Add some index entries.

diff --git a/freeculture.nb.po b/freeculture.nb.po
index 06bdba3a26d0c46f0b3e4ceafcb270f1f415c9e7..c81c41bcb37d4fe27a3b555aca4c87b989b07038 100644 (file)
--- a/freeculture.nb.po
+++ b/freeculture.nb.po
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 "Project-Id-Version: Free Culture by Lawrence Lessig\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2014-07-29 10:31+0300\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2014-07-29 13:04+0300\n"
 "PO-Revision-Date: 2012-08-29 11:14+0200\n"
 "Last-Translator: Petter Reinholdtsen <pere@hungry.com>\n"
 "Language-Team: Norwegian Bokmål <i18n-nb@lister.ping.uio.no>\n"
@@ -2634,9 +2634,9 @@ msgstr ""
 "levende.  Gjennomsnittlig vernetid i opphavsretten var bare rundt tredve "
 "år&mdash;for den lille delen av kreative verk som faktisk var "
 "opphavsrettsbeskyttet.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Det betyr at "
-"i tredve år, i gjennomsnitt, hadde forfattere eller opphavsrettighetsinnehaver "
-"av kreative verk en <quote>eksklusiv rett</quote> til a "
-"kontrollere bestemte typer bruk av verket.  For å bruke disse "
+"i tredve år, i gjennomsnitt, hadde forfattere eller "
+"opphavsrettighetsinnehaver av kreative verk en <quote>eksklusiv rett</quote> "
+"til a kontrollere bestemte typer bruk av verket.  For å bruke disse "
 "opphavsrettsbeskyttede verkene på de begrensede måtene krevde tillatelse fra "
 "opphavsrettsinnehaveren."
 
@@ -3191,14 +3191,14 @@ msgid ""
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 "Det vanskelige spørsmålet er derfor ikke <emphasis>om</emphasis> en kultur "
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-"er i stedet <quote><emphasis>hvor</emphasis> fri er denne kulturen?</"
-"quote> Hvor mye og hvor bredt, er kulturen fritt tilgjengelig for andre å "
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+"er i stedet <quote><emphasis>hvor</emphasis> fri er denne kulturen?</quote> "
+"Hvor mye og hvor bredt, er kulturen fritt tilgjengelig for andre å ta, og "
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+"tilknyttet til nasjonalmuseet eller ikke?  Til musikere generelt, uansett om "
+"de er hvite eller ikke? Til filmskapere generelt, uansett om de er "
+"tilknyttet et studio eller ikke?"
 
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@@ -3382,17 +3382,17 @@ msgid ""
 "Eastman Kodak's sales during the same period experienced an average annual "
 "increase of over 17 percent.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>"
 msgstr ""
-"For 25 dollar kunne alle ta bilder.  Det var allerede film i kameraet, og når det "
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+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>"
 
 #.  f5 
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@@ -3742,13 +3742,13 @@ msgstr ""
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+"quote> eller <quote>mediekompetanse</quote>."
 
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@@ -5374,8 +5374,8 @@ msgstr ""
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@@ -5415,8 +5415,8 @@ msgstr ""
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 "<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
 
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@@ -5429,7 +5429,8 @@ msgstr ""
 "Jesse kontaktet sine foreldre.  De støttet ham, men var litt skremt. En "
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@@ -5476,18 +5477,18 @@ msgstr ""
 "Men onkelen til Jessie gjorde en innsats for å lære familien om hvordan det "
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 "So Jesse faced a mafia-like choice: $250,000 and a chance at winning, or "
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-"Så Jesse hadde et mafia-lignende valg: 250&nbsp;000 dollar og en sjanse til å "
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+"Så Jesse hadde et mafia-lignende valg: 250&nbsp;000 dollar og en sjanse til "
+"å vinne, eller 12&nbsp;000 dollar og et forlik."
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
 msgid "artists"
@@ -5540,10 +5541,10 @@ msgstr ""
 "Musikkindustrien insisterer at dette er et spørsmål om lov og moral.  La oss "
 "legge loven til side for et øyeblikk og tenke på moralen.  Hvor er moralen i "
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+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Det er utallige måter som RIAA kan bruke for å "
 "påvirke og styre politikken.  Så hva er det moralske i å ta penger fra en "
 "student for å drive en søkemotor?<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>"
 
@@ -6729,9 +6730,10 @@ msgstr ""
 "ikke gjør annet enn å ta andre folks opphavsrettsbeskyttede innhold, "
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 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
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@@ -7171,14 +7173,14 @@ msgstr ""
 "og hvor mye p2p-deling skader før vi vet hvor sterkt loven bør søke å enten "
 "hindre det eller finne et alternativ for å sikre forfatteren hans overskudd."
 
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Fanning, Shawn"
+msgstr "Fanning, Shawn"
+
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
 msgid "innovation"
 msgstr "innovasjon"
 
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-msgid "Fanning, Shawn"
-msgstr "Fanning, Shawn"
-
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
 msgid "Christensen, Clayton M."
 msgstr "Christensen, Clayton M."
@@ -7209,20 +7211,34 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
 msgid ""
-"Peer-to-peer sharing was made famous by Napster. But the inventors of the "
-"Napster technology had not made any major technological innovations.  Like "
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-"Internet as well<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>), Shawn Fanning "
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-"Peer-to-peer-deling ble gjort berømt av Napster.  Men oppfinnerne av Napster-"
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 "blitt utviklet uavhengig av hverandre."
 
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Kazaa"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><secondary>
+msgid "number of registrations on"
+msgstr "antall registreringer på"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><secondary>
+msgid "replacement of"
+msgstr "erstatning for"
+
 #.  f6 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
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@@ -7248,18 +7264,20 @@ msgstr ""
 
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-"The result was spontaneous combustion. Launched in July 1999, Napster "
-"amassed over 10 million users within nine months. After eighteen months, "
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+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
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-"Resultatet var en eksplosjon.  Etter lansering i juli 1999, samlet Napster "
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@@ -7637,11 +7655,11 @@ msgstr ""
 "culture.cc/notes/\">link #16</ulink>: <quote>I de siste fire årene har "
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@@ -7684,12 +7702,13 @@ msgstr ""
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+"\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/>"
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 84 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
@@ -7811,10 +7830,10 @@ msgstr ""
 "bruktbokhandler i USA, en økning på 20 prosent siden 1993. Se Book Hunter "
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-"cc/notes/\">link #19</ulink>.  Brukte plater utgjorde 260 millioner dollar i salg "
-"i 2002.  Se National Association of Recording Merchandisers, <quote>2002 "
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-"culture.cc/notes/\">link #20</ulink>."
+"cc/notes/\">link #19</ulink>.  Brukte plater utgjorde 260 millioner dollar i "
+"salg i 2002.  Se National Association of Recording Merchandisers, "
+"<quote>2002 Annual Survey Results</quote>, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url="
+"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #20</ulink>."
 
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@@ -8527,9 +8546,9 @@ msgstr ""
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+"Edison hadde kontrollert all film?  Burde et hvert cover-band måtte hyre inn "
+"en advokat for å få tillatelse til å spille inn en sang?"
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
 msgid "on balance of interests in copyright law"
@@ -9343,8 +9362,8 @@ msgid ""
 "Parliament rejected their requests. As one pamphleteer put it, in words that "
 "echo today,"
 msgstr ""
-"Parlamentet avslo kravene, Som en pamflett sa, i en formulering som er gyldig "
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+"Parlamentet avslo kravene, Som en pamflett sa, i en formulering som er "
+"gyldig også i dag,"
 
 #.  f5 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
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-"DokBook-notasjon og de andre formatene er avledet fra DocBook-kilden. "
-"DocBook-kolden er basert på en <ulink "
-"url=\"http://www.sslug.dk/~chlor/lessig/\">DocBook XML versjon laget "
-"av Hans Schou</ulink>, og utvidet med formattering og "
-"registerreferanser av Petter Reinholdtsen.  Kildefilene til denne "
-"boken er tilgjengelig som <ulink "
-"url=\"https://github.com/petterreinholdtsen/free-culture-lessig\">et "
-"github-prosjekt</ulink>."
+"Kildekoden til denne versjonen av teksten er skrevet i DokBook-notasjon og "
+"de andre formatene er avledet fra DocBook-kilden. DocBook-kolden er basert "
+"på en <ulink url=\"http://www.sslug.dk/~chlor/lessig/\">DocBook XML versjon "
+"laget av Hans Schou</ulink>, og utvidet med formattering og "
+"registerreferanser av Petter Reinholdtsen.  Kildefilene til denne boken er "
+"tilgjengelig som <ulink url=\"https://github.com/petterreinholdtsen/free-"
+"culture-lessig\">et github-prosjekt</ulink>."
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
 msgid "&translationblock;"

diff --git a/freeculture.pot b/freeculture.pot
index 2744e2f88d26f5bd4c6959460a9fc4c8cc1f5957..48659c8219a460324663784df3b36a58e50f19fa 100644 (file)
--- a/freeculture.pot
+++ b/freeculture.pot
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 "Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2014-07-29 10:31+0300\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2014-07-29 13:04+0300\n"
 "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
 "Last-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL@ADDRESS>\n"
 "Language-Team: LANGUAGE <LL@li.org>\n"
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ msgid "<placeholder type=\"inlinemediaobject\" id=\"0\"/>"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:79 freeculture.xml:15589
+#: freeculture.xml:79 freeculture.xml:15596
 msgid ""
 "This version of <citetitle>Free Culture</citetitle> is licensed under a "
 "Creative Commons license. This license permits non-commercial use of this "
@@ -324,12 +324,12 @@ msgid "power, concentration of"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:299 freeculture.xml:13780
+#: freeculture.xml:299 freeculture.xml:13787
 msgid "CodePink Women in Peace"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:300 freeculture.xml:321 freeculture.xml:13781
+#: freeculture.xml:300 freeculture.xml:321 freeculture.xml:13788
 msgid "Safire, William"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -451,17 +451,17 @@ msgid "air traffic, land ownership vs."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:390 freeculture.xml:14804
+#: freeculture.xml:390 freeculture.xml:14811
 msgid "land ownership, air traffic and"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:391 freeculture.xml:4614 freeculture.xml:13683 freeculture.xml:14805
+#: freeculture.xml:391 freeculture.xml:4618 freeculture.xml:13690 freeculture.xml:14812
 msgid "property rights"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:391 freeculture.xml:14805
+#: freeculture.xml:391 freeculture.xml:14812
 msgid "air traffic vs."
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -498,12 +498,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:415 freeculture.xml:428 freeculture.xml:461 freeculture.xml:481 freeculture.xml:667 freeculture.xml:794 freeculture.xml:921 freeculture.xml:939 freeculture.xml:987 freeculture.xml:9533 freeculture.xml:13099 freeculture.xml:13884
+#: freeculture.xml:415 freeculture.xml:428 freeculture.xml:461 freeculture.xml:481 freeculture.xml:667 freeculture.xml:794 freeculture.xml:921 freeculture.xml:939 freeculture.xml:987 freeculture.xml:9540 freeculture.xml:13106 freeculture.xml:13891
 msgid "Causby, Thomas Lee"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:416 freeculture.xml:429 freeculture.xml:462 freeculture.xml:482 freeculture.xml:668 freeculture.xml:795 freeculture.xml:922 freeculture.xml:940 freeculture.xml:988 freeculture.xml:9534 freeculture.xml:13100 freeculture.xml:13885
+#: freeculture.xml:416 freeculture.xml:429 freeculture.xml:462 freeculture.xml:482 freeculture.xml:668 freeculture.xml:795 freeculture.xml:922 freeculture.xml:940 freeculture.xml:988 freeculture.xml:9541 freeculture.xml:13107 freeculture.xml:13892
 msgid "Causby, Tinie"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -527,7 +527,7 @@ msgid "Douglas, William O."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:431 freeculture.xml:4503 freeculture.xml:5105 freeculture.xml:8846 freeculture.xml:14192
+#: freeculture.xml:431 freeculture.xml:4507 freeculture.xml:5109 freeculture.xml:8853 freeculture.xml:14199
 msgid "Supreme Court, U.S."
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -617,7 +617,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:506 freeculture.xml:9541 freeculture.xml:10236
+#: freeculture.xml:506 freeculture.xml:9548 freeculture.xml:10243
 msgid "Armstrong, Edwin Howard"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -637,12 +637,12 @@ msgid "Faraday, Michael"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:510 freeculture.xml:4244 freeculture.xml:6783 freeculture.xml:10143
+#: freeculture.xml:510 freeculture.xml:4248 freeculture.xml:6790 freeculture.xml:10150
 msgid "radio"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:510 freeculture.xml:6783
+#: freeculture.xml:510 freeculture.xml:6790
 msgid "FM spectrum of"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -712,7 +712,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:562 freeculture.xml:6786
+#: freeculture.xml:562 freeculture.xml:6793
 msgid "RCA"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -771,7 +771,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:594 freeculture.xml:6782
+#: freeculture.xml:594 freeculture.xml:6789
 msgid "FM radio"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -893,12 +893,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:687 freeculture.xml:1060 freeculture.xml:2311 freeculture.xml:2323 freeculture.xml:2407 freeculture.xml:2441 freeculture.xml:2467 freeculture.xml:2717 freeculture.xml:4119 freeculture.xml:6666 freeculture.xml:7523 freeculture.xml:7596 freeculture.xml:10142 freeculture.xml:13415 freeculture.xml:13975 freeculture.xml:13976 freeculture.xml:14050
+#: freeculture.xml:687 freeculture.xml:1060 freeculture.xml:2311 freeculture.xml:2323 freeculture.xml:2407 freeculture.xml:2441 freeculture.xml:2467 freeculture.xml:2717 freeculture.xml:4124 freeculture.xml:6673 freeculture.xml:7530 freeculture.xml:7603 freeculture.xml:10149 freeculture.xml:13422 freeculture.xml:13982 freeculture.xml:13983 freeculture.xml:14057
 msgid "Internet"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:687 freeculture.xml:4654 freeculture.xml:13415 freeculture.xml:13975
+#: freeculture.xml:687 freeculture.xml:4658 freeculture.xml:13422 freeculture.xml:13982
 msgid "development of"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -998,7 +998,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:750 freeculture.xml:2814 freeculture.xml:2815 freeculture.xml:2842 freeculture.xml:2843 freeculture.xml:2844 freeculture.xml:7755 freeculture.xml:9600 freeculture.xml:9601 freeculture.xml:9876 freeculture.xml:9877 freeculture.xml:9878 freeculture.xml:9921
+#: freeculture.xml:750 freeculture.xml:2814 freeculture.xml:2815 freeculture.xml:2842 freeculture.xml:2843 freeculture.xml:2844 freeculture.xml:7762 freeculture.xml:9607 freeculture.xml:9608 freeculture.xml:9883 freeculture.xml:9884 freeculture.xml:9885 freeculture.xml:9928
 msgid "copyright infringement lawsuits"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -1039,7 +1039,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:773 freeculture.xml:1661 freeculture.xml:5212 freeculture.xml:6437 freeculture.xml:14015
+#: freeculture.xml:773 freeculture.xml:1661 freeculture.xml:5216 freeculture.xml:6444 freeculture.xml:14022
 msgid "free culture"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -1059,7 +1059,7 @@ msgid "free culture vs."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:780 freeculture.xml:10126
+#: freeculture.xml:780 freeculture.xml:10133
 msgid "Litman, Jessica"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -1138,12 +1138,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:840 freeculture.xml:7478
+#: freeculture.xml:840 freeculture.xml:7485
 msgid "Valenti, Jack"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:840 freeculture.xml:7478
+#: freeculture.xml:840 freeculture.xml:7485
 msgid "on creative property rights"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -1192,32 +1192,32 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:872 freeculture.xml:6818 freeculture.xml:6931 freeculture.xml:6932 freeculture.xml:6933 freeculture.xml:6978 freeculture.xml:7566 freeculture.xml:8844 freeculture.xml:11129 freeculture.xml:11420 freeculture.xml:12066
+#: freeculture.xml:872 freeculture.xml:6825 freeculture.xml:6938 freeculture.xml:6939 freeculture.xml:6940 freeculture.xml:6985 freeculture.xml:7573 freeculture.xml:8851 freeculture.xml:11136 freeculture.xml:11427 freeculture.xml:12073
 msgid "Constitution, U.S."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:872 freeculture.xml:6818 freeculture.xml:7566 freeculture.xml:8844
+#: freeculture.xml:872 freeculture.xml:6825 freeculture.xml:7573 freeculture.xml:8851
 msgid "First Amendment to"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:873 freeculture.xml:1038 freeculture.xml:1145 freeculture.xml:1170 freeculture.xml:1514 freeculture.xml:1558 freeculture.xml:1672 freeculture.xml:3075 freeculture.xml:3166 freeculture.xml:4242 freeculture.xml:4243 freeculture.xml:4654 freeculture.xml:4655 freeculture.xml:5256 freeculture.xml:6439 freeculture.xml:6885 freeculture.xml:6965 freeculture.xml:6966 freeculture.xml:7150 freeculture.xml:7249 freeculture.xml:7281 freeculture.xml:7311 freeculture.xml:7346 freeculture.xml:7460 freeculture.xml:7461 freeculture.xml:7522 freeculture.xml:7556 freeculture.xml:7661 freeculture.xml:7675 freeculture.xml:7734 freeculture.xml:7735 freeculture.xml:7833 freeculture.xml:9762 freeculture.xml:10115 freeculture.xml:11069 freeculture.xml:11114
+#: freeculture.xml:873 freeculture.xml:1038 freeculture.xml:1145 freeculture.xml:1170 freeculture.xml:1514 freeculture.xml:1558 freeculture.xml:1672 freeculture.xml:3075 freeculture.xml:3166 freeculture.xml:4246 freeculture.xml:4247 freeculture.xml:4658 freeculture.xml:4659 freeculture.xml:5260 freeculture.xml:6446 freeculture.xml:6892 freeculture.xml:6972 freeculture.xml:6973 freeculture.xml:7157 freeculture.xml:7256 freeculture.xml:7288 freeculture.xml:7318 freeculture.xml:7353 freeculture.xml:7467 freeculture.xml:7468 freeculture.xml:7529 freeculture.xml:7563 freeculture.xml:7668 freeculture.xml:7682 freeculture.xml:7741 freeculture.xml:7742 freeculture.xml:7840 freeculture.xml:9769 freeculture.xml:10122 freeculture.xml:11076 freeculture.xml:11121
 msgid "copyright law"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:873 freeculture.xml:6965
+#: freeculture.xml:873 freeculture.xml:6972
 msgid "as protection of creators"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:874 freeculture.xml:6819 freeculture.xml:7567 freeculture.xml:8845
+#: freeculture.xml:874 freeculture.xml:6826 freeculture.xml:7574 freeculture.xml:8852
 msgid "First Amendment"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:875 freeculture.xml:885 freeculture.xml:15203
+#: freeculture.xml:875 freeculture.xml:885 freeculture.xml:15210
 msgid "Netanel, Neil Weinstock"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -1279,7 +1279,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:923 freeculture.xml:13331 freeculture.xml:13414 freeculture.xml:13584
+#: freeculture.xml:923 freeculture.xml:13338 freeculture.xml:13421 freeculture.xml:13591
 msgid "intellectual property rights"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -1423,12 +1423,12 @@ msgid "<quote>PIRACY</quote>"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1038 freeculture.xml:4655
+#: freeculture.xml:1038 freeculture.xml:4659
 msgid "English"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1039 freeculture.xml:5065
+#: freeculture.xml:1039 freeculture.xml:5069
 msgid "Mansfield, William Murray, Lord"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -1475,7 +1475,7 @@ msgid "efficient content distribution on"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1061 freeculture.xml:6667 freeculture.xml:11117
+#: freeculture.xml:1061 freeculture.xml:6674 freeculture.xml:11124
 msgid "peer-to-peer (p2p) file sharing"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -1558,7 +1558,7 @@ msgid "Girl Scouts"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1110 freeculture.xml:6936 freeculture.xml:7036 freeculture.xml:7479
+#: freeculture.xml:1110 freeculture.xml:6943 freeculture.xml:7043 freeculture.xml:7486
 msgid "creative property"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -1582,7 +1582,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1130 freeculture.xml:7415
+#: freeculture.xml:1130 freeculture.xml:7422
 msgid "Zittrain, Jonathan"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -1624,7 +1624,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1145 freeculture.xml:7249 freeculture.xml:7346 freeculture.xml:7661
+#: freeculture.xml:1145 freeculture.xml:7256 freeculture.xml:7353 freeculture.xml:7668
 msgid "on republishing vs. transformation of original work"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -1742,7 +1742,7 @@ msgid "cartoon films"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1221 freeculture.xml:5260 freeculture.xml:5294 freeculture.xml:6006 freeculture.xml:6050
+#: freeculture.xml:1221 freeculture.xml:5264 freeculture.xml:5298 freeculture.xml:6013 freeculture.xml:6057
 msgid "films"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -1757,7 +1757,7 @@ msgid "Steamboat Willie"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1223 freeculture.xml:7440
+#: freeculture.xml:1223 freeculture.xml:7447
 msgid "Mickey Mouse"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -1773,7 +1773,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1231 freeculture.xml:1448 freeculture.xml:1502 freeculture.xml:1643 freeculture.xml:1889 freeculture.xml:4490 freeculture.xml:6182 freeculture.xml:7439 freeculture.xml:11010 freeculture.xml:11423
+#: freeculture.xml:1231 freeculture.xml:1448 freeculture.xml:1502 freeculture.xml:1643 freeculture.xml:1889 freeculture.xml:4494 freeculture.xml:6189 freeculture.xml:7446 freeculture.xml:11017 freeculture.xml:11430
 msgid "Disney, Walt"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -1881,22 +1881,22 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1299 freeculture.xml:1456 freeculture.xml:7250 freeculture.xml:7347 freeculture.xml:7525 freeculture.xml:7634 freeculture.xml:7676
+#: freeculture.xml:1299 freeculture.xml:1456 freeculture.xml:7257 freeculture.xml:7354 freeculture.xml:7532 freeculture.xml:7641 freeculture.xml:7683
 msgid "derivative works"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1299 freeculture.xml:1456 freeculture.xml:7347 freeculture.xml:7525
+#: freeculture.xml:1299 freeculture.xml:1456 freeculture.xml:7354 freeculture.xml:7532
 msgid "piracy vs."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1300 freeculture.xml:1459 freeculture.xml:2970 freeculture.xml:3669 freeculture.xml:7348 freeculture.xml:7526 freeculture.xml:15269
+#: freeculture.xml:1300 freeculture.xml:1459 freeculture.xml:2970 freeculture.xml:3669 freeculture.xml:7355 freeculture.xml:7533 freeculture.xml:15276
 msgid "piracy"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1300 freeculture.xml:1459 freeculture.xml:7348 freeculture.xml:7526
+#: freeculture.xml:1300 freeculture.xml:1459 freeculture.xml:7355 freeculture.xml:7533
 msgid "derivative work vs."
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -1935,7 +1935,7 @@ msgid "by transforming previous works"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1329 freeculture.xml:6223 freeculture.xml:7733
+#: freeculture.xml:1329 freeculture.xml:6230 freeculture.xml:7740
 msgid "Disney, Inc."
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -1964,7 +1964,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1349 freeculture.xml:1644 freeculture.xml:11011
+#: freeculture.xml:1349 freeculture.xml:1644 freeculture.xml:11018
 msgid "Grimm fairy tales"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -2021,17 +2021,17 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1394 freeculture.xml:4707 freeculture.xml:4708 freeculture.xml:4774 freeculture.xml:4812 freeculture.xml:4868 freeculture.xml:4914 freeculture.xml:5049 freeculture.xml:5143 freeculture.xml:6634 freeculture.xml:6934 freeculture.xml:6935 freeculture.xml:6938 freeculture.xml:7007 freeculture.xml:7033 freeculture.xml:7072 freeculture.xml:7195 freeculture.xml:7242 freeculture.xml:7279 freeculture.xml:7587 freeculture.xml:7754 freeculture.xml:11068 freeculture.xml:11092 freeculture.xml:11421 freeculture.xml:11422
+#: freeculture.xml:1394 freeculture.xml:4711 freeculture.xml:4712 freeculture.xml:4778 freeculture.xml:4816 freeculture.xml:4872 freeculture.xml:4918 freeculture.xml:5053 freeculture.xml:5147 freeculture.xml:6641 freeculture.xml:6941 freeculture.xml:6942 freeculture.xml:6945 freeculture.xml:7014 freeculture.xml:7040 freeculture.xml:7079 freeculture.xml:7202 freeculture.xml:7249 freeculture.xml:7286 freeculture.xml:7594 freeculture.xml:7761 freeculture.xml:11075 freeculture.xml:11099 freeculture.xml:11428 freeculture.xml:11429
 msgid "copyright"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1394 freeculture.xml:4707 freeculture.xml:4868 freeculture.xml:6935 freeculture.xml:6938 freeculture.xml:7033 freeculture.xml:11068 freeculture.xml:11422
+#: freeculture.xml:1394 freeculture.xml:4711 freeculture.xml:4872 freeculture.xml:6942 freeculture.xml:6945 freeculture.xml:7040 freeculture.xml:11075 freeculture.xml:11429
 msgid "duration of"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1395 freeculture.xml:1396 freeculture.xml:5144 freeculture.xml:7037 freeculture.xml:7160 freeculture.xml:8045 freeculture.xml:11002 freeculture.xml:13419 freeculture.xml:14209 freeculture.xml:14210
+#: freeculture.xml:1395 freeculture.xml:1396 freeculture.xml:5148 freeculture.xml:7044 freeculture.xml:7167 freeculture.xml:8052 freeculture.xml:11009 freeculture.xml:13426 freeculture.xml:14216 freeculture.xml:14217
 msgid "public domain"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -2342,7 +2342,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1630 freeculture.xml:2988 freeculture.xml:4720 freeculture.xml:4979 freeculture.xml:7864 freeculture.xml:8989
+#: freeculture.xml:1630 freeculture.xml:2988 freeculture.xml:4724 freeculture.xml:4983 freeculture.xml:7871 freeculture.xml:8996
 msgid "Vaidhyanathan, Siva"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -2424,7 +2424,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1698 freeculture.xml:4660 freeculture.xml:4792 freeculture.xml:4829 freeculture.xml:5159
+#: freeculture.xml:1698 freeculture.xml:4664 freeculture.xml:4796 freeculture.xml:4833 freeculture.xml:5163
 msgid "Shakespeare, William"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -2491,7 +2491,7 @@ msgid "Daguerre, Louis"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1749 freeculture.xml:1904 freeculture.xml:1959 freeculture.xml:6745
+#: freeculture.xml:1749 freeculture.xml:1904 freeculture.xml:1959 freeculture.xml:6752
 msgid "camera technology"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -2551,7 +2551,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1786 freeculture.xml:1941 freeculture.xml:6747
+#: freeculture.xml:1786 freeculture.xml:1941 freeculture.xml:6754
 msgid "Kodak cameras"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -2722,7 +2722,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1890 freeculture.xml:9688
+#: freeculture.xml:1890 freeculture.xml:9695
 msgid "images, ownership of"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -2793,7 +2793,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1942 freeculture.xml:9929
+#: freeculture.xml:1942 freeculture.xml:3771 freeculture.xml:3793 freeculture.xml:3794 freeculture.xml:5743 freeculture.xml:9936
 msgid "Napster"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -2831,7 +2831,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1981 freeculture.xml:6746
+#: freeculture.xml:1981 freeculture.xml:6753
 msgid "digital cameras"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -2929,22 +2929,22 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2035 freeculture.xml:2587 freeculture.xml:6742 freeculture.xml:7714 freeculture.xml:8811 freeculture.xml:8865
+#: freeculture.xml:2035 freeculture.xml:2587 freeculture.xml:6749 freeculture.xml:7721 freeculture.xml:8818 freeculture.xml:8872
 msgid "advertising"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2036 freeculture.xml:6744 freeculture.xml:8812
+#: freeculture.xml:2036 freeculture.xml:6751 freeculture.xml:8819
 msgid "commercials"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2037 freeculture.xml:6743 freeculture.xml:8813 freeculture.xml:8847 freeculture.xml:15267
+#: freeculture.xml:2037 freeculture.xml:6750 freeculture.xml:8820 freeculture.xml:8854 freeculture.xml:15274
 msgid "television"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2037 freeculture.xml:6743 freeculture.xml:8813
+#: freeculture.xml:2037 freeculture.xml:6750 freeculture.xml:8820
 msgid "advertising on"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -3096,7 +3096,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f31 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2151 freeculture.xml:4033 freeculture.xml:5207 freeculture.xml:8700
+#: freeculture.xml:2151 freeculture.xml:4038 freeculture.xml:5211 freeculture.xml:8707
 msgid "Ibid."
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -3214,7 +3214,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2250 freeculture.xml:2309 freeculture.xml:6035
+#: freeculture.xml:2250 freeculture.xml:2309 freeculture.xml:6042
 msgid "September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks of"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -3224,7 +3224,7 @@ msgid "World Trade Center"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2252 freeculture.xml:5955
+#: freeculture.xml:2252 freeculture.xml:5962
 msgid "news coverage"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -3254,7 +3254,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2273 freeculture.xml:8639 freeculture.xml:8859
+#: freeculture.xml:2273 freeculture.xml:8646 freeculture.xml:8866
 msgid "ABC"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -3601,7 +3601,7 @@ msgid "CNN"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2493 freeculture.xml:2542 freeculture.xml:5899
+#: freeculture.xml:2493 freeculture.xml:2542 freeculture.xml:5906
 msgid "Iraq war"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -3712,7 +3712,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2586 freeculture.xml:6733
+#: freeculture.xml:2586 freeculture.xml:6740
 msgid "Brown, John Seely"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -3884,7 +3884,7 @@ msgid "CHAPTER THREE: Catalogs"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2711 freeculture.xml:2755 freeculture.xml:9603
+#: freeculture.xml:2711 freeculture.xml:2755 freeculture.xml:9610
 msgid "Jordan, Jesse"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -3971,7 +3971,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2756 freeculture.xml:3673 freeculture.xml:3675 freeculture.xml:3676 freeculture.xml:5491 freeculture.xml:8175 freeculture.xml:13518 freeculture.xml:13587
+#: freeculture.xml:2756 freeculture.xml:3673 freeculture.xml:3675 freeculture.xml:3676 freeculture.xml:5495 freeculture.xml:8182 freeculture.xml:13525 freeculture.xml:13594
 msgid "Microsoft"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -4049,7 +4049,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2814 freeculture.xml:9601 freeculture.xml:9878
+#: freeculture.xml:2814 freeculture.xml:9608 freeculture.xml:9885
 msgid "in recording industry"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -4059,22 +4059,22 @@ msgid "against student file sharing"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2816 freeculture.xml:2914 freeculture.xml:3167 freeculture.xml:3296 freeculture.xml:4245 freeculture.xml:4246 freeculture.xml:4247 freeculture.xml:9879 freeculture.xml:10290 freeculture.xml:10291 freeculture.xml:10292 freeculture.xml:10448
+#: freeculture.xml:2816 freeculture.xml:2914 freeculture.xml:3167 freeculture.xml:3296 freeculture.xml:4249 freeculture.xml:4250 freeculture.xml:4251 freeculture.xml:9886 freeculture.xml:10297 freeculture.xml:10298 freeculture.xml:10299 freeculture.xml:10455
 msgid "recording industry"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2816 freeculture.xml:9879
+#: freeculture.xml:2816 freeculture.xml:9886
 msgid "copyright infringement lawsuits of"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2817 freeculture.xml:2846 freeculture.xml:2915 freeculture.xml:9880 freeculture.xml:10293 freeculture.xml:10294 freeculture.xml:10446
+#: freeculture.xml:2817 freeculture.xml:2846 freeculture.xml:2915 freeculture.xml:9887 freeculture.xml:10300 freeculture.xml:10301 freeculture.xml:10453
 msgid "Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2817 freeculture.xml:9880
+#: freeculture.xml:2817 freeculture.xml:9887
 msgid "copyright infringement lawsuits filed by"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -4105,7 +4105,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2842 freeculture.xml:9600 freeculture.xml:9877
+#: freeculture.xml:2842 freeculture.xml:9607 freeculture.xml:9884
 msgid "exaggerated claims of"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -4231,22 +4231,22 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2913 freeculture.xml:3297 freeculture.xml:4238 freeculture.xml:5500 freeculture.xml:5549 freeculture.xml:10188 freeculture.xml:10286 freeculture.xml:10447 freeculture.xml:10470 freeculture.xml:15168 freeculture.xml:15233
+#: freeculture.xml:2913 freeculture.xml:3297 freeculture.xml:4242 freeculture.xml:5504 freeculture.xml:5553 freeculture.xml:10195 freeculture.xml:10293 freeculture.xml:10454 freeculture.xml:10477 freeculture.xml:15175 freeculture.xml:15240
 msgid "artists"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2913 freeculture.xml:3297 freeculture.xml:4238 freeculture.xml:10188 freeculture.xml:10286 freeculture.xml:10447 freeculture.xml:10470 freeculture.xml:15168 freeculture.xml:15233
+#: freeculture.xml:2913 freeculture.xml:3297 freeculture.xml:4242 freeculture.xml:10195 freeculture.xml:10293 freeculture.xml:10454 freeculture.xml:10477 freeculture.xml:15175 freeculture.xml:15240
 msgid "recording industry payments to"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2914 freeculture.xml:4245 freeculture.xml:10290 freeculture.xml:10448
+#: freeculture.xml:2914 freeculture.xml:4249 freeculture.xml:10297 freeculture.xml:10455
 msgid "artist remuneration in"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2915 freeculture.xml:10294
+#: freeculture.xml:2915 freeculture.xml:10301
 msgid "lobbying power of"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -4387,12 +4387,12 @@ msgid "General Film Company"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3018 freeculture.xml:3315 freeculture.xml:4472 freeculture.xml:10336
+#: freeculture.xml:3018 freeculture.xml:3315 freeculture.xml:4476 freeculture.xml:10343
 msgid "Picker, Randal C."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3042 freeculture.xml:4471 freeculture.xml:10056 freeculture.xml:10169
+#: freeculture.xml:3042 freeculture.xml:4475 freeculture.xml:10063 freeculture.xml:10176
 msgid "broadcast flag"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -4468,7 +4468,7 @@ msgid "Recorded Music"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3075 freeculture.xml:4242
+#: freeculture.xml:3075 freeculture.xml:4246
 msgid "on music recordings"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -4616,22 +4616,22 @@ msgid "player pianos"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3164 freeculture.xml:3165 freeculture.xml:4240 freeculture.xml:4241 freeculture.xml:4324 freeculture.xml:4325 freeculture.xml:6945 freeculture.xml:7034 freeculture.xml:7148 freeculture.xml:7149 freeculture.xml:10287 freeculture.xml:10288 freeculture.xml:10289 freeculture.xml:11067 freeculture.xml:11128 freeculture.xml:12065
+#: freeculture.xml:3164 freeculture.xml:3165 freeculture.xml:4244 freeculture.xml:4245 freeculture.xml:4328 freeculture.xml:4329 freeculture.xml:6952 freeculture.xml:7041 freeculture.xml:7155 freeculture.xml:7156 freeculture.xml:10294 freeculture.xml:10295 freeculture.xml:10296 freeculture.xml:11074 freeculture.xml:11135 freeculture.xml:12072
 msgid "Congress, U.S."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3164 freeculture.xml:4240 freeculture.xml:4324 freeculture.xml:7034 freeculture.xml:7148 freeculture.xml:10287
+#: freeculture.xml:3164 freeculture.xml:4244 freeculture.xml:4328 freeculture.xml:7041 freeculture.xml:7155 freeculture.xml:10294
 msgid "on copyright laws"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3165 freeculture.xml:4241 freeculture.xml:10289
+#: freeculture.xml:3165 freeculture.xml:4245 freeculture.xml:10296
 msgid "on recording industry"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3166 freeculture.xml:4243 freeculture.xml:10115
+#: freeculture.xml:3166 freeculture.xml:4247 freeculture.xml:10122
 msgid "statutory licenses in"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -4702,7 +4702,7 @@ msgid "compulsory license"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3210 freeculture.xml:4248 freeculture.xml:10114
+#: freeculture.xml:3210 freeculture.xml:4252 freeculture.xml:10121
 msgid "statutory licenses"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -4718,7 +4718,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3219 freeculture.xml:14864
+#: freeculture.xml:3219 freeculture.xml:14871
 msgid "Grisham, John"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -4803,12 +4803,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:3295 freeculture.xml:4436
+#: freeculture.xml:3295 freeculture.xml:4440
 msgid "Radio"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3296 freeculture.xml:4247 freeculture.xml:10291
+#: freeculture.xml:3296 freeculture.xml:4251 freeculture.xml:10298
 msgid "radio broadcast and"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -4851,7 +4851,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3332 freeculture.xml:9357 freeculture.xml:9832 freeculture.xml:12913
+#: freeculture.xml:3332 freeculture.xml:9364 freeculture.xml:9839 freeculture.xml:12920
 msgid "Lovett, Lyle"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -4882,7 +4882,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3344 freeculture.xml:3851 freeculture.xml:6456 freeculture.xml:6472
+#: freeculture.xml:3344 freeculture.xml:3856 freeculture.xml:6463 freeculture.xml:6479
 msgid "Madonna"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -4919,12 +4919,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:3374 freeculture.xml:4442
+#: freeculture.xml:3374 freeculture.xml:4446
 msgid "Cable TV"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3375 freeculture.xml:4262 freeculture.xml:8536 freeculture.xml:8575 freeculture.xml:15266
+#: freeculture.xml:3375 freeculture.xml:4266 freeculture.xml:8543 freeculture.xml:8582 freeculture.xml:15273
 msgid "cable television"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -5168,12 +5168,12 @@ msgid "Piracy I"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3538 freeculture.xml:3618 freeculture.xml:3668 freeculture.xml:15268
+#: freeculture.xml:3538 freeculture.xml:3618 freeculture.xml:3668 freeculture.xml:15275
 msgid "Asia, commercial piracy in"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3539 freeculture.xml:3986 freeculture.xml:9833 freeculture.xml:10688 freeculture.xml:14659 freeculture.xml:15250
+#: freeculture.xml:3539 freeculture.xml:3991 freeculture.xml:9840 freeculture.xml:10695 freeculture.xml:14666 freeculture.xml:15257
 msgid "CDs"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -5255,7 +5255,7 @@ msgid "agricultural patents"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3612 freeculture.xml:13205 freeculture.xml:13696 freeculture.xml:13703
+#: freeculture.xml:3612 freeculture.xml:13212 freeculture.xml:13703 freeculture.xml:13710
 msgid "Drahos, Peter"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -5292,7 +5292,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3633 freeculture.xml:3907 freeculture.xml:15416
+#: freeculture.xml:3633 freeculture.xml:3912 freeculture.xml:15423
 msgid "Liebowitz, Stan"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -5355,22 +5355,22 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3669 freeculture.xml:15269
+#: freeculture.xml:3669 freeculture.xml:15276
 msgid "in Asia"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3670 freeculture.xml:13516 freeculture.xml:14102
+#: freeculture.xml:3670 freeculture.xml:13523 freeculture.xml:14109
 msgid "free software/open-source software (FS/OSS)"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3671 freeculture.xml:3701 freeculture.xml:11997 freeculture.xml:13531 freeculture.xml:14158
+#: freeculture.xml:3671 freeculture.xml:3701 freeculture.xml:12004 freeculture.xml:13538 freeculture.xml:14165
 msgid "GNU/Linux operating system"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3672 freeculture.xml:3702 freeculture.xml:11999 freeculture.xml:13532 freeculture.xml:14159
+#: freeculture.xml:3672 freeculture.xml:3702 freeculture.xml:12006 freeculture.xml:13539 freeculture.xml:14166
 msgid "Linux operating system"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -5411,12 +5411,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3690 freeculture.xml:4729 freeculture.xml:4953 freeculture.xml:6440 freeculture.xml:6516 freeculture.xml:6651 freeculture.xml:7063 freeculture.xml:14190
+#: freeculture.xml:3690 freeculture.xml:4733 freeculture.xml:4957 freeculture.xml:6447 freeculture.xml:6523 freeculture.xml:6658 freeculture.xml:7070 freeculture.xml:14197
 msgid "law"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3690 freeculture.xml:14190
+#: freeculture.xml:3690 freeculture.xml:14197
 msgid "databases of case reports in"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -5531,23 +5531,23 @@ msgid ""
 "either prevent it or find an alternative to assure the author of his profit."
 msgstr ""
 
