msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: Free Culture by Lawrence Lessig\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-08-10 22:06+0300\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-08-11 17:19+0300\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2012-07-13 21:50+0200\n"
"Last-Translator: Petter Reinholdtsen <pere@hungry.com>\n"
"Language-Team: Norwegian Bokmål <i18n-nb@lister.ping.uio.no>\n"
msgid "INTRODUCTION"
msgstr "Introduksjon"
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "air traffic, land ownership vs."
+msgstr "lufttrafikk, landeierskap mot"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "land ownership, air traffic and"
+msgstr "landeierskap, lufttrafikk og"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "property rights"
+msgstr "eiendomsrettigheter"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
+msgid "air traffic vs."
+msgstr "lufttrafikk mot"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Wright brothers"
+msgstr "Wright-brødrene"
+
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"On December 17, 1903, on a windy North Carolina beach for just shy of one "
"<quote>personlige interesser</quote> ville ikke få lov til å nedkjempe en "
"åpenbar fordel for fellesskapet."
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Armstrong, Edwin Howard"
+msgstr "Armstrong, Edwin Howard"
+
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Bell, Alexander Graham"
msgstr "Bell, Alexander Graham"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
-"Edwin Howard Armstrong is one of America's forgotten inventor geniuses. He "
-"came to the great American inventor scene just after the titans Thomas "
-"Edison and Alexander Graham Bell. But his work in the area of radio "
-"technology was perhaps the most important of any single inventor in the "
-"first fifty years of radio. He was better educated than Michael Faraday, who "
-"as a bookbinder's apprentice had discovered electric induction in 1831. But "
-"he had the same intuition about how the world of radio worked, and on at "
-"least three occasions, Armstrong invented profoundly important technologies "
-"that advanced our understanding of radio. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
-"id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type="
+"<emphasis role='strong'>Edwin Howard Armstrong</emphasis> is one of "
+"America's forgotten inventor geniuses. He came to the great American "
+"inventor scene just after the titans Thomas Edison and Alexander Graham "
+"Bell. But his work in the area of radio technology was perhaps the most "
+"important of any single inventor in the first fifty years of radio. He was "
+"better educated than Michael Faraday, who as a bookbinder's apprentice had "
+"discovered electric induction in 1831. But he had the same intuition about "
+"how the world of radio worked, and on at least three occasions, Armstrong "
+"invented profoundly important technologies that advanced our understanding "
+"of radio. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type="
+"\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>Edwin Howard Armstrong</emphasis> er en av USAs "
+"glemte oppfinnergenier. Han dukket opp på oppfinnerscenen etter titaner som "
+"Thomas Edison og Alexander Graham Bell. Alle hans bidrag på området "
+"radioteknologi gjør han til kanskje den viktigste av alle enkeltoppfinnere i "
+"de første femti årene av radio. Han var bedre utdannet enn Michael Faraday, "
+"som var bokbinderlærling da han oppdaget elektrisk induksjon i 1831. Men "
+"han hadde like god intuisjon om hvordan radioverden virket, og ved minst tre "
+"anledninger, fant Armstrong opp svært viktig teknologier som brakte vår "
+"forståelse av radio et hopp videre. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id="
+"\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type="
"\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>"
-msgstr ""
-"Edwin Howard Armstrong er en av USAs glemte oppfinnergenier. Han dukket opp "
-"på oppfinnerscenen etter titaner som Thomas Edison og Alexander Graham "
-"Bell. Alle hans bidrag på området radioteknologi gjør han til kanskje den "
-"viktigste av alle enkeltoppfinnere i de første femti årene av radio. Han "
-"var bedre utdannet enn Michael Faraday, som var bokbinderlærling da han "
-"oppdaget elektrisk induksjon i 1831. Men han hadde like god intuisjon om "
-"hvordan radioverden virket, og ved minst tre anledninger, fant Armstrong opp "
-"svært viktig teknologier som brakte vår forståelse av radio et hopp videre. "
-"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
-"id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"som kilde. Det er ikke kun fra nyskapningen med synkronisert lyd i "
"<citetitle>The Jazz Singer</citetitle> at vi får <citetitle>Steamboat "
"Willie</citetitle>. Det er også fra Buster Keatons nyskapning Steamboat "
-"Bill, Jr., som igjen var inspirert av sangen <quote>Steamboat Bill</quote>, at vi får "
-"Steamboat Willie. Og fra Steamboat Willie får vi så Mikke Mus."
+"Bill, Jr., som igjen var inspirert av sangen <quote>Steamboat Bill</quote>, "
+"at vi får Steamboat Willie. Og fra Steamboat Willie får vi så Mikke Mus."
#. f3
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
"that Ate the Public Domain,</quote> Findlaw, 5 March 2002, at <ulink url="
"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #5</ulink>."
msgstr ""
-"Han var også tilhenger av allmannseiet. Se Chris Sprigman, <quote>The Mouse that "
-"Ate the Public Domain,</quote> Findlaw, 5. mars 2002, fra <ulink url=\"http://free-"
-"culture.cc/notes/\">link #5</ulink>."
+"Han var også tilhenger av allmannseiet. Se Chris Sprigman, <quote>The Mouse "
+"that Ate the Public Domain,</quote> Findlaw, 5. mars 2002, fra <ulink url="
+"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #5</ulink>."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"built upon a base that was borrowed. Disney added to the work of others "
"before him, creating something new out of something just barely old."
msgstr ""
-"Denne <quote>låningen</quote> var ikke unik, hverken for Disney eller for industrien. "
-"Disney apet alltid etter full-lengde massemarkedsfilmene rundt ham."
-"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Det samme gjorde mange andre. "
+"Denne <quote>låningen</quote> var ikke unik, hverken for Disney eller for "
+"industrien. Disney apet alltid etter full-lengde massemarkedsfilmene rundt "
+"
ham.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Det samme gjorde mange andre. "
"Tidlige tegnefilmer er stappfulle av etterapninger—små variasjoner "
"over suksessfulle temaer, gamle historier fortalt på nytt. Nøkkelen til "
"suksess var brilliansen i forskjellene. Med Disney var det lyden som ga "
"Dette er en type kreativitet. Det er en kreativitet som vi bør huske på og "
"feire. Det er noen som vil si at det finnes ingen kreativitet bortsett fra "
"denne typen. Vi trenger ikke gå så langt for å anerkjenne dens betydning. "
-"Vi kan kalle dette <quote>Disney-kreativitet</quote>, selv om det vil være litt "
-"misvisende. Det er mer presist <quote>Walt Disney-kreativitet</quote>—en "
-"uttrykksform og genialitet som bygger på kulturen rundt oss og omformer den "
-"til noe annet."
+"Vi kan kalle dette <quote>Disney-kreativitet</quote>, selv om det vil være "
+"litt misvisende. Det er mer presist <quote>Walt Disney-kreativitet</"
+"quote>—en uttrykksform og genialitet som bygger på kulturen rundt oss "
+"og omformer den til noe annet."
#. f4
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
"at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #6</ulink>."
msgstr ""
"Inntil 1976 ga opphavsrettsloven en forfatter to mulige verneperioder: en "
-"initiell periode, og en fornyingsperiode. Jeg har beregnet <quote>gjennomsnittlig"
-"</quote> vernetid ved å finne vektet gjennomsnitt av de totale registreringer for "
-"et gitt år, og andelen fornyinger. Hvis 100 opphavsretter ble registrert i "
-"år 1, bare 15 av dem ble fornyet, og fornyingsvernetiden er 28 år, så er "
-"gjennomsnittlig vernetid 32,2 år. Fornyingsdata og andre relevante data "
-"ligger på nettsidene tilknyttet denne boka, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url="
-"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #6</ulink>."
+"initiell periode, og en fornyingsperiode. Jeg har beregnet "
+"<quote>gjennomsnittlig</quote> vernetid ved å finne vektet gjennomsnitt av "
+"de totale registreringer for et gitt år, og andelen fornyinger. Hvis 100 "
+"opphavsretter ble registrert i år 1, bare 15 av dem ble fornyet, og "
+"fornyingsvernetiden er 28 år, så er gjennomsnittlig vernetid 32,2 år. "
+"Fornyingsdata og andre relevante data ligger på nettsidene tilknyttet denne "
+"boka, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #6</"
+"ulink>."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"år—for den lille delen av kreative verk som faktisk var "
"opphavsrettsbeskyttet.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Det betyr at "
"i tredve år, i gjennomsnitt, hadde forfattere eller kreative verks "
-"opphavsrettighetsinnehaver en <quote>eksklusiv rett</quote> til a kontrollere bestemte "
-"typer bruk av verket. For å bruke disse opphavsrettsbeskyttede verkene på "
-"de begrensede måtene krevde tillatelse fra opphavsrettsinnehaveren."
+"opphavsrettighetsinnehaver en <quote>eksklusiv rett</quote> til a "
+"kontrollere bestemte typer bruk av verket. For å bruke disse "
+"opphavsrettsbeskyttede verkene på de begrensede måtene krevde tillatelse fra "
+"opphavsrettsinnehaveren."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"Når opphavsrettens vernetid er over, faller et verk i det fri og blir "
"allemannseie. Ingen tillatelse trengs da for å bygge på eller bruke dette "
"verket. Ingen tillatelse og dermed, ingen advokater. Allemannseie er en "
-"<quote>advokat-fri sone</quote>. Det meste av innhold fra det nittende århundre var "
-"dermed fritt tilgjengelig for Disney å bruke eller bygge på i 1928. Det var "
-"tilgjengelig for enhver—uansett om de hadde forbindelser eller ikke, "
-"om de var rik eller ikke, om de var akseptert eller ikke—til å bruke "
-"og bygge videre på."
+"<quote>advokat-fri sone</quote>. Det meste av innhold fra det nittende "
+"århundre var dermed fritt tilgjengelig for Disney å bruke eller bygge på i "
+"1928. Det var tilgjengelig for enhver—uansett om de hadde "
+"forbindelser eller ikke, om de var rik eller ikke, om de var akseptert eller "
+"ikke—til å bruke og bygge videre på."
#. PAGE BREAK 38
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
"except within totalitarian nations, been broadly exploited and quite "
"universal."
msgstr ""
-"Walt Disney hadde selvfølgelig ikke monopol på <quote>Walt Disney-kreativitet</quote>. "
-"Det har heller ikke USA. Normen med fri kultur har, inntil nylig, og "
-"unntatt i totalitære nasjoner, vært bredt utnyttet og svært universell."
+"Walt Disney hadde selvfølgelig ikke monopol på <quote>Walt Disney-"
+"kreativitet</quote>. Det har heller ikke USA. Normen med fri kultur har, "
+"inntil nylig, og unntatt i totalitære nasjoner, vært bredt utnyttet og svært "
+"universell."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"Amerikanere har en tendens til å se ned på denne formen for kultur. Det er "
"et lite attraktivt kjennetegn hos oss. Vi misforstår sannsynligvis mye "
"rundt manga, på grunn av at få av oss noen gang har lest noe som ligner på "
-"historiene i disse <quote>grafiske historiene</quote> forteller. For en japaner dekker "
-"manga ethvert aspekt ved det sosiale liv. For oss er tegneserier <quote>menn i "
-"strømpebukser</quote>. Og uansett er det ikke slik at T-banen i New York er full "
-"av folk som leser Joyse eller Hemingway for den saks skyld. Folk i ulike "
-"kulturer skiller seg ut på forskjellig måter, og japanerne på dette "
-"interessante viset."
+"historiene i disse <quote>grafiske historiene</quote> forteller. For en "
+"japaner dekker manga ethvert aspekt ved det sosiale liv. For oss er "
+"tegneserier <quote>menn i strømpebukser</quote>. Og uansett er det ikke "
+"slik at T-banen i New York er full av folk som leser Joyse eller Hemingway "
+"for den saks skyld. Folk i ulike kulturer skiller seg ut på forskjellig "
+"måter, og japanerne på dette interessante viset."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"tegneserie kan dermed ta en massemarkeds-tegneserie og utvikle den i en "
"annen retning—med en annen historie-linje. Eller tegneserien kan "
"beholde figuren som seg selv men endre litt på utseendet. Det er ingen "
-"bestemt formel for hva som gjør en doujinshi tilstrekkelig <quote>forskjellig</quote>. "
-"Men de må være forskjellige hvis de skal anses som ekte doujinshi. Det er "
-"faktisk komiteer som går igjennom doujinshi for å bli med på messer, og "
-"avviser etterapninger som bare er en kopi."
+"bestemt formel for hva som gjør en doujinshi tilstrekkelig "
+"<quote>forskjellig</quote>. Men de må være forskjellige hvis de skal anses "
+"som ekte doujinshi. Det er faktisk komiteer som går igjennom doujinshi for "
+"å bli med på messer, og avviser etterapninger som bare er en kopi."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"competition and despite the law."
msgstr ""
"Disse etterapings-tegneseriene er ikke en liten del av manga-markedet. Det "
-"er enorme. Mer en 33 000 <quote>sirkler</quote> av skapere over hele Japan som "
-"produserer disse bitene av Walt Disney-kreativitet. Mer en 450 000 japanere "
-"samles to ganger i året, i den største offentlige samlingen i langet, for å "
-"bytte og selge dem. Dette markedet er parallelt med det kommersielle "
-"massemarkeds-manga-markedet. På noen måter konkurrerer det åpenbart med det "
-"markedet, men det er ingen vedvarende innsats fra de som kontrollerer det "
-"kommersielle manga-markedet for å stenge doujinshi-markedet. Det blomstrer, "
-"på tross av konkurransen og til tross for loven."
+"er enorme. Mer en 33 000 <quote>sirkler</quote> av skapere over hele Japan "
+"som produserer disse bitene av Walt Disney-kreativitet. Mer en 450 000 "
+"japanere samles to ganger i året, i den største offentlige samlingen i "
+"langet, for å bytte og selge dem. Dette markedet er parallelt med det "
+"kommersielle massemarkeds-manga-markedet. På noen måter konkurrerer det "
+"åpenbart med det markedet, men det er ingen vedvarende innsats fra de som "
+"kontrollerer det kommersielle manga-markedet for å stenge doujinshi-"
+"markedet. Det blomstrer, på tross av konkurransen og til tross for loven."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"juridisk trening i hvert fall, er at det overhodet tillates å eksistere. "
"Under japansk opphavsrettslov, som i hvert fall på dette området (på "
"papiret) speiler USAs opphavsrettslov, er doujinshi-markedet ulovlig. "
-"Doujinshi er helt klart <quote>avledede verk</quote>. Det er ingen generell praksis "
-"hos doujinshi-kunstnere for å sikre seg tillatelse hos manga-skaperne. I "
-"stedet er praksisen ganske enkelt å ta og endre det andre har laget, slik "
-"Walt Disney gjorde med <citetitle>Steamboat Bill, Jr</citetitle>. For både "
-"japansk og USAs lov, er å <quote>ta</quote> uten tillatelse fra den opprinnelige "
-"opphavsrettsinnehaver ulovlig. Det er et brudd på opphavsretten til det "
-"opprinnelige verket å lage en kopi eller et avledet verk uten tillatelse fra "
-"den opprinnelige rettighetsinnehaveren."
+"Doujinshi er helt klart <quote>avledede verk</quote>. Det er ingen generell "
+"praksis hos doujinshi-kunstnere for å sikre seg tillatelse hos manga-"
+"skaperne. I stedet er praksisen ganske enkelt å ta og endre det andre har "
+"laget, slik Walt Disney gjorde med <citetitle>Steamboat Bill, Jr</"
+"citetitle>. For både japansk og USAs lov, er å <quote>ta</quote> uten "
+"tillatelse fra den opprinnelige opphavsrettsinnehaver ulovlig. Det er et "
+"brudd på opphavsretten til det opprinnelige verket å lage en kopi eller et "
+"avledet verk uten tillatelse fra den opprinnelige rettighetsinnehaveren."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Winick, Judd"
"amerikansk tegneseriers første dager var det ganske likt det som foregår i "
"Japan i dag. … Amerikanske tegneserier kom til verden ved å kopiere "
"hverandre. … Det er slik [kunstnerne] lærer å tegne—ved å se i "
-"tegneseriebøker og ikke følge streken, men ved å se på dem og kopiere dem</quote> "
-"og bygge basert på dem.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"tegneseriebøker og ikke følge streken, men ved å se på dem og kopiere dem</"
+"
quote> og bygge basert på dem.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Amerikanske tegneserier nå er ganske annerledes, forklarer Winick, delvis på "
"grunn av de juridiske problemene med å tilpasse tegneserier slik doujinshi "
-"får lov til. Med for eksempel Supermann, fortalte Winick meg, <quote>er det en "
-"rekke regler, og du må følge dem</quote>. Det er ting som Supermann <quote>ikke kan</quote> "
-"gjøre. <quote>For en som lager tegneserier er det frustrerende å måtte begrense "
-"seg til noen parameter som er femti år gamle.</quote>"
+"får lov til. Med for eksempel Supermann, fortalte Winick meg, <quote>er det "
+"en rekke regler, og du må følge dem</quote>. Det er ting som Supermann "
+"<quote>ikke kan</quote> gjøre. <quote>For en som lager tegneserier er det "
+"frustrerende å måtte begrense seg til noen parameter som er femti år gamle.</"
+"quote>"
#. f6
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
"set aside their individual self-interest and decide not to press their legal "
"rights. This is essentially a prisoner's dilemma solved.</quote>"
msgstr ""
-"Se Salil K. Mehra, <quote>Copyright and Comics in Japan: Does Law Explain Why All "
-"the Comics My Kid Watches Are Japanese Imports?</quote> <citetitle>Rutgers Law "
-"Review</citetitle> 55 (2002): 155, 182. <quote>det kan være en kollektiv "
-"økonomisk rasjonalitet som får manga- og anime-kunstnere til ikke å saksøke "
-"for opphavsrettsbrudd. Én hypotese er at alle manga-kunstnere kan være bedre "
-"stilt hvis de setter sin individuelle egeninteresse til side og bestemmer "
-"seg for ikke å forfølge sine juridiske rettigheter. Dette er essensielt en "
-"løsning på fangens dilemma.</quote>"
+"Se Salil K. Mehra, <quote>Copyright and Comics in Japan: Does Law Explain "
+"Why All the Comics My Kid Watches Are Japanese Imports?</quote> "
+"<citetitle>Rutgers Law Review</citetitle> 55 (2002): 155, 182. <quote>det "
+"kan være en kollektiv økonomisk rasjonalitet som får manga- og anime-"
+"kunstnere til ikke å saksøke for opphavsrettsbrudd. Én hypotese er at alle "
+"manga-kunstnere kan være bedre stilt hvis de setter sin individuelle "
+"egeninteresse til side og bestemmer seg for ikke å forfølge sine juridiske "
+"rettigheter. Dette er essensielt en løsning på fangens dilemma.</quote>"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"<quote>free taking</quote> by the doujinshi culture?"
msgstr ""
"Problemet med denne historien, derimot, og som Mehra helt klart erkjenner, "
-"er at mekanismen som produserer denne <quote>hold hendene borte</quote>-responsen ikke "
-"er forstått. Det kan godt være at markedet som helhet gjør det bedre hvis "
-"doujinshi tillates i stedet for å bannlyse den, men det forklarer likevel "
-"ikke hvorfor individuelle opphavsrettsinnehavere ikke saksøker. Hvis loven "
-"ikke har et generelt unntak for doujinshi, og det finnes faktisk noen "
-"tilfeller der individuelle manga-kunstnere har saksøkt doujinshi-kunstnere, "
-"hvorfor er det ikke et mer generelt mønster for å blokkere denne <quote>frie "
-"takingen</quote> hos doujinshi-kulturen?"
+"er at mekanismen som produserer denne <quote>hold hendene borte</quote>-"
+"responsen ikke er forstått. Det kan godt være at markedet som helhet gjør "
+"det bedre hvis doujinshi tillates i stedet for å bannlyse den, men det "
+"forklarer likevel ikke hvorfor individuelle opphavsrettsinnehavere ikke "
+"saksøker. Hvis loven ikke har et generelt unntak for doujinshi, og det "
+"finnes faktisk noen tilfeller der individuelle manga-kunstnere har saksøkt "
+"doujinshi-kunstnere, hvorfor er det ikke et mer generelt mønster for å "
+"blokkere denne <quote>frie takingen</quote> hos doujinshi-kulturen?"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Jeg var fire nydelige måneder i Japan, og jeg stilte dette spørsmål så ofte "
"som jeg kunne. Kanskje det beste svaret til slutt kom fra en venn i et "
-"større japansk advokatfirma. <quote>Vi har ikke nok advokater</quote>, fortalte han meg "
-"en ettermiddag. Det er <quote>bare ikke nok ressurser til å tiltale tilfeller "
-"som dette</quote>."
+"større japansk advokatfirma. <quote>Vi har ikke nok advokater</quote>, "
+"fortalte han meg en ettermiddag. Det er <quote>bare ikke nok ressurser til "
+"å tiltale tilfeller som dette</quote>."
#. PAGE BREAK 41
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
"Copywrongs</citetitle>, 11 (New York: New York University Press, 2001). Se "
"også Lawrence Lessig, <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle> (New York: "
"Random House, 2001), 293 n. 26. Begrepet presist beskriver et sett med "
-"<quote>eiendoms</quote>-rettigheter—opphavsretter, patenter, varemerker og "
-"forretningshemmeligheter—men egenskapene til disse rettighetene er "
-"svært forskjellige.<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"<quote>eiendoms</quote>-rettigheter—opphavsretter, patenter, "
+"varemerker og forretningshemmeligheter—men egenskapene til disse "
+"
rettighetene er svært forskjellige.<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"> A large, diverse society cannot survive without property; a large, "
"diverse, and modern society cannot flourish without intellectual property."
msgstr ""
-"Vi lever i en verden som feirer <quote>eiendom</quote>. Jeg er en av de som feierer. "
-"Jeg tror på verdien av eiendom generelt, og jeg tror også på verdien av den "
-"sære formen for eiendom som advokater kaller <quote>immateriell eiendom</quote>."
-"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Et stort og variert samfunn kan "
-"ikke overleve uten eiendom, og et moderne samfunn kan ikke blomstre uten "
-"immaterielle eierrettigheter."
+"Vi lever i en verden som feirer <quote>eiendom</quote>. Jeg er en av de som "
+"feierer. Jeg tror på verdien av eiendom generelt, og jeg tror også på "
+"verdien av den sære formen for eiendom som advokater kaller "
+"<quote>immateriell eiendom</quote>.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> "
+"Et stort og variert samfunn kan ikke overleve uten eiendom, og et moderne "
+"samfunn kan ikke blomstre uten immaterielle eierrettigheter."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"because the Grimms' work was in the public domain."
msgstr ""
"Men det tar bare noen sekunders refleksjon for å innse at det er masse av "
-"verdi der ute som <quote>eiendom</quote> ikke dekker. Jeg mener ikke <quote>kjærlighet kan "
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-"i hvert fall slik loven var da, med at Disney tok fra Buster Keaton eller "
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-"brødrene Grimm fordi deres verker var allemannseie."
+"verdi der ute som <quote>eiendom</quote> ikke dekker. Jeg mener ikke "
+"<quote>kjærlighet kan ikke kjøpes med penger</quote> men heller, at en verdi "
+"som ganske enkelt er del av produksjonsprosessen, både for kommersiell og "
+"ikke-kommersiell produksjon. Hvis Disneys animatører hadde stjålet et sett "
+"med blyanter for å tegne Steamboat Willie, vi ville ikke nølt med å dømme "
+"det som galt—selv om det er trivielt og selv om det ikke blir "
+"oppdaget. Men det var intet galt, i hvert fall slik loven var da, med at "
+"Disney tok fra Buster Keaton eller fra Grimm-brødrene. Det var intet galt "
+"med å ta fra Keaton, fordi Disneys bruk ville blitt ansett som "
+"<quote>rimelig</quote>. Det var intet galt med å ta fra brødrene Grimm "
+"fordi deres verker var allemannseie."
#. PAGE BREAK 42
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
"find it hard to say why."
msgstr ""
"Likevel er det en åpenbar motvilje, selv blant japanske advokater, for å si "
-"at etterapende tegneseriekunstnere <quote>stjeler</quote>. Denne formen for Walt "
-"Disney-kreativitet anses som rimelig og riktig, selv om spesielt advokater "
-"synes det er vanskelig å forklare hvorfor."
+"at etterapende tegneseriekunstnere <quote>stjeler</quote>. Denne formen for "
+"Walt Disney-kreativitet anses som rimelig og riktig, selv om spesielt "
+"advokater synes det er vanskelig å forklare hvorfor."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Det vanskelige spørsmålet er derfor ikke <emphasis>om</emphasis> en kultur "
"er fri. Alle kulturer er frie til en viss grad. Det vanskelige spørsmålet "
-"er i stedet <quote><emphasis>hvor</emphasis> fri er denne kulturen er?</quote> Hvor mye "
-"og hvor bredt, er kulturen fritt tilgjengelig for andre å ta, og bygge på? "
-"Er den friheten begrenset til partimedlemmer? Til medlemmer av "
-"kongefamilien? Til de ti største selskapene på New York-børsen? Eller er "
-"at frihet bredt tilgjengelig? Til kunstnere generelt, uansett om de er "
-"tilknyttet til nasjonalmuseet eller ikke? Til musikere generelt, uansett om "
-"de er hvite eller ikke? Til filmskapere generelt, uansett om de er "
-"tilknyttet et studio eller ikke?"
+"er i stedet <quote><emphasis>hvor</emphasis> fri er denne kulturen er?</"
+"quote> Hvor mye og hvor bredt, er kulturen fritt tilgjengelig for andre å "
+"ta, og bygge på? Er den friheten begrenset til partimedlemmer? Til "
+"medlemmer av kongefamilien? Til de ti største selskapene på New York-"
+"børsen? Eller er at frihet bredt tilgjengelig? Til kunstnere generelt, "
+"uansett om de er tilknyttet til nasjonalmuseet eller ikke? Til musikere "
+"generelt, uansett om de er hvite eller ikke? Til filmskapere generelt, "
+"uansett om de er tilknyttet et studio eller ikke?"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
"I 1839 fant Louis Daguerre opp den første praktiske teknologien for å "
-"produsere det vi ville kalle <quote>fotografier</quote>. Rimelig nok ble de kalt "
-"<quote>daguerreotyper</quote>. Prosessen var komplisert og kostbar, og feltet var "
-"dermed begrenset til profesjonelle og noen få ivrige og velstående "
-"amatører. (Det var til og med en amerikansk Daguerre-forening som hjalp til "
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-"konkurransen ned slik at prisene var høye.) <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
-"id=\"0\"/>"
+"produsere det vi ville kalle <quote>fotografier</quote>. Rimelig nok ble de "
+"kalt <quote>daguerreotyper</quote>. Prosessen var komplisert og kostbar, og "
+"feltet var dermed begrenset til profesjonelle og noen få ivrige og "
+"velstående amatører. (Det var til og med en amerikansk Daguerre-forening "
+"som hjalp til med å regulere industrien, slik alle slike foreninger gjør, "
+"ved å holde konkurransen ned slik at prisene var høye.) <placeholder type="
+"\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Talbot, William"
msgstr ""
"Men til tross for høye priser var etterspørselen etter daguerreotyper "
"sterk. Dette inspirerte oppfinnere til å finne enklere og billigere måter å "
-"lage <quote>automatiske bilder</quote>. William Talbot oppdaget snart en prosess for å "
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-"ikke en prosess som var innenfor rekkevidden til de fleste amatører. "
-"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"lage <quote>automatiske bilder</quote>. William Talbot oppdaget snart en "
+"prosess for å lage <quote>negativer</quote>. Men da negativene var av "
+"glass, og måtte holdes fuktige, forble prosessen kostbar og tung. På 1870-"
+"tallet ble tørrplater utviklet, noe som gjorde det enklere å skille det å ta "
+"et bilde fra å fremkalle det. Det var fortsatt plater av glass, og dermed "
+"var det fortsatt ikke en prosess som var innenfor rekkevidden til de fleste "
+"
amatører. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Eastman, George"
msgstr ""
"Eastman utviklet bøyelig, emulsjons-belagt papirfilm og plasserte ruller med "
"dette i små, enkle kameraer: Kodaken. Enheten ble markedsfør med grunnlag "
-"dens enkelhet. <quote>Du trykker på knappen og vi fikser resten.</quote><placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Som han beskrev det i <citetitle>The Kodak "
-"Primer</citetitle>: <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
+"dens enkelhet. <quote>Du trykker på knappen og vi fikser resten.</"
+"quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Som han beskrev det i "
+"<citetitle>The Kodak Primer</citetitle>: <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id="
+"\"1\"/>"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Coe, Brian"
"økonomisk. Den var sosial. Profesjonell fotografering ga individer et "
"glimt av steder de ellers aldri ville se. Amatørfotografering ga dem "
"muligheten til å arkivere deres liv på en måte som de aldri hadde vært i "
-"stand til tidligere. Som forfatter Brian Coe skriver, <quote>For første gang "
-"tilbød fotoalbumet mannen i gata et permanent arkiv over hans familie og "
-"dens aktiviteter. … For første gang i historien fantes det en "
+"stand til tidligere. Som forfatter Brian Coe skriver, <quote>For første "
+"gang tilbød fotoalbumet mannen i gata et permanent arkiv over hans familie "
+"og dens aktiviteter. … For første gang i historien fantes det en "
"autentisk visuell oppføring av utseende og aktivitet til vanlige mennesker "
-"laget uten [skrivefør] tolkning eller forutinntatthet.</quote><placeholder type="
-"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"laget uten [skrivefør] tolkning eller forutinntatthet.</quote><placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"malepenselen var selvfølgelig også en uttrykksteknologi. Men det tok årevis "
"med trening før de kunne bli brukt nyttig og effektiv av amatører. Med "
"Kodaken var uttrykk mulig mye raskere og enklere. Barrièren for å uttrykke "
-"seg var senket. Snobber ville fnyse over <quote>kvaliteten</quote>, profesjonelle "
-"ville avvise den som irrelevant. Men se et barn studere hvordan best velge "
-"bildemotiv og du får følelsen av hva slags kreativitetserfaring som Kodaken "
-"muliggjorde. Demokratiske verktøy ga vanlige folk en måte å uttrykke dem "
-"selv på enklere enn noe annet verktøy kunne ha gjort før."
+"seg var senket. Snobber ville fnyse over <quote>kvaliteten</quote>, "
+"profesjonelle ville avvise den som irrelevant. Men se et barn studere "
+"hvordan best velge bildemotiv og du får følelsen av hva slags "
+"kreativitetserfaring som Kodaken muliggjorde. Demokratiske verktøy ga "
+"vanlige folk en måte å uttrykke dem selv på enklere enn noe annet verktøy "
+"kunne ha gjort før."
#. f6
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
"<citetitle>Samsung Electronics America, Inc</citetitle>., 971 F. 2d 1395 "
"(9th Cir. 1992), cert. denied, 508 U.S. 951 (1993)."
msgstr ""
-"Se Melville B. Nimmer, <quote>The Right of Publicity</quote>, <citetitle>Law and "
-"Contemporary Problems</citetitle> 19 (1954): 203; William L. Prosser, "
-"<quote>Privacy</quote>, <citetitle>California Law Review</citetitle> 48 (1960) "
-"398–407; <citetitle>White</citetitle> mot <citetitle>Samsung "
+"Se Melville B. Nimmer, <quote>The Right of Publicity</quote>, <citetitle>Law "
+"and Contemporary Problems</citetitle> 19 (1954): 203; William L. Prosser, "
+"<quote>Privacy</quote>, <citetitle>California Law Review</citetitle> 48 "
+"(1960) 398–407; <citetitle>White</citetitle> mot <citetitle>Samsung "
"Electronics America, Inc</citetitle>., 971 F. 2d 1395 (9th Cir. 1992), "
"sert. nektet, 508 U.S. 951 (1993)."
"ville fotografen måttet dokumentere at tillatelse var på plass. Kanskje "
"Eastman Kodak også måtte ha dokumentert at tillatelse var gitt, før de "
"utviklet filmen som bildene ble fanget på. Tross alt, hvis tillatelse ikke "
-"var gitt, da ville Eastman Kodak ha nytt fordeler fra <quote>tyveriet</quote> begått av "
-"fotografer. På samme måte som Napster nøt fordeler fra opphavsrettsbrudd "
-"utført av Napster-brukere, så ville Kodak nytt fordeler fra <quote>bilde-"
-"rettighets</quote>-brudd til deres fotografer. Vi kan forestille oss at loven da "
-"krevede at en form for tillatelse ble vist frem før et selskap fremkalte "
-"bildene. Vi kan forestille oss et system bli utviklet for å legge frem "
-"slike tillatelser."
+"var gitt, da ville Eastman Kodak ha nytt fordeler fra <quote>tyveriet</"
+"quote> begått av fotografer. På samme måte som Napster nøt fordeler fra "
+"opphavsrettsbrudd utført av Napster-brukere, så ville Kodak nytt fordeler "
+"fra <quote>bilde-rettighets</quote>-brudd til deres fotografer. Vi kan "
+"forestille oss at loven da krevede at en form for tillatelse ble vist frem "
+"før et selskap fremkalte bildene. Vi kan forestille oss et system bli "
+"utviklet for å legge frem slike tillatelser."
#. PAGE BREAK 48
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
"ville uten tvil aldri vært realisert en slik vekst i demokratisk "
"uttrykksteknologi. Hvis du kjører gjennom området Presidio i San Francisco, "
"kan det hende du ser to gusjegule skolebusser overmalt med fargefulle og "
-"iøynefallende bilder, og logoen <quote>Just Think!</quote> i stedet for navnet på en "
-"skole. Men det er lite som er <quote>bare</quote> mentalt i prosjektene som disse "
-"bussene muliggjør. Disse bussene er fylt med teknologi som lærer unger å "
-"fikle med film. Ikke filmen til Eastman. Ikke en gang filmen i din "
-"videospiller. I stedet er det snakk om <quote>filmen</quote> til digitale kamera. "
-"Just Think! er et prosjekt som gjør det mulig for unger å lage filmer, som "
-"en måte å forstå og kritisere den filmede kulturen som de finner over alt "
-"rundt seg. Hvert år besøker disse bussene mer enn tredve skoler og gir "
-"mellom tre hundre og fire hundre barn muligheten til å lære noe om media ved "
-"å gjøre noe med media. Ved å gjøre, så tenker de. Ved å fikle, så lærer de."
+"iøynefallende bilder, og logoen <quote>Just Think!</quote> i stedet for "
+"navnet på en skole. Men det er lite som er <quote>bare</quote> mentalt i "
+"prosjektene som disse bussene muliggjør. Disse bussene er fylt med "
+"teknologi som lærer unger å fikle med film. Ikke filmen til Eastman. Ikke "
+"en gang filmen i din videospiller. I stedet er det snakk om <quote>filmen</"
+"quote> til digitale kamera. Just Think! er et prosjekt som gjør det mulig "
+"for unger å lage filmer, som en måte å forstå og kritisere den filmede "
+"kulturen som de finner over alt rundt seg. Hvert år besøker disse bussene "
+"mer enn tredve skoler og gir mellom tre hundre og fire hundre barn "
+"muligheten til å lære noe om media ved å gjøre noe med media. Ved å gjøre, "
+"så tenker de. Ved å fikle, så lærer de."
#. f9
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
"cadalyst, February 2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/"
"notes/\">link #7</ulink>."
msgstr ""
-"H. Edward Goldberg, <quote>Essential Presentation Tools: Hardware and Software "
-"You Need to Create Digital Multimedia Presentations,</quote> cadalyst, februar "
-"2002, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #7</"
-"ulink>."
+"H. Edward Goldberg, <quote>Essential Presentation Tools: Hardware and "
+"Software You Need to Create Digital Multimedia Presentations,</quote> "
+"cadalyst, februar 2002, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/"
+"notes/\">link #7</ulink>."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Disse bussene er ikke billige, men teknologien de har med seg blir billigere "
"og billigere. Kostnaden til et høykvalitets digitalt videosystem har falt "
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-"Disse bussene er fylt med teknologi som ville kostet hundre-tusenvis av "
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+"dramatisk. Som en analytiker omtalte det, <quote>for fem år siden kostet et "
+"godt sanntids redigerinssystem for digital video $25 000. I dag kan du "
+"få profesjonell kvalitet for $595.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id="
+"\"0\"/> Disse bussene er fylt med teknologi som ville kostet hundre-tusenvis "
+"av dollar for bare ti år siden. Og det er nå mulig å forestille seg ikke "
+"bare slike busser, men klasserom rundt om i landet hvor unger kan lære mer "
+"og mer av det lærerne kaller <quote>medie-skriveføre</quote> eller "
+"<quote>mediekompetanse</quote>."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Yanofsky, Dave"
"way media works, the way it's constructed, the way it's delivered, and the "
"way people access it.</quote> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-"<quote>Media-skriveføre,</quote> eller <quote>mediekompetanse</quote> som administrerende direktør "
-"Dave Yanofsky i Just Think!, sier det, <quote>er evnen til … å forstå, "
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+"<quote>Media-skriveføre,</quote> eller <quote>mediekompetanse</quote> som "
+"administrerende direktør Dave Yanofsky i Just Think!, sier det, <quote>er "
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+"er konstruert, hvordan de blir levert, og hvordan folk bruker dem</quote>. "
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"and noticing split infinitives are the things that <quote>literate</quote> "
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msgstr ""
-"Dette kan virke som en litt rar måte å tenke på <quote>skrivefør</quote>. For de fleste "
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+"infinitiver."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
msgid "advertising"
"1997, B6."
msgstr ""
"Judith Van Evra, <citetitle>Television and Child Development</citetitle> "
-"(Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1990); <quote>Findings on Family "
-"and TV Study</quote>, <citetitle>Denver Post</citetitle>, 25. mai 1997, B6."
+"(Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1990); <quote>Findings on "
+"Family and TV Study</quote>, <citetitle>Denver Post</citetitle>, 25. mai "
+"1997, B6."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"Mulig det. Men i en verden hvor barn ser i gjennomsnitt 390 timer med TV-"
"reklaager i året, eller generelt mellom 20 000 og 45 000 reklameinnslag,"
"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> så er det mer og mer viktig å "
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+"forstå <quote>gramatikken</quote> til media. For på samme måte som det er "
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+"unger å skrive media ved å konstruere masse (i hvert fall i begynnelsen) "
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#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"\">link #8</ulink>; <quote>Timeline,</quote> 22 November 2000, available at "
"<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #9</ulink>."
msgstr ""
-"Se Scott Steinberg, <quote>Crichton Gets Medieval on PCs</quote>, E!online, 4. november "
-"2000, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #8</"
-"ulink>; <quote>Timeline</quote>, 22. november 2000, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url="
-"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #9</ulink>."
+"Se Scott Steinberg, <quote>Crichton Gets Medieval on PCs</quote>, E!online, "
+"4. november 2000, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/"
+"\">link #8</ulink>; <quote>Timeline</quote>, 22. november 2000, tilgjengelig "
+"fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #9</ulink>."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"det kun var film, som Elizabeth Daley, administrerende direktør ved "
"Universitetet i Sør-Califorias Anneberg-senter for kommunkasjon og rektor "
"ved USC skole for Kino-Televisjon, forklarte for meg, var gramatikken om "
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-"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Men etter hvert som datamaskiner "
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-"håndverk han måtte lære. Det var ikke åpenbart hvordan en leder folk "
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+"<quote>plasseringen av objekter, farger, … rytme, skritt og tekstur</"
+"quote>.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Men etter hvert som "
+"datamaskiner åpner opp et interaktivt rom hvor en historie blir "
+"<quote>spillt</quote> i tillegg til opplevd, endrer gramatikken seg. Den "
+"enkle kontrollen til forstellerstemmen er forsvunnet, og dermed er andre "
+"teknikker nødvendig. Forfatter Michael Crichton hadde mestret "
+"fortellerstemmen til science fiction. Men da han forsøkte å lage et "
+"dataspill basert på et av sine verk, så var det et nytt håndverk han måtte "
+"lære. Det var ikke åpenbart hvordan en leder folk gjennom et spill uten at "
+"de far følelsen av å ha blitt ledet, selv for en enormt vellykket forfatter."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
msgid "computer games"
"you were led through a film, the film has failed."
msgstr ""
"Akkurat denne ferdigheten er håndverket en lærer til de som lager filmer. "
-"Som Daley skriver, <quote>folk er svært overrasket over hvordan de blir ledet "
-"gjennom en film. Den er perfekt konstruert for å hindre deg fra å se det, "
-"så du aner det ikke. Hvis en som lager filmer lykkes så vet du ikke at du "
-"har vært ledet.</quote> Hvis du vet at du ble ledet igjennom en film, så har "
-"filmen feilet."
+"Som Daley skriver, <quote>folk er svært overrasket over hvordan de blir "
+"ledet gjennom en film. Den er perfekt konstruert for å hindre deg fra å se "
+"det, så du aner det ikke. Hvis en som lager filmer lykkes så vet du ikke at "
+"du har vært ledet.</quote> Hvis du vet at du ble ledet igjennom en film, så "
+"har filmen feilet."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"Couch potatoes. Consumers. This is the world of media from the twentieth "
"century."
msgstr ""
-"<quote>ikke kunne skrive.</quote> Passive mottakerne av kultur produsert andre steder. "
-"Sofapoteter. Forbrukere. Dette er medieverden fra det tjuende århundre."
+"<quote>ikke kunne skrive.</quote> Passive mottakerne av kultur produsert "
+"andre steder. Sofapoteter. Forbrukere. Dette er medieverden fra det tjuende "
+"århundre."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"enhver skriveførhet, og denne skriveførheten spesielt, er å <quote>gi folket "
"myndighet til å velge det språket som passer for det de trenger å lage eller "
"uttrykke</quote>.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Det gir studenter "
-"mulighet <quote>til å kommunisere i språket til det tjueførste århundret</quote>."
-"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>"
+"mulighet <quote>til å kommunisere i språket til det tjueførste århundret</"
+"
quote>.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Klassen møttes fredag ettermiddag, og skapte et relativt nytt problem for "
"skolen. Mens utfordringen i de fleste klasser var å få ungene til å dukke "
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-"hvordan de skulle uttrykke seg."
+"opp, var utfordringen for denne klassen å holde dem unna. <quote>Ungene "
+"dukket opp 06:00, og dro igjen 05:00 på natta</quote>, sa Barish. De jobbet "
+"hardere enn i noen annen klasse for å gjøre det utdanning burde handle "
+"om—å lære hvordan de skulle uttrykke seg."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"in which <emphasis>these</emphasis> ideas can be expressed well. The power "
"of this message depended upon its connection to this form of expression."
msgstr ""
-"Ved å bruke hva som helst av <quote>fritt tilgjengelig web-stoff de kunne finne"
-"</quote>, og relativt enkle verktøy som gjorde det mulig for ungene å blande "
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-"ikke er tekstform en form som kan uttrykke <emphasis>disse</emphasis> idéene "
-"godt. Kraften i denne meldingen avhenger av dens forbindelse med denne for "
-"for uttrykk."
+"Ved å bruke hva som helst av <quote>fritt tilgjengelig web-stoff de kunne "
+"finne</quote>, og relativt enkle verktøy som gjorde det mulig for ungene å "
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+"ellers ville forstå. Dette var et tema veldig nært livene til disse "
+"studentene. Prosjektet <quote>ga dem et verktøy og bemyndiget dem slik at "
+"de både ble i stand til å forstå det og snakke om det</quote>, forklarer "
+"Barish. Dette verktøyet lyktes med å skape uttrykk—mye mer vellykket "
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+"<quote>Hvis du hadde sagt til disse studentene at 'du må gjøre dette i "
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+"selv i tekstform ikke er noe disse studentene gjør godt. Heller ikke er "
+"tekstform en form som kan uttrykke <emphasis>disse</emphasis> idéene godt. "
+"Kraften i denne meldingen avhenger av dens forbindelse med denne for for "
+"uttrykk."
#. PAGE BREAK 52
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
"increasingly, not the most powerful part—of constructing meaning. As "
"Daley explained in the most moving part of our interview,"
msgstr ""
-"<quote>Men handler ikke utdanning om å lære unger å skrive?</quote> spurte jeg. Jo "
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-"</quote>. Å si at det kun betyr skriving er som å si at å lære bort skriving kun "
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-"større grad ikke den kraftigste delen—for å konstruere mening. Som "
-"Daley forklarte i den mest rørende delen av vårt intervju,"
+"<quote>Men handler ikke utdanning om å lære unger å skrive?</quote> spurte "
+"jeg. Jo delvis, naturligvis. Men hvorfor lærer vi unger å skrive? "
+"Utdanning, forklarer Daley, handler om å gi studentene en måte å "
+"<quote>konstruere mening</quote>. Å si at det kun betyr skriving er som å "
+"si at å lære bort skriving kun handler om å lære ungene å stave. "
+"Tekstforming er bare en del—og i større grad ikke den kraftigste "
+"delen—for å konstruere mening. Som Daley forklarte i den mest rørende "
+"delen av vårt intervju,"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
msgid ""
"han kan spre grafitti over alle dine vegger, han kan ta fra hverandre bilen "
"din, og han kan gjøre alle mulige andre ting. Men han kan ikke lese teksten "
"din. Så Jonny kommer på skolen og du sier <quote>Johnny, du er analfabet. "
-"Ingenting du gjør betyr noe</quote>. Vel, da har Johnny to valg: Han kan avvise "
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-"disse elementene som du forstår, som er ditt språk, og konstruer mening om "
-"temaet.…"
+"Ingenting du gjør betyr noe</quote>. Vel, da har Johnny to valg: Han kan "
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+"quote>. Ikke ved å gi en unge et videokamera og … si <quote>La oss "
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+"istedet, virkelig hjelpe deg å ta disse elementene som du forstår, som er "
+"ditt språk, og konstruer mening om temaet.…"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Dette bemyndiger enormt. Og det som skjer til slutt, selvfølgelig, som det "
"har skjedd i alle disse klassene, er at de stopper opp når de treffer "
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+"faktumet <quote>jeg trenger å forklare dette, og da trenger jeg virkelig å "
+"skrive noe</quote>. Og som en av lærerne fortalte Stephanie, de vil skrive "
+"om avsnittet 5, 6, 7, 8 ganger, helt til det blir riktig."
#. PAGE BREAK 53
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
msgstr ""
"Disse gjenfortellingene ga en økende familiær følelse. Det var musikk "
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-"tragedie."
+"over skjermen. Det var en formel for intervjuer. Det var <quote>balanse</"
+"quote> og seriøsitet. Dette var nyheter koreaografert slik vi i stadig "
+"større grad forventer det, <quote>nyheter som underholdning</quote>, selv om "
+"underholdningen er en tragedie."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
msgid "ABC"
"Rights</citetitle>, around a news event that had captured the attention of "
"the world. There was ABC and CBS, but there was also the Internet."
msgstr ""
-"Men i tillegg til disse produserte nyhetene om <quote>tragedien 11. september</quote>, "
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+"Men i tillegg til disse produserte nyhetene om <quote>tragedien 11. "
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+"begrepet i hans bok <citetitle>Cyber Rights</citetitle>, rundt en "
+"nyhetshendelse som hadde fanget oppmerksomheten til hele verden. Det var "
+"ABC og CBS, men det var også internettet."
#. PAGE BREAK 54
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
"jeg mener at folkene som støtter denne formen for tale bør lovprises. Jeg "
"ønsker i stedet å peke på viktigheten av denne formen for tale. For på "
"samme måte som en Kodak, gjør internettet folk i stand til å fange bilder. "
-"Og på samme måte som med en film laget av en av studentene på <quote>Just Think!"
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+"Og på samme måte som med en film laget av en av studentene på <quote>Just "
+"Think!</quote>-bussen, kan visuelle bilder bli blandet med lyd og tekst."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"styrer, og å styre betyr noe mer enn kun valg. I vår tradisjon betyr det "
"også kontroll gjennom gjennomtenkt meningsbrytning. Dette var idéen som "
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+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
#. f16
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
"Bruce Ackerman and James Fishkin, <quote>Deliberation Day,</quote> "
"<citetitle>Journal of Political Philosophy</citetitle> 10 (2) (2002): 129."
msgstr ""
-"Bruce Ackerman og James Fishkin, <quote>Deliberation Day</quote>, <citetitle>Journal of "
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+"Bruce Ackerman og James Fishkin, <quote>Deliberation Day</quote>, "
+"<citetitle>Journal of Political Philosophy</citetitle> 10 (2) (2002): 129."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"Noah Shachtman, <quote>With Incessant Postings, a Pundit Stirs the Pot,</"
"quote> New York Times, 16 January 2003, G5."
msgstr ""
-"Noah Shachtman, <quote>With Incessant Postings, a Pundit Stirs the Pot</quote>, New "
-"York Times, 16. januar 2003, G5."
+"Noah Shachtman, <quote>With Incessant Postings, a Pundit Stirs the Pot</"
+"quote>, New York Times, 16. januar 2003, G5."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Lott, Trent"
"\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
msgstr ""
"En direkte effekt er på historier som hadde en annerledes livssyklus i de "
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"Det skjedde. Men han regnet ikke med dens livssyklus i bloggsfæren. "
"Bloggerne fortsatte å undersøke historien. Etter hvert dukket flere og "
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+"trekke seg som leder for senatets flertall.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id="
+"
\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"Det er også en annen måte, hvor blogger har en annen syklus enn de store "
"mediene. Som Dave Winer, en av fedrene til denne bevegelsen og en "
"programvareutvikler i mange tiår fortalte meg, er en annen forskjell "
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"av veien.</quote>"
"but Strong Overall,</quote> Online Journalism Review, 2 February 2003, "
"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #10</ulink>."
msgstr ""
-"John Schwartz, <quote>Loss of the Shuttle: The Internet; A Wealth of Information "
-"Online</quote>, <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 2 februar 2003, A28; Staci "
-"D. Kramer, <quote>Shuttle Disaster Coverage Mixed, but Strong Overall</quote>, Online "
-"Journalism Review, 2. februar 2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://"
-"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #10</ulink>."
+"John Schwartz, <quote>Loss of the Shuttle: The Internet; A Wealth of "
+"Information Online</quote>, <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 2 februar "
+"2003, A28; Staci D. Kramer, <quote>Shuttle Disaster Coverage Mixed, but "
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#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"middle man is out of it</quote>—with all the benefits, and costs, that "
"might entail."
msgstr ""
-"Blogg-sfæren gir amatører en måte å bli med i debatten—<quote>amatør</quote> ikke "
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+"og ulemper det kan føre med seg."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Olafson, Steve"
+msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Last year Steve Olafson, a <citetitle>Houston Chronicle</citetitle> "
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msgstr ""
"Se Michael Falcone, <quote>Does an Editor's Pencil Ruin a Web Log?</quote> "
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#. PAGE BREAK 58
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
"the last thing that gets shut down.</quote>"
msgstr ""
"Winer er optimistisk når det gjelder en journalistfremtid infisert av "
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+"Winer, for offentlige aktører og også i større grad for private aktører. "
+"Det er ikke klart at <quote>journalismen</quote> er glad for dette—"
+"noen journalister har blitt bedt om å kutte ut sin blogging.<placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Men det er klart at vi fortsatt er i en "
+"overgangsfase. <quote>Mye av det vi gjør nå er oppvarmingsøvelser</quote>, "
+"fortalte Winer meg. Det er mye som må modne før dette området har sin modne "
+"effekt. Og etter som inkludering av innhold i dette området er det området "
+"med minst opphavsrettsbrudd på internettet, sa Wiener at <quote>vi vil være "
+"den siste tingen som blir skutt ned</quote>."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"blogs where such writing happens. When there are ten million, there will be "
"something extraordinary to report."
msgstr ""
-"Slik tale påvirker demokratiet. Winer mener dette skjer fordi <quote>du trenger "
-"ikke jobber for noen som kontrollerer, [for] en portvokter</quote>. Det er sant. "
-"Men det påvirker demokratiet også på en annen måte. Etter hvert som flere og "
-"flere borgere uttrykker hva de mener, og forsvarer det skriftlig, så vil det "
-"endre hvordan folk forstår offentlige temaer. Det er enkelt å ha feil og "
-"være på villspor i hodet ditt. Det er vanskeligere når resultatet fra dine "
-"tanker kan bli kritisert av andre. Det er selvfølgelig et sjeldent menneske "
-"som innrømmer at han ble overtalt til å innse at han tok feil. Men det er "
-"mer sjeldent for et menneske å ignorere at noen har bevist at han tok feil. "
-"Å skrive ned idéer, argumenter og kritikk forbedrer demokratiet. I dag er "
-"det antagelig et par millioner blogger der det skrives på denne måten. Når "
-"det er ti milloner, så vil det være noe ekstraordært å rapportere."
