of Noise" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7076 +msgid "" +"Tribe of Noise is a for-profit online music platform serving the film, TV, " +"video, gaming, and in-store-media industries. Founded in 2008 in the " +"Netherlands." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7078 +msgid "www.tribeofnoise.com" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7082 +msgid "Interview date: January 26, 2016" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7084 +msgid "Interviewee: Hessel van Oorschot, cofounder" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7094 +msgid "" +"In the early 2000s, Hessel van Oorschot was an entrepreneur running a " +"business where he coached other midsize entrepreneurs how to create an " +"online business. He also coauthored a number of workbooks for small- to " +"medium-size enterprises to use to optimize their business for the Web. " +"Through this early work, Hessel became familiar with the principles of open " +"licensing, including the use of open-source software and Creative Commons." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7102 +msgid "" +"In 2005, Hessel and Sandra Brandenburg launched a niche video-production " +"initiative. Almost immediately, they ran into issues around finding and " +"licensing music tracks. All they could find was standard, cold " +"stock-music. They thought of looking up websites where you could license " +"music directly from the musician without going through record labels or " +"agents. But in 2005, the ability to directly license music from a rights " +"holder was not readily available." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7110 +msgid "" +"They hired two lawyers to investigate further, and while they uncovered five " +"or six examples, Hessel found the business models lacking. The lawyers " +"expressed interest in being their legal team should they decide to pursue " +"this as an entrepreneurial opportunity. Hessel says, “When lawyers are " +"interested in a venture like this, you might have something special.” So " +"after some more research, in early 2008, Hessel and Sandra decided to build " +"a platform." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7116 +msgid "" +"Building a platform posed a real chicken-and-egg problem. The platform had " +"to build an online community of music-rights holders and, at the same time, " +"provide the community with information and ideas about how the new economy " +"works. Community willingness to try new music business models requires a " +"trust relationship." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7123 +msgid "" +"In July 2008, Tribe of Noise opened its virtual doors with a couple hundred " +"musicians willing to use the CC BY-SA license (Attribution-ShareAlike) for a " +"limited part of their repertoire. The two entrepreneurs wanted to take the " +"pain away for media makers who wanted to license music and solve the " +"problems the two had personally experienced finding this music." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7131 +msgid "" +"As they were growing the community, Hessel got a phone call from a company " +"that made in-store music playlists asking if they had enough music licensed " +"with Creative Commons that they could use. Stores need quality, " +"good-listening music but not necessarily hits, a bit like a radio show " +"without the DJ. This opened a new opportunity for Tribe of Noise. They " +"started their In-store Music Service, using music (licensed with CC BY-SA) " +"uploaded by the Tribe of Noise community of musicians.1" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7149 +msgid "" +"In most countries, artists, authors, and musicians join a collecting society " +"that manages the licensing and helps collect the royalties. Copyright " +"collecting societies in the European Union usually hold monopolies in their " +"respective national markets. In addition, they require their members to " +"transfer exclusive administration rights to them of all of their works. This " +"complicates the picture for Tribe of Noise, who wants to represent artists, " +"or at least a portion of their repertoire. Hessel and his legal team reached " +"out to collecting societies, starting with those in the Netherlands. What " +"would be the best legal way forward that would respect the wishes of " +"composers and musicians who’d be interested in trying out new models like " +"the In-store Music Service? Collecting societies at first were hesitant and " +"said no, but Tribe of Noise persisted arguing that they primarily work with " +"unknown artists and provide them exposure in parts of the world where they " +"don’t get airtime normally and a source of revenue—and this convinced them " +"that it was OK. However, Hessel says, “We are still fighting for a good " +"cause every single day.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7160 +msgid "" +"Instead of building a large sales force, Tribe of Noise partnered with big " +"organizations who have lots of clients and can act as a kind of Tribe of " +"Noise reseller. The largest telecom network in the Netherlands, for example, " +"sells Tribe’s In-store Music Service subscriptions to their business " +"clients, which include fashion retailers and fitness centers. They have a " +"similar deal with the leading trade association representing hotels and " +"restaurants in the country. Hessel hopes to “copy and paste” this service " +"into other countries where collecting societies understand what you can do " +"with Creative Commons. Outside of the Netherlands, early adoptions have " +"happened in Scandinavia, Belgium, and the U.S." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7167 +msgid "" +"Tribe of Noise doesn’t pay the musicians up front; they get paid when their " +"music ends up in Tribe of Noise’s in-store music channels. The musicians’ " +"share is 42.5 percent. It’s not uncommon in a traditional model for the " +"artist to get only 5 to 10 percent, so a share of over 40 percent is a " +"significantly better deal. Here’s how they give an example on their website:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7176 +msgid "" +"A few of your songs \\[licensed with CC BY-SA\\], for example five in total, " +"are selected for a bespoke in-store music channel broadcasting at a large " +"retailer with 1,000 stores nationwide. In this case the overall playlist " +"contains 350 songs so the musician’s share is 5/350 = 1.43%. The license " +"fee agreed with this retailer is US\\$12 per month per play-out. So if 42.5% " +"is shared with the Tribe musicians in this playlist and your share is 1.43%, " +"you end up with US\\$12 \\* 1000 stores \\* 0.425 \\* 0.0143 = US\\$73 per " +"month.2" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7185 +msgid "" +"Tribe of Noise has another model that does not involve Creative Commons. In " +"a survey with members, most said they liked the exposure using Creative " +"Commons gets them and the way it lets them reach out to others to share and " +"remix. However, they had a bit of a mental struggle with Creative Commons " +"licenses being perpetual. A lot of musicians have the mind-set that one day " +"one of their songs may become an overnight hit. If that happened the CC " +"BY-SA license would preclude them getting rich off the sale of that song." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7194 +msgid "" +"Hessel’s legal team took this feedback and created a second model and " +"separate area of the platform called Tribe of Noise Pro. Songs uploaded to " +"Tribe of Noise Pro aren’t Creative Commons licensed; Tribe of Noise has " +"instead created a “nonexclusive exploitation” contract, similar to a " +"Creative Commons license but allowing musicians to opt out whenever they " +"want. When you opt out, Tribe of Noise agrees to take your music off the " +"Tribe of Noise platform within one to two months. This lets the musician " +"reuse their song for a better deal." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7201 +msgid "" +"Tribe of Noise Pro is primarily geared toward media makers who are looking " +"for music. If they buy a license from this catalog, they don’t have to state " +"the name of the creator; they just license the song for a specific " +"amount. This is a big plus for media makers. And musicians can pull their " +"repertoire at any time. Hessel sees this as a more direct and clean deal." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7206 +msgid "" +"Lots of Tribe of Noise musicians upload songs to both Tribe of Noise Pro and " +"the community area of Tribe of Noises. There aren’t that many artists who " +"upload only to Tribe of Noise Pro, which has a smaller repertoire of music " +"than the community area." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7213 +msgid "" +"Hessel sees the two as complementary. Both are needed for the model to " +"work. With a whole generation of musicians interested in the sharing " +"economy, the community area of Tribe of Noise is where they can build trust, " +"create exposure, and generate money. And after that, musicians may become " +"more interested in exploring other models like Tribe of Noise Pro." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7222 +msgid "" +"Every musician who joins Tribe of Noise gets their own home page and free " +"unlimited Web space to upload as much of their own music as they like. Tribe " +"of Noise is also a social network; fellow musicians and professionals can " +"vote for, comment on, and like your music. Community managers interact with " +"and support members, and music supervisors pick and choose from the uploaded " +"songs for in-store play or to promote them to media producers. Members " +"really like having people working for the platform who truly engage with " +"them." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7230 +msgid "" +"Another way Tribe of Noise creates community and interest is with contests, " +"which are organized in partnership with Tribe of Noise clients. The client " +"specifies what they want, and any member can submit a song. Contests usually " +"involve prizes, exposure, and money. In addition to building member " +"engagement, contests help members learn how to work with clients: listening " +"to them, understanding what they want, and creating a song to meet that " +"need." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7240 +msgid "" +"Tribe of Noise now has twenty-seven thousand members from 192 countries, and " +"many are exploring do-it-yourself models for generating revenue. Some came " +"from music labels and publishers, having gone through the traditional way of " +"music licensing and now seeing if this new model makes sense for " +"them. Others are young musicians, who grew up with a DIY mentality and see " +"little reason to sign with a third party or hand over some of the " +"control. Still a small but growing group of Tribe members are pursuing a " +"hybrid model by licensing some of their songs under CC BY-SA and opting in " +"others with collecting societies like" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7242 +msgid "ASCAP or BMI." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7257 +msgid "" +"It’s not uncommon for performance-rights organizations, record labels, or " +"music publishers to sign contracts with musicians based on exclusivity. Such " +"an arrangement prevents those musicians from uploading their music to Tribe " +"of Noise. In the United States, you can have a collecting society handle " +"only some of your tracks, whereas in many countries in Europe, a collecting " +"society prefers to represent your entire repertoire (although the European " +"Commission is making some changes). Tribe of Noise deals with this issue all " +"the time and gives you a warning whenever you upload a song. If collecting " +"societies are willing to be open and flexible and do the most they can for " +"their members, then they can consider organizations like Tribe of Noise as a " +"nice add-on, generating more exposure and revenue for the musicians they " +"represent. So far, Tribe of Noise has been able to make all this work " +"without litigation." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7266 +msgid "" +"For Hessel the key to Tribe of Noise’s success is trust. The fact that " +"Creative Commons licenses work the same way all over the world and have been " +"translated into all languages really helps build that trust. Tribe of Noise " +"believes in creating a model where they work together with musicians. They " +"can only do that if they have a live and kicking community, with people who " +"think that the Tribe of Noise team has their best interests in " +"mind. Creative Commons makes it possible to create a new business model for " +"music, a model that’s based on trust." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '1. ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7271 +msgid "www.instoremusicservice.com" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '2. ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7271 +msgid "www.tribeofnoise.com/info\\_instoremusic.php" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7273 +msgid "Wikimedia Foundation" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7276 +msgid "" +"The Wikimedia Foundation is the nonprofit organization that hosts Wikipedia " +"and its sister projects. Founded in 2003 in the U.S." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7278 +msgid "wikimediafoundation.org" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7280 +msgid "Revenue model: donations" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7282 +msgid "Interview date: December 18, 2015" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7285 +msgid "" +"Interviewees: Luis Villa, former Chief Officer of Community Engagement, and " +"Stephen LaPorte, legal counsel" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7289 +msgid "Nearly every person with an online presence knows Wikipedia." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7295 +msgid "" +"In many ways, it is the preeminent open project: The online encyclopedia is " +"created entirely by volunteers. Anyone in the world can edit the " +"articles. All of the content is available for free to anyone online. All of " +"the content is released under a Creative Commons license that enables people " +"to reuse and adapt it for any purpose." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7299 +msgid "" +"As of December 2016, there were more than forty-two million articles in the " +"295 language editions of the online encyclopedia, according to—what " +"else?—the Wikipedia article about Wikipedia." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7311 +msgid "" +"The Wikimedia Foundation is a U.S.-based nonprofit organization that owns " +"the Wikipedia domain name and hosts the site, along with many other related " +"sites like Wikidata and Wikimedia Commons. The foundation employs about two " +"hundred and eighty people, who all work to support the projects it " +"hosts. But the true heart of Wikipedia and its sister projects is its " +"community. The numbers of people in the community are variable, but about " +"seventy-five thousand volunteers edit and improve Wikipedia articles every " +"month. Volunteers are organized in a variety of ways across the globe, " +"including formal Wikimedia chapters (mostly national), groups focused on a " +"particular theme, user groups, and many thousands who are not connected to a " +"particular organization." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7316 +msgid "" +"As Wikimedia legal counsel Stephen LaPorte told us, “There is a common " +"saying that Wikipedia works in practice but not in theory.” While it " +"undoubtedly has its challenges and flaws, Wikipedia and its sister projects " +"are a striking testament to the power of human collaboration." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7323 +msgid "" +"Because of its extraordinary breadth and scope, it does feel a bit like a " +"unicorn. Indeed, there is nothing else like Wikipedia. Still, much of what " +"makes the projects successful—community, transparency, a strong mission, " +"trust—are consistent with what it takes to be successfully Made with " +"Creative Commons more generally. With Wikipedia, everything just happens at " +"an unprecedented scale." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7333 +msgid "" +"The story of Wikipedia has been told many times. For our purposes, it is " +"enough to know the experiment started in 2001 at a small scale, inspired by " +"the crazy notion that perhaps a truly open, collaborative project could " +"create something meaningful. At this point, Wikipedia is so ubiquitous and " +"ingrained in our digital lives that the fact of its existence seems less " +"remarkable. But outside of software, Wikipedia is perhaps the single most " +"stunning example of successful community cocreation. Every day, seven " +"thousand new articles are created on Wikipedia, and nearly fifteen thousand " +"edits are made every hour." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7353 +msgid "" +"The nature of the content the community creates is ideal for asynchronous " +"cocreation. “An encyclopedia is something where incremental community " +"improvement really works,” Luis Villa, former Chief Officer of Community " +"Engagement, told us. The rules and processes that govern cocreation on " +"Wikipedia and its sister projects are all community-driven and vary by " +"language edition. There are entire books written on the intricacies of their " +"systems, but generally speaking, there are very few exceptions to the rule " +"that anyone can edit any article, even without an account on their " +"system. The extensive peer-review process includes elaborate systems to " +"resolve disputes, methods for managing particularly controversial subject " +"areas, talk pages explaining decisions, and much, much more. The Wikimedia " +"Foundation’s decision to leave governance of the projects to the community " +"is very deliberate. “We look at the things that the community can do well, " +"and we want to let them do those things,” Stephen told us. Instead, the " +"foundation focuses its time and resources on what the community cannot do as " +"effectively, like the software engineering that supports the technical " +"infrastructure of the sites. In 2015-16, about half of the foundation’s " +"budget went to direct support for the Wikimedia sites." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7366 +msgid "" +"Some of that is directed at servers and general IT support, but the " +"foundation also invests a significant amount on architecture designed to " +"help the site function as effectively as possible. “There is a constantly " +"evolving system to keep the balance in place to avoid Wikipedia becoming the " +"world’s biggest graffiti wall,” Luis said. Depending on how you measure it, " +"somewhere between 90 to 98 percent of edits to Wikipedia are positive. Some " +"portion of that success is attributable to the tools Wikimedia has in place " +"to try to incentivize good actors. “The secret to having any healthy " +"community is bringing back the right people,” Luis said. “Vandals tend to " +"get bored and go away. That is partially our model working, and partially " +"just human nature.” Most of the time, people want to do the right thing." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7377 +msgid "" +"Wikipedia not only relies on good behavior within its community and on its " +"sites, but also by everyone else once the content leaves Wikipedia. All of " +"the text of Wikipedia is available under an Attribution-ShareAlike license " +"(CC BY-SA), which means it can be used for any purpose and modified so long " +"as credit is given and anything new is shared back with the public under the " +"same license. In theory, that means anyone can copy the content and start a " +"new Wikipedia. But as Stephen explained, “Being open has only made Wikipedia " +"bigger and stronger. The desire to protect is not always what is best for " +"everyone.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7393 +msgid "" +"Of course, the primary reason no one has successfully co-opted Wikipedia is " +"that copycat efforts do not have the Wikipedia community to sustain what " +"they do. Wikipedia is not simply a source of up-to-the-minute content on " +"every given topic—it is also a global patchwork of humans working together " +"in a million different ways, in a million different capacities, for a " +"million different reasons. While many have tried to guess what makes " +"Wikipedia work as well it does, the fact is there is no single " +"explanation. “In a movement as large as ours, there is an incredible " +"diversity of motivations,” Stephen said. For example, there is one editor of " +"the English Wikipedia edition who has corrected a single grammatical error " +"in articles more than forty-eight thousand times.1 Only a fraction of " +"Wikipedia users are also editors. But editing is not the only way to " +"contribute to Wikipedia. “Some donate text, some donate images, some donate " +"financially,” Stephen told us. “They are all contributors.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7401 +msgid "" +"But the vast majority of us who use Wikipedia are not contributors; we are " +"passive readers. The Wikimedia Foundation survives primarily on individual " +"donations, with about \\$15 as the average. Because Wikipedia is one of the " +"ten most popular websites in terms of total page views, donations from a " +"small portion of that audience can translate into a lot of money. In the " +"2015-16 fiscal year, they received more than \\$77 million from more than " +"five million donors." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7410 +msgid "" +"The foundation has a fund-raising team that works year-round to raise money, " +"but the bulk of their revenue comes in during the December campaign in " +"Australia, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United " +"States. They engage in extensive user testing and research to maximize the " +"reach of their fund-raising campaigns. Their basic fund-raising message is " +"simple: We provide our readers and the world immense value, so give " +"back. Every little bit helps. With enough eyeballs, they are right." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7418 +msgid "" +"The vision of the Wikimedia Foundation is a world in which every single " +"human being can freely share in the sum of all knowledge. They work to " +"realize this vision by empowering people around the globe to create " +"educational content made freely available under an open license or in the " +"public domain. Stephen and Luis said the mission, which is rooted in the " +"same philosophy behind Creative Commons, drives everything the foundation " +"does." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7423 +msgid "" +"The philosophy behind the endeavor also enables the foundation to be " +"financially sustainable. It instills trust in their readership, which is " +"critical for a revenue strategy that relies on reader donations. It also " +"instills trust in their community." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7428 +msgid "" +"Any given edit on Wikipedia could be motivated by nearly an infinite number " +"of reasons. But the social mission of the project is what binds the global " +"community together. “Wikipedia is an example of how a mission can motivate " +"an entire movement,” Stephen told us." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7434 +msgid "" +"Of course, what results from that movement is one of the Internet’s great " +"public resources. “The Internet has a lot of businesses and stores, but it " +"is missing the digital equivalent of parks and open public spaces,” Stephen " +"said. “Wikipedia has found a way to be that open public space.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Bullet: '1. ' +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7438 +msgid "gimletmedia.com/episode/14-the-art-of-making-and-fixing-mistakes/" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7440 +msgid "Bibliography" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7445 +msgid "" +"Alperovitz, Gar. What Then Must We Do? Straight Talk about the Next American " +"Revolution; Democratizing Wealth and Building a Community-Sustaining Economy " +"from the Ground Up. White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2013." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7449 +msgid "" +"Anderson, Chris. Free: How Today’s Smartest Businesses Profit by Giving " +"Something for Nothing, reprint with new preface. New York: Hyperion, 2010." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7451 +msgid "———. Makers: The New Industrial Revolution. New York: Signal, 2012." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7454 +msgid "" +"Ariely, Dan. Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Forces That Shape Our " +"Decisions. Rev. ed. New York: Harper Perennial, 2010." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7457 +msgid "" +"Bacon, Jono. The Art of Community. 2nd ed. Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media, " +"2012." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7462 +msgid "" +"Benkler, Yochai. The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms " +"Markets and Freedom. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006. " +"www.benkler.org/Benkler\\_Wealth\\_Of\\_Networks.pdf (licensed under CC " +"BY-NC-SA)." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7467 +msgid "" +"Benyayer, Louis-David, ed. Open Models: Business Models of the Open " +"Economy. Cachan, France: Without Model, 2016. " +"www.slideshare.net/WithoutModel/open-models-book-64463892 (licensed under CC " +"BY-SA)." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7472 +msgid "" +"Bollier, David. Commoning as a Transformative Social Paradigm. Paper " +"commissioned by the Next Systems Project. Washington, DC: Democracy " +"Collaborative, 2016. " +"thenextsystem.org/commoning-as-a-transformative-social-paradigm/." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7475 +msgid "" +"———. Think Like a Commoner: A Short Introduction to the Life of the " +"Commons. Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7483 +msgid "" +"Bollier, David, and Pat Conaty. Democratic Money and Capital for the " +"Commons: Strategies for Transforming Neoliberal Finance through " +"Commons-Based Alternatives. A report on a Commons Strategies Group Workshop " +"in cooperation with the Heinrich Böll Foundation, Berlin, Germany, 2015. " +"bollier.org/democratic-money-and-capital-commons-report-pdf. For more " +"information, see bollier.org/blog/democratic-money-and-capital-commons." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7486 +msgid "" +"Bollier, David, and Silke Helfrich, eds. The Wealth of the Commons: A World " +"Beyond Market and State. Amherst, MA: Levellers Press, 2012." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7489 +msgid "" +"Botsman, Rachel, and Roo Rogers. What’s Mine Is Yours: The Rise of " +"Collaborative Consumption. New York: Harper Business, 2010." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7492 +msgid "" +"Boyle, James. The Public Domain: Enclosing the Commons of the Mind. New " +"Haven: Yale University Press, 2008." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7494 +msgid "www.thepublicdomain.org/download/ (licensed under CC BY-NC-SA)." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7498 +msgid "" +"Capra, Fritjof, and Ugo Mattei. The Ecology of Law: Toward a Legal System in " +"Tune with Nature and Community. Oakland, CA: Berrett-Koehler, 2015." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7501 +msgid "" +"Chesbrough, Henry. Open Business Models: How to Thrive in the New Innovation " +"Landscape. Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2006." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7504 +msgid "" +"———. Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating and Profiting from " +"Technology. Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2006." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7510 +msgid "" +"City of Bologna. Regulation on Collaboration between Citizens and the City " +"for the Care and Regeneration of Urban Commons. Translated by LabGov " +"(LABoratory for the GOVernance of Commons). Bologna, Italy: City of Bologna, " +"2014). " +"www.labgov.it/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/Bologna-Regulation-on-collaboration-between-citizens-and-the-city-for-the-cure-and-regeneration-of-urban-commons1.pdf." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7514 +msgid "" +"Cole, Daniel H. “Learning from Lin: Lessons and Cautions from the Natural " +"Commons for the Knowledge Commons.” Chap. 2 in Frischmann, Madison, and " +"Strandburg, Governing Knowledge Commons." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7517 +msgid "" +"Creative Commons. 2015 State of the Commons. Mountain View, CA: Creative " +"Commons, 2015. stateof.creativecommons.org/2015/." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7520 +msgid "" +"Doctorow, Cory. Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free: Laws for the Internet " +"Age. San Francisco: McSweeney’s, 2014." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7524 +msgid "" +"Eckhardt, Giana, and Fleura Bardhi. “The Sharing Economy Isn’t about Sharing " +"at All.” Harvard Business Review, January 28, 2015. " +"hbr.org/2015/01/the-sharing-economy-isnt-about-sharing-at-all." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7529 +msgid "" +"Elliott, Patricia W., and Daryl H. Hepting, eds. (2015). Free Knowledge: " +"Confronting the Commodification of Human Discovery. Regina, SK: University " +"of Regina Press, 2015. uofrpress.ca/publications/Free-Knowledge (licensed " +"under CC BY-NC-ND)." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7532 +msgid "" +"Eyal, Nir. Hooked: How to Build Habit-Forming Products. With Ryan " +"Hoover. New York: Portfolio, 2014." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7535 +msgid "" +"Farley, Joshua, and Ida Kubiszewski. “The Economics of Information in a " +"Post-Carbon Economy.” Chap. 11 in Elliott and Hepting, Free Knowledge." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7539 +msgid "" +"Foster, William Landes, Peter Kim, and Barbara Christiansen. “Ten Nonprofit " +"Funding Models.” Stanford Social Innovation Review, Spring " +"2009. ssir.org/articles/entry/ten\\_nonprofit\\_funding\\_models." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7542 +msgid "" +"Frischmann, Brett M. Infrastructure: The Social Value of Shared " +"Resources. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7546 +msgid "" +"Frischmann, Brett M., Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J. Strandburg, " +"eds. Governing Knowledge Commons. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7550 +msgid "" +"Frischmann, Brett M., Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J. Strandburg. " +"“Governing Knowledge Commons.” Chap. 1 in Frischmann, Madison, and " +"Strandburg, Governing Knowledge Commons." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7553 +msgid "" +"Gansky, Lisa. The Mesh: Why the Future of Business Is Sharing. Reprint with " +"new epilogue. New York: Portfolio, 2012." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7556 +msgid "" +"Grant, Adam. Give and Take: Why Helping Others Drives Our Success. New York: " +"Viking, 2013." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7559 +msgid "" +"Haiven, Max. Crises of Imagination, Crises of Power: Capitalism, Creativity " +"and the Commons. New York: Zed Books, 2014." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7563 +msgid "" +"Harris, Malcom, ed. Share or Die: Voices of the Get Lost Generation in the " +"Age of Crisis. With Neal Gorenflo. Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2012." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7566 +msgid "" +"Hermida, Alfred. Tell Everyone: Why We Share and Why It Matters. Toronto: " +"Doubleday Canada, 2014." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7569 +msgid "" +"Hyde, Lewis. Common as Air: Revolution, Art, and Ownership. New York: " +"Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2010." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7572 +msgid "" +"———. The Gift: Creativity and the Artist in the Modern World. 2nd Vintage " +"Books edition. New York: Vintage Books, 2007." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7575 +msgid "" +"Kelley, Tom, and David Kelley. Creative Confidence: Unleashing the Potential " +"within Us All. New York: Crown, 2013." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7578 +msgid "" +"Kelly, Marjorie. Owning Our Future: The Emerging Ownership Revolution; " +"Journeys to a Generative Economy. San Francisco:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7580 +msgid "Berrett-Koehler, 2012." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7583 +msgid "" +"Kleon, Austin. Show Your Work: 10 Ways to Share Your Creativity and Get " +"Discovered. New York: Workman, 2014." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7586 +msgid "" +"———. Steal Like an Artist: 10 Things Nobody Told You about Being " +"Creative. New York: Workman, 2012." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7589 +msgid "" +"Kramer, Bryan. Shareology: How Sharing Is Powering the Human Economy. New " +"York: Morgan James, 2016." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7592 +msgid "" +"Lee, David. “Inside Medium: An Attempt to Bring Civility to the Internet.” " +"BBC News, March 3, 2016. www.bbc.com/news/technology-35709680" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7595 +msgid "" +"Lessig, Lawrence. Remix: Making Art and Commerce Thrive in the Hybrid " +"Economy. New York: Penguin Press, 2008." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7598 +msgid "" +"Menzies, Heather. Reclaiming the Commons for the Common Good: A Memoir and " +"Manifesto. Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7601 +msgid "" +"Mason, Paul. Postcapitalism: A Guide to Our Future. New York: Farrar, Straus " +"and Giroux, 2015." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7605 +msgid "" +"New York Times Customer Insight Group. The Psychology of Sharing: Why Do " +"People Share Online? New York: New York Times Customer Insight Group, " +"2011. www.iab.net/media/file/POSWhitePaper.pdf." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7609 +msgid "" +"Osterwalder, Alex, and Yves Pigneur. Business Model Generation. Hoboken, NJ: " +"John Wiley and Sons, 2010. A preview of the book is available at " +"strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7613 +msgid "" +"Osterwalder, Alex, Yves Pigneur, Greg Bernarda, and Adam Smith. Value " +"Proposition Design. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2014. A preview of the " +"book is available at strategyzer.com/books/value-proposition-design." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7616 +msgid "" +"Palmer, Amanda. The Art of Asking: Or How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Let " +"People Help. New York: Grand Central, 2014." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7622 +msgid "" +"Pekel, Joris. Democratising the Rijksmuseum: Why Did the Rijksmuseum Make " +"Available Their Highest Quality Material without Restrictions, and What Are " +"the Results? The Hague, Netherlands: Europeana Foundation, " +"2014. pro.europeana.eu/publication/democratising-the-rijksmuseum (licensed " +"under CC BY-SA)." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7627 +msgid "" +"Ramos, José Maria, ed. The City as Commons: A Policy Reader. Melbourne, " +"Australia: Commons Transition Coalition, 2016. " +"www.academia.edu/27143172/The\\_City\\_as\\_Commons\\_a\\_Policy\\_Reader " +"(licensed under CC BY-NC-ND)." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7632 +msgid "" +"Raymond, Eric S. The Cathedral and the Bazaar: Musings on Linux and Open " +"Source by an Accidental Revolutionary. Rev. ed. Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly " +"Media, 2001. See esp. “The Magic Cauldron.” " +"www.catb.org/esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7636 +msgid "" +"Ries, Eric. The Lean Startup: How Today’s Entrepreneurs Use Continuous " +"Innovation to Create Radically Successful Businesses. New York: Crown " +"Business, 2011." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7640 +msgid "" +"Rifkin, Jeremy. The Zero Marginal Cost Society: The Internet of Things, the " +"Collaborative Commons, and the Eclipse of Capitalism. New York: Palgrave " +"Macmillan, 2014." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7642 +msgid "Rowe, Jonathan. Our Common Wealth. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2013." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7645 +msgid "" +"Rushkoff, Douglas. Throwing Rocks at the Google Bus: How Growth Became the " +"Enemy of Prosperity. New York: Portfolio, 2016." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7648 +msgid "" +"Sandel, Michael J. What Money Can’t Buy: The Moral Limits of Markets. New " +"York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2012." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7651 +msgid "" +"Shirky, Clay. Cognitive Surplus: How Technology Makes Consumers into " +"Collaborators. London, England: Penguin Books, 2010." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7654 +msgid "" +"Slee, Tom. What’s Yours Is Mine: Against the Sharing Economy. New York: OR " +"Books, 2015." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7657 +msgid "" +"Stephany, Alex. The Business of Sharing: Making in the New Sharing " +"Economy. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7660 +msgid "" +"Stepper, John. Working Out Loud: For a Better Career and Life. New York: " +"Ikigai Press, 2015." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7663 +msgid "" +"Sull, Donald, and Kathleen M. Eisenhardt. Simple Rules: How to Thrive in a " +"Complex World. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2015." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7666 +msgid "" +"Sundararajan, Arun. The Sharing Economy: The End of Employment and the Rise " +"of Crowd-Based Capitalism. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2016." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7668 +msgid "Surowiecki, James. The Wisdom of Crowds. New York: Anchor Books, 2005." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7672 +msgid "" +"Tapscott, Don, and Alex Tapscott. Blockchain Revolution: How the Technology " +"Behind Bitcoin Is Changing Money, Business, and the World. Toronto: " +"Portfolio, 2016." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7675 +msgid "" +"Tharp, Twyla. The Creative Habit: Learn It and Use It for Life. With Mark " +"Reiter. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2006." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7678 +msgid "" +"Tkacz, Nathaniel. Wikipedia and the Politics of Openness. Chicago: " +"University of Chicago Press, 2015." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7684 +msgid "" +"Van Abel, Bass, Lucas Evers, Roel Klaassen, and Peter Troxler, eds. Open " +"Design Now: Why Design Cannot Remain Exclusive. Amsterdam: BIS Publishers, " +"with Creative Commons Netherlands; Premsela, the Netherlands Institute for " +"Design and Fashion; and the Waag Society, 2011. opendesignnow.org (licensed " +"under CC BY-NC-SA)." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7688 +msgid "" +"Van den Hoff, Ronald. Mastering the Global Transition on Our Way to Society " +"3.0. Utrecht, the Netherlands: Society 3.0 Foundation, 2014. " +"society30.com/get-the-book/ (licensed under CC BY-NC-ND)." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7691 +msgid "" +"Von Hippel, Eric. Democratizing Innovation. London: MIT Press, 2005. " +"web.mit.edu/evhippel/www/democ1.htm (licensed under CC BY-NC-ND)." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7694 +msgid "" +"Whitehurst, Jim. The Open Organization: Igniting Passion and " +"Performance. Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2015." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7696 +msgid "Acknowledgments" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7702 +msgid "" +"We extend special thanks to Creative Commons CEO Ryan Merkley, the Creative " +"Commons Board, and all of our Creative Commons colleagues for " +"enthusiastically supporting our work. Special gratitude to the William and " +"Flora Hewlett Foundation for the initial seed funding that got us started on " +"this project." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7706 +msgid "" +"Huge appreciation to all the Made with Creative Commons interviewees for " +"sharing their stories with us. You make the commons come alive. Thanks for " +"the inspiration." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7712 +msgid "" +"We interviewed more than the twenty-four organizations profiled in this " +"book. We extend special thanks to Gooru, OERu, Sage Bionetworks, and Medium " +"for sharing their stories with us. While not featured as case studies in " +"this book, you all are equally interesting, and we encourage our readers to " +"visit your sites and explore your work." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7717 +msgid "" +"This book was made possible by the generous support of 1,687 Kickstarter " +"backers listed below. We especially acknowledge our many Kickstarter " +"co-editors who read early drafts of our work and provided invaluable " +"feedback. Heartfelt thanks to all of you." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7764 +msgid "" +"Co-editor Kickstarter backers (alphabetically by first name): Abraham " +"Taherivand, Alan Graham, Alfredo Louro, Anatoly Volynets, Aurora Thornton, " +"Austin Tolentino, Ben Sheridan, Benedikt Foit, Benjamin Costantini, Bernd " +"Nurnberger, Bernhard Seefeld, Bethanye Blount, Bradford Benn, Bryan Mock, " +"Carmen Garcia Wiedenhoeft, Carolyn Hinchliff, Casey Milford, Cat Cooper, " +"Chip McIntosh, Chris Thorne, Chris Weber, Chutika Udomsinn, Claire Wardle, " +"Claudia Cristiani, Cody Allard, Colleen Cressman, Craig Thomler, Creative " +"Commons Uruguay, Curt McNamara, Dan Parson, Daniel Dominguez, Daniel Morado, " +"Darius Irvin, Dave Taillefer, David Lewis, David Mikula, David Varnes, David " +"Wiley, Deborah Nas, Diderik van Wingerden, Dirk Kiefer, Dom Lane, Domi " +"Enders, Douglas Van Houweling, Dylan Field, Einar Joergensen, Elad Wieder, " +"Elie Calhoun, Erika Reid, Evtim Papushev, Fauxton Software, Felix " +"Maximiliano Obes, Ferdies Food Lab, Gatien de Broucker, Gaurav Kapil, Gavin " +"Romig-Koch, George Baier IV, George De Bruin, Gianpaolo Rando, Glenn Otis " +"Brown, Govindarajan Umakanthan, Graham Bird, Graham Freeman, Hamish MacEwan, " +"Harry Kaczka, Humble Daisy, Ian Capstick, Iris Brest, James Cloos, Jamie " +"Stevens, Jamil Khatib, Jane Finette, Jason Blasso, Jason E. Barkeloo, Jay M " +"Williams, Jean-Philippe Turcotte, Jeanette Frey, Jeff De Cagna, Jérôme " +"Mizeret, Jessica Dickinson Goodman, Jessy Kate Schingler, Jim O’Flaherty, " +"Jim Pellegrini, Jiří Marek, Jo Allum, Joachim von Goetz, Johan Adda, John " +"Benfield, John Bevan, Jonas Öberg, Jonathan Lin, JP Rangaswami, Juan Carlos " +"Belair, Justin Christian, Justin Szlasa, Kate Chapman, Kate Stewart, Kellie " +"Higginbottom, Kendra Byrne, Kevin Coates, Kristina Popova, Kristoffer Steen, " +"Kyle Simpson, Laurie Racine, Leonardo Bueno Postacchini, Leticia Britos " +"Cavagnaro, Livia Leskovec, Louis-David Benyayer, Maik Schmalstich, Mairi " +"Thomson, Marcia Hofmann, Maria Liberman, Marino Hernandez, Mario R. Hemsley, " +"MD, Mark Cohen, Mark Mullen, Mary Ellen Davis, Mathias Bavay, Matt Black, " +"Matt Hall, Max van Balgooy, Médéric Droz-dit-Busset, Melissa Aho, Menachem " +"Goldstein, Michael Harries, Michael Lewis, Michael Weiss, Miha Batic, Mike " +"Stop Continues, Mike Stringer, Mustafa K Calik, MD, Neal Stimler, Niall " +"McDonagh, Niall Twohig, Nicholas Norfolk, Nick Coghlan, Nicole Hickman, " +"Nikki Thompson, Norrie Mailer, Omar Kaminski, OpenBuilds, Papp István Péter, " +"Pat Sticks, Patricia Brennan, Paul and Iris Brest, Paul Elosegui, Penny " +"Pearson, Peter Mengelers, Playground Inc., Pomax, Rafaela Kunz, Rajiv " +"Jhangiani, Rayna Stamboliyska, Rob Berkley, Rob Bertholf, Robert Jones, " +"Robert Thompson, Ronald van den Hoff, Rusi Popov, Ryan Merkley, S Searle, " +"Salomon Riedo, Samuel A. Rebelsky, Samuel Tait, Sarah McGovern, Scott " +"Gillespie, Seb Schmoller, Sharon Clapp, Sheona Thomson, Siena Oristaglio, " +"Simon Law, Solomon Simon, Stefano Guidotti, Subhendu Ghosh, Susan Chun, " +"Suzie Wiley, Sylvain Carle, Theresa Bernardo, Thomas Hartman, Thomas Kent, " +"Timothée Planté, Timothy Hinchliff, Traci Long DeForge, Trevor Hogue, " +"Tumuult, Vickie Goode, Vikas Shah, Virginia Kopelman, Wayne Mackintosh, " +"William Peter Nash, Winie Evers, Wolfgang Renninger, Xavier Antoviaque, " +"Yancey