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3768 freeculture.xml:3776 freeculture.xml:9763
-msgid "innovation"
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:3769
+msgid "Fanning, Shawn"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3769
-msgid "Fanning, Shawn"
+#: freeculture.xml:3770 freeculture.xml:3777 freeculture.xml:9770
+msgid "innovation"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3786 freeculture.xml:8769
+#: freeculture.xml:3787 freeculture.xml:8776
 msgid "Christensen, Clayton M."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3776
+#: freeculture.xml:3777
 msgid ""
 "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> See Clayton M. Christensen, "
 "<citetitle>The Innovator's Dilemma: The Revolutionary National Bestseller "
@@ -5562,19 +5562,35 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3771
+#: freeculture.xml:3769
 msgid ""
-"Peer-to-peer sharing was made famous by Napster. But the inventors of the "
-"Napster technology had not made any major technological innovations.  Like "
-"every great advance in innovation on the Internet (and, arguably, off the "
-"Internet as well<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>), Shawn Fanning "
-"and crew had simply put together components that had been developed "
-"independently."
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
+"id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> Peer-to-peer sharing "
+"was made famous by Napster. But the inventors of the Napster technology had "
+"not made any major technological innovations.  Like every great advance in "
+"innovation on the Internet (and, arguably, off the Internet as "
+"well<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"3\"/>), Shawn Fanning and crew had "
+"simply put together components that had been developed independently."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:3792
+msgid "Kazaa"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><secondary>
+#: freeculture.xml:3793
+msgid "number of registrations on"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><secondary>
+#: freeculture.xml:3794
+msgid "replacement of"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  f6 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3796
+#: freeculture.xml:3800
 msgid ""
 "See Carolyn Lochhead, <quote>Silicon Valley Dream, Hollywood "
 "Nightmare,</quote> <citetitle>San Francisco Chronicle</citetitle>, 24 "
@@ -5588,23 +5604,25 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3791
+#: freeculture.xml:3792
 msgid ""
-"The result was spontaneous combustion. Launched in July 1999, Napster "
-"amassed over 10 million users within nine months. After eighteen months, "
-"there were close to 80 million registered users of the system.<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Courts quickly shut Napster down, but other "
-"services emerged to take its place. (Kazaa is currently the most popular p2p "
-"service. It boasts over 100 million members.) These services' systems are "
-"different architecturally, though not very different in function: Each "
-"enables users to make content available to any number of other users. With a "
-"p2p system, you can share your favorite songs with your best friend&mdash; "
-"or your 20,000 best friends."
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
+"id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> The result was "
+"spontaneous combustion. Launched in July 1999, Napster amassed over 10 "
+"million users within nine months. After eighteen months, there were close to "
+"80 million registered users of the system.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
+"id=\"3\"/> Courts quickly shut Napster down, but other services emerged to "
+"take its place. (Kazaa is currently the most popular p2p service. It boasts "
+"over 100 million members.) These services' systems are different "
+"architecturally, though not very different in function: Each enables users "
+"to make content available to any number of other users. With a p2p system, "
+"you can share your favorite songs with your best friend&mdash; or your "
+"20,000 best friends."
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  f7 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3818
+#: freeculture.xml:3823
 msgid ""
 "See Ipsos-Insight, <citetitle>TEMPO: Keeping Pace with Online Music "
 "Distribution</citetitle> (September 2002), reporting that 28 percent of "
@@ -5615,14 +5633,14 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f8 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3827
+#: freeculture.xml:3832
 msgid ""
 "Amy Harmon, <quote>Industry Offers a Carrot in Online Music Fight,</quote> "
 "<citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 6 June 2003, A1."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3812
+#: freeculture.xml:3817
 msgid ""
 "According to a number of estimates, a huge proportion of Americans have "
 "tasted file-sharing technology. A study by Ipsos-Insight in September 2002 "
@@ -5638,7 +5656,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3836
+#: freeculture.xml:3841
 msgid ""
 "Some of this enjoying involves copyright infringement. Some of it does "
 "not. And even among the part that is technically copyright infringement, "
@@ -5650,7 +5668,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 81 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3846
+#: freeculture.xml:3851
 msgid ""
 "File sharers share different kinds of content. We can divide these different "
 "kinds into four types."
@@ -5658,7 +5676,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  A. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3854
+#: freeculture.xml:3859
 msgid ""
 "There are some who use sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing "
 "content. Thus, when a new Madonna CD is released, rather than buying the CD, "
@@ -5671,7 +5689,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  B. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3864
+#: freeculture.xml:3869
 msgid ""
 "There are some who use sharing networks to sample music before purchasing "
 "it. Thus, a friend sends another friend an MP3 of an artist he's not heard "
@@ -5684,7 +5702,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  C. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3875
+#: freeculture.xml:3880
 msgid ""
 "There are many who use sharing networks to get access to copyrighted content "
 "that is no longer sold or that they would not have purchased because the "
@@ -5703,26 +5721,26 @@ msgstr ""
 #.  PAGE BREAK 82 
 #.  D. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3892
+#: freeculture.xml:3897
 msgid ""
 "Finally, there are many who use sharing networks to get access to content "
 "that is not copyrighted or that the copyright owner wants to give away."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3898
+#: freeculture.xml:3903
 msgid "How do these different types of sharing balance out?"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3906
+#: freeculture.xml:3911
 msgid ""
 "See Liebowitz, <citetitle>Rethinking the Network Economy</citetitle>, "
 "148&ndash;49.  <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3901
+#: freeculture.xml:3906
 msgid ""
 "Let's start with some simple but important points. From the perspective of "
 "the law, only type D sharing is clearly legal. From the perspective of "
@@ -5736,7 +5754,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3917
+#: freeculture.xml:3922
 msgid ""
 "Whether on balance sharing is harmful depends importantly on how harmful "
 "type A sharing is. Just as Edison complained about Hollywood, composers "
@@ -5747,17 +5765,17 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3924 freeculture.xml:3933 freeculture.xml:4294 freeculture.xml:8335 freeculture.xml:8364 freeculture.xml:10112 freeculture.xml:14976
+#: freeculture.xml:3929 freeculture.xml:3938 freeculture.xml:4298 freeculture.xml:8342 freeculture.xml:8371 freeculture.xml:10119 freeculture.xml:14983
 msgid "cassette recording"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3924 freeculture.xml:4294 freeculture.xml:8335 freeculture.xml:8364 freeculture.xml:10112 freeculture.xml:10113 freeculture.xml:14976 freeculture.xml:14977
+#: freeculture.xml:3929 freeculture.xml:4298 freeculture.xml:8342 freeculture.xml:8371 freeculture.xml:10119 freeculture.xml:10120 freeculture.xml:14983 freeculture.xml:14984
 msgid "VCRs"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3933
+#: freeculture.xml:3938
 msgid ""
 "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> See Cap Gemini Ernst &amp; Young, "
 "<citetitle>Technology Evolution and the Music Industry's Business Model "
@@ -5774,7 +5792,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3926
+#: freeculture.xml:3931
 msgid ""
 "While the numbers do suggest that sharing is harmful, how harmful is harder "
 "to reckon. It has long been the recording industry's practice to blame "
@@ -5789,18 +5807,18 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3951
+#: freeculture.xml:3956
 msgid "MTV"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  f11 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3961
+#: freeculture.xml:3966
 msgid "U.S. Congress, <citetitle>Copyright and Home Copying</citetitle>, 4."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3953
+#: freeculture.xml:3958
 msgid ""
 "Yet soon thereafter, and before Congress was given an opportunity to enact "
 "regulation, MTV was launched, and the industry had a record "
@@ -5812,7 +5830,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3966
+#: freeculture.xml:3971
 msgid ""
 "But just because the industry was wrong before does not mean it is wrong "
 "today. To evaluate the real threat that p2p sharing presents to the industry "
@@ -5825,7 +5843,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3976
+#: freeculture.xml:3981
 msgid ""
 "We start to answer this question by focusing on the net harm, from the "
 "standpoint of the industry as a whole, that sharing networks cause.  The "
@@ -5837,12 +5855,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3986
+#: freeculture.xml:3991
 msgid "sales levels of"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3988
+#: freeculture.xml:3993
 msgid ""
 "Could that be true? Could the industry as a whole be gaining because of file "
 "sharing? Odd as that might sound, the data about CD sales actually suggest "
@@ -5851,7 +5869,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f12 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3997
+#: freeculture.xml:4002
 msgid ""
 "See Recording Industry Association of America, <citetitle>2002 Yearend "
 "Statistics</citetitle>, available at <ulink "
@@ -5869,12 +5887,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4024
+#: freeculture.xml:4029
 msgid "Black, Jane"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4021
+#: freeculture.xml:4026
 msgid ""
 "Jane Black, <quote>Big Music's Broken Record,</quote> BusinessWeek online, "
 "13 February 2003, available at <ulink "
@@ -5883,7 +5901,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3993
+#: freeculture.xml:3998
 msgid ""
 "In 2002, the RIAA reported that CD sales had fallen by 8.9 percent, from 882 "
 "million to 803 million units; revenues fell 6.7 percent.<placeholder "
@@ -5904,7 +5922,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 84 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4039
+#: freeculture.xml:4044
 msgid ""
 "But let's assume the RIAA is right, and all of the decline in CD sales is "
 "because of Internet sharing. Here's the rub: In the same period that the "
@@ -5915,7 +5933,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4047
+#: freeculture.xml:4052
 msgid ""
 "There are too many different things happening at the same time to explain "
 "these numbers definitively, but one conclusion is unavoidable: The recording "
@@ -5933,7 +5951,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4063
+#: freeculture.xml:4068
 msgid ""
 "These are the harms&mdash;alleged and perhaps exaggerated but, let's assume, "
 "real. What of the benefits? File sharing may impose costs on the recording "
@@ -5942,7 +5960,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f15 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4075
+#: freeculture.xml:4080
 msgid ""
 "By one estimate, 75 percent of the music released by the major labels is no "
 "longer in print. See Online Entertainment and Copyright Law&mdash;Coming "
@@ -5953,7 +5971,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4069
+#: freeculture.xml:4074
 msgid ""
 "One benefit is type C sharing&mdash;making available content that is "
 "technically still under copyright but is no longer commercially available.  "
@@ -5967,17 +5985,17 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4088 freeculture.xml:4096 freeculture.xml:4117 freeculture.xml:4141 freeculture.xml:4653 freeculture.xml:6110 freeculture.xml:6115 freeculture.xml:6167 freeculture.xml:7134 freeculture.xml:7135 freeculture.xml:7521 freeculture.xml:7595 freeculture.xml:7879 freeculture.xml:14362 freeculture.xml:15088 freeculture.xml:15089
+#: freeculture.xml:4093 freeculture.xml:4101 freeculture.xml:4122 freeculture.xml:4146 freeculture.xml:4657 freeculture.xml:6117 freeculture.xml:6122 freeculture.xml:6174 freeculture.xml:7141 freeculture.xml:7142 freeculture.xml:7528 freeculture.xml:7602 freeculture.xml:7886 freeculture.xml:14369 freeculture.xml:15095 freeculture.xml:15096
 msgid "books"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4088 freeculture.xml:4096 freeculture.xml:7134 freeculture.xml:15089
+#: freeculture.xml:4093 freeculture.xml:4101 freeculture.xml:7141 freeculture.xml:15096
 msgid "resales of"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4096
+#: freeculture.xml:4101
 msgid ""
 "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> While there are not good "
 "estimates of the number of used record stores in existence, in 2002, there "
@@ -5991,7 +6009,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4090
+#: freeculture.xml:4095
 msgid ""
 "In real space&mdash;long before the Internet&mdash;the market had a simple "
 "response to this problem: used book and record stores. There are thousands "
@@ -6006,22 +6024,22 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4117 freeculture.xml:6110 freeculture.xml:6115 freeculture.xml:7135 freeculture.xml:15088
+#: freeculture.xml:4122 freeculture.xml:6117 freeculture.xml:6122 freeculture.xml:7142 freeculture.xml:15095
 msgid "out of print"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4118
+#: freeculture.xml:4123
 msgid "Bernstein, Leonard"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4119 freeculture.xml:7596
+#: freeculture.xml:4124 freeculture.xml:7603
 msgid "books on"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4121
+#: freeculture.xml:4126
 msgid ""
 "Type C sharing, then, is very much like used book stores or used record "
 "stores. It is different, of course, because the person making the content "
@@ -6037,7 +6055,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4134
+#: freeculture.xml:4139
 msgid ""
 "It may well be, all things considered, that it would be better if the "
 "copyright owner got something from this trade. But just because it may well "
@@ -6048,23 +6066,23 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4141 freeculture.xml:14362
+#: freeculture.xml:4146 freeculture.xml:14369
 msgid "free on-line releases of"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4142
+#: freeculture.xml:4147
 msgid "Doctorow, Cory"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4143
+#: freeculture.xml:4148
 msgid "Down and Out in the Magic Kingdom (Doctorow)"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 86 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4145
+#: freeculture.xml:4150
 msgid ""
 "Finally, and perhaps most importantly, file-sharing networks enable type D "
 "sharing to occur&mdash;the sharing of content that copyright owners want to "
@@ -6082,7 +6100,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4163
+#: freeculture.xml:4168
 msgid ""
 "Likewise for work in the public domain: This sharing benefits society with "
 "no legal harm to authors at all. If efforts to solve the problem of type A "
@@ -6091,7 +6109,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4169
+#: freeculture.xml:4174
 msgid ""
 "The point throughout is this: While the recording industry understandably "
 "says, <quote>This is how much we've lost,</quote> we must also ask, "
@@ -6101,7 +6119,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4177
+#: freeculture.xml:4182
 msgid ""
 "For unlike the piracy I described in the first section of this chapter, much "
 "of the <quote>piracy</quote> that file sharing enables is plainly legal and "
@@ -6117,7 +6135,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4191
+#: freeculture.xml:4196
 msgid ""
 "<quote>But isn't the war just a war against illegal sharing? Isn't the "
 "target just what you call type A sharing?</quote>"
@@ -6125,7 +6143,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f17 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4208
+#: freeculture.xml:4212
 msgid ""
 "See Transcript of Proceedings, In Re: Napster Copyright Litigation at 34- 35 "
 "(N.D. Cal., 11 July 2001), nos. MDL-00-1369 MHP, C 99-5183 MHP, available at "
@@ -6136,7 +6154,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4195
+#: freeculture.xml:4200
 msgid ""
 "You would think. And we should hope. But so far, it is not. The effect of "
 "the war purportedly on type A sharing alone has been felt far beyond that "
@@ -6149,7 +6167,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4219
+#: freeculture.xml:4223
 msgid ""
 "If 99.4 percent is not good enough, then this is a war on file-sharing "
 "technologies, not a war on copyright infringement. There is no way to assure "
@@ -6163,7 +6181,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4230
+#: freeculture.xml:4234
 msgid ""
 "Zero tolerance has not been our history. It has not produced the content "
 "industry that we know today. The history of American law has been a process "
@@ -6175,27 +6193,27 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4239
+#: freeculture.xml:4243
 msgid "composers, copyright protections of"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4244
+#: freeculture.xml:4248
 msgid "music recordings played on"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4246
+#: freeculture.xml:4250
 msgid "copyright protections in"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4249
+#: freeculture.xml:4253
 msgid "composer's rights vs. producers' rights in"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4251
+#: freeculture.xml:4255
 msgid ""
 "So, as we've seen, when <quote>mechanical reproduction</quote> threatened "
 "the interests of composers, Congress balanced the rights of composers "
@@ -6209,7 +6227,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4264
+#: freeculture.xml:4268
 msgid ""
 "Cable TV followed the pattern of record albums. When the courts rejected the "
 "claim that cable broadcasters had to pay for the content they rebroadcast, "
@@ -6220,7 +6238,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 88 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4275
+#: freeculture.xml:4279
 msgid ""
 "This compromise, like the compromise affecting records and player pianos, "
 "served two important goals&mdash;indeed, the two central goals of any "
@@ -6238,12 +6256,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4293
+#: freeculture.xml:4297
 msgid "Betamax"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4296
+#: freeculture.xml:4300
 msgid ""
 "In the same year that Congress struck this balance, two major producers and "
 "distributors of film content filed a lawsuit against another technology, the "
@@ -6260,7 +6278,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 89 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4310
+#: freeculture.xml:4314
 msgid ""
 "There was something to Disney's and Universal's claim. Sony did decide to "
 "design its machine to make it very simple to record television shows. It "
@@ -6276,13 +6294,13 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4325
+#: freeculture.xml:4329
 msgid "on VCR technology"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  f18 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4334
+#: freeculture.xml:4338
 msgid ""
 "Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders): Hearing on S. 1758 "
 "Before the Senate Committee on the Judiciary, 97th Cong., 1st and 2nd sess., "
@@ -6292,13 +6310,13 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f19 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4346
+#: freeculture.xml:4350
 msgid "Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders), 475."
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  f20 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4351
+#: freeculture.xml:4355
 msgid ""
 "<citetitle>Universal City Studios, Inc</citetitle>. v. <citetitle>Sony "
 "Corp. of America</citetitle>, 480 F. Supp. 429, (C.D. Cal., 1979)."
@@ -6306,14 +6324,14 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f21 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4362
+#: freeculture.xml:4366
 msgid ""
 "Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders), 485 (testimony of Jack "
 "Valenti)."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4327
+#: freeculture.xml:4331
 msgid ""
 "MPAA president Jack Valenti became the studios' most vocal champion. Valenti "
 "called VCRs <quote>tapeworms.</quote> He warned, <quote>When there are 20, "
@@ -6340,19 +6358,19 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f22 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4380
+#: freeculture.xml:4384
 msgid ""
 "<citetitle>Universal City Studios, Inc</citetitle>. v. <citetitle>Sony "
 "Corp. of America</citetitle>, 659 F. 2d 963 (9th Cir.  1981)."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4383
+#: freeculture.xml:4387
 msgid "Kozinski, Alex"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4368
+#: freeculture.xml:4372
 msgid ""
 "It took eight years for this case to be resolved by the Supreme Court. In "
 "the interim, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, which includes Hollywood in "
@@ -6369,7 +6387,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 90 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4386
+#: freeculture.xml:4390
 msgid ""
 "But the Supreme Court reversed the decision of the Ninth Circuit.  And in "
 "its reversal, the Court clearly articulated its understanding of when and "
@@ -6378,14 +6396,14 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f23 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4405
+#: freeculture.xml:4409
 msgid ""
 "<citetitle>Sony Corp. of America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal City "
 "Studios, Inc</citetitle>., 464 U.S. 417, 431 (1984)."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4395
+#: freeculture.xml:4399
 msgid ""
 "Sound policy, as well as history, supports our consistent deference to "
 "Congress when major technological innovations alter the market for "
@@ -6396,7 +6414,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4411
+#: freeculture.xml:4415
 msgid ""
 "Congress was asked to respond to the Supreme Court's decision.  But as with "
 "the plea of recording artists about radio broadcasts, Congress ignored the "
@@ -6406,77 +6424,77 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4422
+#: freeculture.xml:4426
 msgid "CASE"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4423
+#: freeculture.xml:4427
 msgid "WHOSE VALUE WAS <quote>PIRATED</quote>"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4424
+#: freeculture.xml:4428
 msgid "RESPONSE OF THE COURTS"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4425
+#: freeculture.xml:4429
 msgid "RESPONSE OF CONGRESS"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4430
+#: freeculture.xml:4434
 msgid "Recordings"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4431
+#: freeculture.xml:4435
 msgid "Composers"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4432 freeculture.xml:4444 freeculture.xml:4450
+#: freeculture.xml:4436 freeculture.xml:4448 freeculture.xml:4454
 msgid "No protection"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4433 freeculture.xml:4445
+#: freeculture.xml:4437 freeculture.xml:4449
 msgid "Statutory license"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4437
+#: freeculture.xml:4441
 msgid "Recording artists"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4438
+#: freeculture.xml:4442
 msgid "N/A"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4439 freeculture.xml:4451
+#: freeculture.xml:4443 freeculture.xml:4455
 msgid "Nothing"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4443
+#: freeculture.xml:4447
 msgid "Broadcasters"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4448
+#: freeculture.xml:4452
 msgid "VCR"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4449
+#: freeculture.xml:4453
 msgid "Film creators"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4461
+#: freeculture.xml:4465
 msgid ""
 "These are the most important instances in our history, but there are other "
 "cases as well. The technology of digital audio tape (DAT), for example, was "
@@ -6493,7 +6511,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4458
+#: freeculture.xml:4462
 msgid ""
 "In each case throughout our history, a new technology changed the way "
 "content was distributed.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In each "
@@ -6503,7 +6521,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 91 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4479
+#: freeculture.xml:4483
 msgid ""
 "In <emphasis>none</emphasis> of these cases did either the courts or "
 "Congress eliminate all free riding. In <emphasis>none</emphasis> of these "
@@ -6517,7 +6535,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4492
+#: freeculture.xml:4496
 msgid ""
 "When you think across these examples, and the other examples that make up "
 "the first four chapters of this section, this balance makes sense. Was Walt "
@@ -6530,20 +6548,20 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4503
+#: freeculture.xml:4507
 msgid "on balance of interests in copyright law"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  f25 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4510
+#: freeculture.xml:4514
 msgid ""
 "<citetitle>Sony Corp. of America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal City "
 "Studios, Inc</citetitle>., 464 U.S. 417, (1984)."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4505
+#: freeculture.xml:4509
 msgid ""
 "We could answer yes to each of these questions, but our tradition has "
 "answered no. In our tradition, as the Supreme Court has stated, copyright "
@@ -6557,7 +6575,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4521
+#: freeculture.xml:4525
 msgid ""
 "We should be doing the same thing today. The technology of the Internet is "
 "changing quickly. The way people connect to the Internet (wires "
@@ -6574,7 +6592,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f26 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4545
+#: freeculture.xml:4549
 msgid ""
 "John Schwartz, <quote>New Economy: The Attack on Peer-to-Peer Software "
 "Echoes Past Efforts,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 22 "
@@ -6582,7 +6600,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4537
+#: freeculture.xml:4541
 msgid ""
 "This is especially true when a new technology enables a vastly superior mode "
 "of distribution. And this p2p has done. P2p technologies can be ideally "
@@ -6594,7 +6612,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4550
+#: freeculture.xml:4554
 msgid ""
 "<emphasis role='strong'>Yet when anyone</emphasis> begins to talk about "
 "<quote>balance,</quote> the copyright warriors raise a different "
@@ -6608,7 +6626,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4562
+#: freeculture.xml:4566
 msgid ""
 "<quote>It is <emphasis>our property</emphasis>,</quote> the warriors "
 "insist. <quote>And it should be protected just as any other property is "
@@ -6616,13 +6634,13 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:4571
+#: freeculture.xml:4575
 msgid "<quote>PROPERTY</quote>"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 94 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4576
+#: freeculture.xml:4580
 msgid ""
 "<emphasis role='strong'>The copyright warriors</emphasis> are right: A "
 "copyright is a kind of property. It can be owned and sold, and the law "
@@ -6632,7 +6650,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4583
+#: freeculture.xml:4587
 msgid ""
 "But in ordinary language, to call a copyright a <quote>property</quote> "
 "right is a bit misleading, for the property of copyright is an odd kind of "
@@ -6646,13 +6664,13 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4594 freeculture.xml:6401 freeculture.xml:14349
+#: freeculture.xml:4598 freeculture.xml:6408 freeculture.xml:14356
 msgid "Jefferson, Thomas"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  f1 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4609
+#: freeculture.xml:4613
 msgid ""
 "Letter from Thomas Jefferson to Isaac McPherson (13 August 1813) in "
 "<citetitle>The Writings of Thomas Jefferson</citetitle>, vol. 6 (Andrew "
@@ -6660,7 +6678,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4596
+#: freeculture.xml:4600
 msgid ""
 "The point is not just about the thingness of picnic tables versus ideas, "
 "though that's an important difference. The point instead is that in the "
@@ -6676,12 +6694,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4614
+#: freeculture.xml:4618
 msgid "intangibility of"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4616
+#: freeculture.xml:4620
 msgid ""
 "The exceptions to free use are ideas and expressions within the reach of the "
 "law of patent and copyright, and a few other domains that I won't discuss "
@@ -6691,7 +6709,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f2 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4629
+#: freeculture.xml:4633
 msgid ""
 "As the legal realists taught American law, all property rights are "
 "intangible.  A property right is simply a right that an individual has "
@@ -6703,7 +6721,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4624
+#: freeculture.xml:4628
 msgid ""
 "But how, and to what extent, and in what form&mdash;the details, in other "
 "words&mdash;matter. To get a good sense of how this practice of turning the "
@@ -6713,7 +6731,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4639
+#: freeculture.xml:4643
 msgid ""
 "My strategy in doing this will be the same as my strategy in the preceding "
 "part. I offer four stories to help put the idea of <quote>copyright material "
@@ -6726,47 +6744,47 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:4652
+#: freeculture.xml:4656
 msgid "CHAPTER SIX: Founders"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4653
+#: freeculture.xml:4657
 msgid "English copyright law developed for"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4656
+#: freeculture.xml:4660
 msgid "England, copyright laws developed in"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4657 freeculture.xml:13890
+#: freeculture.xml:4661 freeculture.xml:13897
 msgid "United Kingdom"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4657
+#: freeculture.xml:4661
 msgid "history of copyright law in"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4658 freeculture.xml:4828
+#: freeculture.xml:4662 freeculture.xml:4832
 msgid "Branagh, Kenneth"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4659
+#: freeculture.xml:4663
 msgid "Henry V"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4661 freeculture.xml:4793
+#: freeculture.xml:4665 freeculture.xml:4797
 msgid "Romeo and Juliet (Shakespeare)"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4663
+#: freeculture.xml:4667
 msgid ""
 "<emphasis role='strong'>William Shakespeare</emphasis> wrote "
 "<citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> in 1595. The play was first "
@@ -6780,27 +6798,27 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4674 freeculture.xml:4758 freeculture.xml:4867 freeculture.xml:5000
+#: freeculture.xml:4678 freeculture.xml:4762 freeculture.xml:4871 freeculture.xml:5004
 msgid "Conger"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4675
+#: freeculture.xml:4679
 msgid "Tonson, Jacob"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4681
+#: freeculture.xml:4685
 msgid "Jonson, Ben"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4682
+#: freeculture.xml:4686
 msgid "Dryden, John"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4681
+#: freeculture.xml:4685
 msgid ""
 "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
 "id=\"1\"/> Jacob Tonson is typically remembered for his associations with "
@@ -6815,7 +6833,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f2 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4694
+#: freeculture.xml:4698
 msgid ""
 "Lyman Ray Patterson, <citetitle>Copyright in Historical "
 "Perspective</citetitle> (Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 1968), "
@@ -6824,7 +6842,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 97 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4677
+#: freeculture.xml:4681
 msgid ""
 "In 1774, almost 180 years after <citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> was "
 "written, the <quote>copy-right</quote> for the work was still thought by "
@@ -6840,22 +6858,22 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4706 freeculture.xml:4759 freeculture.xml:4899 freeculture.xml:5080 freeculture.xml:5236
+#: freeculture.xml:4710 freeculture.xml:4763 freeculture.xml:4903 freeculture.xml:5084 freeculture.xml:5240
 msgid "British Parliament"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4708 freeculture.xml:7072
+#: freeculture.xml:4712 freeculture.xml:7079
 msgid "renewability of"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4709 freeculture.xml:4761 freeculture.xml:4805 freeculture.xml:4912 freeculture.xml:4999 freeculture.xml:7062
+#: freeculture.xml:4713 freeculture.xml:4765 freeculture.xml:4809 freeculture.xml:4916 freeculture.xml:5003 freeculture.xml:7069
 msgid "Statute of Anne (1710)"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4720
+#: freeculture.xml:4724
 msgid ""
 "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> As Siva Vaidhyanathan nicely "
 "argues, it is erroneous to call this a <quote>copyright law.</quote> See "
@@ -6863,7 +6881,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4711
+#: freeculture.xml:4715
 msgid ""
 "Now, there's something puzzling about the year 1774 to anyone who knows a "
 "little about copyright law. The better-known year in the history of "
@@ -6878,22 +6896,22 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4729 freeculture.xml:4953
+#: freeculture.xml:4733 freeculture.xml:4957
 msgid "common vs. positive"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4730 freeculture.xml:4954
+#: freeculture.xml:4734 freeculture.xml:4958
 msgid "positive law"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4731
+#: freeculture.xml:4735
 msgid "Licensing Act (1662)"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4733
+#: freeculture.xml:4737
 msgid ""
 "The reason is that the English hadn't yet agreed on what a "
 "<quote>copyright</quote> was&mdash;indeed, no one had. At the time the "
@@ -6906,12 +6924,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4744 freeculture.xml:4952 freeculture.xml:5023 freeculture.xml:5123
+#: freeculture.xml:4748 freeculture.xml:4956 freeculture.xml:5027 freeculture.xml:5127
 msgid "common law"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4746
+#: freeculture.xml:4750
 msgid ""
 "There was no <emphasis>positive</emphasis> law, but that didn't mean that "
 "there was no law. The Anglo-American legal tradition looks to both the words "
@@ -6926,13 +6944,13 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4760 freeculture.xml:4989 freeculture.xml:5097 freeculture.xml:5175
+#: freeculture.xml:4764 freeculture.xml:4993 freeculture.xml:5101 freeculture.xml:5179
 msgid "Scottish publishers"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 98 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4763
+#: freeculture.xml:4767
 msgid ""
 "This question was important to the publishers, or "
 "<quote>booksellers,</quote> as they were called, because there was growing "
@@ -6944,12 +6962,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4774
+#: freeculture.xml:4778
 msgid "as narrow monopoly right"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4776
+#: freeculture.xml:4780
 msgid ""
 "The Statute of Anne granted the author or <quote>proprietor</quote> of a "
 "book an exclusive right to print that book. In an important limitation, "
@@ -6960,7 +6978,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4786
+#: freeculture.xml:4790
 msgid ""
 "Now, the thing to puzzle about for a moment is this: Why would Parliament "
 "limit the exclusive right? Not why would they limit it to the particular "
@@ -6969,7 +6987,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4795
+#: freeculture.xml:4799
 msgid ""
 "For the booksellers, and the authors whom they represented, had a very "
 "strong claim. Take <citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> as an example: "
@@ -6983,7 +7001,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4807
+#: freeculture.xml:4811
 msgid ""
 "The answer comes in two parts. We first need to see something special about "
 "the notion of <quote>copyright</quote> that existed at the time of the "
@@ -6992,13 +7010,13 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4812 freeculture.xml:7587 freeculture.xml:7754
+#: freeculture.xml:4816 freeculture.xml:7594 freeculture.xml:7761
 msgid "usage restrictions attached to"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 99 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4814
+#: freeculture.xml:4818
 msgid ""
 "First, about copyright. In the last three hundred years, we have come to "
 "apply the concept of <quote>copyright</quote> ever more broadly. But in "
@@ -7014,7 +7032,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4831
+#: freeculture.xml:4835
 msgid ""
 "So, for example, even if the copyright to Shakespeare's works were "
 "perpetual, all that would have meant under the original meaning of the term "
@@ -7027,22 +7045,22 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4840
+#: freeculture.xml:4844
 msgid "Henry VIII, King of England"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4841
+#: freeculture.xml:4845
 msgid "monopoly, copyright as"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4842
+#: freeculture.xml:4846
 msgid "Statute of Monopolies (1656)"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4844
+#: freeculture.xml:4848
 msgid ""
 "Even that limited right was viewed with skepticism by the British.  They had "
 "had a long and ugly experience with <quote>exclusive rights,</quote> "
@@ -7057,7 +7075,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4857
+#: freeculture.xml:4861
 msgid ""
 "Thus the <quote>copy-right,</quote> when viewed as a monopoly right, was "
 "naturally viewed as a right that should be limited. (However convincing the "
@@ -7069,25 +7087,25 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4865 freeculture.xml:5158
+#: freeculture.xml:4869 freeculture.xml:5162
 msgid "Milton, John"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4866
+#: freeculture.xml:4870
 msgid "booksellers, English"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  f4 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4885
+#: freeculture.xml:4889
 msgid ""
 "Philip Wittenberg, <citetitle>The Protection and Marketing of Literary "
 "Property</citetitle> (New York: J. Messner, Inc., 1937), 31."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4870
+#: freeculture.xml:4874
 msgid ""
 "Second, about booksellers. It wasn't just that the copyright was a "
 "monopoly. It was also that it was a monopoly held by the booksellers.  "
@@ -7103,17 +7121,17 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4889
+#: freeculture.xml:4893
 msgid "Enlightenment"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4890
+#: freeculture.xml:4894
 msgid "knowledge, freedom of"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4892
+#: freeculture.xml:4896
 msgid ""
 "Many believed the power the booksellers exercised over the spread of "
 "knowledge was harming that spread, just at the time the Enlightenment was "
@@ -7123,7 +7141,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4901
+#: freeculture.xml:4905
 msgid ""
 "To balance this power, Parliament decided to increase competition among "
 "booksellers, and the simplest way to do that was to spread the wealth of "
@@ -7137,12 +7155,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4914 freeculture.xml:5049 freeculture.xml:5143 freeculture.xml:11092
+#: freeculture.xml:4918 freeculture.xml:5053 freeculture.xml:5147 freeculture.xml:11099
 msgid "in perpetuity"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4916
+#: freeculture.xml:4920
 msgid ""
 "When 1731 (1710 + 21) came along, however, the booksellers were getting "
 "anxious. They saw the consequences of more competition, and like every "
@@ -7154,7 +7172,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4925
+#: freeculture.xml:4929
 msgid ""
 "Parliament rejected their requests. As one pamphleteer put it, in words that "
 "echo today,"
@@ -7162,7 +7180,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f5 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4940
+#: freeculture.xml:4944
 msgid ""
 "A Letter to a Member of Parliament concerning the Bill now depending in the "
 "House of Commons, for making more effectual an Act in the Eighth Year of the "
@@ -7174,7 +7192,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4930
+#: freeculture.xml:4934
 msgid ""
 "I see no Reason for granting a further Term now, which will not hold as well "
 "for granting it again and again, as often as the Old ones Expire; so that "
@@ -7186,7 +7204,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4956
+#: freeculture.xml:4960
 msgid ""
 "Having failed in Parliament, the publishers turned to the courts in a series "
 "of cases. Their argument was simple and direct: The Statute of Anne gave "
@@ -7203,12 +7221,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4978 freeculture.xml:4988 freeculture.xml:5031
+#: freeculture.xml:4982 freeculture.xml:4992 freeculture.xml:5035
 msgid "Patterson, Raymond"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4978
+#: freeculture.xml:4982
 msgid ""
 "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
 "id=\"1\"/> Lyman Ray Patterson, <quote>Free Speech, Copyright, and Fair "
@@ -7217,7 +7235,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4972
+#: freeculture.xml:4976
 msgid ""
 "This was a clever argument, and one that had the support of some of the "
 "leading jurists of the day. It also displayed extraordinary chutzpah.  Until "
@@ -7229,20 +7247,20 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4987 freeculture.xml:5096
+#: freeculture.xml:4991 freeculture.xml:5100
 msgid "Donaldson, Alexander"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  f7 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4995
+#: freeculture.xml:4999
 msgid ""
 "For a compelling account, see David Saunders, <citetitle>Authorship and "
 "Copyright</citetitle> (London: Routledge, 1992), 62&ndash;69."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4991
+#: freeculture.xml:4995
 msgid ""
 "The booksellers' argument was not accepted without a fight.  The hero of "
 "this fight was a Scottish bookseller named Alexander Donaldson.<placeholder "
@@ -7250,22 +7268,22 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5001
+#: freeculture.xml:5005
 msgid "Boswell, James"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5002
+#: freeculture.xml:5006
 msgid "Erskine, Andrew"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5011 freeculture.xml:15512
+#: freeculture.xml:5015 freeculture.xml:15519
 msgid "Rose, Mark"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5009
+#: freeculture.xml:5013
 msgid ""
 "Mark Rose, <citetitle>Authors and Owners</citetitle> (Cambridge: Harvard "
 "University Press, 1993), 92.  <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
@@ -7273,12 +7291,12 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f9 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5020
+#: freeculture.xml:5024
 msgid "Ibid., 93."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5004
+#: freeculture.xml:5008
 msgid ""
 "Donaldson was an outsider to the London Conger. He began his career in "
 "Edinburgh in 1750. The focus of his business was inexpensive reprints "
@@ -7292,7 +7310,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5031
+#: freeculture.xml:5035
 msgid ""
 "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Lyman Ray Patterson, "
 "<citetitle>Copyright in Historical Perspective</citetitle>, 167 (quoting "
@@ -7300,7 +7318,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5025
+#: freeculture.xml:5029
 msgid ""
 "When the London booksellers tried to shut down Donaldson's shop in Scotland, "
 "he responded by moving his shop to London, where he sold inexpensive "
@@ -7312,12 +7330,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5040
+#: freeculture.xml:5044
 msgid "Millar v. Taylor"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5042
+#: freeculture.xml:5046
 msgid ""
 "The London booksellers quickly brought suit to block <quote>piracy</quote> "
 "like Donaldson's. A number of actions were successful against the "
@@ -7326,23 +7344,23 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5048 freeculture.xml:5102
+#: freeculture.xml:5052 freeculture.xml:5106
 msgid "Thomson, James"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5050
+#: freeculture.xml:5054
 msgid "Seasons, The (Thomson)"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5051
+#: freeculture.xml:5055
 msgid "Taylor, Robert"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  f11 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5060
+#: freeculture.xml:5064
 msgid ""
 "Howard B. Abrams, <quote>The Historic Foundation of American Copyright Law: "
 "Exploding the Myth of Common Law Copyright,</quote> <citetitle>Wayne Law "
@@ -7350,7 +7368,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5053
+#: freeculture.xml:5057
 msgid ""
 "Millar was a bookseller who in 1729 had purchased the rights to James "
 "Thomson's poem <quote>The Seasons.</quote> Millar complied with the "
@@ -7362,7 +7380,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5067
+#: freeculture.xml:5071
 msgid ""
 "Astonishingly to modern lawyers, one of the greatest judges in English "
 "history, Lord Mansfield, agreed with the booksellers. Whatever protection "
@@ -7377,7 +7395,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 103 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5082
+#: freeculture.xml:5086
 msgid ""
 "Considered as a matter of abstract justice&mdash;reasoning as if justice "
 "were just a matter of logical deduction from first "
@@ -7392,35 +7410,35 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5099
+#: freeculture.xml:5103
 msgid ""
 "The fight to defend the limits of the Statute of Anne was not to end there, "
 "however, and it is here that Donaldson enters the mix."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5103
+#: freeculture.xml:5107
 msgid "Beckett, Thomas"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5104 freeculture.xml:5211
+#: freeculture.xml:5108 freeculture.xml:5215
 msgid "House of Lords"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5105
+#: freeculture.xml:5109
 msgid "House of Lords vs."
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  f12 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5111
+#: freeculture.xml:5115
 msgid "Ibid., 1156."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5107
+#: freeculture.xml:5111
 msgid ""
 "Millar died soon after his victory, so his case was not appealed. His estate "
 "sold Thomson's poems to a syndicate of printers that included Thomas "
@@ -7434,12 +7452,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5122
+#: freeculture.xml:5126
 msgid "Donaldson v. Beckett"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5125
+#: freeculture.xml:5129
 msgid ""
 "As few legal cases ever do, <citetitle>Donaldson</citetitle> "
 "v. <citetitle>Beckett</citetitle> drew an enormous amount of attention "
@@ -7452,7 +7470,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5136
+#: freeculture.xml:5140
 msgid ""
 "The House of Lords was an odd institution. Legal questions were presented to "
 "the House and voted upon first by the <quote>law lords,</quote> members of "
@@ -7462,13 +7480,13 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5144 freeculture.xml:5212
+#: freeculture.xml:5148 freeculture.xml:5216
 msgid "English legal establishment of"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 104 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5146
+#: freeculture.xml:5150
 msgid ""
 "The reports about the law lords' votes are mixed. On some counts, it looks "
 "as if perpetual copyright prevailed. But there is no ambiguity about how the "
@@ -7480,22 +7498,22 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5155
+#: freeculture.xml:5159
 msgid "Bacon, Francis"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5156
+#: freeculture.xml:5160
 msgid "Bunyan, John"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5157
+#: freeculture.xml:5161
 msgid "Johnson, Samuel"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5161
+#: freeculture.xml:5165
 msgid ""
 "<quote>The public domain.</quote> Before the case of "
 "<citetitle>Donaldson</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Beckett</citetitle>, there "
@@ -7509,12 +7527,12 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f13 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5187
+#: freeculture.xml:5191
 msgid "Rose, 97."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5177
+#: freeculture.xml:5181
 msgid ""
 "It is hard for us to imagine, but this decision by the House of Lords fueled "
 "an extraordinarily popular and political reaction. In Scotland, where most "
@@ -7529,7 +7547,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5192
+#: freeculture.xml:5196
 msgid ""
 "In London, however, at least among publishers, the reaction was equally "
 "strong in the opposite direction. The <citetitle>Morning "
@@ -7537,7 +7555,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5198
+#: freeculture.xml:5202
 msgid ""
 "By the above decision &hellip; near 200,000 pounds worth of what was "
 "honestly purchased at public sale, and which was yesterday thought property "
@@ -7551,7 +7569,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 105 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5215
+#: freeculture.xml:5219
 msgid ""
 "<quote>Ruined</quote> is a bit of an exaggeration. But it is not an "
 "exaggeration to say that the change was profound. The decision of the House "
@@ -7574,7 +7592,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5238
+#: freeculture.xml:5242
 msgid ""
 "At least, this was the rule in a world where the Parliament is antimonopoly, "
 "resistant to the protectionist pleas of publishers. In a world where the "
@@ -7582,42 +7600,42 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:5255
+#: freeculture.xml:5259
 msgid "CHAPTER SEVEN: Recorders"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5256 freeculture.xml:7556 freeculture.xml:7675 freeculture.xml:7734
+#: freeculture.xml:5260 freeculture.xml:7563 freeculture.xml:7682 freeculture.xml:7741
 msgid "fair use and"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5257
+#: freeculture.xml:5261
 msgid "documentary film"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5258
+#: freeculture.xml:5262
 msgid "Else, Jon"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5259 freeculture.xml:5406 freeculture.xml:7555 freeculture.xml:7597 freeculture.xml:7674 freeculture.xml:7736
+#: freeculture.xml:5263 freeculture.xml:5410 freeculture.xml:7562 freeculture.xml:7604 freeculture.xml:7681 freeculture.xml:7743
 msgid "fair use"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5259
+#: freeculture.xml:5263
 msgid "in documentary film"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5260
+#: freeculture.xml:5264
 msgid "fair use of copyrighted material in"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5262
+#: freeculture.xml:5266
 msgid ""
 "<emphasis role='strong'>Jon Else</emphasis> is a filmmaker. He is best known "
 "for his documentaries and has been very successful in spreading his art. He "
@@ -7627,24 +7645,24 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5269
+#: freeculture.xml:5273
 msgid ""
 "Else worked on a documentary that I was involved in. At a break, he told me "
 "a story about the freedom to create with film in America today."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5273 freeculture.xml:5339
+#: freeculture.xml:5277 freeculture.xml:5343
 msgid "Wagner, Richard"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5274 freeculture.xml:5353
+#: freeculture.xml:5278 freeculture.xml:5357
 msgid "San Francisco Opera"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5276
+#: freeculture.xml:5280
 msgid ""
 "In 1990, Else was working on a documentary about Wagner's Ring Cycle. The "
 "focus was stagehands at the San Francisco Opera.  Stagehands are a "
@@ -7654,13 +7672,13 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5283
+#: freeculture.xml:5287
 msgid "Simpsons, The"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 107 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5285
+#: freeculture.xml:5289
 msgid ""
 "During one of the performances, Else was shooting some stagehands playing "
 "checkers. In one corner of the room was a television set.  Playing on the "
@@ -7671,12 +7689,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5294
+#: freeculture.xml:5298
 msgid "multiple copyrights associated with"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5296
+#: freeculture.xml:5300
 msgid ""
 "Years later, when he finally got funding to complete the film, Else "
 "attempted to clear the rights for those few seconds of <citetitle>The "
@@ -7687,17 +7705,17 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5302
+#: freeculture.xml:5306
 msgid "Gracie Films"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5303 freeculture.xml:5364 freeculture.xml:5428
+#: freeculture.xml:5307 freeculture.xml:5368 freeculture.xml:5432
 msgid "Groening, Matt"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5305
+#: freeculture.xml:5309
 msgid ""
 "Else called <citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle> creator Matt Groening's office "
 "to get permission.  Groening approved the shot. The shot was a "
@@ -7707,12 +7725,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5311 freeculture.xml:5363 freeculture.xml:5427
+#: freeculture.xml:5315 freeculture.xml:5367 freeculture.xml:5431
 msgid "Fox (film company)"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5313
+#: freeculture.xml:5317
 msgid ""
 "Gracie Films was okay with it, too, but they, like Groening, wanted to be "
 "careful. So they told Else to contact Fox, Gracie's parent company.  Else "
@@ -7722,7 +7740,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5321
+#: freeculture.xml:5325
 msgid ""
 "Then, as Else told me, <quote>two things happened. First we discovered "
 "&hellip; that Matt Groening doesn't own his own creation&mdash;or at least "
@@ -7733,12 +7751,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5330
+#: freeculture.xml:5334
 msgid "Herrera, Rebecca"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5332
+#: freeculture.xml:5336
 msgid ""
 "Else was certain there was a mistake. He worked his way up to someone he "
 "thought was a vice president for licensing, Rebecca Herrera.  He explained "
@@ -7750,7 +7768,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 108 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5341
+#: freeculture.xml:5345
 msgid ""
 "<quote>I wanted to make sure I had my facts straight,</quote> he told "
 "me. <quote>Yes, you have your facts straight,</quote> she said. It would "
@@ -7762,12 +7780,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5354
+#: freeculture.xml:5358
 msgid "Day After Trinity, The"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5356
+#: freeculture.xml:5360
 msgid ""
 "Else didn't have the money to buy the right to replay what was playing on "
 "the television backstage at the San Francisco Opera. To reproduce this "
@@ -7778,7 +7796,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5366
+#: freeculture.xml:5370
 msgid ""
 "There's no doubt that someone, whether Matt Groening or Fox, owns the "
 "copyright to <citetitle>The Simpsons</citetitle>. That copyright is their "
@@ -7792,7 +7810,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5377
+#: freeculture.xml:5381
 msgid ""
 "For example, <quote>public performance</quote> is a use of <citetitle>The "
 "Simpsons</citetitle> that the copyright owner gets to control. If you take a "
@@ -7805,7 +7823,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f1 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5389
+#: freeculture.xml:5393
 msgid ""
 "For an excellent argument that such use is <quote>fair use,</quote> but that "
 "lawyers don't permit recognition that it is <quote>fair use,</quote> see "
@@ -7815,7 +7833,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5386
+#: freeculture.xml:5390
 msgid ""
 "But when lawyers hear this story about Jon Else and Fox, their first thought "
 "is <quote>fair use.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Else's "
@@ -7827,19 +7845,19 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 109 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5403
+#: freeculture.xml:5407
 msgid ""
 "So I asked Else why he didn't just rely upon <quote>fair use.</quote> Here's "
 "his reply:"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5406 freeculture.xml:7736
+#: freeculture.xml:5410 freeculture.xml:7743
 msgid "legal intimidation tactics against"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5408
+#: freeculture.xml:5412
 msgid ""
 "The <citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle> fiasco was for me a great lesson in the "
 "gulf between what lawyers find irrelevant in some abstract sense, and what "
@@ -7850,13 +7868,13 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5417
+#: freeculture.xml:5421
 msgid "Errors and Omissions insurance"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  1. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5420
+#: freeculture.xml:5424
 msgid ""
 "Before our films can be broadcast, the network requires that we buy Errors "
 "and Omissions insurance. The carriers require a detailed <quote>visual cue "
@@ -7866,18 +7884,18 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5429
+#: freeculture.xml:5433
 msgid "Lucas, George"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5430
+#: freeculture.xml:5434
 msgid "<citetitle>Star Wars</citetitle>"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  2. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5433
+#: freeculture.xml:5437
 msgid ""
 "I probably never should have asked Matt Groening in the first place. But I "
 "knew (at least from folklore) that Fox had a history of tracking down and "
@@ -7893,7 +7911,7 @@ msgstr ""
 #.  3. 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 110 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5445
+#: freeculture.xml:5449
 msgid ""
 "I did, in fact, speak with one of your colleagues at Stanford Law School "
 "&hellip; who confirmed that it was fair use. He also confirmed that Fox "
@@ -7904,14 +7922,14 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  4. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5457
+#: freeculture.xml:5461
 msgid ""
 "The question of fair use usually comes up at the end of the project, when we "
 "are up against a release deadline and out of money."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5465
+#: freeculture.xml:5469
 msgid ""
 "In theory, fair use means you need no permission. The theory therefore "
 "supports free culture and insulates against a permission culture.  But in "
@@ -7922,7 +7940,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5473
+#: freeculture.xml:5477
 msgid ""
 "This practice shows just how far the law has come from its "
 "eighteenth-century roots. The law was born as a shield to protect "
@@ -7931,22 +7949,22 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:5488
+#: freeculture.xml:5492
 msgid "CHAPTER EIGHT: Transformers"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5489
+#: freeculture.xml:5493
 msgid "Allen, Paul"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5490 freeculture.xml:5550 freeculture.xml:5735 freeculture.xml:10445 freeculture.xml:14879
+#: freeculture.xml:5494 freeculture.xml:5554 freeculture.xml:5739 freeculture.xml:10452 freeculture.xml:14886
 msgid "Alben, Alex"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5493
+#: freeculture.xml:5497
 msgid ""
 "<emphasis role='strong'>In 1993</emphasis>, Alex Alben was a lawyer working "
 "at Starwave, Inc.  Starwave was an innovative company founded by Microsoft "
@@ -7956,17 +7974,17 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5500
+#: freeculture.xml:5504
 msgid "retrospective compilations on"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5501
+#: freeculture.xml:5505
 msgid "CD-ROMs, film clips used in"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5503
+#: freeculture.xml:5507
 msgid ""
 "Alben had a special interest in new technology. He was intrigued by the "
 "emerging market for CD-ROM technology&mdash;not to distribute film, but to "
@@ -7978,7 +7996,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5513
+#: freeculture.xml:5517
 msgid ""
 "At that time, Eastwood had made more than fifty films, as an actor and as a "
 "director. Alben began with a series of interviews with Eastwood, asking him "
@@ -7988,7 +8006,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 112 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5520
+#: freeculture.xml:5524
 msgid ""
 "That alone would not have made a very interesting product, so Starwave "
 "wanted to add content from the movies in Eastwood's career: posters, "
@@ -7998,7 +8016,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5527
+#: freeculture.xml:5531
 msgid ""
 "Then Alben and his team decided to include actual film clips. <quote>Our "
 "goal was that we were going to have a clip from every one of Eastwood's "
@@ -8009,19 +8027,19 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5535
+#: freeculture.xml:5539
 msgid ""
 "Alben brought the idea to Michael Slade, the CEO of Starwave.  Slade asked, "
 "<quote>Well, what will it take?</quote>"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5549
+#: freeculture.xml:5553
 msgid "publicity rights on images of"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5545
+#: freeculture.xml:5549
 msgid ""
 "Technically, the rights that Alben had to clear were mainly those of "
 "publicity&mdash;rights an artist has to control the commercial exploitation "
@@ -8031,7 +8049,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5539
+#: freeculture.xml:5543
 msgid ""
 "Alben replied, <quote>Well, we're going to have to clear rights from "
 "everyone who appears in these films, and the music and everything else that "
@@ -8040,7 +8058,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5554
+#: freeculture.xml:5558
 msgid ""
 "The problem was that neither Alben nor Slade had any idea what clearing "
 "those rights would mean. Every actor in each of the films could have a claim "
@@ -8050,7 +8068,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5561
+#: freeculture.xml:5565
 msgid ""
 "I asked Alben how he dealt with the problem. With an obvious pride in his "
 "resourcefulness that obscured the obvious bizarreness of his tale, Alben "
@@ -8058,7 +8076,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5567
+#: freeculture.xml:5571
 msgid ""
 "So we very mechanically went about looking up the film clips.  We made some "
 "artistic decisions about what film clips to include&mdash;of course we were "
@@ -8070,7 +8088,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 113 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5576
+#: freeculture.xml:5580
 msgid ""
 "We decided that it would be fair if we offered them the dayplayer rate for "
 "the right to reuse that performance. We're talking about a clip of less than "
@@ -8083,12 +8101,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5587
+#: freeculture.xml:5591
 msgid "Sutherland, Donald"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5589
+#: freeculture.xml:5593
 msgid ""
 "Some actors were glad to help&mdash;Donald Sutherland, for example, followed "
 "up himself to be sure that the rights had been cleared.  Others were "
@@ -8101,14 +8119,14 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5600
+#: freeculture.xml:5604
 msgid ""
 "It was one <emphasis>year</emphasis> later&mdash;<quote>and even then we "
 "weren't sure whether we were totally in the clear.</quote>"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5604
+#: freeculture.xml:5608
 msgid ""
 "Alben is proud of his work. The project was the first of its kind and the "
 "only time he knew of that a team had undertaken such a massive project for "
@@ -8116,7 +8134,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5610
+#: freeculture.xml:5614
 msgid ""
 "Everyone thought it would be too hard. Everyone just threw up their hands "
 "and said, <quote>Oh, my gosh, a film, it's so many copyrights, there's the "
@@ -8129,20 +8147,20 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 114 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5622
+#: freeculture.xml:5626
 msgid ""
 "And no doubt, the product itself was exceptionally good. Eastwood loved it, "
 "and it sold very well."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5625
+#: freeculture.xml:5629
 msgid "Drucker, Peter"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  f2 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5633
+#: freeculture.xml:5637
 msgid ""
 "U.S. Department of Commerce Office of Acquisition Management, "
 "<citetitle>Seven Steps to Performance-Based Services "
@@ -8151,7 +8169,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5627
+#: freeculture.xml:5631
 msgid ""
 "But I pressed Alben about how weird it seems that it would have to take a "
 "year's work simply to clear rights. No doubt Alben had done this "
@@ -8162,7 +8180,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5641
+#: freeculture.xml:5645
 msgid ""
 "For, as he acknowledged, <quote>very few &hellip; have the time and "
 "resources, and the will to do this,</quote> and thus, very few such works "
@@ -8172,7 +8190,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5649
+#: freeculture.xml:5653
 msgid ""
 "I don't think so. When an actor renders a performance in a movie, he or she "
 "gets paid very well. &hellip; And then when 30 seconds of that performance "
@@ -8181,7 +8199,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5657
+#: freeculture.xml:5661
 msgid ""
 "Or at least, is this <emphasis>how</emphasis> the artist should be "
 "compensated? Would it make sense, I asked, for there to be some kind of "
@@ -8194,7 +8212,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 115 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5668
+#: freeculture.xml:5672
 msgid ""
 "Absolutely. I think that if there were some fair-licensing "
 "mechanism&mdash;where you weren't subject to hold-ups and you weren't "
@@ -8215,7 +8233,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5688
+#: freeculture.xml:5692
 msgid ""
 "Alben worked for a big company. His company was backed by some of the "
 "richest investors in the world. He therefore had authority and access that "
@@ -8225,7 +8243,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5697
+#: freeculture.xml:5701
 msgid ""
 "These costs are the burdens of a kind of regulation. Put on a Republican hat "
 "for a moment, and get angry for a bit. The government defines the scope of "
@@ -8240,7 +8258,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 116 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5710
+#: freeculture.xml:5714
 msgid ""
 "I've seen the flash of recognition when people get this point, but only a "
 "few times. The first was at a conference of federal judges in California.  "
@@ -8251,7 +8269,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5720
+#: freeculture.xml:5724
 msgid ""
 "The video was a brilliant collage of film from every period in the twentieth "
 "century, all framed around the idea of a <citetitle>60 Minutes</citetitle> "
@@ -8260,12 +8278,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5725
+#: freeculture.xml:5729
 msgid "Nimmer, David"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5727
+#: freeculture.xml:5731
 msgid ""
 "When the lights came up, I looked over to my copanelist, David Nimmer, "
 "perhaps the leading copyright scholar and practitioner in the nation. He had "
@@ -8275,19 +8293,37 @@ msgid ""
 "this room?</quote>"
 msgstr ""
 
