msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: Free Culture by Lawrence Lessig\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-09-01 20:38+0300\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-09-03 14:50+0300\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2012-08-29 11:14+0200\n"
"Last-Translator: Petter Reinholdtsen <pere@hungry.com>\n"
"Language-Team: Norwegian Bokmål <i18n-nb@lister.ping.uio.no>\n"
"prosess. RCA hadde hva Causby-ene ikke hadde: Makten til å undertrykke "
"effekten av en teknologisk endring."
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Internet"
msgstr "internet"
"se etter måter å importere HIV-medisiner til kostnader betydelig under "
"markedspris."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "international law"
+msgstr "internasjonal lov"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "parallel importation"
+msgstr "parallellimport"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "South Africa, Republic of, pharmaceutical imports by"
+msgstr ""
+
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Braithwaite, John"
msgstr "Braithwaite, John"
"tillatt i internasjonal handelslovgivning, og spesifikt tillatt i den "
"europeiske union.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "United States Trade Representative (USTR)"
+msgstr ""
+
#. f3.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"til. Mektige lobbyister, kompliserte problemer og MTV-oppmerksomhetsspenn "
"gir en <quote>perfekt storm</quote> for fri kultur."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "academic journals"
+msgstr "akademiske tidsskrifter"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "biomedical research"
+msgstr "biomedisinsk forskning"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+msgid "international organization on issues of"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "IBM"
+msgstr "IBM"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "PLoS (Public Library of Science)"
+msgstr "PLoS (Offentlige Vitenskapsbiblioteket, det)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Public Library of Science (PLoS)"
+msgstr "Offentlige Vitenskapsbiblioteket, det (PLoS)"
+
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
msgid "public projects in"
msgstr "offentlige prosjekter i"
msgid "Wellcome Trust"
msgstr "Wellcome Trust"
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)"
+msgstr ""
+
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
msgid "World Wide Web"
msgstr "World Wide Web"
msgid "Global Positioning System"
msgstr "Globalt posisjoneringssystem"
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-msgid "biomedical research"
-msgstr "biomedisinsk forskning"
-
#. f6.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"19. august 2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/"
"\">link #61</ulink>."
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-msgid "academic journals"
-msgstr "akademiske tidsskrifter"
-
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-msgid "IBM"
-msgstr "IBM"
-
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-msgid "PLoS (Public Library of Science)"
-msgstr "PLoS (Public Library of Science)"
-
+#. PAGE BREAK 270
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>In August 2003</emphasis>, a fight broke out in the "
"AstraZeneca, Aventis, Bayer, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hoffmann-La Roche, Glaxo-"
"SmithKline, IBM, Motorola, Novartis, Pfizer, and Searle.) It included the "
"Global Positioning System, which Ronald Reagan set free in the early 1980s. "
-"And it included <quote>open source and free software.</quote> <placeholder "
-"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> "
-"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/>"
+"And it included <quote>open source and free software.</quote>"
msgstr ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>I august 2003</emphasis> brøt en kamp ut i USA om en "
"avgjørelse fra World Intellectual Property Organiation om å avlyse et møte."
"Hoffmann-La Roche, Glaxo-SmithKline, IBM, Motorola, Novartis, Pfizer, og "
"Searle.) Det inkluderte Globalt posisjonssystem (GPS) som Ronald Reagen "
"frigjorde tidlig på 1980-tallet. Og det inkluderte <quote>åpen kildekode og "
-"fri programvare</quote>. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> "
-"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
-"id=\"3\"/>"
+"fri programvare</quote>."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"provided before. A change in technology now forces those who believe in "
"privacy to affirmatively act where, before, privacy was given by default."
msgstr ""
-"Det er denne virkeligheten som forklarer at mange gjør en innsats for "
-"å definere <quote>personvern</quote> på internettet. Det er "
-"erkjennelsen om at teknologi akn fjerne det friksjon før ga oss som "
-"får mange til å be om lover som gjør det friksjonen "
-"gjorde.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Og uansett om du er "
-"for eller imot disse lovene, så er det mønsteret som er det viktige "
-"her. Vi må ta aktive steg for å sikre en slags frihet som var passivt "
-"sikret tidligere. En endring i teknologi tvinger nå de som tror på "
-"personvern til å gjøre aktive handlinger der hvor personvern tidligere "
+"Det er denne virkeligheten som forklarer at mange gjør en innsats for å "
+"definere <quote>personvern</quote> på internettet. Det er erkjennelsen om "
+"at teknologi akn fjerne det friksjon før ga oss som får mange til å be om "
+"lover som gjør det friksjonen gjorde.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/"
+"> Og uansett om du er for eller imot disse lovene, så er det mønsteret som "
+"er det viktige her. Vi må ta aktive steg for å sikre en slags frihet som "
+"var passivt sikret tidligere. En endring i teknologi tvinger nå de som tror "
+"på personvern til å gjøre aktive handlinger der hvor personvern tidligere "
"var gitt som utgangspunkt."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
"so Data General and IBM didn't care much about controlling their software. "
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-"En lignende historie kan fortelles om stiftelsen av fri "
-"programvare-bevegelsen. Da datamaskiner med programvare først ble "
-"gjort kommersielt tilgjengelig var programvaren—både kildekoden "
-"og binærene—fritt tilgjengelig. Du kunne ikke kjøre et program "
-"skrevet for en Data General-maskin på en IBM-maskin, så Data General "
-"og IBM brydde seg ikke mye om å kontrollere programvaren sin. "
-"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"En lignende historie kan fortelles om stiftelsen av fri programvare-"
+"bevegelsen. Da datamaskiner med programvare først ble gjort kommersielt "
+"tilgjengelig var programvaren—både kildekoden og binærene—fritt "
+"tilgjengelig. Du kunne ikke kjøre et program skrevet for en Data General-"
+"maskin på en IBM-maskin, så Data General og IBM brydde seg ikke mye om å "
+"kontrollere programvaren sin. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Stallman, Richard"
"else?"
msgstr ""
"I hvert fall i akademia er ikke dette en veldig radikal idé. Ved et "
-"matematisk institutt ville enhver ha friheten til å fikle med et bevis "
-"som noen andre la frem. Hvis du trodde du hadde en bedre måte å "
-"bevise et teorem, så kunne du ta det noen andre hadde gjort og endre det. "
-"Ved et institutt for klassisk historie, hvis du mente en kollegas "
-"oversettelse av en nylig oppdaget tekst hadde feil, så hadde du "
-"friheten til å forbedre den. Dermed, for Stallman, virket det "
-"åpenbart at du burde stå fritt til å fikle med og forbedre koden som "
-"kjørte på en maskin. Dette var også kunnskap. Hvorfor skulle det "
-"ikke være åpent for kritikk på samme måte som alt annet?"
+"matematisk institutt ville enhver ha friheten til å fikle med et bevis som "
+"noen andre la frem. Hvis du trodde du hadde en bedre måte å bevise et "
+"teorem, så kunne du ta det noen andre hadde gjort og endre det. Ved et "
+"institutt for klassisk historie, hvis du mente en kollegas oversettelse av "
+"en nylig oppdaget tekst hadde feil, så hadde du friheten til å forbedre "
+"den. Dermed, for Stallman, virket det åpenbart at du burde stå fritt til å "
+"fikle med og forbedre koden som kjørte på en maskin. Dette var også "
+"kunnskap. Hvorfor skulle det ikke være åpent for kritikk på samme måte som "
+"alt annet?"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"and copy it, then that would make it easier for me to sell a printer to the "
"market than it was for you."
msgstr ""
-"Ingen svarte på det spørsmålet. Istedet endret arkitekturen for "
-"inntekter i dataverden seg. Etter hvert som det ble mulig å importere "
-"programmer fra et system til et annet, det ble økonomisk attraktivt (i "
-"hvert fall etter noens syn) å skjule koden til programet som man "
-"laget. I tillegg begynte selskaper å selge ekstrautstyr til "
-"stormaskiner. Hvis jeg bare kunne ta din printerdriver og kopiere "
-"den, så ville det gjøre det enklere for meg enn det var for deg å "
-"selge en printer i markedet."
+"Ingen svarte på det spørsmålet. Istedet endret arkitekturen for inntekter i "
+"dataverden seg. Etter hvert som det ble mulig å importere programmer fra et "
+"system til et annet, det ble økonomisk attraktivt (i hvert fall etter noens "
+"syn) å skjule koden til programet som man laget. I tillegg begynte "
+"selskaper å selge ekstrautstyr til stormaskiner. Hvis jeg bare kunne ta din "
+"printerdriver og kopiere den, så ville det gjøre det enklere for meg enn det "
+"var for deg å selge en printer i markedet."
#. PAGE BREAK 285
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
"software would survive. He was actively protecting what before had been "
"passively guaranteed."
msgstr ""
-"Stallman gjorde dermed for programvare det personvernforkjempere nå "
-"gjør for personvern. Han søkte etter en måte å gjenoppbygge den type "
-"frihet som før var tatt for gitt. Gjennom aktiv bruk av lisenser som "
-"gjelder for opphavsrettsbeskyttet kildekode, gjenerobret Stallman "
-"aktivt en arena der fri programvare ville overleve. Han beskyttet "
-"aktivt det som før hadde vært passivt garantert."