Strickler" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7819 +msgid "" +"All other Kickstarter backers (alphabetically by first name): A. Lee, Aaron " +"C. Rathbun, Aaron Stubbs, Aaron Suggs, Abdul Razak Manaf, Abraham " +"Taherivand, Adam Croom, Adam Finer, Adam Hansen, Adam Morris, Adam Procter, " +"Adam Quirk, Adam Rory Porter, Adam Simmons, Adam Tinworth, Adam Zimmerman, " +"Adrian Ho, Adrian Smith, Adriane Ruzak, Adriano Loconte, Al Sweigart, Alain " +"Imbaud, Alan Graham, Alan M. Ford, Alan Swithenbank, Alan Vonlanthen, Albert " +"O’Connor, Alec Foster, Alejandro Suarez Cebrian, Aleks Degtyarev, Alex " +"Blood, Alex C. Ion, Alex Ross Shaw, Alexander Bartl, Alexander Brown, " +"Alexander Brunner, Alexander Eliesen, Alexander Hawson, Alexander Klar, " +"Alexander Neumann, Alexander Plaum, Alexander Wendland, Alexandre " +"Rafalovitch, Alexey Volkow, Alexi Wheeler, Alexis Sevault, Alfredo Louro, " +"Ali Sternburg, Alicia Gibb & Lunchbox Electronics, Alison Link, Alison " +"Pentecost, Alistair Boettiger, Alistair Walder, Alix Bernier, Allan " +"Callaghan, Allen Riddell, Allison Breland Crotwell, Allison Jane Smith, " +"Álvaro Justen, Amanda Palmer, Amanda Wetherhold, Amit Bagree, Amit Tikare, " +"Amos Blanton, Amy Sept, Anatoly Volynets, Anders Ericsson, Andi Popp, André " +"Bose Do Amaral, Andre Dickson, André Koot, André Ricardo, Andre van Rooyen, " +"Andre Wallace, Andrea Bagnacani, Andrea Pepe, Andrea Pigato, Andreas " +"Jagelund, Andres Gomez Casanova, Andrew A. Farke, Andrew Berhow, Andrew " +"Hearse, Andrew Matangi, Andrew R McHugh, Andrew Tam, Andrew Turvey, Andrew " +"Walsh, Andrew Wilson, Andrey Novoseltsev, Andy McGhee, Andy Reeve, Andy " +"Woods, Angela Brett, Angeliki Kapoglou, Angus Keenan, Anne-Marie Scott, " +"Antero Garcia, Antoine Authier, Antoine Michard, Anton Kurkin, Anton " +"Porsche, Antònia Folguera, António Ornelas, Antonis Triantafyllakis, aois21 " +"publishing, April Johnson, Aria F. Chernik, Ariane Allan, Ariel Katz, " +"Arithmomaniac, Arnaud Tessier, Arnim Sommer, Ashima Bawa, Ashley Elsdon, " +"Athanassios Diacakis, Aurora Thornton, Aurore Chavet Henry, Austin " +"Hartzheim, Austin Tolentino, Avner Shanan, Axel Pettersson, Axel " +"Stieglbauer, Ay Okpokam, Barb Bartkowiak, Barbara Lindsey, Barry Dayton, " +"Bastian Hougaard, Ben Chad, Ben Doherty, Ben Hansen, Ben Nuttall, Ben " +"Rosenthal, Ben Sheridan, Benedikt Foit, Benita Tsao, Benjamin Costantini, " +"Benjamin Daemon, Benjamin Keele, Benjamin Pflanz, Berglind Ósk Bergsdóttir, " +"Bernardo Miguel Antunes, Bernd Nurnberger, Bernhard Seefeld, Beth Gis, Beth " +"Tillinghast, Bethanye Blount, Bill Bonwitt, Bill Browne, Bill Keaggy, Bill " +"Maiden, Bill Rafferty, Bill Scanlon, Bill Shields, Bill Slankard, BJ Becker, " +"Bjorn Freeman-Benson, Bjørn Otto Wallevik, BK Bitner, Bo Ilsøe Hansen, Bo " +"Sprotte Kofod, Bob Doran, Bob Recny, Bob Stuart, Bonnie Chiu, Boris Mindzak, " +"Boriss Lariushin, Borjan Tchakaloff, Brad Kik, Braden Hassett, Bradford " +"Benn, Bradley Keyes, Bradley L’Herrou, Brady Forrest, Brandon McGaha, Branka " +"Tokic, Brant Anderson, Brenda Sullivan, Brendan O’Brien, Brendan Schlagel, " +"Brett Abbott, Brett Gaylor, Brian Dysart, Brian Lampl, Brian Lipscomb, Brian " +"S. Weis, Brian Schrader, Brian Walsh, Brian Walsh, Brooke Dukes, Brooke " +"Schreier Ganz, Bruce Lerner, Bruce Wilson, Bruno Boutot, Bruno Girin, Bryan " +"Mock, Bryant Durrell, Bryce Barbato, Buzz Technology Limited, Byung-Geun " +"Jeon, C. Glen Williams, C. L. Couch, Cable Green, Callum Gare, Cameron " +"Callahan, Cameron Colby Thomson, Cameron Mulder, Camille Bissuel / Nylnook, " +"Candace Robertson, Carl Morris, Carl Perry, Carl Rigney, Carles Mateu, " +"Carlos Correa Loyola, Carlos Solis, Carmen Garcia Wiedenhoeft, Carol Long, " +"Carol marquardsen, Caroline Calomme, Caroline Mailloux, Carolyn Hinchliff, " +"Carolyn Rude, Carrie Cousins, Carrie Watkins, Casey Hunt, Casey Milford, " +"Casey Powell Shorthouse, Cat Cooper, Cecilie Maria, Cedric Howe, Cefn Hoile," +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7863 +msgid "" +"@ShrimpingIt, Celia Muller, Ces Keller, Chad Anderson, Charles Butler, " +"Charles Carstensen, Charles Chi Thoi Le, Charles Kobbe, Charles S. Tritt, " +"Charles Stanhope, Charlotte Ong-Wisener, Chealsye Bowley, Chelle Destefano, " +"Chenpang Chou, Cheryl Corte, Cheryl Todd, Chip Dickerson, Chip McIntosh, " +"Chris Bannister, Chris Betcher, Chris Coleman, Chris Conway, Chris Foote " +"(Spike), Chris Hurst, Chris Mitchell, Chris Muscat Azzopardi, Chris " +"Niewiarowski, Chris Opperwall, Chris Stieha, Chris Thorne, Chris Weber, " +"Chris Woolfrey, Chris Zabriskie, Christi Reid, Christian Holzberger, " +"Christian Schubert, Christian Sheehy, Christian Thibault, Christian Villum, " +"Christian Wachter, Christina Bennett, Christine Henry, Christine Rico, " +"Christopher Burrows, Christopher Chan, Christopher Clay, Christopher Harris, " +"Christopher Opiah, Christopher Swenson, Christos Keramitsis, Chuck Roslof, " +"Chutika Udomsinn, Claire Wardle, Clare Forrest, Claudia Cristiani, Claudio " +"Gallo, Claudio Ruiz, Clayton Dewey, Clement Delort, Cliff Church, Clint " +"Lalonde, Clint O’Connor, Cody Allard, Cody Taylor, Colin Ayer, Colin " +"Campbell, Colin Dean, Colin Mutchler, Colleen Cressman, Comfy Nomad, Connie " +"Roberts, Connor Bär, Connor Merkley, Constantin Graf, Corbett Messa, Cory " +"Chapman, Cosmic Wombat Games, Craig Engler, Craig Heath, Craig Maloney, " +"Craig Thomler, Creative Commons Uruguay, Crina Kienle, Cristiano Gozzini, " +"Curt McNamara, D C Petty, D. Moonfire, D. Rohhyn, D. Schulz, Dacian Herbei, " +"Dagmar M. Meyer, Dan Mcalister, Dan Mohr, Dan Parson, Dana Freeman, Dana " +"Ospina, Dani Leviss, Daniel Bustamante, Daniel Demmel, Daniel Dominguez, " +"Daniel Dultz, Daniel Gallant, Daniel Kossmann, Daniel Kruse, Daniel Morado, " +"Daniel Morgan, Daniel Pimley, Daniel Sabo, Daniel Sobey, Daniel Stein, " +"Daniel Wildt, Daniele Prati, Danielle Moss, Danny Mendoza, Dario " +"Taraborelli, Darius Irvin, Darius Whelan, Darla Anderson, Dasha Brezinova, " +"Dave Ainscough, Dave Bull, Dave Crosby, Dave Eagle, Dave Moskovitz, Dave " +"Neeteson, Dave Taillefer, Dave Witzel, David Bailey, David Cheung, David " +"Eriksson, David Gallagher, David H. Bronke, David Hartley, David Hellam, " +"David Hood, David Hunter, David jlaietta, David Lewis, David Mason, David " +"Mcconville, David Mikula, David Nelson, David Orban, David Parry, David " +"Spira, David T. 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