+"Slik tale påvirker demokratiet. Winer mener dette skjer fordi <quote>du "
+"trenger ikke jobber for noen som kontrollerer, [for] en portvokter</quote>. "
+"Det er sant. Men det påvirker demokratiet også på en annen måte. Etter "
+"hvert som flere og flere borgere uttrykker hva de mener, og forsvarer det "
+"skriftlig, så vil det endre hvordan folk forstår offentlige temaer. Det er "
+"enkelt å ha feil og være på villspor i hodet ditt. Det er vanskeligere når "
+"resultatet fra dine tanker kan bli kritisert av andre. Det er selvfølgelig "
+"et sjeldent menneske som innrømmer at han ble overtalt til å innse at han "
+"tok feil. Men det er mer sjeldent for et menneske å ignorere at noen har "
+"bevist at han tok feil. Å skrive ned idéer, argumenter og kritikk forbedrer "
+"demokratiet. I dag er det antagelig et par millioner blogger der det "
+"skrives på denne måten. Når det er ti milloner, så vil det være noe "
+"ekstraordært å rapportere."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Brown, John Seely"
"<quote>free collage,</quote> as Brown calls it. Many get to add to or "
"transform the tinkering of many others."
msgstr ""
-"Brown tror vi lærer med å fikle. Da <quote>mange av oss vokste opp</quote>, forklarer "
-"han, ble fiklingen gjort <quote>pa motorsykkelmotorer, gressklippermotorer, "
-"biler, radioer og så videre</quote>. Men digitale teknologier muliggjør en annen "
-"type fikling—med abstrakte idéer i sin konkrete form. Ungene i Just "
-"Think! tenker ikke bare på hvordan et reklameinnslag fremstiller en "
-"politiker. Ved å bruke digital teknologi kan de ta reklameinnslaget fra "
-"hverandre og manipulerer det, fikle med det, og se hvordan det blir gjort. "
-"Digitale teknologier setter igang en slags *bricolage* eller <quote>fritt "
-"tilgjengelig sammenstilling</quote>, som Brown kaller det. Mange får mulighet til "
-"å legge til på eller endre på fiklingen til mange andre."
+"Brown tror vi lærer med å fikle. Da <quote>mange av oss vokste opp</quote>, "
+"forklarer han, ble fiklingen gjort <quote>pa motorsykkelmotorer, "
+"gressklippermotorer, biler, radioer og så videre</quote>. Men digitale "
+"teknologier muliggjør en annen type fikling—med abstrakte idéer i sin "
+"konkrete form. Ungene i Just Think! tenker ikke bare på hvordan et "
+"reklameinnslag fremstiller en politiker. Ved å bruke digital teknologi kan "
+"de ta reklameinnslaget fra hverandre og manipulerer det, fikle med det, og "
+"se hvordan det blir gjort. Digitale teknologier setter igang en slags "
+"*bricolage* eller <quote>fritt tilgjengelig sammenstilling</quote>, som "
+"Brown kaller det. Mange får mulighet til å legge til på eller endre på "
+"fiklingen til mange andre."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"hvor mye penger Jesse hadde. Jesse hadde spart opp $12 000 fra "
"sommerjobber og annet arbeid. De krevde 12 000 for å trekke saken."
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Oppenheimer, Matt"
+msgstr "Oppenheimer, Matt"
+
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"The RIAA wanted Jesse to admit to doing something wrong. He refused. They "
"Så Jesse hadde et mafia-lignende valg: $250 000 og en sjanse til å "
"vinne, eller $12 000 og et forlik."
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "artists"
+msgstr "artister"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
+msgid "recording industry payments to"
+msgstr "innspillingsindustriens betaling til"
+
#. f2
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
msgid "Piracy I"
msgstr "Piratvirksomhet I"
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Asia, commercial piracy in"
+msgstr "Asia, kommersiell piratvirksomhet i"
+
#. f1
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"13 February 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/"
"\">link #17</ulink>. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-"Jane Black, <quote>Big Music's Broken Record</quote>, BusinessWeek online, 13. februar "
-"2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
-"#17</ulink>. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"Jane Black, <quote>Big Music's Broken Record</quote>, BusinessWeek online, "
+"13. februar 2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/"
+"
\">link #17</ulink>. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"<quote>But isn't the war just a war against illegal sharing? Isn't the "
"target just what you call type A sharing?</quote>"
msgstr ""
-"<quote>Men er ikke krigen bare en krig mot ulovlig deling? Er ikke angrepsmålet "
-"bare det du kaller type-A-deling?</quote>"
+"<quote>Men er ikke krigen bare en krig mot ulovlig deling? Er ikke "
+"angrepsmålet bare det du kaller type-A-deling?</quote>"
#. f17
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
"<quote>And it should be protected just as any other property is protected.</"
"quote>"
msgstr ""
-"<quote>Det er <emphasis>vår eiendom</emphasis>,</quote> insisterer krigerne. <quote>og den "
-"bør være beskyttet på samme måte som all annen eiendom er beskyttet.</quote>"
+"<quote>Det er <emphasis>vår eiendom</emphasis>,</quote> insisterer krigerne. "
+"<quote>og den bør være beskyttet på samme måte som all annen eiendom er "
+"beskyttet.</quote>"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><title>
msgid "<quote>PROPERTY</quote>"
"backyard—by, for example, going to Sears, buying a table, and putting "
"it in my backyard? What is the thing I am taking then?"
msgstr ""
-"Men i vanlig språk er det å kalle opphavsrett for en <quote>eiendoms</quote>-rett litt "
-"misvisende, for eindommen i opphavsretten er en merkelig type eiendom. "
-"Selve ideen om eienrettigheter til en ide eller et uttrykk er nemlig veldig "
-"merkelig. Jeg forstår hva jeg tar når jeg tar en picnic-bord som du "
-"plasserte i din bakhage. Jeg tar en ting, picnic-bokrdet, og etter at jeg "
-"tar det har ikke du det. Men hva tar jeg når jeg tar den gode "
+"Men i vanlig språk er det å kalle opphavsrett for en <quote>eiendoms</quote>-"
+"rett litt misvisende, for eindommen i opphavsretten er en merkelig type "
+"eiendom. Selve ideen om eienrettigheter til en ide eller et uttrykk er "
+"nemlig veldig merkelig. Jeg forstår hva jeg tar når jeg tar en picnic-bord "
+"som du plasserte i din bakhage. Jeg tar en ting, picnic-bokrdet, og etter "
+"at jeg tar det har ikke du det. Men hva tar jeg når jeg tar den gode "
"<emphasis>ideen</emphasis> som du hadde om å plassere picnic-bordet i "
"bakhagen—ved å for eksempel dra til butikken Sears, kjøpe et bord, og "
"plassere det i min egen bakhage? Hva er tingen jeg tar da?"
"og stykkene han skrevhar fortsatt å definere angloamerikansk kultur siden. "
"Så dypt har verkene av en 1500-talls forfatter sunket inn i vår kultur at vi "
"ofte ikke engang kjenner kilden. Jeg overhørte en gang noen som kommentere "
-"Kenneth Branaghs utgave av Henry V: <quote>Jeg likte det, men Shakespeare er så "
-"full av klisjeer.</quote>"
+"Kenneth Branaghs utgave av Henry V: <quote>Jeg likte det, men Shakespeare er "
+"så full av klisjeer.</quote>"
#. f1
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
"<citetitle>American Scholar</citetitle> 61:3 (1992): 424–31."
msgstr ""
"Jacob Tonson er vanligvis husket for sin omgang med 1700-tallets litterære "
-"storheter, spesielt John Dryden, og for hans kjekke<quote>ferdige versjoner</quote> av "
-"klassiske verk. I tillegg til <citetitle>Romeo og Julie</citetitle>, utga "
-"han en utrolig rekke liste av verk som ennå er hjertet av den engelske "
-"kanon, inkludert de samlede verk av Shakespeare, Ben Jonson, John Milton, og "
-"John Dryden. Se Keith Walker: <quote>Jacob Tonson, Bookseller</quote>, "
-"<citetitle>American Scholar</citetitle> 61:3 (1992): 424-31."
+"storheter, spesielt John Dryden, og for hans kjekke<quote>ferdige versjoner</"
+"quote> av klassiske verk. I tillegg til <citetitle>Romeo og Julie</"
+"citetitle>, utga han en utrolig rekke liste av verk som ennå er hjertet av "
+"den engelske kanon, inkludert de samlede verk av Shakespeare, Ben Jonson, "
+"John Milton, og John Dryden. Se Keith Walker: <quote>Jacob Tonson, "
+"Bookseller</quote>, <citetitle>American Scholar</citetitle> 61:3 (1992): 424-"
+"31."
#. f2
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
"produce better or cheaper editions was eliminated."
msgstr ""
"I 1774, nesten 180 år etter at <citetitle>Romeo og Julie</citetitle> ble "
-"skrevet, mente mange at <quote>opphavsretten</quote> kun tilhørte én eneste utgiver i "
-"London, John Tonson. <placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Tonson var "
-"den mest fremstående av en liten gruppe utgivere kalt <quote>the Conger"
-"</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>, som kontrollerte boksalget i "
-"England gjennom hele 1700-tallet. The Conger hevdet at de hadde en "
-"evigvarende rett over <quote>kopier</quote> av bøker de hadde fått av forfatterne. "
-"Denne evigvarende retten innebar at ingen andre kunne publisere kopier av "
-"disse bøkene. Slik ble prisen på klassiske bøker holdt oppe; alle "
+"skrevet, mente mange at <quote>opphavsretten</quote> kun tilhørte én eneste "
+"utgiver i London, John Tonson. <placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> "
+"Tonson var den mest fremstående av en liten gruppe utgivere kalt <quote>the "
+"Conger</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>, som kontrollerte "
+"boksalget i England gjennom hele 1700-tallet. The Conger hevdet at de hadde "
+"en evigvarende rett over <quote>kopier</quote> av bøker de hadde fått av "
+"forfatterne. Denne evigvarende retten innebar at ingen andre kunne publisere "
+"kopier av disse bøkene. Slik ble prisen på klassiske bøker holdt oppe; alle "
"konkurrenter som lagde bedre eller billigere utgaver, ble fjernet."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
"Copywrongs</citetitle>, 40. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
"Som Siva Vaidhyanathan så pent argumenterer, er det feilaktige å kalle dette "
-"en <quote>opphavsrettslov</quote>. Se Vaidhyanathan, <citetitle>Copyrights and "
-"Copywrongs</citetitle>, 40. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"en <quote>opphavsrettslov</quote>. Se Vaidhyanathan, <citetitle>Copyrights "
+"
and Copywrongs</citetitle>, 40. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"Men altså, det er noe spennende med året 1774 for alle som vet litt om "
"opphavsretts-lovgivning. Det mest kjente året for opphavsrett er 1710, da "
"det britiske parlamentet vedtok den første loven. Denne loven er kjent som "
-"<quote>Statute of Anne</quote> og sa at alle publiserte verk skulle være beskyttet i "
-"fjorten år, en periode som kunne fornyes én gang dersom forfatteren ennå "
-"levde, og at alle verk publisert i eller før 1710 skulle ha en ekstraperiode "
-"på 22 tillegsår.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> På grunn av denne "
-"loven, så skulle <citetitle>Rome og Julie</citetitle> ha falt i det fri i "
-"1731. Hvordan kunne da Tonson fortsatt ha kontroll over verket i 1774?"
+"<quote>Statute of Anne</quote> og sa at alle publiserte verk skulle være "
+"beskyttet i fjorten år, en periode som kunne fornyes én gang dersom "
+"forfatteren ennå levde, og at alle verk publisert i eller før 1710 skulle ha "
+"en ekstraperiode på 22 tillegsår.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> "
+"På grunn av denne loven, så skulle <citetitle>Rome og Julie</citetitle> ha "
+"falt i det fri i 1731. Hvordan kunne da Tonson fortsatt ha kontroll over "
+"verket i 1774?"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Licensing Act (1662)"
msgstr ""
"Årsaken var ganske enkelt at engelskmennene ennå ikke hadde bestemt hva "
"opphavsrett innebar -- faktisk hadde ingen i verden det. På den tiden da "
-"engelskmennene vedtok <quote>Statute of Anne</quote>, var det ingen annen lovgivning om "
-"opphavsrett. Den siste loven som regulerte utgivere var lisensieringsloven "
-"av 1662, utløpt i 1695. At loven ga utgiverne monopol over publiseringen, "
-"noe som gjorde det enklere for kronen å kontrollere hva ble publisert. Men "
-"etter at det har utløpt, var det ingen positiv lov som sa at utgiverne hadde "
-"en eksklusiv rett til å trykke bøker. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id="
-"\"0\"/>"
+"engelskmennene vedtok <quote>Statute of Anne</quote>, var det ingen annen "
+"lovgivning om opphavsrett. Den siste loven som regulerte utgivere var "
+"lisensieringsloven av 1662, utløpt i 1695. At loven ga utgiverne monopol "
+"over publiseringen, noe som gjorde det enklere for kronen å kontrollere hva "
+"ble publisert. Men etter at det har utløpt, var det ingen positiv lov som sa "
+"at utgiverne hadde en eksklusiv rett til å trykke bøker. <placeholder type="
+"\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"til lover skapt av politikere (det lovgivende statsorgen)og til lover "
"(prejudikater) skapt av domstolene for å bestemme hvordan folket skal leve. "
"Vi kaller politikernes lover for positiv lov og vi kaller lovene fra "
-"dommerne sedvanerett.<quote>Common law</quote> angir bakgrunnen for de lovgivendes "
-"lovgivning; retten til lovgiving, vanligvis kan trumfe at bakgrunnen bare "
-"hvis det går gjennom en lov til å forskyve den. Og så var det virkelige "
-"spørsmålet etter lisensiering lover hadde utløpt om felles lov beskyttet "
-"opphavsretten, uavhengig av lovverket positiv."
+"dommerne sedvanerett.<quote>Common law</quote> angir bakgrunnen for de "
+"lovgivendes lovgivning; retten til lovgiving, vanligvis kan trumfe at "
+"bakgrunnen bare hvis det går gjennom en lov til å forskyve den. Og så var "
+"det virkelige spørsmålet etter lisensiering lover hadde utløpt om felles lov "
+"beskyttet opphavsretten, uavhengig av lovverket positiv."
#. PAGE BREAK 98
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
"to again give them exclusive control over publishing. That demand ultimately "
"resulted in the Statute of Anne."
msgstr ""
-"Dette spørsmålet var viktig for utgiverne eller <quote>bokselgere</quote>, som de ble "
-"kalt, fordi det var økende konkurranse fra utenlandske utgivere, Særlig fra "
-"Skottland hvor publiseringen og eksporten av bøker til England hadde økt "
-"veldig. Denne konkurransen reduserte fortjenesten til <quote>The Conger</quote>, som "
-"derfor krevde at parlamentet igjen skulle vedta en lov for å gi dem "
-"eksklusiv kontroll over publisering. Dette kravet resulterte i <quote>Statute of "
-"Anne</quote>."
+"Dette spørsmålet var viktig for utgiverne eller <quote>bokselgere</quote>, "
+"som de ble kalt, fordi det var økende konkurranse fra utenlandske utgivere, "
+"Særlig fra Skottland hvor publiseringen og eksporten av bøker til England "
+"hadde økt veldig. Denne konkurransen reduserte fortjenesten til <quote>The "
+"Conger</quote>, som derfor krevde at parlamentet igjen skulle vedta en lov "
+"for å gi dem eksklusiv kontroll over publisering. Dette kravet resulterte i "
+"<quote>Statute of Anne</quote>."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"<quote>expired,</quote> and the work would then be free and could be "
"published by anyone. Or so the legislature is thought to have believed."
msgstr ""
-"<quote>Statute of Anne</quote> ga forfatteren eller <quote>eieren</quote> av en bok en eksklusiv "
-"rett til å publisere denne boken. Men det var, til bokhandernes forferdelse "
-"en viktig begrensning, nemlig hvor lenge denne retten skulle vare. Etter "
-"dette gikk trykkeretten bort og verket falt i det fri og kunne trykkes av "
-"hvem som helst. Det var ihvertfall det lovgiverne hadde tenkt."
+"<quote>Statute of Anne</quote> ga forfatteren eller <quote>eieren</quote> av "
+"en bok en eksklusiv rett til å publisere denne boken. Men det var, til "
+"bokhandernes forferdelse en viktig begrensning, nemlig hvor lenge denne "
+"retten skulle vare. Etter dette gikk trykkeretten bort og verket falt i det "
+"fri og kunne trykkes av hvem som helst. Det var ihvertfall det lovgiverne "
+"hadde tenkt."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"<quote>booksellers.</quote>"
msgstr ""
"Svaret er todel. Først må vi se på noe spesielt med oppfatningen av "
-"opphavsrett som fantes på tidspunktet da <quote>Statute of Anne</quote> ble vedtatt. "
-"Deretter må vi se på noe spesielt med bokhandlerne."
+"opphavsrett som fantes på tidspunktet da <quote>Statute of Anne</quote> ble "
+"vedtatt. Deretter må vi se på noe spesielt med bokhandlerne."
#. PAGE BREAK 99
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
"exclusive right to perform, and so on."
msgstr ""
"Først om opphavsretten. I de siste tre hundre år har vi kommet til å bruke "
-"begrepet <quote>copyright</quote> i stadig videre forstand. Men i 1710 var det ikke så "
-"mye et konsept som det var en bestemt rett. Opphavsretten ble født som et "
-"svært spesifikt sett med begrensninger: den forbød andre å reprodusere en "
-"bok. I 1710 var <quote>kopi-rett</quote> en rett til å bruke en bestemt maskin til å "
-"replikere en bestemt arbeid. Den gikk ikke utover dette svært smale "
-"formålet. Den kontrollerte ikke mer generelt hvordan et verk kunne "
-"<emphasis>brukes</emphasis>. Idag inkluderer retten en stor samling av "
-"restriksjoner på andres frihet: den gir forfatteren eksklusiv rett til å "
-"kopiere, eksklusiv rett til å distribuere, eksklusiv rett til å fremføre, og "
-"så videre."
+"begrepet <quote>copyright</quote> i stadig videre forstand. Men i 1710 var "
+"det ikke så mye et konsept som det var en bestemt rett. Opphavsretten ble "
+"født som et svært spesifikt sett med begrensninger: den forbød andre å "
+"reprodusere en bok. I 1710 var <quote>kopi-rett</quote> en rett til å bruke "
+"en bestemt maskin til å replikere en bestemt arbeid. Den gikk ikke utover "
+"dette svært smale formålet. Den kontrollerte ikke mer generelt hvordan et "
+"verk kunne <emphasis>brukes</emphasis>. Idag inkluderer retten en stor "
+"samling av restriksjoner på andres frihet: den gir forfatteren eksklusiv "
+"rett til å kopiere, eksklusiv rett til å distribuere, eksklusiv rett til å "
+"fremføre, og så videre."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"trykke Shakespeares arbeid uten tillatelse fra Shakespeares arvinger. Den "
"ville ikke ha kontrollert noe mer, for eksempel om hvordan verket kunne "
"fremføres, om verket kunne oversettes eller om Kenneth Branagh ville hatt "
-"lov til å lage filmer. <quote>Kopi-retten</quote> var bare en eksklusiv rett til å "
-"trykke--ikke noe mindre, selvfølgelig, men heller ikke mer."
+"lov til å lage filmer. <quote>Kopi-retten</quote> var bare en eksklusiv rett "
+"til å trykke--ikke noe mindre, selvfølgelig, men heller ikke mer."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Henry VIII, King of England"
"to deal with the growing monopoly in publishing."
msgstr ""
"Selv dnne begrensede retten ble møtt med skepsis av britene. De hadde hatt "
-"en lang og stygg erfaring med <quote>eksklusive rettigheter</quote>, spesielt <quote>enerett"
-"</quote> gitt av kronen. Engelskmennene hadde utkjempet en borgerkrig delvis mot "
-"kronens praksis med å dele ut monopoler--spesielt monopoler for verk som "
-"allerede eksisterte. Kong Henrik VIII hadde gitt patent til å trykke Bibelen "
-"og monopol til Darcy for å lage spillkort. Det engelske parlamentet begynte "
-"å kjempe tilbake mot denne makten hos kronen. I 1656 ble <quote>Statute of "
-"Monopolis</quote> vedtatt for å begrense monopolene på patenter for nye "
-"oppfinnelser. Og i 1710 var parlamentet ivrig etter å håndtere det voksende "
-"monopolet på publisering."
+"en lang og stygg erfaring med <quote>eksklusive rettigheter</quote>, "
+"spesielt <quote>enerett</quote> gitt av kronen. Engelskmennene hadde "
+"utkjempet en borgerkrig delvis mot kronens praksis med å dele ut monopoler--"
+"spesielt monopoler for verk som allerede eksisterte. Kong Henrik VIII hadde "
+"gitt patent til å trykke Bibelen og monopol til Darcy for å lage spillkort. "
+"Det engelske parlamentet begynte å kjempe tilbake mot denne makten hos "
+"kronen. I 1656 ble <quote>Statute of Monopolis</quote> vedtatt for å "
+"begrense monopolene på patenter for nye oppfinnelser. Og i 1710 var "
+"parlamentet ivrig etter å håndtere det voksende monopolet på publisering."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"only so long as it benefited society. The British saw the harms from "
"specialinterest favors; they passed a law to stop them."
msgstr ""
-"Dermed ble <quote>kopi-retten</quote>, når den sees på som en monopolrett, en rettighet "
-"som bør være begrenset. (Uansett hvor overbevisende påstanden om at <quote>det er "
-"min eiendom, og jeg skal ha for alltid,</quote> prøv hvor overbevisende det er når "
-"men sier <quote>det er mitt monopol, og jeg skal ha det for alltid.</quote>) Staten "
-"ville beskytte eneretten, men bare så lenge det gavnet samfunnet. Britene så "
-"skadene særinteresserte kunne skape; de vedtok en lov for å stoppe dem."
+"Dermed ble <quote>kopi-retten</quote>, når den sees på som en monopolrett, "
+"en rettighet som bør være begrenset. (Uansett hvor overbevisende påstanden "
+"om at <quote>det er min eiendom, og jeg skal ha for alltid,</quote> prøv "
+"hvor overbevisende det er når men sier <quote>det er mitt monopol, og jeg "
+"skal ha det for alltid.</quote>) Staten ville beskytte eneretten, men bare "
+"så lenge det gavnet samfunnet. Britene så skadene særinteresserte kunne "
+"skape; de vedtok en lov for å stoppe dem."
#. f4
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
"monopolister av verste sort - et verktøy for kronens undertrykkelse, de "
"solgte Englands frihet mot å være garantert en monopolskinntekt. Men "
"monopolistene ble kvast kritisert: Milton beskrev dem som <quote>gamle "
-"patentholdere og monopolister i bokhandlerkunsten</quote>; de var <quote>menn som "
-"derfor ikke hadde et ærlig arbeide hvor utdanning er nødvendig."
-"</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"patentholdere og monopolister i bokhandlerkunsten</quote>; de var "
+"<quote>menn som derfor ikke hadde et ærlig arbeide hvor utdanning er "
+"
nødvendig.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Når 1731 (1710+21) kom, ble bokhandlerne engstelige. De så konsekvensene av "
"mer konkurranse, og som alle konkurrenter, likte de det ikke. Først "
-"ignorerte bokhandlere ganske enkelt <quote>Statute of Anne</quote>, og fortsatte å "
-"kreve en evigvarende rett til å kontrollere publiseringen. Men i 1735 og "
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-"ikke nok, sa de; de trengte mer tid."
+"ignorerte bokhandlere ganske enkelt <quote>Statute of Anne</quote>, og "
+"fortsatte å kreve en evigvarende rett til å kontrollere publiseringen. Men i "
+"1735 og 1737 de prøvde å tvinge Parlamentet til å utvide periodene. Tjueen "
+"år var ikke nok, sa de; de trengte mer tid."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"the only way to protect authors."
msgstr ""
"Etter å ha mislyktes i Parlamentet gikk utgiverne til rettssalen i en rekke "
-"saker. Deres argument var enkelt og direkte: <quote>Statute of Anne</quote> ga "
-"forfatterne en viss beskyttelse gjennom positiv loven, men denne "
+"saker. Deres argument var enkelt og direkte: <quote>Statute of Anne</quote> "
+"ga forfatterne en viss beskyttelse gjennom positiv loven, men denne "
"beskyttelsenvar ikke ment som en erstatning for felles lov. Istedet var de "
"ment å supplere felles lov. Ifølge sedvanerett var det galt å ta en annen "
-"persons kreative eiendom og bruke den uten hans tillatelse. <quote>Statute of Anne"
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+"persons kreative eiendom og bruke den uten hans tillatelse. <quote>Statute "
+"of Anne</quote>, hevdet bokhandlere, endret ikke dette faktum. Derfor "
+"betydde ikke det at beskyttelsen gitt av <quote>Statute of Anne</quote> "
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+"<quote>Statute of Anne</quote> sa at de var falt i det fri. Dette, mente de, "
+"var den eneste måten å beskytte forfatterne."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Dette var et godt argument, og hadde støtte fra flere av den tidens ledende "
"jurister. Det viste også en ekstraordinær chutzpah. Inntail da, som "
"jusprofessor Raymond Pattetson har sagt, <quote>var utgiverne … like "
-"bekymret for forfatterne som en gjeter for sine lam.</quote><placeholder type="
-"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Bokselgerne brydde seg ikke det spor om forfatternes "
-"rettigheter. Deres bekymring var den monopolske inntekten forfatterens verk "
-"ga."
+"bekymret for forfatterne som en gjeter for sine lam.</quote><placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Bokselgerne brydde seg ikke det spor om "
+"forfatternes rettigheter. Deres bekymring var den monopolske inntekten "
+"forfatterens verk ga."
#. f7
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
"id=\"3\"/>"
msgstr ""
-"Donaldson var en fremmed for Londons <quote>the Conger</quote>. Han startet in karriere "
-"i Edinburgh i 1750. Hans forretningsidé var billige kopier av standardverk "
-"falt i det fri, ihvertfall fri ifølge <quote>Statute of Anne</quote>.<placeholder type="
-"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Donaldsons forlag vokste og ble <quote>et sentrum for "
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-"\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> "
-"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/>"
+"Donaldson var en fremmed for Londons <quote>the Conger</quote>. Han startet "
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+"standardverk falt i det fri, ihvertfall fri ifølge <quote>Statute of Anne</"
+"quote>.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Donaldsons forlag vokste og "
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+"quote> skriver professor Mark Rose, var <quote>den unge James Boswell som, "
+"sammen med sin venn Andrew Erskine, publiserte en hel antologi av skotsk "
+"samtidspoesi sammen med Donaldson.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id="
+"\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type="
+"\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/>"
#. f10
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
"Statute of Anne, the works he was selling had passed out of protection."
msgstr ""
"Da Londons bokselgere prøvde å få stengt Donaldsons butikk i Skottland, så "
-"flyttet han butikken til London. Her solgte han billige utgaver av <quote>de mest "
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-"eiendom.</quote> <placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Bøkene hans var mellom "
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+"flyttet han butikken til London. Her solgte han billige utgaver av <quote>de "
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+"eiendom.</quote> <placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Bøkene hans var "
+"mellom 30% og 50% billigere enn <quote>the Conger</quote>s, og han baserte "
+"sin rett til denne konkurransen på at bøkene, takket være <quote>Statute of "
+"Anne</quote>, var falt i det fri."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"<quote>pirates,</quote> the most important early victory being "
"<citetitle>Millar</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Taylor</citetitle>."
msgstr ""
-"Londons bokselgere begynte straks å slå ned mot <quote>pirater</quote> som Donaldson. "
-"Flere tiltak var vellykkede, den viktigste var den tidlig seieren i kampen "
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+"Londons bokselgere begynte straks å slå ned mot <quote>pirater</quote> som "
+"Donaldson. Flere tiltak var vellykkede, den viktigste var den tidlig seieren "
+"i kampen mellom <citetitle>Millar</citetitle> og <citetitle>Taylor</"
+"citetitle>."
#. f11
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
"Review</citetitle> 29 (1983): 1152."
msgstr ""
"Howard B. Abrams, <quote>The Historic Foundation of American Copyright Law: "
-"Exploding the Myth of Common Law Copyright</quote>, <citetitle>Wayne Law Review</"
-"citetitle> 29 (1983): 1152."
+"Exploding the Myth of Common Law Copyright</quote>, <citetitle>Wayne Law "
+"Review</citetitle> 29 (1983): 1152."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
"Millar var en bokhandler som i 1729 hadde kjøpt opp rettighetene til James "
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+"<
quote>Statute of Anne</quote> sa.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"de største dommere i engelsk historie, Lord Mansfield, enig med "
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+"bokselgerne en evig publiseringsrett til bøker solgt til dem."
#. PAGE BREAK 103
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
"The fight to defend the limits of the Statute of Anne was not to end there, "
"however, and it is here that Donaldson enters the mix."
msgstr ""
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-"ikke der, for nå kommer Donaldson."
+"Kampen for å forsvare <quote>Statute of Anne</quote>s begrensninger sluttet "
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#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Beckett, Thomas"
"Rettssaken <citetitle>Donaldson</citetitle> mot <citetitle>Beckett</"
"citetitle> fikk en enorm oppmerksomhet i hele Storbritannia. Donaldsons "
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+"beskyttelsesperioden var over."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"voted."
msgstr ""
"Overhuset var en merkelig institusjon. Juridiske spørsmål ble presentert for "
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+"Høyesterett. Deretter, etter at <quote>juslordene</quote> hadde stemt, "
+"stemte resten av Overhuset."
#. PAGE BREAK 104
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
"id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/> <placeholder type="
"\"indexterm\" id=\"4\"/>"
msgstr ""
-"<quote>Å falle i det fri</quote>. Før rettssaken <citetitle>Donaldson</citetitle> mot "
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+"<quote>Stor glede i Edinburgh etter seieren over litterær eiendom: bål og "
+"
*illuminations*.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"available to people and how they get access to it are made by the few "
"despite the wishes of the many."
msgstr ""
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#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"finansieringen, ville Else skaffe rettigheter til å bruke disse få sekundene "
"med <citetitle>The Simpson</citetitle>. For disse få sekundene var selvsagt "
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+"tillatelse fra eieren, dersom det ikke er <quote>rimelig bruk</quote> eller "
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#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Gracie Films"
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"<citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle> which was in the corner of the shot.</quote>"
msgstr ""
-"Deretter, fortalte Else: <quote>skjedde to ting. Først oppdaget vi … at "
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#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Ellers var sikker på at det var en feil. Han fikk tak i noen som han trodde "
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+"etter ringte Else igjen for å få dette bekreftet."
#. PAGE BREAK 108
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
"over to our attorneys.</quote> As an assistant to Herrera told Else later "
"on, <quote>They don't give a shit. They just want the money.</quote>"
msgstr ""
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+"heletatt. Alt de vil ha er pengene.</quote>"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Day After Trinity, The"
"(rightly, in my view) can charge whatever she wants—$10 or $1,000,000. "
"That's her right, as set by the law."
msgstr ""
-"For eksempel <quote>offentlig fremvisning</quote>* av <citetitle>The Simpson</"
-"citetitle> er en form for bruk hvor loven gir eieren kontroll. Dersom du "
-"velger ut dine favorittepisoder, leier en kinosal og selger billetter til "
-"<quote>Mine <citetitle>Simpson</citetitle>-favoritter</quote>, så må du ha tillatelse "
-"fra rettighetsinnhaveren (eieren). Og eieren kan (med rette, slik jeg ser "
-"det) kreve hvor mye han vil; $10ellr $1 000 000. Det er hans rett ifølge "
-"loven."
+"For eksempel <quote>offentlig fremvisning</quote>* av <citetitle>The "
+"Simpson</citetitle> er en form for bruk hvor loven gir eieren kontroll. "
+"Dersom du velger ut dine favorittepisoder, leier en kinosal og selger "
+"billetter til <quote>Mine <citetitle>Simpson</citetitle>-favoritter</quote>, "
+"så må du ha tillatelse fra rettighetsinnhaveren (eieren). Og eieren kan (med "
+"rette, slik jeg ser det) kreve hvor mye han vil; $10ellr $1 000 000. Det er "
+"hans rett ifølge loven."
#. f1
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
"Reform in the Wake of <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle></quote> (draft on file "
"with author), University of Chicago Law School, 5 August 2003."
msgstr ""
-"Ønsker du å lese en flott redegjørelse om hvordan dette er <quote>fair use</quote>, og "
-"hvordan advokatene ikke anerkjenner det, så les Richard A. Posner og William "
-"F. Patry, <quote>Fair Use and Statutory Reform in the Wake of <citetitle>Eldred</"
-"citetitle> </quote> (utkast arkivert hos forfatteren), University of Chicago Law "
-"School, 5. august 2003."
+"Ønsker du å lese en flott redegjørelse om hvordan dette er <quote>fair use</"
+"quote>, og hvordan advokatene ikke anerkjenner det, så les Richard A. Posner "
+"og William F. Patry, <quote>Fair Use and Statutory Reform in the Wake of "
+"<citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> </quote> (utkast arkivert hos forfatteren), "
+"University of Chicago Law School, 5. august 2003."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"citetitle>—and fair use does not require the permission of anyone."
msgstr ""
"Men når jurister hører denne historien om Jon Else og Fox, så er deres "
-"første tanke <quote>rimelig bruk</quote>.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> "
-"Elses bruk av 4,5 sekunder med et indirekte klipp av en <citetitle>Simpsons</"
-"citetitle>-episode er et klart eksempel på <quote>rimelig bruk</quote> av "
-"<citetitle>The Simpsons</citetitle>— og <quote>rimelig bruk</quote> krever ingen "
-"tillatelse fra noen."
+"første tanke <quote>rimelig bruk</quote>.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id="
+"\"0\"/> Elses bruk av 4,5 sekunder med et indirekte klipp av en "
+"<citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle>-episode er et klart eksempel på "
+"<quote>rimelig bruk</quote> av <citetitle>The Simpsons</citetitle>— og "
+"<quote>rimelig bruk</quote> krever ingen tillatelse fra noen."
#. PAGE BREAK 109
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
"So I asked Else why he didn't just rely upon <quote>fair use.</quote> Here's "
"his reply:"
msgstr ""
-"Så jeg spurte Else om hvorfor han ikke bare stolte på <quote>fair use</quote>. Og her "
-"er hans svar:"
+"Så jeg spurte Else om hvorfor han ikke bare stolte på <quote>fair use</"
+"quote>. Og her er hans svar:"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
msgid ""
"<citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle>-fiaskoen lærte meg om hvor stor avstand det "
"var mellom det jurister finner urelevant på en abstrakt måte, og hva som er "
"knusende relevant på en konkret måte for oss som prøver å lage og kringkaste "
-"dokumentarer. Jeg tvilte aldri på at dette helt klart var <quote>rimelig bruk</quote>, "
-"men jeg kunne ikke stole på konseptet på noen konkret måte. Og dette er "
-"grunnen:"
+"dokumentarer. Jeg tvilte aldri på at dette helt klart var <quote>rimelig "
+"bruk</quote>, men jeg kunne ikke stole på konseptet på noen konkret måte. Og "
+"dette er grunnen:"
#. 1.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para>
"film. They take a dim view of <quote>fair use,</quote> and a claim of "
"<quote>fair use</quote> can grind the application process to a halt."
msgstr ""
-"Før våre filmer kan kringkastes, krever nettverket at vi kjøper en <quote>Errors "
-"and Omissions</quote>-forsikring. Den krever en detailjert <quote>visual cue sheet</quote> "
-"med alle kilder og lisens-status på alle scener i filmen. De har et smalt "
-"syn på <quote>fair use</quote>, og å påstå at noe er nettopp det kan forsinke, og i "
-"verste fall stoppe, prosessen."
+"Før våre filmer kan kringkastes, krever nettverket at vi kjøper en "
+"<quote>Errors and Omissions</quote>-forsikring. Den krever en detailjert "
+"<quote>visual cue sheet</quote> med alle kilder og lisens-status på alle "
+"scener i filmen. De har et smalt syn på <quote>fair use</quote>, og å påstå "
+"at noe er nettopp det kan forsinke, og i verste fall stoppe, prosessen."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Lucas, George"
msgstr ""
"Jeg snakket faktisk med en av dine kolleger på Stanford Law School … "
"som bekreftet at dette var rimelig bruk. Han bekreftet også at Fox ville "
-"<quote>depose and litigate you to within an inch of your life</quote>, uavhengig av "
-"sannheten i mine krav. Han gjorde det klart at alt ville koke ned til hvem "
-"som hadde flest jurister og dypest lommer, jeg eller dem."
+"<quote>depose and litigate you to within an inch of your life</quote>, "
+"uavhengig av sannheten i mine krav. Han gjorde det klart at alt ville koke "
+"ned til hvem som hadde flest jurister og dypest lommer, jeg eller dem."
#. 4.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para>
"The question of fair use usually comes up at the end of the project, when we "
"are up against a release deadline and out of money."
msgstr ""
-"Spørsmålet om <quote>fair use</quote> dukker om regel opp helt mot slutten av "
-"prosjektet, når vi nærmer oss siste frist og er tomme for penger."
+"Spørsmålet om <quote>fair use</quote> dukker om regel opp helt mot slutten "
+"av prosjektet, når vi nærmer oss siste frist og er tomme for penger."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"effective fair use for many types of creators is slight. The law has the "
"right aim; practice has defeated the aim."
msgstr ""
-"I teorien betyr <quote>fair use</quote> at du ikke trenger tillatelse. Teorien støtter "
-"derfor den frie kultur og arbeider mot tillatelseskulturen. Men i praksis "
-"fungerer <quote>fair use</quote> helt annerledes. Men de uklare linjene i lovverket, "
-"samt de fryktelige konsekvensene dersom man tar feil, gjør at mange "
-"kunstnere ikke stoler på <quote>fair use</quote>. Loven har en svært god hensikt, men "
-"praksisen har ikke fulgt opp."
+"I teorien betyr <quote>fair use</quote> at du ikke trenger tillatelse. "
+"Teorien støtter derfor den frie kultur og arbeider mot tillatelseskulturen. "
+"Men i praksis fungerer <quote>fair use</quote> helt annerledes. Men de "
+"uklare linjene i lovverket, samt de fryktelige konsekvensene dersom man tar "
+"feil, gjør at mange kunstnere ikke stoler på <quote>fair use</quote>. Loven "
+"har en svært god hensikt, men praksisen har ikke fulgt opp."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
msgid "Allen, Paul"
msgstr "Allen, Paul"
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Alben, Alex"
msgstr "Alben, Alex"
"investere i ny teknologi for å levere underholdning i påvente av the power "
"of networks."
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+msgid "retrospective compilations on"
+msgstr ""
+
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Alben brakt idéen til michael slade, ceo i starwave. Slade som ble spurt, "
"\"Vel, hva vil det ta?\""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-msgid "artists"
-msgstr "artister"
-
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><secondary>
msgid "publicity rights on images of"
msgstr ""
"publicity—rights an artist has to control the commercial exploitation "
"of his image. But these rights, too, burden <quote>Rip, Mix, Burn</quote> "
"creativity, as this chapter evinces. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id="
-"\"0\"/>"
+"\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
msgstr ""
"teknisk, rettighetene som alben hadde å fjerne var hovedsakelig de "
"publisitet—rettigheter kunstner har til å kontrollere kommersiell "
"utnyttelse av hans bilde. men disse rettighetene også, belaster \"rip, "
"mikse, brenne\" kreativitet, som evinces i dette kapitlet. <placeholder "
-"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"vanskeligere å sette en av disse tingene sammen."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"Alben worked for a big company. His company was backed by some of the "
"richest investors in the world. He therefore had authority and access that "
"the average Web designer would not have. So if it took him a year, how long "
"would it take someone else? And how much creativity is never made just "
-"because the costs of clearing the rights are so high? These costs are the "
-"burdens of a kind of regulation. Put on a Republican hat for a moment, and "
-"get angry for a bit. The government defines the scope of these rights, and "
-"the scope defined determines how much it's going to cost to negotiate them. "
-"(Remember the idea that land runs to the heavens, and imagine the pilot "
-"purchasing flythrough rights as he negotiates to fly from Los Angeles to San "
-"Francisco.) These rights might well have once made sense; but as "
-"circumstances change, they make no sense at all. Or at least, a well-"
-"trained, regulationminimizing Republican should look at the rights and ask, "
-"<quote>Does this still make sense?</quote>"
+"because the costs of clearing the rights are so high?"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"These costs are the burdens of a kind of regulation. Put on a Republican hat "
+"for a moment, and get angry for a bit. The government defines the scope of "
+"these rights, and the scope defined determines how much it's going to cost "
+"to negotiate them. (Remember the idea that land runs to the heavens, and "
+"imagine the pilot purchasing flythrough rights as he negotiates to fly from "
+"Los Angeles to San Francisco.) These rights might well have once made "
+"sense; but as circumstances change, they make no sense at all. Or at least, "
+"a well-trained, regulationminimizing Republican should look at the rights "
+"and ask, <quote>Does this still make sense?</quote>"
msgstr ""
"Alben jobbet for et stort selskap. hans selskap var støttet av noen av de "
"rikeste investorene i verden. derfor hadde han myndighet og pålogging som "
"kanskje den ledende opphavsrettakademiker og utøver i nasjonen. Han hadde en "
"forbauset uttrykk i ansiktet sitt, mens han tittet ut over rommet med over "
"250 godt underholdte dommere. Med en en illevarslende tone, begynte han sin "
-"tale med et spørsmål: <quote>Vet dere hvor mange føderale lover som nettopp brutt "
-"i dette rommet?</quote>"
+"tale med et spørsmål: <quote>Vet dere hvor mange føderale lover som nettopp "
+"brutt i dette rommet?</quote>"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Boies, David"
msgid "CHAPTER NINE: Collectors"
msgstr "Kapittel ni: Samlere"
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "archives, digital"
+msgstr "arkiver, digitale"
+
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"kalles \"vei tilbake maskinen\", kan du angi en web-side, og se alle dens "
"Kopier gå tilbake til 1996, og når disse sidene endres."
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Orwell, George"
+msgstr "Orwell, George"
+
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"on-line. alle kunne se hvordan nyhetsrapporter fra rundt om i verden dekkes "
"hendelsene den dagen."
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><
para><indexterm><primary>
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Movie Archive"
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "archive.org"
+msgstr "archive.org"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><seealso>
+msgid "Internet Archive"
+msgstr "Internett-arkivet"
+
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"access to this important part of our culture. Want to see a copy of the "
"<quote>Duck and Cover</quote> film that instructed children how to save "
"themselves in the middle of nuclear attack? Go to archive.org, and you can "
-"download the film in a few minutes—for free. <placeholder type="
-"\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"download the film in a few minutes—for free."
msgstr ""
"Kahle hatt samme idé med film. arbeide med rick prelinger, som har arkiv av "
"filmen inkluderer nær 45.000 \"flyktige filmer\" (det vil si filmer enn "
"bokføre det\\/den på weben, kan du bli straffet med en $150.000 fine. fine "
"er en ex post straff for å bryte en ex ante regelen. Det er pålagt av staten."
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "norms, regulatory influence of"
+msgstr "normer, reguleringspåvirkning fra"
+
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"differansen er ikke av alvorlighetsgraden av regelen, men kilden for "
"håndhevelse."
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "market constraints"
+msgstr "markedskonsentrasjon"
+
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"sett av normer og bakgrunn av eiendom og kontrakt lov, markedet pålegger en "
"samtidige begrensning på hvor en person eller gruppe kan oppføre seg."
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "architecture, constraint effected through"
+msgstr "arkitektur, begrensninger med opphav i"
+
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"conditions changes the liberty of a particular group. The effect of those "
"interventions should be accounted for in order to understand the effective "
"liberty that each of these groups might face. <placeholder type=\"indexterm"
-"\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
+"\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type="
+"\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/>"
msgstr ""
"noen mennesker objektet til denne måten av snakker om \"frihet.\" de "
"objektet fordi deres fokus når de vurderer begrensninger som finnes på et "
"citetitle> 47 (1997): 87."
msgstr ""
"Se for eksempel James Boyle, <quote>A Politics of Intellectual Property: "
-"Environmentalism for the Net?</quote> <citetitle>Duke Law Journal</citetitle> 47 "
-"(1997): 87."
+"Environmentalism for the Net?</quote> <citetitle>Duke Law Journal</"
+"citetitle> 47 (1997): 87."
#. PAGE BREAK 141
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
"culture.cc/notes/\">link #26</ulink>. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id="
"\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-"Jonathan Zittrain, <quote>The Copyright Cage</quote>, <citetitle>Legal Affairs</"
-"citetitle>, julu/august 2003,tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-"
-"culture.cc/notes/\">link #26</ulink>. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id="
-"\"0\"/>"
+"Jonathan Zittrain, <quote>The Copyright Cage</quote>, <citetitle>Legal "
+"Affairs</citetitle>, julu/august 2003,tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://"
+"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #26</ulink>. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
+"id=\"0\"/>"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"remain unregulated because the law considers these <quote>fair uses.</quote>"
msgstr ""
"Til slutt er det en tynn skive av ellers regulert kopierings-bruk som "
-"forblir uregluert på grunn av at loven anser dette som <quote>rimelig bruk</quote>."
+"forblir uregluert på grunn av at loven anser dette som <quote>rimelig bruk</"
+"quote>."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
msgid ""
"See David Lange, <quote>Recognizing the Public Domain,</quote> "
"<citetitle>Law and Contemporary Problems</citetitle> 44 (1981): 172–73."
msgstr ""
-"Se David Lange, <quote>Recognizing the Public Domain</quote>, <citetitle>Law and "
-"Contemporary Problems</citetitle> 44 (1981): 172–73."
+"Se David Lange, <quote>Recognizing the Public Domain</quote>, <citetitle>Law "
+"and Contemporary Problems</citetitle> 44 (1981): 172–73."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"Marx Brothers would insist on control over <citetitle>brothers</citetitle>."
msgstr ""
"Dette fikk Marx-brødrene til å svare tilbake med samme mynt. De advarte "
-"Warner Brothers om at Marx-brødrene <quote>var brødre lenge før dere var det</quote>."
-"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Marx-brødrene eide derfor ordet "
-"<citetitle>Brothers</citetitle>, og hvis Warner Brothers insisterte på å "
-"forsøke å kontrollere <citetitle>Casablanca</citetitle>, så ville Marx-"
-"brødrene insistere på kontroll over <citetitle>Brothers</citetitle>."
+"Warner Brothers om at Marx-brødrene <quote>var brødre lenge før dere var "
+"det</quote>.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Marx-brødrene eide "
+"derfor ordet <citetitle>Brothers</citetitle>, og hvis Warner Brothers "
+"insisterte på å forsøke å kontrollere <citetitle>Casablanca</citetitle>, så "
+"ville Marx-brødrene insistere på kontroll over <citetitle>Brothers</"
+"citetitle>."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"Monthly</citetitle> (September 2003): 89. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
"id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-"James Fallows, <quote>The Age of Murdoch</quote>, <citetitle>Atlantic Monthly</"
-"citetitle> (September 2003): 89. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"James Fallows, <quote>The Age of Murdoch</quote>, <citetitle>Atlantic "
+"Monthly</citetitle> (September 2003): 89. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
+"id=\"0\"/>"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
msgid ""
"Bill Moyers</citetitle>, Bill Moyers, 25 April 2003, edited transcript "
"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #31</ulink>."
msgstr ""
-"<quote>Barry Diller Takes on Media Deregulation</quote>, <citetitle>Now with Bill "
-"Moyers</citetitle>, Bill Moyers, 25 April 2003, redigert avskrift "
+"<quote>Barry Diller Takes on Media Deregulation</quote>, <citetitle>Now with "
+"Bill Moyers</citetitle>, Bill Moyers, 25 April 2003, redigert avskrift "
"tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #31</"
"ulink>."
"quote> of copyright law in the digital age. See Vaidhyanathan, "
"159–60. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-"Siva Vaidhyanathan fanger et lignende poeng i hans <quote>fire kapitulasjoner</quote> "
-"for opphavsrettsloven i den digitale tidsalder. Se Vaidhyanathan, "
-"159–60. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"Siva Vaidhyanathan fanger et lignende poeng i hans <quote>fire "
+"kapitulasjoner</quote> for opphavsrettsloven i den digitale tidsalder. Se "
+"
Vaidhyanathan, 159–60. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"Wells, <citetitle>The Country of the Blind and Other Stories</citetitle>, "
"Michael Sherborne, ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996)."
msgstr ""
-"H. G. Wells, <quote>The Country of the Blind</quote> (1904, 1911). Se H. G. Wells, "
-"<citetitle>The Country of the Blind and Other Stories</citetitle>, Michael "
-"Sherborne, ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996)."
+"H. G. Wells, <quote>The Country of the Blind</quote> (1904, 1911). Se H. G. "
+"Wells, <citetitle>The Country of the Blind and Other Stories</citetitle>, "
+"Michael Sherborne, ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996)."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"Se Lynne W. Jeter, <citetitle>Disconnected: Deceit and Betrayal at WorldCom</"
"citetitle> (Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, 2003), 176, 204; for "
"detaljer om dette forliket, se pressemelding fra MCI, <quote>MCI Wins U.S. "
-"District Court Approval for SEC Settlement</quote> (7. juli 2003), tilgjengelig "
-"fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #37</ulink>. "
-"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"District Court Approval for SEC Settlement</quote> (7. juli 2003), "
+"tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #37</"
+"
ulink>. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Bush, George W."
"negligently butchering a patient? <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>"
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "art, underground"
+msgstr "kunst, undergrunns"
+
#. f3.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Mohammad Al-Ubaydli for this example. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id="
"\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-"Rafe Needleman, <quote>Driving in Cars with MP3s</quote>, <citetitle>Business 2.0</"
-"citetitle>, 16. juni 2003, tilgjengelig via <ulink url=\"http://free-culture."
-"cc/notes/\">link #43</ulink>. Jeg er Dr. Mohammad Al-Ubaydli takknemlig mot "
-"for dette eksemplet. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"Rafe Needleman, <quote>Driving in Cars with MP3s</quote>, "
+"<citetitle>Business 2.0</citetitle>, 16. juni 2003, tilgjengelig via <ulink "
+"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #43</ulink>. Jeg er Dr. Mohammad "
+"Al-Ubaydli takknemlig mot for dette eksemplet. <placeholder type=\"indexterm"
+"\" id=\"0\"/>"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
msgid ""
"start a company. It is impossibly hard if that company is constantly "
"threatened by litigation."
msgstr ""
-"Dette er verden til mafiaen—fylt med <quote>penger eller livet</quote>-trusler, "
-"som ikke er regulert av domstolene men av trusler som loven gir "
+"Dette er verden til mafiaen—fylt med <quote>penger eller livet</quote>-"
+"trusler, som ikke er regulert av domstolene men av trusler som loven gir "
"rettighetsinnehaver mulighet til å komme med. Det er et system som åpenbart "
"og nødvendigvis vil kvele ny innovasjon. Det er vanskelig nok å starte et "
"selskap. Det blir helt umulig hvis selskapet er stadig truet av søksmål."
"<quote>If you can treat someone as a putative lawbreaker,</quote> von "
"Lohmann explains, <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-"<quote>Hvis du kan behandle noen som en antatt lovbryter</quote>, forklarer von "
-"Lohmann, <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"<quote>Hvis du kan behandle noen som en antatt lovbryter</quote>, forklarer "
+"
von Lohmann, <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
"Some Methods Used,</quote> CNN.com, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-"
"culture.cc/notes/\">link #47</ulink>."
msgstr ""
-"Se Nick Brown, <quote>Fair Use No More?: Copyright in the Information Age</quote>, "
-"tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #49</"
-"ulink>."