+"Stallman gjorde dermed for programvare det personvernforkjempere nå gjør for "
+"personvern. Han søkte etter en måte å gjenoppbygge den type frihet som før "
+"var tatt for gitt. Gjennom aktiv bruk av lisenser som gjelder for "
+"opphavsrettsbeskyttet kildekode, gjenerobret Stallman aktivt en arena der "
+"fri programvare ville overleve. Han beskyttet aktivt det som før hadde vært "
+"passivt garantert."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"gaining access to that Supreme Court opinion through their respective "
"services."
msgstr ""
-"Etter hvert som teknologien utviklet seg, blir det åpenbart for mange "
-"at å skrive ut tusenvis av kopier av tidsskrifter hver måned og sende "
-"dem til biblioteker kanskje ikke er den mest effektive måten å spre "
-"kunnskap. I stedet blir tidsskrifter mer og mer elektroniske, og "
-"biblioteker og deres brukere gis tilgang til disse elektroniske "
-"tidsskriftene gjennom passord-beskyttede nettsteder. Noe lignende har "
-"skjedd innen justissektoren i nesten tredve år: Lexis og Westlaw har "
-"hatt elektroniske versjoner av domstolavgjørelser tilgjengelig for "
-"sine tjenste-abonnenter. Selv om en høyesterettsdom ikke er "
-"opphavsrettsbeskyttet, og enhver står fritt til å gå til et bibliotek "
-"og lese den, så står Lexis og Westlaw også fritt til å kreve betaling "
-"fra sine brukerne for å gi tilgang til den samme høyesterettsdommen "
-"gjennom deres respektive tjenester."
+"Etter hvert som teknologien utviklet seg, blir det åpenbart for mange at å "
+"skrive ut tusenvis av kopier av tidsskrifter hver måned og sende dem til "
+"biblioteker kanskje ikke er den mest effektive måten å spre kunnskap. I "
+"stedet blir tidsskrifter mer og mer elektroniske, og biblioteker og deres "
+"brukere gis tilgang til disse elektroniske tidsskriftene gjennom passord-"
+"beskyttede nettsteder. Noe lignende har skjedd innen justissektoren i "
+"nesten tredve år: Lexis og Westlaw har hatt elektroniske versjoner av "
+"domstolavgjørelser tilgjengelig for sine tjenste-abonnenter. Selv om en "
+"høyesterettsdom ikke er opphavsrettsbeskyttet, og enhver står fritt til å gå "
+"til et bibliotek og lese den, så står Lexis og Westlaw også fritt til å "
+"kreve betaling fra sine brukerne for å gi tilgang til den samme "
+"høyesterettsdommen gjennom deres respektive tjenester."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"nothing wrong, in principle, with selling access to material that is not in "
"the public domain."
msgstr ""
-"Det er generelt ingenting galt med dette, og muligheten til å ta "
-"betalt for tilgang selv for allemannseid materiale er helt klart et "
-"godt insentiv for folk til å utvikle nye og nyskapende måter å spre "
-"kunnskap. Loven har vært enig, hvilket er det som gjør at Lexis og "
-"Westlaw har fått lov til å blomstre. Og hvis det ikke er noe galt med "
-"å selge det som er allemannseie, så bør det i prinspippet ikke være "
-"noe galt i å selge tilgang til materiale som ikke er allemannseie."
+"Det er generelt ingenting galt med dette, og muligheten til å ta betalt for "
+"tilgang selv for allemannseid materiale er helt klart et godt insentiv for "
+"folk til å utvikle nye og nyskapende måter å spre kunnskap. Loven har vært "
+"enig, hvilket er det som gjør at Lexis og Westlaw har fått lov til å "
+"blomstre. Og hvis det ikke er noe galt med å selge det som er allemannseie, "
+"så bør det i prinspippet ikke være noe galt i å selge tilgang til materiale "
+"som ikke er allemannseie."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"(architecture)—namely, that it was very hard to control access to a "
"paper journal."
msgstr ""
-"Som flere begynner å oppdage, er dette stadig oftere virkeligheten "
-"med vitenskapelige tidsskrifter. Da disse tidsskriftene ble "
-"distribuert i papirutgaven, kunne bibliotekene gjøre tidsskriftene "
-"tilgjengelig for enhver som hadde tilgang til biblioteket. Dermed "
-"kunne pasienter med kreft bli kreft-eksperter på grunn av at "
-"biblioteket ga dem tilgang. Eller pasienter som forsøkte å forstå "
-"risikoen med en bestemt behandling kunne forske på disse risikoene ved "
-"å lese alle tilgjengelige artikler om den behandlingen. Denne "
-"friheten var dermed et resultat av hvordan biblioteker fungerte "
-"(normer) og teknologien til papirtidsskrifter "
-"(arkitektur)—nemlig at det var veldig vanskelig a kontrollere "
-"tilgang til et papirtidsskrift."
+"Som flere begynner å oppdage, er dette stadig oftere virkeligheten med "
+"vitenskapelige tidsskrifter. Da disse tidsskriftene ble distribuert i "
+"papirutgaven, kunne bibliotekene gjøre tidsskriftene tilgjengelig for enhver "
+"som hadde tilgang til biblioteket. Dermed kunne pasienter med kreft bli "
+"kreft-eksperter på grunn av at biblioteket ga dem tilgang. Eller pasienter "
+"som forsøkte å forstå risikoen med en bestemt behandling kunne forske på "
+"disse risikoene ved å lese alle tilgjengelige artikler om den behandlingen. "
+"Denne friheten var dermed et resultat av hvordan biblioteker fungerte "
+"(normer) og teknologien til papirtidsskrifter (arkitektur)—nemlig at "
+"det var veldig vanskelig a kontrollere tilgang til et papirtidsskrift."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"endringer i teknologien og markedet krymper en frihet som vi tok for gitt "
"tidligere."
+#. PAGE BREAK 287
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"This shrinking freedom has led many to take affirmative steps to restore the "
"peer review. If accepted, the work is then deposited in a public, electronic "
"archive and made permanently available for free. PLoS also sells a print "
"version of its work, but the copyright for the print journal does not "
-"inhibit the right of anyone to redistribute the work for free. <placeholder "
-"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"inhibit the right of anyone to redistribute the work for free."
msgstr ""
"Denne reduserte friheten har fått mange til å ta aktive steg for å "
"gjenopprette friheten som har gått tapt. Et eksempel er Det Offentlige "
-"Vitenskapsbiblioteket (PLoS), som er et ikkekommersielt selskap "
-"dedikert til å gjøre vitenskapling forskning tilgjengelig til alle som "
-"har en nettforbindelse. Forfattere av vitenskapelige verk laster sitt "
-"verk opp til Det Offentlige Vitenskapsbiblioteket. Dette verket går "
-"så igjennom fagfellevurdering. Hvis det blir akseptert, så blir "
-"verket så lagret i et offentlig, elektronisk arkiv og gjort gratis og "
-"permanent tilgjengelig. PLoS selger også trykte utgaver av verkene, "
-"men opphavsretten til papirtidsskriftene fratar ingen retten til å "
-"fritt videredistribuere verket.<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
-"id=\"0\"/>"
+"Vitenskapsbiblioteket (PLoS), som er et ikkekommersielt selskap dedikert til "
+"å gjøre vitenskapling forskning tilgjengelig til alle som har en "
+"nettforbindelse. Forfattere av vitenskapelige verk laster sitt verk opp til "
+"Det Offentlige Vitenskapsbiblioteket. Dette verket går så igjennom "
+"fagfellevurdering. Hvis det blir akseptert, så blir verket så lagret i et "
+"offentlig, elektronisk arkiv og gjort gratis og permanent tilgjengelig. "
+"PLoS selger også trykte utgaver av verkene, men opphavsretten til "
+"papirtidsskriftene fratar ingen retten til å fritt videredistribuere verket."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"competition in our tradition is presumptively a good—especially when "
"it helps spread knowledge and science."
msgstr ""
-"Dette er en av mange slike anstrengelser for å gjenopprette en frihet "
-"som tidligere ble tatt for gitt, men som nå er truet av endringer i "
-"teknologi og marked. Det er ingen tvil om at dette alternativet "
-"konkurrerer med de tradisjonelle forlagene og deres innsats for å "
-"tjene penger fra den eksklusive distribusjonen av innhold. Men "
-"konkurranse antas i vår tradisjon for å være bra—spesielt når "
-"det bidrar til å spre kunnskap og vitenskap."
+"Dette er en av mange slike anstrengelser for å gjenopprette en frihet som "
+"tidligere ble tatt for gitt, men som nå er truet av endringer i teknologi og "
+"marked. Det er ingen tvil om at dette alternativet konkurrerer med de "
+"tradisjonelle forlagene og deres innsats for å tjene penger fra den "
+"eksklusive distribusjonen av innhold. Men konkurranse antas i vår tradisjon "
+"for å være bra—spesielt når det bidrar til å spre kunnskap og "
+"vitenskap."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "Rebuilding Free Culture: One Idea"
"Creative Commons relies upon voluntary steps to achieve this rebuilding. "
"They will lead to a world in which more than voluntary steps are possible."
msgstr ""
-"Disse er de første stegene i å gjenoppbygge et allemannseie. De er "
-"ikke kun argumenter, de er handlinger. Bygging av et allemannseie er "
-"første steg for å vise folk hvor viktig dette er for kreativitet og "
-"nyskapning. Creative Commons baserer seg på frivillige steg for å få "
-"bygget denne på nytt. De vil føre til en verden hvor mer enn "
-"frivillige steg er mulig."
+"Disse er de første stegene i å gjenoppbygge et allemannseie. De er ikke kun "
+"argumenter, de er handlinger. Bygging av et allemannseie er første steg for "
+"å vise folk hvor viktig dette er for kreativitet og nyskapning. Creative "
+"Commons baserer seg på frivillige steg for å få bygget denne på nytt. De "
+"vil føre til en verden hvor mer enn frivillige steg er mulig."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
"register. You don't even have to mark your content. The default is control, "
"and <quote>formalities</quote> are banished."
msgstr ""
-"Dette står i kontrast til gjeldende åndsverkslov, der du automatisk "
-"får opphavsrett uavhengig av om du overholder noen formaliteter eller "
-"ikke. Du trenger ikke å registrere den. Du trenger ikke en gang "
-"merke innholdet ditt. Utgangspunktet er kontroll, og "
-"<quote>formaliteter</quote> er bannlyst."