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5734
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:5740
 msgid "Boies, David"
 msgstr ""
 
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:5741
+msgid "Court of Appeals"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><secondary>
+#: freeculture.xml:5741
+msgid "Ninth Circuit"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:5742
+msgid "Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals"
+msgstr ""
+
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5737
+#: freeculture.xml:5739
 msgid ""
-"For of course, the two brilliantly talented creators who made this film "
-"hadn't done what Alben did. They hadn't spent a year clearing the rights to "
-"these clips; technically, what they had done violated the law.  Of course, "
-"it wasn't as if they or anyone were going to be prosecuted for this "
-"violation (the presence of 250 judges and a gaggle of federal marshals "
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
+"id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder "
+"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"4\"/> For "
+"of course, the two brilliantly talented creators who made this film hadn't "
+"done what Alben did. They hadn't spent a year clearing the rights to these "
+"clips; technically, what they had done violated the law.  Of course, it "
+"wasn't as if they or anyone were going to be prosecuted for this violation "
+"(the presence of 250 judges and a gaggle of federal marshals "
 "notwithstanding). But Nimmer was making an important point: A year before "
 "anyone would have heard of the word Napster, and two years before another "
 "member of our panel, David Boies, would defend Napster before the Ninth "
@@ -8298,7 +8334,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5752
+#: freeculture.xml:5759
 msgid ""
 "We live in a <quote>cut and paste</quote> culture enabled by "
 "technology. Anyone building a presentation knows the extraordinary freedom "
@@ -8308,13 +8344,13 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5758
+#: freeculture.xml:5765
 msgid "Camp Chaos"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 117 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5760
+#: freeculture.xml:5767
 msgid ""
 "But presentations are just a tiny beginning. Using the Internet and its "
 "archives, musicians are able to string together mixes of sound never before "
@@ -8327,7 +8363,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5771
+#: freeculture.xml:5778
 msgid ""
 "All of these creations are technically illegal. Even if the creators wanted "
 "to be <quote>legal,</quote> the cost of complying with the law is impossibly "
@@ -8337,7 +8373,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5778
+#: freeculture.xml:5785
 msgid ""
 "To some, these stories suggest a solution: Let's alter the mix of rights so "
 "that people are free to build upon our culture. Free to add or mix as they "
@@ -8354,7 +8390,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5793
+#: freeculture.xml:5800
 msgid ""
 "Who could possibly object to this? And what reason would there be for "
 "objecting? We're talking about work that is not now being made; which if "
@@ -8364,7 +8400,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 118 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5799
+#: freeculture.xml:5806
 msgid ""
 "<emphasis role='strong'>In February 2003</emphasis>, DreamWorks studios "
 "announced an agreement with Mike Myers, the comic genius of "
@@ -8378,7 +8414,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5812
+#: freeculture.xml:5819
 msgid ""
 "The announcement called this <quote>film sampling.</quote> As Myers "
 "explained, <quote>Film Sampling is an exciting way to put an original spin "
@@ -8390,7 +8426,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5821
+#: freeculture.xml:5828
 msgid ""
 "Spielberg is right. Film sampling by Myers will be brilliant. But if you "
 "don't think about it, you might miss the truly astonishing point about this "
@@ -8403,7 +8439,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5831
+#: freeculture.xml:5838
 msgid ""
 "This privilege becomes reserved for two sorts of reasons. The first "
 "continues the story of the last chapter: the vagueness of <quote>fair "
@@ -8419,22 +8455,22 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:5846
+#: freeculture.xml:5853
 msgid "CHAPTER NINE: Collectors"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5847 freeculture.xml:9187 freeculture.xml:11510 freeculture.xml:11755
+#: freeculture.xml:5854 freeculture.xml:9194 freeculture.xml:11517 freeculture.xml:11762
 msgid "archives, digital"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5848 freeculture.xml:8474
+#: freeculture.xml:5855 freeculture.xml:8481
 msgid "bots"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5850
+#: freeculture.xml:5857
 msgid ""
 "<emphasis role='strong'>In April 1996</emphasis>, millions of "
 "<quote>bots</quote>&mdash;computer codes designed to <quote>spider,</quote> "
@@ -8447,12 +8483,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5860 freeculture.xml:5891 freeculture.xml:5953
+#: freeculture.xml:5867 freeculture.xml:5898 freeculture.xml:5960
 msgid "Way Back Machine"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5862
+#: freeculture.xml:5869
 msgid ""
 "By October 2001, the bots had collected more than five years of copies. And "
 "at a small announcement in Berkeley, California, the archive that these "
@@ -8463,12 +8499,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5869
+#: freeculture.xml:5876
 msgid "Orwell, George"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5871
+#: freeculture.xml:5878
 msgid ""
 "This is the thing about the Internet that Orwell would have appreciated.  In "
 "the dystopia described in <citetitle>1984</citetitle>, old newspapers were "
@@ -8478,7 +8514,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 120 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5879
+#: freeculture.xml:5886
 msgid ""
 "Thousands of workers constantly reedited the past, meaning there was no way "
 "ever to know whether the story you were reading today was the story that was "
@@ -8486,7 +8522,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5884
+#: freeculture.xml:5891
 msgid ""
 "It's the same with the Internet. If you go to a Web page today, there's no "
 "way for you to know whether the content you are reading is the same as the "
@@ -8496,12 +8532,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5900
+#: freeculture.xml:5907
 msgid "White House press releases"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5899
+#: freeculture.xml:5906
 msgid ""
 "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
 "id=\"1\"/> The temptations remain, however. Brewster Kahle reports that the "
@@ -8512,7 +8548,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5893
+#: freeculture.xml:5900
 msgid ""
 "Until the Way Back Machine, at least. With the Way Back Machine, and the "
 "Internet Archive underlying it, you can see what the Internet was. You have "
@@ -8522,12 +8558,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5908
+#: freeculture.xml:5915
 msgid "history, records of"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5910
+#: freeculture.xml:5917
 msgid ""
 "<emphasis role='strong'>We take it</emphasis> for granted that we can go "
 "back to see what we remember reading. Think about newspapers. If you wanted "
@@ -8540,7 +8576,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5921
+#: freeculture.xml:5928
 msgid ""
 "It is said that those who fail to remember history are doomed to repeat "
 "it. That's not quite correct. We <emphasis>all</emphasis> forget "
@@ -8553,7 +8589,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 121 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5930
+#: freeculture.xml:5937
 msgid ""
 "The Internet was an exception to this presumption. Until the Internet "
 "Archive, there was no way to go back. The Internet was the quintessentially "
@@ -8565,7 +8601,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5941
+#: freeculture.xml:5948
 msgid ""
 "Brewster Kahle is the founder of the Internet Archive. He was a very "
 "successful Internet entrepreneur after he was a successful computer "
@@ -8578,32 +8614,32 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5950 freeculture.xml:6005 freeculture.xml:10430
+#: freeculture.xml:5957 freeculture.xml:6012 freeculture.xml:10437
 msgid "Library of Congress"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5951
+#: freeculture.xml:5958
 msgid "Television Archive"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5952
+#: freeculture.xml:5959
 msgid "Vanderbilt University"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5954 freeculture.xml:11001 freeculture.xml:14061 freeculture.xml:14191 freeculture.xml:14227
+#: freeculture.xml:5961 freeculture.xml:11008 freeculture.xml:14068 freeculture.xml:14198 freeculture.xml:14234
 msgid "libraries"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5954
+#: freeculture.xml:5961
 msgid "archival function of"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5957
+#: freeculture.xml:5964
 msgid ""
 "The Way Back Machine is the largest archive of human knowledge in human "
 "history. At the end of 2002, it held <quote>two hundred and thirty terabytes "
@@ -8623,18 +8659,18 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5974
+#: freeculture.xml:5981
 msgid "Quayle, Dan"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5975
+#: freeculture.xml:5982
 msgid "60 Minutes"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 122 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5977
+#: freeculture.xml:5984
 msgid ""
 "Do you remember when Dan Quayle was interacting with Murphy Brown? Remember "
 "that back and forth surreal experience of a politician interacting with a "
@@ -8646,17 +8682,17 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5988
+#: freeculture.xml:5995
 msgid "newspapers"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5988
+#: freeculture.xml:5995
 msgid "archives of"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5990
+#: freeculture.xml:5997
 msgid ""
 "Why is that? Why is it that the part of our culture that is recorded in "
 "newspapers remains perpetually accessible, while the part that is recorded "
@@ -8667,7 +8703,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5998
+#: freeculture.xml:6005
 msgid ""
 "In part, this is because of the law. Early in American copyright law, "
 "copyright owners were required to deposit copies of their work in "
@@ -8677,13 +8713,13 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6006 freeculture.xml:6050
+#: freeculture.xml:6013 freeculture.xml:6057
 msgid "archive of"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  f2 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6017
+#: freeculture.xml:6024
 msgid ""
 "Doug Herrick, <quote>Toward a National Film Collection: Motion Pictures at "
 "the Library of Congress,</quote> <citetitle>Film Library "
@@ -8693,7 +8729,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6008
+#: freeculture.xml:6015
 msgid ""
 "These rules applied to film as well. But in 1915, the Library of Congress "
 "made an exception for film. Film could be copyrighted so long as such "
@@ -8706,7 +8742,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6025
+#: freeculture.xml:6032
 msgid ""
 "The same is generally true about television. Television broadcasts were "
 "originally not copyrighted&mdash;there was no way to capture the broadcasts, "
@@ -8721,7 +8757,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 123 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6037
+#: freeculture.xml:6044
 msgid ""
 "Kahle was eager to correct this. Before September 11, 2001, he and his "
 "allies had started capturing television. They selected twenty stations from "
@@ -8733,37 +8769,37 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6047
+#: freeculture.xml:6054
 msgid "Movie Archive"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6048
+#: freeculture.xml:6055
 msgid "archive.org"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6048 freeculture.xml:6051
+#: freeculture.xml:6055 freeculture.xml:6058
 msgid "Internet Archive"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6052
+#: freeculture.xml:6059
 msgid "Duck and Cover film"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6053
+#: freeculture.xml:6060
 msgid "ephemeral films"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6054
+#: freeculture.xml:6061
 msgid "Prelinger, Rick"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6056
+#: freeculture.xml:6063
 msgid ""
 "Kahle had the same idea with film. Working with Rick Prelinger, whose "
 "archive of film includes close to 45,000 <quote>ephemeral films</quote> "
@@ -8783,7 +8819,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6074
+#: freeculture.xml:6081
 msgid ""
 "Here again, Kahle is providing access to a part of our culture that we "
 "otherwise could not get easily, if at all. It is yet another part of what "
@@ -8793,7 +8829,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6082
+#: freeculture.xml:6089
 msgid ""
 "The key here is access, not price. Kahle wants to enable free access to this "
 "content, but he also wants to enable others to sell access to it. His aim is "
@@ -8804,7 +8840,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 124 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6090
+#: freeculture.xml:6097
 msgid ""
 "For here is an idea that we should more clearly recognize. Every bit of "
 "creative property goes through different <quote>lives.</quote> In its first "
@@ -8816,7 +8852,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6102
+#: freeculture.xml:6109
 msgid ""
 "After the commercial life of creative property has ended, our tradition has "
 "always supported a second life as well. A newspaper delivers the news every "
@@ -8827,7 +8863,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6115
+#: freeculture.xml:6122
 msgid ""
 "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Dave Barns, <quote>Fledgling "
 "Career in Antique Books: Woodstock Landlord, Bar Owner Starts a New Chapter "
@@ -8839,7 +8875,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6112
+#: freeculture.xml:6119
 msgid ""
 "The same has always been true about books. A book goes out of print very "
 "quickly (the average today is after about a year<placeholder "
@@ -8851,7 +8887,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6130
+#: freeculture.xml:6137
 msgid ""
 "Yet increasingly, any assumption about a stable second life for creative "
 "property does not hold true with the most important components of popular "
@@ -8865,7 +8901,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 125 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6141
+#: freeculture.xml:6148
 msgid ""
 "<emphasis role='strong'>For most of</emphasis> the twentieth century, it was "
 "economics that made this so. It would have been insanely expensive to "
@@ -8878,7 +8914,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6153
+#: freeculture.xml:6160
 msgid ""
 "Perhaps the single most important feature of the digital revolution is that "
 "for the first time since the Library of Alexandria, it is feasible to "
@@ -8889,7 +8925,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6161
+#: freeculture.xml:6168
 msgid ""
 "The scale of this potential archive is something we've never imagined "
 "before. The Brewster Kahles of our history have dreamed about it; but we are "
@@ -8898,12 +8934,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6167
+#: freeculture.xml:6174
 msgid "total number of"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6169
+#: freeculture.xml:6176
 msgid ""
 "It looks like there's about two to three million recordings of music.  "
 "Ever. There are about a hundred thousand theatrical releases of movies, "
@@ -8920,7 +8956,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 126 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6184
+#: freeculture.xml:6191
 msgid ""
 "Kahle is not the only librarian. The Internet Archive is not the only "
 "archive. But Kahle and the Internet Archive suggest what the future of "
@@ -8936,7 +8972,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6199
+#: freeculture.xml:6206
 msgid ""
 "Technologists have thus removed the economic costs of building such an "
 "archive. But lawyers' costs remain. For as much as we might like to call "
@@ -8948,22 +8984,22 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:6210
+#: freeculture.xml:6217
 msgid "CHAPTER TEN: <quote>Property</quote>"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6211
+#: freeculture.xml:6218
 msgid "Johnson, Lyndon"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6212 freeculture.xml:10189
+#: freeculture.xml:6219 freeculture.xml:10196
 msgid "Kennedy, John F."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6214
+#: freeculture.xml:6221
 msgid ""
 "<emphasis role='strong'>Jack Valenti</emphasis> has been the president of "
 "the Motion Picture Association of America since 1966. He first came to "
@@ -8975,37 +9011,37 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6224
+#: freeculture.xml:6231
 msgid "Sony Pictures Entertainment"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6225
+#: freeculture.xml:6232
 msgid "MGM"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6226
+#: freeculture.xml:6233
 msgid "Paramount Pictures"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6227
+#: freeculture.xml:6234
 msgid "Twentieth Century Fox"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6228
+#: freeculture.xml:6235
 msgid "Universal Pictures"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6229 freeculture.xml:7845 freeculture.xml:8016
+#: freeculture.xml:6236 freeculture.xml:7852 freeculture.xml:8023
 msgid "Warner Brothers"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6231
+#: freeculture.xml:6238
 msgid ""
 "The MPAA is the American branch of the international Motion Picture "
 "Association. It was formed in 1922 as a trade association whose goal was to "
@@ -9020,7 +9056,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 128 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6244
+#: freeculture.xml:6251
 msgid ""
 "Valenti is only the third president of the MPAA. No president before him has "
 "had as much influence over that organization, or over Washington. As a "
@@ -9034,7 +9070,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6256
+#: freeculture.xml:6263
 msgid ""
 "In defending artistic liberty and the freedom of speech that our culture "
 "depends upon, the MPAA has done important good. In crafting the MPAA rating "
@@ -9046,13 +9082,13 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6265
+#: freeculture.xml:6272
 msgid "In 1982, Valenti's testimony to Congress captured the strategy perfectly:"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  f1 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6279
+#: freeculture.xml:6286
 msgid ""
 "Home Recording of Copyrighted Works: Hearings on H.R. 4783, H.R.  4794, "
 "H.R. 4808, H.R. 5250, H.R. 5488, and H.R. 5705 Before the Subcommittee on "
@@ -9062,7 +9098,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6270
+#: freeculture.xml:6277
 msgid ""
 "No matter the lengthy arguments made, no matter the charges and the "
 "counter-charges, no matter the tumult and the shouting, reasonable men and "
@@ -9076,7 +9112,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 129 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6289
+#: freeculture.xml:6296
 msgid ""
 "The strategy of this rhetoric, like the strategy of most of Valenti's "
 "rhetoric, is brilliant and simple and brilliant because simple. The "
@@ -9088,7 +9124,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6300
+#: freeculture.xml:6307
 msgid ""
 "This claim has an obvious and powerful intuitive pull. It is stated with "
 "such clarity as to make the idea as obvious as the notion that we use "
@@ -9104,7 +9140,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f2 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6315
+#: freeculture.xml:6322
 msgid ""
 "Lawyers speak of <quote>property</quote> not as an absolute thing, but as a "
 "bundle of rights that are sometimes associated with a particular "
@@ -9117,7 +9153,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6312
+#: freeculture.xml:6319
 msgid ""
 "While <quote>creative property</quote> is certainly <quote>property</quote> "
 "in a nerdy and precise sense that lawyers are trained to "
@@ -9130,7 +9166,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6330
+#: freeculture.xml:6337
 msgid ""
 "Valenti knows this. But he speaks for an industry that cares squat for our "
 "tradition and the values it represents. He speaks for an industry that is "
@@ -9141,7 +9177,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 130 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6338
+#: freeculture.xml:6345
 msgid ""
 "I have two purposes in this chapter. The first is to convince you that, "
 "historically, Valenti's claim is absolutely wrong. The second is to convince "
@@ -9155,7 +9191,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6353
+#: freeculture.xml:6360
 msgid ""
 "Organizations such as the MPAA, whose board includes the most powerful of "
 "the old guard, have little interest, their rhetoric notwithstanding, in "
@@ -9167,7 +9203,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6362
+#: freeculture.xml:6369
 msgid ""
 "<emphasis role='strong'>To get</emphasis> just a hint that there is "
 "something fundamentally wrong in Valenti's argument, we need look no further "
@@ -9175,7 +9211,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6367
+#: freeculture.xml:6374
 msgid ""
 "The framers of our Constitution loved <quote>property.</quote> Indeed, so "
 "strongly did they love property that they built into the Constitution an "
@@ -9190,7 +9226,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 131 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6378
+#: freeculture.xml:6385
 msgid ""
 "Yet the very same Constitution speaks very differently about what Valenti "
 "calls <quote>creative property.</quote> In the clause granting Congress the "
@@ -9207,7 +9243,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6393
+#: freeculture.xml:6400
 msgid ""
 "The Constitution thus on its face states that these two forms of property "
 "are not to be accorded the same rights. They are plainly to be treated "
@@ -9218,7 +9254,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6403
+#: freeculture.xml:6410
 msgid ""
 "Arguing for a change in our Constitution is not necessarily wrong.  There "
 "was much in our original Constitution that was plainly wrong.  The "
@@ -9232,7 +9268,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6415
+#: freeculture.xml:6422
 msgid ""
 "Instead, my argument is that because Jefferson did it, we should at least "
 "try to understand <emphasis>why</emphasis>. Why did the framers, fanatical "
@@ -9242,7 +9278,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6425
+#: freeculture.xml:6432
 msgid ""
 "To answer this question, we need to get some perspective on the history of "
 "these <quote>creative property</quote> rights, and the control that they "
@@ -9257,33 +9293,33 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6437
+#: freeculture.xml:6444
 msgid "four modalities of constraint on"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6438 freeculture.xml:6697 freeculture.xml:9764 freeculture.xml:9881
+#: freeculture.xml:6445 freeculture.xml:6704 freeculture.xml:9771 freeculture.xml:9888
 msgid "regulation"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6438
+#: freeculture.xml:6445
 msgid "four modalities of"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6439
+#: freeculture.xml:6446
 msgid "as ex post regulation modality"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6440 freeculture.xml:6516 freeculture.xml:6651
+#: freeculture.xml:6447 freeculture.xml:6523 freeculture.xml:6658
 msgid "as constraint modality"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 132 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6444
+#: freeculture.xml:6451
 msgid ""
 "To answer these questions, we need a more general way to talk about how "
 "property is protected. More precisely, we need a more general way than the "
@@ -9295,21 +9331,21 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:6453
+#: freeculture.xml:6460
 msgid ""
 "How four different modalities of regulation interact to support or weaken "
 "the right or regulation."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:6454 freeculture.xml:6647 freeculture.xml:7017
+#: freeculture.xml:6461 freeculture.xml:6654 freeculture.xml:7024
 msgid ""
 "<graphic fileref=\"images/1331.svg\" align=\"center\" "
 "width=\"50%\"></graphic>"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6458
+#: freeculture.xml:6465
 msgid ""
 "At the center of this picture is a regulated dot: the individual or group "
 "that is the target of regulation, or the holder of a right. (In each case "
@@ -9326,12 +9362,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6474 freeculture.xml:6536 freeculture.xml:6652
+#: freeculture.xml:6481 freeculture.xml:6543 freeculture.xml:6659
 msgid "norms, regulatory influence of"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6476
+#: freeculture.xml:6483
 msgid ""
 "Norms are a different kind of constraint. They, too, punish an individual "
 "for violating a rule. But the punishment of a norm is imposed by a "
@@ -9344,12 +9380,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6486 freeculture.xml:6535 freeculture.xml:6628 freeculture.xml:6668 freeculture.xml:9773 freeculture.xml:10007
+#: freeculture.xml:6493 freeculture.xml:6542 freeculture.xml:6635 freeculture.xml:6675 freeculture.xml:9780 freeculture.xml:10014
 msgid "market constraints"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6488
+#: freeculture.xml:6495
 msgid ""
 "The market is a third type of constraint. Its constraint is effected through "
 "conditions: You can do X if you pay Y; you'll be paid M if you do N. These "
@@ -9361,12 +9397,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6497 freeculture.xml:6534 freeculture.xml:6586 freeculture.xml:6627 freeculture.xml:6650
+#: freeculture.xml:6504 freeculture.xml:6541 freeculture.xml:6593 freeculture.xml:6634 freeculture.xml:6657
 msgid "architecture, constraint effected through"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6499
+#: freeculture.xml:6506
 msgid ""
 "Finally, and for the moment, perhaps, most mysteriously, "
 "<quote>architecture</quote>&mdash;the physical world as one finds "
@@ -9385,7 +9421,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 134 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6520
+#: freeculture.xml:6527
 msgid ""
 "So the first point about these four modalities of regulation is obvious: "
 "They interact. Restrictions imposed by one might be reinforced by "
@@ -9393,7 +9429,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6526
+#: freeculture.xml:6533
 msgid ""
 "The second point follows directly: If we want to understand the effective "
 "freedom that anyone has at a given moment to do any particular thing, we "
@@ -9405,17 +9441,17 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6537
+#: freeculture.xml:6544
 msgid "driving speed, constraints on"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6538
+#: freeculture.xml:6545
 msgid "speeding, constraints on"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6540
+#: freeculture.xml:6547
 msgid ""
 "So, for example, consider the <quote>freedom</quote> to drive a car at a "
 "high speed. That freedom is in part restricted by laws: speed limits that "
@@ -9432,7 +9468,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f3 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6558
+#: freeculture.xml:6565
 msgid ""
 "By describing the way law affects the other three modalities, I don't mean "
 "to suggest that the other three don't affect law. Obviously, they do. Law's "
@@ -9446,7 +9482,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 135 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6554
+#: freeculture.xml:6561
 msgid ""
 "The final point about this simple model should also be fairly clear: While "
 "these four modalities are analytically independent, law has a special role "
@@ -9463,29 +9499,29 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:6582
+#: freeculture.xml:6589
 msgid "Law has a special role in affecting the three."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:6583
+#: freeculture.xml:6590
 msgid ""
 "<graphic fileref=\"images/1361.svg\" align=\"center\" "
 "width=\"50%\"></graphic>"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6625
+#: freeculture.xml:6632
 msgid "Americans with Disabilities Act (1990)"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6626
+#: freeculture.xml:6633
 msgid "Commons, John R."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6596
+#: freeculture.xml:6603
 msgid ""
 "Some people object to this way of talking about <quote>liberty.</quote> They "
 "object because their focus when considering the constraints that exist at "
@@ -9520,7 +9556,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6588
+#: freeculture.xml:6595
 msgid ""
 "These constraints can thus change, and they can be changed. To understand "
 "the effective protection of liberty or protection of property at any "
@@ -9531,17 +9567,17 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:6633
+#: freeculture.xml:6640
 msgid "Why Hollywood Is Right"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6634 freeculture.xml:7007
+#: freeculture.xml:6641 freeculture.xml:7014
 msgid "four regulatory modalities on"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6636
+#: freeculture.xml:6643
 msgid ""
 "The most obvious point that this model reveals is just why, or just how, "
 "Hollywood is right. The copyright warriors have rallied Congress and the "
@@ -9550,18 +9586,18 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6642
+#: freeculture.xml:6649
 msgid "Let's say this is the picture of copyright's regulation before the Internet:"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:6646 freeculture.xml:7016
+#: freeculture.xml:6653 freeculture.xml:7023
 msgid "Copyright's regulation before the Internet."
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 136 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6655
+#: freeculture.xml:6662
 msgid ""
 "There is balance between law, norms, market, and architecture. The law "
 "limits the ability to copy and share content, by imposing penalties on those "
@@ -9575,22 +9611,22 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6666
+#: freeculture.xml:6673
 msgid "copyright regulatory balance lost with"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6667
+#: freeculture.xml:6674
 msgid "regulatory balance lost in"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6669
+#: freeculture.xml:6676
 msgid "MP3s"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6671
+#: freeculture.xml:6678
 msgid ""
 "Enter the Internet, or, more precisely, technologies such as MP3s and p2p "
 "sharing. Now the constraint of architecture changes dramatically, as does "
@@ -9601,18 +9637,18 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6680 freeculture.xml:7524 freeculture.xml:7834
+#: freeculture.xml:6687 freeculture.xml:7531 freeculture.xml:7841
 msgid "technology"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6680
+#: freeculture.xml:6687
 msgid "established industries threatened by changes in"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 137 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6682
+#: freeculture.xml:6689
 msgid ""
 "Thus the sense of, and justification for, the warriors' response.  "
 "Technology has changed, the warriors say, and the effect of this change, "
@@ -9623,29 +9659,29 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:6692
+#: freeculture.xml:6699
 msgid "effective state of anarchy after the Internet."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:6693
+#: freeculture.xml:6700
 msgid ""
 "<graphic fileref=\"images/1381.svg\" align=\"center\" "
 "width=\"50%\"></graphic>"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6696
+#: freeculture.xml:6703
 msgid "Commerce, U.S. Department of"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6697 freeculture.xml:9764
+#: freeculture.xml:6704 freeculture.xml:9771
 msgid "as establishment protectionism"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6699
+#: freeculture.xml:6706
 msgid ""
 "Neither this analysis nor the conclusions that follow are new to the "
 "warriors. Indeed, in a <quote>White Paper</quote> prepared by the Commerce "
@@ -9659,18 +9695,18 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6712 freeculture.xml:6852
+#: freeculture.xml:6719 freeculture.xml:6859
 msgid "farming"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6713
+#: freeculture.xml:6720
 msgid "steel industry"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 138 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6715
+#: freeculture.xml:6722
 msgid ""
 "This mixed strategy is just what copyright needed&mdash;if it was to "
 "preserve the particular balance that existed before the change induced by "
@@ -9687,7 +9723,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6735
+#: freeculture.xml:6742
 msgid ""
 "Thus, there's nothing wrong or surprising in the content industry's campaign "
 "to protect itself from the harmful consequences of a technological "
@@ -9698,18 +9734,18 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6748
+#: freeculture.xml:6755
 msgid "railroad industry"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6749
+#: freeculture.xml:6756
 msgid "remote channel changers"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  f5 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6759
+#: freeculture.xml:6766
 msgid ""
 "See Geoffrey Smith, <quote>Film vs. Digital: Can Kodak Build a "
 "Bridge?</quote> BusinessWeek online, 2 August 1999, available at <ulink "
@@ -9721,7 +9757,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6751
+#: freeculture.xml:6758
 msgid ""
 "But just because a particular interest asks for government support, it "
 "doesn't follow that support should be granted. And just because technology "
@@ -9743,35 +9779,35 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6780
+#: freeculture.xml:6787
 msgid "free market, technological changes in"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6781 freeculture.xml:15455
+#: freeculture.xml:6788 freeculture.xml:15462
 msgid "Brezhnev, Leonid"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6784 freeculture.xml:13655
+#: freeculture.xml:6791 freeculture.xml:13662
 msgid "Gates, Bill"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6785 freeculture.xml:7799
+#: freeculture.xml:6792 freeculture.xml:7806
 msgid "market competition"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  f6 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6798
+#: freeculture.xml:6805
 msgid ""
 "Fred Warshofsky, <citetitle>The Patent Wars</citetitle> (New York: Wiley, "
 "1994), 170&ndash;71."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6788
+#: freeculture.xml:6795
 msgid ""
 "The obvious answer to these obviously rhetorical questions is no.  In a free "
 "society, with a free market, supported by free enterprise and free trade, "
@@ -9789,7 +9825,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6809
+#: freeculture.xml:6816
 msgid ""
 "Thus, while it is understandable for industries threatened with new "
 "technologies that change the way they do business to look to the government "
@@ -9801,17 +9837,17 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6820
+#: freeculture.xml:6827
 msgid "speech, freedom of"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6820
+#: freeculture.xml:6827
 msgid "constitutional guarantee of"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6822
+#: freeculture.xml:6829
 msgid ""
 "In the context of laws regulating speech&mdash;which include, obviously, "
 "copyright law&mdash;that duty is even stronger. When the industry "
@@ -9828,7 +9864,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 140 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6838
+#: freeculture.xml:6845
 msgid ""
 "My argument just now, however, has nothing to do with whether the changes "
 "that are being pushed by the copyright warriors are "
@@ -9839,27 +9875,27 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6847
+#: freeculture.xml:6854
 msgid "Here's the metaphor that will capture the argument to follow."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6849
+#: freeculture.xml:6856
 msgid "Müller, Paul Hermann"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6850
+#: freeculture.xml:6857
 msgid "DDT"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6851
+#: freeculture.xml:6858
 msgid "insecticide, environmental consequences of"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6854
+#: freeculture.xml:6861
 msgid ""
 "In 1873, the chemical DDT was first synthesized. In 1948, Swiss chemist Paul "
 "Hermann Müller won the Nobel Prize for his work demonstrating the "
@@ -9869,7 +9905,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6861
+#: freeculture.xml:6868
 msgid ""
 "No one doubts that killing disease-carrying pests or increasing crop "
 "production is a good thing. No one doubts that the work of Müller was "
@@ -9877,22 +9913,22 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6865
+#: freeculture.xml:6872
 msgid "Carson, Rachel"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6866
+#: freeculture.xml:6873
 msgid "Silent Spring (Carson)"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6867
+#: freeculture.xml:6874
 msgid "environmentalism"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6869
+#: freeculture.xml:6876
 msgid ""
 "But in 1962, Rachel Carson published <citetitle>Silent Spring</citetitle>, "
 "which argued that DDT, whatever its primary benefits, was also having "
@@ -9901,7 +9937,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6875
+#: freeculture.xml:6882
 msgid ""
 "No one set out to destroy the environment. Paul Müller certainly did not aim "
 "to harm any birds. But the effort to solve one set of problems produced "
@@ -9913,18 +9949,18 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6884
+#: freeculture.xml:6891
 msgid "Boyle, James"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6885
+#: freeculture.xml:6892
 msgid "innovative freedom balanced with fair compensation in"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  f7 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6891
+#: freeculture.xml:6898
 msgid ""
 "See, for example, James Boyle, <quote>A Politics of Intellectual Property: "
 "Environmentalism for the Net?</quote> <citetitle>Duke Law "
@@ -9933,7 +9969,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 141 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6887
+#: freeculture.xml:6894
 msgid ""
 "It is to this image precisely that Duke University law professor James Boyle "
 "appeals when he argues that we need an <quote>environmentalism</quote> for "
@@ -9951,7 +9987,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6909
+#: freeculture.xml:6916
 msgid ""
 "My argument, in the balance of this chapter, tries to map exactly this "
 "effect. No doubt the technology of the Internet has had a dramatic effect on "
@@ -9965,49 +10001,49 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6921
+#: freeculture.xml:6928
 msgid ""
 "In a line: To kill a gnat, we are spraying DDT with consequences for free "
 "culture that will be far more devastating than that this gnat will be lost."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:6930
+#: freeculture.xml:6937
 msgid "Beginnings"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6931
+#: freeculture.xml:6938
 msgid "on creative property"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6932 freeculture.xml:11420
+#: freeculture.xml:6939 freeculture.xml:11427
 msgid "copyright purpose established in"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6933 freeculture.xml:11129
+#: freeculture.xml:6940 freeculture.xml:11136
 msgid "Progress Clause of"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6934 freeculture.xml:11421
+#: freeculture.xml:6941 freeculture.xml:11428
 msgid "constitutional purpose of"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6936
+#: freeculture.xml:6943
 msgid "constitutional tradition on"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6937 freeculture.xml:11130
+#: freeculture.xml:6944 freeculture.xml:11137
 msgid "Progress Clause"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6940
+#: freeculture.xml:6947
 msgid ""
 "America copied English copyright law. Actually, we copied and improved "
 "English copyright law. Our Constitution makes the purpose of <quote>creative "
@@ -10016,12 +10052,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6945
+#: freeculture.xml:6952
 msgid "in constitutional Progress Clause"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6947
+#: freeculture.xml:6954
 msgid ""
 "The power to establish <quote>creative property</quote> rights is granted to "
 "Congress in a way that, for our Constitution, at least, is very odd. Article "
@@ -10030,7 +10066,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 142 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6952
+#: freeculture.xml:6959
 msgid ""
 "Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, "
 "by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right "
@@ -10044,12 +10080,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6966
+#: freeculture.xml:6973
 msgid "history of American"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6968
+#: freeculture.xml:6975
 msgid ""
 "The Progress Clause expressly limits the term of copyrights. As we saw in "
 "chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"founders\"/>, the "
@@ -10062,22 +10098,22 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6977
+#: freeculture.xml:6984
 msgid "Senate, U.S."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6978
+#: freeculture.xml:6985
 msgid "structural checks and balances of"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6979
+#: freeculture.xml:6986
 msgid "electoral college"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6981
+#: freeculture.xml:6988
 msgid ""
 "The design of the Progress Clause reflects something about the "
 "Constitution's design in general. To avoid a problem, the framers built "
@@ -10094,7 +10130,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6998
+#: freeculture.xml:7005
 msgid ""
 "I doubt the framers would recognize the regulation we call "
 "<quote>copyright</quote> today. The scope of that regulation is far beyond "
@@ -10105,7 +10141,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 143 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7009
+#: freeculture.xml:7016
 msgid ""
 "Some of these changes come from the law: some in light of changes in "
 "technology, and some in light of changes in technology given a particular "
@@ -10113,17 +10149,17 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7020
+#: freeculture.xml:7027
 msgid "We will end here:"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7023
+#: freeculture.xml:7030
 msgid "<quote>Copyright</quote> today."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7024
+#: freeculture.xml:7031
 msgid ""
 "<graphic fileref=\"images/1442.svg\" align=\"center\" "
 "width=\"50%\"></graphic>"
@@ -10131,37 +10167,37 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 144 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7027
+#: freeculture.xml:7034
 msgid "Let me explain how."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7032
+#: freeculture.xml:7039
 msgid "Law: Duration"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7035 freeculture.xml:7327
+#: freeculture.xml:7042 freeculture.xml:7334
 msgid "Copyright Act (1790)"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7036
+#: freeculture.xml:7043
 msgid "common law protections of"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7037
+#: freeculture.xml:7044
 msgid "balance of U.S. content in"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7053
+#: freeculture.xml:7060
 msgid "Crosskey, William W."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7047
+#: freeculture.xml:7054
 msgid ""
 "William W. Crosskey, <citetitle>Politics and the Constitution in the History "
 "of the United States</citetitle> (London: Cambridge University Press, 1953), "
@@ -10172,7 +10208,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7039
+#: freeculture.xml:7046
 msgid ""
 "When the first Congress enacted laws to protect creative property, it faced "
 "the same uncertainty about the status of creative property that the English "
@@ -10188,12 +10224,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7063
+#: freeculture.xml:7070
 msgid "federal vs. state"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7065
+#: freeculture.xml:7072
 msgid ""
 "That uncertainty ended after Congress passed legislation granting "
 "copyrights. Because federal law overrides any contrary state law, federal "
@@ -10204,7 +10240,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7074
+#: freeculture.xml:7081
 msgid ""
 "In 1790, Congress enacted the first copyright law. It created a federal "
 "copyright and secured that copyright for fourteen years. If the author was "
@@ -10215,7 +10251,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f9 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7090
+#: freeculture.xml:7097
 msgid ""
 "Although 13,000 titles were published in the United States from 1790 to "
 "1799, only 556 copyright registrations were filed; John Tebbel, <citetitle>A "
@@ -10234,7 +10270,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7082
+#: freeculture.xml:7089
 msgid ""
 "While there were many works created in the United States in the first ten "
 "years of the Republic, only 5 percent of the works were actually registered "
@@ -10247,7 +10283,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 145 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7108
+#: freeculture.xml:7115
 msgid ""
 "This system of renewal was a crucial part of the American system of "
 "copyright. It assured that the maximum terms of copyright would be granted "
@@ -10258,7 +10294,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f10 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7123
+#: freeculture.xml:7130
 msgid ""
 "Few copyright holders ever chose to renew their copyrights. For instance, of "
 "the 25,006 copyrights registered in 1883, only 894 were renewed in 1910. For "
@@ -10272,7 +10308,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7117
+#: freeculture.xml:7124
 msgid ""
 "Fourteen years may not seem long to us, but for the vast majority of "
 "copyright owners at that time, it was long enough: Only a small minority of "
@@ -10283,12 +10319,12 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f11 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7141
+#: freeculture.xml:7148
 msgid "See Ringer, ch. 9, n. 2."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7137
+#: freeculture.xml:7144
 msgid ""
 "Even today, this structure would make sense. Most creative work has an "
 "actual commercial life of just a couple of years. Most books fall out of "
@@ -10301,17 +10337,17 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7149 freeculture.xml:11067
+#: freeculture.xml:7156 freeculture.xml:11074
 msgid "copyright terms extended by"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7150 freeculture.xml:11069
+#: freeculture.xml:7157 freeculture.xml:11076
 msgid "term extensions in"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7152
+#: freeculture.xml:7159
 msgid ""
 "In the first hundred years of the Republic, the term of copyright was "
 "changed once. In 1831, the term was increased from a maximum of 28 years to "
@@ -10322,17 +10358,17 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7159 freeculture.xml:7194 freeculture.xml:11093 freeculture.xml:15373
+#: freeculture.xml:7166 freeculture.xml:7201 freeculture.xml:11100 freeculture.xml:15380
 msgid "Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA) (1998)"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7160 freeculture.xml:11073
+#: freeculture.xml:7167 freeculture.xml:11080
 msgid "future patents vs. future copyrights in"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7162
+#: freeculture.xml:7169
 msgid ""
 "Then, beginning in 1962, Congress started a practice that has defined "
 "copyright law since. Eleven times in the last forty years, Congress has "
@@ -10345,18 +10381,18 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7171 freeculture.xml:11072 freeculture.xml:11073 freeculture.xml:13160 freeculture.xml:13641
+#: freeculture.xml:7178 freeculture.xml:11079 freeculture.xml:11080 freeculture.xml:13167 freeculture.xml:13648
 msgid "patents"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7171 freeculture.xml:11072
+#: freeculture.xml:7178 freeculture.xml:11079
 msgid "in public domain"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 146 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7173
+#: freeculture.xml:7180
 msgid ""
 "The effect of these extensions is simply to toll, or delay, the passing of "
 "works into the public domain. This latest extension means that the public "
@@ -10368,7 +10404,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7185
+#: freeculture.xml:7192
 msgid ""
 "The effect of these extensions has been exacerbated by another, "
 "little-noticed change in the copyright law. Remember I said that the framers "
@@ -10380,22 +10416,22 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7195
+#: freeculture.xml:7202
 msgid "of natural authors vs. corporations"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7196 freeculture.xml:13314
+#: freeculture.xml:7203 freeculture.xml:13321
 msgid "corporations"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7196
+#: freeculture.xml:7203
 msgid "copyright terms for"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7198
+#: freeculture.xml:7205
 msgid ""
 "The United States abandoned this sensible system in 1976. For all works "
 "created after 1978, there was only one copyright term&mdash;the maximum "
@@ -10407,7 +10443,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7208
+#: freeculture.xml:7215
 msgid ""
 "This change meant that American law no longer had an automatic way to assure "
 "that works that were no longer exploited passed into the public domain. And "
@@ -10419,7 +10455,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f12 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7227
+#: freeculture.xml:7234
 msgid ""
 "These statistics are understated. Between the years 1910 and 1962 (the first "
 "year the renewal term was extended), the average term was never more than "
@@ -10428,7 +10464,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7219
+#: freeculture.xml:7226
 msgid ""
 "The effect of these changes on the average duration of copyright is "
 "dramatic. In 1973, more than 85 percent of copyright owners failed to renew "
@@ -10440,17 +10476,17 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7241
+#: freeculture.xml:7248
 msgid "Law: Scope"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7242 freeculture.xml:7461
+#: freeculture.xml:7249 freeculture.xml:7468
 msgid "scope of"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7244
+#: freeculture.xml:7251
 msgid ""
 "The <quote>scope</quote> of a copyright is the range of rights granted by "
 "the law.  The scope of American copyright has changed dramatically. Those "
@@ -10459,12 +10495,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7250
+#: freeculture.xml:7257
 msgid "historical shift in copyright coverage of"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7252
+#: freeculture.xml:7259
 msgid ""
 "In 1790, that scope was very narrow. Copyright covered only <quote>maps, "
 "charts, and books.</quote> That means it didn't cover, for example, music or "
@@ -10480,7 +10516,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7265
+#: freeculture.xml:7272
 msgid ""
 "This, too, has changed dramatically. While the contours of copyright today "
 "are extremely hard to describe simply, in general terms, the right covers "
@@ -10497,23 +10533,23 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7279
+#: freeculture.xml:7286
 msgid "marking of"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7280
+#: freeculture.xml:7287
 msgid "formalities"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7281
+#: freeculture.xml:7288
 msgid "registration requirement of"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 148 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7283
+#: freeculture.xml:7290
 msgid ""
 "At the same time that the scope of copyright has expanded, procedural "
 "limitations on the right have been relaxed. I've already described the "
@@ -10528,7 +10564,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7298
+#: freeculture.xml:7305
 msgid ""
 "The reason for the registration requirement was the sensible understanding "
 "that for most works, no copyright was required. Again, in the first ten "