+"Se Nick Brown, <quote>Fair Use No More?: Copyright in the Information Age</"
+"quote>, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
+"#49</ulink>."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"Mouse Effort; Congress OKs Bill Granting Creators 20 More Years,</quote> "
"<citetitle>Chicago Tribune</citetitle>, 17 October 1998, 22."
msgstr ""
-"Associated Press, <quote>Disney Lobbying for Copyright Extension No Mickey Mouse "
-"Effort; Congress OKs Bill Granting Creators 20 More Years</quote>, "
+"Associated Press, <quote>Disney Lobbying for Copyright Extension No Mickey "
+"Mouse Effort; Congress OKs Bill Granting Creators 20 More Years</quote>, "
"<citetitle>Chicago Tribune</citetitle>, 17. oktober 1998, 22."
#. f4.
"quote> available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #49</"
"ulink>."
msgstr ""
-"Se Nick Brown, <quote>Fair Use No More?: Copyright in the Information Age</quote>, "
-"tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #49</"
-"ulink>."
+"Se Nick Brown, <quote>Fair Use No More?: Copyright in the Information Age</"
+"quote>, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
+"#49</ulink>."
#. f5.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
"20 December 2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/"
"\">link #54</ulink>."
msgstr ""
-"Jason Schultz, <quote>The Myth of the 1976 Copyright `Chaos' Theory</quote>, 20 "
-"December 2002, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/"
+"Jason Schultz, <quote>The Myth of the 1976 Copyright `Chaos' Theory</quote>, "
+"
20 December 2002, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/"
"\">link #54</ulink>."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
"først, men siden ble Dan Bromberg og Don Ayer ganske involvert. Bromberg og "
"Ayer spesielt hadde en felles oppfatning om hvordan denne saken ville bli "
"vunnet: vi ville bare vinne, fortalte de gjentatte ganger til meg, hvis vi "
-"få problemet til å virke <quote>viktig</quote> for Høyesterett. Det måtte synes som om "
-"dramatisk skade ble gjort til ytringsfriheten og fri kultur, ellers ville de "
-"aldri stemt mot <quote>de mektigste mediaselskapene i verden</quote>."
+"få problemet til å virke <quote>viktig</quote> for Høyesterett. Det måtte "
+"synes som om dramatisk skade ble gjort til ytringsfriheten og fri kultur, "
+"ellers ville de aldri stemt mot <quote>de mektigste mediaselskapene i "
+"verden</quote>."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
"februar og oktober var det lite jeg gjorde utover forbereder for denne "
"saken. tidlig som jeg sa, satt jeg strategien."
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "O'Connor, Sandra Day"
+msgstr "O'Connor, Sandra Day"
+
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"The Supreme Court was divided into two important camps. One camp we called "
"kan begrunnes under vanlige første endring analyse eller under en riktig "
"lesing av grensene som er innebygd i setningsdelen opphavsrett."
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Olson, Theodore B."
+msgstr "Olson, Theodore B."
+
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"måte å sinne. min vrede kom raskt, men det gjorde ikke kurere depresjon. "
"Dette sinne var inälvor."
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "originalism"
+msgstr ""
+
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid ""
"lovforslaget utarbeidet. Utkastet løste noen problemer med internasjonal "
"lov. Det påla de enklest mulige forutsetninger på innehaverne av "
"opphavsretter. I mai 2003 så det ut som om loven skulle være introdusert. "
-"16. mai, postet jeg på Eldred Act-bloggen, <quote>vi er nære</quote>. Det oppstod en "
-"generell reaksjon i blogg-samfunnet om at noe godt kunne skje her. "
-"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"16. mai, postet jeg på Eldred Act-bloggen, <quote>vi er nære</quote>. Det "
+"oppstod en generell reaksjon i blogg-samfunnet om at noe godt kunne skje "
+"
her. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
"tillot import av patenterte medisiner som hadde blitt produsert og solgt i "
"en annen nasjons marked med godkjenning fra patenteieren. For eksempel, "
"hvis medisinen var solgt i India, så kunne den bli importert inn til Afrika "
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-"internasjonal handelslovgivning, og spesifikt tillatt i den europeiske union."
-"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"fra India. Dette kalles <quote>parallellimport</quote> og er generelt "
+"tillatt i internasjonal handelslovgivning, og spesifikt tillatt i den "
+"
europeiske union.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
#. f3.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgstr ""
"Men USA var imot lovendringen. Og de nøyde seg ikke med å være imot. Som "
"International Intellectual Property Association karakteriserte det, "
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-"lisensiering eller parallellimport</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/"
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+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Gjennom kontoret til USAs handelsrepresentant "
+"(USTR), ba myndighetene Sør-Afrika om å endre loven—og for å legge "
+"press bak den forespørselen, listet USTR i 1998 opp Sør-Afrika som et land "
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+"patenter. Kravet fra disse myndighetene, med USA i spissen, var at Sør-"
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+"patenter, uavhengig av eventuell effekt på behandlingen av AIDS i Sør-Afrika."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"I stedet var argumentet til fordel for restriksjoner på denne flyten av "
"informasjon, som var nødvendig for å redde millioner av liv, et argument om "
"eiendoms ukrenkelighet.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Det var på "
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-"<quote>intellektuell eiendom</quote> som fikk disse myndighetsaktørene til å "
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+"medisinene ikke skulle flomme inn til Afrika. Det var prinsippet om "
+"viktigheten av <quote>intellektuell eiendom</quote> som fikk disse "
+"myndighetsaktørene til å intervenere mot Sør-Afrikas mottiltak mot AIDS."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"barn se tilbake på oss og spørre, hvordan kunne vi la dette skje? Hvordan "
"kunne vi tillate å gjennomføre en politikk hvis direkte kostnad var få 15 "
"til 30 millioner afrikanere til å dø raskere, og hvis eneste virkelige "
-"fordel var å opprettholde <quote>ukrenkeligheten</quote> til en idé? Hva slags "
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-"for slik en abstraksjon?"
+"fordel var å opprettholde <quote>ukrenkeligheten</quote> til en idé? Hva "
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+"så mange døde? Hva slags galskap er det egentlig som tillater at så mange "
+"dør for slik en abstraksjon?"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Et annet problem kan derimot ikke løses. Det er frykten for at en politiker "
"som skal vise seg og kaller inn lederne hos medisinprodusentene til høring i "
-"senatet eller representantenes hus og spør, <quote>hvordan har det seg at du kan "
-"selge HIV-medisinen i Afrika for bare $1 pr. pille, mens samme pille koster "
-"en amerikansker $1 500?</quote> Da det ikke finnes et <quote>kjapt svar</quote> på det "
-"spørsmålet, ville effekten bli regulering av priser i Amerika. "
-"Medisinprodusentene unngår dermed denne spiralen ved å sikre at det første "
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-"rasjonelle strategien rammes dermed inn ved hjel av dette ideal—"
-"helligheten til en idé som kalles <quote>immaterielle rettigheter</quote>."
+"senatet eller representantenes hus og spør, <quote>hvordan har det seg at du "
+"kan selge HIV-medisinen i Afrika for bare $1 pr. pille, mens samme pille "
+"koster en amerikansker $1 500?</quote> Da det ikke finnes et "
+"<quote>kjapt svar</quote> på det spørsmålet, ville effekten bli regulering "
+"av priser i Amerika. Medisinprodusentene unngår dermed denne spiralen ved å "
+"sikre at det første steget ikke tas. De forsterker idéen om at "
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+"strategi i en irrasjonell omgivelse, med den utilsiktede konsekvens at "
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#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"ikke hva det er å gjøre opprør mot. Ekstremismen som nå dominerer denne "
"debatten resonerer med idéer som virker naturlige, og resonansen er "
"forsterket av våre moderne RCA-ene. De fører en frenetisk krig for å "
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-"kompliserte problemer og MTV-oppmerksomhetsspenn gir en <quote>perfekt storm</quote> "
-"for fri kultur."
+"bekjempe <quote>piratvirksomhet</quote> og knuser kreativitetskultur. De "
+"forsvarer idéen om <quote>kreativt eierskap</quote>, mens de endrer ekte "
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+"rettigheter skulle være balanserte, selv om hver av hovedaktørene i denne "
+"innholdskrigen selv hadde fordeler av et mer balansert ideal. Hykleriet "
+"rår. Men i en by som Washington blir ikke hykleriet en gang lagt merke "
+"til. Mektige lobbyister, kompliserte problemer og MTV-oppmerksomhetsspenn "
+"gir en <quote>perfekt storm</quote> for fri kultur."
#. f6.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
"2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #61</"
"ulink>."
msgstr ""
-"Jonathan Krim, <quote>The Quiet War over Open-Source</quote>, <citetitle>Washington "
-"Post</citetitle>, august 2003, E1, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-"
-"culture.cc/notes/\">link #59</ulink>; William New, <quote>Global Group's Shift on "
-"`Open Source' Meeting Spurs Stir</quote>, <citetitle>National Journal's Technology "
-"Daily</citetitle>, 19. august 2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://"
-"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #60</ulink>; William New, <quote>U.S. Official "
-"Opposes `Open Source' Talks at WIPO</quote>, <citetitle>National Journal's "
-"Technology Daily</citetitle>, 19. august 2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url="
-"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #61</ulink>."
+"Jonathan Krim, <quote>The Quiet War over Open-Source</quote>, "
+"<citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, august 2003, E1, tilgjengelig fra "
+"<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #59</ulink>; William New, "
+"<quote>Global Group's Shift on `Open Source' Meeting Spurs Stir</quote>, "
+"<citetitle>National Journal's Technology Daily</citetitle>, 19. august 2003, "
+"tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #60</"
+"ulink>; William New, <quote>U.S. Official Opposes `Open Source' Talks at "
+"WIPO</quote>, <citetitle>National Journal's Technology Daily</citetitle>, "
+"19. august 2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/"
+"\">link #61</ulink>."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
msgid "academic journals"
"I august 2003 brøt en kamp ut i USA om en avgjørelse fra World Intellectual "
"Property Organiation om å avlyse et møte.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id="
"\"0\"/> På forespørsel fra en lang rekke med interressenter hadde WIPO "
-"bestemt å avholde et møte for å diskutere <quote>åpne og samarbeidende prosjekter "
-"for å skape goder for felleskapet</quote>. Disse prosjektene som hadde lyktes i å "
-"produsere goder for fellesskapet uten å basere seg eksklusivt på bruken av "
-"proprietære immaterielle rettigheter. Eksempler inkluderer internettet og "
-"verdensveven, begge som ble utviklet på grunnlag av protokoller i "
-"allemannseie. Det hadde med en begynnende trend for å støtte åpne "
-"akademiske tidsskrifter, og inkluderte Public Library of Science-prosjektet "
-"som jeg beskriver i etterordet. Det inkluderte et prosjekt for a utvikle "
-"enkeltnukleotidforskjeller (SNPs), som er antatt å få stor betydning i "
-"biomedisinsk forskning. (Dette ideelle prosjektet besto av et konsortium av "
-"Wellcome Trust og farmasøytiske og teknologiske selskaper, inkludert "
+"bestemt å avholde et møte for å diskutere <quote>åpne og samarbeidende "
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+"hadde lyktes i å produsere goder for fellesskapet uten å basere seg "
+"eksklusivt på bruken av proprietære immaterielle rettigheter. Eksempler "
+"inkluderer internettet og verdensveven, begge som ble utviklet på grunnlag "
+"av protokoller i allemannseie. Det hadde med en begynnende trend for å "
+"støtte åpne akademiske tidsskrifter, og inkluderte Public Library of Science-"
+"prosjektet som jeg beskriver i etterordet. Det inkluderte et prosjekt for a "
+"utvikle enkeltnukleotidforskjeller (SNPs), som er antatt å få stor betydning "
+"i biomedisinsk forskning. (Dette ideelle prosjektet besto av et konsortium "
+"av Wellcome Trust og farmasøytiske og teknologiske selskaper, inkludert "
"Amersham Biosciences, AstraZeneca, Aventis, Bayer, Bristol-Myers Squibb, "
"Hoffmann-La Roche, Glaxo-SmithKline, IBM, Motorola, Novartis, Pfizer, og "
"Searle.) Det inkluderte Globalt posisjonssystem (GPS) som Ronald Reagen "
-"frigjorde tidlig på 1980-tallet. Og det inkluderte <quote>åpen kildekode og fri "
-"programvare</quote>. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type="
-"\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/>"
+"frigjorde tidlig på 1980-tallet. Og det inkluderte <quote>åpen kildekode og "
+"fri programvare</quote>. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> "
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
+"id=\"3\"/>"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"forberedt var temaet om immaterielle verdier en forholdvis liten del av det "
"hele. Men etter denne forbløffende uttalelsen, gjorde jeg immaterielle "
"verdier til hovedfokus for mitt innlegg. Det var ikke mulig å snakke om et "
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+"hvor mye immaterielle rettigheter som trengs, siden etter mitt syn, hadde "
+"selve idéen om en balanse rundt immaterielle rettigheter hadde gått tapt."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Så uansett om WSIS kan diskutere balanse i intellektuell eiendom eller ikke, "
"så hadde jeg trodd det var tatt for gitt at WIPO kunne og burde. Og dermed "
-"møtet om <quote>åpne og samarbeidende prosjekter for å skape fellesgoder</quote> virker "
-"å passe perfekt for WIPOs agenda."
+"møtet om <quote>åpne og samarbeidende prosjekter for å skape fellesgoder</"
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#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"for their own internal uses."
msgstr ""
"Men det er ett prosjekt i listen som er svært kontroversielt, i hvert fall "
-"blant lobbyister. Dette prosjektet er <quote>åpen kildekode og fri programvare</quote>. "
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-"ville en konferanse for å diskutere åpen kildekode og fri programvare være "
-"som en konferanse for å diskutere Apples operativsystem. Både åpen "
-"kildekode og fri programvare konkurrerer med Microsofts programvare. Og "
-"internasjonalt har mange myndigheter begynt å utforske krav om at de skal "
-"bruke åpen kildekode eller fri programvare, i stedet for <quote>proprietær "
-"programvare</quote>, til sine egne interne behov."
+"blant lobbyister. Dette prosjektet er <quote>åpen kildekode og fri "
+"programvare</quote>. Microsoft spesielt er skeptisk til diskusjon om emnet. "
+"Fra deres perspektiv, ville en konferanse for å diskutere åpen kildekode og "
+"fri programvare være som en konferanse for å diskutere Apples "
+"operativsystem. Både åpen kildekode og fri programvare konkurrerer med "
+"Microsofts programvare. Og internasjonalt har mange myndigheter begynt å "
+"utforske krav om at de skal bruke åpen kildekode eller fri programvare, i "
+"stedet for <quote>proprietær programvare</quote>, til sine egne interne "
+"behov."
#. f8.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
"Microsofts posisjon om åpen kildekode og fri programvare er mer "
"sofistikert. De har flere ganger forklart at de har ikke noe problem med "
"programvare som er <quote>åpen kildekode</quote> eller programvare som er "
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-"lisensiert med en <quote>copyleft</quote>-lisens, som betyr at lisensen krever at de "
-"som lisensierer skal adoptere same vilkår for ethvert avledet verk. Se "
-"Bradford L. Smith, <quote>The Future of Software: Enabling the Marketplace to "
-"Decide</quote>, <citetitle>Government Policy Toward Open Source Software</"
-"citetitle> (Washington, D.C.: AEI-Brookings Joint Center for Regulatory "
-"Studies, American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 2002), "
-"69, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #62</"
-"ulink>. Se også Craig Mundie, Microsoft senior vice president, "
-"<citetitle>The Commercial Software Model</citetitle>, diskusjon ved New York "
-"University Stern School of Business (3. mai 2001), tilgjengelig fra <ulink "
-"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #63</ulink>."
+"allemannseie. Microsofts prinsipielle motstand er mot <quote>fri "
+"programvare</quote> lisensiert med en <quote>copyleft</quote>-lisens, som "
+"betyr at lisensen krever at de som lisensierer skal adoptere same vilkår for "
+"ethvert avledet verk. Se Bradford L. Smith, <quote>The Future of Software: "
+"Enabling the Marketplace to Decide</quote>, <citetitle>Government Policy "
+"Toward Open Source Software</citetitle> (Washington, D.C.: AEI-Brookings "
+"Joint Center for Regulatory Studies, American Enterprise Institute for "
+"Public Policy Research, 2002), 69, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-"
+"culture.cc/notes/\">link #62</ulink>. Se også Craig Mundie, Microsoft senior "
+"vice president, <citetitle>The Commercial Software Model</citetitle>, "
+"diskusjon ved New York University Stern School of Business (3. mai 2001), "
+"tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #63</"
+"ulink>."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
msgid "<quote>copyleft</quote> licenses"
"programvare. Det er mange viktige selskaper som er fundamentalt avhengig av "
"fri programvare, der IBM er den mest fremtredende. IBM har i stadig større "
"grad skiftet sitt fokus til GNU/Linux-operativsystemet, det mest berømte "
-"biten av <quote>fri programvare</quote>—og IBM er helt klart en kommersiell "
-"aktør. Dermed er det å støtte <quote>fri programvare</quote> ikke å motsette seg "
-"kommersielle aktører. Det er i stedet å støtte en måte å drive "
-"programvareutvikling som er forskjellig fra Microsofts.<placeholder type="
-"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> "
+"biten av <quote>fri programvare</quote>—og IBM er helt klart en "
+"kommersiell aktør. Dermed er det å støtte <quote>fri programvare</quote> "
+"ikke å motsette seg kommersielle aktører. Det er i stedet å støtte en måte "
+"å drive programvareutvikling som er forskjellig fra Microsofts.<placeholder "
+"
type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> "
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
"id=\"3\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"4\"/>"
"on its adopters. It thus depends upon copyright law just as Microsoft does."
msgstr ""
"Mer viktig for våre formål, er at å støtte <quote>åpen kildekode og fri "
-"programvare</quote> ikke er å motsette seg opphavsrett. <quote>Åpen kildekode og fri "
-"programvare</quote> er ikke programvare uten opphavsrettslig vern. Istedet, på "
-"samme måte som programvare fra Microsoft, insisterer opphavsrettsinnehaverne "
-"av fri programvare ganske sterkt at vilkårene i deres programvarelisens blir "
-"respektert av de som tar i bruk fri programvare. Vilkårene i den lisensen "
-"er uten tvil forskjellig fra vilkårene i en proprietær programvarelisens. "
-"For eksempel krever fri programvare lisensiert med den generelle offentlige "
-"lisensen (GPL), at kildekoden for programvare gjøres tilgjengelig for alle "
-"som endrer og videredistribuerer programvaren. Men dette kravet er kun "
-"effektivt hvis opphavsrett råder over programvare. Hvis opphavsretten ikke "
-"råder over programvare, så kunne ikke fri programvare pålegge slike krav på "
-"de som tar i bruk programvaren. Den er dermed like avhengig av "
-"opphavsrettsloven som Microsoft."
+"programvare</quote> ikke er å motsette seg opphavsrett. <quote>Åpen "
+"kildekode og fri programvare</quote> er ikke programvare uten "
+"opphavsrettslig vern. Istedet, på samme måte som programvare fra Microsoft, "
+"insisterer opphavsrettsinnehaverne av fri programvare ganske sterkt at "
+"vilkårene i deres programvarelisens blir respektert av de som tar i bruk fri "
+"programvare. Vilkårene i den lisensen er uten tvil forskjellig fra "
+"vilkårene i en proprietær programvarelisens. For eksempel krever fri "
+"programvare lisensiert med den generelle offentlige lisensen (GPL), at "
+"kildekoden for programvare gjøres tilgjengelig for alle som endrer og "
+"videredistribuerer programvaren. Men dette kravet er kun effektivt hvis "
+"opphavsrett råder over programvare. Hvis opphavsretten ikke råder over "
+"programvare, så kunne ikke fri programvare pålegge slike krav på de som tar "
+"i bruk programvaren. Den er dermed like avhengig av opphavsrettsloven som "
+"Microsoft."
#. f9.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
"Krim, <quote>The Quiet War over Open-Source,</quote> available at <ulink url="
"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #64</ulink>."
msgstr ""
-"Krim, <quote>The Quiet War over Open-Source</quote>, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url="
-"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #64</ulink>."
+"Krim, <quote>The Quiet War over Open-Source</quote>, tilgjengelig fra <ulink "
+"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #64</ulink>."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Krim, Jonathan"
"Det som var overraskende var USAs regjerings begrunnelse for å være imot "
"møtet. Igjen, sitert av Krim, forklarte Lois Boland, direktør for "
"internasjonale forbindelser ved USAs patent og varemerkekontor, at "
-"<quote>programvare med åpen kildekode går imot til formålet til WIPO, som er å "
-"fremme immaterielle rettigheter.</quote>. Hun skal i følge sitatet ha sagt, <quote>Å "
-"holde et møte som har som formål å fraskrive seg eller frafalle slike "
-"rettigheter synes for oss å være i strid med formålene til WIPO.</quote>"
+"<quote>programvare med åpen kildekode går imot til formålet til WIPO, som er "
+"å fremme immaterielle rettigheter.</quote>. Hun skal i følge sitatet ha "
+"sagt, <quote>Å holde et møte som har som formål å fraskrive seg eller "
+"frafalle slike rettigheter synes for oss å være i strid med formålene til "
+"WIPO.</quote>"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid "These statements are astonishing on a number of levels."
msgstr ""
"For det første er de ganske enkelt ikke riktige. Som jeg beskrev, er det "
"meste av åpen kildekode og fri programvare fundamentalt avhengig av den "
-"immaterielle retten kalt <quote>opphavsrett</quote>. Uten den vil begrensningene "
-"definert av disse lisensene ikke fungere. Dermed er det å si at de <quote>går imot"
-"</quote> formålet om å fremme immaterielle rettigheter å avsløre en ekstraordinær "
-"mangel på forståelse—den type feil som er tilgivelig hos en førsteårs "
-"jusstudent, men pinlig fra en høyt plassert statstjenestemann som håndterer "
-"utfordringer rundt immaterielle rettigheter."
+"immaterielle retten kalt <quote>opphavsrett</quote>. Uten den vil "
+"begrensningene definert av disse lisensene ikke fungere. Dermed er det å si "
+"at de <quote>går imot</quote> formålet om å fremme immaterielle rettigheter "
+"å avsløre en ekstraordinær mangel på forståelse—den type feil som er "
+"tilgivelig hos en førsteårs jusstudent, men pinlig fra en høyt plassert "
+"statstjenestemann som håndterer utfordringer rundt immaterielle rettigheter."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"been patented?"
msgstr ""
"For det andre, hvem har noen gang hevdet at WIPOs eksklusive mål var å "
-"<quote>fremme</quote> immaterielle rettigheter maksimalt? Som jeg fikk kjeft om på den "
-"forberedende konferansen til WSIS, skal WIPO vurdere ikke bare hvordan best "
-"beskytte immaterielle rettigheter, men også hva som er den beste balansen "
-"rundt immaterielle rettigheter. Som enhver økonom og advokat vet, er det "
-"vanskelige spørsmålet i immaterielle rettighetsjuss å finne den balansen. "
-"Men at det skulle være en grense, trodde jeg, var ubestridt. Man ønsker å "
-"spørre Ms. Boland om generelle medisiner (medisiner basert på medisiner med "
-"patenter som er utløpt) i strid med WIPOs oppdrag? Svekker allemannseie "
-"immaterielle rettigheter? Ville det vært bedre om internettets protokoller "
-"hadde vært patentert?"
+"<quote>fremme</quote> immaterielle rettigheter maksimalt? Som jeg fikk "
+"kjeft om på den forberedende konferansen til WSIS, skal WIPO vurdere ikke "
+"bare hvordan best beskytte immaterielle rettigheter, men også hva som er den "
+"beste balansen rundt immaterielle rettigheter. Som enhver økonom og advokat "
+"vet, er det vanskelige spørsmålet i immaterielle rettighetsjuss å finne den "
+"balansen. Men at det skulle være en grense, trodde jeg, var ubestridt. Man "
+"ønsker å spørre Ms. Boland om generelle medisiner (medisiner basert på "
+"medisiner med patenter som er utløpt) i strid med WIPOs oppdrag? Svekker "
+"allemannseie immaterielle rettigheter? Ville det vært bedre om internettets "
+"protokoller hadde vært patentert?"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"immaterielle rettigheter, så innehas immaterielle rettigheter, i vår "
"tradisjon, av individer og selskaper. De får bestemme hva som skal gjøres "
"med disse rettighetene, igjen fordi det er <emphasis>de</emphasis> som eier "
-"rettighetene. Hvis de ønsker å <quote>frafalle</quote> eller <quote>frasi</quote> seg sine "
-"rettigheter, så er det helt etter boka i vår tradisjon. Når Bill Gates gir "
-"bort mer enn $20 milliarder til gode formål, så er ikke det uforenelig med "
-"målene til eiendomssystemet. Det er heller tvert i mot, akkurat hva "
-"eiendomssysstemet er ment å oppnå, at individer har retten til å bestemme "
-"hva de vil gjøre med <emphasis>sin</emphasis> eiendom. <placeholder type="
-"\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"rettighetene. Hvis de ønsker å <quote>frafalle</quote> eller <quote>frasi</"
+"quote> seg sine rettigheter, så er det helt etter boka i vår tradisjon. Når "
+"Bill Gates gir bort mer enn $20 milliarder til gode formål, så er ikke det "
+"uforenelig med målene til eiendomssystemet. Det er heller tvert i mot, "
+"akkurat hva eiendomssysstemet er ment å oppnå, at individer har retten til å "
+"bestemme hva de vil gjøre med <emphasis>sin</emphasis> eiendom. "
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
#. PAGE BREAK 274
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
"they also should be exercised in the most extreme and restrictive way "
"possible."
msgstr ""
-"Når Ms. Boland sier at det er noe galt med et møte <quote>som har som sitt formål "
-"å fraskrive eller frafalle slike rettigheter</quote>, så sier hun at WIPO har en "
-"interesse i å påvirke valgene til enkeltpersoner som eier immaterielle "
-"rettigheter. At på en eller annen WIPOs oppdrag bør være å stoppe individer "
-"fra å <quote>fraskrive</quote> eller <quote>frafalle</quote> seg sine immaterielle rettigheter. "
-"At interessen til WIPO ikke bare er maksimale immaterielle rettigheter, men "
-"også at de skal utøves på den mest ekstreme og restriktive mulig måten."
+"Når Ms. Boland sier at det er noe galt med et møte <quote>som har som sitt "
+"formål å fraskrive eller frafalle slike rettigheter</quote>, så sier hun at "
+"WIPO har en interesse i å påvirke valgene til enkeltpersoner som eier "
+"immaterielle rettigheter. At på en eller annen WIPOs oppdrag bør være å "
+"stoppe individer fra å <quote>fraskrive</quote> eller <quote>frafalle</"
+"quote> seg sine immaterielle rettigheter. At interessen til WIPO ikke bare "
+"er maksimale immaterielle rettigheter, men også at de skal utøves på den "
+"mest ekstreme og restriktive mulig måten."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"freedom that might interfere with that control."
msgstr ""
"Det er en historie om akkurat et slikt eierskapssystem som er velkjent i den "
-"anglo-amerikansk tradisjon. Det kalles <quote>føydalisme</quote>. Under føydalismen "
-"var eiendommer ikke bare kontrollert av et relativt lite antall individer og "
-"aktører. Men det føydale systemet hadde en sterk interesse i å sikre at "
-"landeier i systemet ikke svekke føydalismen ved å frigjøre folkene og "
-"eiendomene som de kontrollerte til det frie markedet. Føydalismen var "
+"anglo-amerikansk tradisjon. Det kalles <quote>føydalisme</quote>. Under "
+"føydalismen var eiendommer ikke bare kontrollert av et relativt lite antall "
+"individer og aktører. Men det føydale systemet hadde en sterk interesse i å "
+"sikre at landeier i systemet ikke svekke føydalismen ved å frigjøre folkene "
+"og eiendomene som de kontrollerte til det frie markedet. Føydalismen var "
"avhengig av maksimal kontroll og konsentrasjon. Det sloss mot enhver frihet "
"som kunne forstyrre denne kontrollen."
"George, du misforstår Lessig: Han snakker bare om verden slik den burde være "
"(<quote>målet til WIPO, og målet til enhver regjering, bør være å fremme den "
"riktige balansen for immaterielle rettigheter, ikke bare å fremme "
-"immaterielle rettigheter</quote>), ikke som den er. Hvis vi snakket om verden "
-"slik den er, så har naturligvis Boland ikke sagt noe galt. Men i verden "
-"slik Lessig vil at den skal være, er det åpenbart at hun har sagt noe galt. "
-"En må alltid være oppmerksom på forskjellen mellom Lessigs og vår verden."
+"immaterielle rettigheter</quote>), ikke som den er. Hvis vi snakket om "
+"verden slik den er, så har naturligvis Boland ikke sagt noe galt. Men i "
+"verden slik Lessig vil at den skal være, er det åpenbart at hun har sagt noe "
+"galt. En må alltid være oppmerksom på forskjellen mellom Lessigs og vår "
+"verden."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Det var derimot åpenbart at den som postet meldingen ikke støttet idéen. I "
"stedet latterliggjorde forfatteren selve idéen om at i den virkelig verden "
-"skulle <quote>målet</quote> til myndighetene være <quote>å fremme den riktige balanse</quote> for "
-"immaterielle rettigheter. Det var åpenbart tåpelig for ham. Og det "
-"avslørte åpenbart, trodde han, min egen tåpelige utopisme. <quote>Typisk for en "
-"akademiker</quote>, kunne forfatteren like gjerne ha fortsatt."
+"skulle <quote>målet</quote> til myndighetene være <quote>å fremme den "
+"riktige balanse</quote> for immaterielle rettigheter. Det var åpenbart "
+"tåpelig for ham. Og det avslørte åpenbart, trodde han, min egen tåpelige "
+"utopisme. <quote>Typisk for en akademiker</quote>, kunne forfatteren like "
+"gjerne ha fortsatt."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"become?"
msgstr ""
"Men når det har blitt dumt å anta at rollen til våre myndigheter bør være å "
-"<quote>oppnå balanse</quote>, da kan du regne meg blant de dumme, for det betyr at "
-"dette faktisk har blitt ganske seriøst. Hvis det bør være åpenbart for alle "
-"at myndighetene ikke søker å oppnå balanse, at myndighetene ganske enkelt et "
-"verktøy for de mektigste lobbyistene, at idéen om å forvente bedre av "
-"myndighetene er absurd, at idéen om å kreve at myndighetene snakker sant og "
-"ikke lyver bare er naiv, hva har da vi, det mektigste demokratiet i verden, "
-"blitt?"
+"<quote>oppnå balanse</quote>, da kan du regne meg blant de dumme, for det "
+"betyr at dette faktisk har blitt ganske seriøst. Hvis det bør være åpenbart "
+"for alle at myndighetene ikke søker å oppnå balanse, at myndighetene ganske "
+"enkelt et verktøy for de mektigste lobbyistene, at idéen om å forvente bedre "
+"av myndighetene er absurd, at idéen om å kreve at myndighetene snakker sant "
+"og ikke lyver bare er naiv, hva har da vi, det mektigste demokratiet i "
+"verden, blitt?"
#. PAGE BREAK 276
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
"Det er derfor betydningsfullt at så mange vil kjempe for å kreve konkurranse "
"og økt mangfold. Likevel, hvis kampanjen blir forstått til å kun gjelde "
"størrelse, så er ikke det veldig overraskende. Vi amerikanere har en lang "
-"historie med å slåss mot <quote>stort</quote>, klokt eller ikke. At vi kan være "
-"motivert til å slåss mot <quote>store</quote> igjen ikke noe nytt."
+"historie med å slåss mot <quote>stort</quote>, klokt eller ikke. At vi kan "
+"være motivert til å slåss mot <quote>store</quote> igjen ikke noe nytt."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Det ville vært noe nytt, og noe veldig viktig, hvis like mange kan være med "
"på en kampanje for å bekjempe økende ekstremisme bygget inn i idéen om "
-"<quote>intellektuell eiendom</quote>. Ikke fordi balanse er fremmed for vår tradisjon. "
-"Jeg argumenterer for at balanse er vår tradisjon. Men fordi evnen til å "
-"tenke kritisk på omfanget av alt som kalles <quote>eiendom</quote> ikke er lenger er "
-"godt trent i denne tradisjonen."
+"<quote>intellektuell eiendom</quote>. Ikke fordi balanse er fremmed for vår "
+"tradisjon. Jeg argumenterer for at balanse er vår tradisjon. Men fordi "
+"evnen til å tenke kritisk på omfanget av alt som kalles <quote>eiendom</"
+"quote> ikke er lenger er godt trent i denne tradisjonen."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"citetitle>, 10 September 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture."
"cc/notes/\">link #67</ulink>."
msgstr ""
-"John Borland, <quote>RIAA Sues 261 File Swappers</quote>, CNET News.com, september "
-"2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
-"#65</ulink>; Paul R. La Monica, <quote>Music Industry Sues Swappers</quote>, CNN/Money, "
-"8 september 2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/"
-"\">link #66</ulink>; Soni Sangha og Phyllis Furman sammen med Robert Gearty, "
-"<quote>Sued for a Song, N.Y.C. 12-Yr-Old Among 261 Cited as Sharers</quote>, "
-"<citetitle>New York Daily News</citetitle>, 9. september 2003, 3; Frank "
-"Ahrens, <quote>RIAA's Lawsuits Meet Surprised Targets; Single Mother in Calif., "
-"12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. Among Defendants</quote>, <citetitle>Washington Post</"
-"citetitle>, 10. september 2003, E1; Katie Dean, <quote>Schoolgirl Settles with "
-"RIAA</quote>, <citetitle>Wired News</citetitle>, 10. september 2003, tilgjengelig "
-"fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #67</ulink>."
+"John Borland, <quote>RIAA Sues 261 File Swappers</quote>, CNET News.com, "
+"september 2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/"
+"\">link #65</ulink>; Paul R. La Monica, <quote>Music Industry Sues Swappers</"
+"quote>, CNN/Money, 8 september 2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://"
+"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #66</ulink>; Soni Sangha og Phyllis Furman "
+"sammen med Robert Gearty, <quote>Sued for a Song, N.Y.C. 12-Yr-Old Among 261 "
+"Cited as Sharers</quote>, <citetitle>New York Daily News</citetitle>, 9. "
+"september 2003, 3; Frank Ahrens, <quote>RIAA's Lawsuits Meet Surprised "
+"Targets; Single Mother in Calif., 12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. Among Defendants</"
+"quote>, <citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, 10. september 2003, E1; "
+"Katie Dean, <quote>Schoolgirl Settles with RIAA</quote>, <citetitle>Wired "
+"News</citetitle>, 10. september 2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://"
+"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #67</ulink>."
#. f12.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
"quote> mtv.com, 17 September 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-"
"culture.cc/notes/\">link #68</ulink>."
msgstr ""
-"Jon Wiederhorn, <quote>Eminem Gets Sued … by a Little Old Lady</quote>, mtv.com, "
-"17. september 2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/"
-"notes/\">link #68</ulink>."
+"Jon Wiederhorn, <quote>Eminem Gets Sued … by a Little Old Lady</"
+"quote>, mtv.com, 17. september 2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://"
+"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #68</ulink>."
#. f13.
#. PAGE BREAK 334
"Dylan Songs,</quote> Kansascity.com, 9 July 2003, available at <ulink url="
"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #69</ulink>."
msgstr ""
-"Kenji Hall, Associated Press, <quote>Japanese Book May Be Inspiration for Dylan "
-"Songs</quote>, Kansascity.com, 9. juli 2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://"
-"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #69</ulink>."
+"Kenji Hall, Associated Press, <quote>Japanese Book May Be Inspiration for "
+"Dylan Songs</quote>, Kansascity.com, 9. juli 2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink "
+"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #69</ulink>."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Mens jeg skriver disse avsluttende ordene, er nyhetene fylt med historier om "
"at RIAA saksøker nesten tre hundre individer.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
-"id=\"0\"/> Eminem har nettopp blitt saksøkt for å ha <quote>samplet</quote> noen "
-"andres musikk.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Historien om "
-"hvordan Bob Dylan har <quote>stjålet</quote> fra en japansk forfatter har nettopp gått "
-"verden over.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> En på innsiden i "
-"Hollywood—som insisterer på at han må forbli anonym—rapporterer "
-"<quote>en utrolig samtale med disse studiofolkene. De har fantastisk [gammelt] "
-"innhold som de ville elske å bruke, men det kan de ikke på grunn av at de "
-"først må klarere rettighetene. De har hauger med ungdommer som kunne gjøre "
-"fantastiske ting med innholdet, men det vil først kreve hauger med advokater "
-"for å klarere det først</quote>. Kongressrepresentanter snakker om å gi datavirus "
-"politimyndighet for å ta ned datamaskiner som antas å bryte loven. "
-"Universiteter truer med å utvise ungdommer som bruker en datamaskin for å "
-"dele innhold."
+"id=\"0\"/> Eminem har nettopp blitt saksøkt for å ha <quote>samplet</quote> "
+"
noen andres musikk.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Historien om "
+"hvordan Bob Dylan har <quote>stjålet</quote> fra en japansk forfatter har "
+"nettopp gått verden over.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> En på "
+"innsiden i Hollywood—som insisterer på at han må forbli anonym—"
+"rapporterer <quote>en utrolig samtale med disse studiofolkene. De har "
+"fantastisk [gammelt] innhold som de ville elske å bruke, men det kan de ikke "
+"på grunn av at de først må klarere rettighetene. De har hauger med "
+"ungdommer som kunne gjøre fantastiske ting med innholdet, men det vil først "
+"kreve hauger med advokater for å klarere det først</quote>. "
+"Kongressrepresentanter snakker om å gi datavirus politimyndighet for å ta "
+"ned datamaskiner som antas å bryte loven. Universiteter truer med å utvise "
+"ungdommer som bruker en datamaskin for å dele innhold."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Creative Commons"
"release, 24 August 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/"
"notes/\">link #70</ulink>."
msgstr ""
-"<quote>BBC Plans to Open Up Its Archive to the Public</quote>, pressemelding fra BBC, "
-"24. august 2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/"
-"\">link #70</ulink>."
+"<quote>BBC Plans to Open Up Its Archive to the Public</quote>, pressemelding "
+"fra BBC, 24. august 2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture."
+"cc/notes/\">link #70</ulink>."
#. f15.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
"August 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
"#71</ulink>."
msgstr ""
-"<quote>Creative Commons and Brazil</quote>, Creative Commons Weblog, 6. august 2003, "
-"tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #71</"
-"ulink>."
+"<quote>Creative Commons and Brazil</quote>, Creative Commons Weblog, 6. "
+"august 2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/"
+"\">link #71</ulink>."
#. PAGE BREAK 278
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
"of our day into the Causbys."
msgstr ""
"I mens på andre siden av Atlanteren har BBC nettopp annonsert at de vil "
-"bygge opp et <quote>kreativt arkiv</quote> som britiske borgere kan laste ned BBC-"
-"innhold fra, og rippe, mikse og brenne det ut.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
-"id=\"0\"/> Og i Brasil har kulturministeren, Gilberto Gil, i seg selv en "
-"folkehelt i brasiliansk musikk, slått seg sammen med Creative Commons for å "
-"gi ut innhold og frie lisenser i dette latinamerikanske landet.<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Jeg har fortalt en mørk historie. Sannheten "
-"er mer blandet. En teknologi har gitt oss mer frihet. Sakte begynner noen "
-"å forstå at denne friheten trenger ikke å bety anarki. Vi kan få med oss "
-"fri kultur inn i det tjueførste århundre, uten at artister taper og uten at "
-"potensialet for digital teknologi blir knust. Det vil kreve omtanke, og "
-"viktigere, det vil kreve at noen omforme RCAene av i dag til Causbyere."
+"bygge opp et <quote>kreativt arkiv</quote> som britiske borgere kan laste "
+"ned BBC-innhold fra, og rippe, mikse og brenne det ut.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Og i Brasil har kulturministeren, Gilberto Gil, i "
+"seg selv en folkehelt i brasiliansk musikk, slått seg sammen med Creative "
+"Commons for å gi ut innhold og frie lisenser i dette latinamerikanske landet."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Jeg har fortalt en mørk "
+"historie. Sannheten er mer blandet. En teknologi har gitt oss mer frihet. "
+"Sakte begynner noen å forstå at denne friheten trenger ikke å bety anarki. "
+"Vi kan få med oss fri kultur inn i det tjueførste århundre, uten at artister "
+"taper og uten at potensialet for digital teknologi blir knust. Det vil "
+"kreve omtanke, og viktigere, det vil kreve at noen omforme RCAene av i dag "
+"til Causbyere."
#. PAGE BREAK 279
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgstr ""
"Derfor, i 1984, startet Stallmann på et prosjekt for å bygge et fritt "
"operativsystem, slik i hvert fall en flik av fri programvare skulle "
-"overleve. Dette var starten på GNU-prosjektet, som <quote>Linux</quote>-kjernen til "
-"Linus Torvalds senere ble lagt til i for å produsere GNU/Linux-"
+"overleve. Dette var starten på GNU-prosjektet, som <quote>Linux</quote>-"
+"kjernen til Linus Torvalds senere ble lagt til i for å produsere GNU/Linux-"
"operativsystemet. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder "
"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
"(25 January 2003): 15, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/"
"notes/\">link #74</ulink>."
msgstr ""
-"<quote>A Radical Rethink</quote>, <citetitle>Economist</citetitle>, 366:8308 (25. "
-"januar 2003): 15, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/"
-"\">link #74</ulink>."
+"<quote>A Radical Rethink</quote>, <citetitle>Economist</citetitle>, 366:8308 "
+"(25. januar 2003): 15, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/"
+"notes/\">link #74</ulink>."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"<emphasis>Gjør det enkelt:</emphasis> Skillelinjen mellom verker uten "
"opphavsrettslig vern og innhold som er beskyttet må forbli klart. Advokater "
-"liker uklarheten som <quote>rimelig bruk</quote> og forskjellen mellom <quote>idéer</quote> og "
-"<quote>uttrykk</quote> har. Denne type lovverk gir dem en masse arbeid. Men de som "
-"skrev grunnloven hadde en enklere idé: vernet versus ikke vernet. Verdien av "
-"korte vernetider er at det er lite behov for å bygge inn unntak i "
-"opphavsretten når vernetiden holdes kort. En klar og aktiv <quote>advokat-fri "
-"sone</quote> gjør komplesiteten av <quote>rimelig bruk</quote> og <quote>idé/uttrykk</quote> mindre "
-"nødvendig å håndtere."
+"liker uklarheten som <quote>rimelig bruk</quote> og forskjellen mellom "
+"<quote>idéer</quote> og <quote>uttrykk</quote> har. Denne type lovverk gir "
+"dem en masse arbeid. Men de som skrev grunnloven hadde en enklere idé: "
+"vernet versus ikke vernet. Verdien av korte vernetider er at det er lite "
+"behov for å bygge inn unntak i opphavsretten når vernetiden holdes kort. En "
+"klar og aktiv <quote>advokat-fri sone</quote> gjør komplesiteten av "
+"<quote>rimelig bruk</quote> og <quote>idé/uttrykk</quote> mindre nødvendig å "
+"håndtere."
#. f4.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para>
"<quote>radical</quote> can it be to ask for a more generous copyright law "
"than Richard Nixon presided over?"
msgstr ""
-"Uten tvil vil ekstremistene kalle disse idéene <quote>radikale</quote>. (Tross alt, så "
-"kaller jeg dem <quote>ekstremister</quote>.) Men igjen, vernetiden jeg anbefalte var "
-"lengre enn vernetiden under Richard Nixon. hvor <quote>radikalt</quote> kan det være å "
-"be om en mer sjenerøs opphavsrettighet enn da Richard Nixon var president?"
+"Uten tvil vil ekstremistene kalle disse idéene <quote>radikale</quote>. "
+"(Tross alt, så kaller jeg dem <quote>ekstremister</quote>.) Men igjen, "
+"vernetiden jeg anbefalte var lengre enn vernetiden under Richard Nixon. hvor "
+"<quote>radikalt</quote> kan det være å be om en mer sjenerøs "
+"opphavsrettighet enn da Richard Nixon var president?"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
msgid "3. Free Use Vs. Fair Use"
"Newsletter, 3 April 2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/"
"notes/\">link #76</ulink>."
msgstr ""
-"For eksempel, se, <quote>Music Media Watch</quote>, The J@pan Inc. Newsletter, 3 April "
-"2002, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
-"#76</ulink>."
+"For eksempel, se, <quote>Music Media Watch</quote>, The J@pan Inc. "
+"Newsletter, 3 April 2002, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture."
+"cc/notes/\">link #76</ulink>."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
-"William Fisher, <citetitle>Digital Music: Problems and Possibilities</"
-"citetitle> (last revised: 10 October 2000), available at <ulink url=\"http://"
-"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #77</ulink>; William Fisher, "
-"<citetitle>Promises to Keep: Technology, Law, and the Future of "
-"Entertainment</citetitle> (forthcoming) (Stanford: Stanford University "
-"Press, 2004), ch. 6, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/"
-"\">link #78</ulink>. Professor Netanel has proposed a related idea that "
-"would exempt noncommercial sharing from the reach of copyright and would "
-"establish compensation to artists to balance any loss. See Neil Weinstock "
-"Netanel, <quote>Impose a Noncommercial Use Levy to Allow Free P2P File "
-"Sharing,</quote> available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/"
-"\">link #79</ulink>. For other proposals, see Lawrence Lessig, <quote>Who's "
-"Holding Back Broadband?</quote> <citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, 8 "
-"January 2002, A17; Philip S. Corwin on behalf of Sharman Networks, A Letter "
-"to Senator Joseph R. Biden, Jr., Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations "
-"Committee, 26 February 2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture."
-"cc/notes/\">link #80</ulink>; Serguei Osokine, <citetitle>A Quick Case for "
-"Intellectual Property Use Fee (IPUF)</citetitle>, 3 March 2002, available at "
-"<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #81</ulink>; Jefferson "
-"Graham, <quote>Kazaa, Verizon Propose to Pay Artists Directly,</quote> "
-"<citetitle>USA Today</citetitle>, 13 May 2002, available at <ulink url="
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> William Fisher, "
+"<citetitle>Digital Music: Problems and Possibilities</citetitle> (last "
+"revised: 10 October 2000), available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/"
+"notes/\">link #77</ulink>; William Fisher, <citetitle>Promises to Keep: "
+"Technology, Law, and the Future of Entertainment</citetitle> (forthcoming) "
+"(Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004), ch. 6, available at <ulink url="
+"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #78</ulink>. Professor Netanel has "
+"proposed a related idea that would exempt noncommercial sharing from the "
+"reach of copyright and would establish compensation to artists to balance "
+"any loss. See Neil Weinstock Netanel, <quote>Impose a Noncommercial Use Levy "
+"to Allow Free P2P File Sharing,</quote> available at <ulink url=\"http://"
+"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #79</ulink>. For other proposals, see Lawrence "
+"Lessig, <quote>Who's Holding Back Broadband?</quote> <citetitle>Washington "
+"Post</citetitle>, 8 January 2002, A17; Philip S. Corwin on behalf of Sharman "
+"Networks, A Letter to Senator Joseph R. Biden, Jr., Chairman of the Senate "
+"Foreign Relations Committee, 26 February 2002, available at <ulink url="
+"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #80</ulink>; Serguei Osokine, "
+"<citetitle>A Quick Case for Intellectual Property Use Fee (IPUF)</"
+"citetitle>, 3 March 2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/"
+"notes/\">link #81</ulink>; Jefferson Graham, <quote>Kazaa, Verizon Propose "
+"to Pay Artists Directly,</quote> <citetitle>USA Today</citetitle>, 13 May "
+"2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #82</"
+"ulink>; Steven M. Cherry, <quote>Getting Copyright Right,</quote> IEEE "
+"Spectrum Online, 1 July 2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture."
+"cc/notes/\">link #83</ulink>; Declan McCullagh, <quote>Verizon's Copyright "
+"Campaign,</quote> CNET News.com, 27 August 2002, available at <ulink url="
+"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #84</ulink>. Fisher's proposal is "
+"very similar to Richard Stallman's proposal for DAT. Unlike Fisher's, "
+"Stallman's proposal would not pay artists directly proportionally, though "
+"more popular artists would get more than the less popular. As is typical "
+"with Stallman, his proposal predates the current debate by about a decade. "
+"See <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #85</ulink>. "
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
+"id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> William Fisher, "
+"<citetitle>Digital Music: Problems and Possibilities</citetitle> (sist "
+"revidert: 10. oktober 2000), tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-"
+"culture.cc/notes/\">link #77</ulink>; William Fisher, <citetitle>Promises to "
+"Keep: Technology, Law, and the Future of Entertainment</citetitle> (kommer) "
+"(Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004), kap. 6, tilgjengelig fra <ulink "
+"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #78</ulink>. Professor Netanel "
+"har foreslått en relatert idé som ville gjøre at opphavsretten ikke gjelder "
+"ikke-kommersiell deling fra og ville etablere kompenasjon til kunstnere for "
+"å balansere eventuelle tap. Se Neil Weinstock Netanel, <quote>Impose a "
+"Noncommercial Use Levy to Allow Free P2P File Sharing</quote>, tilgjengelig "
+"fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #79</ulink>. For andre "
+"forslag, se Lawrence Lessig, <quote>Who's Holding Back Broadband?</quote> "
+"<citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, 8. january 2002, A17; Philip S. "
+"Corwin på vegne av Sharman Networks, Et brev til Senator Joseph R. Biden, "
+"Jr., leder i the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, 26. februar. 2002, "
+"tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #80</"
+"ulink>; Serguei Osokine, <citetitle>A Quick Case for Intellectual Property "
+"Use Fee (IPUF)</citetitle>, 3. mars 2002, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url="
+"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #81</ulink>; Jefferson Graham, "
+"<quote>Kazaa, Verizon Propose to Pay Artists Directly</quote>, "
+"<citetitle>USA Today</citetitle>, 13. mai 2002, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url="
"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #82</ulink>; Steven M. Cherry, "
-"<quote>Getting Copyright Right,</quote> IEEE Spectrum Online, 1 July 2002, "
-"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #83</ulink>; "
-"Declan McCullagh, <quote>Verizon's Copyright Campaign,</quote> CNET News."