+"Dette står i kontrast til gjeldende åndsverkslov, der du automatisk får "
+"opphavsrett uavhengig av om du overholder noen formaliteter eller ikke. Du "
+"trenger ikke å registrere den. Du trenger ikke en gang merke innholdet "
+"ditt. Utgangspunktet er kontroll, og <quote>formaliteter</quote> er "
+"bannlyst."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "Why?"
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-09-01 20:38+0300\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-09-03 14:50+0300\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
"Last-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL@ADDRESS>\n"
"Language-Team: LANGUAGE <LL@li.org>\n"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:399 freeculture.xml:13402
+#: freeculture.xml:399 freeculture.xml:13416
msgid "CodePink Women in Peace"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:400 freeculture.xml:421 freeculture.xml:13403
+#: freeculture.xml:400 freeculture.xml:421 freeculture.xml:13417
msgid "Safire, William"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:490 freeculture.xml:14397
+#: freeculture.xml:490 freeculture.xml:14412
msgid "land ownership, air traffic and"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:491 freeculture.xml:4677 freeculture.xml:14398
+#: freeculture.xml:491 freeculture.xml:4677 freeculture.xml:14413
msgid "property rights"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:491 freeculture.xml:14398
+#: freeculture.xml:491 freeculture.xml:14413
msgid "air traffic vs."
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:515 freeculture.xml:528 freeculture.xml:561 freeculture.xml:581 freeculture.xml:1017 freeculture.xml:1035 freeculture.xml:1083 freeculture.xml:9294 freeculture.xml:12766 freeculture.xml:13506
+#: freeculture.xml:515 freeculture.xml:528 freeculture.xml:561 freeculture.xml:581 freeculture.xml:1017 freeculture.xml:1035 freeculture.xml:1083 freeculture.xml:9294 freeculture.xml:12766 freeculture.xml:13520
msgid "Causby, Thomas Lee"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:516 freeculture.xml:529 freeculture.xml:562 freeculture.xml:582 freeculture.xml:1018 freeculture.xml:1036 freeculture.xml:1084 freeculture.xml:9295 freeculture.xml:12767 freeculture.xml:13507
+#: freeculture.xml:516 freeculture.xml:529 freeculture.xml:562 freeculture.xml:582 freeculture.xml:1018 freeculture.xml:1036 freeculture.xml:1084 freeculture.xml:9295 freeculture.xml:12767 freeculture.xml:13521
msgid "Causby, Tinie"
msgstr ""
"did not: the power to stifle the effect of technological change."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:785 freeculture.xml:1156 freeculture.xml:2395 freeculture.xml:2407 freeculture.xml:2491 freeculture.xml:2525 freeculture.xml:2551 freeculture.xml:2801 freeculture.xml:7339
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:785 freeculture.xml:1156 freeculture.xml:2395 freeculture.xml:2407 freeculture.xml:2491 freeculture.xml:2525 freeculture.xml:2551 freeculture.xml:2801 freeculture.xml:7339 freeculture.xml:13068
msgid "Internet"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:785
+#: freeculture.xml:785 freeculture.xml:13068
msgid "development of"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:971 freeculture.xml:981 freeculture.xml:14796
+#: freeculture.xml:971 freeculture.xml:981 freeculture.xml:14811
msgid "Netanel, Neil Weinstock"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1019
+#: freeculture.xml:1019 freeculture.xml:13067
msgid "intellectual property rights"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1396 freeculture.xml:1555 freeculture.xml:3054 freeculture.xml:3737 freeculture.xml:7342 freeculture.xml:14862
+#: freeculture.xml:1396 freeculture.xml:1555 freeculture.xml:3054 freeculture.xml:3737 freeculture.xml:7342 freeculture.xml:14877
msgid "piracy"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1491 freeculture.xml:1492 freeculture.xml:7822 freeculture.xml:13058
+#: freeculture.xml:1491 freeculture.xml:1492 freeculture.xml:7822 freeculture.xml:13072
msgid "public domain"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2127 freeculture.xml:14860
+#: freeculture.xml:2127 freeculture.xml:14875
msgid "television"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2840 freeculture.xml:3741 freeculture.xml:3743 freeculture.xml:3744 freeculture.xml:5438 freeculture.xml:7952 freeculture.xml:13218
+#: freeculture.xml:2840 freeculture.xml:3741 freeculture.xml:3743 freeculture.xml:3744 freeculture.xml:5438 freeculture.xml:7952 freeculture.xml:13232
msgid "Microsoft"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2997 freeculture.xml:3366 freeculture.xml:4302 freeculture.xml:5447 freeculture.xml:5496 freeculture.xml:9913 freeculture.xml:10011 freeculture.xml:10180 freeculture.xml:14761 freeculture.xml:14826
+#: freeculture.xml:2997 freeculture.xml:3366 freeculture.xml:4302 freeculture.xml:5447 freeculture.xml:5496 freeculture.xml:9913 freeculture.xml:10011 freeculture.xml:10180 freeculture.xml:14776 freeculture.xml:14841
msgid "artists"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2997 freeculture.xml:3366 freeculture.xml:4302 freeculture.xml:9913 freeculture.xml:10011 freeculture.xml:10180 freeculture.xml:14761 freeculture.xml:14826
+#: freeculture.xml:2997 freeculture.xml:3366 freeculture.xml:4302 freeculture.xml:9913 freeculture.xml:10011 freeculture.xml:10180 freeculture.xml:14776 freeculture.xml:14841
msgid "recording industry payments to"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3296 freeculture.xml:14457
+#: freeculture.xml:3296 freeculture.xml:14472
msgid "Grisham, John"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3443 freeculture.xml:4326 freeculture.xml:8313 freeculture.xml:8352 freeculture.xml:14859
+#: freeculture.xml:3443 freeculture.xml:4326 freeculture.xml:8313 freeculture.xml:8352 freeculture.xml:14874
msgid "cable television"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3606 freeculture.xml:3686 freeculture.xml:3736 freeculture.xml:14861
+#: freeculture.xml:3606 freeculture.xml:3686 freeculture.xml:3736 freeculture.xml:14876
msgid "Asia, commercial piracy in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3607 freeculture.xml:4054 freeculture.xml:9582 freeculture.xml:10389 freeculture.xml:14252 freeculture.xml:14843
+#: freeculture.xml:3607 freeculture.xml:4054 freeculture.xml:9582 freeculture.xml:10389 freeculture.xml:14267 freeculture.xml:14858
msgid "CDs"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3680 freeculture.xml:12864 freeculture.xml:13322 freeculture.xml:13329
+#: freeculture.xml:3680 freeculture.xml:12867 freeculture.xml:13336 freeculture.xml:13343
msgid "Drahos, Peter"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3701 freeculture.xml:3975 freeculture.xml:15009
+#: freeculture.xml:3701 freeculture.xml:3975 freeculture.xml:15024
msgid "Liebowitz, Stan"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3737 freeculture.xml:14862
+#: freeculture.xml:3737 freeculture.xml:14877
msgid "in Asia"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3739 freeculture.xml:3769 freeculture.xml:11664 freeculture.xml:13165 freeculture.xml:13766
+#: freeculture.xml:3739 freeculture.xml:3769 freeculture.xml:11664 freeculture.xml:13179 freeculture.xml:13780
msgid "GNU/Linux operating system"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3740 freeculture.xml:3770 freeculture.xml:11666 freeculture.xml:13166 freeculture.xml:13767
+#: freeculture.xml:3740 freeculture.xml:3770 freeculture.xml:11666 freeculture.xml:13180 freeculture.xml:13781
msgid "Linux operating system"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3992 freeculture.xml:4001 freeculture.xml:4358 freeculture.xml:8112 freeculture.xml:8141 freeculture.xml:9843 freeculture.xml:14569
+#: freeculture.xml:3992 freeculture.xml:4001 freeculture.xml:4358 freeculture.xml:8112 freeculture.xml:8141 freeculture.xml:9843 freeculture.xml:14584
msgid "cassette recording"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3992 freeculture.xml:4358 freeculture.xml:8112 freeculture.xml:8141 freeculture.xml:9843 freeculture.xml:9844 freeculture.xml:14569 freeculture.xml:14570
+#: freeculture.xml:3992 freeculture.xml:4358 freeculture.xml:8112 freeculture.xml:8141 freeculture.xml:9843 freeculture.xml:9844 freeculture.xml:14584 freeculture.xml:14585
msgid "VCRs"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4156 freeculture.xml:4164 freeculture.xml:4186 freeculture.xml:4208 freeculture.xml:4716 freeculture.xml:6057 freeculture.xml:6062 freeculture.xml:6114 freeculture.xml:6994 freeculture.xml:6995 freeculture.xml:7337 freeculture.xml:7406 freeculture.xml:7440 freeculture.xml:7656 freeculture.xml:13955 freeculture.xml:14681 freeculture.xml:14682
+#: freeculture.xml:4156 freeculture.xml:4164 freeculture.xml:4186 freeculture.xml:4208 freeculture.xml:4716 freeculture.xml:6057 freeculture.xml:6062 freeculture.xml:6114 freeculture.xml:6994 freeculture.xml:6995 freeculture.xml:7337 freeculture.xml:7406 freeculture.xml:7440 freeculture.xml:7656 freeculture.xml:13970 freeculture.xml:14696 freeculture.xml:14697
msgid "books"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4156 freeculture.xml:4164 freeculture.xml:6995 freeculture.xml:14682
+#: freeculture.xml:4156 freeculture.xml:4164 freeculture.xml:6995 freeculture.xml:14697
msgid "resales of"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4186 freeculture.xml:6057 freeculture.xml:6062 freeculture.xml:6994 freeculture.xml:14681
+#: freeculture.xml:4186 freeculture.xml:6057 freeculture.xml:6062 freeculture.xml:6994 freeculture.xml:14696
msgid "out of print"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4208 freeculture.xml:13955
+#: freeculture.xml:4208 freeculture.xml:13970
msgid "free on-line releases of"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4657 freeculture.xml:6348 freeculture.xml:13942
+#: freeculture.xml:4657 freeculture.xml:6348 freeculture.xml:13957
msgid "Jefferson, Thomas"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5032 freeculture.xml:15105
+#: freeculture.xml:5032 freeculture.xml:15120
msgid "Rose, Mark"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5437 freeculture.xml:5497 freeculture.xml:5682 freeculture.xml:10158 freeculture.xml:14472
+#: freeculture.xml:5437 freeculture.xml:5497 freeculture.xml:5682 freeculture.xml:10158 freeculture.xml:14487
msgid "Alben, Alex"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6691 freeculture.xml:15048
+#: freeculture.xml:6691 freeculture.xml:15063
msgid "Brezhnev, Leonid"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6692 freeculture.xml:13283
+#: freeculture.xml:6692 freeculture.xml:13297
msgid "Gates, Bill"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7518 freeculture.xml:7578 freeculture.xml:13634
+#: freeculture.xml:7518 freeculture.xml:7578 freeculture.xml:13648
msgid "browsing"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10157 freeculture.xml:14842
+#: freeculture.xml:10157 freeculture.xml:14857
msgid "Real Networks"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11716 freeculture.xml:11943 freeculture.xml:13063
+#: freeculture.xml:11716 freeculture.xml:11943 freeculture.xml:13078
msgid "Reagan, Ronald"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12863 freeculture.xml:13323
+#: freeculture.xml:12851
+msgid "international law"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:12852
+msgid "parallel importation"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:12853
+msgid "South Africa, Republic of, pharmaceutical imports by"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:12866 freeculture.xml:13337
msgid "Braithwaite, John"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12861
+#: freeculture.xml:12864
msgid ""
"See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism: "
"Who Owns the Knowledge Economy?</citetitle> (New York: The New Press, 2003), "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12852
+#: freeculture.xml:12855
msgid ""
"In 1997, South Africa tried one tack. It passed a law to allow the "
"importation of patented medicines that had been produced or sold in another "
"European Union.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:12870
+msgid "United States Trade Representative (USTR)"
+msgstr ""
+
#. f3.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12874