@@ -10544,12 +10580,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7311
+#: freeculture.xml:7318
 msgid "European"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7313
+#: freeculture.xml:7320
 msgid ""
 "All of these <quote>formalities</quote> were abolished in the American "
 "system when we decided to follow European copyright law. There is no "
@@ -10560,13 +10596,13 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7324
+#: freeculture.xml:7331
 msgid "Consider a practical example to understand the scope of these differences."
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  f13 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7336
+#: freeculture.xml:7343
 msgid ""
 "See Thomas Bender and David Sampliner, <quote>Poets, Pirates, and the "
 "Creation of American Literature,</quote> 29 <citetitle>New York University "
@@ -10576,7 +10612,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7329
+#: freeculture.xml:7336
 msgid ""
 "If, in 1790, you wrote a book and you were one of the 5 percent who actually "
 "copyrighted that book, then the copyright law protected you against another "
@@ -10590,7 +10626,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 149 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7351
+#: freeculture.xml:7358
 msgid ""
 "The act left other creators totally unregulated. If I copied your poem by "
 "hand, over and over again, as a way to learn it by heart, my act was totally "
@@ -10601,7 +10637,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7361
+#: freeculture.xml:7368
 msgid ""
 "Today the story is very different: If you write a book, your book is "
 "automatically protected. Indeed, not just your book. Every e-mail, every "
@@ -10612,7 +10648,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7370
+#: freeculture.xml:7377
 msgid ""
 "That protection gives you the right (subject to a narrow range of fair use "
 "exceptions) to control how others copy the work, whether they copy it to "
@@ -10620,7 +10656,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7375
+#: freeculture.xml:7382
 msgid ""
 "That much is the obvious part. Any system of copyright would control "
 "competing publishing. But there's a second part to the copyright of today "
@@ -10635,7 +10671,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7390
+#: freeculture.xml:7397
 msgid ""
 "It is this derivative right that would seem most bizarre to our framers, "
 "though it has become second nature to us. Initially, this expansion was "
@@ -10647,7 +10683,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7412
+#: freeculture.xml:7419
 msgid ""
 "Jonathan Zittrain, <quote>The Copyright Cage,</quote> <citetitle>Legal "
 "Affairs</citetitle>, July/August 2003, available at <ulink "
@@ -10656,7 +10692,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7402
+#: freeculture.xml:7409
 msgid ""
 "In preventing that joke, the law created an astonishing power within a free "
 "culture&mdash;at least, it's astonishing when you understand that the law "
@@ -10671,12 +10707,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7434
+#: freeculture.xml:7441
 msgid "Rubenfeld, Jeb"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7427
+#: freeculture.xml:7434
 msgid ""
 "Professor Rubenfeld has presented a powerful constitutional argument about "
 "the difference that copyright law should draw (from the perspective of the "
@@ -10688,7 +10724,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7422
+#: freeculture.xml:7429
 msgid ""
 "Yet copyright law treats these two different wrongs in the same way. I can "
 "go to court and get an injunction against your pirating my book. I can go to "
@@ -10698,7 +10734,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7442
+#: freeculture.xml:7449
 msgid ""
 "This again may seem right to you. If I wrote a book, then why should you be "
 "able to write a movie that takes my story and makes money from it without "
@@ -10708,7 +10744,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7450
+#: freeculture.xml:7457
 msgid ""
 "These are good arguments, and, in general, my point is not that the "
 "derivative right is unjustified. My aim just now is much narrower: simply to "
@@ -10717,18 +10753,18 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7459
+#: freeculture.xml:7466
 msgid "Law and Architecture: Reach"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7460 freeculture.xml:7522 freeculture.xml:7735
+#: freeculture.xml:7467 freeculture.xml:7529 freeculture.xml:7742
 msgid "copies as core issue of"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  f16 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7468
+#: freeculture.xml:7475
 msgid ""
 "This is a simplification of the law, but not much of one. The law certainly "
 "regulates more than <quote>copies</quote>&mdash;a public performance of a "
@@ -10742,7 +10778,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7463
+#: freeculture.xml:7470
 msgid ""
 "Whereas originally the law regulated only publishers, the change in "
 "copyright's scope means that the law today regulates publishers, users, and "
@@ -10752,13 +10788,13 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7479
+#: freeculture.xml:7486
 msgid "other property rights vs."
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 151 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7482
+#: freeculture.xml:7489
 msgid ""
 "<quote>Copies.</quote> That certainly sounds like the obvious thing for "
 "<emphasis>copy</emphasis>right law to regulate. But as with Jack Valenti's "
@@ -10774,7 +10810,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f17 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7501
+#: freeculture.xml:7508
 msgid ""
 "Thus, my argument is not that in each place that copyright law extends, we "
 "should repeal it. It is instead that we should have a good argument for its "
@@ -10783,7 +10819,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7496
+#: freeculture.xml:7503
 msgid ""
 "This is perhaps the central claim of this book, so let me take this very "
 "slowly so that the point is not easily missed. My claim is that the Internet "
@@ -10795,42 +10831,42 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7514
+#: freeculture.xml:7521
 msgid ""
 "We can see this point abstractly by beginning with this largely empty "
 "circle."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7518
+#: freeculture.xml:7525
 msgid "All potential uses of a book."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7519
+#: freeculture.xml:7526
 msgid ""
 "<graphic fileref=\"images/1521.svg\" align=\"center\" "
 "width=\"50%\"></graphic>"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7521
+#: freeculture.xml:7528
 msgid "three types of uses of"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7523
+#: freeculture.xml:7530
 msgid "copyright applicability altered by technology of"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7524
+#: freeculture.xml:7531
 msgid "copyright intent altered by"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 152 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7529
+#: freeculture.xml:7536
 msgid ""
 "Think about a book in real space, and imagine this circle to represent all "
 "its potential <emphasis>uses</emphasis>. Most of these uses are unregulated "
@@ -10845,19 +10881,19 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7542
+#: freeculture.xml:7549
 msgid "Examples of unregulated uses of a book."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7543
+#: freeculture.xml:7550
 msgid ""
 "<graphic fileref=\"images/1531.svg\" align=\"center\" "
 "width=\"50%\"></graphic>"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7546
+#: freeculture.xml:7553
 msgid ""
 "Obviously, however, some uses of a copyrighted book are regulated by "
 "copyright law. Republishing the book, for example, makes a copy. It is "
@@ -10868,28 +10904,28 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7558
+#: freeculture.xml:7565
 msgid ""
 "Finally, there is a tiny sliver of otherwise regulated copying uses that "
 "remain unregulated because the law considers these <quote>fair uses.</quote>"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7563
+#: freeculture.xml:7570
 msgid ""
 "Republishing stands at the core of this circle of possible uses of a "
 "copyrighted work."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7564
+#: freeculture.xml:7571
 msgid ""
 "<graphic fileref=\"images/1541.png\" align=\"center\" "
 "width=\"50%\"></graphic>"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7569
+#: freeculture.xml:7576
 msgid ""
 "These are uses that themselves involve copying, but which the law treats as "
 "unregulated because public policy demands that they remain unregulated.  You "
@@ -10902,26 +10938,26 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7579
+#: freeculture.xml:7586
 msgid "Unregulated copying considered <quote>fair uses.</quote>"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7580
+#: freeculture.xml:7587
 msgid ""
 "<graphic fileref=\"images/1542.png\" align=\"center\" "
 "width=\"50%\"></graphic>"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7584
+#: freeculture.xml:7591
 msgid ""
 "Uses that before were presumptively unregulated are now presumptively "
 "regulated."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7585
+#: freeculture.xml:7592
 msgid ""
 "<graphic fileref=\"images/1551.png\" align=\"center\" "
 "width=\"50%\"></graphic>"
@@ -10929,7 +10965,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 154 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7590
+#: freeculture.xml:7597
 msgid ""
 "In real space, then, the possible uses of a book are divided into three "
 "sorts: (1) unregulated uses, (2) regulated uses, and (3) regulated uses that "
@@ -10938,18 +10974,18 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7595 freeculture.xml:7879 freeculture.xml:10143
+#: freeculture.xml:7602 freeculture.xml:7886 freeculture.xml:10150
 msgid "on Internet"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7597 freeculture.xml:7674
+#: freeculture.xml:7604 freeculture.xml:7681
 msgid "Internet burdens on"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  f18 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7602
+#: freeculture.xml:7609
 msgid ""
 "I don't mean <quote>nature</quote> in the sense that it couldn't be "
 "different, but rather that its present instantiation entails a copy. Optical "
@@ -10959,7 +10995,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7599
+#: freeculture.xml:7606
 msgid ""
 "Enter the Internet&mdash;a distributed, digital network where every use of a "
 "copyrighted work produces a copy.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> "
@@ -10976,7 +11012,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 155 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7622
+#: freeculture.xml:7629
 msgid ""
 "So let's be very specific to make this general point clear. Before the "
 "Internet, if you purchased a book and read it ten times, there would be no "
@@ -10989,17 +11025,17 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7633
+#: freeculture.xml:7640
 msgid "e-books"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7634
+#: freeculture.xml:7641
 msgid "technological developments and"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7636
+#: freeculture.xml:7643
 msgid ""
 "But the same book as an e-book is effectively governed by a different set of "
 "rules. Now if the copyright owner says you may read the book only once or "
@@ -11013,7 +11049,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7648
+#: freeculture.xml:7655
 msgid ""
 "There are some people who think this makes perfect sense. My aim just now is "
 "not to argue about whether it makes sense or not. My aim is only to make "
@@ -11022,7 +11058,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7654
+#: freeculture.xml:7661
 msgid ""
 "First, making category 1 disappear is not anything any policy maker ever "
 "intended. Congress did not think through the collapse of the presumptively "
@@ -11033,7 +11069,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7663
+#: freeculture.xml:7670
 msgid ""
 "Second, this shift is especially troubling in the context of transformative "
 "uses of creative content. Again, we can all understand the wrong in "
@@ -11047,13 +11083,13 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7676
+#: freeculture.xml:7683
 msgid "fair use vs."
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 156 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7678
+#: freeculture.xml:7685
 msgid ""
 "Third, this shift from category 1 to category 2 puts an extraordinary burden "
 "on category 3 (<quote>fair use</quote>) that fair use never before had to "
@@ -11067,7 +11103,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7697
+#: freeculture.xml:7704
 msgid ""
 "This point about fair use is totally ignored, even by advocates for free "
 "culture. We have been cornered into arguing that our rights depend upon fair "
@@ -11079,22 +11115,22 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7713
+#: freeculture.xml:7720
 msgid "Video Pipeline"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7715 freeculture.xml:15270
+#: freeculture.xml:7722 freeculture.xml:15277
 msgid "film industry"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7715
+#: freeculture.xml:7722
 msgid "trailer advertisements of"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7717
+#: freeculture.xml:7724
 msgid ""
 "The case of Video Pipeline is a good example. Video Pipeline was in the "
 "business of making <quote>trailer</quote> advertisements for movies "
@@ -11104,12 +11140,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7723 freeculture.xml:7798 freeculture.xml:14016
+#: freeculture.xml:7730 freeculture.xml:7805 freeculture.xml:14023
 msgid "browsing"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7725
+#: freeculture.xml:7732
 msgid ""
 "The company did this for about fifteen years. Then, in 1997, it began to "
 "think about the Internet as another way to distribute these previews.  The "
@@ -11122,7 +11158,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 157 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7738
+#: freeculture.xml:7745
 msgid ""
 "In 1998, Video Pipeline informed Disney and other film distributors that it "
 "intended to distribute the trailers through the Internet (rather than "
@@ -11138,17 +11174,17 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7755
+#: freeculture.xml:7762
 msgid "willful infringement findings in"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7756
+#: freeculture.xml:7763
 msgid "willful infringement"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7758
+#: freeculture.xml:7765
 msgid ""
 "Disney countersued&mdash;for $100 million in damages. Those damages were "
 "predicated upon a claim that Video Pipeline had <quote>willfully "
@@ -11161,7 +11197,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7768
+#: freeculture.xml:7775
 msgid ""
 "Disney has the right to control its property, of course. But the video "
 "stores that were selling Disney's films also had some sort of right to be "
@@ -11173,12 +11209,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7776
+#: freeculture.xml:7783
 msgid "first-sale doctrine"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7778
+#: freeculture.xml:7785
 msgid ""
 "Now, you might think this is a close case, and I think the courts would "
 "consider it a close case. My point here is to map the change that gives "
@@ -11194,13 +11230,13 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7797
+#: freeculture.xml:7804
 msgid "Barnes &amp; Noble"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 158 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7802
+#: freeculture.xml:7809
 msgid ""
 "No doubt, a potential is not yet an abuse, and so the potential for control "
 "is not yet the abuse of control. Barnes &amp; Noble has the right to say you "
@@ -11217,7 +11253,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7817
+#: freeculture.xml:7824
 msgid ""
 "Again, my aim so far is simply to map the changes that this changed "
 "architecture enables. Enabling technology to enforce the control of "
@@ -11228,12 +11264,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7826
+#: freeculture.xml:7833
 msgid "Architecture and Law: Force"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7828
+#: freeculture.xml:7835
 msgid ""
 "The disappearance of unregulated uses would be change enough, but a second "
 "important change brought about by the Internet magnifies its "
@@ -11242,17 +11278,17 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7833
+#: freeculture.xml:7840
 msgid "technology as automatic enforcer of"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7834
+#: freeculture.xml:7841
 msgid "copyright enforcement controlled by"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7836
+#: freeculture.xml:7843
 msgid ""
 "In the world before digital technology, it was generally the law that "
 "controlled whether and how someone was regulated by copyright law.  The law, "
@@ -11262,18 +11298,18 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7843
+#: freeculture.xml:7850
 msgid "Casablanca"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7844 freeculture.xml:8015
+#: freeculture.xml:7851 freeculture.xml:8022
 msgid "Marx Brothers"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  f19 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7855
+#: freeculture.xml:7862
 msgid ""
 "See David Lange, <quote>Recognizing the Public Domain,</quote> "
 "<citetitle>Law and Contemporary Problems</citetitle> 44 (1981): "
@@ -11281,7 +11317,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7847
+#: freeculture.xml:7854
 msgid ""
 "There's a famous story about a battle between the Marx Brothers and Warner "
 "Brothers. The Marxes intended to make a parody of "
@@ -11292,14 +11328,14 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7864
+#: freeculture.xml:7871
 msgid ""
 "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Ibid. See also Vaidhyanathan, "
 "<citetitle>Copyrights and Copywrongs</citetitle>, 1&ndash;3."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7860
+#: freeculture.xml:7867
 msgid ""
 "This led the Marx Brothers to respond in kind. They warned Warner Brothers "
 "that the Marx Brothers <quote>were brothers long before you "
@@ -11311,7 +11347,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7874
+#: freeculture.xml:7881
 msgid ""
 "An absurd and hollow threat, of course, because Warner Brothers, like the "
 "Marx Brothers, knew that no court would ever enforce such a silly "
@@ -11320,7 +11356,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7881
+#: freeculture.xml:7888
 msgid ""
 "On the Internet, however, there is no check on silly rules, because on the "
 "Internet, increasingly, rules are enforced not by a human but by a machine: "
@@ -11332,17 +11368,17 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7893
+#: freeculture.xml:7900
 msgid "Adobe eBook Reader"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7895
+#: freeculture.xml:7902
 msgid "Consider the life of my Adobe eBook Reader."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7898
+#: freeculture.xml:7905
 msgid ""
 "An e-book is a book delivered in electronic form. An Adobe eBook is not a "
 "book that Adobe has published; Adobe simply produces the software that "
@@ -11351,13 +11387,13 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7905
+#: freeculture.xml:7912
 msgid "On the next page is a picture of an old version of my Adobe eBook Reader."
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 160 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7909
+#: freeculture.xml:7916
 msgid ""
 "As you can see, I have a small collection of e-books within this e-book "
 "library. Some of these books reproduce content that is in the public domain: "
@@ -11370,31 +11406,31 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7922
+#: freeculture.xml:7929
 msgid "Picture of an old version of Adobe eBook Reader"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7923
+#: freeculture.xml:7930
 msgid ""
 "<graphic fileref=\"images/1611.png\" align=\"center\" "
 "width=\"50%\"></graphic>"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7926
+#: freeculture.xml:7933
 msgid ""
 "If you click on the Permissions button, you'll see a list of the permissions "
 "that the publisher purports to grant with this book."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7930
+#: freeculture.xml:7937
 msgid "List of the permissions that the publisher purports to grant."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7931
+#: freeculture.xml:7938
 msgid ""
 "<graphic fileref=\"images/1612.png\" align=\"center\" "
 "width=\"50%\"></graphic>"
@@ -11402,7 +11438,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 161 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7935
+#: freeculture.xml:7942
 msgid ""
 "According to my eBook Reader, I have the permission to copy to the clipboard "
 "of the computer ten text selections every ten days. (So far, I've copied no "
@@ -11413,90 +11449,90 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7942
+#: freeculture.xml:7949
 msgid "Aristotle"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7943
+#: freeculture.xml:7950
 msgid "<citetitle>Politics</citetitle>, (Aristotle)"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7945
+#: freeculture.xml:7952
 msgid ""
 "Here's the e-book for another work in the public domain (including the "
 "translation): Aristotle's <citetitle>Politics</citetitle>."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7949
+#: freeculture.xml:7956
 msgid "E-book of Aristotle;s <quote>Politics</quote>"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7950
+#: freeculture.xml:7957
 msgid ""
 "<graphic fileref=\"images/1621.png\" align=\"center\" "
 "width=\"50%\"></graphic>"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7953
+#: freeculture.xml:7960
 msgid ""
 "According to its permissions, no printing or copying is permitted at "
 "all. But fortunately, you can use the Read Aloud button to hear the book."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7958
+#: freeculture.xml:7965
 msgid "List of the permissions for Aristotle;s <quote>Politics</quote>."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7959
+#: freeculture.xml:7966
 msgid ""
 "<graphic fileref=\"images/1622.png\" align=\"center\" "
 "width=\"50%\"></graphic>"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7961 freeculture.xml:9814
+#: freeculture.xml:7968 freeculture.xml:9821
 msgid "Future of Ideas, The (Lessig)"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7962 freeculture.xml:9815 freeculture.xml:11131 freeculture.xml:11177 freeculture.xml:13470
+#: freeculture.xml:7969 freeculture.xml:9822 freeculture.xml:11138 freeculture.xml:11184 freeculture.xml:13477
 msgid "Lessig, Lawrence"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7964
+#: freeculture.xml:7971
 msgid ""
 "Finally (and most embarrassingly), here are the permissions for the original "
 "e-book version of my last book, <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>:"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7970
+#: freeculture.xml:7977
 msgid "List of the permissions for <quote>The Future of Ideas</quote>."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7971
+#: freeculture.xml:7978
 msgid ""
 "<graphic fileref=\"images/1631.png\" align=\"center\" "
 "width=\"50%\"></graphic>"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7974
+#: freeculture.xml:7981
 msgid "No copying, no printing, and don't you dare try to listen to this book!"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  f21 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7984
+#: freeculture.xml:7991
 msgid ""
 "In principle, a contract might impose a requirement on me. I might, for "
 "example, buy a book from you that includes a contract that says I will read "
@@ -11507,7 +11543,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7977
+#: freeculture.xml:7984
 msgid ""
 "Now, the Adobe eBook Reader calls these controls "
 "<quote>permissions</quote>&mdash; as if the publisher has the power to "
@@ -11522,7 +11558,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7999
+#: freeculture.xml:8006
 msgid ""
 "The control comes instead from the code&mdash;from the technology within "
 "which the e-book <quote>lives.</quote> Though the e-book says that these are "
@@ -11542,7 +11578,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 163 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8019
+#: freeculture.xml:8026
 msgid ""
 "These are <emphasis>controls</emphasis>, not permissions. Imagine a world "
 "where the Marx Brothers sold word processing software that, when you tried "
@@ -11551,7 +11587,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8025
+#: freeculture.xml:8032
 msgid ""
 "This is the future of copyright law: not so much copyright "
 "<emphasis>law</emphasis> as copyright <emphasis>code</emphasis>. The "
@@ -11563,7 +11599,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8034
+#: freeculture.xml:8041
 msgid ""
 "How significant is this? Isn't it always possible to get around the controls "
 "built into the technology? Software used to be sold with technologies that "
@@ -11573,24 +11609,24 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8041
+#: freeculture.xml:8048
 msgid ""
 "We've only scratched the surface of this story. Return to the Adobe eBook "
 "Reader."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8044
+#: freeculture.xml:8051
 msgid "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (Carroll)"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8045
+#: freeculture.xml:8052
 msgid "e-book restrictions on"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8047
+#: freeculture.xml:8054
 msgid ""
 "Early in the life of the Adobe eBook Reader, Adobe suffered a public "
 "relations nightmare. Among the books that you could download for free on the "
@@ -11600,19 +11636,19 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:8055
+#: freeculture.xml:8062
 msgid "List of the permissions for <quote>Alice's Adventures in Wonderland</quote>."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:8057
+#: freeculture.xml:8064
 msgid ""
 "<graphic fileref=\"images/1641.png\" align=\"center\" "
 "width=\"50%\"></graphic>"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8061
+#: freeculture.xml:8068
 msgid ""
 "Here was a public domain children's book that you were not allowed to copy, "
 "not allowed to lend, not allowed to give, and, as the "
@@ -11621,7 +11657,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8066
+#: freeculture.xml:8073
 msgid ""
 "The public relations nightmare attached to that final permission.  For the "
 "text did not say that you were not permitted to use the Read Aloud button; "
@@ -11632,7 +11668,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8074
+#: freeculture.xml:8081
 msgid ""
 "Adobe responded quickly that it was absurd to think that it was trying to "
 "restrict the right to read a book aloud. Obviously it was only restricting "
@@ -11647,7 +11683,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8089
+#: freeculture.xml:8096
 msgid ""
 "The point is not to blame Adobe. Indeed, Adobe is among the most innovative "
 "companies developing strategies to balance open access to content with "
@@ -11657,34 +11693,34 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8099
+#: freeculture.xml:8106
 msgid ""
 "To see the point in a particularly absurd context, consider a favorite story "
 "of mine that makes the same point."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8102 freeculture.xml:8246 freeculture.xml:8311 freeculture.xml:8419
+#: freeculture.xml:8109 freeculture.xml:8253 freeculture.xml:8318 freeculture.xml:8426
 msgid "Aibo robotic dog"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8103 freeculture.xml:8247 freeculture.xml:8312 freeculture.xml:8420
+#: freeculture.xml:8110 freeculture.xml:8254 freeculture.xml:8319 freeculture.xml:8427
 msgid "robotic dog"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8104 freeculture.xml:8248 freeculture.xml:8313 freeculture.xml:8421
+#: freeculture.xml:8111 freeculture.xml:8255 freeculture.xml:8320 freeculture.xml:8428
 msgid "Sony"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8104 freeculture.xml:8248 freeculture.xml:8313 freeculture.xml:8421
+#: freeculture.xml:8111 freeculture.xml:8255 freeculture.xml:8320 freeculture.xml:8428
 msgid "Aibo robotic dog produced by"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8106
+#: freeculture.xml:8113
 msgid ""
 "Consider the robotic dog made by Sony named <quote>Aibo.</quote> The Aibo "
 "learns tricks, cuddles, and follows you around. It eats only electricity and "
@@ -11693,7 +11729,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 165
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8111
+#: freeculture.xml:8118
 msgid ""
 "The Aibo is expensive and popular. Fans from around the world have set up "
 "clubs to trade stories. One fan in particular set up a Web site to enable "
@@ -11704,7 +11740,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8120
+#: freeculture.xml:8127
 msgid ""
 "<quote>Teach</quote> here has a special meaning. Aibos are just cute "
 "computers.  You teach a computer how to do something by programming it "
@@ -11715,12 +11751,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8127
+#: freeculture.xml:8134
 msgid "hacks"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8129
+#: freeculture.xml:8136
 msgid ""
 "If you're not a programmer or don't know many programmers, the word "
 "<citetitle>hack</citetitle> has a particularly unfriendly "
@@ -11736,7 +11772,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8143
+#: freeculture.xml:8150
 msgid ""
 "Some hacks are easy. Some are unbelievably hard. Hackers as a community like "
 "to challenge themselves and others with increasingly difficult "
@@ -11746,7 +11782,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8150
+#: freeculture.xml:8157
 msgid ""
 "The Aibo fan was displaying a bit of both when he hacked the program and "
 "offered to the world a bit of code that would enable the Aibo to dance "
@@ -11757,7 +11793,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 166 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8160
+#: freeculture.xml:8167
 msgid ""
 "I've told this story in many contexts, both inside and outside the United "
 "States. Once I was asked by a puzzled member of the audience, is it "
@@ -11772,12 +11808,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8175
+#: freeculture.xml:8182
 msgid "government case against"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8177
+#: freeculture.xml:8184
 msgid ""
 "Let's put the dog to sleep for a minute, and turn to a pony show&mdash; not "
 "literally a pony show, but rather a paper that a Princeton academic named Ed "
@@ -11791,12 +11827,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8200 freeculture.xml:10769
+#: freeculture.xml:8207 freeculture.xml:10776
 msgid "Electronic Frontier Foundation"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8190
+#: freeculture.xml:8197
 msgid ""
 "See Pamela Samuelson, <quote>Anticircumvention Rules: Threat to "
 "Science,</quote> <citetitle>Science</citetitle> 293 (2001): 2028; Brendan "
@@ -11815,7 +11851,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8188
+#: freeculture.xml:8195
 msgid ""
 "But Felten's bravery was really tested in April 2001.<placeholder "
 "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> He and a group of colleagues were working on a "
@@ -11825,7 +11861,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8208
+#: freeculture.xml:8215
 msgid ""
 "The SDMI coalition had as its goal a technology to enable content owners to "
 "exercise much better control over their content than the Internet, as it "
@@ -11837,7 +11873,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8218
+#: freeculture.xml:8225
 msgid ""
 "When SDMI thought it was close to a standard, it set up a competition.  In "
 "exchange for providing contestants with the code to an SDMI-encrypted bit of "
@@ -11847,7 +11883,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 167 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8225
+#: freeculture.xml:8232
 msgid ""
 "Felten and his team figured out the encryption system quickly. He and the "
 "team saw the weakness of this system as a type: Many encryption systems "
@@ -11856,7 +11892,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8231
+#: freeculture.xml:8238
 msgid ""
 "Let's review just what Felten was doing. Again, this is the United "
 "States. We have a principle of free speech. We have this principle not just "
@@ -11867,7 +11903,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8239
+#: freeculture.xml:8246
 msgid ""
 "What Felten and his colleagues were doing was publishing a paper describing "
 "the weakness in a technology. They were not spreading free music, or "
@@ -11877,7 +11913,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8250
+#: freeculture.xml:8257
 msgid ""
 "What links these two, aibopet.com and Felten, is the letters they then "
 "received. Aibopet.com received a letter from Sony about the aibopet.com "
@@ -11885,7 +11921,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8257
+#: freeculture.xml:8264
 msgid ""
 "Your site contains information providing the means to circumvent AIBO-ware's "
 "copy protection protocol constituting a violation of the anti-circumvention "
@@ -11893,7 +11929,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8266
+#: freeculture.xml:8273
 msgid ""
 "And though an academic paper describing the weakness in a system of "
 "encryption should also be perfectly legal, Felten received a letter from an "
@@ -11902,7 +11938,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 168 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8272
+#: freeculture.xml:8279
 msgid ""
 "Any disclosure of information gained from participating in the Public "
 "Challenge would be outside the scope of activities permitted by the "
@@ -11911,7 +11947,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8280
+#: freeculture.xml:8287
 msgid ""
 "In both cases, this weirdly Orwellian law was invoked to control the spread "
 "of information. The Digital Millennium Copyright Act made spreading such "
@@ -11919,7 +11955,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8285
+#: freeculture.xml:8292
 msgid ""
 "The DMCA was enacted as a response to copyright owners' first fear about "
 "cyberspace. The fear was that copyright control was effectively dead; the "
@@ -11932,7 +11968,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8296
+#: freeculture.xml:8303
 msgid ""
 "The DMCA was a bit of law intended to back up the protection of this code "
 "designed to protect copyrighted material. It was, we could say, "
@@ -11942,7 +11978,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8303
+#: freeculture.xml:8310
 msgid ""
 "But the DMCA was not designed merely to protect copyrighted works to the "
 "extent copyright law protected them. Its protection, that is, did not end at "
@@ -11954,7 +11990,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 169 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8315
+#: freeculture.xml:8322
 msgid ""
 "Aibopet.com and Felten make the point. The Aibo hack circumvented a "
 "copyright protection system for the purpose of enabling the dog to dance "
@@ -11968,7 +12004,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8327
+#: freeculture.xml:8334
 msgid ""
 "The threat against Felten was more attenuated, but it followed the same line "
 "of reasoning. By publishing a paper describing how a copyright protection "
@@ -11979,17 +12015,17 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8334 freeculture.xml:8369
+#: freeculture.xml:8341 freeculture.xml:8376
 msgid "Rogers, Fred"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8345 freeculture.xml:8382 freeculture.xml:8408
+#: freeculture.xml:8352 freeculture.xml:8389 freeculture.xml:8415
 msgid "Conrad, Paul"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8337
+#: freeculture.xml:8344
 msgid ""
 "The bizarreness of these arguments is captured in a cartoon drawn in 1981 by "
 "Paul Conrad. At that time, a court in California had held that the VCR could "
@@ -12002,7 +12038,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8364
+#: freeculture.xml:8371
 msgid ""
 "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <citetitle>Sony Corporation of "
 "America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal City Studios, Inc</citetitle>., "
@@ -12013,7 +12049,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8349
+#: freeculture.xml:8356
 msgid ""
 "Some public stations, as well as commercial stations, program the "
 "<quote>Neighborhood</quote> at hours when some children cannot use it. I "
@@ -12033,7 +12069,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 170 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8375
+#: freeculture.xml:8382
 msgid ""
 "Even though there were uses that were legal, because there were some uses "
 "that were illegal, the court held the companies producing the VCR "
@@ -12041,19 +12077,19 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8380
+#: freeculture.xml:8387
 msgid ""
 "This led Conrad to draw the cartoon below, which we can adopt to the DMCA.  "
 "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8385
+#: freeculture.xml:8392
 msgid "No argument I have can top this picture, but let me try to get close."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8388
+#: freeculture.xml:8395
 msgid ""
 "The anticircumvention provisions of the DMCA target copyright circumvention "
 "technologies. Circumvention technologies can be used for different "
@@ -12064,13 +12100,13 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8395
+#: freeculture.xml:8402
 msgid "handguns"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 171 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8397
+#: freeculture.xml:8404
 msgid ""
 "A handgun can be used to shoot a police officer or a child. Most would agree "
 "such a use is bad. Or a handgun can be used for target practice or to "
@@ -12079,19 +12115,19 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:8405
+#: freeculture.xml:8412
 msgid "VCR/handgun cartoon."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:8406
+#: freeculture.xml:8413
 msgid ""
 "<graphic fileref=\"images/1711.png\" align=\"center\" "
 "width=\"70%\"></graphic>"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8410
+#: freeculture.xml:8417
 msgid ""
 "The obvious point of Conrad's cartoon is the weirdness of a world where guns "
 "are legal, despite the harm they can do, while VCRs (and circumvention "
@@ -12102,7 +12138,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8423
+#: freeculture.xml:8430
 msgid ""
 "The Aibo and RIAA examples demonstrate how copyright owners are changing the "
 "balance that copyright law grants. Using code, copyright owners restrict "
@@ -12113,7 +12149,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8431
+#: freeculture.xml:8438
 msgid ""
 "This is how <emphasis>code</emphasis> becomes <emphasis>law</emphasis>. The "
 "controls built into the technology of copy and access protection become "
@@ -12127,7 +12163,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8443
+#: freeculture.xml:8450
 msgid ""
 "There is one final aspect of the interaction between architecture and law "
 "that contributes to the force of copyright's regulation. This is the ease "
@@ -12142,7 +12178,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f24 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8462
+#: freeculture.xml:8469
 msgid ""
 "For an early and prescient analysis, see Rebecca Tushnet, <quote>Legal "
 "Fictions, Copyright, Fan Fiction, and a New Common Law,</quote> "
@@ -12151,7 +12187,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8456
+#: freeculture.xml:8463
 msgid ""
 "For example, imagine you were part of a <citetitle>Star Trek</citetitle> fan "
 "club. You gathered every month to share trivia, and maybe to enact a kind of "
@@ -12161,7 +12197,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8468
+#: freeculture.xml:8475
 msgid ""
 "Before the Internet, this was, in effect, a totally unregulated activity.  "
 "No matter what happened inside your club room, you would never be interfered "
@@ -12171,7 +12207,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8476
+#: freeculture.xml:8483
 msgid ""
 "But if you moved your club onto the Internet, and made it generally "
 "available for others to join, the story would be very different. Bots "
@@ -12184,7 +12220,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8486
+#: freeculture.xml:8493
 msgid ""
 "This change in the effective force of the law is caused by a change in the "
 "ease with which the law can be enforced. That change too shifts the law's "
@@ -12195,13 +12231,13 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:8495
+#: freeculture.xml:8502
 msgid "Market: Concentration"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 173 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8497
+#: freeculture.xml:8504
 msgid ""
 "So copyright's duration has increased dramatically&mdash;tripled in the past "
 "thirty years. And copyright's scope has increased as well&mdash;from "
@@ -12219,7 +12255,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8515
+#: freeculture.xml:8522
 msgid ""
 "Still, in my view, all of these changes would not matter much if it weren't "
 "for one more change that we must also consider. This is a change that is in "
@@ -12229,7 +12265,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8522
+#: freeculture.xml:8529
 msgid ""
 "This is the change in the concentration and integration of the media.  In "
 "the past twenty years, the nature of media ownership has undergone a radical "
@@ -12242,38 +12278,38 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8533
+#: freeculture.xml:8540
 msgid "These changes are of two sorts: the scope of concentration, and its nature."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8537
+#: freeculture.xml:8544
 msgid "BMG"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8538 freeculture.xml:9924
+#: freeculture.xml:8545 freeculture.xml:9931
 msgid "EMI"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8539
+#: freeculture.xml:8546
 msgid "McCain, John"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8540 freeculture.xml:9931
+#: freeculture.xml:8547 freeculture.xml:9938
 msgid "Universal Music Group"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8541
+#: freeculture.xml:8548
 msgid "Warner Music Group"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  f25 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8547
+#: freeculture.xml:8554
 msgid ""
 "FCC Oversight: Hearing Before the Senate Commerce, Science and "
 "Transportation Committee, 108th Cong., 1st sess. (22 May 2003)  (statement "
@@ -12282,7 +12318,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f26 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8554
+#: freeculture.xml:8561
 msgid ""
 "Lynette Holloway, <quote>Despite a Marketing Blitz, CD Sales Continue to "
 "Slide,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 23 December 2002."
@@ -12290,14 +12326,14 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f27 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8560
+#: freeculture.xml:8567
 msgid ""
 "Molly Ivins, <quote>Media Consolidation Must Be Stopped,</quote> "
 "<citetitle>Charleston Gazette</citetitle>, 31 May 2003."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8543
+#: freeculture.xml:8550
 msgid ""
 "Changes in scope are the easier ones to describe. As Senator John McCain "
 "summarized the data produced in the FCC's review of media ownership, "
@@ -12312,7 +12348,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 174 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8565
+#: freeculture.xml:8572
 msgid ""
 "The story with radio is even more dramatic. Before deregulation, the "
 "nation's largest radio broadcasting conglomerate owned fewer than "
@@ -12325,7 +12361,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8577
+#: freeculture.xml:8584
 msgid ""
 "Newspaper ownership is becoming more concentrated as well.  Today, there are "
 "six hundred fewer daily newspapers in the United States than there were "
@@ -12339,12 +12375,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8587 freeculture.xml:8608
+#: freeculture.xml:8594 freeculture.xml:8615
 msgid "Fallows, James"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8589
+#: freeculture.xml:8596
 msgid ""
 "Concentration in size alone is one thing. The more invidious change is in "
 "the nature of that concentration. As author James Fallows put it in a recent "
@@ -12352,7 +12388,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8606
+#: freeculture.xml:8613
 msgid ""
 "James Fallows, <quote>The Age of Murdoch,</quote> <citetitle>Atlantic "
 "Monthly</citetitle> (September 2003): 89.  <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
@@ -12360,7 +12396,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8595
+#: freeculture.xml:8602
 msgid ""
 "Murdoch's companies now constitute a production system unmatched in its "
 "integration. They supply content&mdash;Fox movies &hellip; Fox TV shows "
@@ -12375,7 +12411,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8613
+#: freeculture.xml:8620
 msgid ""
 "The pattern with Murdoch is the pattern of modern media. Not just large "
 "companies owning many radio stations, but a few companies owning as many "
@@ -12384,12 +12420,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:8619
+#: freeculture.xml:8626
 msgid "Pattern of modern media ownership."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:8620
+#: freeculture.xml:8627
 msgid ""
 "<graphic fileref=\"images/1761.png\" align=\"center\" "
 "width=\"90%\"></graphic>"
@@ -12397,7 +12433,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 175 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8624
+#: freeculture.xml:8631
 msgid ""
 "Does this concentration matter? Will it affect what is made, or what is "
 "distributed? Or is it merely a more efficient way to produce and distribute "
@@ -12405,7 +12441,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8629
+#: freeculture.xml:8636
 msgid ""
 "My view was that concentration wouldn't matter. I thought it was nothing "
 "more than a more efficient financial structure. But now, after reading and "
@@ -12414,24 +12450,24 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8635
+#: freeculture.xml:8642
 msgid ""
 "Here's a representative story that begins to suggest how this integration "
 "may matter."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8638
+#: freeculture.xml:8645
 msgid "Lear, Norman"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8640 freeculture.xml:8703
+#: freeculture.xml:8647 freeculture.xml:8710
 msgid "All in the Family"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8642
+#: freeculture.xml:8649
 msgid ""
 "In 1969, Norman Lear created a pilot for <citetitle>All in the "
 "Family</citetitle>. He took the pilot to ABC. The network didn't like it. It "
@@ -12442,7 +12478,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f29 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8654
+#: freeculture.xml:8661
 msgid ""
 "Leonard Hill, <quote>The Axis of Access,</quote> remarks before Weidenbaum "
 "Center Forum, <quote>Entertainment Economics: The Movie Industry,</quote> "
@@ -12453,7 +12489,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8649
+#: freeculture.xml:8656
 msgid ""
 "Rather than comply, Lear simply took the show elsewhere. CBS was happy to "
 "have the series; ABC could not stop Lear from walking.  The copyrights that "
@@ -12463,7 +12499,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 176 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8665
+#: freeculture.xml:8672
 msgid ""
 "The network did not control those copyrights because the law forbade the "
 "networks from controlling the content they syndicated. The law required a "
@@ -12475,7 +12511,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f30 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8684
+#: freeculture.xml:8691
 msgid ""
 "NewsCorp./DirecTV Merger and Media Consolidation: Hearings on Media "
 "Ownership Before the Senate Commerce Committee, 108th Cong., 1st "
@@ -12487,7 +12523,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8674
+#: freeculture.xml:8681
 msgid ""
 "In 1994, the FCC abandoned the rules that required this independence.  After "
 "that change, the networks quickly changed the balance.  In 1985, there were "
@@ -12506,7 +12542,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8705
+#: freeculture.xml:8712
 msgid ""
 "Today, another Norman Lear with another <citetitle>All in the "
 "Family</citetitle> would find that he had the choice either to make the show "
@@ -12515,17 +12551,17 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8710
+#: freeculture.xml:8717
 msgid "Diller, Barry"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8711
+#: freeculture.xml:8718
 msgid "Moyers, Bill"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8713
+#: freeculture.xml:8720
 msgid ""
 "While the number of channels has increased dramatically, the ownership of "
 "those channels has narrowed to an ever smaller and smaller few. As Barry "
@@ -12534,7 +12570,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f32 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8728
+#: freeculture.xml:8735
 msgid ""
 "<quote>Barry Diller Takes on Media Deregulation,</quote> <citetitle>Now with "
 "Bill Moyers</citetitle>, Bill Moyers, 25 April 2003, edited transcript "
@@ -12542,7 +12578,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8719
+#: freeculture.xml:8726
 msgid ""
 "Well, if you have companies that produce, that finance, that air on their "
 "channel and then distribute worldwide everything that goes through their "
@@ -12553,7 +12589,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8735
+#: freeculture.xml:8742
 msgid ""
 "This narrowing has an effect on what is produced. The product of such large "
 "and concentrated networks is increasingly homogenous.  Increasingly "
@@ -12567,13 +12603,13 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8746
+#: freeculture.xml:8753
 msgid "Clark, Kim B."
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  f33 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8755
+#: freeculture.xml:8762
 msgid ""
 "Clayton M. Christensen, <citetitle>The Innovator's Dilemma: The "
 "Revolutionary National Bestseller that Changed the Way We Do "
@@ -12589,7 +12625,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8748
+#: freeculture.xml:8755
 msgid ""
 "Economics itself offers a parallel that explains why this integration "
 "affects creativity. Clay Christensen has written about the "
@@ -12604,7 +12640,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8772
+#: freeculture.xml:8779
 msgid ""
 "I don't think we know enough about the economics of the media market to say "
 "with certainty what concentration and integration will do. The efficiencies "
@@ -12612,14 +12648,14 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8778
+#: freeculture.xml:8785
 msgid ""
 "But there is a quintessentially obvious example that does strongly suggest "
 "the concern."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8782
+#: freeculture.xml:8789
 msgid ""
 "In addition to the copyright wars, we're in the middle of the drug "
 "wars. Government policy is strongly directed against the drug cartels; "
@@ -12628,7 +12664,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 178 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8787
+#: freeculture.xml:8794
 msgid ""
 "Let me hereby disqualify myself from any possible appointment to any "
 "position in government by saying I believe this war is a profound mistake. I "
@@ -12646,7 +12682,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8806
+#: freeculture.xml:8813
 msgid ""
 "You may not be convinced. That's fine. We live in a democracy, and it is "
 "through votes that we are to choose policy. But to do that, we depend "
@@ -12654,12 +12690,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8814
+#: freeculture.xml:8821
 msgid "Nick and Norm anti-drug campaign"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8816
+#: freeculture.xml:8823
 msgid ""
 "Beginning in 1998, the Office of National Drug Control Policy launched a "
 "media campaign as part of the <quote>war on drugs.</quote> The campaign "
@@ -12674,14 +12710,14 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8828
+#: freeculture.xml:8835
 msgid ""
 "Fair enough. It's a good ad. Not terribly misleading. It delivers its "
 "message well. It's a fair and reasonable message."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8832
+#: freeculture.xml:8839
 msgid ""
 "But let's say you think it is a wrong message, and you'd like to run a "
 "countercommercial. Say you want to run a series of ads that try to "
@@ -12691,7 +12727,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 179 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8838
+#: freeculture.xml:8845
 msgid ""
 "Well, obviously, these ads cost lots of money. Assume you raise the "
 "money. Assume a group of concerned citizens donates all the money in the "