-"com, 27 August 2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/"
-"\">link #84</ulink>. Fisher's proposal is very similar to Richard "
-"Stallman's proposal for DAT. Unlike Fisher's, Stallman's proposal would not "
-"pay artists directly proportionally, though more popular artists would get "
-"more than the less popular. As is typical with Stallman, his proposal "
-"predates the current debate by about a decade. See <ulink url=\"http://free-"
-"culture.cc/notes/\">link #85</ulink>. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id="
-"\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type="
-"\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>"
-msgstr ""
-"William Fisher, <citetitle>Digital Music: Problems and Possibilities</"
-"citetitle> (sist revidert: 10. oktober 2000), tilgjengelig fra <ulink url="
-"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #77</ulink>; William Fisher, "
-"<citetitle>Promises to Keep: Technology, Law, and the Future of "
-"Entertainment</citetitle> (kommer) (Stanford: Stanford University Press, "
-"2004), kap. 6, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/"
-"\">link #78</ulink>. Professor Netanel har foreslått en relatert idé som "
-"ville gjøre at opphavsretten ikke gjelder ikke-kommersiell deling fra og "
-"ville etablere kompenasjon til kunstnere for å balansere eventuelle tap. Se "
-"Neil Weinstock Netanel, <quote>Impose a Noncommercial Use Levy to Allow Free P2P "
-"File Sharing</quote>, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/"
-"\">link #79</ulink>. For andre forslag, se Lawrence Lessig, <quote>Who's Holding "
-"Back Broadband?</quote> <citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, 8. january 2002, "
-"A17; Philip S. Corwin på vegne av Sharman Networks, Et brev til Senator "
-"Joseph R. Biden, Jr., leder i the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, 26. "
-"februar. 2002, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/"
-"\">link #80</ulink>; Serguei Osokine, <citetitle>A Quick Case for "
-"Intellectual Property Use Fee (IPUF)</citetitle>, 3. mars 2002, tilgjengelig "
-"fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #81</ulink>; Jefferson "
-"Graham, <quote>Kazaa, Verizon Propose to Pay Artists Directly</quote>, <citetitle>USA "
-"Today</citetitle>, 13. mai 2002, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-"
-"culture.cc/notes/\">link #82</ulink>; Steven M. Cherry, <quote>Getting Copyright "
-"Right</quote>, IEEE Spectrum Online, 1. juli 2002, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url="
-"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #83</ulink>; Declan McCullagh, "
-"<quote>Verizon's Copyright Campaign</quote>, CNET News.com, 27. august 2002, "
-"tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #84</"
-"ulink>. Forslaget fra Fisher er ganske likt forslaget til Richard Stallman "
-"når det gjelder DAT. I motsetning til Fishers forslag, ville Stallmanns "
-"forslag ikke betale kunstnere proposjonalt, selv om mer populære artister "
-"ville få mer betalt enn mindre populære. Slik det er typisk med Stallman, "
-"la han fram sitt forslag omtrent ti år før dagens debatt. Se <ulink url="
-"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #85</ulink>. <placeholder type="
-"\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> "
-"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>"
+"<quote>Getting Copyright Right</quote>, IEEE Spectrum Online, 1. juli 2002, "
+"tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #83</"
+"ulink>; Declan McCullagh, <quote>Verizon's Copyright Campaign</quote>, CNET "
+"News.com, 27. august 2002, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture."
+"cc/notes/\">link #84</ulink>. Forslaget fra Fisher er ganske likt forslaget "
+"til Richard Stallman når det gjelder DAT. I motsetning til Fishers forslag, "
+"ville Stallmanns forslag ikke betale kunstnere proposjonalt, selv om mer "
+"populære artister ville få mer betalt enn mindre populære. Slik det er "
+"typisk med Stallman, la han fram sitt forslag omtrent ti år før dagens "
+"debatt. Se <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #85</ulink>. "
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
+"id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/>"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"of consumers continue to <quote>take</quote> content for nothing? Should the "
"law do something then?"
msgstr ""
-"Men hva om <quote>piratvirksomheten</quote> ikke forsvinner? Hva om det finnes et "
-"konkurranseutsatt marked som tilbyr innhold til en lav kostnad, men et "
-"signifikant antall av forbrukere fortsetter å <quote>ta</quote> innhold uten å betale? "
-"Burde loven gjøre noe da?"
+"Men hva om <quote>piratvirksomheten</quote> ikke forsvinner? Hva om det "
+"finnes et konkurranseutsatt marked som tilbyr innhold til en lav kostnad, "
+"men et signifikant antall av forbrukere fortsetter å <quote>ta</quote> "
+"innhold uten å betale? Burde loven gjøre noe da?"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Nimmer Memorial Lecture), <citetitle>UCLA Law Review</citetitle> 48 (2001): "
"1057, 1069–70."
msgstr ""
-"Lawrence Lessig, <quote>Copyright's First Amendment</quote> (Melville B. Nimmer "
-"Memorial Lecture), <citetitle>UCLA law Review</citetitle> 48 (2001): 1057, "
-"1069–70."
+"Lawrence Lessig, <quote>Copyright's First Amendment</quote> (Melville B. "
+"Nimmer Memorial Lecture), <citetitle>UCLA law Review</citetitle> 48 (2001): "
+"1057, 1069–70."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"practitioner in the field of copyright, Melville Nimmer, thought it obvious."
"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-"Indisiene for slik bøyning er overbevisene. Jeg er angrepet som en <quote>radikal"
-"</quote> av mange innenfor yrket, og likevel er meningene jeg argumenterer for "
-"nøyaktig de meningene til mange av de mest moderate og betydningsfulle "
-"personene i historien til denne delen av loven. Mange trodde for eksempel at "
-"vår utfordring til lovforslaget om å utvide opphavsrettens vernetid var "
-"galskap. Mens bare tredve år siden mente den dominerende foreleser og "
-"utøver i opphavsrettsfeltet, Melville Nimmer, at den var åpenbar."
-"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"Indisiene for slik bøyning er overbevisene. Jeg er angrepet som en "
+"<quote>radikal</quote> av mange innenfor yrket, og likevel er meningene jeg "
+"argumenterer for nøyaktig de meningene til mange av de mest moderate og "
+"betydningsfulle personene i historien til denne delen av loven. Mange trodde "
+"for eksempel at vår utfordring til lovforslaget om å utvide opphavsrettens "
+"vernetid var galskap. Mens bare tredve år siden mente den dominerende "
+"foreleser og utøver i opphavsrettsfeltet, Melville Nimmer, at den var "
+"
åpenbar.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"på nytt. Sammenlign Stan J. Liebowitz, <citetitle>Rethinking the Network "
"Economy: The True Forces That Drive the Digital Marketplace</citetitle> (New "
"York: Amacom, 2002), (gikk igjennom hans originale syn men uttrykte skepsis) "
-"med Stan J. Liebowitz, <quote>Will MP3s Annihilate the Record Industry?</quote> "
-"artikkelutkast, juni 2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture."
-"cc/notes/\">link #86</ulink>. Den nøye analysen til Liebowitz er ekstremt "
-"verdifull i sin estimering av effekten av fildelingsteknologi. Etter mitt "
-"syn underestimerer han forøvrig kostnaden til det juridiske system. Se, for "
-"eksempel, <citetitle>Rethinking</citetitle>, 174–76. <placeholder "
-"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"med Stan J. Liebowitz, <quote>Will MP3s Annihilate the Record Industry?</"
+"quote> artikkelutkast, juni 2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-"
+"culture.cc/notes/\">link #86</ulink>. Den nøye analysen til Liebowitz er "
+"ekstremt verdifull i sin estimering av effekten av fildelingsteknologi. "
+"Etter mitt syn underestimerer han forøvrig kostnaden til det juridiske "
+"system. Se, for eksempel, <citetitle>Rethinking</citetitle>, 174–76. "
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-08-10 22:14+0300\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-08-11 17:19+0300\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
"Last-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL@ADDRESS>\n"
"Language-Team: LANGUAGE <LL@li.org>\n"
msgstr ""
#. type: Attribute 'lang' of: <book>
-#: freeculture.xml:18
+#: freeculture.xml:15
msgid "en"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:20
+#: freeculture.xml:17
msgid "Free Culture"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo>
-#: freeculture.xml:22
+#: freeculture.xml:19
msgid "<abbrev>\"freeculture\"</abbrev>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:24 freeculture.xml:180
+#: freeculture.xml:21 freeculture.xml:177
msgid ""
"HOW BIG MEDIA USES TECHNOLOGY AND THE LAW TO LOCK DOWN CULTURE AND CONTROL "
"CREATIVITY"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo>
-#: freeculture.xml:27
+#: freeculture.xml:24
msgid "<pubdate>2004-03-25</pubdate>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><releaseinfo>
-#: freeculture.xml:29
+#: freeculture.xml:26
msgid "Version 2004-02-10"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><authorgroup><author><firstname>
-#: freeculture.xml:33
+#: freeculture.xml:30
msgid "Lawrence"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><authorgroup><author><surname>
-#: freeculture.xml:34
+#: freeculture.xml:31
msgid "Lessig"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><subjectset><subject><subjectterm>
-#: freeculture.xml:43
+#: freeculture.xml:40
msgid "Intellectual property—United States."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><subjectset><subject><subjectterm>
-#: freeculture.xml:46
+#: freeculture.xml:43
msgid "Mass media—United States."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><subjectset><subject><subjectterm>
-#: freeculture.xml:49
+#: freeculture.xml:46
msgid "Technological innovations—United States."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><subjectset><subject><subjectterm>
-#: freeculture.xml:52
+#: freeculture.xml:49
msgid "Art—United States."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><publisher><address>
-#: freeculture.xml:59
+#: freeculture.xml:56
#, no-wrap
msgid "<city>New York</city>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo>
-#: freeculture.xml:57
+#: freeculture.xml:54
msgid ""
"<publisher> <publishername>The Penguin Press</publishername> <placeholder "
"type=\"address\" id=\"0\"/> </publisher> <copyright> <year>2004</year> "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><legalnotice><para><inlinemediaobject>
-#: freeculture.xml:69
+#: freeculture.xml:66
msgid ""
"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=\"images/cc.png\" contentdepth=\"3em\" "
"width=\"100%\" align=\"center\"/> </imageobject> <imageobject> <imagedata "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><legalnotice><para><inlinemediaobject><textobject><phrase>
-#: freeculture.xml:76
+#: freeculture.xml:73
msgid "Creative Commons, Some rights reserved"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><legalnotice><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:68
+#: freeculture.xml:65
msgid "<placeholder type=\"inlinemediaobject\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><legalnotice><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:82
+#: freeculture.xml:79
msgid ""
"This version of <citetitle>Free Culture</citetitle> is licensed under a "
"Creative Commons license. This license permits non-commercial use of this "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><abstract><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:91
+#: freeculture.xml:88
msgid "ABOUT THE AUTHOR"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><abstract><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:93
+#: freeculture.xml:90
msgid ""
"LAWRENCE LESSIG (<ulink "
"url=\"http://www.lessig.org\">http://www.lessig.org</ulink>), professor of "
#. </imageobject>
#
#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><mediaobject>
-#: freeculture.xml:114
+#: freeculture.xml:111
msgid ""
"<imageobject remap=\"lrg\" role=\"front-large\"> <imagedata "
"fileref=\"images/cover.png\" format=\"PNG\" width=\"444\" /> </imageobject>"
#. http://catalog.loc.gov/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?v3=1&DB=local&CMD=010a+2003063276&CNT=10+records+per+page
#.
#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo>
-#: freeculture.xml:112
+#: freeculture.xml:109
msgid ""
" <placeholder type=\"mediaobject\" id=\"0\"/> <biblioid "
"class=\"isbn\">1-59420-006-8</biblioid> <biblioid "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:142
+#: freeculture.xml:139
msgid "You can buy a copy of this book by clicking on one of the links below:"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:145
+#: freeculture.xml:142
msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.amazon.com/\">Amazon</ulink>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:146
+#: freeculture.xml:143
msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.barnesandnoble.com/\">B&N</ulink>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:147
+#: freeculture.xml:144
msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.penguin.com/\">Penguin</ulink>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:156
+#: freeculture.xml:153
msgid "ALSO BY LAWRENCE LESSIG"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:159
+#: freeculture.xml:156
msgid "The Future of Ideas: The Fate of the Commons in a Connected World"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:162
+#: freeculture.xml:159
msgid "Code: And Other Laws of Cyberspace"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:169
+#: freeculture.xml:166
msgid "THE PENGUIN PRESS, NEW YORK"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:176
+#: freeculture.xml:173
msgid "FREE CULTURE"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:186
+#: freeculture.xml:183
msgid "LAWRENCE LESSIG"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:192
+#: freeculture.xml:189
msgid ""
"THE PENGUIN PRESS, a member of Penguin Group (USA) Inc. 375 Hudson Street "
"New York, New York"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:196
+#: freeculture.xml:193
msgid "Copyright © Lawrence Lessig. All rights reserved."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:199
+#: freeculture.xml:196
msgid ""
"Excerpt from an editorial titled <quote>The Coming of Copyright "
"Perpetuity,</quote> <citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle>, January 16, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:204
+#: freeculture.xml:201
msgid ""
"Cartoon in <xref linkend=\"fig-1711\"/> by Paul Conrad, copyright Tribune "
"Media Services, Inc. All rights reserved. Reprinted with permission."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:208
+#: freeculture.xml:205
msgid ""
"Diagram in <xref linkend=\"fig-1761\"/> courtesy of the office of FCC "
"Commissioner, Michael J. Copps."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:212
+#: freeculture.xml:209
msgid "Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:215
+#: freeculture.xml:212
msgid ""
"Lessig, Lawrence. Free culture : how big media uses technology and the law "
"to lock down culture and control creativity / Lawrence Lessig."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:220
+#: freeculture.xml:217
msgid "p. cm."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:223
+#: freeculture.xml:220
msgid "Includes index."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:226
+#: freeculture.xml:223
msgid "ISBN 1-59420-006-8 (hardcover)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:230
+#: freeculture.xml:227
msgid ""
"1. Intellectual property—United States. 2. Mass media—United "
"States."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:233
+#: freeculture.xml:230
msgid ""
"3. Technological innovations—United States. 4. Art—United "
"States. I. Title."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:236
+#: freeculture.xml:233
msgid "KF2979.L47"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:239
+#: freeculture.xml:236
msgid "343.7309'9—dc22"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:242
+#: freeculture.xml:239
msgid "This book is printed on acid-free paper."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:245
+#: freeculture.xml:242
msgid "Printed in the United States of America"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:248
+#: freeculture.xml:245
msgid "1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:251
+#: freeculture.xml:248
msgid "Designed by Marysarah Quinn"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:255
+#: freeculture.xml:252
msgid "&translationblock;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:259
+#: freeculture.xml:256
msgid ""
"Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this "
"publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:267
+#: freeculture.xml:264
msgid ""
"The scanning, uploading, and distribution of this book via the Internet or "
"via any other means without the permission of the publisher is illegal and "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:279
+#: freeculture.xml:276
msgid ""
"To Eric Eldred—whose work first drew me to this cause, and for whom it "
"continues still."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><lot><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:287
+#: freeculture.xml:284
msgid "List of figures"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><preface><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:349
+#: freeculture.xml:346
msgid "PREFACE"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><preface><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:351
+#: freeculture.xml:348
msgid "Pogue, David"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:354
+#: freeculture.xml:351
msgid ""
"<emphasis role=\"bold\">At the end</emphasis> of his review of my first "
"book, <citetitle>Code: And Other Laws of Cyberspace</citetitle>, David "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><preface><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:365
+#: freeculture.xml:362
msgid ""
"David Pogue, <quote>Don't Just Chat, Do Something,</quote> <citetitle>New "
"York Times</citetitle>, 30 January 2000."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><preface><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:361
+#: freeculture.xml:358
msgid ""
"Unlike actual law, Internet software has no capacity to punish. It doesn't "
"affect people who aren't online (and only a tiny minority of the world "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:370
+#: freeculture.xml:367
msgid ""
"Pogue was skeptical of the core argument of the book—that software, or "
"<quote>code,</quote> functioned as a kind of law—and his review "
#. PAGE BREAK 12
#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:379
+#: freeculture.xml:376
msgid ""
"Pogue might have been right in 1999—I'm skeptical, but maybe. But "
"even if he was right then, the point is not right now: <citetitle>Free "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:390
+#: freeculture.xml:387
msgid ""
"But unlike <citetitle>Code</citetitle>, the argument here is not much about "
"the Internet itself. It is instead about the consequence of the Internet to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:402
+#: freeculture.xml:399
msgid ""
"Richard M. Stallman, <citetitle>Free Software, Free Societies</citetitle> 57 "
"(Joshua Gay, ed. 2002)."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:397
+#: freeculture.xml:394
msgid ""
"That tradition is the way our culture gets made. As I explain in the pages "
"that follow, we come from a tradition of <quote>free "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:417
+#: freeculture.xml:414
msgid ""
"If we understood this change, I believe we would resist it. Not "
"<quote>we</quote> on the Left or <quote>you</quote> on the Right, but we who "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:425 freeculture.xml:12932
+#: freeculture.xml:422 freeculture.xml:13024
msgid "CodePink Women in Peace"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:436 freeculture.xml:446 freeculture.xml:12945
+#: freeculture.xml:433 freeculture.xml:443 freeculture.xml:13037
msgid "Safire, William"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:427
+#: freeculture.xml:424
msgid ""
"We saw a glimpse of this bipartisan outrage in the early summer of 2003. As "
"the FCC considered changes in media ownership rules that would relax limits "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><preface><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:444
+#: freeculture.xml:441
msgid ""
"William Safire, <quote>The Great Media Gulp,</quote> <citetitle>New York "
"Times</citetitle>, 22 May 2003. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><preface><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:440
+#: freeculture.xml:437
msgid ""
"Does that sound unconservative? Not to me. The concentration of "
"power—political, corporate, media, cultural—should be anathema "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:451
+#: freeculture.xml:448
msgid ""
"This idea is an element of the argument of <citetitle>Free "
"Culture</citetitle>, though my focus is not just on the concentration of "
#. PAGE BREAK 14
#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:467
+#: freeculture.xml:464
msgid ""
"I accept that criticism, if indeed it is a criticism. The work of a lawyer "
"is always derivative, and I mean to do nothing more in this book than to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:485
+#: freeculture.xml:482
msgid ""
"Instead, the free culture that I defend in this book is a balance between "
"anarchy and control. A free culture, like a free market, is filled with "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:500
+#: freeculture.xml:497
msgid "INTRODUCTION"
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:499
+msgid "air traffic, land ownership vs."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:502 freeculture.xml:14010
+msgid "land ownership, air traffic and"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:505 freeculture.xml:14012
+msgid "property rights"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#: freeculture.xml:506 freeculture.xml:14013
+msgid "air traffic vs."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:508 freeculture.xml:604 freeculture.xml:1032
+msgid "Wright brothers"
+msgstr ""
+
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:502
+#: freeculture.xml:510
msgid ""
"On December 17, 1903, on a windy North Carolina beach for just shy of one "
"hundred seconds, the Wright brothers demonstrated that a heavier-than-air, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:514
+#: freeculture.xml:522
msgid ""
"St. George Tucker, <citetitle>Blackstone's Commentaries</citetitle> 3 (South "
"Hackensack, N.J.: Rothman Reprints, 1969), 18."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:510
+#: freeculture.xml:518
msgid ""
"At the time the Wright brothers invented the airplane, American law held "
"that a property owner presumptively owned not just the surface of his land, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:523
+#: freeculture.xml:531
msgid ""
"Then came airplanes, and for the first time, this principle of American "
"law—deep within the foundations of our tradition, and acknowledged by "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:531 freeculture.xml:544 freeculture.xml:575 freeculture.xml:594 freeculture.xml:997 freeculture.xml:1014 freeculture.xml:1060 freeculture.xml:8915 freeculture.xml:12313 freeculture.xml:13036
+#: freeculture.xml:539 freeculture.xml:552 freeculture.xml:583 freeculture.xml:602 freeculture.xml:1013 freeculture.xml:1030 freeculture.xml:1077 freeculture.xml:8977 freeculture.xml:12405 freeculture.xml:13128
msgid "Causby, Thomas Lee"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:532 freeculture.xml:545 freeculture.xml:576 freeculture.xml:595 freeculture.xml:998 freeculture.xml:1015 freeculture.xml:1061 freeculture.xml:8916 freeculture.xml:12314 freeculture.xml:13037
+#: freeculture.xml:540 freeculture.xml:553 freeculture.xml:584 freeculture.xml:603 freeculture.xml:1014 freeculture.xml:1031 freeculture.xml:1078 freeculture.xml:8978 freeculture.xml:12406 freeculture.xml:13129
msgid "Causby, Tinie"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:534
+#: freeculture.xml:542
msgid ""
"In 1945, these questions became a federal case. When North Carolina farmers "
"Thomas Lee and Tinie Causby started losing chickens because of low-flying "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:547
+#: freeculture.xml:555
msgid ""
"The Supreme Court agreed to hear the Causbys' case. Congress had declared "
"the airways public, but if one's property really extended to the heavens, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:567
+#: freeculture.xml:575
msgid ""
"United States v. Causby, U.S. 328 (1946): 256, 261. The Court did find that "
"there could be a <quote>taking</quote> if the government's use of its land "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:558
+#: freeculture.xml:566
msgid ""
"[The] doctrine has no place in the modern world. The air is a public "
"highway, as Congress has declared. Were that not true, every "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:581
+#: freeculture.xml:589
msgid "<quote>Common sense revolts at the idea.</quote>"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 18
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:584
+#: freeculture.xml:592
msgid ""
"This is how the law usually works. Not often this abruptly or impatiently, "
"but eventually, this is how it works. It was Douglas's style not to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:597
+#: freeculture.xml:606
msgid ""
"Or at least, this is how things happen when there's no one powerful on the "
"other side of the change. The Causbys were just farmers. And though there "
"defeat an obvious public gain."
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:627 freeculture.xml:8985 freeculture.xml:9630
+msgid "Armstrong, Edwin Howard"
+msgstr ""
+
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:626
+#: freeculture.xml:641
msgid "Bell, Alexander Graham"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:627
+#: freeculture.xml:642
msgid "Edison, Thomas"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:628
+#: freeculture.xml:643
msgid "Faraday, Michael"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:615
-msgid ""
-"Edwin Howard Armstrong is one of America's forgotten inventor geniuses. He "
-"came to the great American inventor scene just after the titans Thomas "
-"Edison and Alexander Graham Bell. But his work in the area of radio "
-"technology was perhaps the most important of any single inventor in the "
-"first fifty years of radio. He was better educated than Michael Faraday, who "
-"as a bookbinder's apprentice had discovered electric induction in 1831. But "
-"he had the same intuition about how the world of radio worked, and on at "
-"least three occasions, Armstrong invented profoundly important technologies "
-"that advanced our understanding of radio. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
-"
id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder "
-"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>"
+#: freeculture.xml:630
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>Edwin Howard Armstrong</emphasis> is one of "
+"America's forgotten inventor geniuses. He came to the great American "
+"inventor scene just after the titans Thomas Edison and Alexander Graham "
+"Bell. But his work in the area of radio technology was perhaps the most "
+"important of any single inventor in the first fifty years of radio. He was "
+"better educated than Michael Faraday, who as a bookbinder's apprentice had "
+"discovered electric induction in 1831. But he had the same intuition about "
+"how the world of radio worked, and on at least three occasions, Armstrong "
+"invented profoundly important technologies that advanced our understanding "
+"
of radio. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder "
+"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:631
+#: freeculture.xml:646
msgid ""
"On the day after Christmas, 1933, four patents were issued to Armstrong for "
"his most significant invention—FM radio. Until then, consumer radio "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:641
+#: freeculture.xml:656
msgid ""
"On November 5, 1935, he demonstrated the technology at a meeting of the "
"Institute of Radio Engineers at the Empire State Building in New York "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:652
+#: freeculture.xml:667
msgid "The audience was hearing something no one had thought possible:"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:663
+#: freeculture.xml:678
msgid ""
"Lawrence Lessing, <citetitle>Man of High Fidelity: Edwin Howard "
"Armstrong</citetitle> (Philadelphia: J. B. Lipincott Company, 1956), 209."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:656
+#: freeculture.xml:671
msgid ""
"A glass of water was poured before the microphone in Yonkers; it sounded "
"like a glass of water being poured. … A paper was crumpled and torn; "
#. PAGE BREAK 20
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:669
+#: freeculture.xml:684
msgid ""
"As our own common sense tells us, Armstrong had discovered a vastly superior "
"radio technology. But at the time of his invention, Armstrong was working "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:683 freeculture.xml:703
+#: freeculture.xml:698 freeculture.xml:718
msgid "Sarnoff, David"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:678
+#: freeculture.xml:693
msgid ""
"RCA's president, David Sarnoff, a friend of Armstrong's, was eager that "
"Armstrong discover a way to remove static from AM radio. So Sarnoff was "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:690
+#: freeculture.xml:705
msgid ""
"See <quote>Saints: The Heroes and Geniuses of the Electronic Era,</quote> "
"First Electronic Church of America, at www.webstationone.com/fecha, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:687
+#: freeculture.xml:702
msgid ""
"I thought Armstrong would invent some kind of a filter to remove static from "
"our AM radio. I didn't think he'd start a revolution— start up a whole "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:699
+#: freeculture.xml:714
msgid ""
"Armstrong's invention threatened RCA's AM empire, so the company launched a "
"campaign to smother FM radio. While FM may have been a superior technology, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:712
+#: freeculture.xml:727
msgid "Lessing, 226."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:707
+#: freeculture.xml:722
msgid ""
"The forces for FM, largely engineering, could not overcome the weight of "
"strategy devised by the sales, patent, and legal offices to subdue this "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:717
+#: freeculture.xml:732
msgid ""
"RCA at first kept the technology in house, insisting that further tests were "
"needed. When, after two years of testing, Armstrong grew impatient, RCA "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:736
+#: freeculture.xml:751
msgid "Lessing, 256."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:732
+#: freeculture.xml:747
msgid ""
"The series of body blows that FM radio received right after the war, in a "
"series of rulings manipulated through the FCC by the big radio interests, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:740
+#: freeculture.xml:755
msgid "AT&T"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:742
+#: freeculture.xml:757
msgid ""
"To make room in the spectrum for RCA's latest gamble, television, FM radio "
"users were to be moved to a totally new spectrum band. The power of FM radio "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:752
+#: freeculture.xml:767
msgid ""
"Armstrong resisted RCA's efforts. In response, RCA resisted Armstrong's "
"patents. After incorporating FM technology into the emerging standard for "
#. PAGE BREAK 22
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:764
+#: freeculture.xml:780
msgid ""
"This is how the law sometimes works. Not often this tragically, and rarely "
"with heroic drama, but sometimes, this is how it works. From the beginning, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:786
+#: freeculture.xml:802
msgid ""
"Amanda Lenhart, <quote>The Ever-Shifting Internet Population: A New Look at "
"Internet Access and the Digital Divide,</quote> Pew Internet and American "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:780
+#: freeculture.xml:796
msgid ""
"There's no single inventor of the Internet. Nor is there any good date upon "
"which to mark its birth. Yet in a very short time, the Internet has become "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:795
+#: freeculture.xml:811
msgid ""
"As the Internet has been integrated into ordinary life, it has changed "
"things. Some of these changes are technical—the Internet has made "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:806
+#: freeculture.xml:822
msgid ""
"Instead, this book is about an effect of the Internet beyond the Internet "
"itself: an effect upon how culture is made. My claim is that the Internet "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:825
+#: freeculture.xml:841
msgid "Barlow, Joel"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:826
+#: freeculture.xml:842
msgid "Webster, Noah"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:815
+#: freeculture.xml:831
msgid ""
"We can glimpse a sense of this change by distinguishing between commercial "
"and noncommercial culture, and by mapping the law's regulation of each. By "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:829
+#: freeculture.xml:845
msgid ""
"At the beginning of our history, and for just about the whole of our "
"tradition, noncommercial culture was essentially unregulated. Of course, if "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:854 freeculture.xml:1882 freeculture.xml:1893
+#: freeculture.xml:870 freeculture.xml:1899 freeculture.xml:1910
msgid "Brandeis, Louis D."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:846
+#: freeculture.xml:862
msgid ""
"This is not the only purpose of copyright, though it is the overwhelmingly "
"primary purpose of the copyright established in the federal constitution. "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:840
+#: freeculture.xml:856
msgid ""
"The focus of the law was on commercial creativity. At first slightly, then "
"quite extensively, the law protected the incentives of creators by granting "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:866 freeculture.xml:9457
+#: freeculture.xml:882 freeculture.xml:9523
msgid "Litman, Jessica"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:864
+#: freeculture.xml:880
msgid ""
"See Jessica Litman, <citetitle>Digital Copyright</citetitle> (New York: "
"Prometheus Books, 2001), ch. 13. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:862
+#: freeculture.xml:878
msgid ""
"This rough divide between the free and the controlled has now been "
"erased.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The Internet has set the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:881
+#: freeculture.xml:897
msgid ""
"This change gets justified as necessary to protect commercial creativity. "
"And indeed, protectionism is precisely its motivation. But the protectionism "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:894
+#: freeculture.xml:910
msgid ""
"For the Internet has unleashed an extraordinary possibility for many to "
"participate in the process of building and cultivating a culture that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:913
+#: freeculture.xml:929
msgid ""
"Yet, as I argue in the pages that follow, that is precisely what is "
"happening in our culture today. These modern-day equivalents of the early "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:930
+#: freeculture.xml:946
msgid ""
"Amy Harmon, <quote>Black Hawk Download: Moving Beyond Music, Pirates Use New "
"Tools to Turn the Net into an Illicit Video Club,</quote> <citetitle>New "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:922
+#: freeculture.xml:938
msgid ""
"It doesn't seem this way to many. The battles over copyright and the "
"Internet seem remote to most. To the few who follow them, they seem mainly "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:939
+#: freeculture.xml:955
msgid ""
"If those really were the choices, then I would be with Jack Valenti and the "
"content industry. I, too, am a believer in property, and especially in the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:947
+#: freeculture.xml:963
msgid ""
"But those simple beliefs mask a much more fundamental question and a much "
"more dramatic change. My fear is that unless we come to see this change, the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:961 freeculture.xml:14307
+#: freeculture.xml:977 freeculture.xml:14409
msgid "Netanel, Neil Weinstock"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:959
+#: freeculture.xml:975
msgid ""
"Neil W. Netanel, <quote>Copyright and a Democratic Civil Society,</quote> "
"<citetitle>Yale Law Journal</citetitle> 106 (1996): 283. <placeholder "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:953
+#: freeculture.xml:969
msgid ""
"These values built a tradition that, for at least the first 180 years of our "
"Republic, guaranteed creators the right to build freely upon their past, and "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:969
+#: freeculture.xml:985
msgid ""
"Yet the law's response to the Internet, when tied to changes in the "
"technology of the Internet itself, has massively increased the effective "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:981
+#: freeculture.xml:997
msgid ""
"The story that follows is about this war. Is it not about the "
"<quote>centrality of technology</quote> to ordinary life. I don't believe in "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:989
+#: freeculture.xml:1005
msgid ""
"It is instead an effort to understand a hopelessly destructive war inspired "
"by the technologies of the Internet but reaching far beyond its code. And by "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1000
+#: freeculture.xml:1016
msgid ""
"Like the Causbys' battle, this war is, in part, about "
"<quote>property.</quote> The property of this war is not as tangible as the "
#. PAGE BREAK 27
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1017
+#: freeculture.xml:1034
msgid ""
"And thus, when geeks and technologists defend their Armstrong or Wright "
"brothers technology, most of us are simply unsympathetic. Common sense does "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1027
+#: freeculture.xml:1044
msgid ""
"My hope is to push this common sense along. I have become increasingly "
"amazed by the power of this idea of intellectual property and, more "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1037
+#: freeculture.xml:1054
msgid ""
"The puzzle is, Why? Is it because we have come to understand a truth about "
"the value and importance of absolute property over ideas and culture? Is it "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1043
+#: freeculture.xml:1060
msgid ""
"Or is it because the idea of absolute property over ideas and culture "
"benefits the RCAs of our time and fits our own unreflective intuitions?"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1047
+#: freeculture.xml:1064
msgid ""
"Is the radical shift away from our tradition of free culture an instance of "
"America correcting a mistake from its past, as we did after a bloody war "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1054
+#: freeculture.xml:1071
msgid ""
"Does common sense lead to the extremes on this question because common sense "
"actually believes in these extremes? Or does common sense stand silent in "
#. PAGE BREAK 28
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1063
+#: freeculture.xml:1080
msgid ""
"I don't mean to be mysterious. My own views are resolved. I believe it was "
"right for common sense to revolt against the extremism of the Causbys. I "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1073
+#: freeculture.xml:1090
msgid ""
"The struggle that rages just now centers on two ideas: <quote>piracy</quote> "
"and <quote>property.</quote> My aim in this book's next two parts is to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1078
+#: freeculture.xml:1095
msgid ""
"My method is not the usual method of an academic. I don't want to plunge you "
"into a complex argument, buttressed with references to obscure French "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1086
+#: freeculture.xml:1103
msgid ""
"The two sections set up the core claim of this book: that while the Internet "
"has indeed produced something fantastic and new, our government, pushed by "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1097
+#: freeculture.xml:1114
msgid ""
"We allow this, I believe, not because it is right, and not because most of "
"us really believe in these changes. We allow it because the interests most "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:1107
+#: freeculture.xml:1124
msgid "<quote>PIRACY</quote>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1111 freeculture.xml:4772
+#: freeculture.xml:1128 freeculture.xml:4807
msgid "Mansfield, William Murray, Lord"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1114
+#: freeculture.xml:1131
msgid ""
"Since the inception of the law regulating creative property, there has been "
"a war against <quote>piracy.</quote> The precise contours of this concept, "
#. f1
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1126
+#: freeculture.xml:1143
msgid ""
"<citetitle>Bach</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Longman</citetitle>, 98 "
"Eng. Rep. 1274 (1777) (Mansfield)."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1122
+#: freeculture.xml:1139
msgid ""
"A person may use the copy by playing it, but he has no right to rob the "
"author of the profit, by multiplying copies and disposing of them for his "
#. PAGE BREAK 31
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1132
+#: freeculture.xml:1149
msgid ""
"Today we are in the middle of another <quote>war</quote> against "
"<quote>piracy.</quote> The Internet has provoked this war. The Internet "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1141
+#: freeculture.xml:1158
msgid ""
"This efficiency does not respect the traditional lines of copyright. The "
"network doesn't discriminate between the sharing of copyrighted and "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1149
+#: freeculture.xml:1166
msgid ""
"The warriors have turned to the courts, to the legislatures, and "
"increasingly to technology to defend their <quote>property</quote> against "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1157
+#: freeculture.xml:1174
msgid ""
"There's no doubt that <quote>piracy</quote> is wrong, and that pirates "
"should be punished. But before we summon the executioners, we should put "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1163
+#: freeculture.xml:1180
msgid "The idea goes something like this:"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1167
+#: freeculture.xml:1184
msgid ""
"Creative work has value; whenever I use, or take, or build upon the creative "
"work of others, I am taking from them something of value. Whenever I take "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1175
+#: freeculture.xml:1192
msgid "Dreyfuss, Rochelle"
msgstr ""
#. f2
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1181
+#: freeculture.xml:1198
msgid ""
"See Rochelle Dreyfuss, <quote>Expressive Genericity: Trademarks as Language "
"in the Pepsi Generation,</quote> <citetitle>Notre Dame Law "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1194 freeculture.xml:6875
+#: freeculture.xml:1211 freeculture.xml:6936
msgid "Zittrain, Jonathan"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1189
+#: freeculture.xml:1206
msgid ""
"Lisa Bannon, <quote>The Birds May Sing, but Campers Can't Unless They Pay "
"Up,</quote> <citetitle>Wall Street Journal</citetitle>, 21 August 1996, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1177
+#: freeculture.xml:1194
msgid ""
"This view runs deep within the current debates. It is what NYU law professor "
"Rochelle Dreyfuss criticizes as the <quote>if value, then right</quote> "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1199
+#: freeculture.xml:1216
msgid "ASCAP"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 32
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1201
+#: freeculture.xml:1218
msgid ""
"This idea is certainly a possible understanding of how creative property "
"should work. It might well be a possible design for a system of law "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1209
+#: freeculture.xml:1226
msgid ""
"Instead, in our tradition, intellectual property is an instrument. It sets "
"the groundwork for a richly creative society but remains subservient to the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1216
+#: freeculture.xml:1233
msgid ""
"The source of this confusion is a distinction that the law no longer takes "
"care to draw—the distinction between republishing someone's work on "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1223
+#: freeculture.xml:1240
msgid ""
"Before the technologies of the Internet, this conflation didn't matter all "
"that much. The technologies of publishing were expensive; that meant the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1230 freeculture.xml:1261
+#: freeculture.xml:1247 freeculture.xml:1278
msgid "Florida, Richard"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1231 freeculture.xml:1262
+#: freeculture.xml:1248 freeculture.xml:1279
msgid "Rise of the Creative Class, The (Florida)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1253
+#: freeculture.xml:1270
msgid ""
"In <citetitle>The Rise of the Creative Class</citetitle> (New York: Basic "
"Books, 2002), Richard Florida documents a shift in the nature of labor "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1233
+#: freeculture.xml:1250
msgid ""
"But with the birth of the Internet, this natural limit to the reach of the "
"law has disappeared. The law controls not just the creativity of commercial "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1268
+#: freeculture.xml:1285
msgid ""
"These burdens make no sense in our tradition. We should begin by "
"understanding that tradition a bit more and by placing in their proper "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:1276
+#: freeculture.xml:1293
msgid "CHAPTER ONE: Creators"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1278
+#: freeculture.xml:1295
msgid "animated cartoons"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1281
+#: freeculture.xml:1298
msgid ""
"In 1928, a cartoon character was born. An early Mickey Mouse made his debut "
"in May of that year, in a silent flop called <citetitle>Plane "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1288
+#: freeculture.xml:1305
msgid ""
"Synchronized sound had been introduced to film a year earlier in the movie "
"<citetitle>The Jazz Singer</citetitle>. That success led Walt Disney to copy "
#. PAGE BREAK 35
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1297
+#: freeculture.xml:1314
msgid ""
"A couple of my boys could read music, and one of them could play a mouth "
"organ. We put them in a room where they could not see the screen and "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1304
+#: freeculture.xml:1321
msgid ""
"The boys worked from a music and sound-effects score. After several false "
"starts, sound and action got off with the gun. The mouth organist played the "
#. f1
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1317
+#: freeculture.xml:1334
msgid ""
"Leonard Maltin, <citetitle>Of Mice and Magic: A History of American Animated "
"Cartoons</citetitle> (New York: Penguin Books, 1987), 34–35."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1311
+#: freeculture.xml:1328
msgid ""
"The effect on our little audience was nothing less than electric. They "
"responded almost instinctively to this union of sound and motion. I thought "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1326
+#: freeculture.xml:1343
msgid "Iwerks, Ub"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1323
+#: freeculture.xml:1340
msgid ""
"Disney's then partner, and one of animation's most extraordinary talents, Ub "
"Iwerks, put it more strongly: <quote>I have never been so thrilled in my "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1329
+#: freeculture.xml:1346
msgid ""
"Disney had created something very new, based upon something relatively "
"new. Synchronized sound brought life to a form of creativity that had "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1338
+#: freeculture.xml:1355
msgid ""
"This much is familiar. What you might not know is that 1928 also marks "
"another important transition. In that year, a comic (as opposed to cartoon) "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1344
+#: freeculture.xml:1361
msgid ""
"Keaton was born into a vaudeville family in 1895. In the era of silent film, "
"he had mastered using broad physical comedy as a way to spark uncontrollable "
#. f2
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1358
+#: freeculture.xml:1375
msgid ""
"I am grateful to David Gerstein and his careful history, described at <ulink "
"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #4</ulink>. According to Dave "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1352
+#: freeculture.xml:1369
msgid ""
"<citetitle>Steamboat Bill, Jr</citetitle>. appeared before Disney's cartoon "
"Steamboat Willie. The coincidence of titles is not coincidental. Steamboat "
#. f3
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1379
+#: freeculture.xml:1396
msgid ""
"He was also a fan of the public domain. See Chris Sprigman, <quote>The Mouse "
"that Ate the Public Domain,</quote> Findlaw, 5 March 2002, at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1375
+#: freeculture.xml:1392
msgid ""
"This <quote>borrowing</quote> was nothing unique, either for Disney or for "
"the industry. Disney was always parroting the feature-length mainstream "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1394
+#: freeculture.xml:1411
msgid ""
"Sometimes this borrowing was slight. Sometimes it was significant. Think "
"about the fairy tales of the Brothers Grimm. If you're as oblivious as I "
#. PAGE BREAK 37
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1403
+#: freeculture.xml:1420
msgid ""
"Disney took these stories and retold them in a way that carried them into a "
"new age. He animated the stories, with both characters and light. Without "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1426
+#: freeculture.xml:1443
msgid ""
"This is a kind of creativity. It is a creativity that we should remember and "
"celebrate. There are some who would say that there is no creativity except "
#. f4
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1440
+#: freeculture.xml:1457
msgid ""
"Until 1976, copyright law granted an author the possibility of two terms: an "
"initial term and a renewal term. I have calculated the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1434
+#: freeculture.xml:1451
msgid ""
"In 1928, the culture that Disney was free to draw upon was relatively "
"fresh. The public domain in 1928 was not very old and was therefore quite "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1457
+#: freeculture.xml:1474
msgid ""
"At the end of a copyright term, a work passes into the public domain. No "
"permission is then needed to draw upon or use that work. No permission and, "
#. PAGE BREAK 38
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1466
+#: freeculture.xml:1483
msgid ""
"This is the ways things always were—until quite recently. For most of "
"our history, the public domain was just over the horizon. From until 1978, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1479
+#: freeculture.xml:1496
msgid ""
"Of course, Walt Disney had no monopoly on <quote>Walt Disney "
"creativity.</quote> Nor does America. The norm of free culture has, until "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1485
+#: freeculture.xml:1502
msgid ""
"Consider, for example, a form of creativity that seems strange to many "
"Americans but that is inescapable within Japanese culture: "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1494
+#: freeculture.xml:1511
msgid ""
"Americans tend to look down upon this form of culture. That's an "
"unattractive characteristic of ours. We're likely to misunderstand much "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1505
+#: freeculture.xml:1522
msgid ""
"But my purpose here is not to understand manga. It is to describe a variant "
"on manga that from a lawyer's perspective is quite odd, but from a Disney "
#. PAGE BREAK 39
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1510
+#: freeculture.xml:1527
msgid ""
"This is the phenomenon of <citetitle>doujinshi</citetitle>. Doujinshi are "
"also comics, but they are a kind of copycat comic. A rich ethic governs the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1525
+#: freeculture.xml:1542
msgid ""
"These copycat comics are not a tiny part of the manga market. They are "
"huge. More than 33,000 <quote>circles</quote> of creators from across Japan "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1536
+#: freeculture.xml:1553
msgid ""
"The most puzzling feature of the doujinshi market, for those trained in the "
"law, at least, is that it is allowed to exist at all. Under Japanese "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1550
+#: freeculture.xml:1567
msgid "Winick, Judd"
msgstr ""
#. f5
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1563
+#: freeculture.xml:1580
msgid ""
"For an excellent history, see Scott McCloud, <citetitle>Reinventing "
"Comics</citetitle> (New York: Perennial, 2000)."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1553
+#: freeculture.xml:1570
msgid ""
"Yet this illegal market exists and indeed flourishes in Japan, and in the "
"view of many, it is precisely because it exists that Japanese manga "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1568
+#: freeculture.xml:1585
msgid ""
"American comics now are quite different, Winick explains, in part because of "
"the legal difficulty of adapting comics the way doujinshi are "
#. f6
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1585
+#: freeculture.xml:1602
msgid ""
"See Salil K. Mehra, <quote>Copyright and Comics in Japan: Does Law Explain "
"Why All the Comics My Kid Watches Are Japanese Imports?</quote> "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1577
+#: freeculture.xml:1594
msgid ""
"The norm in Japan mitigates this legal difficulty. Some say it is precisely "
"the benefit accruing to the Japanese manga market that explains the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1596
+#: freeculture.xml:1613
msgid ""
"The problem with this story, however, as Mehra plainly acknowledges, is that "
"the mechanism producing this laissez faire response is not clear. It may "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1607
+#: freeculture.xml:1624
msgid ""
"I spent four wonderful months in Japan, and I asked this question as often "
"as I could. Perhaps the best account in the end was offered by a friend from "
#. PAGE BREAK 41
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1614
+#: freeculture.xml:1631
msgid ""
"This is a theme to which we will return: that regulation by law is a "
"function of both the words on the books and the costs of making those words "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1627
+#: freeculture.xml:1644
msgid ""
"If you're like I was a decade ago, or like most people are when they first "
"start thinking about these issues, then just about now you should be puzzled "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1644 freeculture.xml:2847 freeculture.xml:4482 freeculture.xml:4703 freeculture.xml:7260 freeculture.xml:8379
+#: freeculture.xml:1661 freeculture.xml:2870 freeculture.xml:4517 freeculture.xml:4738 freeculture.xml:7321 freeculture.xml:8440
msgid "Vaidhyanathan, Siva"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1637
+#: freeculture.xml:1654
msgid ""
"The term <citetitle>intellectual property</citetitle> is of relatively "
"recent origin. See Siva Vaidhyanathan, <citetitle>Copyrights and "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1632
+#: freeculture.xml:1649
msgid ""
"We live in a world that celebrates <quote>property.</quote> I am one of "
"those celebrants. I believe in the value of property in general, and I also "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1651
+#: freeculture.xml:1668
msgid ""
"But it takes just a second's reflection to realize that there is plenty of "
"value out there that <quote>property</quote> doesn't capture. I don't mean "
#. PAGE BREAK 42
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1666
+#: freeculture.xml:1683
msgid ""
"Thus, even though the things that Disney took—or more generally, the "
"things taken by anyone exercising Walt Disney creativity—are valuable, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1675
+#: freeculture.xml:1692
msgid ""
"The same with the doujinshi culture. If a doujinshi artist broke into a "
"publisher's office and ran off with a thousand copies of his latest "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1683
+#: freeculture.xml:1700
msgid ""
"Yet there is an obvious reluctance, even among Japanese lawyers, to say that "
"the copycat comic artists are <quote>stealing.</quote> This form of Walt "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1689
+#: freeculture.xml:1706
msgid ""
"It's the same with a thousand examples that appear everywhere once you begin "
"to look. Scientists build upon the work of other scientists without asking "
#. PAGE BREAK 43
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1703
+#: freeculture.xml:1720
msgid ""
"Creators here and everywhere are always and at all times building upon the "
"creativity that went before and that surrounds them now. That building is "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1714
+#: freeculture.xml:1731
msgid ""
"The hard question is therefore not <emphasis>whether</emphasis> a culture is "
"free. All cultures are free to some degree. The hard question instead is "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1726
+#: freeculture.xml:1743
msgid ""
"Free cultures are cultures that leave a great deal open for others to build "
"upon; unfree, or permission, cultures leave much less. Ours was a free "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:1734
+#: freeculture.xml:1751
msgid "CHAPTER TWO: <quote>Mere Copyists</quote>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1736
+#: freeculture.xml:1753
msgid "photography"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1746
+#: freeculture.xml:1763
msgid "Daguerre, Louis"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1739
+#: freeculture.xml:1756
msgid ""
"In 1839, Louis Daguerre invented the first practical technology for "
"producing what we would call <quote>photographs.</quote> Appropriately "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1758
+#: freeculture.xml:1775
msgid "Talbot, William"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1749
+#: freeculture.xml:1766
msgid ""
"Yet despite high prices, the demand for daguerreotypes was strong. This "
"pushed inventors to find simpler and cheaper ways to make <quote>automatic "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1761
+#: freeculture.xml:1778
msgid "Eastman, George"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 45
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1764
+#: freeculture.xml:1781
msgid ""
"The technological change that made mass photography possible didn't happen "
"until 1888, and was the creation of a single man. George Eastman, himself an "
#. f1
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1781
+#: freeculture.xml:1798
msgid ""
"Reese V. Jenkins, <citetitle>Images and Enterprise</citetitle> (Baltimore: "
"Johns Hopkins University Press, 1975), 112."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1783
+#: freeculture.xml:1800
msgid "Kodak Primer, The (Eastman)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1776
+#: freeculture.xml:1793
msgid ""
"Eastman developed flexible, emulsion-coated paper film and placed rolls of "
"it in small, simple cameras: the Kodak. The device was marketed on the basis "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1800 freeculture.xml:1823
+#: freeculture.xml:1817 freeculture.xml:1840
msgid "Coe, Brian"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1798
+#: freeculture.xml:1815
msgid ""
"Brian Coe, <citetitle>The Birth of Photography</citetitle> (New York: "
"Taplinger Publishing, 1977), 53. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1787
+#: freeculture.xml:1804
msgid ""
"The principle of the Kodak system is the separation of the work that any "
"person whomsoever can do in making a photograph, from the work that only an "
#. f3
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1816
+#: freeculture.xml:1833
msgid "Jenkins, 177."