+#: freeculture.xml:12878
msgid ""
"International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent "
"Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a "
#. f4.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12901
+#: freeculture.xml:12905
msgid ""
"International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent "
"Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12868
+#: freeculture.xml:12872
msgid ""
"However, the United States government opposed the bill. Indeed, more than "
"opposed. As the International Intellectual Property Association "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12907
+#: freeculture.xml:12912
msgid ""
"We should place the intervention by the United States in context. No doubt "
"patents are not the most important reason that Africans don't have access to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12917
+#: freeculture.xml:12922
msgid ""
"By stopping the flow of HIV treatment into Africa, the United States "
"government was not saving drugs for United States citizens. This is not "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12925
+#: freeculture.xml:12930
msgid ""
"Nor was the intervention by the United States going to protect the profits "
"of United States drug companies—at least, not substantially. It was "
#. f5.
#. PAGE BREAK 333
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12940
+#: freeculture.xml:12945
msgid ""
"See Sabin Russell, <quote>New Crusade to Lower AIDS Drug Costs: Africa's "
"Needs at Odds with Firms' Profit Motive,</quote> <citetitle>San Francisco "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12934
+#: freeculture.xml:12939
msgid ""
"Instead, the argument in favor of restricting this flow of information, "
"which was needed to save the lives of millions, was an argument about the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12961
+#: freeculture.xml:12967
msgid ""
"Now just step back for a moment. There will be a time thirty years from now "
"when our children look back at us and ask, how could we have let this "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12971
+#: freeculture.xml:12977
msgid ""
"Some blame the drug companies. I don't. They are corporations. Their "
"managers are ordered by law to make money for the corporation. They push a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12979
+#: freeculture.xml:12985
msgid ""
"The corruption is our own politicians' failure of integrity. For the drug "
"companies would love—they say, and I believe them—to sell their "
#. PAGE BREAK 268
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12987
+#: freeculture.xml:12993
msgid ""
"A different problem, however, could not be overcome. This is the fear of the "
"grandstanding politician who would call the presidents of the drug companies "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13002
+#: freeculture.xml:13008
msgid ""
"So when the common sense of your child confronts you, what will you say? "
"When the common sense of a generation finally revolts against what we have "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13008
+#: freeculture.xml:13014
msgid ""
"A sensible patent policy could endorse and strongly support the patent "
"system without having to reach everyone everywhere in exactly the same "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13020
+#: freeculture.xml:13027
msgid ""
"But we as a culture have lost this sense of balance. We have lost the "
"critical eye that helps us see the difference between truth and extremism. "
#. PAGE BREAK 269
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13031
+#: freeculture.xml:13038
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>A simple idea</emphasis> blinds us, and under the "
"cover of darkness, much happens that most of us would reject if any of us "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13045
+#: freeculture.xml:13052
msgid ""
"So far, common sense sleeps. There is no revolt. Common sense does not yet "
"see what there could be to revolt about. The extremism that now dominates "
"storm</quote> for free culture."
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:13065 freeculture.xml:13807
+msgid "academic journals"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:13066 freeculture.xml:13079
+msgid "biomedical research"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#: freeculture.xml:13067
+msgid "international organization on issues of"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:13069 freeculture.xml:13181 freeculture.xml:13733
+msgid "IBM"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:13070 freeculture.xml:13858
+msgid "PLoS (Public Library of Science)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:13071 freeculture.xml:13859
+msgid "Public Library of Science (PLoS)"
+msgstr ""
+
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13058
+#: freeculture.xml:13072
msgid "public projects in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13059
+#: freeculture.xml:13073
msgid "single nucleotied polymorphisms (SNPs)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13060
+#: freeculture.xml:13074
msgid "Wellcome Trust"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13061
-msgid "World Wide Web"
+#: freeculture.xml:13075
+msgid "World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13062
-msgid "Global Positioning System"
+#: freeculture.xml:13076
+msgid "World Wide Web"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13064
-msgid "biomedical research"
+#: freeculture.xml:13077
+msgid "Global Positioning System"
msgstr ""
#. f6.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13069
+#: freeculture.xml:13084
msgid ""
"Jonathan Krim, <quote>The Quiet War over Open-Source,</quote> "
"<citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, August 2003, E1, available at <ulink "
"#61</ulink>."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13097 freeculture.xml:13793
-msgid "academic journals"
-msgstr ""
-
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13098 freeculture.xml:13167 freeculture.xml:13719
-msgid "IBM"
-msgstr ""
-
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13099 freeculture.xml:13856
-msgid "PLoS (Public Library of Science)"
-msgstr ""
-
+#. PAGE BREAK 270
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13066
+#: freeculture.xml:13081
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>In August 2003</emphasis>, a fight broke out in the "
"United States about a decision by the World Intellectual Property "
"Biosciences, AstraZeneca, Aventis, Bayer, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hoffmann-La "
"Roche, Glaxo-SmithKline, IBM, Motorola, Novartis, Pfizer, and Searle.) It "
"included the Global Positioning System, which Ronald Reagan set free in the "
-"early 1980s. And it included <quote>open source and free software.</quote> "
-"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
-"id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/>"
+"early 1980s. And it included <quote>open source and free software.</quote>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13103
+#: freeculture.xml:13115
msgid ""
"The aim of the meeting was to consider this wide range of projects from one "
"common perspective: that none of these projects relied upon intellectual "
#. f7.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13111
+#: freeculture.xml:13123
msgid ""
"I should disclose that I was one of the people who asked WIPO for the "
"meeting."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13110
+#: freeculture.xml:13122
msgid ""
"From the perspective of this book, then, the conference was "
"ideal.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The projects within its "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13120 freeculture.xml:13266
+#: freeculture.xml:13132 freeculture.xml:13280
msgid "World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS)"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 271
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13122
+#: freeculture.xml:13134
msgid ""
"Indeed, I was once publicly scolded for not recognizing this fact about "
"WIPO. In February 2003, I delivered a keynote address to a preparatory "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13146
+#: freeculture.xml:13158
msgid ""
"So whether or not WSIS can discuss balance in intellectual property, I had "
"thought it was taken for granted that WIPO could and should. And thus the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13152 freeculture.xml:14840
+#: freeculture.xml:13166 freeculture.xml:14855
msgid "Apple Corporation"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13154
+#: freeculture.xml:13168
msgid ""
"But there is one project within that list that is highly controversial, at "
"least among lobbyists. That project is <quote>open source and free "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13164
+#: freeculture.xml:13178
msgid "<quote>copyleft</quote> licenses"
msgstr ""
#. f8.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13180
+#: freeculture.xml:13194
msgid ""
"Microsoft's position about free and open source software is more "
"sophisticated. As it has repeatedly asserted, it has no problem with "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13169
+#: freeculture.xml:13183
msgid ""
"I don't mean to enter that debate here. It is important only to make clear "
"that the distinction is not between commercial and noncommercial "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13197
+#: freeculture.xml:13211
msgid "General Public License (GPL)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13198
+#: freeculture.xml:13212
msgid "GPL (General Public License)"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 272
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13200
+#: freeculture.xml:13214
msgid ""
"More important for our purposes, to support <quote>open source and free "
"software</quote> is not to oppose copyright. <quote>Open source and free "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13217
+#: freeculture.xml:13231
msgid "Krim, Jonathan"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13218
+#: freeculture.xml:13232
msgid "WIPO meeting opposed by"
msgstr ""
#. f9.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13228
+#: freeculture.xml:13242
msgid ""
"Krim, <quote>The Quiet War over Open-Source,</quote> available at <ulink "
"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #64</ulink>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13220
+#: freeculture.xml:13234
msgid ""
"It is therefore understandable that as a proprietary software developer, "
"Microsoft would oppose this WIPO meeting, and understandable that it would "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13234
+#: freeculture.xml:13248
msgid ""
"I don't blame Microsoft for doing what it can to advance its own interests, "
"consistent with the law. And lobbying governments is plainly consistent with "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13241 freeculture.xml:13297
+#: freeculture.xml:13255 freeculture.xml:13311
msgid "Boland, Lois"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13243
+#: freeculture.xml:13257
msgid ""
"What was surprising was the United States government's reason for opposing "
"the meeting. Again, as reported by Krim, Lois Boland, acting director of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13253
+#: freeculture.xml:13267
msgid "These statements are astonishing on a number of levels."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13257
+#: freeculture.xml:13271
msgid ""
"First, they are just flat wrong. As I described, most open source and free "
"software relies fundamentally upon the intellectual property right called "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13267
+#: freeculture.xml:13281
msgid "drugs"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13267
+#: freeculture.xml:13281
msgid "pharmaceutical"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13268
+#: freeculture.xml:13282
msgid "generic drugs"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13269
+#: freeculture.xml:13283
msgid "patents"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13269
+#: freeculture.xml:13283