@@ -12700,42 +12736,42 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8846
+#: freeculture.xml:8853
 msgid "on television advertising bans"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8847
+#: freeculture.xml:8854
 msgid "controversy avoided by"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8860
+#: freeculture.xml:8867
 msgid "Comcast"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8861
+#: freeculture.xml:8868
 msgid "Marijuana Policy Project"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8862
+#: freeculture.xml:8869
 msgid "NBC"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8863
+#: freeculture.xml:8870
 msgid "WJOA"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8864
+#: freeculture.xml:8871
 msgid "WRC"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8859
+#: freeculture.xml:8866
 msgid ""
 "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
 "id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder "
@@ -12769,7 +12805,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8849
+#: freeculture.xml:8856
 msgid ""
 "No. You cannot. Television stations have a general policy of avoiding "
 "<quote>controversial</quote> ads. Ads sponsored by the government are deemed "
@@ -12783,7 +12819,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8898
+#: freeculture.xml:8905
 msgid ""
 "I'd be happy to defend the networks' rights, as well&mdash;if we lived in a "
 "media market that was truly diverse. But concentration in the media throws "
@@ -12796,12 +12832,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:8911
+#: freeculture.xml:8918
 msgid "Together"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8913
+#: freeculture.xml:8920
 msgid ""
 "There is something innocent and obvious about the claim of the copyright "
 "warriors that the government should <quote>protect my property.</quote> In "
@@ -12811,7 +12847,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 180 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8919
+#: freeculture.xml:8926
 msgid ""
 "But when we see how dramatically this <quote>property</quote> has "
 "changed&mdash; when we recognize how it might now interact with both "
@@ -12826,7 +12862,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8935
+#: freeculture.xml:8942
 msgid ""
 "Not starkly. Or absolutely. My point is not that we should abolish copyright "
 "or go back to the eighteenth century. That would be a total mistake, "
@@ -12835,7 +12871,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8941
+#: freeculture.xml:8948
 msgid ""
 "But there is a space between zero and one, Internet culture "
 "notwithstanding.  And these massive shifts in the effective power of "
@@ -12849,7 +12885,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8953
+#: freeculture.xml:8960
 msgid ""
 "Copyright law has not been a rock of Gibraltar. It's not a set of constant "
 "commitments that, for some mysterious reason, teenagers and geeks now "
@@ -12864,7 +12900,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 181 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8965
+#: freeculture.xml:8972
 msgid ""
 "For the single point that is lost in this war on pirates is a point that we "
 "see only after surveying the range of these changes. When you add together "
@@ -12875,7 +12911,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8989
+#: freeculture.xml:8996
 msgid ""
 "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Siva Vaidhyanathan captures a "
 "similar point in his <quote>four surrenders</quote> of copyright law in the "
@@ -12883,7 +12919,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8974
+#: freeculture.xml:8981
 msgid ""
 "Not when copyrights were perpetual, for when copyrights were perpetual, they "
 "affected only that precise creative work. Not when only publishers had the "
@@ -12901,14 +12937,14 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8995
+#: freeculture.xml:9002
 msgid ""
 "<emphasis role='strong'>This has been</emphasis> a long chapter. Its point "
 "can now be briefly stated."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8999
+#: freeculture.xml:9006
 msgid ""
 "At the start of this book, I distinguished between commercial and "
 "noncommercial culture. In the course of this chapter, I have distinguished "
@@ -12918,38 +12954,38 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:9011 freeculture.xml:9048
+#: freeculture.xml:9018 freeculture.xml:9055
 msgid "PUBLISH"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:9012 freeculture.xml:9049 freeculture.xml:9087 freeculture.xml:9119
+#: freeculture.xml:9019 freeculture.xml:9056 freeculture.xml:9094 freeculture.xml:9126
 msgid "TRANSFORM"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:9017 freeculture.xml:9054 freeculture.xml:9092 freeculture.xml:9124
+#: freeculture.xml:9024 freeculture.xml:9061 freeculture.xml:9099 freeculture.xml:9131
 msgid "Commercial"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:9018 freeculture.xml:9055 freeculture.xml:9056 freeculture.xml:9093 freeculture.xml:9094 freeculture.xml:9125 freeculture.xml:9126 freeculture.xml:9130 freeculture.xml:9131
+#: freeculture.xml:9025 freeculture.xml:9062 freeculture.xml:9063 freeculture.xml:9100 freeculture.xml:9101 freeculture.xml:9132 freeculture.xml:9133 freeculture.xml:9137 freeculture.xml:9138
 msgid "&copy;"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:9019 freeculture.xml:9023 freeculture.xml:9024 freeculture.xml:9060 freeculture.xml:9061 freeculture.xml:9099
+#: freeculture.xml:9026 freeculture.xml:9030 freeculture.xml:9031 freeculture.xml:9067 freeculture.xml:9068 freeculture.xml:9106
 msgid "Free"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:9022 freeculture.xml:9059 freeculture.xml:9097 freeculture.xml:9129
+#: freeculture.xml:9029 freeculture.xml:9066 freeculture.xml:9104 freeculture.xml:9136
 msgid "Noncommercial"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 182 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9031
+#: freeculture.xml:9038
 msgid ""
 "The act of publishing a map, chart, and book was regulated by copyright "
 "law. Nothing else was. Transformations were free. And as copyright attached "
@@ -12959,12 +12995,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9040
+#: freeculture.xml:9047
 msgid "By the end of the nineteenth century, the law had changed to this:"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9068
+#: freeculture.xml:9075
 msgid ""
 "Derivative works were now regulated by copyright law&mdash;if published, "
 "which again, given the economics of publishing at the time, means if offered "
@@ -12973,7 +13009,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9074
+#: freeculture.xml:9081
 msgid ""
 "In 1909 the law changed to regulate copies, not publishing, and after this "
 "change, the scope of the law was tied to technology. As the technology of "
@@ -12983,17 +13019,17 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:9086 freeculture.xml:9118
+#: freeculture.xml:9093 freeculture.xml:9125
 msgid "COPY"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:9098
+#: freeculture.xml:9105
 msgid "&copy;/Free"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9106
+#: freeculture.xml:9113
 msgid ""
 "The law was interpreted to reach noncommercial copying through, say, copy "
 "machines, but still much of copying outside of the commercial market "
@@ -13004,7 +13040,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 183 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9138
+#: freeculture.xml:9145
 msgid ""
 "Every realm is governed by copyright law, whereas before most creativity was "
 "not. The law now regulates the full range of creativity&mdash; commercial or "
@@ -13013,7 +13049,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9146
+#: freeculture.xml:9153
 msgid ""
 "Obviously, copyright law is not the enemy. The enemy is regulation that does "
 "no good. So the question that we should be asking just now is whether "
@@ -13022,7 +13058,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9152
+#: freeculture.xml:9159
 msgid ""
 "I have no doubt that it does good in regulating commercial copying.  But I "
 "also have no doubt that it does more harm than good when regulating (as it "
@@ -13036,12 +13072,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9170
+#: freeculture.xml:9177
 msgid "legal realist movement"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9170
+#: freeculture.xml:9177
 msgid ""
 "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> It was the single most important "
 "contribution of the legal realist movement to demonstrate that all property "
@@ -13052,7 +13088,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9164
+#: freeculture.xml:9171
 msgid ""
 "The issue is therefore not simply whether copyright is property. Of course "
 "copyright is a kind of <quote>property,</quote> and of course, as with any "
@@ -13070,7 +13106,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 184 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9189
+#: freeculture.xml:9196
 msgid ""
 "We achieved that free culture because our law respected important limits on "
 "the scope of the interests protected by <quote>property.</quote> The very "
@@ -13094,7 +13130,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9212
+#: freeculture.xml:9219
 msgid ""
 "Free culture is increasingly the casualty in this war on piracy. In response "
 "to a real, if not yet quantified, threat that the technologies of the "
@@ -13109,33 +13145,33 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:9229
+#: freeculture.xml:9236
 msgid "PUZZLES"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:9233
+#: freeculture.xml:9240
 msgid "CHAPTER ELEVEN: Chimera"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9234
+#: freeculture.xml:9241
 msgid "chimeras"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9235
+#: freeculture.xml:9242
 msgid "Wells, H. G."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9236
+#: freeculture.xml:9243
 msgid "<quote>Country of the Blind, The</quote> (Wells)"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  f1. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9244
+#: freeculture.xml:9251
 msgid ""
 "H. G. Wells, <quote>The Country of the Blind</quote> (1904, 1911). See "
 "H. G. Wells, <citetitle>The Country of the Blind and Other "
@@ -13144,7 +13180,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9239
+#: freeculture.xml:9246
 msgid ""
 "<emphasis role='strong'>In a well-known</emphasis> short story by "
 "H. G. Wells, a mountain climber named Nunez trips (literally, down an ice "
@@ -13159,7 +13195,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9256
+#: freeculture.xml:9263
 msgid ""
 "Things don't go quite as he planned. He tries to explain the idea of sight "
 "to the villagers. They don't understand. He tells them they are "
@@ -13174,7 +13210,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 187 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9268
+#: freeculture.xml:9275
 msgid ""
 "The villagers don't leave him alone. Nor do they see (so to speak) the "
 "virtue of his special power. Not even the ultimate target of his affection, "
@@ -13188,7 +13224,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9279
+#: freeculture.xml:9286
 msgid ""
 "When Nunez announces his desire to marry his <quote>mysteriously "
 "delighted</quote> love, the father and the village object. <quote>You see, "
@@ -13198,14 +13234,14 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9285
+#: freeculture.xml:9292
 msgid ""
 "After a careful examination, the doctor gives his opinion. <quote>His brain "
 "is affected,</quote> he reports."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9289
+#: freeculture.xml:9296
 msgid ""
 "<quote>What affects it?</quote> the father asks.  <quote>Those queer things "
 "that are called the eyes &hellip; are diseased &hellip; in such a way as to "
@@ -13213,7 +13249,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9294
+#: freeculture.xml:9301
 msgid ""
 "The doctor continues: <quote>I think I may say with reasonable certainty "
 "that in order to cure him completely, all that we need to do is a simple and "
@@ -13222,7 +13258,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9300
+#: freeculture.xml:9307
 msgid ""
 "<quote>Thank Heaven for science!</quote> says the father to the doctor. They "
 "inform Nunez of this condition necessary for him to be allowed his bride.  "
@@ -13232,7 +13268,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 188 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9306
+#: freeculture.xml:9313
 msgid ""
 "<emphasis role='strong'>It sometimes</emphasis> happens that the eggs of "
 "twins fuse in the mother's womb. That fusion produces a "
@@ -13244,7 +13280,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9320
+#: freeculture.xml:9327
 msgid ""
 "Before I had read about chimeras, I would have said they were impossible.  A "
 "single person can't have two sets of DNA. The very idea of DNA is that it is "
@@ -13255,7 +13291,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9328
+#: freeculture.xml:9335
 msgid ""
 "The more I work to understand the current struggle over copyright and "
 "culture, which I've sometimes called unfairly, and sometimes not unfairly "
@@ -13272,7 +13308,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9342
+#: freeculture.xml:9349
 msgid ""
 "But the description is also false in part. For when my p2p server is on a "
 "p2p network through which anyone can get access to my music, then sure, my "
@@ -13285,7 +13321,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9351
+#: freeculture.xml:9358
 msgid ""
 "Likewise, when the other side says, <quote>File sharing is just like walking "
 "into a Tower Records and taking a CD off the shelf and walking out with "
@@ -13297,7 +13333,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 189 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9362
+#: freeculture.xml:9369
 msgid ""
 "But it is not quite stealing from Tower. After all, when I take a CD from "
 "Tower Records, Tower has one less CD to sell. And when I take a CD from "
@@ -13309,7 +13345,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9372
+#: freeculture.xml:9379
 msgid ""
 "The point is not that it is as neither side describes. The point is that it "
 "is both&mdash;both as the RIAA describes it and as Kazaa describes it. It is "
@@ -13319,22 +13355,22 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9388 freeculture.xml:9675 freeculture.xml:10770
+#: freeculture.xml:9395 freeculture.xml:9682 freeculture.xml:10777
 msgid "ISPs (Internet service providers), user identities revealed by"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9419
+#: freeculture.xml:9426
 msgid "Conyers, John, Jr."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9420 freeculture.xml:10167
+#: freeculture.xml:9427 freeculture.xml:10174
 msgid "Berman, Howard L."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9388
+#: freeculture.xml:9395
 msgid ""
 "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> For an excellent summary, see the "
 "report prepared by GartnerG2 and the Berkman Center for Internet and Society "
@@ -13370,7 +13406,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9379
+#: freeculture.xml:9386
 msgid ""
 "We could respond by simply pretending that it is not a chimera. We could, "
 "with the RIAA, decide that every act of file sharing should be a felony. We "
@@ -13383,7 +13419,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9426
+#: freeculture.xml:9433
 msgid ""
 "Alternatively, we could respond to file sharing the way many kids act as "
 "though we've responded. We could totally legalize it. Let there be no "
@@ -13393,7 +13429,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9433
+#: freeculture.xml:9440
 msgid ""
 "Either response is possible. I think either would be a mistake.  Rather than "
 "embrace one of these two extremes, we should embrace something that "
@@ -13407,7 +13443,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 190 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9445
+#: freeculture.xml:9452
 msgid ""
 "Yet zero tolerance is increasingly our government's policy. In the middle of "
 "the chaos that the Internet has created, an extraordinary land grab is "
@@ -13418,7 +13454,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9453
+#: freeculture.xml:9460
 msgid ""
 "I'm not talking about the opportunities for kids to <quote>steal</quote> "
 "music. My focus instead is the commercial and cultural innovation that this "
@@ -13432,14 +13468,14 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9466
+#: freeculture.xml:9473
 msgid ""
 "eMusic opposes music piracy. We are a distributor of copyrighted material, "
 "and we want to protect those rights."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9470
+#: freeculture.xml:9477
 msgid ""
 "But building a technology fortress that locks in the clout of the major "
 "labels is by no means the only way to protect copyright interests, nor is it "
@@ -13450,7 +13486,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f3. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9487
+#: freeculture.xml:9494
 msgid ""
 "WIPO and the DMCA One Year Later: Assessing Consumer Access to Digital "
 "Entertainment on the Internet and Other Media: Hearing Before the "
@@ -13461,7 +13497,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9477
+#: freeculture.xml:9484
 msgid ""
 "This is a critical point. The choices that industry sectors make with "
 "respect to these systems will in many ways directly shape the market for "
@@ -13474,12 +13510,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9501 freeculture.xml:9875
+#: freeculture.xml:9508 freeculture.xml:9882
 msgid "Vivendi Universal"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9498
+#: freeculture.xml:9505
 msgid ""
 "In April 2001, eMusic.com was purchased by Vivendi Universal, one of "
 "<quote>the major labels.</quote> Its position on these matters has now "
@@ -13487,7 +13523,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9504
+#: freeculture.xml:9511
 msgid ""
 "Reversing our tradition of tolerance now will not merely quash piracy. It "
 "will sacrifice values that are important to this culture, and will kill "
@@ -13495,12 +13531,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:9512
+#: freeculture.xml:9519
 msgid "CHAPTER TWELVE: Harms"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9514
+#: freeculture.xml:9521
 msgid ""
 "<emphasis role='strong'>To fight</emphasis> <quote>piracy,</quote> to "
 "protect <quote>property,</quote> the content industry has launched a "
@@ -13511,7 +13547,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9522
+#: freeculture.xml:9529
 msgid ""
 "My aim so far has been to describe the consequences of this war, in "
 "particular, the consequences for <quote>free culture.</quote> But my aim now "
@@ -13520,7 +13556,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9528
+#: freeculture.xml:9535
 msgid ""
 "In my view, it is not. There is no good reason why this time, for the first "
 "time, the law should defend the old against the new, just when the power of "
@@ -13529,7 +13565,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9536
+#: freeculture.xml:9543
 msgid ""
 "Yet <quote>common sense</quote> does not see it this way. Common sense is "
 "still on the side of the Causbys and the content industry. The extreme "
@@ -13539,7 +13575,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 193 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9544
+#: freeculture.xml:9551
 msgid ""
 "There will be many consequences of continuing this war. I want to describe "
 "just three. All three might be said to be unintended. I am quite confident "
@@ -13549,12 +13585,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:9551
+#: freeculture.xml:9558
 msgid "Constraining Creators"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9553
+#: freeculture.xml:9560
 msgid ""
 "In the next ten years we will see an explosion of digital technologies.  "
 "These technologies will enable almost anyone to capture and share "
@@ -13571,7 +13607,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9568
+#: freeculture.xml:9575
 msgid ""
 "This digital <quote>capturing and sharing</quote> is in part an extension of "
 "the capturing and sharing that has always been integral to our culture, and "
@@ -13586,7 +13622,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 194 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9579
+#: freeculture.xml:9586
 msgid ""
 "Technology has thus given us an opportunity to do something with culture "
 "that has only ever been possible for individuals in small groups, isolated "
@@ -13596,7 +13632,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9589
+#: freeculture.xml:9596
 msgid ""
 "Yet all this is possible only if the activity is presumptively legal. In the "
 "current regime of legal regulation, it is not. Forget file sharing for a "
@@ -13610,17 +13646,17 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9599 freeculture.xml:9623
+#: freeculture.xml:9606 freeculture.xml:9630
 msgid "Worldcom"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9602
+#: freeculture.xml:9609
 msgid "doctors malpractice claims against"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9618
+#: freeculture.xml:9625
 msgid ""
 "See Lynne W. Jeter, <citetitle>Disconnected: Deceit and Betrayal at "
 "WorldCom</citetitle> (Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley &amp; Sons, 2003), 176, 204; "
@@ -13631,12 +13667,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9639
+#: freeculture.xml:9646
 msgid "Bush, George W."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9630
+#: freeculture.xml:9637
 msgid ""
 "The bill, modeled after California's tort reform model, was passed in the "
 "House of Representatives but defeated in a Senate vote in July 2003. For an "
@@ -13650,7 +13686,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9605
+#: freeculture.xml:9612
 msgid ""
 "That presumption will increasingly chill creativity, as the examples of "
 "extreme penalties for vague infringements continue to proliferate. It is "
@@ -13672,13 +13708,13 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9645
+#: freeculture.xml:9652
 msgid "art, underground"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  f3. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9666
+#: freeculture.xml:9673
 msgid ""
 "See Danit Lidor, <quote>Artists Just Wanna Be Free,</quote> "
 "<citetitle>Wired</citetitle>, 7 July 2003, available at <ulink "
@@ -13688,7 +13724,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9647
+#: freeculture.xml:9654
 msgid ""
 "The consequence of this legal uncertainty, tied to these extremely high "
 "penalties, is that an extraordinary amount of creativity will either never "
@@ -13708,7 +13744,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9677
+#: freeculture.xml:9684
 msgid ""
 "Part of the reason for this fear of illegality has to do with the changing "
 "law. I described that change in detail in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: "
@@ -13722,7 +13758,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9690
+#: freeculture.xml:9697
 msgid ""
 "Never in our history has a painter had to worry about whether his painting "
 "infringed on someone else's work; but the modern-day painter, using the "
@@ -13736,7 +13772,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9701
+#: freeculture.xml:9708
 msgid ""
 "Lawyers rarely see this because lawyers are rarely empirical. As I described "
 "in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"recorders\"/>, "
@@ -13747,7 +13783,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 196 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9712
+#: freeculture.xml:9719
 msgid ""
 "But fair use in America simply means the right to hire a lawyer to defend "
 "your right to create. And as lawyers love to forget, our system for "
@@ -13760,7 +13796,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9722
+#: freeculture.xml:9729
 msgid ""
 "Judges and lawyers can tell themselves that fair use provides adequate "
 "<quote>breathing room</quote> between regulation by the law and the access "
@@ -13773,7 +13809,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9733
+#: freeculture.xml:9740
 msgid ""
 "For in a world that threatens $150,000 for a single willful infringement of "
 "a copyright, and which demands tens of thousands of dollars to even defend "
@@ -13786,13 +13822,13 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9744
+#: freeculture.xml:9751
 msgid "As Jed Horovitz, the businessman behind Video Pipeline, said to me,"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 197 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9748
+#: freeculture.xml:9755
 msgid ""
 "We're losing [creative] opportunities right and left. Creative people are "
 "being forced not to express themselves. Thoughts are not being "
@@ -13805,22 +13841,22 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:9761
+#: freeculture.xml:9768
 msgid "Constraining Innovators"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9762
+#: freeculture.xml:9769
 msgid "innovation hampered by"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9763
+#: freeculture.xml:9770
 msgid "industry establishment opposed to"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9766
+#: freeculture.xml:9773
 msgid ""
 "The story of the last section was a crunchy-lefty story&mdash;creativity "
 "quashed, artists who can't speak, yada yada yada. Maybe that doesn't get you "
@@ -13831,7 +13867,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9775
+#: freeculture.xml:9782
 msgid ""
 "But there's an aspect of this story that is not lefty in any sense.  Indeed, "
 "it is an aspect that could be written by the most extreme promarket "
@@ -13844,7 +13880,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9786
+#: freeculture.xml:9793
 msgid ""
 "The charge I've been making about the regulation of culture is the same "
 "charge free marketers make about regulating markets. Everyone, of course, "
@@ -13859,18 +13895,18 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9799 freeculture.xml:9920 freeculture.xml:9926
+#: freeculture.xml:9806 freeculture.xml:9927 freeculture.xml:9933
 msgid "Barry, Hank"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9800 freeculture.xml:9932
+#: freeculture.xml:9807 freeculture.xml:9939
 msgid "venture capitalists"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 198 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9802
+#: freeculture.xml:9809
 msgid ""
 "This is the single most dramatic effect of the shift in regulatory strategy "
 "that I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" "
@@ -13885,7 +13921,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9817
+#: freeculture.xml:9824
 msgid ""
 "Consider one example to make the point, a story whose beginning I told in "
 "<citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle> and which has progressed in a way "
@@ -13893,22 +13929,22 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9821
+#: freeculture.xml:9828
 msgid "MP3.com"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9822
+#: freeculture.xml:9829
 msgid "my.mp3.com"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9823
+#: freeculture.xml:9830
 msgid "Roberts, Michael"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9825
+#: freeculture.xml:9832
 msgid ""
 "In 1997, Michael Roberts launched a company called MP3.com.  MP3.com was "
 "keen to remake the music business. Their goal was not just to facilitate new "
@@ -13919,12 +13955,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9833
+#: freeculture.xml:9840
 msgid "preference data on"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9835
+#: freeculture.xml:9842
 msgid ""
 "To make this system work, however, MP3.com needed a reliable way to "
 "recommend music to its users. The idea behind this alternative was to "
@@ -13934,7 +13970,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9842
+#: freeculture.xml:9849
 msgid ""
 "This idea required a simple way to gather data about user preferences.  "
 "MP3.com came up with an extraordinarily clever way to gather this preference "
@@ -13949,7 +13985,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 199 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9854
+#: freeculture.xml:9861
 msgid ""
 "No doubt some could use this system to illegally copy content. But that "
 "opportunity existed with or without MP3.com. The aim of the my.mp3.com "
@@ -13959,7 +13995,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9864
+#: freeculture.xml:9871
 msgid ""
 "To make this system function, however, MP3.com needed to copy 50,000 CDs to "
 "a server. (In principle, it could have been the user who uploaded the music, "
@@ -13973,17 +14009,17 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9876 freeculture.xml:9921
+#: freeculture.xml:9883 freeculture.xml:9928
 msgid "distribution technology targeted in"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9881
+#: freeculture.xml:9888
 msgid "outsize penalties of"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9883
+#: freeculture.xml:9890
 msgid ""
 "Nine days after MP3.com launched its service, the five major labels, headed "
 "by the RIAA, brought a lawsuit against MP3.com. MP3.com settled with four of "
@@ -13995,12 +14031,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9893
+#: freeculture.xml:9900
 msgid "That part of the story I have told before. Now consider its conclusion."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9896
+#: freeculture.xml:9903
 msgid ""
 "After Vivendi purchased MP3.com, Vivendi turned around and filed a "
 "malpractice lawsuit against the lawyers who had advised it that they had a "
@@ -14013,7 +14049,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 200 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9907
+#: freeculture.xml:9914
 msgid ""
 "The clear purpose of this lawsuit (which was settled for an unspecified "
 "amount shortly after the story was no longer covered in the press) was to "
@@ -14025,43 +14061,43 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9922
+#: freeculture.xml:9929
 msgid "BMW"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9923
+#: freeculture.xml:9930
 msgid "cars, MP3 sound systems in"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9925
+#: freeculture.xml:9932
 msgid "Hummer, John"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9927
+#: freeculture.xml:9934
 msgid "Hummer Winblad"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9928
+#: freeculture.xml:9935
 msgid "MP3 players"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9929
+#: freeculture.xml:9936
 msgid "venture capital for"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9930 freeculture.xml:9976
+#: freeculture.xml:9937 freeculture.xml:9983
 msgid "Needleman, Rafe"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  f4. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9940
+#: freeculture.xml:9947
 msgid ""
 "See Joseph Menn, <quote>Universal, EMI Sue Napster Investor,</quote> "
 "<citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 23 April 2003. For a parallel "
@@ -14074,7 +14110,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9934
+#: freeculture.xml:9941
 msgid ""
 "This strategy is not just limited to the lawyers. In April 2003, Universal "
 "and EMI brought a lawsuit against Hummer Winblad, the venture capital firm "
@@ -14094,7 +14130,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9972
+#: freeculture.xml:9979
 msgid ""
 "Rafe Needleman, <quote>Driving in Cars with MP3s,</quote> "
 "<citetitle>Business 2.0</citetitle>, 16 June 2003, available at <ulink "
@@ -14104,7 +14140,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9963
+#: freeculture.xml:9970
 msgid ""
 "I asked why, with all the storage capacity and computer power in the car, "
 "there was no way to play MP3 files. I was told that BMW engineers in Germany "
@@ -14116,7 +14152,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9984
+#: freeculture.xml:9991
 msgid ""
 "This is the world of the mafia&mdash;filled with <quote>your money or your "
 "life</quote> offers, governed in the end not by courts but by the threats "
@@ -14128,7 +14164,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 201 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9994
+#: freeculture.xml:10001
 msgid ""
 "The point is not that businesses should have a right to start illegal "
 "enterprises. The point is the definition of <quote>illegal.</quote> The law "
@@ -14144,7 +14180,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10009
+#: freeculture.xml:10016
 msgid ""
 "The point is directly parallel to the crunchy-lefty point about fair "
 "use. Whatever the <quote>real</quote> law is, realism about the effect of "
@@ -14159,7 +14195,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 202 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10021
+#: freeculture.xml:10028
 msgid ""
 "The building of a permission culture, rather than a free culture, is the "
 "first important way in which the changes I have described will burden "
@@ -14178,7 +14214,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10040
+#: freeculture.xml:10047
 msgid ""
 "<emphasis role='strong'>The uncertainty</emphasis> of the law is one burden "
 "on innovation. There is a second burden that operates more directly. This is "
@@ -14188,7 +14224,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10047
+#: freeculture.xml:10054
 msgid ""
 "The motivation for this response is obvious. The Internet enables the "
 "efficient spread of content. That efficiency is a feature of the Internet's "
@@ -14202,7 +14238,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f6. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10062
+#: freeculture.xml:10069
 msgid ""
 "<quote>Copyright and Digital Media in a Post-Napster World,</quote> "
 "GartnerG2 and the Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard Law "
@@ -14212,12 +14248,12 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f7. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10075
+#: freeculture.xml:10082
 msgid "GartnerG2, 26&ndash;27."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10058
+#: freeculture.xml:10065
 msgid ""
 "The examples of this form of legislation are many. At the urging of the "
 "content industry, some in Congress have threatened legislation that would "
@@ -14235,7 +14271,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 203 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10079
+#: freeculture.xml:10086
 msgid ""
 "In one sense, these solutions seem sensible. If the problem is the code, why "
 "not regulate the code to remove the problem. But any regulation of technical "
@@ -14245,20 +14281,20 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10088 freeculture.xml:11998
+#: freeculture.xml:10095 freeculture.xml:12005
 msgid "Intel"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  f8. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10094
+#: freeculture.xml:10101
 msgid ""
 "See David McGuire, <quote>Tech Execs Square Off Over Piracy,</quote> "
 "Newsbytes, February 2002 (Entertainment)."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10090
+#: freeculture.xml:10097
 msgid ""
 "In March 2002, a broad coalition of technology companies, led by Intel, "
 "tried to get Congress to see the harm that such legislation would "
@@ -14268,7 +14304,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10102
+#: freeculture.xml:10109
 msgid ""
 "<emphasis role='strong'>There is one</emphasis> more obvious way in which "
 "this war has harmed innovation&mdash;again, a story that will be quite "
@@ -14276,7 +14312,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10107
+#: freeculture.xml:10114
 msgid ""
 "Copyright may be property, but like all property, it is also a form of "
 "regulation. It is a regulation that benefits some and harms others.  When "
@@ -14285,12 +14321,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10125
+#: freeculture.xml:10132
 msgid "Digital Copyright (Litman)"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10123
+#: freeculture.xml:10130
 msgid ""
 "Jessica Litman, <citetitle>Digital Copyright</citetitle> (Amherst, N.Y.: "
 "Prometheus Books, 2001).  <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> "
@@ -14298,7 +14334,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10117
+#: freeculture.xml:10124
 msgid ""
 "As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" "
 "linkend=\"property-i\"/>, despite this feature of copyright as regulation, "
@@ -14313,7 +14349,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10136
+#: freeculture.xml:10143
 msgid ""
 "But that pattern of deference to new technologies has now changed with the "
 "rise of the Internet. Rather than striking a balance between the claims of a "
@@ -14323,17 +14359,17 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10142
+#: freeculture.xml:10149
 msgid "radio on"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10147
+#: freeculture.xml:10154
 msgid "Grokster, Ltd."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10147
+#: freeculture.xml:10154
 msgid ""
 "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> The only circuit court exception "
 "is found in <citetitle>Recording Industry Association of America "
@@ -14352,17 +14388,17 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10166
+#: freeculture.xml:10173
 msgid "Tauzin, Billy"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10168
+#: freeculture.xml:10175
 msgid "Hollings, Fritz"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10166
+#: freeculture.xml:10173
 msgid ""
 "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
 "id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder "
@@ -14382,7 +14418,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10145
+#: freeculture.xml:10152
 msgid ""
 "The response by the courts has been fairly universal.<placeholder "
 "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It has been mirrored in the responses "
@@ -14394,7 +14430,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 204 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10193
+#: freeculture.xml:10200
 msgid ""
 "As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" "
 "linkend=\"pirates\"/>, when a radio station plays a song, the recording "
@@ -14408,7 +14444,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10204
+#: freeculture.xml:10211
 msgid ""
 "The reasoning behind this balance struck by Congress makes some sense. The "
 "justification was that radio was a kind of advertising. The recording artist "
@@ -14421,7 +14457,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10215
+#: freeculture.xml:10222
 msgid ""
 "Enter Internet radio. Like regular radio, Internet radio is a technology to "
 "stream content from a broadcaster to a listener. The broadcast travels "
@@ -14432,7 +14468,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10224
+#: freeculture.xml:10231
 msgid ""
 "This feature of the architecture of Internet radio means that there are "
 "potentially an unlimited number of radio stations that a user could tune in "
@@ -14448,7 +14484,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 205 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10240
+#: freeculture.xml:10247
 msgid ""
 "Internet radio is thus to radio what FM was to AM. It is an improvement "
 "potentially vastly more significant than the FM improvement over AM, since "
@@ -14460,12 +14496,12 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f12. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10264
+#: freeculture.xml:10271
 msgid "Lessing, 239."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10250
+#: freeculture.xml:10257
 msgid ""
 "An almost unlimited number of FM stations was possible in the shortwaves, "
 "thus ending the unnatural restrictions imposed on radio in the crowded "
@@ -14483,12 +14519,12 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f13. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10274
+#: freeculture.xml:10281
 msgid "Ibid., 229."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10269
+#: freeculture.xml:10276
 msgid ""
 "This potential for FM radio was never realized&mdash;not because Armstrong "
 "was wrong about the technology, but because he underestimated the power of "
@@ -14498,7 +14534,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10279
+#: freeculture.xml:10286
 msgid ""
 "Now the very same claim could be made about Internet radio. For again, there "
 "is no technical limitation that could restrict the number of Internet radio "
@@ -14508,23 +14544,23 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10288
+#: freeculture.xml:10295
 msgid "on radio"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10292
+#: freeculture.xml:10299
 msgid "Internet radio hampered by"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10293 freeculture.xml:10446
+#: freeculture.xml:10300 freeculture.xml:10453
 msgid "on Internet radio fees"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 206 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10296
+#: freeculture.xml:10303
 msgid ""
 "But here the power of the lobbyists is reversed. Internet radio is a new "
 "industry. The recording artists, on the other hand, have a very powerful "
@@ -14539,12 +14575,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10335
+#: freeculture.xml:10342
 msgid "CARP (Copyright Arbitration Royalty Panel)"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10318
+#: freeculture.xml:10325
 msgid ""
 "This example was derived from fees set by the original Copyright Arbitration "
 "Royalty Panel (CARP) proceedings, and is drawn from an example offered by "
@@ -14566,7 +14602,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10311
+#: freeculture.xml:10318
 msgid ""
 "This financial burden is not slight. As Harvard law professor William Fisher "
 "estimates, if an Internet radio station distributed adfree popular music to "
@@ -14577,7 +14613,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10347
+#: freeculture.xml:10354
 msgid ""
 "The burden is not financial only. Under the original rules that were "
 "proposed, an Internet radio station (but not a terrestrial radio station) "
@@ -14586,57 +14622,57 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10355
+#: freeculture.xml:10362
 msgid "name of the service;"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10358
+#: freeculture.xml:10365
 msgid "channel of the program (AM/FM stations use station ID);"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10361
+#: freeculture.xml:10368
 msgid "type of program (archived/looped/live);"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10364
+#: freeculture.xml:10371
 msgid "date of transmission;"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10367
+#: freeculture.xml:10374
 msgid "time of transmission;"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10370
+#: freeculture.xml:10377
 msgid "time zone of origination of transmission;"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10373
+#: freeculture.xml:10380
 msgid "numeric designation of the place of the sound recording within the program;"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10376
+#: freeculture.xml:10383
 msgid "duration of transmission (to nearest second);"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10379
+#: freeculture.xml:10386
 msgid "sound recording title;"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10382
+#: freeculture.xml:10389
 msgid "ISRC code of the recording;"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10385
+#: freeculture.xml:10392
 msgid ""
 "release year of the album per copyright notice and in the case of "
 "compilation albums, the release year of the album and copy- right date of "
@@ -14644,77 +14680,77 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10388
+#: freeculture.xml:10395
 msgid "featured recording artist;"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10391
+#: freeculture.xml:10398
 msgid "retail album title;"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10394
+#: freeculture.xml:10401
 msgid "recording label;"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10397
+#: freeculture.xml:10404
 msgid "UPC code of the retail album;"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10400
+#: freeculture.xml:10407
 msgid "catalog number;"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10403
+#: freeculture.xml:10410
 msgid "copyright owner information;"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10406
+#: freeculture.xml:10413
 msgid "musical genre of the channel or program (station format);"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10409
+#: freeculture.xml:10416
 msgid "name of the service or entity;"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10412
+#: freeculture.xml:10419
 msgid "channel or program;"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10415
+#: freeculture.xml:10422
 msgid "date and time that the user logged in (in the user's time zone);"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10418
+#: freeculture.xml:10425
 msgid "date and time that the user logged out (in the user's time zone);"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10421
+#: freeculture.xml:10428
 msgid "time zone where the signal was received (user);"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10424
+#: freeculture.xml:10431
 msgid "unique user identifier;"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10427
+#: freeculture.xml:10434
 msgid "the country in which the user received the transmissions."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10432
+#: freeculture.xml:10439
 msgid ""
 "The Librarian of Congress eventually suspended these reporting requirements, "
 "pending further study. And he also changed the original rates set by the "
@@ -14725,7 +14761,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10440
+#: freeculture.xml:10447
 msgid ""
 "Why? What justifies this difference? Was there any study of the economic "
 "consequences from Internet radio that would justify these differences? Was "
@@ -14733,12 +14769,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10444 freeculture.xml:15249
+#: freeculture.xml:10451 freeculture.xml:15256
 msgid "Real Networks"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10450
+#: freeculture.xml:10457
 msgid ""
 "In a rare bit of candor, one RIAA expert admitted what seemed obvious to "
 "everyone at the time. As Alex Alben, vice president for Public Policy at "
@@ -14747,7 +14783,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 208 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10456
+#: freeculture.xml:10463
 msgid ""
 "The RIAA, which was representing the record labels, presented some testimony "
 "about what they thought a willing buyer would pay to a willing seller, and "
@@ -14761,7 +14797,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10472
+#: freeculture.xml:10479
 msgid ""
 "And the RIAA experts said, <quote>Well, we don't really model this as an "
 "industry with thousands of webcasters, <emphasis>we think it should be an "
@@ -14770,7 +14806,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10484
+#: freeculture.xml:10491
 msgid ""
 "Translation: The aim is to use the law to eliminate competition, so that "
 "this platform of potentially immense competition, which would cause the "
@@ -14781,12 +14817,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:10500
+#: freeculture.xml:10507
 msgid "Corrupting Citizens"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10502
+#: freeculture.xml:10509
 msgid ""
 "Overregulation stifles creativity. It smothers innovation. It gives "
 "dinosaurs a veto over the future. It wastes the extraordinary opportunity "
@@ -14794,7 +14830,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10508
+#: freeculture.xml:10515
 msgid ""
 "In addition to these important harms, there is one more that was important "
 "to our forebears, but seems forgotten today. Overregulation corrupts "
@@ -14803,7 +14839,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f15. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10517
+#: freeculture.xml:10524
 msgid ""
 "Mike Graziano and Lee Rainie, <quote>The Music Downloading Deluge,</quote> "
 "Pew Internet and American Life Project (24 April 2001), available at <ulink "
@@ -14814,7 +14850,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 209 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10513
+#: freeculture.xml:10520
 msgid ""
 "The war that is being waged today is a war of prohibition. As with every war "
 "of prohibition, it is targeted against the behavior of a very large number "
@@ -14832,7 +14868,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f16. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10551
+#: freeculture.xml:10558
 msgid ""
 "Alex Pham, <quote>The Labels Strike Back: N.Y. Girl Settles RIAA "
 "Case,</quote> <citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 10 September 2003, "
@@ -14840,7 +14876,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10538
+#: freeculture.xml:10545
 msgid ""
 "The content industry's tactics exploit the failings of the American legal "
 "system. When the RIAA brought suit against Jesse Jordan, it knew that in "
@@ -14862,13 +14898,13 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10562
+#: freeculture.xml:10569
 msgid "alcohol prohibition"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  f17. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10574
+#: freeculture.xml:10581
 msgid ""
 "Jeffrey A. Miron and Jeffrey Zwiebel, <quote>Alcohol Consumption During "
 "Prohibition,</quote> <citetitle>American Economic Review</citetitle> 81, "
@@ -14877,7 +14913,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f18. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10582
+#: freeculture.xml:10589
 msgid ""
 "National Drug Control Policy: Hearing Before the House Government Reform "
 "Committee, 108th Cong., 1st sess. (5 March 2003) (statement of John "
@@ -14886,7 +14922,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f19. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10592
+#: freeculture.xml:10599
 msgid ""
 "See James Andreoni, Brian Erard, and Jonathon Feinstein, <quote>Tax "
 "Compliance,</quote> <citetitle>Journal of Economic Literature</citetitle> 36 "
@@ -14894,7 +14930,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10564
+#: freeculture.xml:10571
 msgid ""
 "Wars of prohibition are nothing new in America. This one is just something "
 "more extreme than anything we've seen before. We experimented with alcohol "
@@ -14917,12 +14953,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10600
+#: freeculture.xml:10607
 msgid "law schools"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10602
+#: freeculture.xml:10609
 msgid ""
 "This state of affairs is not without consequence. It is a particularly "
 "salient issue for teachers like me, whose job it is to teach law students "
@@ -14941,7 +14977,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10619
+#: freeculture.xml:10626
 msgid ""
 "The response to this general illegality is either to enforce the law more "
 "severely or to change the law. We, as a society, have to learn how to make "
@@ -14955,7 +14991,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 211 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10632
+#: freeculture.xml:10639
 msgid ""
 "My point is not the idiotic one: Just because people violate a law, we "
 "should therefore repeal it. Obviously, we could reduce murder statistics "
@@ -14965,7 +15001,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10639
+#: freeculture.xml:10646
 msgid ""
 "My point is instead one that democracies understood for generations, but "
 "that we recently have learned to forget. The rule of law depends upon people "
@@ -14982,7 +15018,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10653
+#: freeculture.xml:10660
 msgid ""
 "When at least forty-three million citizens download content from the "
 "Internet, and when they use tools to combine that content in ways "
@@ -14996,13 +15032,13 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10665
+#: freeculture.xml:10672
 msgid "This abstract point can be made more clear with a particular example."
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 212 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10668
+#: freeculture.xml:10675
 msgid ""
 "We all own CDs. Many of us still own phonograph records. These pieces of "
 "plastic encode music that in a certain sense we have bought.  The law "
@@ -15013,7 +15049,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10679
+#: freeculture.xml:10686
 msgid ""
 "But as the MP3 craze has demonstrated, there is another use of phonograph "
 "records that is effectively free. Because these recordings were made without "
@@ -15025,17 +15061,17 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10687
+#: freeculture.xml:10694
 msgid "Andromeda"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10688
+#: freeculture.xml:10695
 msgid "mix technology and"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10690
+#: freeculture.xml:10697
 msgid ""
 "This <quote>use</quote> of my records is certainly valuable. I have begun a "
 "large process at home of ripping all of my and my wife's CDs, and storing "