msgstr ""
#. f4
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1820
+#: freeculture.xml:1837
msgid "Based on a chart in Jenkins, p. 178."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1805
+#: freeculture.xml:1822
msgid ""
"For $25, anyone could make pictures. The camera came preloaded with film, "
"and when it had been used, the camera was returned to an Eastman factory, "
#. f5
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1838
+#: freeculture.xml:1855
msgid "Coe, 58."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1827
+#: freeculture.xml:1844
msgid ""
"The real significance of Eastman's invention, however, was not economic. It "
"was social. Professional photography gave individuals a glimpse of places "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1842
+#: freeculture.xml:1859
msgid ""
"In this way, the Kodak camera and film were technologies of expression. The "
"pencil or paintbrush was also a technology of expression, of course. But it "
#. f6
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1864
+#: freeculture.xml:1881
msgid ""
"For illustrative cases, see, for example, <citetitle>Pavesich</citetitle> "
"v. <citetitle>N.E. Life Ins. Co</citetitle>., 50 S.E. 68 (Ga. 1905); "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1855
+#: freeculture.xml:1872
msgid ""
"What was required for this technology to flourish? Obviously, Eastman's "
"genius was an important part. But also important was the legal environment "
#. PAGE BREAK 47
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1872
+#: freeculture.xml:1889
msgid ""
"The arguments in favor of requiring permission will sound surprisingly "
"familiar. The photographer was <quote>taking</quote> something from the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1894
+#: freeculture.xml:1911
msgid "Warren, Samuel D."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1891
+#: freeculture.xml:1908
msgid ""
"Samuel D. Warren and Louis D. Brandeis, <quote>The Right to Privacy,</quote> "
"<citetitle>Harvard Law Review</citetitle> 4 (1890): 193. <placeholder "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1884
+#: freeculture.xml:1901
msgid ""
"On the other side was an argument that should be familiar, as well. Sure, "
"there may be something of value being used. But citizens should have the "
#. f8
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1911
+#: freeculture.xml:1928
msgid ""
"See Melville B. Nimmer, <quote>The Right of Publicity,</quote> "
"<citetitle>Law and Contemporary Problems</citetitle> 19 (1954): 203; William "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1901
+#: freeculture.xml:1918
msgid ""
"Fortunately for Mr. Eastman, and for photography in general, these early "
"decisions went in favor of the pirates. In general, no permission would be "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1919
+#: freeculture.xml:1936
msgid ""
"We can only speculate about how photography would have developed had the law "
"gone the other way. If the presumption had been against the photographer, "
#. PAGE BREAK 48
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1936
+#: freeculture.xml:1953
msgid ""
"But though we could imagine this system of permission, it would be very hard "
"to see how photography could have flourished as it did if the requirement "
#. f9
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1969
+#: freeculture.xml:1986
msgid ""
"H. Edward Goldberg, <quote>Essential Presentation Tools: Hardware and "
"Software You Need to Create Digital Multimedia Presentations,</quote> "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1963
+#: freeculture.xml:1980
msgid ""
"These buses are not cheap, but the technology they carry is increasingly "
"so. The cost of a high-quality digital video system has fallen "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1986
+#: freeculture.xml:2003
msgid "Yanofsky, Dave"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1981
+#: freeculture.xml:1998
msgid ""
"<quote>Media literacy,</quote> as Dave Yanofsky, the executive director of "
"Just Think!, puts it, <quote>is the ability … to understand, analyze, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1989
+#: freeculture.xml:2006
msgid ""
"This may seem like an odd way to think about <quote>literacy.</quote> For "
"most people, literacy is about reading and writing. Faulkner and Hemingway "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1994 freeculture.xml:2487 freeculture.xml:6296 freeculture.xml:7125 freeculture.xml:8210 freeculture.xml:8282
+#: freeculture.xml:2011 freeculture.xml:2505 freeculture.xml:6357 freeculture.xml:7186 freeculture.xml:8271 freeculture.xml:8343
msgid "advertising"
msgstr ""
#. f10
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2000
+#: freeculture.xml:2017
msgid ""
"Judith Van Evra, <citetitle>Television and Child Development</citetitle> "
"(Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1990); <quote>Findings on "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1996
+#: freeculture.xml:2013
msgid ""
"Maybe. But in a world where children see on average 390 hours of television "
"commercials per year, or between 20,000 and 45,000 commercials "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2011
+#: freeculture.xml:2028
msgid ""
"A growing field of academics and activists sees this form of literacy as "
"crucial to the next generation of culture. For though anyone who has written "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2021
+#: freeculture.xml:2038
msgid ""
"It took filmmaking a generation before it could do these things well. But "
"even then, the knowledge was in the filming, not in writing about the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2028
+#: freeculture.xml:2045
msgid "Crichton, Michael"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2042 freeculture.xml:2102 freeculture.xml:2109 freeculture.xml:2550
+#: freeculture.xml:2059 freeculture.xml:2119 freeculture.xml:2126 freeculture.xml:2568
msgid "Barish, Stephanie"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2043
+#: freeculture.xml:2060
msgid "Daley, Elizabeth"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2040
+#: freeculture.xml:2057
msgid ""
"Interview with Elizabeth Daley and Stephanie Barish, 13 December 2002. "
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
#. f12
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2054
+#: freeculture.xml:2071
msgid ""
"See Scott Steinberg, <quote>Crichton Gets Medieval on PCs,</quote> E!online, "
"4 November 2000, available at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2030
+#: freeculture.xml:2047
msgid ""
"This grammar has changed as media has changed. When it was just film, as "
"Elizabeth Daley, executive director of the University of Southern "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2061
+#: freeculture.xml:2078
msgid "computer games"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2063
+#: freeculture.xml:2080
msgid ""
"This skill is precisely the craft a filmmaker learns. As Daley describes, "
"<quote>people are very surprised about how they are led through a film. [I]t "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2070
+#: freeculture.xml:2087
msgid ""
"Yet the push for an expanded literacy—one that goes beyond text to "
"include audio and visual elements—is not about making better film "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2077
+#: freeculture.xml:2094
msgid ""
"From my perspective, probably the most important digital divide is not "
"access to a box. It's the ability to be empowered with the language that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2085
+#: freeculture.xml:2102
msgid ""
"<quote>Read-only.</quote> Passive recipients of culture produced elsewhere. "
"Couch potatoes. Consumers. This is the world of media from the twentieth "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2101
+#: freeculture.xml:2118
msgid "Interview with Daley and Barish. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. f31
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2106 freeculture.xml:3851 freeculture.xml:4891 freeculture.xml:8098
+#: freeculture.xml:2123 freeculture.xml:3882 freeculture.xml:4926 freeculture.xml:8159
msgid "Ibid."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2090
+#: freeculture.xml:2107
msgid ""
"The twenty-first century could be different. This is the crucial point: It "
"could be both read and write. Or at least reading and better understanding "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2111
+#: freeculture.xml:2128
msgid ""
"As with any language, this language comes more easily to some than to "
"others. It doesn't necessarily come more easily to those who excel in "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2123
+#: freeculture.xml:2140
msgid ""
"The class was held on Friday afternoons, and it created a relatively new "
"problem for the school. While the challenge in most classes was getting the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2131
+#: freeculture.xml:2148
msgid ""
"Using whatever <quote>free web stuff they could find,</quote> and relatively "
"simple tools to enable the kids to mix <quote>image, sound, and "
#. PAGE BREAK 52
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2150
+#: freeculture.xml:2167
msgid ""
"<quote>But isn't education about teaching kids to write?</quote> I asked. In "
"part, of course, it is. But why are we teaching kids to write? Education, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2161
+#: freeculture.xml:2178
msgid ""
"What you want is to give these students ways of constructing meaning. If all "
"you give them is text, they're not going to do it. Because they can't. You "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2180
+#: freeculture.xml:2197
msgid ""
"That empowers enormously. And then what happens, of course, is eventually, "
"as it has happened in all these classes, they bump up against the fact, "
#. PAGE BREAK 53
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2187
+#: freeculture.xml:2204
msgid ""
"Because they needed to. There was a reason for doing it. They needed to say "
"something, as opposed to just jumping through your hoops. They actually "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2198
+#: freeculture.xml:2215
msgid ""
"When two planes crashed into the World Trade Center, another into the "
"Pentagon, and a fourth into a Pennsylvania field, all media around the world "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2209
+#: freeculture.xml:2226
msgid ""
"These retellings had an increasingly familiar feel. There was music scored "
"for the intermissions, and fancy graphics that flashed across the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2216 freeculture.xml:8037 freeculture.xml:8276
+#: freeculture.xml:2233 freeculture.xml:8098 freeculture.xml:8337
msgid "ABC"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2217
+#: freeculture.xml:2234
msgid "CBS"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2219
+#: freeculture.xml:2236
msgid ""
"But in addition to this produced news about the <quote>tragedy of September "
"11,</quote> those of us tied to the Internet came to see a very different "
#. PAGE BREAK 54
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2233
+#: freeculture.xml:2250
msgid ""
"I don't mean simply to praise the Internet—though I do think the "
"people who supported this form of speech should be praised. I mean instead "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2243
+#: freeculture.xml:2260
msgid ""
"But unlike any technology for simply capturing images, the Internet allows "
"these creations to be shared with an extraordinary number of people, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2252
+#: freeculture.xml:2269
msgid ""
"September 11 was not an aberration. It was a beginning. Around the same "
"time, a form of communication that has grown dramatically was just beginning "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2261
+#: freeculture.xml:2278
msgid ""
"But in the United States, blogs have taken on a very different character. "
"There are some who use the space simply to talk about their private "
#. PAGE BREAK 55
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2275
+#: freeculture.xml:2292
msgid ""
"That's a strong statement. Yet it says as much about our democracy as it "
"does about blogs. This is the part of America that is most difficult for "
#. f15
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2301
+#: freeculture.xml:2318
msgid ""
"See, for example, Alexis de Tocqueville, <citetitle>Democracy in "
"America</citetitle>, bk. 1, trans. Henry Reeve (New York: Bantam Books, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2286
+#: freeculture.xml:2303
msgid ""
"But democracy has never just been about elections. Democracy means rule by "
"the people, but rule means something more than mere elections. In our "
#. f16
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2310
+#: freeculture.xml:2327
msgid ""
"Bruce Ackerman and James Fishkin, <quote>Deliberation Day,</quote> "
"<citetitle>Journal of Political Philosophy</citetitle> 10 (2) (2002): 129."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2306
+#: freeculture.xml:2323
msgid ""
"Yet even this institution flags in American life today. And in its place, "
"there is no systematic effort to enable citizen deliberation. Some are "
#. f17
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2325
+#: freeculture.xml:2342
msgid ""
"Cass Sunstein, <citetitle>Republic.com</citetitle> (Princeton: Princeton "
"University Press, 2001), 65–80, 175, 182, 183, 192."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2318
+#: freeculture.xml:2335
msgid ""
"More bizarrely, there is generally not even permission for it to occur. We, "
"the most powerful democracy in the world, have developed a strong norm "
#. PAGE BREAK 56
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2331
+#: freeculture.xml:2348
msgid ""
"Enter the blog. The blog's very architecture solves one part of this "
"problem. People post when they want to post, and people read when they want "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2342
+#: freeculture.xml:2359
msgid ""
"But beyond architecture, blogs also have solved the problem of "
"norms. There's no norm (yet) in blog space not to talk about politics. "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2354
+#: freeculture.xml:2371
msgid "Dean, Howard"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2350
+#: freeculture.xml:2367
msgid ""
"The significance of these blogs is tiny now, though not so tiny. The name "
"Howard Dean may well have faded from the 2004 presidential race but for "
#. f18
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2368
+#: freeculture.xml:2385
msgid ""
"Noah Shachtman, <quote>With Incessant Postings, a Pundit Stirs the "
"Pot,</quote> New York Times, 16 January 2003, G5."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2371
+#: freeculture.xml:2388
msgid "Lott, Trent"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2357
+#: freeculture.xml:2374
msgid ""
"One direct effect is on stories that had a different life cycle in the "
"mainstream media. The Trent Lott affair is an example. When Lott "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2374
+#: freeculture.xml:2391
msgid ""
"This different cycle is possible because the same commercial pressures don't "
"exist with blogs as with other ventures. Television and newspapers are "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2381
+#: freeculture.xml:2398
msgid ""
"But bloggers don't have a similar constraint. They can obsess, they can "
"focus, they can get serious. If a particular blogger writes a particularly "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2390
+#: freeculture.xml:2407
msgid "Winer, Dave"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 57
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2393
+#: freeculture.xml:2410
msgid ""
"There's a second way, as well, in which blogs have a different cycle from "
"the mainstream press. As Dave Winer, one of the fathers of this movement and "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2403 freeculture.xml:2456
+#: freeculture.xml:2420 freeculture.xml:2473
msgid "CNN"
msgstr ""
#. f19
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2411
+#: freeculture.xml:2428
msgid "Telephone interview with David Winer, 16 April 2003."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2405
+#: freeculture.xml:2422
msgid ""
"These conflicts become more important as media becomes more concentrated "
"(more on this below). A concentrated media can hide more from the public "
#. f20
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2429
+#: freeculture.xml:2446
msgid ""
"John Schwartz, <quote>Loss of the Shuttle: The Internet; A Wealth of "
"Information Online,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 2 "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2421
+#: freeculture.xml:2438
msgid ""
"Blog space gives amateurs a way to enter the "
"debate—<quote>amateur</quote> not in the sense of inexperienced, but "
"benefits, and costs, that might entail."
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:2474
+msgid "Olafson, Steve"
+msgstr ""
+
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2448
+#: freeculture.xml:2465
msgid ""
"See Michael Falcone, <quote>Does an Editor's Pencil Ruin a Web Log?</quote> "
"<citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 29 September 2003, C4. (<quote>Not "
"request. Last year Steve Olafson, a <citetitle>Houston Chronicle</citetitle> "
"reporter, was fired for keeping a personal Web log, published under a "
"pseudonym, that dealt with some of the issues and people he was "
-"covering.</quote>) <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"covering.</quote>) <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder "
+"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 58
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2441
+#: freeculture.xml:2458
msgid ""
"Winer is optimistic about the future of journalism infected with "
"blogs. <quote>It's going to become an essential skill,</quote> Winer "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2468
+#: freeculture.xml:2486
msgid ""
"This speech affects democracy. Winer thinks that happens because <quote>you "
"don't have to work for somebody who controls, [for] a gatekeeper.</quote> "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2484
+#: freeculture.xml:2502
msgid "Brown, John Seely"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2490
+#: freeculture.xml:2508
msgid ""
"John Seely Brown is the chief scientist of the Xerox Corporation. His work, "
"as his Web site describes it, is <quote>human learning and … the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2495
+#: freeculture.xml:2513
msgid ""
"Brown thus looks at these technologies of digital creativity a bit "
"differently from the perspectives I've sketched so far. I'm sure he would be "
#. PAGE BREAK 59
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2502
+#: freeculture.xml:2520
msgid ""
"As Brown believes, we learn by tinkering. When <quote>a lot of us grew "
"up,</quote> he explains, that tinkering was done <quote>on motorcycle "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2515
+#: freeculture.xml:2533
msgid ""
"The best large-scale example of this kind of tinkering so far is free "
"software or open-source software (FS/OSS). FS/OSS is software whose source "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2522
+#: freeculture.xml:2540
msgid ""
"This opportunity creates a <quote>completely new kind of learning "
"platform,</quote> as Brown describes. <quote>As soon as you start doing "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2530
+#: freeculture.xml:2548
msgid ""
"In this process, <quote>the concrete things you tinker with are abstract. "
"They are code.</quote> Kids are <quote>shifting to the ability to tinker in "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2539
+#: freeculture.xml:2557
msgid ""
"This same thing happens with content, too. And it happens in the same "
"collaborative way when that content is part of the Web. As Brown puts it, "
#. PAGE BREAK 60
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2552
+#: freeculture.xml:2570
msgid ""
"Brown is talking about what Elizabeth Daley, Stephanie Barish, and Just "
"Think! teach: that this tinkering with culture teaches as well as "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2560
+#: freeculture.xml:2578
msgid ""
"Yet the freedom to tinker with these objects is not guaranteed. Indeed, as "
"we'll see through the course of this book, that freedom is increasingly "
#. f22
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2576
+#: freeculture.xml:2594
msgid ""
"See, for example, Edward Felten and Andrew Appel, <quote>Technological "
"Access Control Interferes with Noninfringing Scholarship,</quote> "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2569
+#: freeculture.xml:2587
msgid ""
"These restrictions have become the focus of researchers and scholars. "
"Professor Ed Felten of Princeton (whom we'll see more of in chapter <xref "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2584
+#: freeculture.xml:2602
msgid ""
"<quote>This is where education in the twenty-first century is going,</quote> "
"Brown explains. We need to <quote>understand how kids who grow up digital "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2589
+#: freeculture.xml:2607
msgid ""
"<quote>Yet,</quote> as Brown continued, and as the balance of this book will "
"evince, <quote>we are building a legal system that completely suppresses the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2597
+#: freeculture.xml:2615
msgid ""
"We're building a technology that takes the magic of Kodak, mixes moving "
"images and sound, and adds a space for commentary and an opportunity to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2603
+#: freeculture.xml:2621
msgid ""
"<quote>No way to run a culture,</quote> as Brewster Kahle, whom we'll meet "
"in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"collectors\"/>, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:2610
+#: freeculture.xml:2628
msgid "CHAPTER THREE: Catalogs"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2611
+#: freeculture.xml:2629
msgid "RPI"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2611 freeculture.xml:2613
+#: freeculture.xml:2629 freeculture.xml:2631
msgid "Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2616
+#: freeculture.xml:2634
msgid ""
"In the fall of 2002, Jesse Jordan of Oceanside, New York, enrolled as a "
"freshman at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, in Troy, New York. His major "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2623
+#: freeculture.xml:2641
msgid ""
"RPI is one of America's foremost technological research institutions. It "
"offers degrees in fields ranging from architecture and engineering to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2631
+#: freeculture.xml:2649
msgid ""
"RPI's computer network links students, faculty, and administration to one "
"another. It also links RPI to the Internet. Not everything available on the "
#. PAGE BREAK 62
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2638
+#: freeculture.xml:2656
msgid ""
"Search engines are a measure of a network's intimacy. Google brought the "
"Internet much closer to all of us by fantastically improving the quality of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2650
+#: freeculture.xml:2668
msgid ""
"These engines are enabled by the network technology itself. Microsoft, for "
"example, has a network file system that makes it very easy for search "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2659
+#: freeculture.xml:2677
msgid ""
"Jesse's wasn't the first search engine built for the RPI network. Indeed, "
"his engine was a simple modification of engines that others had built. His "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2671
+#: freeculture.xml:2689
msgid ""
"Jesse's engine went on-line in late October. Over the following six months, "
"he continued to tweak it to improve its functionality. By March, the system "
#. PAGE BREAK 63
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2678
+#: freeculture.xml:2696
msgid ""
"Thus the index his search engine produced included pictures, which students "
"could use to put on their own Web sites; copies of notes or research; copies "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2687
+#: freeculture.xml:2705
msgid ""
"But the index also included music files. In fact, one quarter of the files "
"that Jesse's search engine listed were music files. But that means, of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2702
+#: freeculture.xml:2720
msgid ""
"On April 3, 2003, Jesse was contacted by the dean of students at RPI. The "
"dean informed Jesse that the Recording Industry Association of America, the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2711
+#: freeculture.xml:2729
msgid ""
"<quote>It was absurd,</quote> he told me. <quote>I don't think I did "
"anything wrong. … I don't think there's anything wrong with the "
#. PAGE BREAK 64
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2724
+#: freeculture.xml:2742
msgid ""
"But the RIAA branded Jesse a pirate. They claimed he operated a network and "
"had therefore <quote>willfully</quote> violated copyright laws. They "
#. f1
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2747
+#: freeculture.xml:2765
msgid ""
"Tim Goral, <quote>Recording Industry Goes After Campus P-2-P Networks: Suit "
"Alleges $97.8 Billion in Damages,</quote> <citetitle>Professional Media "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2735
+#: freeculture.xml:2753
msgid ""
"Similar lawsuits were brought against three other students: one other "
"student at RPI, one at Michigan Technical University, and one at "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2754
+#: freeculture.xml:2772
msgid ""
"Jesse called his parents. They were supportive but a bit frightened. An "
"uncle was a lawyer. He began negotiations with the RIAA. They demanded to "
"other employment. They demanded $12,000 to dismiss the case."
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:2778
+msgid "Oppenheimer, Matt"
+msgstr ""
+
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2761
+#: freeculture.xml:2780
msgid ""
"The RIAA wanted Jesse to admit to doing something wrong. He refused. They "
"wanted him to agree to an injunction that would essentially make it "
#. PAGE BREAK 65
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2772
+#: freeculture.xml:2791
msgid ""
"Jesse's family was outraged at these claims. They wanted to fight. But "
"Jesse's uncle worked to educate the family about the nature of the American "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2782
+#: freeculture.xml:2801
msgid ""
"So Jesse faced a mafia-like choice: $250,000 and a chance at winning, or "
"$12,000 and a settlement."
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:2805 freeculture.xml:3157 freeculture.xml:4078 freeculture.xml:5171 freeculture.xml:5222 freeculture.xml:9580 freeculture.xml:9681 freeculture.xml:9855 freeculture.xml:14372 freeculture.xml:14440
+msgid "artists"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#: freeculture.xml:2806 freeculture.xml:3158 freeculture.xml:4079 freeculture.xml:9581 freeculture.xml:9682 freeculture.xml:9856 freeculture.xml:14373 freeculture.xml:14441
+msgid "recording industry payments to"
+msgstr ""
+
#. f2
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2794
+#: freeculture.xml:2817
msgid ""
"Occupational Employment Survey, U.S. Dept. of Labor (2001) "
"(27–2042—Musicians and Singers). See also National Endowment for "
#. f3
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2802
+#: freeculture.xml:2825
msgid ""
"Douglas Lichtman makes a related point in <quote>KaZaA and "
"Punishment,</quote> <citetitle>Wall Street Journal</citetitle>, 10 September "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2786
+#: freeculture.xml:2809
msgid ""
"The recording industry insists this is a matter of law and morality. Let's "
"put the law aside for a moment and think about the morality. Where is the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2807
+#: freeculture.xml:2830
msgid ""
"On June 23, Jesse wired his savings to the lawyer working for the RIAA. The "
"case against him was then dismissed. And with this, this kid who had "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2814
+#: freeculture.xml:2837
msgid ""
"I was definitely not an activist [before]. I never really meant to be an "
"activist. … [But] I've been pushed into this. In no way did I ever "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2821
+#: freeculture.xml:2844
msgid ""
"Jesse's parents betray a certain pride in their reluctant activist. As his "
"father told me, Jesse <quote>considers himself very conservative, and so do "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:2830
+#: freeculture.xml:2853
msgid "CHAPTER FOUR: <quote>Pirates</quote>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2832
+#: freeculture.xml:2855
msgid ""
"If <quote>piracy</quote> means using the creative property of others without "
"their permission—if <quote>if value, then right</quote> is "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:2840
+#: freeculture.xml:2863
msgid "Film"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2844
+#: freeculture.xml:2867
msgid ""
"I am grateful to Peter DiMauro for pointing me to this extraordinary "
"history. See also Siva Vaidhyanathan, <citetitle>Copyrights and "
#. PAGE BREAK 67
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2842
+#: freeculture.xml:2865
msgid ""
"The film industry of Hollywood was built by fleeing pirates.<placeholder "
"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Creators and directors migrated from the East "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2860
+#: freeculture.xml:2883
msgid "As one commentator tells one part of the story,"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2864
+#: freeculture.xml:2887
msgid ""
"A January 1909 deadline was set for all companies to comply with the "
"license. By February, unlicensed outlaws, who referred to themselves as "
#. f2
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2884
+#: freeculture.xml:2907
msgid ""
"J. A. Aberdeen, <citetitle>Hollywood Renegades: The Society of Independent "
"Motion Picture Producers</citetitle> (Cobblestone Entertainment, 2000) and "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2895
+#: freeculture.xml:2918
msgid "Fox, William"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2896
+#: freeculture.xml:2919
msgid "General Film Company"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2897 freeculture.xml:3150 freeculture.xml:4256 freeculture.xml:9650
+#: freeculture.xml:2920 freeculture.xml:3177 freeculture.xml:4291 freeculture.xml:9725
msgid "Picker, Randal C."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2873
+#: freeculture.xml:2896
msgid ""
"With the country experiencing a tremendous expansion in the number of "
"nickelodeons, the Patents Company reacted to the independent movement by "
#. f3
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2907
+#: freeculture.xml:2930
msgid ""
"Marc Wanamaker, <quote>The First Studios,</quote> <citetitle>The Silents "
"Majority</citetitle>, archived at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2901
+#: freeculture.xml:2924
msgid ""
"The Napsters of those days, the <quote>independents,</quote> were companies "
"like Fox. And no less than today, these independents were vigorously "
#. PAGE BREAK 68
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2917
+#: freeculture.xml:2940
msgid ""
"Of course, California grew quickly, and the effective enforcement of federal "
"law eventually spread west. But because patents grant the patent holder a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:2928
+#: freeculture.xml:2951
msgid "Recorded Music"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2930
+#: freeculture.xml:2953
msgid ""
"The record industry was born of another kind of piracy, though to see how "
"requires a bit of detail about the way the law regulates music."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2934
+#: freeculture.xml:2957
msgid "Fourneaux, Henri"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2936
+#: freeculture.xml:2959
msgid "Russel, Phil"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2938
+#: freeculture.xml:2961
msgid ""
"At the time that Edison and Henri Fourneaux invented machines for "
"reproducing music (Edison the phonograph, Fourneaux the player piano), the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2947 freeculture.xml:3095
+#: freeculture.xml:2970 freeculture.xml:3118
msgid "Beatles"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2949
+#: freeculture.xml:2972
msgid ""
"But what if I wanted to record <quote>Happy Mose,</quote> using Edison's "
"phonograph or Fourneaux's player piano? Here the law stumbled. It was clear "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2972 freeculture.xml:2989
+#: freeculture.xml:2995 freeculture.xml:3012
msgid "Kittredge, Alfred"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2968
+#: freeculture.xml:2991
msgid ""
"The composers (and publishers) were none too happy about this capacity to "
"pirate. As South Dakota senator Alfred Kittredge put it, <placeholder "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2983
+#: freeculture.xml:3006
msgid ""
"To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright: Hearings on S. 6330 "
"and H.R. 19853 Before the ( Joint) Committees on Patents, 59th Cong. 59, 1st "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2976
+#: freeculture.xml:2999
msgid ""
"Imagine the injustice of the thing. A composer writes a song or an opera. A "
"publisher buys at great expense the rights to the same and copyrights "
#. f5
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2998
+#: freeculture.xml:3021
msgid ""
"To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 223 (statement of "
"Nathan Burkan, attorney for the Music Publishers Association)."
#. f6
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3004
+#: freeculture.xml:3027
msgid ""
"To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 226 (statement of "
"Nathan Burkan, attorney for the Music Publishers Association)."
#. f7
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3011
+#: freeculture.xml:3034
msgid ""
"To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 23 (statement of "
"John Philip Sousa, composer)."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2994
+#: freeculture.xml:3017
msgid ""
"The innovators who developed the technology to record other people's works "
"were <quote>sponging upon the toil, the work, the talent, and genius of "
#. f8
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3024
+#: freeculture.xml:3047
msgid ""
"To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 283–84 "
"(statement of Albert Walker, representative of the Auto-Music Perforating "
#. f9
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3035
+#: freeculture.xml:3058
msgid ""
"To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 376 (prepared "
"memorandum of Philip Mauro, general patent counsel of the American "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3039
+#: freeculture.xml:3062
msgid "American Graphophone Company"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3016
+#: freeculture.xml:3039
msgid ""
"These arguments have familiar echoes in the wars of our day. So, too, do the "
"arguments on the other side. The innovators who developed the player piano "
#. PAGE BREAK 70
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3042
+#: freeculture.xml:3065
msgid ""
"The law soon resolved this battle in favor of the composer "
"<emphasis>and</emphasis> the recording artist. Congress amended the law to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3057
+#: freeculture.xml:3080
msgid ""
"American law ordinarily calls this a <quote>compulsory license,</quote> but "
"I will refer to it as a <quote>statutory license.</quote> A statutory "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3072 freeculture.xml:13976
+#: freeculture.xml:3095 freeculture.xml:14073
msgid "Grisham, John"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3065
+#: freeculture.xml:3088
msgid ""
"This is an exception within the law of copyright. When John Grisham writes a "
"novel, a publisher is free to publish that novel only if Grisham gives the "
#. f10
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3089
+#: freeculture.xml:3112
msgid ""
"Copyright Law Revision: Hearings on S. 2499, S. 2900, H.R. 243, and "
"H.R. 11794 Before the ( Joint) Committee on Patents, 60th Cong., 1st sess., "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3075
+#: freeculture.xml:3098
msgid ""
"But the law governing recordings gives recording artists less. And thus, in "
"effect, the law <emphasis>subsidizes</emphasis> the recording industry "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3098
+#: freeculture.xml:3121
msgid ""
"While the recording industry has been quite coy about this recently, "
"historically it has been quite a supporter of the statutory license for "
#. f11
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3120
+#: freeculture.xml:3143
msgid ""
"Copyright Law Revision: Report to Accompany H.R. 2512, House Committee on "
"the Judiciary, 90th Cong., 1st sess., House Document no. 83, (8 March "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3105
+#: freeculture.xml:3128
msgid ""
"the record producers argued vigorously that the compulsory license system "
"must be retained. They asserted that the record industry is a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3127
+#: freeculture.xml:3150
msgid ""
"By limiting the rights musicians have, by partially pirating their creative "
"work, the record producers, and the public, benefit."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:3132 freeculture.xml:4221
+#: freeculture.xml:3155 freeculture.xml:4256
msgid "Radio"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3134
+#: freeculture.xml:3161
msgid "Radio was also born of piracy."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3149
+#: freeculture.xml:3176
msgid "Hand, Learned"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3140
+#: freeculture.xml:3167
msgid ""
"See 17 <citetitle>United States Code</citetitle>, sections 106 and 110. At "
"the beginning, record companies printed <quote>Not Licensed for Radio "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3137
+#: freeculture.xml:3164
msgid ""
"When a radio station plays a record on the air, that constitutes a "
"<quote>public performance</quote> of the composer's work.<placeholder "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3167 freeculture.xml:8741 freeculture.xml:9199 freeculture.xml:12128
+#: freeculture.xml:3194 freeculture.xml:8803 freeculture.xml:9264 freeculture.xml:12220
msgid "Lovett, Lyle"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 72
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3157
+#: freeculture.xml:3184
msgid ""
"But when the radio station plays a record, it is not only performing a copy "
"of the <emphasis>composer's</emphasis> work. The radio station is also "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3172
+#: freeculture.xml:3199
msgid ""
"But it doesn't. Under the law governing radio performances, the radio "
"station does not have to pay the recording artist. The radio station need "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3180 freeculture.xml:3683 freeculture.xml:6061
+#: freeculture.xml:3207 freeculture.xml:3714 freeculture.xml:6111
msgid "Madonna"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3183
+#: freeculture.xml:3210
msgid ""
"This difference can be huge. Imagine you compose a piece of music. Imagine "
"it is your first. You own the exclusive right to authorize public "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3189
+#: freeculture.xml:3216
msgid ""
"Imagine she does sing your song, and imagine she likes it a lot. She then "
"decides to make a recording of your song, and it becomes a top hit. Under "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3200
+#: freeculture.xml:3227
msgid ""
"No doubt, one might argue that, on balance, the recording artists "
"benefit. On average, the promotion they get is worth more than the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:3209 freeculture.xml:4227
+#: freeculture.xml:3237 freeculture.xml:4262
msgid "Cable TV"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3212
+#: freeculture.xml:3240
msgid "Cable TV was also born of a kind of piracy."
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 73
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3215
+#: freeculture.xml:3243
msgid ""
"When cable entrepreneurs first started wiring communities with cable "
"television in 1948, most refused to pay broadcasters for the content that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3225
+#: freeculture.xml:3253
msgid "Anello, Douglas"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3226
+#: freeculture.xml:3254
msgid "Burdick, Quentin"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3227 freeculture.xml:3238
+#: freeculture.xml:3255 freeculture.xml:3266
msgid "Hyde, Rosel H."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3233
+#: freeculture.xml:3261
msgid ""
"Copyright Law Revision—CATV: Hearing on S. 1006 Before the "
"Subcommittee on Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights of the Senate Committee "
#. f14
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3245
+#: freeculture.xml:3273
msgid ""
"Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 116 (statement of Douglas A. Anello, "
"general counsel of the National Association of Broadcasters)."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3229
+#: freeculture.xml:3257
msgid ""
"Broadcasters and copyright owners were quick to attack this theft. Rosel "
"Hyde, chairman of the FCC, viewed the practice as a kind of <quote>unfair "
#. f15
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3256
+#: freeculture.xml:3284
msgid ""
"Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 126 (statement of Ernest W. Jennes, "
"general counsel of the Association of Maximum Service Telecasters, Inc.)."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3252
+#: freeculture.xml:3280
msgid ""
"The extraordinary thing about the CATV business is that it is the only "
"business I know of where the product that is being sold is not paid "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3262
+#: freeculture.xml:3290
msgid "Again, the demand of the copyright holders seemed reasonable enough:"
msgstr ""
#. f16
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3271
+#: freeculture.xml:3299
msgid ""
"Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 169 (joint statement of Arthur B. Krim, "
"president of United Artists Corp., and John Sinn, president of United "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3266
+#: freeculture.xml:3294
msgid ""
"All we are asking for is a very simple thing, that people who now take our "
"property for nothing pay for it. We are trying to stop piracy and I don't "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3277 freeculture.xml:3285
+#: freeculture.xml:3305 freeculture.xml:3313
msgid "Heston, Charlton"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3283
+#: freeculture.xml:3311
msgid ""
"Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 209 (statement of Charlton Heston, "
"president of the Screen Actors Guild). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3279
+#: freeculture.xml:3307
msgid ""
"These were <quote>free-ride[rs],</quote> Screen Actor's Guild president "
"Charlton Heston said, who were <quote>depriving actors of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3290
+#: freeculture.xml:3318
msgid ""
"But again, there was another side to the debate. As Assistant Attorney "
"General Edwin Zimmerman put it,"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3306 freeculture.xml:3308
+#: freeculture.xml:3334 freeculture.xml:3336
msgid "Zimmerman, Edwin"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3304
+#: freeculture.xml:3332
msgid ""
"Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 216 (statement of Edwin M. Zimmerman, "
"acting assistant attorney general). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3295
+#: freeculture.xml:3323
msgid ""
"Our point here is that unlike the problem of whether you have any copyright "
"protection at all, the problem here is whether copyright holders who are "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3312
+#: freeculture.xml:3340
msgid ""
"Copyright owners took the cable companies to court. Twice the Supreme Court "
"held that the cable companies owed the copyright owners nothing."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3316
+#: freeculture.xml:3344
msgid ""
"It took Congress almost thirty years before it resolved the question of "
"whether cable companies had to pay for the content they "
#. f19
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3333
+#: freeculture.xml:3361
msgid ""
"See, for example, National Music Publisher's Association, <citetitle>The "
"Engine of Free Expression: Copyright on the Internet—The Myth of Free "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3328
+#: freeculture.xml:3356
msgid ""
"These separate stories sing a common theme. If <quote>piracy</quote> means "
"using value from someone else's creative property without permission from "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:3350
+#: freeculture.xml:3378
msgid "CHAPTER FIVE: <quote>Piracy</quote>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3352
+#: freeculture.xml:3380
msgid ""
"There is piracy of copyrighted material. Lots of it. This piracy comes in "
"many forms. The most significant is commercial piracy, the unauthorized "
#. PAGE BREAK 76
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3360
+#: freeculture.xml:3388
msgid ""
"But as well as copy-shop piracy, there is another kind of "
"<quote>taking</quote> that is more directly related to the Internet. That "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:3370
+#: freeculture.xml:3398
msgid "Piracy I"
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:3399 freeculture.xml:3478 freeculture.xml:3527 freeculture.xml:14472
+msgid "Asia, commercial piracy in"
+msgstr ""
+
#. f1
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3378
+#: freeculture.xml:3407
msgid ""
"See IFPI (International Federation of the Phonographic Industry), "
"<citetitle>The Recording Industry Commercial Piracy Report 2003</citetitle>, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3372
+#: freeculture.xml:3401
msgid ""
"All across the world, but especially in Asia and Eastern Europe, there are "
"businesses that do nothing but take others people's copyrighted content, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3388
+#: freeculture.xml:3417
msgid ""
"This is piracy plain and simple. Nothing in the argument of this book, nor "
"in the argument that most people make when talking about the subject of this "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3394
+#: freeculture.xml:3423
msgid ""
"Which is not to say that excuses and justifications couldn't be made for "
"it. We could, for example, remind ourselves that for the first one hundred "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3403
+#: freeculture.xml:3432
msgid ""
"That excuse isn't terribly strong. Technically, our law did not ban the "
"taking of foreign works. It explicitly limited itself to American "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3414
+#: freeculture.xml:3443
msgid ""
"True, these local rules have, in effect, been imposed upon these "
"countries. No country can be part of the world economy and choose <beginpage "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3442
+#: freeculture.xml:3471
msgid "agricultural patents"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3443 freeculture.xml:12417 freeculture.xml:12856 freeculture.xml:12863
+#: freeculture.xml:3472 freeculture.xml:12509 freeculture.xml:12948 freeculture.xml:12955
msgid "Drahos, Peter"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3427
+#: freeculture.xml:3456
msgid ""
"See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, Information Feudalism: "
"<citetitle>Who Owns the Knowledge Economy?</citetitle> (New York: The New "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3422
+#: freeculture.xml:3451
msgid ""
"If a country is to be treated as a sovereign, however, then its laws are its "
"laws regardless of their source. The international law under which these "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3463 freeculture.xml:3730 freeculture.xml:14508
+#: freeculture.xml:3493 freeculture.xml:3761 freeculture.xml:14616
msgid "Liebowitz, Stan"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3456
+#: freeculture.xml:3486
msgid ""
"For an analysis of the economic impact of copying technology, see Stan "
"Liebowitz, <citetitle>Rethinking the Network Economy</citetitle> (New York: "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3450
+#: freeculture.xml:3480
msgid ""
"Alternatively, we could try to excuse this piracy by noting that in any "
"case, it does no harm to the industry. The Chinese who get access to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3467
+#: freeculture.xml:3497
msgid ""
"This is often true (though I have friends who have purchased many thousands "
"of pirated DVDs who certainly have enough money to pay for the content they "
#. PAGE BREAK 78
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3480
+#: freeculture.xml:3510
msgid ""
"This argument is still very weak. However, although copyright is a property "
"right of a very special sort, it <emphasis>is</emphasis> a property "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3509 freeculture.xml:3537 freeculture.xml:11253 freeculture.xml:12737 freeculture.xml:13289
+#: freeculture.xml:3540 freeculture.xml:3568 freeculture.xml:11341 freeculture.xml:12829 freeculture.xml:13381
msgid "GNU/Linux operating system"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3510 freeculture.xml:3540 freeculture.xml:11255 freeculture.xml:12738 freeculture.xml:13290
+#: freeculture.xml:3541 freeculture.xml:3571 freeculture.xml:11343 freeculture.xml:12830 freeculture.xml:13382
msgid "Linux operating system"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3512
+#: freeculture.xml:3543
msgid "Microsoft"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3513
+#: freeculture.xml:3544
msgid "Windows operating system of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3515
+#: freeculture.xml:3546
msgid "Windows"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3498
+#: freeculture.xml:3529
msgid ""
"Finally, we could try to excuse this piracy with the argument that the "
"piracy actually helps the copyright owner. When the Chinese "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3518
+#: freeculture.xml:3549
msgid ""
"This argument, too, is somewhat true. The addiction strategy is a good "
"one. Many businesses practice it. Some thrive because of it. Law students, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3538
+#: freeculture.xml:3569
msgid "Internet Explorer"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3539
+#: freeculture.xml:3570
msgid "Netscape"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3526
+#: freeculture.xml:3557
msgid ""
"Still, the argument is not terribly persuasive. We don't give the alcoholic "
"a defense when he steals his first beer, merely because that will make it "
#. PAGE BREAK 79
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3544
+#: freeculture.xml:3575
msgid ""
"Thus, while I understand the pull of these justifications for piracy, and I "
"certainly see the motivation, in my view, in the end, these efforts at "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3554
+#: freeculture.xml:3585
msgid ""
"But as the examples from the four chapters that introduced this part "
"suggest, even if some piracy is plainly wrong, not all <quote>piracy</quote> "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3563
+#: freeculture.xml:3594
msgid ""
"This doesn't mean that there are no questions raised by the latest piracy "
"concern, peer-to-peer file sharing. But it does mean that we need to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3569
+#: freeculture.xml:3600
msgid ""
"For (1) like the original Hollywood, p2p sharing escapes an overly "
"controlling industry; and (2) like the original recording industry, it "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3575
+#: freeculture.xml:3606
msgid ""
"These differences distinguish p2p sharing from true piracy. They should push "
"us to find a way to protect artists while enabling this sharing to survive."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:3581
+#: freeculture.xml:3612
msgid "Piracy II"
msgstr ""
#. f4
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3586
+#: freeculture.xml:3617
msgid ""
"<citetitle>Bach</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Longman</citetitle>, 98 "
"Eng. Rep. 1274 (1777)."
#. PAGE BREAK 80
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3583
+#: freeculture.xml:3614
msgid ""
"The key to the <quote>piracy</quote> that the law aims to quash is a use "
"that <quote>rob[s] the author of [his] profit.</quote><placeholder "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3609 freeculture.xml:8167
+#: freeculture.xml:3640 freeculture.xml:8228
msgid "Christensen, Clayton M."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3600
+#: freeculture.xml:3631
msgid ""
"See Clayton M. Christensen, <citetitle>The Innovator's Dilemma: The "
"Revolutionary National Bestseller That Changed the Way We Do "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3612
+#: freeculture.xml:3643
msgid "Fanning, Shawn"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3595
+#: freeculture.xml:3626
msgid ""
"Peer-to-peer sharing was made famous by Napster. But the inventors of the "
"Napster technology had not made any major technological innovations. Like "
#. f6
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3620
+#: freeculture.xml:3651
msgid ""
"See Carolyn Lochhead, <quote>Silicon Valley Dream, Hollywood "
"Nightmare,</quote> <citetitle>San Francisco Chronicle</citetitle>, 24 "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3615
+#: freeculture.xml:3646
msgid ""
"The result was spontaneous combustion. Launched in July 1999, Napster "
"amassed over 10 million users within nine months. After eighteen months, "
#. f7
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3642
+#: freeculture.xml:3673
msgid ""
"See Ipsos-Insight, <citetitle>TEMPO: Keeping Pace with Online Music "
"Distribution</citetitle> (September 2002), reporting that 28 percent of "
#. f8
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3651
+#: freeculture.xml:3682
msgid ""
"Amy Harmon, <quote>Industry Offers a Carrot in Online Music Fight,</quote> "
"<citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 6 June 2003, A1."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3636
+#: freeculture.xml:3667
msgid ""
"According to a number of estimates, a huge proportion of Americans have "
"tasted file-sharing technology. A study by Ipsos-Insight in September 2002 "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3660
+#: freeculture.xml:3691
msgid ""
"Some of this enjoying involves copyright infringement. Some of it does "
"not. And even among the part that is technically copyright infringement, "
#. PAGE BREAK 81
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3670
+#: freeculture.xml:3701
msgid ""
"File sharers share different kinds of content. We can divide these different "
"kinds into four types."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3676
+#: freeculture.xml:3707
msgid ""
"There are some who use sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing "
"content. Thus, when a new Madonna CD is released, rather than buying the CD, "
#. B.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3687
+#: freeculture.xml:3718
msgid ""
"There are some who use sharing networks to sample music before purchasing "
"it. Thus, a friend sends another friend an MP3 of an artist he's not heard "
#. C.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3698
+#: freeculture.xml:3729
msgid ""
"There are many who use sharing networks to get access to copyrighted content "
"that is no longer sold or that they would not have purchased because the "
#. PAGE BREAK 82
#. D.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3715
+#: freeculture.xml:3746
msgid ""
"Finally, there are many who use sharing networks to get access to content "
"that is not copyrighted or that the copyright owner wants to give away."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3721
+#: freeculture.xml:3752
msgid "How do these different types of sharing balance out?"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3729
+#: freeculture.xml:3760
msgid ""
"See Liebowitz, <citetitle>Rethinking the Network Economy</citetitle>, "
"148–49. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3724
+#: freeculture.xml:3755
msgid ""
"Let's start with some simple but important points. From the perspective of "
"the law, only type D sharing is clearly legal. From the perspective of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3740
+#: freeculture.xml:3771
msgid ""
"Whether on balance sharing is harmful depends importantly on how harmful "
"type A sharing is. Just as Edison complained about Hollywood, composers "
#. f10
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3755
+#: freeculture.xml:3786
msgid ""
"See Cap Gemini Ernst & Young, <citetitle>Technology Evolution and the "
"Music Industry's Business Model Crisis</citetitle> (2003), 3. This report "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3748
+#: freeculture.xml:3779
msgid ""
"While the numbers do suggest that sharing is harmful, how harmful is harder "
"to reckon. It has long been the recording industry's practice to blame "
#. f11
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3781
+#: freeculture.xml:3812
msgid "U.S. Congress, <citetitle>Copyright and Home Copying</citetitle>, 4."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3773
+#: freeculture.xml:3804
msgid ""
"Yet soon thereafter, and before Congress was given an opportunity to enact "
"regulation, MTV was launched, and the industry had a record "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3785
+#: freeculture.xml:3816
msgid ""
"But just because the industry was wrong before does not mean it is wrong "
"today. To evaluate the real threat that p2p sharing presents to the industry "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3795
+#: freeculture.xml:3826
msgid ""
"We start to answer this question by focusing on the net harm, from the "
"standpoint of the industry as a whole, that sharing networks cause. The "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3806
+#: freeculture.xml:3837
msgid ""
"Could that be true? Could the industry as a whole be gaining because of file "
"sharing? Odd as that might sound, the data about CD sales actually suggest "
#. f12
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3815
+#: freeculture.xml:3846
msgid ""
"See Recording Industry Association of America, <citetitle>2002 Yearend "
"Statistics</citetitle>, available at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3842
+#: freeculture.xml:3873
msgid "Black, Jane"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3839
+#: freeculture.xml:3870
msgid ""
"Jane Black, <quote>Big Music's Broken Record,</quote> BusinessWeek online, "
"13 February 2003, available at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3811
+#: freeculture.xml:3842
msgid ""
"In 2002, the RIAA reported that CD sales had fallen by 8.9 percent, from 882 "
"million to 803 million units; revenues fell 6.7 percent.<placeholder "
#. PAGE BREAK 84
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3857
+#: freeculture.xml:3888
msgid ""
"But let's assume the RIAA is right, and all of the decline in CD sales is "
"because of Internet sharing. Here's the rub: In the same period that the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3865
+#: freeculture.xml:3896
msgid ""
"There are too many different things happening at the same time to explain "
"these numbers definitively, but one conclusion is unavoidable: The recording "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3880
+#: freeculture.xml:3911
msgid ""
"These are the harms—alleged and perhaps exaggerated but, let's assume, "
"real. What of the benefits? File sharing may impose costs on the recording "
#. f15
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3892
+#: freeculture.xml:3923
msgid ""
"By one estimate, 75 percent of the music released by the major labels is no "
"longer in print. See Online Entertainment and Copyright Law—Coming "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3886
+#: freeculture.xml:3917
msgid ""
"One benefit is type C sharing—making available content that is "
"technically still under copyright but is no longer commercially available. "
#. f16
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3912
+#: freeculture.xml:3943
msgid ""
"While there are not good estimates of the number of used record stores in "
"existence, in 2002, there were 7,198 used book dealers in the United States, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3906
+#: freeculture.xml:3937
msgid ""
"In real space—long before the Internet—the market had a simple "
"response to this problem: used book and record stores. There are thousands "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3932
+#: freeculture.xml:3963
msgid "Bernstein, Leonard"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3934
+#: freeculture.xml:3965
msgid ""
"Type C sharing, then, is very much like used book stores or used record "
"stores. It is different, of course, because the person making the content "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3947
+#: freeculture.xml:3978
msgid ""
"It may well be, all things considered, that it would be better if the "
"copyright owner got something from this trade. But just because it may well "
#. PAGE BREAK 86
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3955
+#: freeculture.xml:3986
msgid ""
"Finally, and perhaps most importantly, file-sharing networks enable type D "
"sharing to occur—the sharing of content that copyright owners want to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3972
+#: freeculture.xml:4003
msgid ""
"Likewise for work in the public domain: This sharing benefits society with "
"no legal harm to authors at all. If efforts to solve the problem of type A "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3978
+#: freeculture.xml:4009
msgid ""
"The point throughout is this: While the recording industry understandably "
"says, <quote>This is how much we've lost,</quote> we must also ask, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3985
+#: freeculture.xml:4016
msgid ""
"For unlike the piracy I described in the first section of this chapter, much "
"of the <quote>piracy</quote> that file sharing enables is plainly legal and "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3999
+#: freeculture.xml:4030
msgid ""
"<quote>But isn't the war just a war against illegal sharing? Isn't the "
"target just what you call type A sharing?</quote>"
#. f17
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4016
+#: freeculture.xml:4047
msgid ""
"See Transcript of Proceedings, In Re: Napster Copyright Litigation at 34- 35 "
"(N.D. Cal., 11 July 2001), nos. MDL-00-1369 MHP, C 99-5183 MHP, available at "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4003
+#: freeculture.xml:4034
msgid ""
"You would think. And we should hope. But so far, it is not. The effect of "
"the war purportedly on type A sharing alone has been felt far beyond that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4027
+#: freeculture.xml:4058
msgid ""
"If 99.4 percent is not good enough, then this is a war on file-sharing "
"technologies, not a war on copyright infringement. There is no way to assure "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4038
+#: freeculture.xml:4069
msgid ""
"Zero tolerance has not been our history. It has not produced the content "
"industry that we know today. The history of American law has been a process "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4047
+#: freeculture.xml:4082
msgid ""
"So, as we've seen, when <quote>mechanical reproduction</quote> threatened "
"the interests of composers, Congress balanced the rights of composers "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4059
+#: freeculture.xml:4094
msgid ""
"Cable TV followed the pattern of record albums. When the courts rejected the "
"claim that cable broadcasters had to pay for the content they rebroadcast, "
#. PAGE BREAK 88
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4069
+#: freeculture.xml:4104
msgid ""
"This compromise, like the compromise affecting records and player pianos, "
"served two important goals—indeed, the two central goals of any "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4084
+#: freeculture.xml:4119
msgid "Betamax"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4086
+#: freeculture.xml:4121
msgid ""
"In the same year that Congress struck this balance, two major producers and "
"distributors of film content filed a lawsuit against another technology, the "
#. PAGE BREAK 89
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4099
+#: freeculture.xml:4134
msgid ""
"There was something to Disney's and Universal's claim. Sony did decide to "
"design its machine to make it very simple to record television shows. It "
#. f18
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4121
+#: freeculture.xml:4156
msgid ""
"Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders): Hearing on S. 1758 "
"Before the Senate Committee on the Judiciary, 97th Cong., 1st and 2nd sess., "
#. f19
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4133
+#: freeculture.xml:4168
msgid "Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders), 475."
msgstr ""
#. f20
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4138
+#: freeculture.xml:4173
msgid ""
"<citetitle>Universal City Studios, Inc</citetitle>. v. <citetitle>Sony "
"Corp. of America</citetitle>, 480 F. Supp. 429, (C.D. Cal., 1979)."