msgid "on pharmaceuticals"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13271
+#: freeculture.xml:13285
msgid ""
"Second, who ever said that WIPO's exclusive aim was to "
"<quote>promote</quote> intellectual property maximally? As I had been "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13285
+#: freeculture.xml:13299
msgid ""
"Third, even if one believed that the purpose of WIPO was to maximize "
"intellectual property rights, in our tradition, intellectual property rights "
#. PAGE BREAK 274
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13299
+#: freeculture.xml:13313
msgid ""
"When Ms. Boland says that there is something wrong with a meeting "
"<quote>which has as its purpose to disclaim or waive such rights,</quote> "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13311
+#: freeculture.xml:13325
msgid ""
"There is a history of just such a property system that is well known in the "
"Anglo-American tradition. It is called <quote>feudalism.</quote> Under "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13328
+#: freeculture.xml:13342
msgid ""
"See Drahos with Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism</citetitle>, "
"210–20. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13325
+#: freeculture.xml:13339
msgid ""
"As Peter Drahos and John Braithwaite relate, this is precisely the choice we "
"are now making about intellectual property.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13337
+#: freeculture.xml:13351
msgid ""
"When this battle broke, I blogged it. A spirited debate within the comment "
"section ensued. Ms. Boland had a number of supporters who tried to show why "
#. PAGE BREAK 275
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13344
+#: freeculture.xml:13358
msgid ""
"George, you misunderstand Lessig: He's only talking about the world as it "
"should be (<quote>the goal of WIPO, and the goal of any government, should "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13356
+#: freeculture.xml:13370
msgid ""
"I missed the irony the first time I read it. I read it quickly and thought "
"the poster was supporting the idea that seeking balance was what our "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13367
+#: freeculture.xml:13381
msgid ""
"Obviously, however, the poster was not supporting that idea. Instead, the "
"poster was ridiculing the very idea that in the real world, the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13375
+#: freeculture.xml:13389
msgid ""
"I understand criticism of academic utopianism. I think utopianism is silly, "
"too, and I'd be the first to poke fun at the absurdly unrealistic ideals of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13381
+#: freeculture.xml:13395
msgid ""
"But when it has become silly to suppose that the role of our government "
"should be to <quote>seek balance,</quote> then count me with the silly, for "
#. PAGE BREAK 276
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13392
+#: freeculture.xml:13406
msgid ""
"It might be crazy to expect a high government official to speak the "
"truth. It might be crazy to believe that government policy will be something "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13400
+#: freeculture.xml:13414
msgid "If this is crazy, then let there be more crazies. Soon."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13404
+#: freeculture.xml:13418
msgid "Turner, Ted"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13406
+#: freeculture.xml:13420
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>There are moments</emphasis> of hope in this "
"struggle. And moments that surprise. When the FCC was considering relaxing "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13417
+#: freeculture.xml:13431
msgid ""
"This activism did not stop the FCC, but soon after, a broad coalition in the "
"Senate voted to reverse the FCC decision. The hostile hearings leading up to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13425
+#: freeculture.xml:13439
msgid ""
"But even this movement misses an important piece of the puzzle. Largeness "
"as such is not bad. Freedom is not threatened just because some become very "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13432
+#: freeculture.xml:13446
msgid ""
"The danger in media concentration comes not from the concentration, but "
"instead from the feudalism that this concentration, tied to the change in "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13442
+#: freeculture.xml:13456
msgid ""
"It is therefore significant that so many would rally to demand competition "
"and increased diversity. Still, if the rally is understood as being about "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13449
+#: freeculture.xml:13463
msgid ""
"It would be something new, and something very important, if an equal number "
"could be rallied to fight the increasing extremism built within the idea of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13457
+#: freeculture.xml:13471
msgid ""
"If we were Achilles, this would be our heel. This would be the place of our "
"tragedy."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13460
+#: freeculture.xml:13474
msgid "Dylan, Bob"
msgstr ""
#. f11.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13466
+#: freeculture.xml:13480
msgid ""
"John Borland, <quote>RIAA Sues 261 File Swappers,</quote> CNET News.com, "
"September 2003, available at <ulink "
#. f12.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13484
+#: freeculture.xml:13498
msgid ""
"Jon Wiederhorn, <quote>Eminem Gets Sued … by a Little Old "
"Lady,</quote> mtv.com, 17 September 2003, available at <ulink "
#. f13.
#. PAGE BREAK 334
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13491
+#: freeculture.xml:13505
msgid ""
"Kenji Hall, Associated Press, <quote>Japanese Book May Be Inspiration for "
"Dylan Songs,</quote> Kansascity.com, 9 July 2003, available at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13462
+#: freeculture.xml:13476
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>As I write</emphasis> these final words, the news is "
"filled with stories about the RIAA lawsuits against almost three hundred "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13508
+#: freeculture.xml:13522
msgid "BBC"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13509
+#: freeculture.xml:13523
msgid "Brazil, free culture in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13510 freeculture.xml:13872
+#: freeculture.xml:13524 freeculture.xml:13887
msgid "Creative Commons"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13511
+#: freeculture.xml:13525
msgid "Gil, Gilberto"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13512
+#: freeculture.xml:13526
msgid "United Kingdom"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13512
+#: freeculture.xml:13526
msgid "public creative archive in"
msgstr ""
#. f14.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13517
+#: freeculture.xml:13531
msgid ""
"<quote>BBC Plans to Open Up Its Archive to the Public,</quote> BBC press "
"release, 24 August 2003, available at <ulink "
#. f15.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13526
+#: freeculture.xml:13540
msgid ""
"<quote>Creative Commons and Brazil,</quote> Creative Commons Weblog, 6 "
"August 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
#. PAGE BREAK 278
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13514
+#: freeculture.xml:13528
msgid ""
"Yet on the other side of the Atlantic, the BBC has just announced that it "
"will build a <quote>Creative Archive,</quote> from which British citizens "
#. PAGE BREAK 279
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13540
+#: freeculture.xml:13554
msgid ""
"Common sense must revolt. It must act to free culture. Soon, if this "
"potential is ever to be realized."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:13548
+#: freeculture.xml:13562
msgid "AFTERWORD"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 280
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13552
+#: freeculture.xml:13566
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>At least some</emphasis> who have read this far will "
"agree with me that something must be done to change where we are "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13557
+#: freeculture.xml:13571
msgid ""
"I divide this map into two parts: that which anyone can do now, and that "
"which requires the help of lawmakers. If there is one lesson that we can "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13563
+#: freeculture.xml:13577
msgid ""
"That means this movement must begin in the streets. It must recruit a "
"significant number of parents, teachers, librarians, creators, authors, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13570
+#: freeculture.xml:13584
msgid ""
"Once this movement has its effect in the streets, it has some hope of having "
"an effect in Washington. We are still a democracy. What people think "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:13579
+#: freeculture.xml:13593
msgid "US, NOW"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13581
+#: freeculture.xml:13595
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>Common sense</emphasis> is with the copyright "
"warriors because the debate so far has been framed at the extremes—as "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13588
+#: freeculture.xml:13602
msgid ""
"The mistake here is the error of the excluded middle. There are extremes in "
"this debate, but the extremes are not all that there is. There are those who "
#. PAGE BREAK 282
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13598
+#: freeculture.xml:13612
msgid ""
"When the Internet was first born, its initial architecture effectively "
"tilted in the <quote>no rights reserved</quote> direction. Content could be "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13610
+#: freeculture.xml:13624
msgid ""
"This initial character produced a reaction (opposite, but not quite equal) "
"by copyright owners. That reaction has been the topic of this book. Through "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13624
+#: freeculture.xml:13638
msgid ""
"What's needed is a way to say something in the middle—neither "
"<quote>all rights reserved</quote> nor <quote>no rights reserved</quote> but "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:13633
+#: freeculture.xml:13647
msgid "Rebuilding Freedoms Previously Presumed: Examples"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13636
+#: freeculture.xml:13650
msgid ""
"If you step back from the battle I've been describing here, you will "
"recognize this problem from other contexts. Think about privacy. Before the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13646
+#: freeculture.xml:13660
msgid "What made it assured?"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13650
+#: freeculture.xml:13664
msgid ""
"Well, if we think in terms of the modalities I described in chapter <xref "
"xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"property-i\"/>, your privacy was "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13665
+#: freeculture.xml:13679
msgid "Amazon"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13666
+#: freeculture.xml:13680
msgid "cookies, Internet"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13668
+#: freeculture.xml:13682
msgid ""
"Enter the Internet, where the cost of tracking browsing in particular has "
"become quite tiny. If you're a customer at Amazon, then as you browse the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13678
+#: freeculture.xml:13692
msgid ""
"Amazon, of course, is not the problem. But we might begin to worry about "
"libraries. If you're one of those crazy lefties who thinks that people "
#. f1.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13695
+#: freeculture.xml:13709
msgid ""
"See, for example, Marc Rotenberg, <quote>Fair Information Practices and the "
"Architecture of Privacy (What Larry Doesn't Get),</quote> "
#. PAGE BREAK 284
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13689
+#: freeculture.xml:13703
msgid ""
"It is this reality that explains the push of many to define "
"<quote>privacy</quote> on the Internet. It is the recognition that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13713
+#: freeculture.xml:13727