@@ -15049,7 +15085,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10701
+#: freeculture.xml:10708
 msgid ""
 "This use is enabled by unprotected media&mdash;either CDs or records.  But "
 "unprotected media also enable file sharing. File sharing threatens (or so "
@@ -15062,7 +15098,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 213 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10711
+#: freeculture.xml:10718
 msgid ""
 "If these technologies took off, then the building of large archives of your "
 "own music would become quite difficult. You might hang in hacker circles, "
@@ -15076,7 +15112,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10726
+#: freeculture.xml:10733
 msgid ""
 "If the only way to assure that artists get paid were the elimination of the "
 "ability to freely move content, then these technologies to interfere with "
@@ -15088,7 +15124,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10735
+#: freeculture.xml:10742
 msgid ""
 "My point just now is not to prove that there is such a system. I offer a "
 "version of such a system in the last chapter of this book. For now, the only "
@@ -15101,7 +15137,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10746
+#: freeculture.xml:10753
 msgid ""
 "I believe there is a way to assure that artists are paid without turning "
 "forty-three million Americans into felons. But the salient feature of this "
@@ -15113,7 +15149,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10755
+#: freeculture.xml:10762
 msgid ""
 "Except that this generation's buggy manufacturers have already saddled "
 "Congress, and are riding the law to protect themselves against this new form "
@@ -15123,7 +15159,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 214 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10761
+#: freeculture.xml:10768
 msgid ""
 "It is understandable why they choose as they do. It is not understandable "
 "why we as a democracy continue to choose as we do. Jack Valenti is charming; "
@@ -15132,7 +15168,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10772
+#: freeculture.xml:10779
 msgid ""
 "<emphasis role='strong'>There's one more</emphasis> aspect to this "
 "corruption that is particularly important to civil liberties, and follows "
@@ -15144,19 +15180,19 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10780 freeculture.xml:10880
+#: freeculture.xml:10787 freeculture.xml:10887
 msgid "von Lohmann, Fred"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10782
+#: freeculture.xml:10789
 msgid ""
 "<quote>If you can treat someone as a putative lawbreaker,</quote> von "
 "Lohmann explains,"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10787
+#: freeculture.xml:10794
 msgid ""
 "then all of a sudden a lot of basic civil liberty protections evaporate to "
 "one degree or another. &hellip; If you're a copyright infringer, how can you "
@@ -15170,7 +15206,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10799
+#: freeculture.xml:10806
 msgid ""
 "And the consequence of this transformation of the American public into "
 "criminals is that it becomes trivial, as a matter of due process, to "
@@ -15178,7 +15214,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10804
+#: freeculture.xml:10811
 msgid ""
 "Users of the Internet began to see this generally in 2003 as the RIAA "
 "launched its campaign to force Internet service providers to turn over the "
@@ -15190,7 +15226,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f20. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10822
+#: freeculture.xml:10829
 msgid ""
 "See Frank Ahrens, <quote>RIAA's Lawsuits Meet Surprised Targets; Single "
 "Mother in Calif., 12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. Among Defendants,</quote> "
@@ -15207,7 +15243,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10813
+#: freeculture.xml:10820
 msgid ""
 "The RIAA then expanded this campaign, by announcing a general strategy to "
 "sue individual users of the Internet who are alleged to have downloaded "
@@ -15221,7 +15257,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f21. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10840
+#: freeculture.xml:10847
 msgid ""
 "See <quote>Revealed: How RIAA Tracks Downloaders: Music Industry Discloses "
 "Some Methods Used,</quote> CNN.com, available at <ulink "
@@ -15229,7 +15265,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10836
+#: freeculture.xml:10843
 msgid ""
 "Even this understates the espionage that is being waged by the RIAA. A "
 "report from CNN late last summer described a strategy the RIAA had adopted "
@@ -15241,7 +15277,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f22. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10861
+#: freeculture.xml:10868
 msgid ""
 "See Jeff Adler, <quote>Cambridge: On Campus, Pirates Are Not "
 "Penitent,</quote> <citetitle>Boston Globe</citetitle>, 18 May 2003, City "
@@ -15264,7 +15300,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10849
+#: freeculture.xml:10856
 msgid ""
 "So imagine the following not-implausible scenario: Imagine a friend gives a "
 "CD to your daughter&mdash;a collection of songs just like the cassettes you "
@@ -15282,7 +15318,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 216 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10882
+#: freeculture.xml:10889
 msgid ""
 "Now, of course, she'll have the right to defend herself. You can hire a "
 "lawyer for her (at $300 per hour, if you're lucky), and she can plead that "
@@ -15296,7 +15332,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10897
+#: freeculture.xml:10904
 msgid ""
 "So when we're talking about numbers like forty to sixty million Americans "
 "that are essentially copyright infringers, you create a situation where the "
@@ -15317,7 +15353,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10917
+#: freeculture.xml:10924
 msgid ""
 "When forty to sixty million Americans are considered "
 "<quote>criminals</quote> under the law, and when the law could achieve the "
@@ -15328,12 +15364,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:10930
+#: freeculture.xml:10937
 msgid "BALANCES"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10935
+#: freeculture.xml:10942
 msgid ""
 "<emphasis role='strong'>So here's</emphasis> the picture: You're standing at "
 "the side of the road. Your car is on fire. You are angry and upset because "
@@ -15343,7 +15379,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10942
+#: freeculture.xml:10949
 msgid ""
 "As you ponder the mess, someone else comes along. In a panic, she grabs the "
 "bucket. Before you have a chance to tell her to stop&mdash;or before she "
@@ -15353,7 +15389,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10950
+#: freeculture.xml:10957
 msgid ""
 "<emphasis role='strong'>A war</emphasis> about copyright rages all "
 "around&mdash;and we're all focusing on the wrong thing. No doubt, current "
@@ -15366,7 +15402,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 219 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10960
+#: freeculture.xml:10967
 msgid ""
 "Yet policy makers are not willing to leave this fire to itself. Primed with "
 "plenty of lobbyists' money, they are keen to intervene to eliminate the "
@@ -15376,7 +15412,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10968
+#: freeculture.xml:10975
 msgid ""
 "Somehow we have to find a way to turn attention to this more important and "
 "fundamental issue. Somehow we have to find a way to avoid pouring gasoline "
@@ -15384,7 +15420,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10973
+#: freeculture.xml:10980
 msgid ""
 "We have not found that way yet. Instead, we seem trapped in a simpler, "
 "binary view. However much many people push to frame this debate more "
@@ -15393,7 +15429,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10979
+#: freeculture.xml:10986
 msgid ""
 "This challenge has been my life these last few years. It has also been my "
 "failure. In the two chapters that follow, I describe one small brace of "
@@ -15402,22 +15438,22 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:10989
+#: freeculture.xml:10996
 msgid "CHAPTER THIRTEEN: Eldred"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10990
+#: freeculture.xml:10997
 msgid "Eldred, Eric"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10991
+#: freeculture.xml:10998
 msgid "Hawthorne, Nathaniel"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10993
+#: freeculture.xml:11000
 msgid ""
 "<emphasis role='strong'>In 1995</emphasis>, a father was frustrated that his "
 "daughters didn't seem to like Hawthorne. No doubt there was more than one "
@@ -15429,17 +15465,17 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11001
+#: freeculture.xml:11008
 msgid "of public-domain literature"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11002
+#: freeculture.xml:11009
 msgid "library of works derived from"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11004
+#: freeculture.xml:11011
 msgid ""
 "It didn't work&mdash;at least for his daughters. They didn't find Hawthorne "
 "any more interesting than before. But Eldred's experiment gave birth to a "
@@ -15449,7 +15485,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 221 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11013
+#: freeculture.xml:11020
 msgid ""
 "Eldred's library was not simply a copy of certain public domain works, "
 "though even a copy would have been of great value to people across the world "
@@ -15461,12 +15497,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11023
+#: freeculture.xml:11030
 msgid "Scarlet Letter, The (Hawthorne)"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11025
+#: freeculture.xml:11032
 msgid ""
 "Eldred's freedom to do this with Hawthorne's work grew from the same source "
 "as Disney's. Hawthorne's <citetitle>Scarlet Letter</citetitle> had passed "
@@ -15482,12 +15518,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11050 freeculture.xml:12097
+#: freeculture.xml:11057 freeculture.xml:12104
 msgid "pornography"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11050
+#: freeculture.xml:11057
 msgid ""
 "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> There's a parallel here with "
 "pornography that is a bit hard to describe, but it's a strong one. One "
@@ -15506,7 +15542,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11039
+#: freeculture.xml:11046
 msgid ""
 "The Internet created the possibility of noncommercial publications of public "
 "domain works. Eldred's is just one example. There are literally thousands of "
@@ -15521,17 +15557,17 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11070
+#: freeculture.xml:11077
 msgid "Frost, Robert"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11071
+#: freeculture.xml:11078
 msgid "New Hampshire (Frost)"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11075
+#: freeculture.xml:11082
 msgid ""
 "As I said, Eldred lives in New Hampshire. In 1998, Robert Frost's collection "
 "of poems <citetitle>New Hampshire</citetitle> was slated to pass into the "
@@ -15547,17 +15583,17 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11090 freeculture.xml:11102
+#: freeculture.xml:11097 freeculture.xml:11109
 msgid "Bono, Mary"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11091 freeculture.xml:11103
+#: freeculture.xml:11098 freeculture.xml:11110
 msgid "Bono, Sonny"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11102
+#: freeculture.xml:11109
 msgid ""
 "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
 "id=\"1\"/> The full text is: <quote>Sonny [Bono] wanted the term of "
@@ -15570,7 +15606,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11097
+#: freeculture.xml:11104
 msgid ""
 "This was the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA), enacted in "
 "memory of the congressman and former musician Sonny Bono, who, his widow, "
@@ -15579,27 +15615,27 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11114
+#: freeculture.xml:11121
 msgid "felony punishment for infringement of"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11115
+#: freeculture.xml:11122
 msgid "NET (No Electronic Theft) Act (1998)"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11116
+#: freeculture.xml:11123
 msgid "No Electronic Theft (NET) Act (1998)"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11117
+#: freeculture.xml:11124
 msgid "felony punishments for"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11119
+#: freeculture.xml:11126
 msgid ""
 "Eldred decided to fight this law. He first resolved to fight it through "
 "civil disobedience. In a series of interviews, Eldred announced that he "
@@ -15610,17 +15646,17 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11128 freeculture.xml:12065
+#: freeculture.xml:11135 freeculture.xml:12072
 msgid "constitutional powers of"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11131 freeculture.xml:11177
+#: freeculture.xml:11138 freeculture.xml:11184
 msgid "Eldred case involvement of"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11133
+#: freeculture.xml:11140
 msgid ""
 "It was here that I became involved in Eldred's battle. I was a "
 "constitutional scholar whose first passion was constitutional "
@@ -15630,7 +15666,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11144
+#: freeculture.xml:11151
 msgid ""
 "Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science &hellip; by "
 "securing for limited Times to Authors &hellip; exclusive Right to their "
@@ -15638,7 +15674,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11151
+#: freeculture.xml:11158
 msgid ""
 "As I've described, this clause is unique within the power-granting clause of "
 "Article I, section 8 of our Constitution. Every other clause granting power "
@@ -15652,13 +15688,13 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11163 freeculture.xml:12659
+#: freeculture.xml:11170 freeculture.xml:12666
 msgid "Jaszi, Peter"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 223 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11165
+#: freeculture.xml:11172
 msgid ""
 "In the past forty years, Congress has gotten into the practice of extending "
 "existing terms of copyright protection. What puzzled me about this was, if "
@@ -15671,7 +15707,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11179
+#: freeculture.xml:11186
 msgid ""
 "As an academic, my first response was to hit the books. I remember sitting "
 "late at the office, scouring on-line databases for any serious consideration "
@@ -15684,7 +15720,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11190
+#: freeculture.xml:11197
 msgid ""
 "For this is the core of the corruption in our present system of "
 "government. <quote>Corruption</quote> not in the sense that representatives "
@@ -15696,7 +15732,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11199
+#: freeculture.xml:11206
 msgid ""
 "If that's not obvious to you, consider the following: Say you're one of the "
 "very few lucky copyright owners whose copyright continues to make money one "
@@ -15708,7 +15744,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11209
+#: freeculture.xml:11216
 msgid ""
 "So imagine the Robert Frost estate is earning $100,000 a year from three of "
 "Frost's poems. And imagine the copyright for those poems is about to "
@@ -15718,7 +15754,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 224 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11216
+#: freeculture.xml:11223
 msgid ""
 "<quote>Next year,</quote> the adviser announces, <quote>our copyrights in "
 "works A, B, and C will expire. That means that after next year, we will no "
@@ -15727,7 +15763,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11224
+#: freeculture.xml:11231
 msgid ""
 "<quote>There's a proposal in Congress, however,</quote> she continues, "
 "<quote>that could change this. A few congressmen are floating a bill to "
@@ -15736,14 +15772,14 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11230
+#: freeculture.xml:11237
 msgid ""
 "<quote>Hope?</quote> a fellow board member says. <quote>Can't we be doing "
 "something about it?</quote>"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11234
+#: freeculture.xml:11241
 msgid ""
 "<quote>Well, obviously, yes,</quote> the adviser responds. <quote>We could "
 "contribute to the campaigns of a number of representatives to try to assure "
@@ -15751,7 +15787,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11239
+#: freeculture.xml:11246
 msgid ""
 "You hate politics. You hate contributing to campaigns. So you want to know "
 "whether this disgusting practice is worth it. <quote>How much would we get "
@@ -15760,7 +15796,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11245
+#: freeculture.xml:11252
 msgid ""
 "<quote>Well,</quote> the adviser says, <quote>if you're confident that you "
 "will continue to get at least $100,000 a year from these copyrights, and you "
@@ -15769,14 +15805,14 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11251
+#: freeculture.xml:11258
 msgid ""
 "You're a bit shocked by the number, but you quickly come to the correct "
 "conclusion:"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11255
+#: freeculture.xml:11262
 msgid ""
 "<quote>So you're saying it would be worth it for us to pay more than "
 "$1,000,000 in campaign contributions if we were confident those "
@@ -15784,7 +15820,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11261
+#: freeculture.xml:11268
 msgid ""
 "<quote>Absolutely,</quote> the adviser responds. <quote>It is worth it to "
 "you to contribute up to the `present value' of the income you expect from "
@@ -15793,7 +15829,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 225 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11267
+#: freeculture.xml:11274
 msgid ""
 "You quickly get the point&mdash;you as the member of the board and, I trust, "
 "you the reader. Each time copyrights are about to expire, every beneficiary "
@@ -15805,7 +15841,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11278
+#: freeculture.xml:11285
 msgid ""
 "Thus a congressional perpetual motion machine: So long as legislation can be "
 "bought (albeit indirectly), there will be all the incentive in the world to "
@@ -15814,7 +15850,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f3. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11290
+#: freeculture.xml:11297
 msgid ""
 "Associated Press, <quote>Disney Lobbying for Copyright Extension No Mickey "
 "Mouse Effort; Congress OKs Bill Granting Creators 20 More Years,</quote> "
@@ -15823,7 +15859,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f4. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11297
+#: freeculture.xml:11304
 msgid ""
 "See Nick Brown, <quote>Fair Use No More?: Copyright in the Information "
 "Age,</quote> available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
@@ -15832,7 +15868,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f5. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11305
+#: freeculture.xml:11312
 msgid ""
 "Alan K. Ota, <quote>Disney in Washington: The Mouse That Roars,</quote> "
 "<citetitle>Congressional Quarterly This Week</citetitle>, 8 August 1990, "
@@ -15840,7 +15876,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11283
+#: freeculture.xml:11290
 msgid ""
 "In the lobbying that led to the passage of the Sonny Bono Copyright Term "
 "Extension Act, this <quote>theory</quote> about incentives was proved "
@@ -15855,7 +15891,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11312
+#: freeculture.xml:11319
 msgid ""
 "<emphasis role='strong'>Constitutional law</emphasis> is not oblivious to "
 "the obvious. Or at least, it need not be. So when I was considering Eldred's "
@@ -15870,7 +15906,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 226 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11327
+#: freeculture.xml:11334
 msgid ""
 "It was also my judgment that <emphasis>this</emphasis> Supreme Court would "
 "not allow Congress to extend existing terms. As anyone close to the Supreme "
@@ -15882,7 +15918,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11340
+#: freeculture.xml:11347
 msgid ""
 "Since 1937, the Supreme Court had interpreted Congress's granted powers very "
 "broadly; so, while the Constitution grants Congress the power to regulate "
@@ -15892,7 +15928,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11350
+#: freeculture.xml:11357
 msgid ""
 "As the economy grew, this standard increasingly meant that there was no "
 "limit to Congress's power to regulate, since just about every activity, when "
@@ -15902,12 +15938,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11356 freeculture.xml:12146
+#: freeculture.xml:11363 freeculture.xml:12153
 msgid "Rehnquist, William H."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11358
+#: freeculture.xml:11365
 msgid ""
 "The Supreme Court, under Chief Justice Rehnquist's command, changed that in "
 "<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>. The "
@@ -15923,7 +15959,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f6. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11373
+#: freeculture.xml:11380
 msgid ""
 "<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>, 514 "
 "U.S. 549, 564 (1995)."
@@ -15931,14 +15967,14 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f7. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11380
+#: freeculture.xml:11387
 msgid ""
 "<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Morrison</citetitle>, 529 "
 "U.S. 598 (2000)."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11371
+#: freeculture.xml:11378
 msgid ""
 "<quote>We pause to consider the implications of the government's "
 "arguments,</quote> the Chief Justice wrote.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
@@ -15951,7 +15987,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f8. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11387
+#: freeculture.xml:11394
 msgid ""
 "If it is a principle about enumerated powers, then the principle carries "
 "from one enumerated power to another. The animating point in the context of "
@@ -15966,7 +16002,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 227 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11384
+#: freeculture.xml:11391
 msgid ""
 "If a principle were at work here, then it should apply to the Progress "
 "Clause as much as the Commerce Clause.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
@@ -15980,7 +16016,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11408
+#: freeculture.xml:11415
 msgid ""
 "<emphasis>If</emphasis>, that is, the principle announced in "
 "<citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> stood for a principle.  Many believed the "
@@ -15996,7 +16032,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11425
+#: freeculture.xml:11432
 msgid ""
 "<emphasis role='strong'>Now let's pause</emphasis> for a moment to make sure "
 "we understand what the argument in <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> was not "
@@ -16016,13 +16052,13 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11442
+#: freeculture.xml:11449
 msgid "Nashville Songwriters Association"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  f9. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11450
+#: freeculture.xml:11457
 msgid ""
 "Brief of the Nashville Songwriters Association, "
 "<citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 537 U.S.  "
@@ -16031,7 +16067,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11444
+#: freeculture.xml:11451
 msgid ""
 "Some people view the public domain with contempt. In their brief before the "
 "Supreme Court, the Nashville Songwriters Association wrote that the public "
@@ -16043,7 +16079,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11460
+#: freeculture.xml:11467
 msgid ""
 "As we've seen, our constitutional system requires limits on copyright as a "
 "way to assure that copyright holders do not too heavily influence the "
@@ -16055,7 +16091,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11472
+#: freeculture.xml:11479
 msgid ""
 "<emphasis role='strong'>It is valuable</emphasis> copyrights that are "
 "responsible for terms being extended.  Mickey Mouse and <quote>Rhapsody in "
@@ -16070,7 +16106,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f10. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11490
+#: freeculture.xml:11497
 msgid ""
 "The figure of 2 percent is an extrapolation from the study by the "
 "Congressional Research Service, in light of the estimated renewal "
@@ -16080,7 +16116,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11484
+#: freeculture.xml:11491
 msgid ""
 "If you look at the work created in the first twenty years (1923 to 1942) "
 "affected by the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act, 2 percent of that "
@@ -16092,7 +16128,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 229 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11499
+#: freeculture.xml:11506
 msgid ""
 "Think practically about the consequence of this extension&mdash;practically, "
 "as a businessperson, and not as a lawyer eager for more legal work. In 1930, "
@@ -16103,7 +16139,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11512
+#: freeculture.xml:11519
 msgid ""
 "Well, first, you'd have to determine which of the 9,873 books were still "
 "under copyright. That requires going to a library (these data are not "
@@ -16114,14 +16150,14 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11520
+#: freeculture.xml:11527
 msgid ""
 "Then for the books still under copyright, you would need to locate the "
 "current copyright owners. How would you do that?"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11524
+#: freeculture.xml:11531
 msgid ""
 "Most people think that there must be a list of these copyright owners "
 "somewhere. Practical people think this way. How could there be thousands and "
@@ -16129,7 +16165,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11531
+#: freeculture.xml:11538
 msgid ""
 "But there is no list. There may be a name from 1930, and then in 1959, of "
 "the person who registered the copyright. But just think practically about "
@@ -16139,7 +16175,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11540
+#: freeculture.xml:11547
 msgid ""
 "<quote>But there isn't a list of who owns property generally,</quote> the "
 "apologists for the system respond. <quote>Why should there be a list of "
@@ -16147,7 +16183,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11545
+#: freeculture.xml:11552
 msgid ""
 "Well, actually, if you think about it, there <emphasis>are</emphasis> plenty "
 "of lists of who owns what property. Think about deeds on houses, or titles "
@@ -16159,7 +16195,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 230 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11554
+#: freeculture.xml:11561
 msgid ""
 "So: You walk down a street and see a house. You can know who owns the house "
 "by looking it up in the courthouse registry. If you see a car, there is "
@@ -16173,7 +16209,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11569
+#: freeculture.xml:11576
 msgid ""
 "Compare this story to intangible property. You go into a library.  The "
 "library owns the books. But who owns the copyrights? As I've already "
@@ -16187,7 +16223,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11581
+#: freeculture.xml:11588
 msgid ""
 "The consequence with respect to old books is that they won't be digitized, "
 "and hence will simply rot away on shelves. But the consequence for other "
@@ -16195,28 +16231,28 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11586
+#: freeculture.xml:11593
 msgid "Agee, Michael"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11587 freeculture.xml:12022
+#: freeculture.xml:11594 freeculture.xml:12029
 msgid "Hal Roach Studios"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11588
+#: freeculture.xml:11595
 msgid "Laurel and Hardy Films"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11589
+#: freeculture.xml:11596
 msgid "Lucky Dog, The"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  f11. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11602
+#: freeculture.xml:11609
 msgid ""
 "See David G. Savage, <quote>High Court Scene of Showdown on Copyright "
 "Law,</quote> <citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 6 October 2002; David "
@@ -16226,7 +16262,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11591
+#: freeculture.xml:11598
 msgid ""
 "Consider the story of Michael Agee, chairman of Hal Roach Studios, which "
 "owns the copyrights for the Laurel and Hardy films. Agee is a direct "
@@ -16241,7 +16277,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11609
+#: freeculture.xml:11616
 msgid ""
 "Yet Agee opposed the CTEA. His reasons demonstrate a rare virtue in this "
 "culture: selflessness. He argued in a brief before the Supreme Court that "
@@ -16251,7 +16287,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 231 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11615
+#: freeculture.xml:11622
 msgid ""
 "His argument is straightforward. A tiny fraction of this work has any "
 "continuing commercial value. The rest&mdash;to the extent it survives at "
@@ -16263,7 +16299,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f12. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11633
+#: freeculture.xml:11640
 msgid ""
 "Brief of Hal Roach Studios and Michael Agee as Amicus Curiae Supporting the "
 "Petitoners, <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> "
@@ -16275,7 +16311,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11626
+#: freeculture.xml:11633
 msgid ""
 "We can't know the benefits, but we do know a lot about the costs.  For most "
 "of the history of film, the costs of restoring film were very high; digital "
@@ -16286,7 +16322,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11643
+#: freeculture.xml:11650
 msgid ""
 "Restoration technology is not the only cost, nor the most important.  "
 "Lawyers, too, are a cost, and increasingly, a very important one. In "
@@ -16296,7 +16332,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11651
+#: freeculture.xml:11658
 msgid ""
 "Or more accurately, <emphasis>owners</emphasis>. As we've seen, there isn't "
 "only a single copyright associated with a film; there are many. There isn't "
@@ -16307,7 +16343,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11659
+#: freeculture.xml:11666
 msgid ""
 "<quote>But can't you just restore the film, distribute it, and then pay the "
 "copyright owner when she shows up?</quote> Sure, if you want to commit a "
@@ -16322,7 +16358,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 232 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11670
+#: freeculture.xml:11677
 msgid ""
 "For some films, the benefit of releasing the film may well exceed these "
 "costs. But for the vast majority of them, there is no way the benefit would "
@@ -16332,7 +16368,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11681
+#: freeculture.xml:11688
 msgid ""
 "But by the time the copyright for these films expires, the film will have "
 "expired. These films were produced on nitrate-based stock, and nitrate stock "
@@ -16341,7 +16377,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11689
+#: freeculture.xml:11696
 msgid ""
 "<emphasis role='strong'>Of all the</emphasis> creative work produced by "
 "humans anywhere, a tiny fraction has continuing commercial value. For that "
@@ -16352,7 +16388,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11697
+#: freeculture.xml:11704
 msgid ""
 "But even for that tiny fraction, the actual time during which the creative "
 "work has a commercial life is extremely short. As I've indicated, most books "
@@ -16363,7 +16399,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11707
+#: freeculture.xml:11714
 msgid ""
 "Yet that doesn't mean the life of the creative work ends. We don't keep "
 "libraries of books in order to compete with Barnes &amp; Noble, and we don't "
@@ -16377,7 +16413,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 233 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11720
+#: freeculture.xml:11727
 msgid ""
 "Copyrights in this context do not drive an engine of free expression.  In "
 "this context, there is no need for an exclusive right. Copyrights in this "
@@ -16385,7 +16421,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11727
+#: freeculture.xml:11734
 msgid ""
 "Yet, for most of our history, they also did little harm. For most of our "
 "history, when a work ended its commercial life, there was no "
@@ -16398,7 +16434,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11738
+#: freeculture.xml:11745
 msgid ""
 "The same was effectively true of film. Because the costs of restoring a "
 "film&mdash;the real economic costs, not the lawyer costs&mdash;were so high, "
@@ -16409,7 +16445,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11747
+#: freeculture.xml:11754
 msgid ""
 "In other words, though copyright has been relatively short for most of our "
 "history, long copyrights wouldn't have mattered for the works that lost "
@@ -16418,12 +16454,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11753
+#: freeculture.xml:11760
 msgid "But this situation has now changed."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11757
+#: freeculture.xml:11764
 msgid ""
 "One crucially important consequence of the emergence of digital technologies "
 "is to enable the archive that Brewster Kahle dreams of.  Digital "
@@ -16438,7 +16474,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 234 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11770
+#: freeculture.xml:11777
 msgid ""
 "And now copyright law does get in the way. Every step of producing this "
 "digital archive of our culture infringes on the exclusive right of "
@@ -16451,7 +16487,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11780
+#: freeculture.xml:11787
 msgid ""
 "Here is the core of the harm that comes from extending terms: Now that "
 "technology enables us to rebuild the library of Alexandria, the law gets in "
@@ -16465,7 +16501,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11791
+#: freeculture.xml:11798
 msgid ""
 "You may well ask, <quote>But if digital technologies lower the costs for "
 "Brewster Kahle, then they will lower the costs for Random House, too.  So "
@@ -16474,7 +16510,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11797
+#: freeculture.xml:11804
 msgid ""
 "Maybe. Someday. But there is absolutely no evidence to suggest that "
 "publishers would be as complete as libraries. If Barnes &amp; Noble offered "
@@ -16489,7 +16525,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f13. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11821
+#: freeculture.xml:11828
 msgid ""
 "Jason Schultz, <quote>The Myth of the 1976 Copyright `Chaos' Theory,</quote> "
 "20 December 2002, available at <ulink "
@@ -16497,7 +16533,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11809
+#: freeculture.xml:11816
 msgid ""
 "I would be the first to agree that it should do as much as it can: We should "
 "rely upon the market as much as possible to spread and enable culture. My "
@@ -16511,7 +16547,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11828
+#: freeculture.xml:11835
 msgid ""
 "<emphasis role='strong'>In January 1999</emphasis>, we filed a lawsuit on "
 "Eric Eldred's behalf in federal district court in Washington, D.C., asking "
@@ -16523,7 +16559,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11837
+#: freeculture.xml:11844
 msgid ""
 "The district court dismissed our claims without even hearing an argument.  A "
 "panel of the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit also dismissed our "
@@ -16533,7 +16569,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11844
+#: freeculture.xml:11851
 msgid ""
 "Judge David Sentelle said the CTEA violated the requirement that copyrights "
 "be for <quote>limited Times</quote> only. His argument was as elegant as it "
@@ -16547,7 +16583,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11855
+#: freeculture.xml:11862
 msgid ""
 "We asked the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit as a whole to hear the "
 "case. Cases are ordinarily heard in panels of three, except for important "
@@ -16556,13 +16592,13 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11860
+#: freeculture.xml:11867
 msgid "Tatel, David"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 236 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11862
+#: freeculture.xml:11869
 msgid ""
 "The Court of Appeals rejected our request to hear the case en banc.  This "
 "time, Judge Sentelle was joined by the most liberal member of the "
@@ -16572,7 +16608,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11871
+#: freeculture.xml:11878
 msgid ""
 "It was here that most expected Eldred v. Ashcroft would die, for the Supreme "
 "Court rarely reviews any decision by a court of appeals. (It hears about one "
@@ -16582,7 +16618,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11878
+#: freeculture.xml:11885
 msgid ""
 "But in February 2002, the Supreme Court surprised the world by granting our "
 "petition to review the D.C. Circuit opinion. Argument was set for October of "
@@ -16590,7 +16626,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11884
+#: freeculture.xml:11891
 msgid ""
 "<emphasis role='strong'>It is over</emphasis> a year later as I write these "
 "words. It is still astonishingly hard. If you know anything at all about "
@@ -16603,7 +16639,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11895
+#: freeculture.xml:11902
 msgid ""
 "But my client and these friends were wrong. This case could have been "
 "won. It should have been won. And no matter how hard I try to retell this "
@@ -16611,13 +16647,13 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11900 freeculture.xml:11914
+#: freeculture.xml:11907 freeculture.xml:11921
 msgid "Steward, Geoffrey"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 237 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11902
+#: freeculture.xml:11909
 msgid ""
 "<emphasis role='strong'>The mistake</emphasis> was made early, though it "
 "became obvious only at the very end. Our case had been supported from the "
@@ -16629,17 +16665,17 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11912 freeculture.xml:12275 freeculture.xml:12291 freeculture.xml:12388 freeculture.xml:12608 freeculture.xml:12639 freeculture.xml:12737
+#: freeculture.xml:11919 freeculture.xml:12282 freeculture.xml:12298 freeculture.xml:12395 freeculture.xml:12615 freeculture.xml:12646 freeculture.xml:12744
 msgid "Ayer, Don"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11913
+#: freeculture.xml:11920
 msgid "Bromberg, Dan"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11916
+#: freeculture.xml:11923
 msgid ""
 "There were three key lawyers on the case from Jones Day. Geoff Stewart was "
 "the first, but then Dan Bromberg and Don Ayer became quite "
@@ -16652,7 +16688,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11926
+#: freeculture.xml:11933
 msgid ""
 "I hate this view of the law. Of course I thought the Sonny Bono Act was a "
 "dramatic harm to free speech and free culture. Of course I still think it "
@@ -16674,7 +16710,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11947
+#: freeculture.xml:11954
 msgid ""
 "In any case, I thought, the Court must already see the danger and the harm "
 "caused by this sort of law. Why else would they grant review? There was no "
@@ -16685,7 +16721,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 238 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11955
+#: freeculture.xml:11962
 msgid ""
 "There was one way, however, in which I felt politics would matter and in "
 "which I thought a response was appropriate. I was convinced that the Court "
@@ -16704,17 +16740,17 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11973 freeculture.xml:12000
+#: freeculture.xml:11980 freeculture.xml:12007
 msgid "Eagle Forum"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11974
+#: freeculture.xml:11981
 msgid "Schlafly, Phyllis"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11976
+#: freeculture.xml:11983
 msgid ""
 "The first step happened all by itself. Phyllis Schlafly's organization, "
 "Eagle Forum, had been an opponent of the CTEA from the very beginning.  "
@@ -16731,7 +16767,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11990
+#: freeculture.xml:11997
 msgid ""
 "In the Court of Appeals, Eagle Forum was eager to file a brief supporting "
 "our position. Their brief made the argument that became the core claim in "
@@ -16742,7 +16778,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 239 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12002
+#: freeculture.xml:12009
 msgid ""
 "In the Supreme Court, the briefs on our side were about as diverse as it "
 "gets. They included an extraordinary historical brief by the Free Software "
@@ -16755,17 +16791,17 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12014
+#: freeculture.xml:12021
 msgid "American Association of Law Libraries"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12015
+#: freeculture.xml:12022
 msgid "National Writers Union"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12017
+#: freeculture.xml:12024
 msgid ""
 "Those briefs framed a legal argument. Then to support the legal argument, "
 "there were a number of powerful briefs by libraries and archives, including "
@@ -16774,7 +16810,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12024
+#: freeculture.xml:12031
 msgid ""
 "But two briefs captured the policy argument best. One made the argument I've "
 "already described: A brief by Hal Roach Studios argued that unless the law "
@@ -16783,32 +16819,32 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12030
+#: freeculture.xml:12037
 msgid "Akerlof, George"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12031
+#: freeculture.xml:12038
 msgid "Arrow, Kenneth"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12032
+#: freeculture.xml:12039
 msgid "Buchanan, James"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12033
+#: freeculture.xml:12040
 msgid "Coase, Ronald"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12034
+#: freeculture.xml:12041
 msgid "Friedman, Milton"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12036
+#: freeculture.xml:12043
 msgid ""
 "This economists' brief was signed by seventeen economists, including five "
 "Nobel Prize winners, including Ronald Coase, James Buchanan, Milton "
@@ -16822,28 +16858,28 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12046 freeculture.xml:12064 freeculture.xml:12277 freeculture.xml:12640
+#: freeculture.xml:12053 freeculture.xml:12071 freeculture.xml:12284 freeculture.xml:12647
 msgid "Fried, Charles"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12047
+#: freeculture.xml:12054
 msgid "Morrison, Alan"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12048
+#: freeculture.xml:12055
 msgid "Public Citizen"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12049 freeculture.xml:12276 freeculture.xml:13425
+#: freeculture.xml:12056 freeculture.xml:12283 freeculture.xml:13432
 msgid "Reagan, Ronald"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 240 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12051
+#: freeculture.xml:12058
 msgid ""
 "The same effort at balance was reflected in the legal team we gathered to "
 "write our briefs in the case. The Jones Day lawyers had been with us from "
@@ -16857,12 +16893,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12066
+#: freeculture.xml:12073
 msgid "Commerce Clause of"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12068
+#: freeculture.xml:12075
 msgid ""
 "Fried was a special victory for our side. Every other former solicitor "
 "general was hired by the other side to defend Congress's power to give media "
@@ -16876,7 +16912,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12080
+#: freeculture.xml:12087
 msgid ""
 "The government, in defending the statute, had its collection of friends, as "
 "well. Significantly, however, none of these <quote>friends</quote> included "
@@ -16886,7 +16922,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12087
+#: freeculture.xml:12094
 msgid ""
 "The media companies were not surprising. They had the most to gain from the "
 "law. The congressmen were not surprising either&mdash;they were defending "
@@ -16897,18 +16933,18 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12095
+#: freeculture.xml:12102
 msgid "Gershwin, George"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12096
+#: freeculture.xml:12103
 msgid "Porgy and Bess"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  f14. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12106
+#: freeculture.xml:12113
 msgid ""
 "Brief of Amici Dr. Seuss Enterprise et al., <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> "
 "v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 537 U.S.  (2003) (No. 01-618), 19."
@@ -16916,7 +16952,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f15. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12114
+#: freeculture.xml:12121
 msgid ""
 "Dinitia Smith, <quote>Immortal Words, Immortal Royalties? Even Mickey Mouse "
 "Joins the Fray,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 28 March "
@@ -16925,7 +16961,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 241 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12099
+#: freeculture.xml:12106
 msgid ""
 "Dr. Seuss's representatives, for example, argued that it was better for the "
 "Dr. Seuss estate to control what happened to Dr. Seuss's work&mdash; better "
@@ -16942,7 +16978,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12123
+#: freeculture.xml:12130
 msgid ""
 "This argument made clear a theme that is rarely noticed in this debate.  "
 "When Congress decides to extend the term of existing copyrights, Congress is "
@@ -16957,7 +16993,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12135
+#: freeculture.xml:12142
 msgid ""
 "We argued as much in a final brief. Not only would upholding the CTEA mean "
 "that there was no limit to the power of Congress to extend "
@@ -16967,7 +17003,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12142
+#: freeculture.xml:12149
 msgid ""
 "<emphasis role='strong'>Between February</emphasis> and October, there was "
 "little I did beyond preparing for this case. Early on, as I said, I set the "
@@ -16975,12 +17011,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12147 freeculture.xml:12333
+#: freeculture.xml:12154 freeculture.xml:12340
 msgid "O'Connor, Sandra Day"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12149
+#: freeculture.xml:12156
 msgid ""
 "The Supreme Court was divided into two important camps. One camp we called "
 "<quote>the Conservatives.</quote> The other we called <quote>the "
@@ -16993,18 +17029,18 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12158 freeculture.xml:12183 freeculture.xml:12535 freeculture.xml:12547
+#: freeculture.xml:12165 freeculture.xml:12190 freeculture.xml:12542 freeculture.xml:12554
 msgid "Breyer, Stephen"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12159 freeculture.xml:12499
+#: freeculture.xml:12166 freeculture.xml:12506
 msgid "Ginsburg, Ruth Bader"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 242 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12161
+#: freeculture.xml:12168
 msgid ""
 "The Rest were the four Justices who had strongly opposed limits on "
 "Congress's power. These four&mdash;Justice Stevens, Justice Souter, Justice "
@@ -17017,7 +17053,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12173
+#: freeculture.xml:12180
 msgid ""
 "In particular, the least likely was Justice Ginsburg's. In addition to her "
 "general view about deference to Congress (except where issues of gender are "
@@ -17030,7 +17066,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12185
+#: freeculture.xml:12192
 msgid ""
 "Close behind Justice Ginsburg were two justices whom we also viewed as "
 "unlikely allies, though possible surprises. Justice Souter strongly favored "
@@ -17040,7 +17076,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12194
+#: freeculture.xml:12201
 msgid ""
 "The only vote we could be confident about was that of Justice "
 "Stevens. History will record Justice Stevens as one of the greatest judges "
@@ -17051,7 +17087,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12202
+#: freeculture.xml:12209
 msgid ""
 "This analysis of <quote>the Rest</quote> showed most clearly where our focus "
 "had to be: on the Conservatives. To win this case, we had to crack open "
@@ -17064,7 +17100,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 243 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12212
+#: freeculture.xml:12219
 msgid ""
 "This then was the core of our strategy&mdash;a strategy for which I am "
 "responsible. We would get the Court to see that just as with the "
@@ -17079,7 +17115,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12226
+#: freeculture.xml:12233
 msgid ""
 "<emphasis role='strong'>The argument</emphasis> on the government's side "
 "came down to this: Congress has done it before. It should be allowed to do "
@@ -17089,7 +17125,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12234
+#: freeculture.xml:12241
 msgid ""
 "There was some truth to the government's claim, but not much. We certainly "
 "agreed that Congress had extended existing terms in 1831 and in 1909. And of "
@@ -17098,7 +17134,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12241
+#: freeculture.xml:12248
 msgid ""
 "But this <quote>consistency</quote> should be kept in perspective. Congress "
 "extended existing terms once in the first hundred years of the Republic.  It "
@@ -17113,7 +17149,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 244 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12256
+#: freeculture.xml:12263
 msgid ""
 "<emphasis role='strong'>Oral argument</emphasis> was scheduled for the first "
 "week in October. I arrived in D.C. two weeks before the argument. During "
@@ -17123,7 +17159,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12266
+#: freeculture.xml:12273
 msgid ""
 "I was convinced that to win, I had to keep the Court focused on a single "
 "point: that if this extension is permitted, then there is no limit to the "
@@ -17134,7 +17170,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12279
+#: freeculture.xml:12286
 msgid ""
 "One moot was before the lawyers at Jones Day. Don Ayer was the skeptic. He "
 "had served in the Reagan Justice Department with Solicitor General Charles "
@@ -17143,7 +17179,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12285
+#: freeculture.xml:12292
 msgid ""
 "<quote>I'm just afraid that unless they really see the harm, they won't be "
 "willing to upset this practice that the government says has been a "
@@ -17153,7 +17189,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12293
+#: freeculture.xml:12300
 msgid ""
 "He may have argued many cases before this Court, I thought, but he didn't "
 "understand its soul. As a clerk, I had seen the Justices do the right "
@@ -17167,7 +17203,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 245 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12303
+#: freeculture.xml:12310
 msgid ""
 "<emphasis role='strong'>The night before</emphasis> the argument, a line of "
 "people began to form in front of the Supreme Court. The case had become a "
@@ -17177,7 +17213,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12313
+#: freeculture.xml:12320
 msgid ""
 "Not everyone has to wait in line. People who know the Justices can ask for "
 "seats they control. (I asked Justice Scalia's chambers for seats for my "
@@ -17193,7 +17229,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12328
+#: freeculture.xml:12335
 msgid ""
 "When the Chief Justice called me to begin my argument, I began where I "
 "intended to stay: on the question of the limits on Congress's power. This "
@@ -17202,14 +17238,14 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12335
+#: freeculture.xml:12342
 msgid ""
 "Justice O'Connor stopped me within one minute of my opening.  The history "
 "was bothering her."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12340
+#: freeculture.xml:12347
 msgid ""
 "justice o'connor: Congress has extended the term so often through the years, "
 "and if you are right, don't we run the risk of upsetting previous extensions "
@@ -17218,7 +17254,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12347
+#: freeculture.xml:12354
 msgid ""
 "She was quite willing to concede <quote>that this flies directly in the face "
 "of what the framers had in mind.</quote> But my response again and again was "
@@ -17227,7 +17263,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 246 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12353
+#: freeculture.xml:12360
 msgid ""
 "mr. lessig: Well, if it flies in the face of what the framers had in mind, "
 "then the question is, is there a way of interpreting their words that gives "
@@ -17235,14 +17271,14 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12361
+#: freeculture.xml:12368
 msgid ""
 "There were two points in this argument when I should have seen where the "
 "Court was going. The first was a question by Justice Kennedy, who observed,"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12367
+#: freeculture.xml:12374
 msgid ""
 "justice kennedy: Well, I suppose implicit in the argument that the '76 act, "