#. f21
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4149
+#: freeculture.xml:4184
msgid ""
"Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders), 485 (testimony of Jack "
"Valenti)."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4114
+#: freeculture.xml:4149
msgid ""
"MPAA president Jack Valenti became the studios' most vocal champion. Valenti "
"called VCRs <quote>tapeworms.</quote> He warned, <quote>When there are 20, "
#. f22
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4166
+#: freeculture.xml:4201
msgid ""
"<citetitle>Universal City Studios, Inc</citetitle>. v. <citetitle>Sony "
"Corp. of America</citetitle>, 659 F. 2d 963 (9th Cir. 1981)."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4169
+#: freeculture.xml:4204
msgid "Kozinski, Alex"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4154
+#: freeculture.xml:4189
msgid ""
"It took eight years for this case to be resolved by the Supreme Court. In "
"the interim, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, which includes Hollywood in "
#. PAGE BREAK 90
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4172
+#: freeculture.xml:4207
msgid ""
"But the Supreme Court reversed the decision of the Ninth Circuit. And in "
"its reversal, the Court clearly articulated its understanding of when and "
#. f23
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4191
+#: freeculture.xml:4226
msgid ""
"<citetitle>Sony Corp. of America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal City "
"Studios, Inc</citetitle>., 464 U.S. 417, 431 (1984)."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4181
+#: freeculture.xml:4216
msgid ""
"Sound policy, as well as history, supports our consistent deference to "
"Congress when major technological innovations alter the market for "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4196
+#: freeculture.xml:4231
msgid ""
"Congress was asked to respond to the Supreme Court's decision. But as with "
"the plea of recording artists about radio broadcasts, Congress ignored the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4207
+#: freeculture.xml:4242
msgid "CASE"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4208
+#: freeculture.xml:4243
msgid "WHOSE VALUE WAS <quote>PIRATED</quote>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4209
+#: freeculture.xml:4244
msgid "RESPONSE OF THE COURTS"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4210
+#: freeculture.xml:4245
msgid "RESPONSE OF CONGRESS"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4215
+#: freeculture.xml:4250
msgid "Recordings"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4216
+#: freeculture.xml:4251
msgid "Composers"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4217 freeculture.xml:4229 freeculture.xml:4235
+#: freeculture.xml:4252 freeculture.xml:4264 freeculture.xml:4270
msgid "No protection"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4218 freeculture.xml:4230
+#: freeculture.xml:4253 freeculture.xml:4265
msgid "Statutory license"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4222
+#: freeculture.xml:4257
msgid "Recording artists"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4223
+#: freeculture.xml:4258
msgid "N/A"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4224 freeculture.xml:4236
+#: freeculture.xml:4259 freeculture.xml:4271
msgid "Nothing"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4228
+#: freeculture.xml:4263
msgid "Broadcasters"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4233
+#: freeculture.xml:4268
msgid "VCR"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4234
+#: freeculture.xml:4269
msgid "Film creators"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4246
+#: freeculture.xml:4281
msgid ""
"These are the most important instances in our history, but there are other "
"cases as well. The technology of digital audio tape (DAT), for example, was "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4243
+#: freeculture.xml:4278
msgid ""
"In each case throughout our history, a new technology changed the way "
"content was distributed.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In each "
#. PAGE BREAK 91
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4263
+#: freeculture.xml:4298
msgid ""
"In <emphasis>none</emphasis> of these cases did either the courts or "
"Congress eliminate all free riding. In <emphasis>none</emphasis> of these "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4275
+#: freeculture.xml:4310
msgid ""
"When you think across these examples, and the other examples that make up "
"the first four chapters of this section, this balance makes sense. Was Walt "
#. f25
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4292
+#: freeculture.xml:4327
msgid ""
"<citetitle>Sony Corp. of America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal City "
"Studios, Inc</citetitle>., 464 U.S. 417, (1984)."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4287
+#: freeculture.xml:4322
msgid ""
"We could answer yes to each of these questions, but our tradition has "
"answered no. In our tradition, as the Supreme Court has stated, copyright "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4303
+#: freeculture.xml:4338
msgid ""
"We should be doing the same thing today. The technology of the Internet is "
"changing quickly. The way people connect to the Internet (wires "
#. f26
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4327
+#: freeculture.xml:4362
msgid ""
"John Schwartz, <quote>New Economy: The Attack on Peer-to-Peer Software "
"Echoes Past Efforts,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 22 "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4319
+#: freeculture.xml:4354
msgid ""
"This is especially true when a new technology enables a vastly superior mode "
"of distribution. And this p2p has done. P2p technologies can be ideally "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4341
+#: freeculture.xml:4376
msgid ""
"<quote>It is <emphasis>our property</emphasis>,</quote> the warriors "
"insist. <quote>And it should be protected just as any other property is "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:4350
+#: freeculture.xml:4385
msgid "<quote>PROPERTY</quote>"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 94
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4355
+#: freeculture.xml:4390
msgid ""
"The copyright warriors are right: A copyright is a kind of property. It can "
"be owned and sold, and the law protects against its theft. Ordinarily, the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4362
+#: freeculture.xml:4397
msgid ""
"But in ordinary language, to call a copyright a <quote>property</quote> "
"right is a bit misleading, for the property of copyright is an odd kind of "
#. f1
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4387
+#: freeculture.xml:4422
msgid ""
"Letter from Thomas Jefferson to Isaac McPherson (13 August 1813) in "
"<citetitle>The Writings of Thomas Jefferson</citetitle>, vol. 6 (Andrew "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4374
+#: freeculture.xml:4409
msgid ""
"The point is not just about the thingness of picnic tables versus ideas, "
"though that's an important difference. The point instead is that in the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4393
+#: freeculture.xml:4428
msgid ""
"The exceptions to free use are ideas and expressions within the reach of the "
"law of patent and copyright, and a few other domains that I won't discuss "
#. f2
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4406
+#: freeculture.xml:4441
msgid ""
"As the legal realists taught American law, all property rights are "
"intangible. A property right is simply a right that an individual has "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4401
+#: freeculture.xml:4436
msgid ""
"But how, and to what extent, and in what form—the details, in other "
"words—matter. To get a good sense of how this practice of turning the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4416
+#: freeculture.xml:4451
msgid ""
"My strategy in doing this will be the same as my strategy in the preceding "
"part. I offer four stories to help put the idea of <quote>copyright material "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:4429
+#: freeculture.xml:4464
msgid "CHAPTER SIX: Founders"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4430
+#: freeculture.xml:4465
msgid "Henry V"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4432
+#: freeculture.xml:4467
msgid ""
"William Shakespeare wrote <citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> in "
"1595. The play was first published in 1597. It was the eleventh major play "
#. f1
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4447
+#: freeculture.xml:4482
msgid ""
"Jacob Tonson is typically remembered for his associations with prominent "
"eighteenth-century literary figures, especially John Dryden, and for his "
#. f2
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4458
+#: freeculture.xml:4493
msgid ""
"Lyman Ray Patterson, <citetitle>Copyright in Historical "
"Perspective</citetitle> (Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 1968), "
#. PAGE BREAK 97
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4443
+#: freeculture.xml:4478
msgid ""
"In 1774, almost 180 years after <citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> was "
"written, the <quote>copy-right</quote> for the work was still thought by "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4480
+#: freeculture.xml:4515
msgid ""
"As Siva Vaidhyanathan nicely argues, it is erroneous to call this a "
"<quote>copyright law.</quote> See Vaidhyanathan, <citetitle>Copyrights and "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4471
+#: freeculture.xml:4506
msgid ""
"Now, there's something puzzling about the year 1774 to anyone who knows a "
"little about copyright law. The better-known year in the history of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4497
+#: freeculture.xml:4532
msgid "Licensing Act (1662)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4488
+#: freeculture.xml:4523
msgid ""
"The reason is that the English hadn't yet agreed on what a "
"<quote>copyright</quote> was—indeed, no one had. At the time the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4500
+#: freeculture.xml:4535
msgid ""
"There was no <emphasis>positive</emphasis> law, but that didn't mean that "
"there was no law. The Anglo-American legal tradition looks to both the words "
#. PAGE BREAK 98
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4512
+#: freeculture.xml:4547
msgid ""
"This question was important to the publishers, or "
"<quote>booksellers,</quote> as they were called, because there was growing "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4524
+#: freeculture.xml:4559
msgid ""
"The Statute of Anne granted the author or <quote>proprietor</quote> of a "
"book an exclusive right to print that book. In an important limitation, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4533
+#: freeculture.xml:4568
msgid ""
"Now, the thing to puzzle about for a moment is this: Why would Parliament "
"limit the exclusive right? Not why would they limit it to the particular "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4539
+#: freeculture.xml:4574
msgid ""
"For the booksellers, and the authors whom they represented, had a very "
"strong claim. Take <citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> as an example: "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4550
+#: freeculture.xml:4585
msgid ""
"The answer comes in two parts. We first need to see something special about "
"the notion of <quote>copyright</quote> that existed at the time of the "
#. PAGE BREAK 99
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4556
+#: freeculture.xml:4591
msgid ""
"First, about copyright. In the last three hundred years, we have come to "
"apply the concept of <quote>copyright</quote> ever more broadly. But in "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4571
+#: freeculture.xml:4606
msgid ""
"So, for example, even if the copyright to Shakespeare's works were "
"perpetual, all that would have meant under the original meaning of the term "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4580
+#: freeculture.xml:4615
msgid "Henry VIII, King of England"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4582
+#: freeculture.xml:4617
msgid ""
"Even that limited right was viewed with skepticism by the British. They had "
"had a long and ugly experience with <quote>exclusive rights,</quote> "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4595
+#: freeculture.xml:4630
msgid ""
"Thus the <quote>copy-right,</quote> when viewed as a monopoly right, was "
"naturally viewed as a right that should be limited. (However convincing the "
#. f4
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4619
+#: freeculture.xml:4654
msgid ""
"Philip Wittenberg, <citetitle>The Protection and Marketing of Literary "
"Property</citetitle> (New York: J. Messner, Inc., 1937), 31."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4604
+#: freeculture.xml:4639
msgid ""
"Second, about booksellers. It wasn't just that the copyright was a "
"monopoly. It was also that it was a monopoly held by the booksellers. "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4624
+#: freeculture.xml:4659
msgid ""
"Many believed the power the booksellers exercised over the spread of "
"knowledge was harming that spread, just at the time the Enlightenment was "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4632
+#: freeculture.xml:4667
msgid ""
"To balance this power, Parliament decided to increase competition among "
"booksellers, and the simplest way to do that was to spread the wealth of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4644
+#: freeculture.xml:4679
msgid ""
"When 1731 (1710 + 21) came along, however, the booksellers were getting "
"anxious. They saw the consequences of more competition, and like every "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4653
+#: freeculture.xml:4688
msgid ""
"Parliament rejected their requests. As one pamphleteer put it, in words that "
"echo today,"
#. f5
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4668
+#: freeculture.xml:4703
msgid ""
"A Letter to a Member of Parliament concerning the Bill now depending in the "
"House of Commons, for making more effectual an Act in the Eighth Year of the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4658
+#: freeculture.xml:4693
msgid ""
"I see no Reason for granting a further Term now, which will not hold as well "
"for granting it again and again, as often as the Old ones Expire; so that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4679
+#: freeculture.xml:4714
msgid ""
"Having failed in Parliament, the publishers turned to the courts in a series "
"of cases. Their argument was simple and direct: The Statute of Anne gave "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4700
+#: freeculture.xml:4735
msgid ""
"Lyman Ray Patterson, <quote>Free Speech, Copyright, and Fair Use,</quote> "
"<citetitle>Vanderbilt Law Review</citetitle> 40 (1987): 28. For a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4694
+#: freeculture.xml:4729
msgid ""
"This was a clever argument, and one that had the support of some of the "
"leading jurists of the day. It also displayed extraordinary chutzpah. Until "
#. f7
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4713
+#: freeculture.xml:4748
msgid ""
"For a compelling account, see David Saunders, <citetitle>Authorship and "
"Copyright</citetitle> (London: Routledge, 1992), 62–69."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4709
+#: freeculture.xml:4744
msgid ""
"The booksellers' argument was not accepted without a fight. The hero of "
"this fight was a Scottish bookseller named Alexander Donaldson.<placeholder "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4725 freeculture.xml:14599
+#: freeculture.xml:4760 freeculture.xml:14707
msgid "Rose, Mark"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4723
+#: freeculture.xml:4758
msgid ""
"Mark Rose, <citetitle>Authors and Owners</citetitle> (Cambridge: Harvard "
"University Press, 1993), 92. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
#. f9
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4734
+#: freeculture.xml:4769
msgid "Ibid., 93."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4736
+#: freeculture.xml:4771
msgid "Boswell, James"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4737
+#: freeculture.xml:4772
msgid "Erskine, Andrew"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4718
+#: freeculture.xml:4753
msgid ""
"Donaldson was an outsider to the London Conger. He began his career in "
"Edinburgh in 1750. The focus of his business was inexpensive reprints "
#. f10
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4746
+#: freeculture.xml:4781
msgid ""
"Lyman Ray Patterson, <citetitle>Copyright in Historical "
"Perspective</citetitle>, 167 (quoting Borwell)."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4740
+#: freeculture.xml:4775
msgid ""
"When the London booksellers tried to shut down Donaldson's shop in Scotland, "
"he responded by moving his shop to London, where he sold inexpensive "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4754
+#: freeculture.xml:4789
msgid ""
"The London booksellers quickly brought suit to block <quote>piracy</quote> "
"like Donaldson's. A number of actions were successful against the "
#. f11
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4766
+#: freeculture.xml:4801
msgid ""
"Howard B. Abrams, <quote>The Historic Foundation of American Copyright Law: "
"Exploding the Myth of Common Law Copyright,</quote> <citetitle>Wayne Law "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4759
+#: freeculture.xml:4794
msgid ""
"Millar was a bookseller who in 1729 had purchased the rights to James "
"Thomson's poem <quote>The Seasons.</quote> Millar complied with the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4775
+#: freeculture.xml:4810
msgid ""
"Astonishingly to modern lawyers, one of the greatest judges in English "
"history, Lord Mansfield, agreed with the booksellers. Whatever protection "
#. PAGE BREAK 103
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4786
+#: freeculture.xml:4821
msgid ""
"Considered as a matter of abstract justice—reasoning as if justice "
"were just a matter of logical deduction from first "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4801
+#: freeculture.xml:4836
msgid ""
"The fight to defend the limits of the Statute of Anne was not to end there, "
"however, and it is here that Donaldson enters the mix."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4804
+#: freeculture.xml:4839
msgid "Beckett, Thomas"
msgstr ""
#. f12
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4810
+#: freeculture.xml:4845
msgid "Ibid., 1156."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4806
+#: freeculture.xml:4841
msgid ""
"Millar died soon after his victory, so his case was not appealed. His estate "
"sold Thomson's poems to a syndicate of printers that included Thomas "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4820
+#: freeculture.xml:4855
msgid ""
"As few legal cases ever do, <citetitle>Donaldson</citetitle> "
"v. <citetitle>Beckett</citetitle> drew an enormous amount of attention "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4830
+#: freeculture.xml:4865
msgid ""
"The House of Lords was an odd institution. Legal questions were presented to "
"the House and voted upon first by the <quote>law lords,</quote> members of "
#. PAGE BREAK 104
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4837
+#: freeculture.xml:4872
msgid ""
"The reports about the law lords' votes are mixed. On some counts, it looks "
"as if perpetual copyright prevailed. But there is no ambiguity about how the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4855
+#: freeculture.xml:4890
msgid "Bacon, Francis"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4856
+#: freeculture.xml:4891
msgid "Bunyan, John"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4857
+#: freeculture.xml:4892
msgid "Johnson, Samuel"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4858
+#: freeculture.xml:4893
msgid "Milton, John"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4859
+#: freeculture.xml:4894
msgid "Shakespeare, William"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4847
+#: freeculture.xml:4882
msgid ""
"<quote>The public domain.</quote> Before the case of "
"<citetitle>Donaldson</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Beckett</citetitle>, there "
#. f13
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4872
+#: freeculture.xml:4907
msgid "Rose, 97."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4862
+#: freeculture.xml:4897
msgid ""
"It is hard for us to imagine, but this decision by the House of Lords fueled "
"an extraordinarily popular and political reaction. In Scotland, where most "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4876
+#: freeculture.xml:4911
msgid ""
"In London, however, at least among publishers, the reaction was equally "
"strong in the opposite direction. The <citetitle>Morning "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4882
+#: freeculture.xml:4917
msgid ""
"By the above decision … near 200,000 pounds worth of what was "
"honestly purchased at public sale, and which was yesterday thought property "
#. PAGE BREAK 105
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4897
+#: freeculture.xml:4932
msgid ""
"<quote>Ruined</quote> is a bit of an exaggeration. But it is not an "
"exaggeration to say that the change was profound. The decision of the House "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4918
+#: freeculture.xml:4953
msgid ""
"At least, this was the rule in a world where the Parliament is antimonopoly, "
"resistant to the protectionist pleas of publishers. In a world where the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:4926
+#: freeculture.xml:4961
msgid "CHAPTER SEVEN: Recorders"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4928
+#: freeculture.xml:4963
msgid ""
"Jon Else is a filmmaker. He is best known for his documentaries and has been "
"very successful in spreading his art. He is also a teacher, and as a teacher "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4935
+#: freeculture.xml:4970
msgid ""
"Else worked on a documentary that I was involved in. At a break, he told me "
"a story about the freedom to create with film in America today."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4946 freeculture.xml:5015
+#: freeculture.xml:4981 freeculture.xml:5050
msgid "San Francisco Opera"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4940
+#: freeculture.xml:4975
msgid ""
"In 1990, Else was working on a documentary about Wagner's Ring Cycle. The "
"focus was stagehands at the San Francisco Opera. Stagehands are a "
#. PAGE BREAK 107
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4949
+#: freeculture.xml:4984
msgid ""
"During one of the performances, Else was shooting some stagehands playing "
"checkers. In one corner of the room was a television set. Playing on the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4958
+#: freeculture.xml:4993
msgid ""
"Years later, when he finally got funding to complete the film, Else "
"attempted to clear the rights for those few seconds of <citetitle>The "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4970 freeculture.xml:4978
+#: freeculture.xml:5005 freeculture.xml:5013
msgid "Gracie Films"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4965
+#: freeculture.xml:5000
msgid ""
"Else called <citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle> creator Matt Groening's office "
"to get permission. Groening approved the shot. The shot was a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4973
+#: freeculture.xml:5008
msgid ""
"Gracie Films was okay with it, too, but they, like Groening, wanted to be "
"careful. So they told Else to contact Fox, Gracie's parent company. Else "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4981
+#: freeculture.xml:5016
msgid ""
"Then, as Else told me, <quote>two things happened. First we discovered "
"… that Matt Groening doesn't own his own creation—or at least "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4989
+#: freeculture.xml:5024
msgid ""
"Else was certain there was a mistake. He worked his way up to someone he "
"thought was a vice president for licensing, Rebecca Herrera. He explained "
#. PAGE BREAK 108
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4997
+#: freeculture.xml:5032
msgid ""
"<quote>I wanted to make sure I had my facts straight,</quote> he told "
"me. <quote>Yes, you have your facts straight,</quote> she said. It would "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5016
+#: freeculture.xml:5051
msgid "Day After Trinity, The"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5009
+#: freeculture.xml:5044
msgid ""
"Else didn't have the money to buy the right to replay what was playing on "
"the television backstage at the San Francisco Opera. To reproduce this "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5019
+#: freeculture.xml:5054
msgid ""
"There's no doubt that someone, whether Matt Groening or Fox, owns the "
"copyright to <citetitle>The Simpsons</citetitle>. That copyright is their "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5030
+#: freeculture.xml:5065
msgid ""
"For example, <quote>public performance</quote> is a use of <citetitle>The "
"Simpsons</citetitle> that the copyright owner gets to control. If you take a "
#. f1
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5042
+#: freeculture.xml:5077
msgid ""
"For an excellent argument that such use is <quote>fair use,</quote> but that "
"lawyers don't permit recognition that it is <quote>fair use,</quote> see "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5039
+#: freeculture.xml:5074
msgid ""
"But when lawyers hear this story about Jon Else and Fox, their first thought "
"is <quote>fair use.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Else's "
#. PAGE BREAK 109
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5054
+#: freeculture.xml:5089
msgid ""
"So I asked Else why he didn't just rely upon <quote>fair use.</quote> Here's "
"his reply:"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5058
+#: freeculture.xml:5093
msgid ""
"The <citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle> fiasco was for me a great lesson in the "
"gulf between what lawyers find irrelevant in some abstract sense, and what "
#. 1.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5068
+#: freeculture.xml:5103
msgid ""
"Before our films can be broadcast, the network requires that we buy Errors "
"and Omissions insurance. The carriers require a detailed <quote>visual cue "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5085
+#: freeculture.xml:5120
msgid "Lucas, George"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5076
+#: freeculture.xml:5111
msgid ""
"I probably never should have asked Matt Groening in the first place. But I "
"knew (at least from folklore) that Fox had a history of tracking down and "
#. 3.
#. PAGE BREAK 110
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5089
+#: freeculture.xml:5124
msgid ""
"I did, in fact, speak with one of your colleagues at Stanford Law School "
"… who confirmed that it was fair use. He also confirmed that Fox "
#. 4.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5099
+#: freeculture.xml:5134
msgid ""
"The question of fair use usually comes up at the end of the project, when we "
"are up against a release deadline and out of money."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5106
+#: freeculture.xml:5141
msgid ""
"In theory, fair use means you need no permission. The theory therefore "
"supports free culture and insulates against a permission culture. But in "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5114
+#: freeculture.xml:5149
msgid ""
"This practice shows just how far the law has come from its "
"eighteenth-century roots. The law was born as a shield to protect "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:5123
+#: freeculture.xml:5158
msgid "CHAPTER EIGHT: Transformers"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5124
+#: freeculture.xml:5159
msgid "Allen, Paul"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5125 freeculture.xml:5133 freeculture.xml:5144 freeculture.xml:5159 freeculture.xml:5168 freeculture.xml:5173 freeculture.xml:5225 freeculture.xml:5241 freeculture.xml:5264 freeculture.xml:5327 freeculture.xml:9753
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:5161 freeculture.xml:5225 freeculture.xml:5408 freeculture.xml:9831 freeculture.xml:14088
msgid "Alben, Alex"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5127
+#: freeculture.xml:5164
msgid ""
"In 1993, Alex Alben was a lawyer working at Starwave, Inc. Starwave was an "
"innovative company founded by Microsoft cofounder Paul Allen to develop "
"anticipation of the power of networks."
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#: freeculture.xml:5172
+msgid "retrospective compilations on"
+msgstr ""
+
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5135
+#: freeculture.xml:5175
msgid ""
"Alben had a special interest in new technology. He was intrigued by the "
"emerging market for CD-ROM technology—not to distribute film, but to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5146
+#: freeculture.xml:5185
msgid ""
"At that time, Eastwood had made more than fifty films, as an actor and as a "
"director. Alben began with a series of interviews with Eastwood, asking him "
#. PAGE BREAK 112
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5153
+#: freeculture.xml:5192
msgid ""
"That alone would not have made a very interesting product, so Starwave "
"wanted to add content from the movies in Eastwood's career: posters, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5161
+#: freeculture.xml:5199
msgid ""
"Then Alben and his team decided to include actual film clips. <quote>Our "
"goal was that we were going to have a clip from every one of Eastwood's "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5170
+#: freeculture.xml:5207
msgid ""
"Alben brought the idea to Michael Slade, the CEO of Starwave. Slade asked, "
"<quote>Well, what will it take?</quote>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5186
-msgid "artists"
-msgstr ""
-
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5187
+#: freeculture.xml:5223
msgid "publicity rights on images of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5181
+#: freeculture.xml:5217
msgid ""
"Technically, the rights that Alben had to clear were mainly those of "
"publicity—rights an artist has to control the commercial exploitation "
"of his image. But these rights, too, burden <quote>Rip, Mix, Burn</quote> "
"creativity, as this chapter evinces. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
-"id=\"0\"/>"
+"id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5175
+#: freeculture.xml:5211
msgid ""
"Alben replied, <quote>Well, we're going to have to clear rights from "
"everyone who appears in these films, and the music and everything else that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5192
+#: freeculture.xml:5229
msgid ""
"The problem was that neither Alben nor Slade had any idea what clearing "
"those rights would mean. Every actor in each of the films could have a claim "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5199
+#: freeculture.xml:5236
msgid ""
"I asked Alben how he dealt with the problem. With an obvious pride in his "
"resourcefulness that obscured the obvious bizarreness of his tale, Alben "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5205
+#: freeculture.xml:5242
msgid ""
"So we very mechanically went about looking up the film clips. We made some "
"artistic decisions about what film clips to include—of course we were "
#. PAGE BREAK 113
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5214
+#: freeculture.xml:5251
msgid ""
"We decided that it would be fair if we offered them the dayplayer rate for "
"the right to reuse that performance. We're talking about a clip of less than "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5227
+#: freeculture.xml:5263
msgid ""
"Some actors were glad to help—Donald Sutherland, for example, followed "
"up himself to be sure that the rights had been cleared. Others were "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5238
+#: freeculture.xml:5274
msgid ""
"It was one <emphasis>year</emphasis> later—<quote>and even then we "
"weren't sure whether we were totally in the clear.</quote>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5243
+#: freeculture.xml:5278
msgid ""
"Alben is proud of his work. The project was the first of its kind and the "
"only time he knew of that a team had undertaken such a massive project for "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5249
+#: freeculture.xml:5284
msgid ""
"Everyone thought it would be too hard. Everyone just threw up their hands "
"and said, <quote>Oh, my gosh, a film, it's so many copyrights, there's the "
#. PAGE BREAK 114
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5261
+#: freeculture.xml:5296
msgid ""
"And no doubt, the product itself was exceptionally good. Eastwood loved it, "
"and it sold very well."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5265
+#: freeculture.xml:5299
msgid "Drucker, Peter"
msgstr ""
#. f2
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5273
+#: freeculture.xml:5307
msgid ""
"U.S. Department of Commerce Office of Acquisition Management, "
"<citetitle>Seven Steps to Performance-Based Services "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5267
+#: freeculture.xml:5301
msgid ""
"But I pressed Alben about how weird it seems that it would have to take a "
"year's work simply to clear rights. No doubt Alben had done this "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5281
+#: freeculture.xml:5315
msgid ""
"For, as he acknowledged, <quote>very few … have the time and "
"resources, and the will to do this,</quote> and thus, very few such works "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5289
+#: freeculture.xml:5323
msgid ""
"I don't think so. When an actor renders a performance in a movie, he or she "
"gets paid very well. … And then when 30 seconds of that performance "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5297
+#: freeculture.xml:5331
msgid ""
"Or at least, is this <emphasis>how</emphasis> the artist should be "
"compensated? Would it make sense, I asked, for there to be some kind of "
#. PAGE BREAK 115
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5308
+#: freeculture.xml:5342
msgid ""
"Absolutely. I think that if there were some fair-licensing "
"mechanism—where you weren't subject to hold-ups and you weren't "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5329
+#: freeculture.xml:5362
msgid ""
"Alben worked for a big company. His company was backed by some of the "
"richest investors in the world. He therefore had authority and access that "
"the average Web designer would not have. So if it took him a year, how long "
"would it take someone else? And how much creativity is never made just "
-"because the costs of clearing the rights are so high? These costs are the "
-"burdens of a kind of regulation. Put on a Republican hat for a moment, and "
-"get angry for a bit. The government defines the scope of these rights, and "
-"the scope defined determines how much it's going to cost to negotiate "
-"them. (Remember the idea that land runs to the heavens, and imagine the "
-"pilot purchasing flythrough rights as he negotiates to fly from Los Angeles "
-"to San Francisco.) These rights might well have once made sense; but as "
-"circumstances change, they make no sense at all. Or at least, a "
-"well-trained, regulationminimizing Republican should look at the rights and "
-"ask, <quote>Does this still make sense?</quote>"
+"because the costs of clearing the rights are so high?"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:5370
+msgid ""
+"These costs are the burdens of a kind of regulation. Put on a Republican hat "
+"for a moment, and get angry for a bit. The government defines the scope of "
+"these rights, and the scope defined determines how much it's going to cost "
+"to negotiate them. (Remember the idea that land runs to the heavens, and "
+"imagine the pilot purchasing flythrough rights as he negotiates to fly from "
+"Los Angeles to San Francisco.) These rights might well have once made "
+"sense; but as circumstances change, they make no sense at all. Or at least, "
+"a well-trained, regulationminimizing Republican should look at the rights "
+"and ask, <quote>Does this still make sense?</quote>"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 116
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5346
+#: freeculture.xml:5383
msgid ""
"I've seen the flash of recognition when people get this point, but only a "
"few times. The first was at a conference of federal judges in California. "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5356
+#: freeculture.xml:5393
msgid ""
"The video was a brilliant collage of film from every period in the twentieth "
"century, all framed around the idea of a <citetitle>60 Minutes</citetitle> "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5361
+#: freeculture.xml:5398
msgid "Nimmer, David"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5363
+#: freeculture.xml:5400
msgid ""
"When the lights came up, I looked over to my copanelist, David Nimmer, "
"perhaps the leading copyright scholar and practitioner in the nation. He had "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5370
+#: freeculture.xml:5407
msgid "Boies, David"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5372
+#: freeculture.xml:5410
msgid ""
"For of course, the two brilliantly talented creators who made this film "
"hadn't done what Alben did. They hadn't spent a year clearing the rights to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5387
+#: freeculture.xml:5425
msgid ""
"We live in a <quote>cut and paste</quote> culture enabled by "
"technology. Anyone building a presentation knows the extraordinary freedom "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5403
+#: freeculture.xml:5441
msgid "Camp Chaos"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5394
+#: freeculture.xml:5432
msgid ""
"But presentations are just a tiny beginning. Using the Internet and its "
"archives, musicians are able to string together mixes of sound never before "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5406
+#: freeculture.xml:5444
msgid ""
"All of these creations are technically illegal. Even if the creators wanted "
"to be <quote>legal,</quote> the cost of complying with the law is impossibly "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5413
+#: freeculture.xml:5451
msgid ""
"To some, these stories suggest a solution: Let's alter the mix of rights so "
"that people are free to build upon our culture. Free to add or mix as they "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5428
+#: freeculture.xml:5466
msgid ""
"Who could possibly object to this? And what reason would there be for "
"objecting? We're talking about work that is not now being made; which if "
#. PAGE BREAK 118
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5434
+#: freeculture.xml:5472
msgid ""
"In February 2003, DreamWorks studios announced an agreement with Mike Myers, "
"the comic genius of <citetitle>Saturday Night Live</citetitle> and Austin "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5446
+#: freeculture.xml:5484
msgid ""
"The announcement called this <quote>film sampling.</quote> As Myers "
"explained, <quote>Film Sampling is an exciting way to put an original spin "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5455
+#: freeculture.xml:5493
msgid ""
"Spielberg is right. Film sampling by Myers will be brilliant. But if you "
"don't think about it, you might miss the truly astonishing point about this "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5465
+#: freeculture.xml:5503
msgid ""
"This privilege becomes reserved for two sorts of reasons. The first "
"continues the story of the last chapter: the vagueness of <quote>fair "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:5480
+#: freeculture.xml:5518
msgid "CHAPTER NINE: Collectors"
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:5520 freeculture.xml:8635 freeculture.xml:10839 freeculture.xml:11089
+msgid "archives, digital"
+msgstr ""
+
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5482
+#: freeculture.xml:5523
msgid ""
"In April 1996, millions of <quote>bots</quote>—computer codes designed "
"to <quote>spider,</quote> or automatically search the Internet and copy "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5491
+#: freeculture.xml:5532
msgid ""
"By October 2001, the bots had collected more than five years of copies. And "
"at a small announcement in Berkeley, California, the archive that these "
"pages changed."
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:5540
+msgid "Orwell, George"
+msgstr ""
+
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5499
+#: freeculture.xml:5543
msgid ""
"This is the thing about the Internet that Orwell would have appreciated. In "
"the dystopia described in <citetitle>1984</citetitle>, old newspapers were "
#. PAGE BREAK 120
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5507
+#: freeculture.xml:5551
msgid ""
"Thousands of workers constantly reedited the past, meaning there was no way "
"ever to know whether the story you were reading today was the story that was "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5512
+#: freeculture.xml:5556
msgid ""
"It's the same with the Internet. If you go to a Web page today, there's no "
"way for you to know whether the content you are reading is the same as the "
#. f1
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5525
+#: freeculture.xml:5570
msgid ""
"The temptations remain, however. Brewster Kahle reports that the White House "
"changes its own press releases without notice. A May 13, 2003, press release "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5519
+#: freeculture.xml:5564
msgid ""
"Until the Way Back Machine, at least. With the Way Back Machine, and the "
"Internet Archive underlying it, you can see what the Internet was. You have "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5533
+#: freeculture.xml:5578
msgid ""
"We take it for granted that we can go back to see what we remember "
"reading. Think about newspapers. If you wanted to study the reaction of your "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5544
+#: freeculture.xml:5589
msgid ""
"It is said that those who fail to remember history are doomed to repeat "
"it. That's not quite correct. We <emphasis>all</emphasis> forget "
#. PAGE BREAK 121
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5553
+#: freeculture.xml:5598
msgid ""
"The Internet was an exception to this presumption. Until the Internet "
"Archive, there was no way to go back. The Internet was the quintessentially "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5564
+#: freeculture.xml:5609
msgid ""
"Brewster Kahle is the founder of the Internet Archive. He was a very "
"successful Internet entrepreneur after he was a successful computer "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5574
+#: freeculture.xml:5619
msgid ""
"The Way Back Machine is the largest archive of human knowledge in human "
"history. At the end of 2002, it held <quote>two hundred and thirty terabytes "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5591
+#: freeculture.xml:5636
msgid "Quayle, Dan"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 122
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5593
+#: freeculture.xml:5638
msgid ""
"Do you remember when Dan Quayle was interacting with Murphy Brown? Remember "
"that back and forth surreal experience of a politician interacting with a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5605
+#: freeculture.xml:5650
msgid ""
"Why is that? Why is it that the part of our culture that is recorded in "
"newspapers remains perpetually accessible, while the part that is recorded "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5613
+#: freeculture.xml:5658
msgid ""
"In part, this is because of the law. Early in American copyright law, "
"copyright owners were required to deposit copies of their work in "
#. f2
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5630
+#: freeculture.xml:5675
msgid ""
"Doug Herrick, <quote>Toward a National Film Collection: Motion Pictures at "
"the Library of Congress,</quote> <citetitle>Film Library "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5621
+#: freeculture.xml:5666
msgid ""
"These rules applied to film as well. But in 1915, the Library of Congress "
"made an exception for film. Film could be copyrighted so long as such "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5638
+#: freeculture.xml:5683
msgid ""
"The same is generally true about television. Television broadcasts were "
"originally not copyrighted—there was no way to capture the broadcasts, "
#. PAGE BREAK 123
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5649
+#: freeculture.xml:5694
msgid ""
"Kahle was eager to correct this. Before September 11, 2001, he and his "
"allies had started capturing television. They selected twenty stations from "
"from around the world covered the events of that day."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><
para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5676
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:5704
msgid "Movie Archive"
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:5706
+msgid "archive.org"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><seealso>
+#: freeculture.xml:5707
+msgid "Internet Archive"
+msgstr ""
+
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5660
+#: freeculture.xml:5710
msgid ""
"Kahle had the same idea with film. Working with Rick Prelinger, whose "
"archive of film includes close to 45,000 <quote>ephemeral films</quote> "
"access to this important part of our culture. Want to see a copy of the "
"<quote>Duck and Cover</quote> film that instructed children how to save "
"themselves in the middle of nuclear attack? Go to archive.org, and you can "
-"download the film in a few minutes—for free. <placeholder "
-"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"download the film in a few minutes—for free."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5679
+#: freeculture.xml:5728
msgid ""
"Here again, Kahle is providing access to a part of our culture that we "
"otherwise could not get easily, if at all. It is yet another part of what "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5687
+#: freeculture.xml:5736
msgid ""
"The key here is access, not price. Kahle wants to enable free access to this "
"content, but he also wants to enable others to sell access to it. His aim is "
#. PAGE BREAK 124
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5695
+#: freeculture.xml:5744
msgid ""
"For here is an idea that we should more clearly recognize. Every bit of "
"creative property goes through different <quote>lives.</quote> In its first "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5707
+#: freeculture.xml:5756
msgid ""
"After the commercial life of creative property has ended, our tradition has "
"always supported a second life as well. A newspaper delivers the news every "
#. f3
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5719
+#: freeculture.xml:5768
msgid ""
"Dave Barns, <quote>Fledgling Career in Antique Books: Woodstock Landlord, "
"Bar Owner Starts a New Chapter by Adopting Business,</quote> "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5716
+#: freeculture.xml:5765
msgid ""
"The same has always been true about books. A book goes out of print very "
"quickly (the average today is after about a year<placeholder "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5733
+#: freeculture.xml:5782
msgid ""
"Yet increasingly, any assumption about a stable second life for creative "
"property does not hold true with the most important components of popular "
#. PAGE BREAK 125
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5744
+#: freeculture.xml:5793
msgid ""
"For most of the twentieth century, it was economics that made this so. It "
"would have been insanely expensive to collect and make accessible all "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5756
+#: freeculture.xml:5805
msgid ""
"Perhaps the single most important feature of the digital revolution is that "
"for the first time since the Library of Alexandria, it is feasible to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5764
+#: freeculture.xml:5813
msgid ""
"The scale of this potential archive is something we've never imagined "
"before. The Brewster Kahles of our history have dreamed about it; but we are "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5771
+#: freeculture.xml:5820
msgid ""
"It looks like there's about two to three million recordings of music. "
"Ever. There are about a hundred thousand theatrical releases of movies, "
#. PAGE BREAK 126
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5785
+#: freeculture.xml:5834
msgid ""
"Kahle is not the only librarian. The Internet Archive is not the only "
"archive. But Kahle and the Internet Archive suggest what the future of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5800
+#: freeculture.xml:5849
msgid ""
"Technologists have thus removed the economic costs of building such an "
"archive. But lawyers' costs remain. For as much as we might like to call "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:5810
+#: freeculture.xml:5860
msgid "CHAPTER TEN: <quote>Property</quote>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5819
+#: freeculture.xml:5869
msgid "Johnson, Lyndon"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5820 freeculture.xml:9525
+#: freeculture.xml:5870 freeculture.xml:9595
msgid "Kennedy, John F."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5812
+#: freeculture.xml:5862
msgid ""
"Jack Valenti has been the president of the Motion Picture Association of "
"America since 1966. He first came to Washington, D.C., with Lyndon Johnson's "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5833
+#: freeculture.xml:5883
msgid "Disney, Inc."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5834
+#: freeculture.xml:5884
msgid "Sony Pictures Entertainment"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5835
+#: freeculture.xml:5885
msgid "MGM"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5836
+#: freeculture.xml:5886
msgid "Paramount Pictures"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5837
+#: freeculture.xml:5887
msgid "Twentieth Century Fox"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5838
+#: freeculture.xml:5888
msgid "Universal Pictures"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5839 freeculture.xml:7238
+#: freeculture.xml:5889 freeculture.xml:7299
msgid "Warner Brothers"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5823
+#: freeculture.xml:5873
msgid ""
"The MPAA is the American branch of the international Motion Picture "
"Association. It was formed in 1922 as a trade association whose goal was to "
#. PAGE BREAK 128
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5843
+#: freeculture.xml:5893
msgid ""
"Valenti is only the third president of the MPAA. No president before him has "
"had as much influence over that organization, or over Washington. As a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5855
+#: freeculture.xml:5905
msgid ""
"In defending artistic liberty and the freedom of speech that our culture "
"depends upon, the MPAA has done important good. In crafting the MPAA rating "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5864
+#: freeculture.xml:5914
msgid "In 1982, Valenti's testimony to Congress captured the strategy perfectly:"
msgstr ""
#. f1
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5878
+#: freeculture.xml:5928
msgid ""
"Home Recording of Copyrighted Works: Hearings on H.R. 4783, H.R. 4794, "
"H.R. 4808, H.R. 5250, H.R. 5488, and H.R. 5705 Before the Subcommittee on "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5869
+#: freeculture.xml:5919
msgid ""
"No matter the lengthy arguments made, no matter the charges and the "
"counter-charges, no matter the tumult and the shouting, reasonable men and "
#. PAGE BREAK 129
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5888
+#: freeculture.xml:5938
msgid ""
"The strategy of this rhetoric, like the strategy of most of Valenti's "
"rhetoric, is brilliant and simple and brilliant because simple. The "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5899
+#: freeculture.xml:5949
msgid ""
"This claim has an obvious and powerful intuitive pull. It is stated with "
"such clarity as to make the idea as obvious as the notion that we use "
#. f2
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5914
+#: freeculture.xml:5964
msgid ""
"Lawyers speak of <quote>property</quote> not as an absolute thing, but as a "
"bundle of rights that are sometimes associated with a particular "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5911
+#: freeculture.xml:5961
msgid ""
"While <quote>creative property</quote> is certainly <quote>property</quote> "
"in a nerdy and precise sense that lawyers are trained to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5929
+#: freeculture.xml:5979
msgid ""
"Valenti knows this. But he speaks for an industry that cares squat for our "
"tradition and the values it represents. He speaks for an industry that is "
#. PAGE BREAK 130
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5937
+#: freeculture.xml:5987
msgid ""
"I have two purposes in this chapter. The first is to convince you that, "
"historically, Valenti's claim is absolutely wrong. The second is to convince "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5952
+#: freeculture.xml:6002
msgid ""
"Organizations such as the MPAA, whose board includes the most powerful of "
"the old guard, have little interest, their rhetoric notwithstanding, in "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5964
+#: freeculture.xml:6014
msgid ""
"The framers of our Constitution loved <quote>property.</quote> Indeed, so "
"strongly did they love property that they built into the Constitution an "
#. PAGE BREAK 131
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5975
+#: freeculture.xml:6025
msgid ""
"Yet the very same Constitution speaks very differently about what Valenti "
"calls <quote>creative property.</quote> In the clause granting Congress the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5990
+#: freeculture.xml:6040
msgid ""
"The Constitution thus on its face states that these two forms of property "
"are not to be accorded the same rights. They are plainly to be treated "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5999
+#: freeculture.xml:6049
msgid ""
"Arguing for a change in our Constitution is not necessarily wrong. There "
"was much in our original Constitution that was plainly wrong. The "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6011
+#: freeculture.xml:6061
msgid ""
"Instead, my argument is that because Jefferson did it, we should at least "
"try to understand <emphasis>why</emphasis>. Why did the framers, fanatical "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6019
+#: freeculture.xml:6069
msgid ""
"To answer this question, we need to get some perspective on the history of "
"these <quote>creative property</quote> rights, and the control that they "
#. PAGE BREAK 132
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6034
+#: freeculture.xml:6084
msgid ""
"To answer these questions, we need a more general way to talk about how "
"property is protected. More precisely, we need a more general way than the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:6043
+#: freeculture.xml:6093
msgid ""
"How four different modalities of regulation interact to support or weaken "
"the right or regulation."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:6044 freeculture.xml:6221 freeculture.xml:6525
+#: freeculture.xml:6094 freeculture.xml:6280 freeculture.xml:6586
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1331.png\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6047
+#: freeculture.xml:6097
msgid ""
"At the center of this picture is a regulated dot: the individual or group "
"that is the target of regulation, or the holder of a right. (In each case "
"by the state. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:6113 freeculture.xml:6174 freeculture.xml:6283
+msgid "norms, regulatory influence of"
+msgstr ""
+
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6064
+#: freeculture.xml:6115
msgid ""
"Norms are a different kind of constraint. They, too, punish an individual "
"for violating a rule. But the punishment of a norm is imposed by a "
"the severity of the rule, but the source of the enforcement."
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:6125 freeculture.xml:6173 freeculture.xml:6263 freeculture.xml:6282 freeculture.xml:9216 freeculture.xml:9414
+msgid "market constraints"
+msgstr ""
+
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6075
+#: freeculture.xml:6127
msgid ""
"The market is a third type of constraint. Its constraint is effected through "
"conditions: You can do X if you pay Y; you'll be paid M if you do N. These "
"simultaneous constraint upon how an individual or group might behave."
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:6136 freeculture.xml:6172 freeculture.xml:6221 freeculture.xml:6262
+msgid "architecture, constraint effected through"
+msgstr ""
+
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6085
+#: freeculture.xml:6138
msgid ""
"Finally, and for the moment, perhaps, most mysteriously, "
"<quote>architecture</quote>—the physical world as one finds "
#. PAGE BREAK 134
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6102
+#: freeculture.xml:6155
msgid ""
"So the first point about these four modalities of regulation is obvious: "
"They interact. Restrictions imposed by one might be reinforced by "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6108
+#: freeculture.xml:6161
msgid ""
"The second point follows directly: If we want to understand the effective "
"freedom that anyone has at a given moment to do any particular thing, we "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6117
+#: freeculture.xml:6170
msgid "driving speed, constraints on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6120
+#: freeculture.xml:6176
msgid ""
"So, for example, consider the <quote>freedom</quote> to drive a car at a "
"high speed. That freedom is in part restricted by laws: speed limits that "
#. f3
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6138
+#: freeculture.xml:6194
msgid ""
"By describing the way law affects the other three modalities, I don't mean "
"to suggest that the other three don't affect law. Obviously, they do. Law's "
#. PAGE BREAK 135
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6134
+#: freeculture.xml:6190
msgid ""
"The final point about this simple model should also be fairly clear: While "
"these four modalities are analytically independent, law has a special role "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:6162
+#: freeculture.xml:6218
msgid "Law has a special role in affecting the three."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:6163
+#: freeculture.xml:6219
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1361.png\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6203
+#: freeculture.xml:6260
msgid "Americans with Disabilities Act (1990)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6204
+#: freeculture.xml:6261
msgid "Commons, John R."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6174
+#: freeculture.xml:6231
msgid ""
"Some people object to this way of talking about <quote>liberty.</quote> They "
"object because their focus when considering the constraints that exist at "
"change existing conditions changes the liberty of a particular group. The "
"effect of those interventions should be accounted for in order to understand "
"the effective liberty that each of these groups might face. <placeholder "
-"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
+"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> "
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
+"id=\"3\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6166
+#: freeculture.xml:6223
msgid ""
"These constraints can thus change, and they can be changed. To understand "
"the effective protection of liberty or protection of property at any "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:6208
+#: freeculture.xml:6267
msgid "Why Hollywood Is Right"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6210
+#: freeculture.xml:6269
msgid ""
"The most obvious point that this model reveals is just why, or just how, "
"Hollywood is right. The copyright warriors have rallied Congress and the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6216
+#: freeculture.xml:6275
msgid "Let's say this is the picture of copyright's regulation before the Internet:"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:6220 freeculture.xml:6524
+#: freeculture.xml:6279 freeculture.xml:6585
msgid "Copyright's regulation before the Internet."
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 136
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6225
+#: freeculture.xml:6286
msgid ""
"There is balance between law, norms, market, and architecture. The law "
"limits the ability to copy and share content, by imposing penalties on those "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6237
+#: freeculture.xml:6298
msgid ""
"Enter the Internet, or, more precisely, technologies such as MP3s and p2p "
"sharing. Now the constraint of architecture changes dramatically, as does "
#. PAGE BREAK 137
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6245
+#: freeculture.xml:6306
msgid ""
"Thus the sense of, and justification for, the warriors' response. "
"Technology has changed, the warriors say, and the effect of this change, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:6255
+#: freeculture.xml:6316
msgid "effective state of anarchy after the Internet."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:6256
+#: freeculture.xml:6317
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1381.png\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6259
+#: freeculture.xml:6320
msgid ""
"Neither this analysis nor the conclusions that follow are new to the "
"warriors. Indeed, in a <quote>White Paper</quote> prepared by the Commerce "
#. PAGE BREAK 138
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6271
+#: freeculture.xml:6332
msgid ""
"This mixed strategy is just what copyright needed—if it was to "
"preserve the particular balance that existed before the change induced by "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6288
+#: freeculture.xml:6349
msgid ""
"Thus, there's nothing wrong or surprising in the content industry's campaign "
"to protect itself from the harmful consequences of a technological "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6295
+#: freeculture.xml:6356
msgid "railroad industry"
msgstr ""
#. f5
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6306
+#: freeculture.xml:6367
msgid ""
"See Geoffrey Smith, <quote>Film vs. Digital: Can Kodak Build a "
"Bridge?</quote> BusinessWeek online, 2 August 1999, available at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6298
+#: freeculture.xml:6359
msgid ""
"But just because a particular interest asks for government support, it "
"doesn't follow that support should be granted. And just because technology "
#. f6
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6338
+#: freeculture.xml:6399
msgid ""
"Fred Warshofsky, <citetitle>The Patent Wars</citetitle> (New York: Wiley, "
"1994), 170–71."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6347 freeculture.xml:12830
+#: freeculture.xml:6408 freeculture.xml:12922
msgid "Gates, Bill"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6328
+#: freeculture.xml:6389
msgid ""
"The obvious answer to these obviously rhetorical questions is no. In a free "
"society, with a free market, supported by free enterprise and free trade, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6350
+#: freeculture.xml:6411
msgid ""
"Thus, while it is understandable for industries threatened with new "
"technologies that change the way they do business to look to the government "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6360
+#: freeculture.xml:6421
msgid ""
"In the context of laws regulating speech—which include, obviously, "
"copyright law—that duty is even stronger. When the industry "
#. PAGE BREAK 140
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6374
+#: freeculture.xml:6435
msgid ""
"My argument just now, however, has nothing to do with whether the changes "
"that are being pushed by the copyright warriors are "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6383
+#: freeculture.xml:6444
msgid "Here's the metaphor that will capture the argument to follow."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6386
+#: freeculture.xml:6447
msgid "DDT"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6394
+#: freeculture.xml:6455
msgid "Müller, Paul Hermann"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6389
+#: freeculture.xml:6450
msgid ""
"In 1873, the chemical DDT was first synthesized. In 1948, Swiss chemist Paul "
"Hermann Müller won the Nobel Prize for his work demonstrating the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6397
+#: freeculture.xml:6458
msgid ""
"No one doubts that killing disease-carrying pests or increasing crop "
"production is a good thing. No one doubts that the work of Müller was "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6401 freeculture.xml:6407
+#: freeculture.xml:6462 freeculture.xml:6468
msgid "Carson, Rachel"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6408
+#: freeculture.xml:6469
msgid "Silent Sprint (Carson)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6403
+#: freeculture.xml:6464
msgid ""
"But in 1962, Rachel Carson published <citetitle>Silent Spring</citetitle>, "
"which argued that DDT, whatever its primary benefits, was also having "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6411
+#: freeculture.xml:6472
msgid ""
"No one set out to destroy the environment. Paul Müller certainly did not aim "
"to harm any birds. But the effort to solve one set of problems produced "
#. f7
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6424
+#: freeculture.xml:6485
msgid ""
"See, for example, James Boyle, <quote>A Politics of Intellectual Property: "
"Environmentalism for the Net?</quote> <citetitle>Duke Law "
#. PAGE BREAK 141
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6420
+#: freeculture.xml:6481
msgid ""
"It is to this image precisely that Duke University law professor James Boyle "
"appeals when he argues that we need an <quote>environmentalism</quote> for "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6441
+#: freeculture.xml:6502
msgid ""
"My argument, in the balance of this chapter, tries to map exactly this "
"effect. No doubt the technology of the Internet has had a dramatic effect on "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6452
+#: freeculture.xml:6513
msgid ""
"In a line: To kill a gnat, we are spraying DDT with consequences for free "
"culture that will be far more devastating than that this gnat will be lost."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:6459
+#: freeculture.xml:6520
msgid "Beginnings"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6461
+#: freeculture.xml:6522
msgid ""
"America copied English copyright law. Actually, we copied and improved "
"English copyright law. Our Constitution makes the purpose of <quote>creative "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6467
+#: freeculture.xml:6528
msgid ""
"The power to establish <quote>creative property</quote> rights is granted to "
"Congress in a way that, for our Constitution, at least, is very odd. Article "
#. PAGE BREAK 142
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6472
+#: freeculture.xml:6533
msgid ""
"Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, "
"by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6485
+#: freeculture.xml:6546
msgid ""
"The Progress Clause expressly limits the term of copyrights. As we saw in "
"chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"founders\"/>, the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6495
+#: freeculture.xml:6556
msgid ""
"The design of the Progress Clause reflects something about the "
"Constitution's design in general. To avoid a problem, the framers built "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6510
+#: freeculture.xml:6571
msgid ""
"I doubt the framers would recognize the regulation we call "
"<quote>copyright</quote> today. The scope of that regulation is far beyond "
#. PAGE BREAK 143
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6517
+#: freeculture.xml:6578
msgid ""
"Some of these changes come from the law: some in light of changes in "
"technology, and some in light of changes in technology given a particular "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6528
+#: freeculture.xml:6589
msgid "We will end here:"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:6531
+#: freeculture.xml:6592
msgid "<quote>Copyright</quote> today."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:6532
+#: freeculture.xml:6593
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1442.png\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 144
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6535
+#: freeculture.xml:6596
msgid "Let me explain how."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:6540
+#: freeculture.xml:6601
msgid "Law: Duration"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6556
+#: freeculture.xml:6617
msgid "Crosskey, William W."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6550
+#: freeculture.xml:6611
msgid ""
"William W. Crosskey, <citetitle>Politics and the Constitution in the History "
"of the United States</citetitle> (London: Cambridge University Press, 1953), "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6542
+#: freeculture.xml:6603
msgid ""
"When the first Congress enacted laws to protect creative property, it faced "
"the same uncertainty about the status of creative property that the English "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6566
+#: freeculture.xml:6627
msgid ""
"That uncertainty ended after Congress passed legislation granting "
"copyrights. Because federal law overrides any contrary state law, federal "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6574
+#: freeculture.xml:6635
msgid ""
"In 1790, Congress enacted the first copyright law. It created a federal "
"copyright and secured that copyright for fourteen years. If the author was "
#. f9
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6589
+#: freeculture.xml:6650
msgid ""
"Although 13,000 titles were published in the United States from 1790 to "
"1799, only 556 copyright registrations were filed; John Tebbel, <citetitle>A "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6581
+#: freeculture.xml:6642
msgid ""
"While there were many works created in the United States in the first ten "
"years of the Republic, only 5 percent of the works were actually registered "
#. PAGE BREAK 145
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6605
+#: freeculture.xml:6666
msgid ""
"This system of renewal was a crucial part of the American system of "
"copyright. It assured that the maximum terms of copyright would be granted "
#. f10
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6620
+#: freeculture.xml:6681
msgid ""
"Few copyright holders ever chose to renew their copyrights. For instance, of "
"the 25,006 copyrights registered in 1883, only 894 were renewed in 1910. For "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6614
+#: freeculture.xml:6675
msgid ""
"Fourteen years may not seem long to us, but for the vast majority of "
"copyright owners at that time, it was long enough: Only a small minority of "
#. f11
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6635
+#: freeculture.xml:6696
msgid "See Ringer, ch. 9, n. 2."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6631
+#: freeculture.xml:6692
msgid ""
"Even today, this structure would make sense. Most creative work has an "
"actual commercial life of just a couple of years. Most books fall out of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6643
+#: freeculture.xml:6704
msgid ""
"In the first hundred years of the Republic, the term of copyright was "
"changed once. In 1831, the term was increased from a maximum of 28 years to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6651
+#: freeculture.xml:6712
msgid ""
"Then, beginning in 1962, Congress started a practice that has defined "
"copyright law since. Eleven times in the last forty years, Congress has "
#. PAGE BREAK 146
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6661
+#: freeculture.xml:6722
msgid ""
"The effect of these extensions is simply to toll, or delay, the passing of "
"works into the public domain. This latest extension means that the public "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6672
+#: freeculture.xml:6733
msgid ""
"The effect of these extensions has been exacerbated by another, "
"little-noticed change in the copyright law. Remember I said that the framers "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6682
+#: freeculture.xml:6743
msgid ""
"The United States abandoned this sensible system in 1976. For all works "
"created after 1978, there was only one copyright term—the maximum "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6692
+#: freeculture.xml:6753
msgid ""
"This change meant that American law no longer had an automatic way to assure "
"that works that were no longer exploited passed into the public domain. And "
#. f12
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6709
+#: freeculture.xml:6770
msgid ""
"These statistics are understated. Between the years 1910 and 1962 (the first "
"year the renewal term was extended), the average term was never more than "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6701
+#: freeculture.xml:6762
msgid ""
"The effect of these changes on the average duration of copyright is "
"dramatic. In 1973, more than 85 percent of copyright owners failed to renew "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:6718
+#: freeculture.xml:6779
msgid "Law: Scope"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6720
+#: freeculture.xml:6781
msgid ""
"The <quote>scope</quote> of a copyright is the range of rights granted by "
"the law. The scope of American copyright has changed dramatically. Those "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6726
+#: freeculture.xml:6787
msgid ""
"In 1790, that scope was very narrow. Copyright covered only <quote>maps, "
"charts, and books.</quote> That means it didn't cover, for example, music or "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6739
+#: freeculture.xml:6800
msgid ""
"This, too, has changed dramatically. While the contours of copyright today "
"are extremely hard to describe simply, in general terms, the right covers "
#. PAGE BREAK 148
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6754
+#: freeculture.xml:6815
msgid ""
"At the same time that the scope of copyright has expanded, procedural "
"limitations on the right have been relaxed. I've already described the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6768
+#: freeculture.xml:6829
msgid ""
"The reason for the registration requirement was the sensible understanding "
"that for most works, no copyright was required. Again, in the first ten "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6782
+#: freeculture.xml:6843
msgid ""
"All of these <quote>formalities</quote> were abolished in the American "
"system when we decided to follow European copyright law. There is no "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6790
+#: freeculture.xml:6851
msgid "Consider a practical example to understand the scope of these differences."