msgid ""
"A similar story could be told about the birth of the free software "
"movement. When computers with software were first made available "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13721
+#: freeculture.xml:13735
msgid "Stallman, Richard"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13723
+#: freeculture.xml:13737
msgid ""
"That was the world Richard Stallman was born into, and while he was a "
"researcher at MIT, he grew to love the community that developed when one was "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13731
+#: freeculture.xml:13745
msgid ""
"In an academic setting, at least, that's not a terribly radical idea. In a "
"math department, anyone would be free to tinker with a proof that someone "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13743
+#: freeculture.xml:13757
msgid ""
"No one answered that question. Instead, the architecture of revenue for "
"computing changed. As it became possible to import programs from one system "
#. PAGE BREAK 285
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13752
+#: freeculture.xml:13766
msgid ""
"Thus, the practice of proprietary code began to spread, and by the early "
"1980s, Stallman found himself surrounded by proprietary code. The world of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13760
+#: freeculture.xml:13774
msgid "Torvalds, Linus"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13762
+#: freeculture.xml:13776
msgid ""
"Therefore, in 1984, Stallman began a project to build a free operating "
"system, so that at least a strain of free software would survive. That was "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13770
+#: freeculture.xml:13784
msgid ""
"Stallman's technique was to use copyright law to build a world of software "
"that must be kept free. Software licensed under the Free Software "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13781
+#: freeculture.xml:13795
msgid ""
"Stallman was thus doing for software what privacy advocates now do for "
"privacy. He was seeking a way to rebuild a kind of freedom that was taken "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13789
+#: freeculture.xml:13803
msgid ""
"Finally, consider a very recent example that more directly resonates with "
"the story of this book. This is the shift in the way academic and scientific "
#. PAGE BREAK 286
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13795
+#: freeculture.xml:13809
msgid ""
"As digital technologies develop, it is becoming obvious to many that "
"printing thousands of copies of journals every month and sending them to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13811
+#: freeculture.xml:13825
msgid ""
"There's nothing wrong in general with this, and indeed, the ability to "
"charge for access to even public domain materials is a good incentive for "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13820
+#: freeculture.xml:13834
msgid ""
"But what if the only way to get access to social and scientific data was "
"through proprietary services? What if no one had the ability to browse this "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13825
+#: freeculture.xml:13839
msgid ""
"As many are beginning to notice, this is increasingly the reality with "
"scientific journals. When these journals were distributed in paper form, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13837
+#: freeculture.xml:13851
msgid ""
"As journals become electronic, however, the publishers are demanding that "
"libraries not give the general public access to the journals. This means "
"and market shrink a freedom taken for granted before."
msgstr ""
+#. PAGE BREAK 287
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13845
+#: freeculture.xml:13861
msgid ""
"This shrinking freedom has led many to take affirmative steps to restore the "
"freedom that has been lost. The Public Library of Science (PLoS), for "
"peer review. If accepted, the work is then deposited in a public, electronic "
"archive and made permanently available for free. PLoS also sells a print "
"version of its work, but the copyright for the print journal does not "
-"inhibit the right of anyone to redistribute the work for free. <placeholder "
-"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"inhibit the right of anyone to redistribute the work for free."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13859
+#: freeculture.xml:13874
msgid ""
"This is one of many such efforts to restore a freedom taken for granted "
"before, but now threatened by changing technology and markets. There's no "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:13871
+#: freeculture.xml:13886
msgid "Rebuilding Free Culture: One Idea"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13874
+#: freeculture.xml:13889
msgid ""
"The same strategy could be applied to culture, as a response to the "
"increasing control effected through law and technology."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13877
+#: freeculture.xml:13892
msgid "Stanford University"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13879
+#: freeculture.xml:13894
msgid ""
"Enter the Creative Commons. The Creative Commons is a nonprofit corporation "
"established in Massachusetts, but with its home at Stanford University. Its "
#. PAGE BREAK 288
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13890
+#: freeculture.xml:13905
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Simple</emphasis>—which means without a middleman, or "
"without a lawyer. By developing a free set of licenses that people can "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13908
+#: freeculture.xml:13923
msgid ""
"These freedoms are beyond the freedoms promised by fair use. Their precise "
"contours depend upon the choices the creator makes. The creator can choose a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13919
+#: freeculture.xml:13934
msgid ""
"These choices thus establish a range of freedoms beyond the default of "
"copyright law. They also enable freedoms that go beyond traditional fair "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13929
+#: freeculture.xml:13944
msgid "Garlick, Mia"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 289
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13931
+#: freeculture.xml:13946
msgid ""
"This is just one project among many within the Creative Commons. And of "
"course, Creative Commons is not the only organization pursuing such "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13944
+#: freeculture.xml:13959
msgid ""
"The aim is not to fight the <quote>All Rights Reserved</quote> sorts. The "
"aim is to complement them. The problems that the law creates for us as a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13957
+#: freeculture.xml:13972
msgid ""
"Why would creators participate in giving up total control? Some participate "
"to better spread their content. Cory Doctorow, for example, is a science "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13964
+#: freeculture.xml:13979
msgid ""
"Why would a publisher ever agree to this? I suspect his publisher reasoned "
"like this: There are two groups of people out there: (1) those who will buy "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13976
+#: freeculture.xml:13991
msgid ""
"Indeed, the experience of his publisher clearly supports that conclusion. "
"The book's first printing was exhausted months before the publisher had "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13981
+#: freeculture.xml:13996
msgid "Free for All (Wayner)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13982
+#: freeculture.xml:13997
msgid "Wayner, Peter"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 290
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13984
+#: freeculture.xml:13999
msgid ""
"The idea that free content might increase the value of nonfree content was "
"confirmed by the experience of another author. Peter Wayner, who wrote a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13995
+#: freeculture.xml:14010
msgid "Public Enemy"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13996
+#: freeculture.xml:14011
msgid "rap music"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13997
+#: freeculture.xml:14012
msgid "Leaphart, Walter"
msgstr ""
#. f2.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14014
+#: freeculture.xml:14029
msgid ""
"<citetitle>Willful Infringement: A Report from the Front Lines of the Real "
"Culture Wars</citetitle> (2003), produced by Jed Horovitz, directed by Greg "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13999
+#: freeculture.xml:14014
msgid ""
"These are examples of using the Commons to better spread proprietary "
"content. I believe that is a wonderful and common use of the Commons. There "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14023
+#: freeculture.xml:14038
msgid ""
"Finally, there are many who mark their content with a Creative Commons "
"license just because they want to express to others the importance of "
#. PAGE BREAK 291
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14035
+#: freeculture.xml:14050
msgid ""
"In the first six months of the Creative Commons experiment, over 1 million "
"objects were licensed with these free-culture licenses. The next step is "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14045
+#: freeculture.xml:14060
msgid ""
"These are first steps to rebuilding a public domain. They are not mere "
"arguments; they are action. Building a public domain is the first step to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14053
+#: freeculture.xml:14068
msgid ""
"Creative Commons is just one example of voluntary efforts by individuals and "
"creators to change the mix of rights that now govern the creative field. The "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14067
+#: freeculture.xml:14082
msgid "THEM, SOON"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14069
+#: freeculture.xml:14084
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>We will</emphasis> not reclaim a free culture by "
"individual action alone. It will also take important reforms of laws. We "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14076
+#: freeculture.xml:14091
msgid ""
"In this chapter, I outline five kinds of changes: four that are general, and "
"one that's specific to the most heated battle of the day, music. Each is a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14083
+#: freeculture.xml:14098
msgid "1. More Formalities"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14085
+#: freeculture.xml:14100
msgid ""
"If you buy a house, you have to record the sale in a deed. If you buy land "
"upon which to build a house, you have to record the purchase in a deed. If "
#. PAGE BREAK 293
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14092
+#: freeculture.xml:14107
msgid ""
"These are all formalities associated with property. They are requirements "
"that we all must bear if we want our property to be protected."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14097
+#: freeculture.xml:14112
msgid ""
"In contrast, under current copyright law, you automatically get a copyright, "
"regardless of whether you comply with any formality. You don't have to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14103
+#: freeculture.xml:14118
msgid "Why?"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14106
+#: freeculture.xml:14121
msgid ""
"As I suggested in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" "
"linkend=\"property-i\"/>, the motivation to abolish formalities was a good "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14115
+#: freeculture.xml:14130
msgid ""
"But the Internet changes all this. Formalities today need not be a "
"burden. Rather, the world without formalities is the world that burdens "
#. f1.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14129
+#: freeculture.xml:14144
msgid ""
"The proposal I am advancing here would apply to American works only. "
"Obviously, I believe it would be beneficial for the same idea to be adopted "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14127
+#: freeculture.xml:14142
msgid ""
"The law should therefore change this requirement<placeholder "