 "too, should have been declared void, and that we might leave it alone "
@@ -17252,14 +17288,14 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12375
+#: freeculture.xml:12382
 msgid ""
 "Here follows my clear mistake. Like a professor correcting a student, I "
 "answered,"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12381
+#: freeculture.xml:12388
 msgid ""
 "mr. lessig: Justice, we are not making an empirical claim at all.  Nothing "
 "in our Copyright Clause claim hangs upon the empirical assertion about "
@@ -17269,7 +17305,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12390
+#: freeculture.xml:12397
 msgid ""
 "That was a correct answer, but it wasn't the right answer. The right answer "
 "was instead that there was an obvious and profound harm. Any number of "
@@ -17279,7 +17315,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12397
+#: freeculture.xml:12404
 msgid ""
 "The second came from the Chief, for whom the whole case had been "
 "crafted. For the Chief Justice had crafted the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> "
@@ -17288,21 +17324,21 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 247 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12402
+#: freeculture.xml:12409
 msgid ""
 "It was clear a second into his question that he wasn't at all sympathetic.  "
 "To him, we were a bunch of anarchists. As he asked:"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12409
+#: freeculture.xml:12416
 msgid ""
 "chief justice: Well, but you want more than that. You want the right to copy "
 "verbatim other people's books, don't you?"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12413
+#: freeculture.xml:12420
 msgid ""
 "mr. lessig: We want the right to copy verbatim works that should be in the "
 "public domain and would be in the public domain but for a statute that "
@@ -17311,12 +17347,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12421
+#: freeculture.xml:12428
 msgid "Olson, Theodore B."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12423
+#: freeculture.xml:12430
 msgid ""
 "Things went better for us when the government gave its argument; for now the "
 "Court picked up on the core of our claim. As Justice Scalia asked Solicitor "
@@ -17324,7 +17360,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12429
+#: freeculture.xml:12436
 msgid ""
 "justice scalia: You say that the functional equivalent of an unlimited time "
 "would be a violation [of the Constitution], but that's precisely the "
@@ -17333,7 +17369,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12437
+#: freeculture.xml:12444
 msgid ""
 "When Olson was finished, it was my turn to give a closing rebuttal.  Olson's "
 "flailing had revived my anger. But my anger still was directed to the "
@@ -17349,7 +17385,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 248 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12450
+#: freeculture.xml:12457
 msgid ""
 "<emphasis role='strong'>As I left</emphasis> the court that day, I knew "
 "there were a hundred points I wished I could remake. There were a hundred "
@@ -17358,7 +17394,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12459
+#: freeculture.xml:12466
 msgid ""
 "The government had been asked over and over again, what is the limit? Over "
 "and over again, it had answered there is no limit. This was precisely the "
@@ -17375,7 +17411,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12474
+#: freeculture.xml:12481
 msgid ""
 "<emphasis role='strong'>The morning</emphasis> of January 15, 2003, I was "
 "five minutes late to the office and missed the 7:00 A.M. call from the "
@@ -17386,7 +17422,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12482
+#: freeculture.xml:12489
 msgid ""
 "A few seconds later, the opinions arrived by e-mail. I took the phone off "
 "the hook, posted an announcement to our blog, and sat down to see where I "
@@ -17394,7 +17430,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12487
+#: freeculture.xml:12494
 msgid ""
 "My <emphasis>reasoning</emphasis>. Here was a case that pitted all the money "
 "in the world against <emphasis>reasoning</emphasis>. And here was the last "
@@ -17402,7 +17438,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12493
+#: freeculture.xml:12500
 msgid ""
 "I first scoured the opinion, looking for how the Court would distinguish the "
 "principle in this case from the principle in "
@@ -17413,7 +17449,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 249 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12503
+#: freeculture.xml:12510
 msgid ""
 "Justice Ginsburg simply ignored the enumerated powers argument.  Consistent "
 "with her view that Congress's power was not limited generally, she had found "
@@ -17421,7 +17457,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12508
+#: freeculture.xml:12515
 msgid ""
 "Her opinion was perfectly reasonable&mdash;for her, and for Justice "
 "Souter. Neither believes in <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>. It would be too "
@@ -17430,7 +17466,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12514
+#: freeculture.xml:12521
 msgid ""
 "But as I realized what had happened, I couldn't quite believe what I was "
 "reading. I had said there was no way this Court could reconcile limited "
@@ -17444,7 +17480,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12525
+#: freeculture.xml:12532
 msgid ""
 "Yet by what right did they get to choose which of the framers' values they "
 "would respect? By what right did they&mdash;the silent five&mdash;get to "
@@ -17457,7 +17493,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12537
+#: freeculture.xml:12544
 msgid ""
 "Justices Breyer and Stevens wrote very strong dissents. Stevens's opinion "
 "was crafted internal to the law: He argued that the tradition of "
@@ -17472,7 +17508,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 250 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12550
+#: freeculture.xml:12557
 msgid ""
 "Justice Breyer's opinion, perhaps the best opinion he has ever written, was "
 "external to the Constitution. He argued that the term of copyrights has "
@@ -17486,7 +17522,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12561
+#: freeculture.xml:12568
 msgid ""
 "These two justices understood all the arguments we had made. But because "
 "neither believed in the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> case, neither was "
@@ -17497,7 +17533,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12568
+#: freeculture.xml:12575
 msgid ""
 "<emphasis role='strong'>Defeat brings depression</emphasis>. They say it is "
 "a sign of health when depression gives way to anger. My anger came quickly, "
@@ -17505,12 +17541,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12573
+#: freeculture.xml:12580
 msgid "originalism"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12575
+#: freeculture.xml:12582
 msgid ""
 "It was first anger with the five <quote>Conservatives.</quote> It would have "
 "been one thing for them to have explained why the principle of "
@@ -17528,7 +17564,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 251 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12588
+#: freeculture.xml:12595
 msgid ""
 "Here, they had joined an opinion that never once tried to explain what the "
 "framers had meant by crafting the Progress Clause as they did; they joined "
@@ -17543,7 +17579,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12603
+#: freeculture.xml:12610
 msgid ""
 "My anger with the Conservatives quickly yielded to anger with myself.  For I "
 "had let a view of the law that I liked interfere with a view of the law as "
@@ -17551,7 +17587,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12610
+#: freeculture.xml:12617
 msgid ""
 "Most lawyers, and most law professors, have little patience for idealism "
 "about courts in general and this Supreme Court in particular.  Most have a "
@@ -17566,7 +17602,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 252 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12621
+#: freeculture.xml:12628
 msgid ""
 "As I read back over the transcript from that argument in October, I can see "
 "a hundred places where the answers could have taken the conversation in "
@@ -17585,7 +17621,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12642
+#: freeculture.xml:12649
 msgid ""
 "Would it have been different if I had argued it differently? Would it have "
 "been different if Don Ayer had argued it? Or Charles Fried? Or Kathleen "
@@ -17593,7 +17629,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12647
+#: freeculture.xml:12654
 msgid ""
 "My friends huddled around me to insist it would not. The Court was not "
 "ready, my friends insisted. This was a loss that was destined. It would take "
@@ -17602,7 +17638,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12653
+#: freeculture.xml:12660
 msgid ""
 "Maybe, but I doubt it. These Justices have no financial interest in doing "
 "anything except the right thing. They are not lobbied. They have little "
@@ -17612,7 +17648,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12661
+#: freeculture.xml:12668
 msgid ""
 "And even if I couldn't, then that doesn't excuse what happened in "
 "January. For at the start of this case, one of America's leading "
@@ -17622,7 +17658,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12668
+#: freeculture.xml:12675
 msgid ""
 "After the argument and after the decision, Peter said to me, and publicly, "
 "that he was wrong. But if indeed that Court could not have been persuaded, "
@@ -17635,7 +17671,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 253 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12677
+#: freeculture.xml:12684
 msgid ""
 "<emphasis role='strong'>While the reaction</emphasis> to the Sonny Bono Act "
 "itself was almost unanimously negative, the reaction to the Court's decision "
@@ -17649,7 +17685,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12692
+#: freeculture.xml:12699
 msgid ""
 "In effect, the Supreme Court's decision makes it likely that we are seeing "
 "the beginning of the end of public domain and the birth of copyright "
@@ -17660,12 +17696,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12706 freeculture.xml:12711
+#: freeculture.xml:12713 freeculture.xml:12718
 msgid "Bolling, Ruben"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12701
+#: freeculture.xml:12708
 msgid ""
 "The best responses were in the cartoons. There was a gaggle of hilarious "
 "images&mdash;of Mickey in jail and the like. The best, from my view of the "
@@ -17676,19 +17712,19 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:12709
+#: freeculture.xml:12716
 msgid "Tom the Dancing Bug cartoon"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:12710
+#: freeculture.xml:12717
 msgid ""
 "<graphic fileref=\"images/18.png\" align=\"center\" width=\"95%\"></graphic> "
 "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12714
+#: freeculture.xml:12721
 msgid ""
 "The image that will always stick in my head is that evoked by the quote from "
 "<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle>. That <quote>grand "
@@ -17701,12 +17737,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:12725
+#: freeculture.xml:12732
 msgid "CHAPTER FOURTEEN: Eldred II"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12727
+#: freeculture.xml:12734
 msgid ""
 "<emphasis role='strong'>The day</emphasis> <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> was "
 "decided, fate would have it that I was to travel to Washington, D.C. (The "
@@ -17719,7 +17755,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12739
+#: freeculture.xml:12746
 msgid ""
 "It was an act of contrition. During the whole of the flight from San "
 "Francisco to Washington, I had heard over and over again in my head the same "
@@ -17733,7 +17769,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 256 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12749
+#: freeculture.xml:12756
 msgid ""
 "<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle> published the piece. In it, I "
 "proposed a simple fix: Fifty years after a work has been published, the "
@@ -17743,7 +17779,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12757
+#: freeculture.xml:12764
 msgid ""
 "We called this the Eldred Act, but that was just to give it a name.  Eric "
 "Eldred was kind enough to let his name be used once again, but as he said "
@@ -17751,7 +17787,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12762
+#: freeculture.xml:12769
 msgid ""
 "Or another two names. For depending upon your perspective, this is either "
 "the <quote>Public Domain Enhancement Act</quote> or the <quote>Copyright "
@@ -17763,12 +17799,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12770 freeculture.xml:12971
+#: freeculture.xml:12777 freeculture.xml:12978
 msgid "Forbes, Steve"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12772
+#: freeculture.xml:12779
 msgid ""
 "The reaction to this idea was amazingly strong. Steve Forbes endorsed it in "
 "an editorial. I received an avalanche of e-mail and letters expressing "
@@ -17782,7 +17818,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12784
+#: freeculture.xml:12791
 msgid ""
 "Indeed, many recognized the obvious benefit of the registration "
 "requirement.  For one of the hardest things about the current system for "
@@ -17795,22 +17831,22 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12794
+#: freeculture.xml:12801
 msgid "Berlin Act (1908)"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12795 freeculture.xml:12836
+#: freeculture.xml:12802 freeculture.xml:12843
 msgid "Berne Convention (1908)"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12803
+#: freeculture.xml:12810
 msgid "German copyright law"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12803
+#: freeculture.xml:12810
 msgid ""
 "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Until the 1908 Berlin Act of the "
 "Berne Convention, national copyright legislation sometimes made protection "
@@ -17833,7 +17869,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12798
+#: freeculture.xml:12805
 msgid ""
 "As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" "
 "linkend=\"property-i\"/>, formalities in copyright law were removed in 1976, "
@@ -17848,7 +17884,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12830
+#: freeculture.xml:12837
 msgid ""
 "That's great rhetoric. It sounds wonderfully romantic. But it is absurd "
 "copyright policy. It is absurd especially for authors, because a world "
@@ -17858,7 +17894,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12838
+#: freeculture.xml:12845
 msgid ""
 "The fight against formalities achieved its first real victory in Berlin in "
 "1908. International copyright lawyers amended the Berne Convention in 1908, "
@@ -17871,7 +17907,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12848
+#: freeculture.xml:12855
 msgid ""
 "These complaints were real and sensible. And the strictness of the "
 "formalities, especially in the United States, was absurd. The law should "
@@ -17882,7 +17918,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12856
+#: freeculture.xml:12863
 msgid ""
 "Even that would have been resisted, however, because registration in the "
 "nineteenth and twentieth centuries was still expensive. It was also a "
@@ -17893,7 +17929,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 258 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12864
+#: freeculture.xml:12871
 msgid ""
 "In addition to the practical complaint of authors in 1908, there was a moral "
 "claim as well. There was no reason that creative property should be a "
@@ -17905,7 +17941,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12876
+#: freeculture.xml:12883
 msgid ""
 "This argument is correct, but its implications are misleading. For the "
 "argument in favor of formalities does not depend upon creative property "
@@ -17916,7 +17952,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12885
+#: freeculture.xml:12892
 msgid ""
 "No one thinks, for example, that land is second-class property just because "
 "you have to register a deed with a court if your sale of land is to be "
@@ -17934,7 +17970,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12901
+#: freeculture.xml:12908
 msgid ""
 "It is similarly special physics that makes formalities important in "
 "copyright law. Unlike a carpenter's table, there's nothing in nature that "
@@ -17949,7 +17985,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12916
+#: freeculture.xml:12923
 msgid ""
 "This was the understanding of the problem with the Sonny Bono Act that we "
 "tried to demonstrate to the Court. This was the part it didn't "
@@ -17962,7 +17998,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12926
+#: freeculture.xml:12933
 msgid ""
 "But now that copyrights can be just about a century long, the inability to "
 "know what is protected and what is not protected becomes a huge and obvious "
@@ -17974,7 +18010,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12935
+#: freeculture.xml:12942
 msgid ""
 "The Eldred Act was designed to respond to exactly this problem. If it is "
 "worth $1 to you, then register your work and you can get the longer "
@@ -17984,7 +18020,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12942
+#: freeculture.xml:12949
 msgid ""
 "If it isn't worth it to you to register to get the benefit of an extended "
 "term, then it shouldn't be worth it for the government to defend your "
@@ -17994,7 +18030,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12949
+#: freeculture.xml:12956
 msgid ""
 "Some worry about the burden on authors. Won't the burden of registering the "
 "work mean that the $1 is really misleading? Isn't the hassle worth more than "
@@ -18003,7 +18039,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 260 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12955
+#: freeculture.xml:12962
 msgid ""
 "It is. The hassle is terrible. The system that exists now is awful. I "
 "completely agree that the Copyright Office has done a terrible job (no doubt "
@@ -18021,7 +18057,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12973
+#: freeculture.xml:12980
 msgid ""
 "<emphasis role='strong'>When Steve Forbes</emphasis> endorsed the idea, some "
 "in Washington began to pay attention. Many people contacted me pointing to "
@@ -18031,12 +18067,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12979
+#: freeculture.xml:12986
 msgid "Lofgren, Zoe"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12981
+#: freeculture.xml:12988
 msgid ""
 "One representative, Zoe Lofgren of California, went so far as to get the "
 "bill drafted. The draft solved any problem with international law. It "
@@ -18047,7 +18083,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12990
+#: freeculture.xml:12997
 msgid ""
 "But at this stage, the lobbyists began to intervene. Jack Valenti and the "
 "MPAA general counsel came to the congresswoman's office to give the view of "
@@ -18059,7 +18095,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 261 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12998
+#: freeculture.xml:13005
 msgid ""
 "The MPAA argued first that Congress had <quote>firmly rejected the central "
 "concept in the proposed bill</quote>&mdash;that copyrights be renewed. That "
@@ -18081,7 +18117,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13019
+#: freeculture.xml:13026
 msgid ""
 "Finally, the MPAA argued that existing law enabled copyright owners to do "
 "this if they wanted. But the whole point is that there are thousands of "
@@ -18092,7 +18128,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13027
+#: freeculture.xml:13034
 msgid ""
 "<emphasis role='strong'>At the beginning</emphasis> of this book, I told two "
 "stories about the law reacting to changes in technology. In the one, common "
@@ -18105,7 +18141,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13037
+#: freeculture.xml:13044
 msgid ""
 "I used these two cases as a way to frame the war that this book has been "
 "about. For here, too, a new technology is forcing the law to react.  And "
@@ -18115,7 +18151,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 262 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13046
+#: freeculture.xml:13053
 msgid ""
 "When the issue is piracy, it is right for the law to back the copyright "
 "owners. The commercial piracy that I described is wrong and harmful, and the "
@@ -18129,12 +18165,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13056
+#: freeculture.xml:13063
 msgid "Kelly, Kevin"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13058
+#: freeculture.xml:13065
 msgid ""
 "But when the copyright owners oppose a proposal such as the Eldred Act, "
 "then, finally, there is an example that lays bare the naked selfinterest "
@@ -18147,12 +18183,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13068
+#: freeculture.xml:13075
 msgid "What does this industry really want?"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13071
+#: freeculture.xml:13078
 msgid ""
 "With very little effort, the warriors could protect their content. So the "
 "effort to block something like the Eldred Act is not really about protecting "
@@ -18165,7 +18201,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13082
+#: freeculture.xml:13089
 msgid ""
 "The opposition to the Eldred Act reveals how extreme the other side is. The "
 "most powerful and sexy and well loved of lobbies really has as its aim not "
@@ -18176,7 +18212,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 263 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13090
+#: freeculture.xml:13097
 msgid ""
 "It is not hard to understand why the warriors take this view. It is not hard "
 "to see why it would benefit them if the competition of the public domain "
@@ -18187,7 +18223,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13102
+#: freeculture.xml:13109
 msgid ""
 "What is hard to understand is why the public takes this view. It is as if "
 "the law made airplanes trespassers. The MPAA stands with the Causbys and "
@@ -18197,7 +18233,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13109
+#: freeculture.xml:13116
 msgid ""
 "All this seems to follow easily from this untroubled acceptance of the "
 "<quote>property</quote> in intellectual property. Common sense supports it, "
@@ -18209,47 +18245,47 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:13121
+#: freeculture.xml:13128
 msgid "CONCLUSION"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13122
+#: freeculture.xml:13129
 msgid "Africa, medications for HIV patients in"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13123
+#: freeculture.xml:13130
 msgid "AIDS medications"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13124
+#: freeculture.xml:13131
 msgid "antiretroviral drugs"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13125
+#: freeculture.xml:13132
 msgid "developing countries, foreign patent costs in"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13126 freeculture.xml:13639
+#: freeculture.xml:13133 freeculture.xml:13646
 msgid "drugs"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13126 freeculture.xml:13639
+#: freeculture.xml:13133 freeculture.xml:13646
 msgid "pharmaceutical"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13127
+#: freeculture.xml:13134
 msgid "HIV/AIDS therapies"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13129
+#: freeculture.xml:13136
 msgid ""
 "<emphasis role='strong'>There are more</emphasis> than 35 million people "
 "with the AIDS virus worldwide. Twenty-five million of them live in "
@@ -18259,7 +18295,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13136
+#: freeculture.xml:13143
 msgid ""
 "There is no cure for AIDS, but there are drugs to slow its progression.  "
 "These antiretroviral therapies are still experimental, but they have already "
@@ -18270,7 +18306,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f1. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13151
+#: freeculture.xml:13158
 msgid ""
 "Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, <quote>Final Report: Integrating "
 "Intellectual Property Rights and Development Policy</quote> (London, 2002), "
@@ -18281,7 +18317,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13144
+#: freeculture.xml:13151
 msgid ""
 "These drugs are expensive. When they were first introduced in the United "
 "States, they cost between $10,000 and $15,000 per person per year. Today, "
@@ -18293,18 +18329,18 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13160 freeculture.xml:13641
+#: freeculture.xml:13167 freeculture.xml:13648
 msgid "on pharmaceuticals"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13161
+#: freeculture.xml:13168
 msgid "pharmaceutical patents"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 265 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13164
+#: freeculture.xml:13171
 msgid ""
 "These prices are not high because the ingredients of the drugs are "
 "expensive. These prices are high because the drugs are protected by "
@@ -18315,7 +18351,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13172
+#: freeculture.xml:13179
 msgid ""
 "There are many who are skeptical of patents, especially drug patents. I am "
 "not. Indeed, of all the areas of research that might be supported by "
@@ -18328,7 +18364,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13183
+#: freeculture.xml:13190
 msgid ""
 "But it is one thing to support patents, even drug patents. It is another "
 "thing to determine how best to deal with a crisis. And as African leaders "
@@ -18338,27 +18374,27 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13189
+#: freeculture.xml:13196
 msgid "international law"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13190
+#: freeculture.xml:13197
 msgid "parallel importation"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13191
+#: freeculture.xml:13198
 msgid "South Africa, Republic of, pharmaceutical imports by"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13204 freeculture.xml:13697
+#: freeculture.xml:13211 freeculture.xml:13704
 msgid "Braithwaite, John"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13202
+#: freeculture.xml:13209
 msgid ""
 "See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism: "
 "Who Owns the Knowledge Economy?</citetitle> (New York: The New Press, 2003), "
@@ -18367,7 +18403,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13193
+#: freeculture.xml:13200
 msgid ""
 "In 1997, South Africa tried one tack. It passed a law to allow the "
 "importation of patented medicines that had been produced or sold in another "
@@ -18379,13 +18415,13 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13208
+#: freeculture.xml:13215
 msgid "United States Trade Representative (USTR)"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  f3. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13216
+#: freeculture.xml:13223
 msgid ""
 "International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent "
 "Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a "
@@ -18400,7 +18436,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f4. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13243
+#: freeculture.xml:13250
 msgid ""
 "International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent "
 "Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a "
@@ -18409,7 +18445,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13210
+#: freeculture.xml:13217
 msgid ""
 "However, the United States government opposed the bill. Indeed, more than "
 "opposed. As the International Intellectual Property Association "
@@ -18432,7 +18468,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13250
+#: freeculture.xml:13257
 msgid ""
 "We should place the intervention by the United States in context.  No doubt "
 "patents are not the most important reason that Africans don't have access to "
@@ -18444,7 +18480,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13260
+#: freeculture.xml:13267
 msgid ""
 "By stopping the flow of HIV treatment into Africa, the United States "
 "government was not saving drugs for United States citizens.  This is not "
@@ -18455,7 +18491,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13268
+#: freeculture.xml:13275
 msgid ""
 "Nor was the intervention by the United States going to protect the profits "
 "of United States drug companies&mdash;at least, not substantially. It was "
@@ -18469,7 +18505,7 @@ msgstr ""
 #.  f5. 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 333 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13283
+#: freeculture.xml:13290
 msgid ""
 "See Sabin Russell, <quote>New Crusade to Lower AIDS Drug Costs: Africa's "
 "Needs at Odds with Firms' Profit Motive,</quote> <citetitle>San Francisco "
@@ -18487,7 +18523,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13277
+#: freeculture.xml:13284
 msgid ""
 "Instead, the argument in favor of restricting this flow of information, "
 "which was needed to save the lives of millions, was an argument about the "
@@ -18499,7 +18535,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13305
+#: freeculture.xml:13312
 msgid ""
 "Now just step back for a moment. There will be a time thirty years from now "
 "when our children look back at us and ask, how could we have let this "
@@ -18512,12 +18548,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13314
+#: freeculture.xml:13321
 msgid "in pharmaceutical industry"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13316
+#: freeculture.xml:13323
 msgid ""
 "Some blame the drug companies. I don't. They are corporations.  Their "
 "managers are ordered by law to make money for the corporation.  They push a "
@@ -18528,7 +18564,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13324
+#: freeculture.xml:13331
 msgid ""
 "The corruption is our own politicians' failure of integrity. For the drug "
 "companies would love&mdash;they say, and I believe them&mdash;to sell their "
@@ -18539,13 +18575,13 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13331
+#: freeculture.xml:13338
 msgid "of drug patents"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 268 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13333
+#: freeculture.xml:13340
 msgid ""
 "A different problem, however, could not be overcome. This is the fear of the "
 "grandstanding politician who would call the presidents of the drug companies "
@@ -18562,7 +18598,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13355
+#: freeculture.xml:13362
 msgid ""
 "So when the common sense of your child confronts you, what will you say? "
 "When the common sense of a generation finally revolts against what we have "
@@ -18570,7 +18606,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13361
+#: freeculture.xml:13368
 msgid ""
 "A sensible patent policy could endorse and strongly support the patent "
 "system without having to reach everyone everywhere in exactly the same "
@@ -18584,7 +18620,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13376
+#: freeculture.xml:13383
 msgid ""
 "But we as a culture have lost this sense of balance. We have lost the "
 "critical eye that helps us see the difference between truth and extremism.  "
@@ -18596,7 +18632,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 269 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13385
+#: freeculture.xml:13392
 msgid ""
 "<emphasis role='strong'>A simple idea</emphasis> blinds us, and under the "
 "cover of darkness, much happens that most of us would reject if any of us "
@@ -18611,7 +18647,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13399
+#: freeculture.xml:13406
 msgid ""
 "So far, common sense sleeps. There is no revolt. Common sense does not yet "
 "see what there could be to revolt about. The extremism that now dominates "
@@ -18628,68 +18664,68 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13412 freeculture.xml:14182
+#: freeculture.xml:13419 freeculture.xml:14189
 msgid "academic journals"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13413 freeculture.xml:13426
+#: freeculture.xml:13420 freeculture.xml:13433
 msgid "biomedical research"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13414 freeculture.xml:13584
+#: freeculture.xml:13421 freeculture.xml:13591
 msgid "international organization on issues of"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13416 freeculture.xml:13533 freeculture.xml:14101
+#: freeculture.xml:13423 freeculture.xml:13540 freeculture.xml:14108
 msgid "IBM"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13417 freeculture.xml:14248
+#: freeculture.xml:13424 freeculture.xml:14255
 msgid "PLoS (Public Library of Science)"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13418 freeculture.xml:14249
+#: freeculture.xml:13425 freeculture.xml:14256
 msgid "Public Library of Science (PLoS)"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13419
+#: freeculture.xml:13426
 msgid "public projects in"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13420
+#: freeculture.xml:13427
 msgid "single nucleotied polymorphisms (SNPs)"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13421
+#: freeculture.xml:13428
 msgid "Wellcome Trust"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13422 freeculture.xml:13585
+#: freeculture.xml:13429 freeculture.xml:13592
 msgid "World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13423
+#: freeculture.xml:13430
 msgid "World Wide Web"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13424
+#: freeculture.xml:13431
 msgid "Global Positioning System"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  f6. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13431
+#: freeculture.xml:13438
 msgid ""
 "Jonathan Krim, <quote>The Quiet War over Open-Source,</quote> "
 "<citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, August 2003, E1, available at <ulink "
@@ -18705,7 +18741,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 270 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13428
+#: freeculture.xml:13435
 msgid ""
 "<emphasis role='strong'>In August 2003</emphasis>, a fight broke out in the "
 "United States about a decision by the World Intellectual Property "
@@ -18730,7 +18766,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13464
+#: freeculture.xml:13471
 msgid ""
 "The aim of the meeting was to consider this wide range of projects from one "
 "common perspective: that none of these projects relied upon intellectual "
@@ -18740,20 +18776,20 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13470
+#: freeculture.xml:13477
 msgid "in international debate on intellectual property"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  f7. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13473
+#: freeculture.xml:13480
 msgid ""
 "I should disclose that I was one of the people who asked WIPO for the "
 "meeting."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13472
+#: freeculture.xml:13479
 msgid ""
 "From the perspective of this book, then, the conference was "
 "ideal.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The projects within its "
@@ -18764,13 +18800,13 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13482 freeculture.xml:13638
+#: freeculture.xml:13489 freeculture.xml:13645
 msgid "World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS)"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 271 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13484
+#: freeculture.xml:13491
 msgid ""
 "Indeed, I was once publicly scolded for not recognizing this fact about "
 "WIPO. In February 2003, I delivered a keynote address to a preparatory "
@@ -18794,7 +18830,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13508
+#: freeculture.xml:13515
 msgid ""
 "So whether or not WSIS can discuss balance in intellectual property, I had "
 "thought it was taken for granted that WIPO could and should. And thus the "
@@ -18803,17 +18839,17 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13517 freeculture.xml:15247
+#: freeculture.xml:13524 freeculture.xml:15254
 msgid "Apple Corporation"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13518
+#: freeculture.xml:13525
 msgid "on free software"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13520
+#: freeculture.xml:13527
 msgid ""
 "But there is one project within that list that is highly controversial, at "
 "least among lobbyists. That project is <quote>open source and free "
@@ -18827,13 +18863,13 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13530
+#: freeculture.xml:13537
 msgid "<quote>copyleft</quote> licenses"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  f8. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13546
+#: freeculture.xml:13553
 msgid ""
 "Microsoft's position about free and open source software is more "
 "sophisticated.  As it has repeatedly asserted, it has no problem with "
@@ -18854,7 +18890,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13535
+#: freeculture.xml:13542
 msgid ""
 "I don't mean to enter that debate here. It is important only to make clear "
 "that the distinction is not between commercial and noncommercial "
@@ -18869,18 +18905,18 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13564
+#: freeculture.xml:13571
 msgid "General Public License (GPL)"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13565
+#: freeculture.xml:13572
 msgid "GPL (General Public License)"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 272 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13567
+#: freeculture.xml:13574
 msgid ""
 "More important for our purposes, to support <quote>open source and free "
 "software</quote> is not to oppose copyright. <quote>Open source and free "
@@ -18898,25 +18934,25 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13586
+#: freeculture.xml:13593
 msgid "Krim, Jonathan"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13587
+#: freeculture.xml:13594
 msgid "WIPO meeting opposed by"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  f9. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13597
+#: freeculture.xml:13604
 msgid ""
 "Krim, <quote>The Quiet War over Open-Source,</quote> available at <ulink "
 "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #64</ulink>."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13589
+#: freeculture.xml:13596
 msgid ""
 "It is therefore understandable that as a proprietary software developer, "
 "Microsoft would oppose this WIPO meeting, and understandable that it would "
@@ -18929,7 +18965,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13603
+#: freeculture.xml:13610
 msgid ""
 "I don't blame Microsoft for doing what it can to advance its own interests, "
 "consistent with the law. And lobbying governments is plainly consistent with "
@@ -18939,12 +18975,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13611 freeculture.xml:13669
+#: freeculture.xml:13618 freeculture.xml:13676
 msgid "Boland, Lois"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13613
+#: freeculture.xml:13620
 msgid ""
 "What was surprising was the United States government's reason for opposing "
 "the meeting. Again, as reported by Krim, Lois Boland, acting director of "
@@ -18956,12 +18992,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13624
+#: freeculture.xml:13631
 msgid "These statements are astonishing on a number of levels."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13629
+#: freeculture.xml:13636
 msgid ""
 "First, they are just flat wrong. As I described, most open source and free "
 "software relies fundamentally upon the intellectual property right called "
@@ -18974,12 +19010,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13640
+#: freeculture.xml:13647
 msgid "generic drugs"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13643
+#: freeculture.xml:13650
 msgid ""
 "Second, who ever said that WIPO's exclusive aim was to "
 "<quote>promote</quote> intellectual property maximally? As I had been "
@@ -18995,7 +19031,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13657
+#: freeculture.xml:13664
 msgid ""
 "Third, even if one believed that the purpose of WIPO was to maximize "
 "intellectual property rights, in our tradition, intellectual property rights "
@@ -19011,7 +19047,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 274 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13671
+#: freeculture.xml:13678
 msgid ""
 "When Ms. Boland says that there is something wrong with a meeting "
 "<quote>which has as its purpose to disclaim or waive such rights,</quote> "
@@ -19025,17 +19061,17 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13682
+#: freeculture.xml:13689
 msgid "feudal system"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13683
+#: freeculture.xml:13690
 msgid "feudal system of"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13685
+#: freeculture.xml:13692
 msgid ""
 "There is a history of just such a property system that is well known in the "
 "Anglo-American tradition. It is called <quote>feudalism.</quote> Under "
@@ -19049,14 +19085,14 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13702
+#: freeculture.xml:13709
 msgid ""
 "See Drahos with Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism</citetitle>, "
 "210&ndash;20.  <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13699
+#: freeculture.xml:13706
 msgid ""
 "As Peter Drahos and John Braithwaite relate, this is precisely the choice we "
 "are now making about intellectual property.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
@@ -19067,7 +19103,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13713
+#: freeculture.xml:13720
 msgid ""
 "When this battle broke, I blogged it. A spirited debate within the comment "
 "section ensued. Ms. Boland had a number of supporters who tried to show why "
@@ -19077,7 +19113,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 275 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13722
+#: freeculture.xml:13729
 msgid ""
 "George, you misunderstand Lessig: He's only talking about the world as it "
 "should be (<quote>the goal of WIPO, and the goal of any government, should "
@@ -19090,7 +19126,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13734
+#: freeculture.xml:13741
 msgid ""
 "I missed the irony the first time I read it. I read it quickly and thought "
 "the poster was supporting the idea that seeking balance was what our "
@@ -19103,7 +19139,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13745
+#: freeculture.xml:13752
 msgid ""
 "Obviously, however, the poster was not supporting that idea.  Instead, the "
 "poster was ridiculing the very idea that in the real world, the "
@@ -19115,7 +19151,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13753
+#: freeculture.xml:13760
 msgid ""
 "I understand criticism of academic utopianism. I think utopianism is silly, "
 "too, and I'd be the first to poke fun at the absurdly unrealistic ideals of "
@@ -19123,7 +19159,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13759
+#: freeculture.xml:13766
 msgid ""
 "But when it has become silly to suppose that the role of our government "
 "should be to <quote>seek balance,</quote> then count me with the silly, for "
@@ -19138,7 +19174,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 276 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13770
+#: freeculture.xml:13777
 msgid ""
 "It might be crazy to expect a high government official to speak the "
 "truth. It might be crazy to believe that government policy will be something "
@@ -19148,17 +19184,17 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13778
+#: freeculture.xml:13785
 msgid "If this is crazy, then let there be more crazies. Soon."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13782
+#: freeculture.xml:13789
 msgid "Turner, Ted"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13784
+#: freeculture.xml:13791
 msgid ""
 "<emphasis role='strong'>There are moments</emphasis> of hope in this "
 "struggle. And moments that surprise. When the FCC was considering relaxing "
@@ -19172,7 +19208,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13795
+#: freeculture.xml:13802
 msgid ""
 "This activism did not stop the FCC, but soon after, a broad coalition in the "
 "Senate voted to reverse the FCC decision. The hostile hearings leading up to "
@@ -19182,7 +19218,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13803
+#: freeculture.xml:13810
 msgid ""
 "But even this movement misses an important piece of the puzzle.  Largeness "
 "as such is not bad. Freedom is not threatened just because some become very "
@@ -19192,7 +19228,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13810
+#: freeculture.xml:13817
 msgid ""
 "The danger in media concentration comes not from the concentration, but "
 "instead from the feudalism that this concentration, tied to the change in "
@@ -19204,7 +19240,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13820
+#: freeculture.xml:13827
 msgid ""
 "It is therefore significant that so many would rally to demand competition "
 "and increased diversity. Still, if the rally is understood as being about "
@@ -19214,7 +19250,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13827
+#: freeculture.xml:13834
 msgid ""
 "It would be something new, and something very important, if an equal number "
 "could be rallied to fight the increasing extremism built within the idea of "
@@ -19225,20 +19261,20 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13835
+#: freeculture.xml:13842
 msgid ""
 "If we were Achilles, this would be our heel. This would be the place of our "
 "tragedy."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13838
+#: freeculture.xml:13845
 msgid "Dylan, Bob"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  f11. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13844
+#: freeculture.xml:13851
 msgid ""
 "John Borland, <quote>RIAA Sues 261 File Swappers,</quote> CNET News.com, "
 "September 2003, available at <ulink "
@@ -19257,7 +19293,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f12. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13862
+#: freeculture.xml:13869
 msgid ""
 "Jon Wiederhorn, <quote>Eminem Gets Sued &hellip; by a Little Old "
 "Lady,</quote> mtv.com, 17 September 2003, available at <ulink "
@@ -19267,7 +19303,7 @@ msgstr ""
 #.  f13. 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 334 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13869
+#: freeculture.xml:13876
 msgid ""
 "Kenji Hall, Associated Press, <quote>Japanese Book May Be Inspiration for "
 "Dylan Songs,</quote> Kansascity.com, 9 July 2003, available at <ulink "
@@ -19275,7 +19311,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13840
+#: freeculture.xml:13847
 msgid ""
 "<emphasis role='strong'>As I write</emphasis> these final words, the news is "
 "filled with stories about the RIAA lawsuits against almost three hundred "
@@ -19295,33 +19331,33 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13886
+#: freeculture.xml:13893
 msgid "BBC"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13887
+#: freeculture.xml:13894
 msgid "Brazil, free culture in"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13888 freeculture.xml:14279
+#: freeculture.xml:13895 freeculture.xml:14286
 msgid "Creative Commons"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13889
+#: freeculture.xml:13896
 msgid "Gil, Gilberto"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13890
+#: freeculture.xml:13897
 msgid "public creative archive in"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  f14. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13895
+#: freeculture.xml:13902
 msgid ""
 "<quote>BBC Plans to Open Up Its Archive to the Public,</quote> BBC press "
 "release, 24 August 2003, available at <ulink "
@@ -19330,7 +19366,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f15. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13904
+#: freeculture.xml:13911
 msgid ""
 "<quote>Creative Commons and Brazil,</quote> Creative Commons Weblog, 6 "
 "August 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
@@ -19339,7 +19375,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 278 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13892
+#: freeculture.xml:13899
 msgid ""
 "Yet on the other side of the Atlantic, the BBC has just announced that it "
 "will build a <quote>Creative Archive,</quote> from which British citizens "
@@ -19358,20 +19394,20 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 279 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13918
+#: freeculture.xml:13925
 msgid ""
 "Common sense must revolt. It must act to free culture. Soon, if this "
 "potential is ever to be realized."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:13926
+#: freeculture.xml:13933
 msgid "AFTERWORD"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 280 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13930
+#: freeculture.xml:13937
 msgid ""
 "<emphasis role='strong'>At least some</emphasis> who have read this far will "
 "agree with me that something must be done to change where we are "
@@ -19379,7 +19415,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13935
+#: freeculture.xml:13942
 msgid ""
 "I divide this map into two parts: that which anyone can do now, and that "
 "which requires the help of lawmakers. If there is one lesson that we can "
@@ -19388,7 +19424,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13941
+#: freeculture.xml:13948
 msgid ""
 "That means this movement must begin in the streets. It must recruit a "
 "significant number of parents, teachers, librarians, creators, authors, "
@@ -19397,7 +19433,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13948
+#: freeculture.xml:13955
 msgid ""
 "Once this movement has its effect in the streets, it has some hope of having "
 "an effect in Washington. We are still a democracy. What people think "
@@ -19407,12 +19443,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:13957
+#: freeculture.xml:13964
 msgid "US, NOW"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13959
+#: freeculture.xml:13966
 msgid ""
 "<emphasis role='strong'>Common sense</emphasis> is with the copyright "
 "warriors because the debate so far has been framed at the extremes&mdash;as "
@@ -19422,7 +19458,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13966
+#: freeculture.xml:13973
 msgid ""
 "The mistake here is the error of the excluded middle. There are extremes in "
 "this debate, but the extremes are not all that there is. There are those who "
@@ -19435,13 +19471,13 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13976
+#: freeculture.xml:13983
 msgid "initial free character of"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 282 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13978
+#: freeculture.xml:13985
 msgid ""
 "When the Internet was first born, its initial architecture effectively "
 "tilted in the <quote>no rights reserved</quote> direction. Content could be "
@@ -19453,7 +19489,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13990
+#: freeculture.xml:13997
 msgid ""
 "This initial character produced a reaction (opposite, but not quite equal) "
 "by copyright owners. That reaction has been the topic of this book. Through "
@@ -19470,7 +19506,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14006
+#: freeculture.xml:14013
 msgid ""
 "What's needed is a way to say something in the middle&mdash;neither "
 "<quote>all rights reserved</quote> nor <quote>no rights reserved</quote> but "
@@ -19481,22 +19517,22 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14014
+#: freeculture.xml:14021
 msgid "Rebuilding Freedoms Previously Presumed: Examples"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14015
+#: freeculture.xml:14022
 msgid "restoration efforts on previous aspects of"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14017
+#: freeculture.xml:14024
 msgid "privacy rights"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14019
+#: freeculture.xml:14026
 msgid ""
 "If you step back from the battle I've been describing here, you will "
 "recognize this problem from other contexts. Think about privacy. Before the "
@@ -19508,12 +19544,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14029
+#: freeculture.xml:14036
 msgid "What made it assured?"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14033
+#: freeculture.xml:14040
 msgid ""
 "Well, if we think in terms of the modalities I described in chapter <xref "
 "xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"property-i\"/>, your privacy was "
@@ -19531,22 +19567,22 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14048
+#: freeculture.xml:14055
 msgid "Amazon"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14049
+#: freeculture.xml:14056
 msgid "cookies, Internet"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14050
+#: freeculture.xml:14057
 msgid "privacy protection on"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14052
+#: freeculture.xml:14059
 msgid ""
 "Enter the Internet, where the cost of tracking browsing in particular has "
 "become quite tiny. If you're a customer at Amazon, then as you browse the "
@@ -19559,12 +19595,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14061
+#: freeculture.xml:14068
 msgid "privacy rights in use of"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14063
+#: freeculture.xml:14070
 msgid ""
 "Amazon, of course, is not the problem. But we might begin to worry about "
 "libraries. If you're one of those crazy lefties who thinks that people "
@@ -19577,7 +19613,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f1. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14081