msgstr ""
#. f13
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6801
+#: freeculture.xml:6862
msgid ""
"See Thomas Bender and David Sampliner, <quote>Poets, Pirates, and the "
"Creation of American Literature,</quote> 29 <citetitle>New York University "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6794
+#: freeculture.xml:6855
msgid ""
"If, in 1790, you wrote a book and you were one of the 5 percent who actually "
"copyrighted that book, then the copyright law protected you against another "
#. PAGE BREAK 149
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6813
+#: freeculture.xml:6874
msgid ""
"The act left other creators totally unregulated. If I copied your poem by "
"hand, over and over again, as a way to learn it by heart, my act was totally "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6822
+#: freeculture.xml:6883
msgid ""
"Today the story is very different: If you write a book, your book is "
"automatically protected. Indeed, not just your book. Every e-mail, every "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6831
+#: freeculture.xml:6892
msgid ""
"That protection gives you the right (subject to a narrow range of fair use "
"exceptions) to control how others copy the work, whether they copy it to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6836
+#: freeculture.xml:6897
msgid ""
"That much is the obvious part. Any system of copyright would control "
"competing publishing. But there's a second part to the copyright of today "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6850
+#: freeculture.xml:6911
msgid ""
"It is this derivative right that would seem most bizarre to our framers, "
"though it has become second nature to us. Initially, this expansion was "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6872
+#: freeculture.xml:6933
msgid ""
"Jonathan Zittrain, <quote>The Copyright Cage,</quote> <citetitle>Legal "
"Affairs</citetitle>, July/August 2003, available at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6862
+#: freeculture.xml:6923
msgid ""
"In preventing that joke, the law created an astonishing power within a free "
"culture—at least, it's astonishing when you understand that the law "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6894
+#: freeculture.xml:6955
msgid "Rubenfeld, Jeb"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6887
+#: freeculture.xml:6948
msgid ""
"Professor Rubenfeld has presented a powerful constitutional argument about "
"the difference that copyright law should draw (from the perspective of the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6882
+#: freeculture.xml:6943
msgid ""
"Yet copyright law treats these two different wrongs in the same way. I can "
"go to court and get an injunction against your pirating my book. I can go to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6899
+#: freeculture.xml:6960
msgid ""
"This again may seem right to you. If I wrote a book, then why should you be "
"able to write a movie that takes my story and makes money from it without "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6907
+#: freeculture.xml:6968
msgid ""
"These are good arguments, and, in general, my point is not that the "
"derivative right is unjustified. My aim just now is much narrower: simply to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:6914
+#: freeculture.xml:6975
msgid "Law and Architecture: Reach"
msgstr ""
#. f16
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6921
+#: freeculture.xml:6982
msgid ""
"This is a simplification of the law, but not much of one. The law certainly "
"regulates more than <quote>copies</quote>—a public performance of a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6916
+#: freeculture.xml:6977
msgid ""
"Whereas originally the law regulated only publishers, the change in "
"copyright's scope means that the law today regulates publishers, users, and "
#. PAGE BREAK 151
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6933
+#: freeculture.xml:6994
msgid ""
"<quote>Copies.</quote> That certainly sounds like the obvious thing for "
"<emphasis>copy</emphasis>right law to regulate. But as with Jack Valenti's "
#. f17
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6951
+#: freeculture.xml:7012
msgid ""
"Thus, my argument is not that in each place that copyright law extends, we "
"should repeal it. It is instead that we should have a good argument for its "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6946
+#: freeculture.xml:7007
msgid ""
"This is perhaps the central claim of this book, so let me take this very "
"slowly so that the point is not easily missed. My claim is that the Internet "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6962
+#: freeculture.xml:7023
msgid ""
"We can see this point abstractly by beginning with this largely empty "
"circle."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:6966
+#: freeculture.xml:7027
msgid "All potential uses of a book."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:6967
+#: freeculture.xml:7028
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1521.png\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 152
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6971
+#: freeculture.xml:7032
msgid ""
"Think about a book in real space, and imagine this circle to represent all "
"its potential <emphasis>uses</emphasis>. Most of these uses are unregulated "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:6984
+#: freeculture.xml:7045
msgid "Examples of unregulated uses of a book."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:6985
+#: freeculture.xml:7046
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1531.png\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6988
+#: freeculture.xml:7049
msgid ""
"Obviously, however, some uses of a copyrighted book are regulated by "
"copyright law. Republishing the book, for example, makes a copy. It is "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6996
+#: freeculture.xml:7057
msgid ""
"Finally, there is a tiny sliver of otherwise regulated copying uses that "
"remain unregulated because the law considers these <quote>fair uses.</quote>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7001
+#: freeculture.xml:7062
msgid ""
"Republishing stands at the core of this circle of possible uses of a "
"copyrighted work."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7002
+#: freeculture.xml:7063
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1541.png\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7005
+#: freeculture.xml:7066
msgid ""
"These are uses that themselves involve copying, but which the law treats as "
"unregulated because public policy demands that they remain unregulated. You "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7015
+#: freeculture.xml:7076
msgid "Unregulated copying considered <quote>fair uses.</quote>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7016
+#: freeculture.xml:7077
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1542.png\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7020
+#: freeculture.xml:7081
msgid ""
"Uses that before were presumptively unregulated are now presumptively "
"regulated."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7021
+#: freeculture.xml:7082
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1551.png\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 154
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7025
+#: freeculture.xml:7086
msgid ""
"In real space, then, the possible uses of a book are divided into three "
"sorts: (1) unregulated uses, (2) regulated uses, and (3) regulated uses that "
#. f18
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7033
+#: freeculture.xml:7094
msgid ""
"I don't mean <quote>nature</quote> in the sense that it couldn't be "
"different, but rather that its present instantiation entails a copy. Optical "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7030
+#: freeculture.xml:7091
msgid ""
"Enter the Internet—a distributed, digital network where every use of a "
"copyrighted work produces a copy.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> "
#. PAGE BREAK 155
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7051
+#: freeculture.xml:7112
msgid ""
"So let's be very specific to make this general point clear. Before the "
"Internet, if you purchased a book and read it ten times, there would be no "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7063
+#: freeculture.xml:7124
msgid ""
"But the same book as an e-book is effectively governed by a different set of "
"rules. Now if the copyright owner says you may read the book only once or "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7075
+#: freeculture.xml:7136
msgid ""
"There are some people who think this makes perfect sense. My aim just now is "
"not to argue about whether it makes sense or not. My aim is only to make "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7081
+#: freeculture.xml:7142
msgid ""
"First, making category 1 disappear is not anything any policy maker ever "
"intended. Congress did not think through the collapse of the presumptively "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7089
+#: freeculture.xml:7150
msgid ""
"Second, this shift is especially troubling in the context of transformative "
"uses of creative content. Again, we can all understand the wrong in "
#. PAGE BREAK 156
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7101
+#: freeculture.xml:7162
msgid ""
"Third, this shift from category 1 to category 2 puts an extraordinary burden "
"on category 3 (<quote>fair use</quote>) that fair use never before had to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7115
+#: freeculture.xml:7176
msgid ""
"This point about fair use is totally ignored, even by advocates for free "
"culture. We have been cornered into arguing that our rights depend upon fair "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7128
+#: freeculture.xml:7189
msgid ""
"The case of Video Pipeline is a good example. Video Pipeline was in the "
"business of making <quote>trailer</quote> advertisements for movies "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7135
+#: freeculture.xml:7196
msgid ""
"The company did this for about fifteen years. Then, in 1997, it began to "
"think about the Internet as another way to distribute these previews. The "
#. PAGE BREAK 157
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7144
+#: freeculture.xml:7205
msgid ""
"In 1998, Video Pipeline informed Disney and other film distributors that it "
"intended to distribute the trailers through the Internet (rather than "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7159
+#: freeculture.xml:7220
msgid ""
"Disney countersued—for $100 million in damages. Those damages were "
"predicated upon a claim that Video Pipeline had <quote>willfully "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7169
+#: freeculture.xml:7230
msgid ""
"Disney has the right to control its property, of course. But the video "
"stores that were selling Disney's films also had some sort of right to be "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7179
+#: freeculture.xml:7240
msgid ""
"Now, you might think this is a close case, and I think the courts would "
"consider it a close case. My point here is to map the change that gives "
#. PAGE BREAK 158
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7194
+#: freeculture.xml:7255
msgid ""
"No doubt, a potential is not yet an abuse, and so the potential for control "
"is not yet the abuse of control. Barnes & Noble has the right to say you "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7209
+#: freeculture.xml:7270
msgid ""
"Again, my aim so far is simply to map the changes that this changed "
"architecture enables. Enabling technology to enforce the control of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7218
+#: freeculture.xml:7279
msgid "Architecture and Law: Force"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7220
+#: freeculture.xml:7281
msgid ""
"The disappearance of unregulated uses would be change enough, but a second "
"important change brought about by the Internet magnifies its "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7226
+#: freeculture.xml:7287
msgid ""
"In the world before digital technology, it was generally the law that "
"controlled whether and how someone was regulated by copyright law. The law, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7233
+#: freeculture.xml:7294
msgid "Casablanca"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7235 freeculture.xml:7414
+#: freeculture.xml:7296 freeculture.xml:7475
msgid "Marx Brothers"
msgstr ""
#. f19
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7249
+#: freeculture.xml:7310
msgid ""
"See David Lange, <quote>Recognizing the Public Domain,</quote> "
"<citetitle>Law and Contemporary Problems</citetitle> 44 (1981): "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7241
+#: freeculture.xml:7302
msgid ""
"There's a famous story about a battle between the Marx Brothers and Warner "
"Brothers. The Marxes intended to make a parody of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7258
+#: freeculture.xml:7319
msgid ""
"Ibid. See also Vaidhyanathan, <citetitle>Copyrights and "
"Copywrongs</citetitle>, 1–3. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7254
+#: freeculture.xml:7315
msgid ""
"This led the Marx Brothers to respond in kind. They warned Warner Brothers "
"that the Marx Brothers <quote>were brothers long before you "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7268
+#: freeculture.xml:7329
msgid ""
"An absurd and hollow threat, of course, because Warner Brothers, like the "
"Marx Brothers, knew that no court would ever enforce such a silly "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7274
+#: freeculture.xml:7335
msgid ""
"On the Internet, however, there is no check on silly rules, because on the "
"Internet, increasingly, rules are enforced not by a human but by a machine: "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7287
+#: freeculture.xml:7348
msgid "Adobe eBook Reader"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7290
+#: freeculture.xml:7351
msgid "Consider the life of my Adobe eBook Reader."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7293
+#: freeculture.xml:7354
msgid ""
"An e-book is a book delivered in electronic form. An Adobe eBook is not a "
"book that Adobe has published; Adobe simply produces the software that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7300
+#: freeculture.xml:7361
msgid "On the next page is a picture of an old version of my Adobe eBook Reader."
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 160
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7304
+#: freeculture.xml:7365
msgid ""
"As you can see, I have a small collection of e-books within this e-book "
"library. Some of these books reproduce content that is in the public domain: "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7317
+#: freeculture.xml:7378
msgid "Picture of an old version of Adobe eBook Reader"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7318
+#: freeculture.xml:7379
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1611.png\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7321
+#: freeculture.xml:7382
msgid ""
"If you click on the Permissions button, you'll see a list of the permissions "
"that the publisher purports to grant with this book."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7325
+#: freeculture.xml:7386
msgid "List of the permissions that the publisher purports to grant."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7326
+#: freeculture.xml:7387
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1612.png\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 161
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7330
+#: freeculture.xml:7391
msgid ""
"According to my eBook Reader, I have the permission to copy to the clipboard "
"of the computer ten text selections every ten days. (So far, I've copied no "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7340
+#: freeculture.xml:7401
msgid "Aristotle"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7341
+#: freeculture.xml:7402
msgid "<citetitle>Politics</citetitle>, (Aristotle)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7338
+#: freeculture.xml:7399
msgid ""
"Here's the e-book for another work in the public domain (including the "
"translation): Aristotle's <citetitle>Politics</citetitle>. <placeholder "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7344
+#: freeculture.xml:7405
msgid "E-book of Aristotle;s <quote>Politics</quote>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7345
+#: freeculture.xml:7406
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1621.png\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7348
+#: freeculture.xml:7409
msgid ""
"According to its permissions, no printing or copying is permitted at "
"all. But fortunately, you can use the Read Aloud button to hear the book."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7353
+#: freeculture.xml:7414
msgid "List of the permissions for Aristotle;s <quote>Politics</quote>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7354
+#: freeculture.xml:7415
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1622.png\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7357
+#: freeculture.xml:7418
msgid ""
"Finally (and most embarrassingly), here are the permissions for the original "
"e-book version of my last book, <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>:"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7363
+#: freeculture.xml:7424
msgid "List of the permissions for <quote>The Future of Ideas</quote>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7364
+#: freeculture.xml:7425
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1631.png\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7367
+#: freeculture.xml:7428
msgid "No copying, no printing, and don't you dare try to listen to this book!"
msgstr ""
#. f21
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7377
+#: freeculture.xml:7438
msgid ""
"In principle, a contract might impose a requirement on me. I might, for "
"example, buy a book from you that includes a contract that says I will read "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7370
+#: freeculture.xml:7431
msgid ""
"Now, the Adobe eBook Reader calls these controls "
"<quote>permissions</quote>— as if the publisher has the power to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7392
+#: freeculture.xml:7453
msgid ""
"The control comes instead from the code—from the technology within "
"which the e-book <quote>lives.</quote> Though the e-book says that these are "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7410
+#: freeculture.xml:7471
msgid ""
"These are <emphasis>controls</emphasis>, not permissions. Imagine a world "
"where the Marx Brothers sold word processing software that, when you tried "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7417
+#: freeculture.xml:7478
msgid ""
"This is the future of copyright law: not so much copyright "
"<emphasis>law</emphasis> as copyright <emphasis>code</emphasis>. The "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7426
+#: freeculture.xml:7487
msgid ""
"How significant is this? Isn't it always possible to get around the controls "
"built into the technology? Software used to be sold with technologies that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7433
+#: freeculture.xml:7494
msgid ""
"We've only scratched the surface of this story. Return to the Adobe eBook "
"Reader."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7443
+#: freeculture.xml:7504
msgid "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (Carroll)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7437
+#: freeculture.xml:7498
msgid ""
"Early in the life of the Adobe eBook Reader, Adobe suffered a public "
"relations nightmare. Among the books that you could download for free on the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7446
+#: freeculture.xml:7507
msgid "List of the permissions for <quote>Alice's Adventures in Wonderland</quote>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7448
+#: freeculture.xml:7509
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1641.png\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7452
+#: freeculture.xml:7513
msgid ""
"Here was a public domain children's book that you were not allowed to copy, "
"not allowed to lend, not allowed to give, and, as the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7457
+#: freeculture.xml:7518
msgid ""
"The public relations nightmare attached to that final permission. For the "
"text did not say that you were not permitted to use the Read Aloud button; "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7465
+#: freeculture.xml:7526
msgid ""
"Adobe responded quickly that it was absurd to think that it was trying to "
"restrict the right to read a book aloud. Obviously it was only restricting "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7478
+#: freeculture.xml:7539
msgid ""
"The point is not to blame Adobe. Indeed, Adobe is among the most innovative "
"companies developing strategies to balance open access to content with "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7487
+#: freeculture.xml:7548
msgid ""
"To see the point in a particularly absurd context, consider a favorite story "
"of mine that makes the same point."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7491 freeculture.xml:7640 freeculture.xml:7711 freeculture.xml:7817
+#: freeculture.xml:7552 freeculture.xml:7701 freeculture.xml:7772 freeculture.xml:7878
msgid "Aibo robotic dog"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7494 freeculture.xml:7643 freeculture.xml:7712 freeculture.xml:7818
+#: freeculture.xml:7555 freeculture.xml:7704 freeculture.xml:7773 freeculture.xml:7879
msgid "robotic dog"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7497 freeculture.xml:7646 freeculture.xml:7714 freeculture.xml:7820
+#: freeculture.xml:7558 freeculture.xml:7707 freeculture.xml:7775 freeculture.xml:7881
msgid "Sony"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7498 freeculture.xml:7647 freeculture.xml:7715 freeculture.xml:7821
+#: freeculture.xml:7559 freeculture.xml:7708 freeculture.xml:7776 freeculture.xml:7882
msgid "Aibo robotic dog produced by"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7501
+#: freeculture.xml:7562
msgid ""
"Consider the robotic dog made by Sony named <quote>Aibo.</quote> The Aibo "
"learns tricks, cuddles, and follows you around. It eats only electricity and "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7506
+#: freeculture.xml:7567
msgid ""
"The Aibo is expensive and popular. Fans from around the world have set up "
"clubs to trade stories. One fan in particular set up a Web site to enable "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7515
+#: freeculture.xml:7576
msgid ""
"<quote>Teach</quote> here has a special meaning. Aibos are just cute "
"computers. You teach a computer how to do something by programming it "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7523
+#: freeculture.xml:7584
msgid ""
"If you're not a programmer or don't know many programmers, the word "
"<citetitle>hack</citetitle> has a particularly unfriendly "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7537
+#: freeculture.xml:7598
msgid ""
"Some hacks are easy. Some are unbelievably hard. Hackers as a community like "
"to challenge themselves and others with increasingly difficult "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7544
+#: freeculture.xml:7605
msgid ""
"The Aibo fan was displaying a bit of both when he hacked the program and "
"offered to the world a bit of code that would enable the Aibo to dance "
#. PAGE BREAK 166
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7554
+#: freeculture.xml:7615
msgid ""
"I've told this story in many contexts, both inside and outside the United "
"States. Once I was asked by a puzzled member of the audience, is it "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7570
+#: freeculture.xml:7631
msgid ""
"Let's put the dog to sleep for a minute, and turn to a pony show— not "
"literally a pony show, but rather a paper that a Princeton academic named Ed "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7593 freeculture.xml:10068
+#: freeculture.xml:7654 freeculture.xml:10151
msgid "Electronic Frontier Foundation"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7583
+#: freeculture.xml:7644
msgid ""
"See Pamela Samuelson, <quote>Anticircumvention Rules: Threat to "
"Science,</quote> <citetitle>Science</citetitle> 293 (2001): 2028; Brendan "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7581
+#: freeculture.xml:7642
msgid ""
"But Felten's bravery was really tested in April 2001.<placeholder "
"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> He and a group of colleagues were working on a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7601
+#: freeculture.xml:7662
msgid ""
"The SDMI coalition had as its goal a technology to enable content owners to "
"exercise much better control over their content than the Internet, as it "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7611
+#: freeculture.xml:7672
msgid ""
"When SDMI thought it was close to a standard, it set up a competition. In "
"exchange for providing contestants with the code to an SDMI-encrypted bit of "
#. PAGE BREAK 167
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7618
+#: freeculture.xml:7679
msgid ""
"Felten and his team figured out the encryption system quickly. He and the "
"team saw the weakness of this system as a type: Many encryption systems "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7624
+#: freeculture.xml:7685
msgid ""
"Let's review just what Felten was doing. Again, this is the United "
"States. We have a principle of free speech. We have this principle not just "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7632
+#: freeculture.xml:7693
msgid ""
"What Felten and his colleagues were doing was publishing a paper describing "
"the weakness in a technology. They were not spreading free music, or "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7650
+#: freeculture.xml:7711
msgid ""
"What links these two, aibopet.com and Felten, is the letters they then "
"received. Aibopet.com received a letter from Sony about the aibopet.com "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7657
+#: freeculture.xml:7718
msgid ""
"Your site contains information providing the means to circumvent AIBO-ware's "
"copy protection protocol constituting a violation of the anti-circumvention "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7666
+#: freeculture.xml:7727
msgid ""
"And though an academic paper describing the weakness in a system of "
"encryption should also be perfectly legal, Felten received a letter from an "
#. PAGE BREAK 168
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7672
+#: freeculture.xml:7733
msgid ""
"Any disclosure of information gained from participating in the Public "
"Challenge would be outside the scope of activities permitted by the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7680
+#: freeculture.xml:7741
msgid ""
"In both cases, this weirdly Orwellian law was invoked to control the spread "
"of information. The Digital Millennium Copyright Act made spreading such "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7685
+#: freeculture.xml:7746
msgid ""
"The DMCA was enacted as a response to copyright owners' first fear about "
"cyberspace. The fear was that copyright control was effectively dead; the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7696
+#: freeculture.xml:7757
msgid ""
"The DMCA was a bit of law intended to back up the protection of this code "
"designed to protect copyrighted material. It was, we could say, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7703
+#: freeculture.xml:7764
msgid ""
"But the DMCA was not designed merely to protect copyrighted works to the "
"extent copyright law protected them. Its protection, that is, did not end at "
#. PAGE BREAK 169
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7718
+#: freeculture.xml:7779
msgid ""
"Aibopet.com and Felten make the point. The Aibo hack circumvented a "
"copyright protection system for the purpose of enabling the dog to dance "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7730
+#: freeculture.xml:7791
msgid ""
"The threat against Felten was more attenuated, but it followed the same line "
"of reasoning. By publishing a paper describing how a copyright protection "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7737 freeculture.xml:7770
+#: freeculture.xml:7798 freeculture.xml:7831
msgid "Rogers, Fred"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7747 freeculture.xml:7783 freeculture.xml:7815
+#: freeculture.xml:7808 freeculture.xml:7844 freeculture.xml:7876
msgid "Conrad, Paul"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7739
+#: freeculture.xml:7800
msgid ""
"The bizarreness of these arguments is captured in a cartoon drawn in 1981 by "
"Paul Conrad. At that time, a court in California had held that the VCR could "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7766
+#: freeculture.xml:7827
msgid ""
"<citetitle>Sony Corporation of America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal "
"City Studios, Inc</citetitle>., 464 U.S. 417, 455 fn. 27 (1984). Rogers "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7751
+#: freeculture.xml:7812
msgid ""
"Some public stations, as well as commercial stations, program the "
"<quote>Neighborhood</quote> at hours when some children cannot use it. I "
#. PAGE BREAK 170
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7776
+#: freeculture.xml:7837
msgid ""
"Even though there were uses that were legal, because there were some uses "
"that were illegal, the court held the companies producing the VCR "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7781
+#: freeculture.xml:7842
msgid ""
"This led Conrad to draw the cartoon below, which we can adopt to the DMCA. "
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7786
+#: freeculture.xml:7847
msgid "No argument I have can top this picture, but let me try to get close."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7789
+#: freeculture.xml:7850
msgid ""
"The anticircumvention provisions of the DMCA target copyright circumvention "
"technologies. Circumvention technologies can be used for different "
#. PAGE BREAK 171
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7797
+#: freeculture.xml:7858
msgid ""
"A handgun can be used to shoot a police officer or a child. Most would agree "
"such a use is bad. Or a handgun can be used for target practice or to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7805
+#: freeculture.xml:7866
msgid "VCR/handgun cartoon."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7806
+#: freeculture.xml:7867
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1711.png\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7809
+#: freeculture.xml:7870
msgid ""
"The obvious point of Conrad's cartoon is the weirdness of a world where guns "
"are legal, despite the harm they can do, while VCRs (and circumvention "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7824
+#: freeculture.xml:7885
msgid ""
"The Aibo and RIAA examples demonstrate how copyright owners are changing the "
"balance that copyright law grants. Using code, copyright owners restrict "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7832
+#: freeculture.xml:7893
msgid ""
"This is how <emphasis>code</emphasis> becomes <emphasis>law</emphasis>. The "
"controls built into the technology of copy and access protection become "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7844
+#: freeculture.xml:7905
msgid ""
"There is one final aspect of the interaction between architecture and law "
"that contributes to the force of copyright's regulation. This is the ease "
#. f24
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7863
+#: freeculture.xml:7924
msgid ""
"For an early and prescient analysis, see Rebecca Tushnet, <quote>Legal "
"Fictions, Copyright, Fan Fiction, and a New Common Law,</quote> "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7857
+#: freeculture.xml:7918
msgid ""
"For example, imagine you were part of a <citetitle>Star Trek</citetitle> fan "
"club. You gathered every month to share trivia, and maybe to enact a kind of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7869
+#: freeculture.xml:7930
msgid ""
"Before the Internet, this was, in effect, a totally unregulated activity. "
"No matter what happened inside your club room, you would never be interfered "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7876
+#: freeculture.xml:7937
msgid ""
"But if you moved your club onto the Internet, and made it generally "
"available for others to join, the story would be very different. Bots "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7886
+#: freeculture.xml:7947
msgid ""
"This change in the effective force of the law is caused by a change in the "
"ease with which the law can be enforced. That change too shifts the law's "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7895
+#: freeculture.xml:7956
msgid "Market: Concentration"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 173
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7897
+#: freeculture.xml:7958
msgid ""
"So copyright's duration has increased dramatically—tripled in the past "
"thirty years. And copyright's scope has increased as well—from "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7915
+#: freeculture.xml:7976
msgid ""
"Still, in my view, all of these changes would not matter much if it weren't "
"for one more change that we must also consider. This is a change that is in "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7922
+#: freeculture.xml:7983
msgid ""
"This is the change in the concentration and integration of the media. In "
"the past twenty years, the nature of media ownership has undergone a radical "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7933
+#: freeculture.xml:7994
msgid "These changes are of two sorts: the scope of concentration, and its nature."
msgstr ""
#. f25
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7941
+#: freeculture.xml:8002
msgid ""
"FCC Oversight: Hearing Before the Senate Commerce, Science and "
"Transportation Committee, 108th Cong., 1st sess. (22 May 2003) (statement "
#. f26
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7948
+#: freeculture.xml:8009
msgid ""
"Lynette Holloway, <quote>Despite a Marketing Blitz, CD Sales Continue to "
"Slide,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 23 December 2002."
#. f27
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7954
+#: freeculture.xml:8015
msgid ""
"Molly Ivins, <quote>Media Consolidation Must Be Stopped,</quote> "
"<citetitle>Charleston Gazette</citetitle>, 31 May 2003."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7957
+#: freeculture.xml:8018
msgid "BMG"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7958 freeculture.xml:9302
+#: freeculture.xml:8019 freeculture.xml:9367
msgid "EMI"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7959
+#: freeculture.xml:8020
msgid "McCain, John"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7960 freeculture.xml:9303
+#: freeculture.xml:8021 freeculture.xml:9368
msgid "Universal Music Group"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7961
+#: freeculture.xml:8022
msgid "Warner Music Group"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7937
+#: freeculture.xml:7998
msgid ""
"Changes in scope are the easier ones to describe. As Senator John McCain "
"summarized the data produced in the FCC's review of media ownership, "
#. PAGE BREAK 174
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7964
+#: freeculture.xml:8025
msgid ""
"The story with radio is even more dramatic. Before deregulation, the "
"nation's largest radio broadcasting conglomerate owned fewer than "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7975
+#: freeculture.xml:8036
msgid ""
"Newspaper ownership is becoming more concentrated as well. Today, there are "
"six hundred fewer daily newspapers in the United States than there were "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7989 freeculture.xml:8006
+#: freeculture.xml:8050 freeculture.xml:8067
msgid "Fallows, James"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7986
+#: freeculture.xml:8047
msgid ""
"Concentration in size alone is one thing. The more invidious change is in "
"the nature of that concentration. As author James Fallows put it in a recent "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8004
+#: freeculture.xml:8065
msgid ""
"James Fallows, <quote>The Age of Murdoch,</quote> <citetitle>Atlantic "
"Monthly</citetitle> (September 2003): 89. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7993
+#: freeculture.xml:8054
msgid ""
"Murdoch's companies now constitute a production system unmatched in its "
"integration. They supply content—Fox movies … Fox TV shows "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8011
+#: freeculture.xml:8072
msgid ""
"The pattern with Murdoch is the pattern of modern media. Not just large "
"companies owning many radio stations, but a few companies owning as many "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:8017
+#: freeculture.xml:8078
msgid "Pattern of modern media ownership."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:8018
+#: freeculture.xml:8079
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1761.png\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 175
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8022
+#: freeculture.xml:8083
msgid ""
"Does this concentration matter? Will it affect what is made, or what is "
"distributed? Or is it merely a more efficient way to produce and distribute "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8027
+#: freeculture.xml:8088
msgid ""
"My view was that concentration wouldn't matter. I thought it was nothing "
"more than a more efficient financial structure. But now, after reading and "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8033
+#: freeculture.xml:8094
msgid ""
"Here's a representative story that begins to suggest how this integration "
"may matter."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8036
+#: freeculture.xml:8097
msgid "Lear, Norman"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8038 freeculture.xml:8101
+#: freeculture.xml:8099 freeculture.xml:8162
msgid "All in the Family"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8040
+#: freeculture.xml:8101
msgid ""
"In 1969, Norman Lear created a pilot for <citetitle>All in the "
"Family</citetitle>. He took the pilot to ABC. The network didn't like it. It "
#. f29
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8052
+#: freeculture.xml:8113
msgid ""
"Leonard Hill, <quote>The Axis of Access,</quote> remarks before Weidenbaum "
"Center Forum, <quote>Entertainment Economics: The Movie Industry,</quote> "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8047
+#: freeculture.xml:8108
msgid ""
"Rather than comply, Lear simply took the show elsewhere. CBS was happy to "
"have the series; ABC could not stop Lear from walking. The copyrights that "
#. PAGE BREAK 176
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8063
+#: freeculture.xml:8124
msgid ""
"The network did not control those copyrights because the law forbade the "
"networks from controlling the content they syndicated. The law required a "
#. f30
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8082
+#: freeculture.xml:8143
msgid ""
"NewsCorp./DirecTV Merger and Media Consolidation: Hearings on Media "
"Ownership Before the Senate Commerce Committee, 108th Cong., 1st "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8072
+#: freeculture.xml:8133
msgid ""
"In 1994, the FCC abandoned the rules that required this independence. After "
"that change, the networks quickly changed the balance. In 1985, there were "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8103
+#: freeculture.xml:8164
msgid ""
"Today, another Norman Lear with another <citetitle>All in the "
"Family</citetitle> would find that he had the choice either to make the show "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8112
+#: freeculture.xml:8173
msgid "Diller, Barry"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8113
+#: freeculture.xml:8174
msgid "Moyers, Bill"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8109
+#: freeculture.xml:8170
msgid ""
"While the number of channels has increased dramatically, the ownership of "
"those channels has narrowed to an ever smaller and smaller few. As Barry "
#. f32
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8126
+#: freeculture.xml:8187
msgid ""
"<quote>Barry Diller Takes on Media Deregulation,</quote> <citetitle>Now with "
"Bill Moyers</citetitle>, Bill Moyers, 25 April 2003, edited transcript "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8117
+#: freeculture.xml:8178
msgid ""
"Well, if you have companies that produce, that finance, that air on their "
"channel and then distribute worldwide everything that goes through their "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8133
+#: freeculture.xml:8194
msgid ""
"This narrowing has an effect on what is produced. The product of such large "
"and concentrated networks is increasingly homogenous. Increasingly "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8144
+#: freeculture.xml:8205
msgid "Clark, Kim B."
msgstr ""
#. f33
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8153
+#: freeculture.xml:8214
msgid ""
"Clayton M. Christensen, <citetitle>The Innovator's Dilemma: The "
"Revolutionary National Bestseller that Changed the Way We Do "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8146
+#: freeculture.xml:8207
msgid ""
"Economics itself offers a parallel that explains why this integration "
"affects creativity. Clay Christensen has written about the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8170
+#: freeculture.xml:8231
msgid ""
"I don't think we know enough about the economics of the media market to say "
"with certainty what concentration and integration will do. The efficiencies "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8176
+#: freeculture.xml:8237
msgid ""
"But there is a quintessentially obvious example that does strongly suggest "
"the concern."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8180
+#: freeculture.xml:8241
msgid ""
"In addition to the copyright wars, we're in the middle of the drug "
"wars. Government policy is strongly directed against the drug cartels; "
#. PAGE BREAK 178
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8185
+#: freeculture.xml:8246
msgid ""
"Let me hereby disqualify myself from any possible appointment to any "
"position in government by saying I believe this war is a profound mistake. I "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8204
+#: freeculture.xml:8265
msgid ""
"You may not be convinced. That's fine. We live in a democracy, and it is "
"through votes that we are to choose policy. But to do that, we depend "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8213
+#: freeculture.xml:8274
msgid ""
"Beginning in 1998, the Office of National Drug Control Policy launched a "
"media campaign as part of the <quote>war on drugs.</quote> The campaign "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8225
+#: freeculture.xml:8286
msgid ""
"Fair enough. It's a good ad. Not terribly misleading. It delivers its "
"message well. It's a fair and reasonable message."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8229
+#: freeculture.xml:8290
msgid ""
"But let's say you think it is a wrong message, and you'd like to run a "
"countercommercial. Say you want to run a series of ads that try to "
#. PAGE BREAK 179
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8235
+#: freeculture.xml:8296
msgid ""
"Well, obviously, these ads cost lots of money. Assume you raise the "
"money. Assume a group of concerned citizens donates all the money in the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8277
+#: freeculture.xml:8338
msgid "Comcast"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8278
+#: freeculture.xml:8339
msgid "Marijuana Policy Project"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8279
+#: freeculture.xml:8340
msgid "NBC"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8280
+#: freeculture.xml:8341
msgid "WJOA"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8281
+#: freeculture.xml:8342
msgid "WRC"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8252
+#: freeculture.xml:8313
msgid ""
"The Marijuana Policy Project, in February 2003, sought to place ads that "
"directly responded to the Nick and Norm series on stations within the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8242
+#: freeculture.xml:8303
msgid ""
"No. You cannot. Television stations have a general policy of avoiding "
"<quote>controversial</quote> ads. Ads sponsored by the government are deemed "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8286
+#: freeculture.xml:8347
msgid ""
"I'd be happy to defend the networks' rights, as well—if we lived in a "
"media market that was truly diverse. But concentration in the media throws "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:8299
+#: freeculture.xml:8360
msgid "Together"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8301
+#: freeculture.xml:8362
msgid ""
"There is something innocent and obvious about the claim of the copyright "
"warriors that the government should <quote>protect my property.</quote> In "
#. PAGE BREAK 180
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8307
+#: freeculture.xml:8368
msgid ""
"But when we see how dramatically this <quote>property</quote> has "
"changed— when we recognize how it might now interact with both "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8323
+#: freeculture.xml:8384
msgid ""
"Not starkly. Or absolutely. My point is not that we should abolish copyright "
"or go back to the eighteenth century. That would be a total mistake, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8329
+#: freeculture.xml:8390
msgid ""
"But there is a space between zero and one, Internet culture "
"notwithstanding. And these massive shifts in the effective power of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8341
+#: freeculture.xml:8402
msgid ""
"Copyright law has not been a rock of Gibraltar. It's not a set of constant "
"commitments that, for some mysterious reason, teenagers and geeks now "
#. PAGE BREAK 181
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8353
+#: freeculture.xml:8414
msgid ""
"For the single point that is lost in this war on pirates is a point that we "
"see only after surveying the range of these changes. When you add together "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8377
+#: freeculture.xml:8438
msgid ""
"Siva Vaidhyanathan captures a similar point in his <quote>four "
"surrenders</quote> of copyright law in the digital age. See Vaidhyanathan, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8362
+#: freeculture.xml:8423
msgid ""
"Not when copyrights were perpetual, for when copyrights were perpetual, they "
"affected only that precise creative work. Not when only publishers had the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8383
+#: freeculture.xml:8444
msgid "This has been a long chapter. Its point can now be briefly stated."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8386
+#: freeculture.xml:8447
msgid ""
"At the start of this book, I distinguished between commercial and "
"noncommercial culture. In the course of this chapter, I have distinguished "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:8398 freeculture.xml:8435
+#: freeculture.xml:8459 freeculture.xml:8496
msgid "PUBLISH"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:8399 freeculture.xml:8436 freeculture.xml:8474 freeculture.xml:8506
+#: freeculture.xml:8460 freeculture.xml:8497 freeculture.xml:8535 freeculture.xml:8567
msgid "TRANSFORM"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:8404 freeculture.xml:8441 freeculture.xml:8479 freeculture.xml:8511
+#: freeculture.xml:8465 freeculture.xml:8502 freeculture.xml:8540 freeculture.xml:8572
msgid "Commercial"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:8405 freeculture.xml:8442 freeculture.xml:8443 freeculture.xml:8480 freeculture.xml:8481 freeculture.xml:8512 freeculture.xml:8513 freeculture.xml:8517 freeculture.xml:8518
+#: freeculture.xml:8466 freeculture.xml:8503 freeculture.xml:8504 freeculture.xml:8541 freeculture.xml:8542 freeculture.xml:8573 freeculture.xml:8574 freeculture.xml:8578 freeculture.xml:8579
msgid "©"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:8406 freeculture.xml:8410 freeculture.xml:8411 freeculture.xml:8447 freeculture.xml:8448 freeculture.xml:8486
+#: freeculture.xml:8467 freeculture.xml:8471 freeculture.xml:8472 freeculture.xml:8508 freeculture.xml:8509 freeculture.xml:8547
msgid "Free"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:8409 freeculture.xml:8446 freeculture.xml:8484 freeculture.xml:8516
+#: freeculture.xml:8470 freeculture.xml:8507 freeculture.xml:8545 freeculture.xml:8577
msgid "Noncommercial"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 182
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8418
+#: freeculture.xml:8479
msgid ""
"The act of publishing a map, chart, and book was regulated by copyright "
"law. Nothing else was. Transformations were free. And as copyright attached "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8427
+#: freeculture.xml:8488
msgid "By the end of the nineteenth century, the law had changed to this:"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8455
+#: freeculture.xml:8516
msgid ""
"Derivative works were now regulated by copyright law—if published, "
"which again, given the economics of publishing at the time, means if offered "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8461
+#: freeculture.xml:8522
msgid ""
"In 1909 the law changed to regulate copies, not publishing, and after this "
"change, the scope of the law was tied to technology. As the technology of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:8473 freeculture.xml:8505
+#: freeculture.xml:8534 freeculture.xml:8566
msgid "COPY"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:8485
+#: freeculture.xml:8546
msgid "©/Free"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8493
+#: freeculture.xml:8554
msgid ""
"The law was interpreted to reach noncommercial copying through, say, copy "
"machines, but still much of copying outside of the commercial market "
#. PAGE BREAK 183
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8525
+#: freeculture.xml:8586
msgid ""
"Every realm is governed by copyright law, whereas before most creativity was "
"not. The law now regulates the full range of creativity— commercial or "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8533
+#: freeculture.xml:8594
msgid ""
"Obviously, copyright law is not the enemy. The enemy is regulation that does "
"no good. So the question that we should be asking just now is whether "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8539
+#: freeculture.xml:8600
msgid ""
"I have no doubt that it does good in regulating commercial copying. But I "
"also have no doubt that it does more harm than good when regulating (as it "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8563
+#: freeculture.xml:8624
msgid "legal realist movement"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8557
+#: freeculture.xml:8618
msgid ""
"It was the single most important contribution of the legal realist movement "
"to demonstrate that all property rights are always crafted to balance public "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8551
+#: freeculture.xml:8612
msgid ""
"The issue is therefore not simply whether copyright is property. Of course "
"copyright is a kind of <quote>property,</quote> and of course, as with any "
#. PAGE BREAK 184
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8575
+#: freeculture.xml:8637
msgid ""
"We achieved that free culture because our law respected important limits on "
"the scope of the interests protected by <quote>property.</quote> The very "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8594
+#: freeculture.xml:8656
msgid ""
"Free culture is increasingly the casualty in this war on piracy. In response "
"to a real, if not yet quantified, threat that the technologies of the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:8611
+#: freeculture.xml:8673
msgid "PUZZLES"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:8615
+#: freeculture.xml:8677
msgid "CHAPTER ELEVEN: Chimera"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8617
+#: freeculture.xml:8679
msgid "chimeras"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8620
+#: freeculture.xml:8682
msgid "Wells, H. G."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8623
+#: freeculture.xml:8685
msgid "<quote>Country of the Blind, The</quote> (Wells)"
msgstr ""
#. f1.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8631
+#: freeculture.xml:8693
msgid ""
"H. G. Wells, <quote>The Country of the Blind</quote> (1904, 1911). See "
"H. G. Wells, <citetitle>The Country of the Blind and Other "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8627
+#: freeculture.xml:8689
msgid ""
"In a well-known short story by H. G. Wells, a mountain climber named Nunez "
"trips (literally, down an ice slope) into an unknown and isolated valley in "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8643
+#: freeculture.xml:8705
msgid ""
"Things don't go quite as he planned. He tries to explain the idea of sight "
"to the villagers. They don't understand. He tells them they are "
#. PAGE BREAK 187
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8655
+#: freeculture.xml:8717
msgid ""
"The villagers don't leave him alone. Nor do they see (so to speak) the "
"virtue of his special power. Not even the ultimate target of his affection, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8666
+#: freeculture.xml:8728
msgid ""
"When Nunez announces his desire to marry his <quote>mysteriously "
"delighted</quote> love, the father and the village object. <quote>You see, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8672
+#: freeculture.xml:8734
msgid ""
"After a careful examination, the doctor gives his opinion. <quote>His brain "
"is affected,</quote> he reports."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8676
+#: freeculture.xml:8738
msgid ""
"<quote>What affects it?</quote> the father asks. <quote>Those queer things "
"that are called the eyes … are diseased … in such a way as to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8681
+#: freeculture.xml:8743
msgid ""
"The doctor continues: <quote>I think I may say with reasonable certainty "
"that in order to cure him completely, all that we need to do is a simple and "
#. PAGE BREAK 188
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8687
+#: freeculture.xml:8749
msgid ""
"<quote>Thank Heaven for science!</quote> says the father to the doctor. They "
"inform Nunez of this condition necessary for him to be allowed his bride. "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8704
+#: freeculture.xml:8766
msgid ""
"Before I had read about chimeras, I would have said they were impossible. A "
"single person can't have two sets of DNA. The very idea of DNA is that it is "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8712
+#: freeculture.xml:8774
msgid ""
"The more I work to understand the current struggle over copyright and "
"culture, which I've sometimes called unfairly, and sometimes not unfairly "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8726
+#: freeculture.xml:8788
msgid ""
"But the description is also false in part. For when my p2p server is on a "
"p2p network through which anyone can get access to my music, then sure, my "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8735
+#: freeculture.xml:8797
msgid ""
"Likewise, when the other side says, <quote>File sharing is just like walking "
"into a Tower Records and taking a CD off the shelf and walking out with "
#. PAGE BREAK 189
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8746
+#: freeculture.xml:8808
msgid ""
"But it is not quite stealing from Tower. After all, when I take a CD from "
"Tower Records, Tower has one less CD to sell. And when I take a CD from "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8756
+#: freeculture.xml:8818
msgid ""
"The point is not that it is as neither side describes. The point is that it "
"is both—both as the RIAA describes it and as Kazaa describes it. It is "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8802
+#: freeculture.xml:8864
msgid "Conyers, John, Jr."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8803 freeculture.xml:9507
+#: freeculture.xml:8865 freeculture.xml:9573
msgid "Berman, Howard L."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8772
+#: freeculture.xml:8834
msgid ""
"For an excellent summary, see the report prepared by GartnerG2 and the "
"Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard Law School, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8763
+#: freeculture.xml:8825
msgid ""
"We could respond by simply pretending that it is not a chimera. We could, "
"with the RIAA, decide that every act of file sharing should be a felony. We "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8809
+#: freeculture.xml:8871
msgid ""
"Alternatively, we could respond to file sharing the way many kids act as "
"though we've responded. We could totally legalize it. Let there be no "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8816
+#: freeculture.xml:8878
msgid ""
"Either response is possible. I think either would be a mistake. Rather than "
"embrace one of these two extremes, we should embrace something that "
#. PAGE BREAK 190
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8828
+#: freeculture.xml:8890
msgid ""
"Yet zero tolerance is increasingly our government's policy. In the middle of "
"the chaos that the Internet has created, an extraordinary land grab is "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8836
+#: freeculture.xml:8898
msgid ""
"I'm not talking about the opportunities for kids to <quote>steal</quote> "
"music. My focus instead is the commercial and cultural innovation that this "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8849
+#: freeculture.xml:8911
msgid ""
"eMusic opposes music piracy. We are a distributor of copyrighted material, "
"and we want to protect those rights."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8853
+#: freeculture.xml:8915
msgid ""
"But building a technology fortress that locks in the clout of the major "
"labels is by no means the only way to protect copyright interests, nor is it "
#. f3.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8870
+#: freeculture.xml:8932
msgid ""
"WIPO and the DMCA One Year Later: Assessing Consumer Access to Digital "
"Entertainment on the Internet and Other Media: Hearing Before the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8860
+#: freeculture.xml:8922
msgid ""
"This is a critical point. The choices that industry sectors make with "
"respect to these systems will in many ways directly shape the market for "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8884 freeculture.xml:9235
+#: freeculture.xml:8946 freeculture.xml:9300
msgid "Vivendi Universal"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8881
+#: freeculture.xml:8943
msgid ""
"In April 2001, eMusic.com was purchased by Vivendi Universal, one of "
"<quote>the major labels.</quote> Its position on these matters has now "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8887
+#: freeculture.xml:8949
msgid ""
"Reversing our tradition of tolerance now will not merely quash piracy. It "
"will sacrifice values that are important to this culture, and will kill "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:8895
+#: freeculture.xml:8957
msgid "CHAPTER TWELVE: Harms"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8897
+#: freeculture.xml:8959
msgid ""
"To fight <quote>piracy,</quote> to protect <quote>property,</quote> the "
"content industry has launched a war. Lobbying and lots of campaign "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8904
+#: freeculture.xml:8966
msgid ""
"My aim so far has been to describe the consequences of this war, in "
"particular, the consequences for <quote>free culture.</quote> But my aim now "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8910
+#: freeculture.xml:8972
msgid ""
"In my view, it is not. There is no good reason why this time, for the first "
"time, the law should defend the old against the new, just when the power of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8918
+#: freeculture.xml:8980
msgid ""
"Yet <quote>common sense</quote> does not see it this way. Common sense is "
"still on the side of the Causbys and the content industry. The extreme "
#. PAGE BREAK 193
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8925
+#: freeculture.xml:8988
msgid ""
"There will be many consequences of continuing this war. I want to describe "
"just three. All three might be said to be unintended. I am quite confident "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:8932
+#: freeculture.xml:8995
msgid "Constraining Creators"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8934
+#: freeculture.xml:8997
msgid ""
"In the next ten years we will see an explosion of digital technologies. "
"These technologies will enable almost anyone to capture and share "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8949
+#: freeculture.xml:9012
msgid ""
"This digital <quote>capturing and sharing</quote> is in part an extension of "
"the capturing and sharing that has always been integral to our culture, and "
#. PAGE BREAK 194
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8960
+#: freeculture.xml:9023
msgid ""
"Technology has thus given us an opportunity to do something with culture "
"that has only ever been possible for individuals in small groups, isolated "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8970
+#: freeculture.xml:9033
msgid ""
"Yet all this is possible only if the activity is presumptively legal. In the "
"current regime of legal regulation, it is not. Forget file sharing for a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8998 freeculture.xml:9019
+#: freeculture.xml:9061 freeculture.xml:9082
msgid "Worldcom"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8993
+#: freeculture.xml:9056
msgid ""
"See Lynne W. Jeter, <citetitle>Disconnected: Deceit and Betrayal at "
"WorldCom</citetitle> (Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, 2003), 176, 204; "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9014
+#: freeculture.xml:9077
msgid "Bush, George W."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9005
+#: freeculture.xml:9068
msgid ""
"The bill, modeled after California's tort reform model, was passed in the "
"House of Representatives but defeated in a Senate vote in July 2003. For an "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8981
+#: freeculture.xml:9044
msgid ""
"That presumption will increasingly chill creativity, as the examples of "
"extreme penalties for vague infringements continue to proliferate. It is "
"negligently butchering a patient? <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>"
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:9084
+msgid "art, underground"
+msgstr ""
+
#. f3.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9041
+#: freeculture.xml:9105
msgid ""
"See Danit Lidor, <quote>Artists Just Wanna Be Free,</quote> "
"<citetitle>Wired</citetitle>, 7 July 2003, available at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9022
+#: freeculture.xml:9086
msgid ""
"The consequence of this legal uncertainty, tied to these extremely high "
"penalties, is that an extraordinary amount of creativity will either never "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9051
+#: freeculture.xml:9115
msgid ""
"Part of the reason for this fear of illegality has to do with the changing "
"law. I described that change in detail in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9063
+#: freeculture.xml:9127
msgid ""
"Never in our history has a painter had to worry about whether his painting "
"infringed on someone else's work; but the modern-day painter, using the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9074
+#: freeculture.xml:9138
msgid ""
"Lawyers rarely see this because lawyers are rarely empirical. As I described "
"in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"recorders\"/>, "
#. PAGE BREAK 196
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9085
+#: freeculture.xml:9149
msgid ""
"But fair use in America simply means the right to hire a lawyer to defend "
"your right to create. And as lawyers love to forget, our system for "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9095
+#: freeculture.xml:9159
msgid ""
"Judges and lawyers can tell themselves that fair use provides adequate "
"<quote>breathing room</quote> between regulation by the law and the access "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9106
+#: freeculture.xml:9170
msgid ""
"For in a world that threatens $150,000 for a single willful infringement of "
"a copyright, and which demands tens of thousands of dollars to even defend "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9117
+#: freeculture.xml:9181
msgid "As Jed Horovitz, the businessman behind Video Pipeline, said to me,"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 197
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9121
+#: freeculture.xml:9185
msgid ""
"We're losing [creative] opportunities right and left. Creative people are "
"being forced not to express themselves. Thoughts are not being "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:9134
+#: freeculture.xml:9198
msgid "Constraining Innovators"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9136
+#: freeculture.xml:9200
msgid ""
"The story of the last section was a crunchy-lefty story—creativity "
"quashed, artists who can't speak, yada yada yada. Maybe that doesn't get you "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9144
+#: freeculture.xml:9208
msgid ""
"But there's an aspect of this story that is not lefty in any sense. Indeed, "
"it is an aspect that could be written by the most extreme promarket "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9153
+#: freeculture.xml:9218
msgid ""
"The charge I've been making about the regulation of culture is the same "
"charge free marketers make about regulating markets. Everyone, of course, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9165 freeculture.xml:9273
+#: freeculture.xml:9230 freeculture.xml:9338
msgid "Barry, Hank"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 198
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9167
+#: freeculture.xml:9232
msgid ""
"This is the single most dramatic effect of the shift in regulatory strategy "
"that I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9180
+#: freeculture.xml:9245
msgid ""
"Consider one example to make the point, a story whose beginning I told in "
"<citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle> and which has progressed in a way "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9184
+#: freeculture.xml:9249
msgid "Roberts, Michael"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9186
+#: freeculture.xml:9251
msgid ""
"In 1997, Michael Roberts launched a company called MP3.com. MP3.com was "
"keen to remake the music business. Their goal was not just to facilitate new "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9194
+#: freeculture.xml:9259
msgid ""
"To make this system work, however, MP3.com needed a reliable way to "
"recommend music to its users. The idea behind this alternative was to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9202
+#: freeculture.xml:9267
msgid ""
"This idea required a simple way to gather data about user preferences. "
"MP3.com came up with an extraordinarily clever way to gather this preference "
#. PAGE BREAK 199
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9214
+#: freeculture.xml:9279
msgid ""
"No doubt some could use this system to illegally copy content. But that "
"opportunity existed with or without MP3.com. The aim of the my.mp3.com "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9223
+#: freeculture.xml:9288
msgid ""
"To make this system function, however, MP3.com needed to copy 50,000 CDs to "
"a server. (In principle, it could have been the user who uploaded the music, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9238
+#: freeculture.xml:9303
msgid ""
"Nine days after MP3.com launched its service, the five major labels, headed "
"by the RIAA, brought a lawsuit against MP3.com. MP3.com settled with four of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9248
+#: freeculture.xml:9313
msgid "That part of the story I have told before. Now consider its conclusion."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9251
+#: freeculture.xml:9316
msgid ""
"After Vivendi purchased MP3.com, Vivendi turned around and filed a "
"malpractice lawsuit against the lawyers who had advised it that they had a "
#. PAGE BREAK 200
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9261
+#: freeculture.xml:9326
msgid ""
"The clear purpose of this lawsuit (which was settled for an unspecified "
"amount shortly after the story was no longer covered in the press) was to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9272
+#: freeculture.xml:9337
msgid "Hummer, John"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9274
+#: freeculture.xml:9339
msgid "Hummer Winblad"
msgstr ""
#. f4.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9282
+#: freeculture.xml:9347
msgid ""
"See Joseph Menn, <quote>Universal, EMI Sue Napster Investor,</quote> "
"<citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 23 April 2003. For a parallel "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9276
+#: freeculture.xml:9341
msgid ""
"This strategy is not just limited to the lawyers. In April 2003, Universal "
"and EMI brought a lawsuit against Hummer Winblad, the venture capital firm "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9306
+#: freeculture.xml:9371
msgid "BMW"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9321
+#: freeculture.xml:9386
msgid "Needleman, Rafe"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9317
+#: freeculture.xml:9382
msgid ""
"Rafe Needleman, <quote>Driving in Cars with MP3s,</quote> "
"<citetitle>Business 2.0</citetitle>, 16 June 2003, available at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9308
+#: freeculture.xml:9373
msgid ""
"I asked why, with all the storage capacity and computer power in the car, "
"there was no way to play MP3 files. I was told that BMW engineers in Germany "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9326
+#: freeculture.xml:9391
msgid ""
"This is the world of the mafia—filled with <quote>your money or your "
"life</quote> offers, governed in the end not by courts but by the threats "
#. PAGE BREAK 201
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9336
+#: freeculture.xml:9401
msgid ""
"The point is not that businesses should have a right to start illegal "
"enterprises. The point is the definition of <quote>illegal.</quote> The law "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9350
+#: freeculture.xml:9416
msgid ""
"The point is directly parallel to the crunchy-lefty point about fair "
"use. Whatever the <quote>real</quote> law is, realism about the effect of "
#. PAGE BREAK 202
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9362
+#: freeculture.xml:9428
msgid ""
"The building of a permission culture, rather than a free culture, is the "
"first important way in which the changes I have described will burden "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9384
+#: freeculture.xml:9450
msgid ""
"The motivation for this response is obvious. The Internet enables the "
"efficient spread of content. That efficiency is a feature of the Internet's "
#. f6.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9398
+#: freeculture.xml:9464
msgid ""
"<quote>Copyright and Digital Media in a Post-Napster World,</quote> "
"GartnerG2 and the Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard Law "
#. f7.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9411
+#: freeculture.xml:9477
msgid "GartnerG2, 26–27."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9394
+#: freeculture.xml:9460
msgid ""
"The examples of this form of legislation are many. At the urging of the "
"content industry, some in Congress have threatened legislation that would "
#. PAGE BREAK 203
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9415
+#: freeculture.xml:9481
msgid ""
"In one sense, these solutions seem sensible. If the problem is the code, why "
"not regulate the code to remove the problem. But any regulation of technical "
#. f8.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9429
+#: freeculture.xml:9495
msgid ""
"See David McGuire, <quote>Tech Execs Square Off Over Piracy,</quote> "
"Newsbytes, February 2002 (Entertainment)."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9435 freeculture.xml:11254
+#: freeculture.xml:9501 freeculture.xml:11342
msgid "Intel"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9425
+#: freeculture.xml:9491
msgid ""
"In March 2002, a broad coalition of technology companies, led by Intel, "
"tried to get Congress to see the harm that such legislation would "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9438
+#: freeculture.xml:9504
msgid ""
"There is one more obvious way in which this war has harmed "
"innovation—again, a story that will be quite familiar to the free "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9443
+#: freeculture.xml:9509
msgid ""
"Copyright may be property, but like all property, it is also a form of "
"regulation. It is a regulation that benefits some and harms others. When "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9455
+#: freeculture.xml:9521
msgid ""
"Jessica Litman, <citetitle>Digital Copyright</citetitle> (Amherst, N.Y.: "
"Prometheus Books, 2001). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9449
+#: freeculture.xml:9515
msgid ""
"As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" "
"linkend=\"property-i\"/>, despite this feature of copyright as regulation, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9466
+#: freeculture.xml:9532
msgid ""
"But that pattern of deference to new technologies has now changed with the "
"rise of the Internet. Rather than striking a balance between the claims of a "
#. f10.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9475
+#: freeculture.xml:9541
msgid ""
"The only circuit court exception is found in <citetitle>Recording Industry "
"Association of America (RIAA)</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Diamond Multimedia "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9508
+#: freeculture.xml:9574
msgid "Hollings, Fritz"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9493
+#: freeculture.xml:9559
msgid ""
"For example, in July 2002, Representative Howard Berman introduced the "
"Peer-to-Peer Piracy Prevention Act (H.R. 5211), which would immunize "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9473
+#: freeculture.xml:9539
msgid ""
"The response by the courts has been fairly universal.<placeholder "
"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It has been mirrored in the responses "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9516
+#: freeculture.xml:9586
msgid ""
"As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" "
"linkend=\"pirates\"/>, when a radio station plays a song, the recording "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9528
+#: freeculture.xml:9598
msgid ""
"The reasoning behind this balance struck by Congress makes some sense. The "
"justification was that radio was a kind of advertising. The recording artist "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9539
+#: freeculture.xml:9609
msgid ""
"Enter Internet radio. Like regular radio, Internet radio is a technology to "
"stream content from a broadcaster to a listener. The broadcast travels "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9548
+#: freeculture.xml:9618
msgid ""
"This feature of the architecture of Internet radio means that there are "
"potentially an unlimited number of radio stations that a user could tune in "
#. PAGE BREAK 205
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9563
+#: freeculture.xml:9634
msgid ""
"Internet radio is thus to radio what FM was to AM. It is an improvement "
"potentially vastly more significant than the FM improvement over AM, since "
#. f12.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9587
+#: freeculture.xml:9658
msgid "Lessing, 239."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9573
+#: freeculture.xml:9644
msgid ""
"An almost unlimited number of FM stations was possible in the shortwaves, "
"thus ending the unnatural restrictions imposed on radio in the crowded "
#. f13.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9597
+#: freeculture.xml:9668
msgid "Ibid., 229."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9592
+#: freeculture.xml:9663
msgid ""
"This potential for FM radio was never realized—not because Armstrong "
"was wrong about the technology, but because he underestimated the power of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9602
+#: freeculture.xml:9673
msgid ""
"Now the very same claim could be made about Internet radio. For again, there "
"is no technical limitation that could restrict the number of Internet radio "
#. PAGE BREAK 206
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9610
+#: freeculture.xml:9685
msgid ""
"But here the power of the lobbyists is reversed. Internet radio is a new "
"industry. The recording artists, on the other hand, have a very powerful "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9649
+#: freeculture.xml:9724
msgid "CARP (Copyright Arbitration Royalty Panel)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9632
+#: freeculture.xml:9707
msgid ""
"This example was derived from fees set by the original Copyright Arbitration "
"Royalty Panel (CARP) proceedings, and is drawn from an example offered by "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9625
+#: freeculture.xml:9700
msgid ""
"This financial burden is not slight. As Harvard law professor William Fisher "
"estimates, if an Internet radio station distributed adfree popular music to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9656
+#: freeculture.xml:9732
msgid ""
"The burden is not financial only. Under the original rules that were "
"proposed, an Internet radio station (but not a terrestrial radio station) "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9664
+#: freeculture.xml:9740
msgid "name of the service;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9667
+#: freeculture.xml:9743
msgid "channel of the program (AM/FM stations use station ID);"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9670
+#: freeculture.xml:9746
msgid "type of program (archived/looped/live);"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9673
+#: freeculture.xml:9749
msgid "date of transmission;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9676
+#: freeculture.xml:9752
msgid "time of transmission;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9679
+#: freeculture.xml:9755
msgid "time zone of origination of transmission;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9682
+#: freeculture.xml:9758
msgid "numeric designation of the place of the sound recording within the program;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9685
+#: freeculture.xml:9761
msgid "duration of transmission (to nearest second);"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9688
+#: freeculture.xml:9764
msgid "sound recording title;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9691
+#: freeculture.xml:9767
msgid "ISRC code of the recording;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9694
+#: freeculture.xml:9770
msgid ""
"release year of the album per copyright notice and in the case of "
"compilation albums, the release year of the album and copy- right date of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9697
+#: freeculture.xml:9773
msgid "featured recording artist;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9700
+#: freeculture.xml:9776
msgid "retail album title;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9703
+#: freeculture.xml:9779
msgid "recording label;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9706
+#: freeculture.xml:9782
msgid "UPC code of the retail album;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9709
+#: freeculture.xml:9785
msgid "catalog number;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9712
+#: freeculture.xml:9788
msgid "copyright owner information;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9715
+#: freeculture.xml:9791
msgid "musical genre of the channel or program (station format);"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9718
+#: freeculture.xml:9794
msgid "name of the service or entity;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9721
+#: freeculture.xml:9797
msgid "channel or program;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9724
+#: freeculture.xml:9800
msgid "date and time that the user logged in (in the user's time zone);"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9727
+#: freeculture.xml:9803
msgid "date and time that the user logged out (in the user's time zone);"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9730
+#: freeculture.xml:9806
msgid "time zone where the signal was received (user);"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9733
+#: freeculture.xml:9809
msgid "unique user identifier;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9736
+#: freeculture.xml:9812
msgid "the country in which the user received the transmissions."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9741
+#: freeculture.xml:9817
msgid ""
"The Librarian of Congress eventually suspended these reporting requirements, "
"pending further study. And he also changed the original rates set by the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9749
+#: freeculture.xml:9825
msgid ""
"Why? What justifies this difference? Was there any study of the economic "
"consequences from Internet radio that would justify these differences? Was "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9754 freeculture.xml:14349
+#: freeculture.xml:9829 freeculture.xml:14456
msgid "Real Networks"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9756
+#: freeculture.xml:9834
msgid ""
"In a rare bit of candor, one RIAA expert admitted what seemed obvious to "
"everyone at the time. As Alex Alben, vice president for Public Policy at "
#. PAGE BREAK 208
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9762
+#: freeculture.xml:9840
msgid ""
"The RIAA, which was representing the record labels, presented some testimony "
"about what they thought a willing buyer would pay to a willing seller, and "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9777
+#: freeculture.xml:9859
msgid ""
"And the RIAA experts said, <quote>Well, we don't really model this as an "
"industry with thousands of webcasters, <emphasis>we think it should be an "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9785
+#: freeculture.xml:9868
msgid ""
"Translation: The aim is to use the law to eliminate competition, so that "
"this platform of potentially immense competition, which would cause the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:9795
+#: freeculture.xml:9878
msgid "Corrupting Citizens"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9797
+#: freeculture.xml:9880
msgid ""
"Overregulation stifles creativity. It smothers innovation. It gives "
"dinosaurs a veto over the future. It wastes the extraordinary opportunity "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9803
+#: freeculture.xml:9886
msgid ""
"In addition to these important harms, there is one more that was important "
"to our forebears, but seems forgotten today. Overregulation corrupts "
#. f15.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9812
+#: freeculture.xml:9895
msgid ""
"Mike Graziano and Lee Rainie, <quote>The Music Downloading Deluge,</quote> "
"Pew Internet and American Life Project (24 April 2001), available at <ulink "
#. PAGE BREAK 209
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9808
+#: freeculture.xml:9891
msgid ""
"The war that is being waged today is a war of prohibition. As with every war "
"of prohibition, it is targeted against the behavior of a very large number "
#. f16.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9846
+#: freeculture.xml:9929
msgid ""
"Alex Pham, <quote>The Labels Strike Back: N.Y. Girl Settles RIAA "
"Case,</quote> <citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 10 September 2003, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9833
+#: freeculture.xml:9916
msgid ""
"The content industry's tactics exploit the failings of the American legal "
"system. When the RIAA brought suit against Jesse Jordan, it knew that in "
#. f17.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9868
+#: freeculture.xml:9951
msgid ""
"Jeffrey A. Miron and Jeffrey Zwiebel, <quote>Alcohol Consumption During "
"Prohibition,</quote> <citetitle>American Economic Review</citetitle> 81, "
#. f18.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9876
+#: freeculture.xml:9959
msgid ""
"National Drug Control Policy: Hearing Before the House Government Reform "
"Committee, 108th Cong., 1st sess. (5 March 2003) (statement of John "
#. f19.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9886
+#: freeculture.xml:9969
msgid ""
"See James Andreoni, Brian Erard, and Jonathon Feinstein, <quote>Tax "
"Compliance,</quote> <citetitle>Journal of Economic Literature</citetitle> 36 "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9893
+#: freeculture.xml:9976
msgid "alcohol prohibition"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9858
+#: freeculture.xml:9941
msgid ""
"Wars of prohibition are nothing new in America. This one is just something "
"more extreme than anything we've seen before. We experimented with alcohol "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9911
+#: freeculture.xml:9994
msgid "law schools"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9896
+#: freeculture.xml:9979
msgid ""
"This state of affairs is not without consequence. It is a particularly "
"salient issue for teachers like me, whose job it is to teach law students "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9914
+#: freeculture.xml:9997
msgid ""
"The response to this general illegality is either to enforce the law more "
"severely or to change the law. We, as a society, have to learn how to make "
#. PAGE BREAK 211
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9927
+#: freeculture.xml:10010
msgid ""
"My point is not the idiotic one: Just because people violate a law, we "
"should therefore repeal it. Obviously, we could reduce murder statistics "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9934
+#: freeculture.xml:10017
msgid ""
"My point is instead one that democracies understood for generations, but "
"that we recently have learned to forget. The rule of law depends upon people "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9948
+#: freeculture.xml:10031
msgid ""
"When at least forty-three million citizens download content from the "
"Internet, and when they use tools to combine that content in ways "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9960
+#: freeculture.xml:10043
msgid "This abstract point can be made more clear with a particular example."