"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>—but it should not change it by going back "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14137
+#: freeculture.xml:14152
msgid ""
"The important formalities are three: marking copyrighted work, registering "
"copyrights, and renewing the claim to copyright. Traditionally, the first of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14149
+#: freeculture.xml:14164
msgid "REGISTRATION AND RENEWAL"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14151
+#: freeculture.xml:14166
msgid ""
"Under the old system, a copyright owner had to file a registration with the "
"Copyright Office to register or renew a copyright. When filing that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14164
+#: freeculture.xml:14179
msgid ""
"Yet it is always astonishing to me that we, who come from a tradition of "
"extraordinary innovation in governmental design, can no longer think "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14173
+#: freeculture.xml:14188
msgid ""
"In the context of registration, one obvious model is the Internet. There "
"are at least 32 million Web sites registered around the world. Domain name "
#. PAGE BREAK 295
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14183
+#: freeculture.xml:14198
msgid ""
"We should adopt a similar model for the registration and renewal of "
"copyrights. The Copyright Office may well serve as the central registry, but "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14198
+#: freeculture.xml:14213
msgid "MARKING"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14200
+#: freeculture.xml:14215
msgid ""
"It used to be that the failure to include a copyright notice on a creative "
"work meant that the copyright was forfeited. That was a harsh punishment for "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14210
+#: freeculture.xml:14225
msgid ""
"The aim of marking is to signal to the public that this work is copyrighted "
"and that the author wants to enforce his rights. The mark also makes it easy "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14216
+#: freeculture.xml:14231
msgid ""
"One of the problems the copyright system confronted early on was that "
"different copyrighted works had to be differently marked. It wasn't clear "
#. f2.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14233
+#: freeculture.xml:14248
msgid ""
"There would be a complication with derivative works that I have not solved "
"here. In my view, the law of derivatives creates a more complicated system "
#. PAGE BREAK 296
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14226
+#: freeculture.xml:14241
msgid ""
"Let's start with the last point. If a copyright owner allows his work to be "
"published without a copyright notice, the consequence of that failure need "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14246
+#: freeculture.xml:14261
msgid ""
"That in turn raises the question about how work should best be marked. Here "
"again, the system needs to adjust as the technologies evolve. The best way "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14252
+#: freeculture.xml:14267
msgid "copyright marking of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14254
+#: freeculture.xml:14269
msgid ""
"For example, if a recording industry association devises a method for "
"marking CDs, it would propose that to the Copyright Office. The Copyright "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14266
+#: freeculture.xml:14281
msgid ""
"Finally, marking content clearly would simplify registration requirements. "
"If photographs were marked by author and year, there would be little reason "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14274
+#: freeculture.xml:14289
msgid ""
"The objective of formalities is to make things clear. The existing system "
"does nothing to make things clear. Indeed, it seems designed to make things "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14279
+#: freeculture.xml:14294
msgid ""
"If formalities such as registration were reinstated, one of the most "
"difficult aspects of relying upon the public domain would be removed. It "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14291
+#: freeculture.xml:14306
msgid "2. Shorter Terms"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14293
+#: freeculture.xml:14308
msgid ""
"The term of copyright has gone from fourteen years to ninety-five years for "
"corporate authors, and life of the author plus seventy years for natural "
#. f3.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14306
+#: freeculture.xml:14321
msgid ""
"<quote>A Radical Rethink,</quote> <citetitle>Economist</citetitle>, 366:8308 "
"(25 January 2003): 15, available at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14298
+#: freeculture.xml:14313
msgid ""
"In <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>, I proposed a "
"seventy-five-year term, granted in five-year increments with a requirement "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14313
+#: freeculture.xml:14328
msgid ""
"I agree with those who believe that we need a radical change in copyright's "
"term. But whether fourteen years or seventy-five, there are four principles "
#. (1)
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14321
+#: freeculture.xml:14336
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Keep it short:</emphasis> The term should be as long as necessary "
"to give incentives to create, but no longer. If it were tied to very strong "
#. (2)
#. PAGE BREAK 298
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14330
+#: freeculture.xml:14345
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Keep it simple:</emphasis> The line between the public domain and "
"protected content must be kept clear. Lawyers like the fuzziness of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14342
+#: freeculture.xml:14357
msgid "veterans' pensions"
msgstr ""
#. f4.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14353
+#: freeculture.xml:14368
msgid ""
"Department of Veterans Affairs, Veteran's Application for Compensation "
"and/or Pension, VA Form 21-526 (OMB Approved No. 2900-0001), available at "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14345
+#: freeculture.xml:14360
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Keep it alive:</emphasis> Copyright should have to be renewed. "
"Especially if the maximum term is long, the copyright owner should be "
#. (4)
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14364
+#: freeculture.xml:14379
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Keep it prospective:</emphasis> Whatever the term of copyright "
"should be, the clearest lesson that economists teach is that a term once "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14380
+#: freeculture.xml:14395
msgid ""
"These changes together should produce an <emphasis>average</emphasis> "
"copyright term that is much shorter than the current term. Until 1976, the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14386
+#: freeculture.xml:14401
msgid ""
"No doubt the extremists will call these ideas <quote>radical.</quote> (After "
"all, I call them <quote>extremists.</quote>) But again, the term I "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14396
+#: freeculture.xml:14411
msgid "3. Free Use Vs. Fair Use"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14400
+#: freeculture.xml:14415
msgid ""
"As I observed at the beginning of this book, property law originally granted "
"property owners the right to control their property from the ground to the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14408
+#: freeculture.xml:14423
msgid ""
"Our Constitution gives Congress the power to give authors <quote>exclusive "
"right</quote> to <quote>their writings.</quote> Congress has given authors "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14416
+#: freeculture.xml:14431
msgid "Kaplan, Benjamin"
msgstr ""
#. f5.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14422
+#: freeculture.xml:14437
msgid ""
"Benjamin Kaplan, <citetitle>An Unhurried View of Copyright</citetitle> (New "
"York: Columbia University Press, 1967), 32."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14418
+#: freeculture.xml:14433
msgid ""
"Congress granted the beginnings of this right in 1870, when it expanded the "
"exclusive right of copyright to include a right to control translations and "
#. f6.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14435
+#: freeculture.xml:14450
msgid "Ibid., 56."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14431
+#: freeculture.xml:14446
msgid ""
"So inured have we become to the extension of the monopoly to a large range "
"of so-called derivative works, that we no longer sense the oddity of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14440
+#: freeculture.xml:14455
msgid ""
"I think it's time to recognize that there are airplanes in this field and "
"the expansiveness of these rights of derivative use no longer make "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14447
+#: freeculture.xml:14462
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Term:</emphasis> If Congress wants to grant a derivative right, "
"then that right should be for a much shorter term. It makes sense to protect "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14460
+#: freeculture.xml:14475
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Scope:</emphasis> Likewise should the scope of derivative rights "
"be narrowed. Again, there are some cases in which derivative rights are "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14474
+#: freeculture.xml:14489
msgid ""
"This was the point that Alben made when describing the making of the Clint "
"Eastwood CD. While it makes sense to require negotiation for foreseeable "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14490
+#: freeculture.xml:14505
msgid "Goldstein, Paul"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14488
+#: freeculture.xml:14503
msgid ""
"Paul Goldstein, <citetitle>Copyright's Highway: From Gutenberg to the "
"Celestial Jukebox</citetitle> (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14482
+#: freeculture.xml:14497
msgid ""
"In each of these cases, the law should mark the uses that are protected, and "
"the presumption should be that other uses are not protected. This is the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14496
+#: freeculture.xml:14511
msgid ""
"Goldstein's analysis would make perfect sense if the cost of the legal "
"system were small. But as we are currently seeing in the context of the "
#. PAGE BREAK 301
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14503
+#: freeculture.xml:14518
msgid ""
"The law could remedy this problem either by removing protection beyond the "
"part explicitly drawn or by granting reuse rights upon certain statutory "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14513
+#: freeculture.xml:14528
msgid "4. Liberate the Music—Again"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14515
+#: freeculture.xml:14530
msgid ""
"The battle that got this whole war going was about music, so it wouldn't be "
"fair to end this book without addressing the issue that is, to most people, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14522
+#: freeculture.xml:14537
msgid ""
"The appeal of file-sharing music was the crack cocaine of the Internet's "
"growth. It drove demand for access to the Internet more powerfully than any "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14531
+#: freeculture.xml:14546
msgid ""
"The aim of copyright, with respect to content in general and music in "
"particular, is to create the incentives for music to be composed, performed, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14538
+#: freeculture.xml:14553
msgid ""
"File-sharing networks complicate this model by enabling the spread of "
"content for which the performer has not been paid. But of course, that's not "
#. A.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14547
+#: freeculture.xml:14562
msgid ""
"There are some who are using sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing "
"CDs."
#. B.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14552
+#: freeculture.xml:14567
msgid ""
"There are also some who are using sharing networks to sample, on the way to "
"purchasing CDs."