+#: freeculture.xml:14088
 msgid ""
 "See, for example, Marc Rotenberg, <quote>Fair Information Practices and the "
 "Architecture of Privacy (What Larry Doesn't Get),</quote> "
@@ -19592,7 +19628,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 284 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14075
+#: freeculture.xml:14082
 msgid ""
 "It is this reality that explains the push of many to define "
 "<quote>privacy</quote> on the Internet. It is the recognition that "
@@ -19606,12 +19642,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14100
+#: freeculture.xml:14107
 msgid "Data General"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14104
+#: freeculture.xml:14111
 msgid ""
 "A similar story could be told about the birth of the free software "
 "movement. When computers with software were first made available "
@@ -19622,12 +19658,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14111
+#: freeculture.xml:14118
 msgid "Stallman, Richard"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14113
+#: freeculture.xml:14120
 msgid ""
 "That was the world Richard Stallman was born into, and while he was a "
 "researcher at MIT, he grew to love the community that developed when one was "
@@ -19637,7 +19673,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14121
+#: freeculture.xml:14128
 msgid ""
 "In an academic setting, at least, that's not a terribly radical idea. In a "
 "math department, anyone would be free to tinker with a proof that someone "
@@ -19651,12 +19687,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14132
+#: freeculture.xml:14139
 msgid "proprietary code"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14134
+#: freeculture.xml:14141
 msgid ""
 "No one answered that question. Instead, the architecture of revenue for "
 "computing changed. As it became possible to import programs from one system "
@@ -19669,7 +19705,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 285 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14143
+#: freeculture.xml:14150
 msgid ""
 "Thus, the practice of proprietary code began to spread, and by the early "
 "1980s, Stallman found himself surrounded by proprietary code.  The world of "
@@ -19679,12 +19715,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14152
+#: freeculture.xml:14159
 msgid "Torvalds, Linus"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14154
+#: freeculture.xml:14161
 msgid ""
 "Therefore, in 1984, Stallman began a project to build a free operating "
 "system, so that at least a strain of free software would survive. That was "
@@ -19695,7 +19731,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14162
+#: freeculture.xml:14169
 msgid ""
 "Stallman's technique was to use copyright law to build a world of software "
 "that must be kept free. Software licensed under the Free Software "
@@ -19708,7 +19744,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14173
+#: freeculture.xml:14180
 msgid ""
 "Stallman was thus doing for software what privacy advocates now do for "
 "privacy. He was seeking a way to rebuild a kind of freedom that was taken "
@@ -19719,12 +19755,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14183
+#: freeculture.xml:14190
 msgid "scientific journals"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14185
+#: freeculture.xml:14192
 msgid ""
 "Finally, consider a very recent example that more directly resonates with "
 "the story of this book. This is the shift in the way academic and scientific "
@@ -19732,23 +19768,23 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14189
+#: freeculture.xml:14196
 msgid "Lexis and Westlaw"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14191 freeculture.xml:14227
+#: freeculture.xml:14198 freeculture.xml:14234
 msgid "journals in"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14192
+#: freeculture.xml:14199
 msgid "access to opinions of"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 286 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14194
+#: freeculture.xml:14201
 msgid ""
 "As digital technologies develop, it is becoming obvious to many that "
 "printing thousands of copies of journals every month and sending them to "
@@ -19765,17 +19801,17 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14209
+#: freeculture.xml:14216
 msgid "access fees for material in"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14210
+#: freeculture.xml:14217
 msgid "license system for rebuilding of"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14212
+#: freeculture.xml:14219
 msgid ""
 "There's nothing wrong in general with this, and indeed, the ability to "
 "charge for access to even public domain materials is a good incentive for "
@@ -19787,7 +19823,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14223
+#: freeculture.xml:14230
 msgid ""
 "But what if the only way to get access to social and scientific data was "
 "through proprietary services? What if no one had the ability to browse this "
@@ -19795,7 +19831,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14229
+#: freeculture.xml:14236
 msgid ""
 "As many are beginning to notice, this is increasingly the reality with "
 "scientific journals. When these journals were distributed in paper form, "
@@ -19810,7 +19846,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14241
+#: freeculture.xml:14248
 msgid ""
 "As journals become electronic, however, the publishers are demanding that "
 "libraries not give the general public access to the journals. This means "
@@ -19821,7 +19857,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 287 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14251
+#: freeculture.xml:14258
 msgid ""
 "This shrinking freedom has led many to take affirmative steps to restore the "
 "freedom that has been lost. The Public Library of Science (PLoS), for "
@@ -19835,7 +19871,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14265
+#: freeculture.xml:14272
 msgid ""
 "This is one of many such efforts to restore a freedom taken for granted "
 "before, but now threatened by changing technology and markets.  There's no "
@@ -19846,24 +19882,24 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14278
+#: freeculture.xml:14285
 msgid "Rebuilding Free Culture: One Idea"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14281
+#: freeculture.xml:14288
 msgid ""
 "The same strategy could be applied to culture, as a response to the "
 "increasing control effected through law and technology."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14284
+#: freeculture.xml:14291
 msgid "Stanford University"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14286
+#: freeculture.xml:14293
 msgid ""
 "Enter the Creative Commons. The Creative Commons is a nonprofit corporation "
 "established in Massachusetts, but with its home at Stanford University. Its "
@@ -19877,7 +19913,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 288 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14297
+#: freeculture.xml:14304
 msgid ""
 "<emphasis>Simple</emphasis>&mdash;which means without a middleman, or "
 "without a lawyer.  By developing a free set of licenses that people can "
@@ -19896,7 +19932,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14315
+#: freeculture.xml:14322
 msgid ""
 "These freedoms are beyond the freedoms promised by fair use. Their precise "
 "contours depend upon the choices the creator makes. The creator can choose a "
@@ -19910,7 +19946,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14326
+#: freeculture.xml:14333
 msgid ""
 "These choices thus establish a range of freedoms beyond the default of "
 "copyright law. They also enable freedoms that go beyond traditional fair "
@@ -19923,13 +19959,13 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14336
+#: freeculture.xml:14343
 msgid "Garlick, Mia"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 289 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14338
+#: freeculture.xml:14345
 msgid ""
 "This is just one project among many within the Creative Commons.  And of "
 "course, Creative Commons is not the only organization pursuing such "
@@ -19943,7 +19979,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14351
+#: freeculture.xml:14358
 msgid ""
 "The aim is not to fight the <quote>All Rights Reserved</quote> sorts. The "
 "aim is to complement them. The problems that the law creates for us as a "
@@ -19958,7 +19994,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14364
+#: freeculture.xml:14371
 msgid ""
 "Why would creators participate in giving up total control? Some participate "
 "to better spread their content. Cory Doctorow, for example, is a science "
@@ -19968,7 +20004,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14371
+#: freeculture.xml:14378
 msgid ""
 "Why would a publisher ever agree to this? I suspect his publisher reasoned "
 "like this: There are two groups of people out there: (1)  those who will buy "
@@ -19982,7 +20018,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14383
+#: freeculture.xml:14390
 msgid ""
 "Indeed, the experience of his publisher clearly supports that conclusion.  "
 "The book's first printing was exhausted months before the publisher had "
@@ -19990,18 +20026,18 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14388
+#: freeculture.xml:14395
 msgid "Free for All (Wayner)"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14389
+#: freeculture.xml:14396
 msgid "Wayner, Peter"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 290 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14391
+#: freeculture.xml:14398
 msgid ""
 "The idea that free content might increase the value of nonfree content was "
 "confirmed by the experience of another author. Peter Wayner, who wrote a "
@@ -20013,23 +20049,23 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14402
+#: freeculture.xml:14409
 msgid "Public Enemy"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14403
+#: freeculture.xml:14410
 msgid "rap music"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14404
+#: freeculture.xml:14411
 msgid "Leaphart, Walter"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  f2. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14421
+#: freeculture.xml:14428
 msgid ""
 "<citetitle>Willful Infringement: A Report from the Front Lines of the Real "
 "Culture Wars</citetitle> (2003), produced by Jed Horovitz, directed by Greg "
@@ -20038,7 +20074,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14406
+#: freeculture.xml:14413
 msgid ""
 "These are examples of using the Commons to better spread proprietary "
 "content. I believe that is a wonderful and common use of the Commons. There "
@@ -20058,7 +20094,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14430
+#: freeculture.xml:14437
 msgid ""
 "Finally, there are many who mark their content with a Creative Commons "
 "license just because they want to express to others the importance of "
@@ -20073,7 +20109,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 291 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14442
+#: freeculture.xml:14449
 msgid ""
 "In the first six months of the Creative Commons experiment, over 1 million "
 "objects were licensed with these free-culture licenses. The next step is "
@@ -20084,7 +20120,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14452
+#: freeculture.xml:14459
 msgid ""
 "These are first steps to rebuilding a public domain. They are not mere "
 "arguments; they are action. Building a public domain is the first step to "
@@ -20095,7 +20131,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14460
+#: freeculture.xml:14467
 msgid ""
 "Creative Commons is just one example of voluntary efforts by individuals and "
 "creators to change the mix of rights that now govern the creative field. The "
@@ -20106,12 +20142,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14474
+#: freeculture.xml:14481
 msgid "THEM, SOON"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14476
+#: freeculture.xml:14483
 msgid ""
 "<emphasis role='strong'>We will</emphasis> not reclaim a free culture by "
 "individual action alone. It will also take important reforms of laws. We "
@@ -20121,7 +20157,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14483
+#: freeculture.xml:14490
 msgid ""
 "In this chapter, I outline five kinds of changes: four that are general, and "
 "one that's specific to the most heated battle of the day, music. Each is a "
@@ -20130,12 +20166,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14490
+#: freeculture.xml:14497
 msgid "1. More Formalities"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14492
+#: freeculture.xml:14499
 msgid ""
 "If you buy a house, you have to record the sale in a deed. If you buy land "
 "upon which to build a house, you have to record the purchase in a deed.  If "
@@ -20145,14 +20181,14 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 293 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14499
+#: freeculture.xml:14506
 msgid ""
 "These are all formalities associated with property. They are requirements "
 "that we all must bear if we want our property to be protected."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14504
+#: freeculture.xml:14511
 msgid ""
 "In contrast, under current copyright law, you automatically get a copyright, "
 "regardless of whether you comply with any formality. You don't have to "
@@ -20161,12 +20197,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14510
+#: freeculture.xml:14517
 msgid "Why?"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14513
+#: freeculture.xml:14520
 msgid ""
 "As I suggested in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" "
 "linkend=\"property-i\"/>, the motivation to abolish formalities was a good "
@@ -20177,7 +20213,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14522
+#: freeculture.xml:14529
 msgid ""
 "But the Internet changes all this. Formalities today need not be a "
 "burden. Rather, the world without formalities is the world that burdens "
@@ -20192,7 +20228,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f1. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14536
+#: freeculture.xml:14543
 msgid ""
 "The proposal I am advancing here would apply to American works only.  "
 "Obviously, I believe it would be beneficial for the same idea to be adopted "
@@ -20200,7 +20236,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14534
+#: freeculture.xml:14541
 msgid ""
 "The law should therefore change this requirement<placeholder "
 "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>&mdash;but it should not change it by going back "
@@ -20210,7 +20246,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14544
+#: freeculture.xml:14551
 msgid ""
 "The important formalities are three: marking copyrighted work, registering "
 "copyrights, and renewing the claim to copyright. Traditionally, the first of "
@@ -20221,12 +20257,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14556
+#: freeculture.xml:14563
 msgid "REGISTRATION AND RENEWAL"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14558
+#: freeculture.xml:14565
 msgid ""
 "Under the old system, a copyright owner had to file a registration with the "
 "Copyright Office to register or renew a copyright. When filing that "
@@ -20241,7 +20277,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14571
+#: freeculture.xml:14578
 msgid ""
 "Yet it is always astonishing to me that we, who come from a tradition of "
 "extraordinary innovation in governmental design, can no longer think "
@@ -20253,7 +20289,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14580
+#: freeculture.xml:14587
 msgid ""
 "In the context of registration, one obvious model is the Internet.  There "
 "are at least 32 million Web sites registered around the world.  Domain name "
@@ -20266,7 +20302,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 295 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14590
+#: freeculture.xml:14597
 msgid ""
 "We should adopt a similar model for the registration and renewal of "
 "copyrights. The Copyright Office may well serve as the central registry, but "
@@ -20280,12 +20316,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14605
+#: freeculture.xml:14612
 msgid "MARKING"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14607
+#: freeculture.xml:14614
 msgid ""
 "It used to be that the failure to include a copyright notice on a creative "
 "work meant that the copyright was forfeited. That was a harsh punishment for "
@@ -20297,7 +20333,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14617
+#: freeculture.xml:14624
 msgid ""
 "The aim of marking is to signal to the public that this work is copyrighted "
 "and that the author wants to enforce his rights. The mark also makes it easy "
@@ -20305,7 +20341,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14623
+#: freeculture.xml:14630
 msgid ""
 "One of the problems the copyright system confronted early on was that "
 "different copyrighted works had to be differently marked. It wasn't clear "
@@ -20319,7 +20355,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f2. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14640
+#: freeculture.xml:14647
 msgid ""
 "There would be a complication with derivative works that I have not solved "
 "here. In my view, the law of derivatives creates a more complicated system "
@@ -20328,7 +20364,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 296 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14633
+#: freeculture.xml:14640
 msgid ""
 "Let's start with the last point. If a copyright owner allows his work to be "
 "published without a copyright notice, the consequence of that failure need "
@@ -20344,7 +20380,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14653
+#: freeculture.xml:14660
 msgid ""
 "That in turn raises the question about how work should best be marked. Here "
 "again, the system needs to adjust as the technologies evolve. The best way "
@@ -20354,12 +20390,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14659
+#: freeculture.xml:14666
 msgid "copyright marking of"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14661
+#: freeculture.xml:14668
 msgid ""
 "For example, if a recording industry association devises a method for "
 "marking CDs, it would propose that to the Copyright Office. The Copyright "
@@ -20373,7 +20409,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14673
+#: freeculture.xml:14680
 msgid ""
 "Finally, marking content clearly would simplify registration requirements.  "
 "If photographs were marked by author and year, there would be little reason "
@@ -20384,7 +20420,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14681
+#: freeculture.xml:14688
 msgid ""
 "The objective of formalities is to make things clear. The existing system "
 "does nothing to make things clear. Indeed, it seems designed to make things "
@@ -20392,7 +20428,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14686
+#: freeculture.xml:14693
 msgid ""
 "If formalities such as registration were reinstated, one of the most "
 "difficult aspects of relying upon the public domain would be removed.  It "
@@ -20403,12 +20439,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14698
+#: freeculture.xml:14705
 msgid "2. Shorter Terms"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14700
+#: freeculture.xml:14707
 msgid ""
 "The term of copyright has gone from fourteen years to ninety-five years for "
 "corporate authors, and life of the author plus seventy years for natural "
@@ -20417,7 +20453,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f3. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14713
+#: freeculture.xml:14720
 msgid ""
 "<quote>A Radical Rethink,</quote> <citetitle>Economist</citetitle>, 366:8308 "
 "(25 January 2003): 15, available at <ulink "
@@ -20425,7 +20461,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14705
+#: freeculture.xml:14712
 msgid ""
 "In <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>, I proposed a "
 "seventy-five-year term, granted in five-year increments with a requirement "
@@ -20438,7 +20474,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14720
+#: freeculture.xml:14727
 msgid ""
 "I agree with those who believe that we need a radical change in copyright's "
 "term. But whether fourteen years or seventy-five, there are four principles "
@@ -20447,7 +20483,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  (1) 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14728
+#: freeculture.xml:14735
 msgid ""
 "<emphasis>Keep it short:</emphasis> The term should be as long as necessary "
 "to give incentives to create, but no longer. If it were tied to very strong "
@@ -20460,7 +20496,7 @@ msgstr ""
 #.  (2) 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 298 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14737
+#: freeculture.xml:14744
 msgid ""
 "<emphasis>Keep it simple:</emphasis> The line between the public domain and "
 "protected content must be kept clear. Lawyers like the fuzziness of "
@@ -20474,13 +20510,13 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14749
+#: freeculture.xml:14756
 msgid "veterans' pensions"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  f4. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14760
+#: freeculture.xml:14767
 msgid ""
 "Department of Veterans Affairs, Veteran's Application for Compensation "
 "and/or Pension, VA Form 21-526 (OMB Approved No. 2900-0001), available at "
@@ -20488,7 +20524,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14752
+#: freeculture.xml:14759
 msgid ""
 "<emphasis>Keep it alive:</emphasis> Copyright should have to be renewed.  "
 "Especially if the maximum term is long, the copyright owner should be "
@@ -20503,7 +20539,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  (4) 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14771
+#: freeculture.xml:14778
 msgid ""
 "<emphasis>Keep it prospective:</emphasis> Whatever the term of copyright "
 "should be, the clearest lesson that economists teach is that a term once "
@@ -20520,7 +20556,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14787
+#: freeculture.xml:14794
 msgid ""
 "These changes together should produce an <emphasis>average</emphasis> "
 "copyright term that is much shorter than the current term. Until 1976, the "
@@ -20528,7 +20564,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14793
+#: freeculture.xml:14800
 msgid ""
 "No doubt the extremists will call these ideas <quote>radical.</quote> (After "
 "all, I call them <quote>extremists.</quote>) But again, the term I "
@@ -20538,12 +20574,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14803
+#: freeculture.xml:14810
 msgid "3. Free Use Vs. Fair Use"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14807
+#: freeculture.xml:14814
 msgid ""
 "As I observed at the beginning of this book, property law originally granted "
 "property owners the right to control their property from the ground to the "
@@ -20554,7 +20590,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14815
+#: freeculture.xml:14822
 msgid ""
 "Our Constitution gives Congress the power to give authors <quote>exclusive "
 "right</quote> to <quote>their writings.</quote> Congress has given authors "
@@ -20566,20 +20602,20 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14823
+#: freeculture.xml:14830
 msgid "Kaplan, Benjamin"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  f5. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14829
+#: freeculture.xml:14836
 msgid ""
 "Benjamin Kaplan, <citetitle>An Unhurried View of Copyright</citetitle> (New "
 "York: Columbia University Press, 1967), 32."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14825
+#: freeculture.xml:14832
 msgid ""
 "Congress granted the beginnings of this right in 1870, when it expanded the "
 "exclusive right of copyright to include a right to control translations and "
@@ -20591,12 +20627,12 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f6. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14842
+#: freeculture.xml:14849
 msgid "Ibid., 56."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14838
+#: freeculture.xml:14845
 msgid ""
 "So inured have we become to the extension of the monopoly to a large range "
 "of so-called derivative works, that we no longer sense the oddity of "
@@ -20605,7 +20641,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14847
+#: freeculture.xml:14854
 msgid ""
 "I think it's time to recognize that there are airplanes in this field and "
 "the expansiveness of these rights of derivative use no longer make "
@@ -20615,7 +20651,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14854
+#: freeculture.xml:14861
 msgid ""
 "<emphasis>Term:</emphasis> If Congress wants to grant a derivative right, "
 "then that right should be for a much shorter term. It makes sense to protect "
@@ -20627,7 +20663,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14867
+#: freeculture.xml:14874
 msgid ""
 "<emphasis>Scope:</emphasis> Likewise should the scope of derivative rights "
 "be narrowed.  Again, there are some cases in which derivative rights are "
@@ -20642,7 +20678,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14881
+#: freeculture.xml:14888
 msgid ""
 "This was the point that Alben made when describing the making of the Clint "
 "Eastwood CD. While it makes sense to require negotiation for foreseeable "
@@ -20652,12 +20688,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14897
+#: freeculture.xml:14904
 msgid "Goldstein, Paul"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14895
+#: freeculture.xml:14902
 msgid ""
 "Paul Goldstein, <citetitle>Copyright's Highway: From Gutenberg to the "
 "Celestial Jukebox</citetitle> (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), "
@@ -20665,7 +20701,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14889
+#: freeculture.xml:14896
 msgid ""
 "In each of these cases, the law should mark the uses that are protected, and "
 "the presumption should be that other uses are not protected.  This is the "
@@ -20675,7 +20711,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14903
+#: freeculture.xml:14910
 msgid ""
 "Goldstein's analysis would make perfect sense if the cost of the legal "
 "system were small. But as we are currently seeing in the context of the "
@@ -20686,7 +20722,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 301 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14910
+#: freeculture.xml:14917
 msgid ""
 "The law could remedy this problem either by removing protection beyond the "
 "part explicitly drawn or by granting reuse rights upon certain statutory "
@@ -20696,12 +20732,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14920
+#: freeculture.xml:14927
 msgid "4. Liberate the Music&mdash;Again"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14922
+#: freeculture.xml:14929
 msgid ""
 "The battle that got this whole war going was about music, so it wouldn't be "
 "fair to end this book without addressing the issue that is, to most people, "
@@ -20711,7 +20747,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14929
+#: freeculture.xml:14936
 msgid ""
 "The appeal of file-sharing music was the crack cocaine of the Internet's "
 "growth. It drove demand for access to the Internet more powerfully than any "
@@ -20722,7 +20758,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14938
+#: freeculture.xml:14945
 msgid ""
 "The aim of copyright, with respect to content in general and music in "
 "particular, is to create the incentives for music to be composed, performed, "
@@ -20732,7 +20768,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14945
+#: freeculture.xml:14952
 msgid ""
 "File-sharing networks complicate this model by enabling the spread of "
 "content for which the performer has not been paid. But of course, that's not "
@@ -20743,7 +20779,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  A. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14954
+#: freeculture.xml:14961
 msgid ""
 "There are some who are using sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing "
 "CDs."
@@ -20751,7 +20787,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  B. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14959
+#: freeculture.xml:14966
 msgid ""
 "There are also some who are using sharing networks to sample, on the way to "
 "purchasing CDs."
@@ -20760,7 +20796,7 @@ msgstr ""
 #.  PAGE BREAK 302 
 #.  C. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14965
+#: freeculture.xml:14972
 msgid ""
 "There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content "
 "that is no longer sold but is still under copyright or that would have been "
@@ -20769,7 +20805,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  D. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14971
+#: freeculture.xml:14978
 msgid ""
 "There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content "
 "that is not copyrighted or to get access that the copyright owner plainly "
@@ -20777,7 +20813,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14979
+#: freeculture.xml:14986
 msgid ""
 "Any reform of the law needs to keep these different uses in focus. It must "
 "avoid burdening type D even if it aims to eliminate type A. The eagerness "
@@ -20788,7 +20824,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14987
+#: freeculture.xml:14994
 msgid ""
 "As I said in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" "
 "linkend=\"piracy\"/>, the actual harm caused by sharing is controversial.  "
@@ -20798,7 +20834,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14995
+#: freeculture.xml:15002
 msgid ""
 "Nonetheless, there is a crucial fact about the current technological context "
 "that we must keep in mind if we are to understand how the law should "
@@ -20806,7 +20842,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15000
+#: freeculture.xml:15007
 msgid ""
 "Today, file sharing is addictive. In ten years, it won't be. It is addictive "
 "today because it is the easiest way to gain access to a broad range of "
@@ -20821,7 +20857,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 303 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15012
+#: freeculture.xml:15019
 msgid ""
 "But it will become a reality, and that means the way we get access to the "
 "Internet today is a technology in transition. Policy makers should not make "
@@ -20837,13 +20873,13 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:15026
+#: freeculture.xml:15033
 msgid "cell phones, music streamed over"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  f8. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15046
+#: freeculture.xml:15053
 msgid ""
 "See, for example, <quote>Music Media Watch,</quote> The J@pan "
 "Inc. Newsletter, 3 April 2002, available at <ulink "
@@ -20851,7 +20887,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15028
+#: freeculture.xml:15035
 msgid ""
 "In that world, it will be extremely easy to connect to services that give "
 "you access to content on the fly&mdash;such as Internet radio, content that "
@@ -20873,7 +20909,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 304 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15053
+#: freeculture.xml:15060
 msgid ""
 "This point about the future is meant to suggest a perspective on the "
 "present: It is emphatically temporary. The <quote>problem</quote> with file "
@@ -20889,7 +20925,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15069
+#: freeculture.xml:15076
 msgid ""
 "The answer begins with recognizing that there are different "
 "<quote>problems</quote> here to solve. Let's start with type D "
@@ -20903,7 +20939,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15080
+#: freeculture.xml:15087
 msgid ""
 "Type C content raises a different <quote>problem.</quote> This is content "
 "that was, at one time, published and is no longer available. It may be "
@@ -20915,7 +20951,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15091
+#: freeculture.xml:15098
 msgid ""
 "Again, the model here is the used book store. Once a book goes out of print, "
 "it may still be available in libraries and used book stores. But libraries "
@@ -20928,7 +20964,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15101
+#: freeculture.xml:15108
 msgid ""
 "The model of used book stores suggests that the law could simply deem "
 "out-of-print music fair game. If the publisher does not make copies of the "
@@ -20941,7 +20977,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 305 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15112
+#: freeculture.xml:15119
 msgid ""
 "Alternatively, the law could create a statutory license that would ensure "
 "that artists get something from the trade of their work. For example, if the "
@@ -20953,7 +20989,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15122
+#: freeculture.xml:15129
 msgid ""
 "This system would also create an incentive for publishers to keep works "
 "available commercially. Works that are available commercially would not be "
@@ -20966,7 +21002,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15132
+#: freeculture.xml:15139
 msgid ""
 "The hard case is content of types A and B, and again, this case is hard only "
 "because the extent of the problem will change over time, as the technologies "
@@ -20977,14 +21013,14 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15140
+#: freeculture.xml:15147
 msgid ""
 "So here's a solution that will at first seem very strange to both sides in "
 "this war, but which upon reflection, I suggest, should make some sense."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15144
+#: freeculture.xml:15151
 msgid ""
 "Stripped of the rhetoric about the sanctity of property, the basic claim of "
 "the content industry is this: A new technology (the Internet)  has harmed a "
@@ -20998,7 +21034,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 306 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15155
+#: freeculture.xml:15162
 msgid ""
 "I love the Internet, and so I don't like likening it to tobacco or "
 "asbestos.  But the analogy is a fair one from the perspective of the law.  "
@@ -21009,17 +21045,17 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:15162 freeculture.xml:15204
+#: freeculture.xml:15169 freeculture.xml:15211
 msgid "Promises to Keep (Fisher)"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:15202
+#: freeculture.xml:15209
 msgid "Fisher, William"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15168
+#: freeculture.xml:15175
 msgid ""
 "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> William Fisher, "
 "<citetitle>Digital Music: Problems and Possibilities</citetitle> (last "
@@ -21061,7 +21097,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15164
+#: freeculture.xml:15171
 msgid ""
 "The idea would be a modification of a proposal that has been floated by "
 "Harvard law professor William Fisher.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
@@ -21076,7 +21112,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15218
+#: freeculture.xml:15225
 msgid ""
 "Fisher's proposal is careful and comprehensive. It raises a million "
 "questions, most of which he answers well in his upcoming book, "
@@ -21094,7 +21130,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 307 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15235
+#: freeculture.xml:15242
 msgid ""
 "Fisher would balk at the idea of allowing the system to lapse. His aim is "
 "not just to ensure that artists are paid, but also to ensure that the system "
@@ -21107,17 +21143,17 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:15248
+#: freeculture.xml:15255
 msgid "MusicStore"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:15250
+#: freeculture.xml:15257
 msgid "prices of"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15252
+#: freeculture.xml:15259
 msgid ""
 "No doubt it would be difficult to calculate the proper measure of "
 "<quote>harm</quote> to an industry. But the difficulty of making that "
@@ -21135,17 +21171,17 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:15267
+#: freeculture.xml:15274
 msgid "cable vs. broadcast"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:15270
+#: freeculture.xml:15277
 msgid "luxury theatres vs. video piracy in"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15272
+#: freeculture.xml:15279
 msgid ""
 "This competition has already occurred against the background of "
 "<quote>free</quote> music from p2p systems. As the sellers of cable "
@@ -21161,7 +21197,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15284
+#: freeculture.xml:15291
 msgid ""
 "This regime of competition, with a backstop to assure that artists don't "
 "lose, would facilitate a great deal of innovation in the delivery of "
@@ -21172,13 +21208,13 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15293
+#: freeculture.xml:15300
 msgid "In summary, then, my proposal is this:"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 308 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15298
+#: freeculture.xml:15305
 msgid ""
 "The Internet is in transition. We should not be regulating a technology in "
 "transition. We should instead be regulating to minimize the harm to "
@@ -21187,19 +21223,19 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15305
+#: freeculture.xml:15312
 msgid "We can minimize that harm while maximizing the benefit to innovation by"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  1. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15311
+#: freeculture.xml:15318
 msgid "guaranteeing the right to engage in type D sharing;"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  2. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15315
+#: freeculture.xml:15322
 msgid ""
 "permitting noncommercial type C sharing without liability, and commercial "
 "type C sharing at a low and fixed rate set by statute;"
@@ -21207,14 +21243,14 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  3. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15321
+#: freeculture.xml:15328
 msgid ""
 "while in this transition, taxing and compensating for type A sharing, to the "
 "extent actual harm is demonstrated."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15326
+#: freeculture.xml:15333
 msgid ""
 "But what if <quote>piracy</quote> doesn't disappear? What if there is a "
 "competitive market providing content at a low cost, but a significant number "
@@ -21223,7 +21259,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15332
+#: freeculture.xml:15339
 msgid ""
 "Yes, it should. But, again, what it should do depends upon how the facts "
 "develop. These changes may not eliminate type A sharing. But the real issue "
@@ -21240,7 +21276,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 309 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15346
+#: freeculture.xml:15353
 msgid ""
 "But we're a long way away from whittling the problem down to this subset of "
 "type A sharers. And our focus until we're there should not be on finding "
@@ -21250,12 +21286,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:15357
+#: freeculture.xml:15364
 msgid "5. Fire Lots of Lawyers"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15359
+#: freeculture.xml:15366
 msgid ""
 "I'm a lawyer. I make lawyers for a living. I believe in the law. I believe "
 "in the law of copyright. Indeed, I have devoted my life to working in law, "
@@ -21264,7 +21300,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15365
+#: freeculture.xml:15372
 msgid ""
 "Yet much of this book has been a criticism of lawyers, or the role lawyers "
 "have played in this debate. The law speaks to ideals, but it is my view that "
@@ -21274,18 +21310,18 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:15372
+#: freeculture.xml:15379
 msgid "Nimmer, Melville"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:15373
+#: freeculture.xml:15380
 msgid "Supreme Court challenge of"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  f10. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15384
+#: freeculture.xml:15391
 msgid ""
 "Lawrence Lessig, <quote>Copyright's First Amendment</quote> (Melville "
 "B. Nimmer Memorial Lecture), <citetitle>UCLA Law Review</citetitle> 48 "
@@ -21293,7 +21329,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15375
+#: freeculture.xml:15382
 msgid ""
 "The evidence of this bending is compelling. I'm attacked as a "
 "<quote>radical</quote> by many within the profession, yet the positions that "
@@ -21306,7 +21342,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15390
+#: freeculture.xml:15397
 msgid ""
 "However, my criticism of the role that lawyers have played in this debate is "
 "not just about a professional bias. It is more importantly about our failure "
@@ -21314,7 +21350,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15400
+#: freeculture.xml:15407
 msgid ""
 "A good example is the work of Professor Stan Liebowitz. Liebowitz is to be "
 "commended for his careful review of data about infringement, leading him to "
@@ -21334,7 +21370,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15395
+#: freeculture.xml:15402
 msgid ""
 "Economists are supposed to be good at reckoning costs and benefits.  But "
 "more often than not, economists, with no clue about how the legal system "
@@ -21346,7 +21382,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 310 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15424
+#: freeculture.xml:15431
 msgid ""
 "But the legal system doesn't work. Or more accurately, it doesn't work for "
 "anyone except those with the most resources. Not because the system is "
@@ -21356,7 +21392,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15432
+#: freeculture.xml:15439
 msgid ""
 "These costs distort free culture in many ways. A lawyer's time is billed at "
 "the largest firms at more than $400 per hour. How much time should such a "
@@ -21369,7 +21405,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15442
+#: freeculture.xml:15449
 msgid ""
 "The costliness and clumsiness and randomness of this system mock our "
 "tradition. And lawyers, as well as academics, should consider it their duty "
@@ -21380,7 +21416,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15450
+#: freeculture.xml:15457
 msgid ""
 "But until that reform is complete, we as a society should keep the law away "
 "from areas that we know it will only harm. And that is precisely what the "
@@ -21388,7 +21424,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15457
+#: freeculture.xml:15464
 msgid ""
 "Think about the amazing things your kid could do or make with digital "
 "technology&mdash;the film, the music, the Web page, the blog. Or think about "
@@ -21401,7 +21437,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 311
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15466
+#: freeculture.xml:15473
 msgid ""
 "The law should regulate in certain areas of culture&mdash;but it should "
 "regulate culture only where that regulation does good. Yet lawyers rarely "
@@ -21411,7 +21447,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15475
+#: freeculture.xml:15482
 msgid ""
 "We should ask, <quote>Why?</quote> Show me why your regulation of culture is "
 "needed. Show me how it does good. And until you can show me both, keep your "
@@ -21419,12 +21455,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:15484
+#: freeculture.xml:15491
 msgid "NOTES"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15486
+#: freeculture.xml:15493
 msgid ""
 "Throughout this text, there are references to links on the World Wide "
 "Web. As anyone who has tried to use the Web knows, these links can be highly "
@@ -21438,12 +21474,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:15505
+#: freeculture.xml:15512
 msgid "ACKNOWLEDGMENTS"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15507
+#: freeculture.xml:15514
 msgid ""
 "This book is the product of a long and as yet unsuccessful struggle that "
 "began when I read of Eric Eldred's war to keep books free. Eldred's work "
@@ -21452,7 +21488,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15514
+#: freeculture.xml:15521
 msgid ""
 "I received guidance in various places from friends and academics, including "
 "Glenn Brown, Peter DiCola, Jennifer Mnookin, Richard Posner, Mark Rose, and "
@@ -21468,7 +21504,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #. PAGE BREAK 337
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15527
+#: freeculture.xml:15534
 msgid ""
 "Yuko Noguchi helped me to understand the laws of Japan as well as its "
 "culture. I am thankful to her, and to the many in Japan who helped me "
@@ -21481,7 +21517,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15538
+#: freeculture.xml:15545
 msgid ""
 "These are the traditional sorts of help that academics regularly draw "
 "upon. But in addition to them, the Internet has made it possible to receive "
@@ -21503,7 +21539,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15558
+#: freeculture.xml:15565
 msgid ""
 "Richard Stallman and Michael Carroll each read the whole book in draft, and "
 "each provided extremely helpful correction and advice.  Michael helped me to "
@@ -21514,7 +21550,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15567
+#: freeculture.xml:15574
 msgid ""
 "Finally, and forever, I am thankful to Bettina, who has always insisted that "
 "there would be unending happiness away from these battles, and who has "
@@ -21523,12 +21559,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15578
+#: freeculture.xml:15585
 msgid "This digital book was published by Petter Reinholdtsen in 2014."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15581
+#: freeculture.xml:15588
 msgid ""
 "The original hardcover paper book was published in 2004 by The Penguin "
 "Press, a member of Penguin Group (USA) Inc. 375 Hudson Street New York, New "
@@ -21536,12 +21572,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15586
+#: freeculture.xml:15593
 msgid "Copyright &copy; Lawrence Lessig.  Some rights reserved."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15596
+#: freeculture.xml:15603
 msgid ""
 "Excerpt from an editorial titled <quote>The Coming of Copyright "
 "Perpetuity,</quote> <citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle>, January 16, "
@@ -21550,7 +21586,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15602
+#: freeculture.xml:15609
 msgid ""
 "Cartoon in <xref linkend=\"fig-1711-vcr-handgun-cartoonfig\"/> by Paul "
 "Conrad, copyright Tribune Media Services, Inc.  All rights "
@@ -21558,111 +21594,111 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15607
+#: freeculture.xml:15614
 msgid ""
 "Diagram in <xref linkend=\"fig-1761-pattern-modern-media-ownership\"/> "
 "courtesy of the office of FCC Commissioner, Michael J. Copps."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15611
+#: freeculture.xml:15618
 msgid "Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15614
+#: freeculture.xml:15621
 msgid ""
 "Lessig, Lawrence.  Free culture : how big media uses technology and the law "
 "to lock down culture and control creativity / Lawrence Lessig."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15619
+#: freeculture.xml:15626
 msgid "p. cm."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15622
+#: freeculture.xml:15629
 msgid "Includes index."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:15630
+#: freeculture.xml:15637
 msgid "ISBN"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:15631
+#: freeculture.xml:15638
 msgid "Format / MIME-type"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:15636 freeculture.xml:15641 freeculture.xml:15645 freeculture.xml:15649 freeculture.xml:15653 freeculture.xml:15657
+#: freeculture.xml:15643 freeculture.xml:15648 freeculture.xml:15652 freeculture.xml:15656 freeculture.xml:15660 freeculture.xml:15664
 msgid "978-82-92812-XX-Y"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:15637
+#: freeculture.xml:15644
 msgid "text/plain"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:15642
+#: freeculture.xml:15649
 msgid "application/pdf"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:15646
+#: freeculture.xml:15653
 msgid "text/html"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:15650
+#: freeculture.xml:15657
 msgid "application/epub+zip"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:15654
+#: freeculture.xml:15661
 msgid "application/docbook+xml"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:15658
+#: freeculture.xml:15665
 msgid "application/x-mobipocket-ebook"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15666
+#: freeculture.xml:15673
 msgid "1. Intellectual property&mdash;United States."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15669
+#: freeculture.xml:15676
 msgid "2. Mass media&mdash;United States."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15672
+#: freeculture.xml:15679
 msgid "3. Technological innovations&mdash;United States."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15675
+#: freeculture.xml:15682
 msgid "4. Art&mdash;United States. I. Title."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15678
+#: freeculture.xml:15685
 msgid "KF2979.L47 2004"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15681
+#: freeculture.xml:15688
 msgid "343.7309'9&mdash;dc22 2003063276"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15685
+#: freeculture.xml:15692
 msgid ""
 "The source of this version of the text is written using DocBook notation and "
 "the other formats are derived from the DocBook source.  The DocBook source "
@@ -21675,6 +21711,6 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15697
+#: freeculture.xml:15704
 msgid "&translationblock;"
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diff --git a/freeculture.xml b/freeculture.xml
index a3134938a532e72f8615fc4c357b34fa56bc9dfd..d145be8e0af8f3aac608699fc2a20d0cc9d7937a 100644 (file)
--- a/freeculture.xml
+++ b/freeculture.xml
@@ -3765,9 +3765,10 @@ and how much p2p sharing harms before we know how strongly the
 law should seek to either prevent it or find an alternative to assure the
 author of his profit.
 </para>
-<indexterm><primary>innovation</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm><primary>Fanning, Shawn</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
+<indexterm><primary>Fanning, Shawn</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>innovation</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxnapster' class='startofrange'><primary>Napster</primary></indexterm>
 Peer-to-peer sharing was made famous by Napster. But the inventors of
 the Napster technology had not made any major technological
 innovations.  Like every great advance in innovation on the Internet
@@ -3788,6 +3789,9 @@ Christensen's ideas, see Lawrence Lessig, <citetitle>Future</citetitle>, 89&ndas
 put together components that had been developed independently.
 </para>
 <para>
+<indexterm><primary>Kazaa</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Napster</primary><secondary>number of registrations on</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Napster</primary><secondary>replacement of</secondary></indexterm>
 The result was spontaneous combustion. Launched in July 1999,
 Napster amassed over 10 million users within nine months. After
 eighteen months, there were close to 80 million registered users of the
@@ -3808,6 +3812,7 @@ users to make content available to any number of other users. With a
 p2p system, you can share your favorite songs with your best friend&mdash;
 or your 20,000 best friends.
 </para>
+<indexterm startref='idxnapster' class='endofrange'/>
 <para>
 According to a number of estimates, a huge proportion of Americans
 have tasted file-sharing technology. A study by Ipsos-Insight in
@@ -4192,14 +4197,13 @@ found only with time.
 just what you call type A sharing?</quote>
 </para>
 <para>
-You would think. And we should hope. But so far, it is not. The 
-               effect
+You would think. And we should hope. But so far, it is not. The effect
 of the war purportedly on type A sharing alone has been felt far
-beyond that one class of sharing. That much is obvious from the 
-               Napster
-case itself. When Napster told the district court that it had 
-               developed
-a technology to block the transfer of 99.4 percent of identified
+beyond that one class of sharing. That much is obvious from the
+Napster case itself. When Napster told the district court that it had
+developed a technology to block the transfer of 99.4 percent of
+identified
+
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 87 -->
 infringing material, the district court told counsel for Napster 99.4
 percent was not good enough. Napster had to push the infringements
@@ -5731,9 +5735,12 @@ room of over 250 well-entertained judges. Taking an ominous tone, he
 began his talk with a question: <quote>Do you know how many federal laws
 were just violated in this room?</quote>
 </para>
-<indexterm><primary>Boies, David</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm><primary>Alben, Alex</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
+<indexterm><primary>Alben, Alex</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Boies, David</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Court of Appeals</primary><secondary>Ninth Circuit</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Napster</primary></indexterm>
 For of course, the two brilliantly talented creators who made this
 film hadn't done what Alben did. They hadn't spent a year clearing the
 rights to these clips; technically, what they had done violated the