#. PAGE BREAK 302
#. C.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14558
+#: freeculture.xml:14573
msgid ""
"There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content "
"that is no longer sold but is still under copyright or that would have been "
#. D.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14564
+#: freeculture.xml:14579
msgid ""
"There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content "
"that is not copyrighted or to get access that the copyright owner plainly "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14572
+#: freeculture.xml:14587
msgid ""
"Any reform of the law needs to keep these different uses in focus. It must "
"avoid burdening type D even if it aims to eliminate type A. The eagerness "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14580
+#: freeculture.xml:14595
msgid ""
"As I said in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" "
"linkend=\"piracy\"/>, the actual harm caused by sharing is controversial. "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14588
+#: freeculture.xml:14603
msgid ""
"Nonetheless, there is a crucial fact about the current technological context "
"that we must keep in mind if we are to understand how the law should "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14593
+#: freeculture.xml:14608
msgid ""
"Today, file sharing is addictive. In ten years, it won't be. It is addictive "
"today because it is the easiest way to gain access to a broad range of "
#. PAGE BREAK 303
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14605
+#: freeculture.xml:14620
msgid ""
"But it will become a reality, and that means the way we get access to the "
"Internet today is a technology in transition. Policy makers should not make "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14619
+#: freeculture.xml:14634
msgid "cell phones, music streamed over"
msgstr ""
#. f8.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14639
+#: freeculture.xml:14654
msgid ""
"See, for example, <quote>Music Media Watch,</quote> The J@pan "
"Inc. Newsletter, 3 April 2002, available at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14621
+#: freeculture.xml:14636
msgid ""
"In that world, it will be extremely easy to connect to services that give "
"you access to content on the fly—such as Internet radio, content that "
#. PAGE BREAK 304
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14646
+#: freeculture.xml:14661
msgid ""
"This point about the future is meant to suggest a perspective on the "
"present: It is emphatically temporary. The <quote>problem</quote> with file "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14662
+#: freeculture.xml:14677
msgid ""
"The answer begins with recognizing that there are different "
"<quote>problems</quote> here to solve. Let's start with type D "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14673
+#: freeculture.xml:14688
msgid ""
"Type C content raises a different <quote>problem.</quote> This is content "
"that was, at one time, published and is no longer available. It may be "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14684
+#: freeculture.xml:14699
msgid ""
"Again, the model here is the used book store. Once a book goes out of print, "
"it may still be available in libraries and used book stores. But libraries "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14694
+#: freeculture.xml:14709
msgid ""
"The model of used book stores suggests that the law could simply deem "
"out-of-print music fair game. If the publisher does not make copies of the "
#. PAGE BREAK 305
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14705
+#: freeculture.xml:14720
msgid ""
"Alternatively, the law could create a statutory license that would ensure "
"that artists get something from the trade of their work. For example, if the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14715
+#: freeculture.xml:14730
msgid ""
"This system would also create an incentive for publishers to keep works "
"available commercially. Works that are available commercially would not be "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14725
+#: freeculture.xml:14740
msgid ""
"The hard case is content of types A and B, and again, this case is hard only "
"because the extent of the problem will change over time, as the technologies "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14733
+#: freeculture.xml:14748
msgid ""
"So here's a solution that will at first seem very strange to both sides in "
"this war, but which upon reflection, I suggest, should make some sense."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14737
+#: freeculture.xml:14752
msgid ""
"Stripped of the rhetoric about the sanctity of property, the basic claim of "
"the content industry is this: A new technology (the Internet) has harmed a "
#. PAGE BREAK 306
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14748
+#: freeculture.xml:14763
msgid ""
"I love the Internet, and so I don't like likening it to tobacco or "
"asbestos. But the analogy is a fair one from the perspective of the law. "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14755 freeculture.xml:14797
+#: freeculture.xml:14770 freeculture.xml:14812
msgid "Promises to Keep (Fisher)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14795
+#: freeculture.xml:14810
msgid "Fisher, William"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14761
+#: freeculture.xml:14776
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> William Fisher, "
"<citetitle>Digital Music: Problems and Possibilities</citetitle> (last "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14757
+#: freeculture.xml:14772
msgid ""
"The idea would be a modification of a proposal that has been floated by "
"Harvard law professor William Fisher.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14811
+#: freeculture.xml:14826
msgid ""
"Fisher's proposal is careful and comprehensive. It raises a million "
"questions, most of which he answers well in his upcoming book, "
#. PAGE BREAK 307
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14828
+#: freeculture.xml:14843
msgid ""
"Fisher would balk at the idea of allowing the system to lapse. His aim is "
"not just to ensure that artists are paid, but also to ensure that the system "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14841
+#: freeculture.xml:14856
msgid "MusicStore"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14843
+#: freeculture.xml:14858
msgid "prices of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14845
+#: freeculture.xml:14860
msgid ""
"No doubt it would be difficult to calculate the proper measure of "
"<quote>harm</quote> to an industry. But the difficulty of making that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14860
+#: freeculture.xml:14875
msgid "cable vs. broadcast"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14863
+#: freeculture.xml:14878
msgid "film industry"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14863
+#: freeculture.xml:14878
msgid "luxury theatres vs. video piracy in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14865
+#: freeculture.xml:14880
msgid ""
"This competition has already occurred against the background of "
"<quote>free</quote> music from p2p systems. As the sellers of cable "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14877
+#: freeculture.xml:14892
msgid ""
"This regime of competition, with a backstop to assure that artists don't "
"lose, would facilitate a great deal of innovation in the delivery of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14886
+#: freeculture.xml:14901
msgid "In summary, then, my proposal is this:"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 308
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14891
+#: freeculture.xml:14906
msgid ""
"The Internet is in transition. We should not be regulating a technology in "
"transition. We should instead be regulating to minimize the harm to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14898
+#: freeculture.xml:14913
msgid "We can minimize that harm while maximizing the benefit to innovation by"
msgstr ""
#. 1.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14904
+#: freeculture.xml:14919
msgid "guaranteeing the right to engage in type D sharing;"
msgstr ""
#. 2.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14908
+#: freeculture.xml:14923
msgid ""
"permitting noncommercial type C sharing without liability, and commercial "
"type C sharing at a low and fixed rate set by statute;"
#. 3.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14914
+#: freeculture.xml:14929
msgid ""
"while in this transition, taxing and compensating for type A sharing, to the "
"extent actual harm is demonstrated."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14919
+#: freeculture.xml:14934
msgid ""
"But what if <quote>piracy</quote> doesn't disappear? What if there is a "
"competitive market providing content at a low cost, but a significant number "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14925
+#: freeculture.xml:14940
msgid ""
"Yes, it should. But, again, what it should do depends upon how the facts "
"develop. These changes may not eliminate type A sharing. But the real issue "
#. PAGE BREAK 309
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14939
+#: freeculture.xml:14954
msgid ""
"But we're a long way away from whittling the problem down to this subset of "
"type A sharers. And our focus until we're there should not be on finding "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14950
+#: freeculture.xml:14965
msgid "5. Fire Lots of Lawyers"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14952
+#: freeculture.xml:14967
msgid ""
"I'm a lawyer. I make lawyers for a living. I believe in the law. I believe "
"in the law of copyright. Indeed, I have devoted my life to working in law, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14958
+#: freeculture.xml:14973
msgid ""
"Yet much of this book has been a criticism of lawyers, or the role lawyers "
"have played in this debate. The law speaks to ideals, but it is my view that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14965
+#: freeculture.xml:14980
msgid "Nimmer, Melville"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14966
+#: freeculture.xml:14981
msgid "Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA) (1998)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14966
+#: freeculture.xml:14981
msgid "Supreme Court challenge of"
msgstr ""
#. f10.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14977
+#: freeculture.xml:14992
msgid ""
"Lawrence Lessig, <quote>Copyright's First Amendment</quote> (Melville "
"B. Nimmer Memorial Lecture), <citetitle>UCLA Law Review</citetitle> 48 "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14968
+#: freeculture.xml:14983
msgid ""
"The evidence of this bending is compelling. I'm attacked as a "
"<quote>radical</quote> by many within the profession, yet the positions that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14983
+#: freeculture.xml:14998
msgid ""
"However, my criticism of the role that lawyers have played in this debate is "
"not just about a professional bias. It is more importantly about our failure "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14993
+#: freeculture.xml:15008
msgid ""
"A good example is the work of Professor Stan Liebowitz. Liebowitz is to be "
"commended for his careful review of data about infringement, leading him to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14988
+#: freeculture.xml:15003
msgid ""
"Economists are supposed to be good at reckoning costs and benefits. But "
"more often than not, economists, with no clue about how the legal system "
#. PAGE BREAK 310
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15017
+#: freeculture.xml:15032
msgid ""
"But the legal system doesn't work. Or more accurately, it doesn't work for "
"anyone except those with the most resources. Not because the system is "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15025
+#: freeculture.xml:15040
msgid ""
"These costs distort free culture in many ways. A lawyer's time is billed at "
"the largest firms at more than $400 per hour. How much time should such a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15035
+#: freeculture.xml:15050
msgid ""
"The costliness and clumsiness and randomness of this system mock our "
"tradition. And lawyers, as well as academics, should consider it their duty "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15043
+#: freeculture.xml:15058
msgid ""
"But until that reform is complete, we as a society should keep the law away "
"from areas that we know it will only harm. And that is precisely what the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15050
+#: freeculture.xml:15065
msgid ""
"Think about the amazing things your kid could do or make with digital "
"technology—the film, the music, the Web page, the blog. Or think about "
#. PAGE BREAK 311
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15059
+#: freeculture.xml:15074
msgid ""
"The law should regulate in certain areas of culture—but it should "
"regulate culture only where that regulation does good. Yet lawyers rarely "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15068
+#: freeculture.xml:15083
msgid ""
"We should ask, <quote>Why?</quote> Show me why your regulation of culture is "
"needed. Show me how it does good. And until you can show me both, keep your "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:15077
+#: freeculture.xml:15092
msgid "NOTES"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15079
+#: freeculture.xml:15094
msgid ""
"Throughout this text, there are references to links on the World Wide "
"Web. As anyone who has tried to use the Web knows, these links can be highly "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:15098
+#: freeculture.xml:15113
msgid "ACKNOWLEDGMENTS"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15100
+#: freeculture.xml:15115
msgid ""
"This book is the product of a long and as yet unsuccessful struggle that "
"began when I read of Eric Eldred's war to keep books free. Eldred's work "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15107
+#: freeculture.xml:15122
msgid ""
"I received guidance in various places from friends and academics, including "
"Glenn Brown, Peter DiCola, Jennifer Mnookin, Richard Posner, Mark Rose, and "
#. PAGE BREAK 337
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15120
+#: freeculture.xml:15135
msgid ""
"Yuko Noguchi helped me to understand the laws of Japan as well as its "
"culture. I am thankful to her, and to the many in Japan who helped me "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15131
+#: freeculture.xml:15146
msgid ""
"These are the traditional sorts of help that academics regularly draw "
"upon. But in addition to them, the Internet has made it possible to receive "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15151
+#: freeculture.xml:15166
msgid ""
"Richard Stallman and Michael Carroll each read the whole book in draft, and "
"each provided extremely helpful correction and advice. Michael helped me to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15160
+#: freeculture.xml:15175
msgid ""
"Finally, and forever, I am thankful to Bettina, who has always insisted that "
"there would be unending happiness away from these battles, and who has "
projects / text-free-culture-lessig.git / commitdiff