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 212
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9963
+#: freeculture.xml:10046
msgid ""
"We all own CDs. Many of us still own phonograph records. These pieces of "
"plastic encode music that in a certain sense we have bought. The law "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9974
+#: freeculture.xml:10057
msgid ""
"But as the MP3 craze has demonstrated, there is another use of phonograph "
"records that is effectively free. Because these recordings were made without "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9982
+#: freeculture.xml:10065
msgid "Adromeda"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9984
+#: freeculture.xml:10067
msgid ""
"This <quote>use</quote> of my records is certainly valuable. I have begun a "
"large process at home of ripping all of my and my wife's CDs, and storing "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9995
+#: freeculture.xml:10078
msgid ""
"This use is enabled by unprotected media—either CDs or records. But "
"unprotected media also enable file sharing. File sharing threatens (or so "
#. PAGE BREAK 213
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10005
+#: freeculture.xml:10088
msgid ""
"If these technologies took off, then the building of large archives of your "
"own music would become quite difficult. You might hang in hacker circles, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10019
+#: freeculture.xml:10102
msgid ""
"If the only way to assure that artists get paid were the elimination of the "
"ability to freely move content, then these technologies to interfere with "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10028
+#: freeculture.xml:10111
msgid ""
"My point just now is not to prove that there is such a system. I offer a "
"version of such a system in the last chapter of this book. For now, the only "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10039
+#: freeculture.xml:10122
msgid ""
"I believe there is a way to assure that artists are paid without turning "
"forty-three million Americans into felons. But the salient feature of this "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10048
+#: freeculture.xml:10131
msgid ""
"Except that this generation's buggy manufacturers have already saddled "
"Congress, and are riding the law to protect themselves against this new form "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10054
+#: freeculture.xml:10137
msgid ""
"It is understandable why they choose as they do. It is not understandable "
"why we as a democracy continue to choose as we do. Jack Valenti is charming; "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10073 freeculture.xml:10182
+#: freeculture.xml:10156 freeculture.xml:10265
msgid "von Lohmann, Fred"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10071
+#: freeculture.xml:10154
msgid ""
"<quote>If you can treat someone as a putative lawbreaker,</quote> von "
"Lohmann explains, <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10077
+#: freeculture.xml:10160
msgid ""
"then all of a sudden a lot of basic civil liberty protections evaporate to "
"one degree or another. … If you're a copyright infringer, how can you "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10089
+#: freeculture.xml:10172
msgid ""
"And the consequence of this transformation of the American public into "
"criminals is that it becomes trivial, as a matter of due process, to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10094
+#: freeculture.xml:10177
msgid ""
"Users of the Internet began to see this generally in 2003 as the RIAA "
"launched its campaign to force Internet service providers to turn over the "
#. f20.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10112
+#: freeculture.xml:10195
msgid ""
"See Frank Ahrens, <quote>RIAA's Lawsuits Meet Surprised Targets; Single "
"Mother in Calif., 12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. Among Defendants,</quote> "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10103
+#: freeculture.xml:10186
msgid ""
"The RIAA then expanded this campaign, by announcing a general strategy to "
"sue individual users of the Internet who are alleged to have downloaded "
#. f21.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10130
+#: freeculture.xml:10213
msgid ""
"See <quote>Revealed: How RIAA Tracks Downloaders: Music Industry Discloses "
"Some Methods Used,</quote> CNN.com, available at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10126
+#: freeculture.xml:10209
msgid ""
"Even this understates the espionage that is being waged by the RIAA. A "
"report from CNN late last summer described a strategy the RIAA had adopted "
#. f22.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10151
+#: freeculture.xml:10234
msgid ""
"See Jeff Adler, <quote>Cambridge: On Campus, Pirates Are Not "
"Penitent,</quote> <citetitle>Boston Globe</citetitle>, 18 May 2003, City "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10139
+#: freeculture.xml:10222
msgid ""
"So imagine the following not-implausible scenario: Imagine a friend gives a "
"CD to your daughter—a collection of songs just like the cassettes you "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10170
+#: freeculture.xml:10253
msgid ""
"Now, of course, she'll have the right to defend herself. You can hire a "
"lawyer for her (at $300 per hour, if you're lucky), and she can plead that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10186
+#: freeculture.xml:10269
msgid ""
"So when we're talking about numbers like forty to sixty million Americans "
"that are essentially copyright infringers, you create a situation where the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10206
+#: freeculture.xml:10289
msgid ""
"When forty to sixty million Americans are considered "
"<quote>criminals</quote> under the law, and when the law could achieve the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:10219
+#: freeculture.xml:10302
msgid "BALANCES"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10224
+#: freeculture.xml:10307
msgid ""
"So here's the picture: You're standing at the side of the road. Your car is "
"on fire. You are angry and upset because in part you helped start the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10230
+#: freeculture.xml:10313
msgid ""
"As you ponder the mess, someone else comes along. In a panic, she grabs the "
"bucket. Before you have a chance to tell her to stop—or before she "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10238
+#: freeculture.xml:10321
msgid ""
"A war about copyright rages all around—and we're all focusing on the "
"wrong thing. No doubt, current technologies threaten existing businesses. "
#. PAGE BREAK 219
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10247
+#: freeculture.xml:10330
msgid ""
"Yet policy makers are not willing to leave this fire to itself. Primed with "
"plenty of lobbyists' money, they are keen to intervene to eliminate the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10255
+#: freeculture.xml:10338
msgid ""
"Somehow we have to find a way to turn attention to this more important and "
"fundamental issue. Somehow we have to find a way to avoid pouring gasoline "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10260
+#: freeculture.xml:10343
msgid ""
"We have not found that way yet. Instead, we seem trapped in a simpler, "
"binary view. However much many people push to frame this debate more "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10266
+#: freeculture.xml:10349
msgid ""
"This challenge has been my life these last few years. It has also been my "
"failure. In the two chapters that follow, I describe one small brace of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:10276
+#: freeculture.xml:10359
msgid "CHAPTER THIRTEEN: Eldred"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10278
+#: freeculture.xml:10361
msgid "Hawthorne, Nathaniel"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10281
+#: freeculture.xml:10364
msgid ""
"In 1995, a father was frustrated that his daughters didn't seem to like "
"Hawthorne. No doubt there was more than one such father, but at least one "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10290
+#: freeculture.xml:10373
msgid ""
"It didn't work—at least for his daughters. They didn't find Hawthorne "
"any more interesting than before. But Eldred's experiment gave birth to a "
#. PAGE BREAK 221
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10297
+#: freeculture.xml:10380
msgid ""
"Eldred's library was not simply a copy of certain public domain works, "
"though even a copy would have been of great value to people across the world "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10308
+#: freeculture.xml:10391
msgid ""
"Eldred's freedom to do this with Hawthorne's work grew from the same source "
"as Disney's. Hawthorne's <citetitle>Scarlet Letter</citetitle> had passed "
#. f1.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10332
+#: freeculture.xml:10415
msgid ""
"There's a parallel here with pornography that is a bit hard to describe, but "
"it's a strong one. One phenomenon that the Internet created was a world of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10321
+#: freeculture.xml:10404
msgid ""
"The Internet created the possibility of noncommercial publications of public "
"domain works. Eldred's is just one example. There are literally thousands of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10349
+#: freeculture.xml:10432
msgid ""
"As I said, Eldred lives in New Hampshire. In 1998, Robert Frost's collection "
"of poems <citetitle>New Hampshire</citetitle> was slated to pass into the "
#. f2.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10370
+#: freeculture.xml:10453
msgid ""
"The full text is: <quote>Sonny [Bono] wanted the term of copyright "
"protection to last forever. I am informed by staff that such a change would "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10365
+#: freeculture.xml:10448
msgid ""
"This was the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA), enacted in "
"memory of the congressman and former musician Sonny Bono, who, his widow, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10381
+#: freeculture.xml:10464
msgid ""
"Eldred decided to fight this law. He first resolved to fight it through "
"civil disobedience. In a series of interviews, Eldred announced that he "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10390
+#: freeculture.xml:10473
msgid ""
"It was here that I became involved in Eldred's battle. I was a "
"constitutional scholar whose first passion was constitutional "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10401
+#: freeculture.xml:10484
msgid ""
"Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science … by "
"securing for limited Times to Authors … exclusive Right to their "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10407
+#: freeculture.xml:10490
msgid ""
"As I've described, this clause is unique within the power-granting clause of "
"Article I, section 8 of our Constitution. Every other clause granting power "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10426 freeculture.xml:11886
+#: freeculture.xml:10509 freeculture.xml:11978
msgid "Jaszi, Peter"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10417
+#: freeculture.xml:10500
msgid ""
"In the past forty years, Congress has gotten into the practice of extending "
"existing terms of copyright protection. What puzzled me about this was, if "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10429
+#: freeculture.xml:10512
msgid ""
"As an academic, my first response was to hit the books. I remember sitting "
"late at the office, scouring on-line databases for any serious consideration "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10440
+#: freeculture.xml:10523
msgid ""
"For this is the core of the corruption in our present system of "
"government. <quote>Corruption</quote> not in the sense that representatives "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10449
+#: freeculture.xml:10532
msgid ""
"If that's not obvious to you, consider the following: Say you're one of the "
"very few lucky copyright owners whose copyright continues to make money one "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10459
+#: freeculture.xml:10542
msgid ""
"So imagine the Robert Frost estate is earning $100,000 a year from three of "
"Frost's poems. And imagine the copyright for those poems is about to "
#. PAGE BREAK 224
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10466
+#: freeculture.xml:10549
msgid ""
"<quote>Next year,</quote> the adviser announces, <quote>our copyrights in "
"works A, B, and C will expire. That means that after next year, we will no "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10474
+#: freeculture.xml:10557
msgid ""
"<quote>There's a proposal in Congress, however,</quote> she continues, "
"<quote>that could change this. A few congressmen are floating a bill to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10480
+#: freeculture.xml:10563
msgid ""
"<quote>Hope?</quote> a fellow board member says. <quote>Can't we be doing "
"something about it?</quote>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10484
+#: freeculture.xml:10567
msgid ""
"<quote>Well, obviously, yes,</quote> the adviser responds. <quote>We could "
"contribute to the campaigns of a number of representatives to try to assure "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10489
+#: freeculture.xml:10572
msgid ""
"You hate politics. You hate contributing to campaigns. So you want to know "
"whether this disgusting practice is worth it. <quote>How much would we get "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10495
+#: freeculture.xml:10578
msgid ""
"<quote>Well,</quote> the adviser says, <quote>if you're confident that you "
"will continue to get at least $100,000 a year from these copyrights, and you "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10501
+#: freeculture.xml:10584
msgid ""
"You're a bit shocked by the number, but you quickly come to the correct "
"conclusion:"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10505
+#: freeculture.xml:10588
msgid ""
"<quote>So you're saying it would be worth it for us to pay more than "
"$1,000,000 in campaign contributions if we were confident those "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10511
+#: freeculture.xml:10594
msgid ""
"<quote>Absolutely,</quote> the adviser responds. <quote>It is worth it to "
"you to contribute up to the `present value' of the income you expect from "
#. PAGE BREAK 225
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10517
+#: freeculture.xml:10600
msgid ""
"You quickly get the point—you as the member of the board and, I trust, "
"you the reader. Each time copyrights are about to expire, every beneficiary "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10528
+#: freeculture.xml:10611
msgid ""
"Thus a congressional perpetual motion machine: So long as legislation can be "
"bought (albeit indirectly), there will be all the incentive in the world to "
#. f3.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10540
+#: freeculture.xml:10623
msgid ""
"Associated Press, <quote>Disney Lobbying for Copyright Extension No Mickey "
"Mouse Effort; Congress OKs Bill Granting Creators 20 More Years,</quote> "
#. f4.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10547
+#: freeculture.xml:10630
msgid ""
"See Nick Brown, <quote>Fair Use No More?: Copyright in the Information "
"Age,</quote> available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
#. f5.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10555
+#: freeculture.xml:10638
msgid ""
"Alan K. Ota, <quote>Disney in Washington: The Mouse That Roars,</quote> "
"<citetitle>Congressional Quarterly This Week</citetitle>, 8 August 1990, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10533
+#: freeculture.xml:10616
msgid ""
"In the lobbying that led to the passage of the Sonny Bono Copyright Term "
"Extension Act, this <quote>theory</quote> about incentives was proved "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10562
+#: freeculture.xml:10645
msgid ""
"Constitutional law is not oblivious to the obvious. Or at least, it need not "
"be. So when I was considering Eldred's complaint, this reality about the "
#. PAGE BREAK 226
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10575
+#: freeculture.xml:10658
msgid ""
"It was also my judgment that <emphasis>this</emphasis> Supreme Court would "
"not allow Congress to extend existing terms. As anyone close to the Supreme "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10588
+#: freeculture.xml:10671
msgid ""
"Since 1937, the Supreme Court had interpreted Congress's granted powers very "
"broadly; so, while the Constitution grants Congress the power to regulate "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10598
+#: freeculture.xml:10681
msgid ""
"As the economy grew, this standard increasingly meant that there was no "
"limit to Congress's power to regulate, since just about every activity, when "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10604 freeculture.xml:11383
+#: freeculture.xml:10687 freeculture.xml:11471
msgid "Rehnquist, William H."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10606
+#: freeculture.xml:10689
msgid ""
"The Supreme Court, under Chief Justice Rehnquist's command, changed that in "
"<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>. The "
#. f6.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10621
+#: freeculture.xml:10704
msgid ""
"<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>, 514 "
"U.S. 549, 564 (1995)."
#. f7.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10628
+#: freeculture.xml:10711
msgid ""
"<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Morrison</citetitle>, 529 "
"U.S. 598 (2000)."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10619
+#: freeculture.xml:10702
msgid ""
"<quote>We pause to consider the implications of the government's "
"arguments,</quote> the Chief Justice wrote.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
#. f8.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10635
+#: freeculture.xml:10718
msgid ""
"If it is a principle about enumerated powers, then the principle carries "
"from one enumerated power to another. The animating point in the context of "
#. PAGE BREAK 227
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10632
+#: freeculture.xml:10715
msgid ""
"If a principle were at work here, then it should apply to the Progress "
"Clause as much as the Commerce Clause.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10656
+#: freeculture.xml:10739
msgid ""
"<emphasis>If</emphasis>, that is, the principle announced in "
"<citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> stood for a principle. Many believed the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10669
+#: freeculture.xml:10752
msgid ""
"Now let's pause for a moment to make sure we understand what the argument in "
"<citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> was not about. By insisting on the "
#. f9.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10692
+#: freeculture.xml:10775
msgid ""
"Brief of the Nashville Songwriters Association, "
"<citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 537 U.S. "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10700
+#: freeculture.xml:10783
msgid "Nashville Songwriters Association"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10686
+#: freeculture.xml:10769
msgid ""
"Some people view the public domain with contempt. In their brief before the "
"Supreme Court, the Nashville Songwriters Association wrote that the public "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10703
+#: freeculture.xml:10786
msgid ""
"As we've seen, our constitutional system requires limits on copyright as a "
"way to assure that copyright holders do not too heavily influence the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10715
+#: freeculture.xml:10798
msgid ""
"It is valuable copyrights that are responsible for terms being extended. "
"Mickey Mouse and <quote>Rhapsody in Blue.</quote> These works are too "
#. f10.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10736
+#: freeculture.xml:10819
msgid ""
"The figure of 2 percent is an extrapolation from the study by the "
"Congressional Research Service, in light of the estimated renewal "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10730
+#: freeculture.xml:10813
msgid ""
"If you look at the work created in the first twenty years (1923 to 1942) "
"affected by the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act, 2 percent of that "
#. PAGE BREAK 229
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10745
+#: freeculture.xml:10828
msgid ""
"Think practically about the consequence of this extension—practically, "
"as a businessperson, and not as a lawyer eager for more legal work. In 1930, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10757
+#: freeculture.xml:10841
msgid ""
"Well, first, you'd have to determine which of the 9,873 books were still "
"under copyright. That requires going to a library (these data are not "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10765
+#: freeculture.xml:10849
msgid ""
"Then for the books still under copyright, you would need to locate the "
"current copyright owners. How would you do that?"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10769
+#: freeculture.xml:10853
msgid ""
"Most people think that there must be a list of these copyright owners "
"somewhere. Practical people think this way. How could there be thousands and "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10776
+#: freeculture.xml:10860
msgid ""
"But there is no list. There may be a name from 1930, and then in 1959, of "
"the person who registered the copyright. But just think practically about "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10785
+#: freeculture.xml:10869
msgid ""
"<quote>But there isn't a list of who owns property generally,</quote> the "
"apologists for the system respond. <quote>Why should there be a list of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10790
+#: freeculture.xml:10874
msgid ""
"Well, actually, if you think about it, there <emphasis>are</emphasis> plenty "
"of lists of who owns what property. Think about deeds on houses, or titles "
#. PAGE BREAK 230
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10799
+#: freeculture.xml:10883
msgid ""
"So: You walk down a street and see a house. You can know who owns the house "
"by looking it up in the courthouse registry. If you see a car, there is "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10814
+#: freeculture.xml:10898
msgid ""
"Compare this story to intangible property. You go into a library. The "
"library owns the books. But who owns the copyrights? As I've already "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10826
+#: freeculture.xml:10910
msgid ""
"The consequence with respect to old books is that they won't be digitized, "
"and hence will simply rot away on shelves. But the consequence for other "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10832
+#: freeculture.xml:10916
msgid "Agee, Michael"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10834 freeculture.xml:11266
+#: freeculture.xml:10918 freeculture.xml:11354
msgid "Hal Roach Studios"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10835
+#: freeculture.xml:10919
msgid "Laurel and Hardy Films"
msgstr ""
#. f11.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10848
+#: freeculture.xml:10932
msgid ""
"See David G. Savage, <quote>High Court Scene of Showdown on Copyright "
"Law,</quote> <citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 6 October 2002; David "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10854
+#: freeculture.xml:10938
msgid "Lucky Dog, The"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10837
+#: freeculture.xml:10921
msgid ""
"Consider the story of Michael Agee, chairman of Hal Roach Studios, which "
"owns the copyrights for the Laurel and Hardy films. Agee is a direct "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10857
+#: freeculture.xml:10941
msgid ""
"Yet Agee opposed the CTEA. His reasons demonstrate a rare virtue in this "
"culture: selflessness. He argued in a brief before the Supreme Court that "
#. PAGE BREAK 231
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10863
+#: freeculture.xml:10947
msgid ""
"His argument is straightforward. A tiny fraction of this work has any "
"continuing commercial value. The rest—to the extent it survives at "
#. f12.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10881
+#: freeculture.xml:10965
msgid ""
"Brief of Hal Roach Studios and Michael Agee as Amicus Curiae Supporting the "
"Petitoners, <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10874
+#: freeculture.xml:10958
msgid ""
"We can't know the benefits, but we do know a lot about the costs. For most "
"of the history of film, the costs of restoring film were very high; digital "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10891
+#: freeculture.xml:10975
msgid ""
"Restoration technology is not the only cost, nor the most important. "
"Lawyers, too, are a cost, and increasingly, a very important one. In "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10899
+#: freeculture.xml:10983
msgid ""
"Or more accurately, <emphasis>owners</emphasis>. As we've seen, there isn't "
"only a single copyright associated with a film; there are many. There isn't "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10907
+#: freeculture.xml:10991
msgid ""
"<quote>But can't you just restore the film, distribute it, and then pay the "
"copyright owner when she shows up?</quote> Sure, if you want to commit a "
#. PAGE BREAK 232
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10918
+#: freeculture.xml:11002
msgid ""
"For some films, the benefit of releasing the film may well exceed these "
"costs. But for the vast majority of them, there is no way the benefit would "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10929
+#: freeculture.xml:11013
msgid ""
"But by the time the copyright for these films expires, the film will have "
"expired. These films were produced on nitrate-based stock, and nitrate stock "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10937
+#: freeculture.xml:11021
msgid ""
"Of all the creative work produced by humans anywhere, a tiny fraction has "
"continuing commercial value. For that tiny fraction, the copyright is a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10946
+#: freeculture.xml:11030
msgid ""
"But even for that tiny fraction, the actual time during which the creative "
"work has a commercial life is extremely short. As I've indicated, most books "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10956
+#: freeculture.xml:11040
msgid ""
"Yet that doesn't mean the life of the creative work ends. We don't keep "
"libraries of books in order to compete with Barnes & Noble, and we don't "
#. PAGE BREAK 233
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10969
+#: freeculture.xml:11053
msgid ""
"Copyrights in this context do not drive an engine of free expression. In "
"this context, there is no need for an exclusive right. Copyrights in this "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10976
+#: freeculture.xml:11060
msgid ""
"Yet, for most of our history, they also did little harm. For most of our "
"history, when a work ended its commercial life, there was no "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10987
+#: freeculture.xml:11071
msgid ""
"The same was effectively true of film. Because the costs of restoring a "
"film—the real economic costs, not the lawyer costs—were so high, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10996
+#: freeculture.xml:11080
msgid ""
"In other words, though copyright has been relatively short for most of our "
"history, long copyrights wouldn't have mattered for the works that lost "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11002
+#: freeculture.xml:11086
msgid "But this situation has now changed."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11005
+#: freeculture.xml:11092
msgid ""
"One crucially important consequence of the emergence of digital technologies "
"is to enable the archive that Brewster Kahle dreams of. Digital "
#. PAGE BREAK 234
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11018
+#: freeculture.xml:11105
msgid ""
"And now copyright law does get in the way. Every step of producing this "
"digital archive of our culture infringes on the exclusive right of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11028
+#: freeculture.xml:11115
msgid ""
"Here is the core of the harm that comes from extending terms: Now that "
"technology enables us to rebuild the library of Alexandria, the law gets in "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11039
+#: freeculture.xml:11126
msgid ""
"You may well ask, <quote>But if digital technologies lower the costs for "
"Brewster Kahle, then they will lower the costs for Random House, too. So "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11045
+#: freeculture.xml:11132
msgid ""
"Maybe. Someday. But there is absolutely no evidence to suggest that "
"publishers would be as complete as libraries. If Barnes & Noble offered "
#. f13.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11068
+#: freeculture.xml:11156
msgid ""
"Jason Schultz, <quote>The Myth of the 1976 Copyright `Chaos' Theory,</quote> "
"20 December 2002, available at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11056
+#: freeculture.xml:11144
msgid ""
"I would be the first to agree that it should do as much as it can: We should "
"rely upon the market as much as possible to spread and enable culture. My "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11075
+#: freeculture.xml:11163
msgid ""
"In January 1999, we filed a lawsuit on Eric Eldred's behalf in federal "
"district court in Washington, D.C., asking the court to declare the Sonny "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11083
+#: freeculture.xml:11171
msgid ""
"The district court dismissed our claims without even hearing an argument. A "
"panel of the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit also dismissed our "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11090
+#: freeculture.xml:11178
msgid ""
"Judge David Sentelle said the CTEA violated the requirement that copyrights "
"be for <quote>limited Times</quote> only. His argument was as elegant as it "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11101
+#: freeculture.xml:11189
msgid ""
"We asked the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit as a whole to hear the "
"case. Cases are ordinarily heard in panels of three, except for important "
#. PAGE BREAK 236
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11107
+#: freeculture.xml:11195
msgid ""
"The Court of Appeals rejected our request to hear the case en banc. This "
"time, Judge Sentelle was joined by the most liberal member of the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11116
+#: freeculture.xml:11204
msgid ""
"It was here that most expected Eldred v. Ashcroft would die, for the Supreme "
"Court rarely reviews any decision by a court of appeals. (It hears about one "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11123
+#: freeculture.xml:11211
msgid ""
"But in February 2002, the Supreme Court surprised the world by granting our "
"petition to review the D.C. Circuit opinion. Argument was set for October of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11129
+#: freeculture.xml:11217
msgid ""
"It is over a year later as I write these words. It is still astonishingly "
"hard. If you know anything at all about this story, you know that we lost "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11139
+#: freeculture.xml:11227
msgid ""
"But my client and these friends were wrong. This case could have been "
"won. It should have been won. And no matter how hard I try to retell this "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11144 freeculture.xml:11158
+#: freeculture.xml:11232 freeculture.xml:11246
msgid "Steward, Geoffrey"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 237
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11146
+#: freeculture.xml:11234
msgid ""
"The mistake was made early, though it became obvious only at the very "
"end. Our case had been supported from the very beginning by an extraordinary "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11156 freeculture.xml:11506 freeculture.xml:11522 freeculture.xml:11615 freeculture.xml:11829 freeculture.xml:11860 freeculture.xml:11953
+#: freeculture.xml:11244 freeculture.xml:11595 freeculture.xml:11611 freeculture.xml:11705 freeculture.xml:11921 freeculture.xml:11952 freeculture.xml:12045
msgid "Ayer, Don"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11157
+#: freeculture.xml:11245
msgid "Bromberg, Dan"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11160
+#: freeculture.xml:11248
msgid ""
"There were three key lawyers on the case from Jones Day. Geoff Stewart was "
"the first, but then Dan Bromberg and Don Ayer became quite "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11170
+#: freeculture.xml:11258
msgid ""
"I hate this view of the law. Of course I thought the Sonny Bono Act was a "
"dramatic harm to free speech and free culture. Of course I still think it "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11191
+#: freeculture.xml:11279
msgid ""
"In any case, I thought, the Court must already see the danger and the harm "
"caused by this sort of law. Why else would they grant review? There was no "
#. PAGE BREAK 238
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11199
+#: freeculture.xml:11287
msgid ""
"There was one way, however, in which I felt politics would matter and in "
"which I thought a response was appropriate. I was convinced that the Court "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11230 freeculture.xml:11256
+#: freeculture.xml:11318 freeculture.xml:11344
msgid "Eagle Forum"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11231
+#: freeculture.xml:11319
msgid "Schlafly, Phyllis"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11218
+#: freeculture.xml:11306
msgid ""
"The first step happened all by itself. Phyllis Schlafly's organization, "
"Eagle Forum, had been an opponent of the CTEA from the very beginning. "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11234
+#: freeculture.xml:11322
msgid ""
"In the Court of Appeals, Eagle Forum was eager to file a brief supporting "
"our position. Their brief made the argument that became the core claim in "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11242
+#: freeculture.xml:11330
msgid ""
"In the Supreme Court, the briefs on our side were about as diverse as it "
"gets. They included an extraordinary historical brief by the Free Software "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11263
+#: freeculture.xml:11351
msgid "American Association of Law Libraries"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11264
+#: freeculture.xml:11352
msgid "National Writers Union"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11259
+#: freeculture.xml:11347
msgid ""
"Those briefs framed a legal argument. Then to support the legal argument, "
"there were a number of powerful briefs by libraries and archives, including "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11268
+#: freeculture.xml:11356
msgid ""
"But two briefs captured the policy argument best. One made the argument I've "
"already described: A brief by Hal Roach Studios argued that unless the law "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11274
+#: freeculture.xml:11362
msgid "Akerlof, George"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11275
+#: freeculture.xml:11363
msgid "Arrow, Kenneth"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11276
+#: freeculture.xml:11364
msgid "Buchanan, James"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11277
+#: freeculture.xml:11365
msgid "Coase, Ronald"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11278
+#: freeculture.xml:11366
msgid "Friedman, Milton"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11280
+#: freeculture.xml:11368
msgid ""
"This economists' brief was signed by seventeen economists, including five "
"Nobel Prize winners, including Ronald Coase, James Buchanan, Milton "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11303 freeculture.xml:11319 freeculture.xml:11513 freeculture.xml:11865
+#: freeculture.xml:11391 freeculture.xml:11407 freeculture.xml:11602 freeculture.xml:11957
msgid "Fried, Charles"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11304
+#: freeculture.xml:11392
msgid "Morrison, Alan"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11305
+#: freeculture.xml:11393
msgid "Public Citizen"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11306 freeculture.xml:11507 freeculture.xml:12611
+#: freeculture.xml:11394 freeculture.xml:11596 freeculture.xml:12703
msgid "Reagan, Ronald"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11291
+#: freeculture.xml:11379
msgid ""
"The same effort at balance was reflected in the legal team we gathered to "
"write our briefs in the case. The Jones Day lawyers had been with us from "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11309
+#: freeculture.xml:11397
msgid ""
"Fried was a special victory for our side. Every other former solicitor "
"general was hired by the other side to defend Congress's power to give media "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11322
+#: freeculture.xml:11410
msgid ""
"The government, in defending the statute, had its collection of friends, as "
"well. Significantly, however, none of these <quote>friends</quote> included "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11329
+#: freeculture.xml:11417
msgid ""
"The media companies were not surprising. They had the most to gain from the "
"law. The congressmen were not surprising either—they were defending "
#. f14.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11345
+#: freeculture.xml:11433
msgid ""
"Brief of Amici Dr. Seuss Enterprise et al., <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> "
"v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 537 U.S. (2003) (No. 01-618), 19."
#. f15.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11353
+#: freeculture.xml:11441
msgid ""
"Dinitia Smith, <quote>Immortal Words, Immortal Royalties? Even Mickey Mouse "
"Joins the Fray,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 28 March "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11360
+#: freeculture.xml:11448
msgid "Gershwin, George"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11338
+#: freeculture.xml:11426
msgid ""
"Dr. Seuss's representatives, for example, argued that it was better for the "
"Dr. Seuss estate to control what happened to Dr. Seuss's work— better "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11363
+#: freeculture.xml:11451
msgid ""
"This argument made clear a theme that is rarely noticed in this debate. "
"When Congress decides to extend the term of existing copyrights, Congress is "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11375
+#: freeculture.xml:11463
msgid ""
"We argued as much in a final brief. Not only would upholding the CTEA mean "
"that there was no limit to the power of Congress to extend "
"case. Early on, as I said, I set the strategy."
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:11472 freeculture.xml:11650
+msgid "O'Connor, Sandra Day"
+msgstr ""
+
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11385
+#: freeculture.xml:11474
msgid ""
"The Supreme Court was divided into two important camps. One camp we called "
"<quote>the Conservatives.</quote> The other we called <quote>the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11394 freeculture.xml:11418 freeculture.xml:11758 freeculture.xml:11770
+#: freeculture.xml:11483 freeculture.xml:11507 freeculture.xml:11849 freeculture.xml:11861
msgid "Breyer, Stephen"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 242
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11396
+#: freeculture.xml:11485
msgid ""
"The Rest were the four Justices who had strongly opposed limits on "
"Congress's power. These four—Justice Stevens, Justice Souter, Justice "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11408
+#: freeculture.xml:11497
msgid ""
"In particular, the least likely was Justice Ginsburg's. In addition to her "
"general view about deference to Congress (except where issues of gender are "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11420
+#: freeculture.xml:11509
msgid ""
"Close behind Justice Ginsburg were two justices whom we also viewed as "
"unlikely allies, though possible surprises. Justice Souter strongly favored "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11428
+#: freeculture.xml:11517
msgid ""
"The only vote we could be confident about was that of Justice "
"Stevens. History will record Justice Stevens as one of the greatest judges "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11436
+#: freeculture.xml:11525
msgid ""
"This analysis of <quote>the Rest</quote> showed most clearly where our focus "
"had to be: on the Conservatives. To win this case, we had to crack open "
#. PAGE BREAK 243
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11446
+#: freeculture.xml:11535
msgid ""
"This then was the core of our strategy—a strategy for which I am "
"responsible. We would get the Court to see that just as with the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11460
+#: freeculture.xml:11549
msgid ""
"The argument on the government's side came down to this: Congress has done "
"it before. It should be allowed to do it again. The government claimed that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11467
+#: freeculture.xml:11556
msgid ""
"There was some truth to the government's claim, but not much. We certainly "
"agreed that Congress had extended existing terms in 1831 and in 1909. And of "
#. PAGE BREAK 244
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11474
+#: freeculture.xml:11563
msgid ""
"But this <quote>consistency</quote> should be kept in perspective. Congress "
"extended existing terms once in the first hundred years of the Republic. It "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11497
+#: freeculture.xml:11586
msgid ""
"I was convinced that to win, I had to keep the Court focused on a single "
"point: that if this extension is permitted, then there is no limit to the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11509
+#: freeculture.xml:11598
msgid ""
"One moot was before the lawyers at Jones Day. Don Ayer was the skeptic. He "
"had served in the Reagan Justice Department with Solicitor General Charles "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11516
+#: freeculture.xml:11605
msgid ""
"<quote>I'm just afraid that unless they really see the harm, they won't be "
"willing to upset this practice that the government says has been a "
#. PAGE BREAK 245
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11524
+#: freeculture.xml:11613
msgid ""
"He may have argued many cases before this Court, I thought, but he didn't "
"understand its soul. As a clerk, I had seen the Justices do the right "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11541
+#: freeculture.xml:11630
msgid ""
"Not everyone has to wait in line. People who know the Justices can ask for "
"seats they control. (I asked Justice Scalia's chambers for seats for my "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11556
+#: freeculture.xml:11645
msgid ""
"When the Chief Justice called me to begin my argument, I began where I "
"intended to stay: on the question of the limits on Congress's power. This "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11562
+#: freeculture.xml:11652
msgid ""
"Justice O'Connor stopped me within one minute of my opening. The history "
"was bothering her."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11567
+#: freeculture.xml:11657
msgid ""
"justice o'connor: Congress has extended the term so often through the years, "
"and if you are right, don't we run the risk of upsetting previous extensions "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11574
+#: freeculture.xml:11664
msgid ""
"She was quite willing to concede <quote>that this flies directly in the face "
"of what the framers had in mind.</quote> But my response again and again was "
#. PAGE BREAK 246
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11580
+#: freeculture.xml:11670
msgid ""
"mr. lessig: Well, if it flies in the face of what the framers had in mind, "
"then the question is, is there a way of interpreting their words that gives "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11588
+#: freeculture.xml:11678
msgid ""
"There were two points in this argument when I should have seen where the "
"Court was going. The first was a question by Justice Kennedy, who observed,"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11594
+#: freeculture.xml:11684
msgid ""
"justice kennedy: Well, I suppose implicit in the argument that the '76 act, "
"too, should have been declared void, and that we might leave it alone "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11602
+#: freeculture.xml:11692
msgid ""
"Here follows my clear mistake. Like a professor correcting a student, I "
"answered,"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11608
+#: freeculture.xml:11698
msgid ""
"mr. lessig: Justice, we are not making an empirical claim at all. Nothing "
"in our Copyright Clause claim hangs upon the empirical assertion about "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11617
+#: freeculture.xml:11707
msgid ""
"That was a correct answer, but it wasn't the right answer. The right answer "
"was instead that there was an obvious and profound harm. Any number of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11624
+#: freeculture.xml:11714
msgid ""
"The second came from the Chief, for whom the whole case had been "
"crafted. For the Chief Justice had crafted the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> "
#. PAGE BREAK 247
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11629
+#: freeculture.xml:11719
msgid ""
"It was clear a second into his question that he wasn't at all sympathetic. "
"To him, we were a bunch of anarchists. As he asked:"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11636
+#: freeculture.xml:11726
msgid ""
"chief justice: Well, but you want more than that. You want the right to copy "
"verbatim other people's books, don't you?"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11640
+#: freeculture.xml:11730
msgid ""
"mr. lessig: We want the right to copy verbatim works that should be in the "
"public domain and would be in the public domain but for a statute that "
"proper reading of the limits built into the Copyright Clause."
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:11738
+msgid "Olson, Theodore B."
+msgstr ""
+
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11649
+#: freeculture.xml:11740
msgid ""
"Things went better for us when the government gave its argument; for now the "
"Court picked up on the core of our claim. As Justice Scalia asked Solicitor "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11655
+#: freeculture.xml:11746
msgid ""
"justice scalia: You say that the functional equivalent of an unlimited time "
"would be a violation [of the Constitution], but that's precisely the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11663
+#: freeculture.xml:11754
msgid ""
"When Olson was finished, it was my turn to give a closing rebuttal. Olson's "
"flailing had revived my anger. But my anger still was directed to the "
#. PAGE BREAK 248
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11676
+#: freeculture.xml:11767
msgid ""
"As I left the court that day, I knew there were a hundred points I wished I "
"could remake. There were a hundred questions I wished I had answered "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11684
+#: freeculture.xml:11775
msgid ""
"The government had been asked over and over again, what is the limit? Over "
"and over again, it had answered there is no limit. This was precisely the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11699
+#: freeculture.xml:11790
msgid ""
"The morning of January 15, 2003, I was five minutes late to the office and "
"missed the 7:00 A.M. call from the Supreme Court clerk. Listening to the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11706
+#: freeculture.xml:11797
msgid ""
"A few seconds later, the opinions arrived by e-mail. I took the phone off "
"the hook, posted an announcement to our blog, and sat down to see where I "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11711
+#: freeculture.xml:11802
msgid ""
"My <emphasis>reasoning</emphasis>. Here was a case that pitted all the money "
"in the world against <emphasis>reasoning</emphasis>. And here was the last "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11717
+#: freeculture.xml:11808
msgid ""
"I first scoured the opinion, looking for how the Court would distinguish the "
"principle in this case from the principle in "
#. PAGE BREAK 249
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11726
+#: freeculture.xml:11817
msgid ""
"Justice Ginsburg simply ignored the enumerated powers argument. Consistent "
"with her view that Congress's power was not limited generally, she had found "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11731
+#: freeculture.xml:11822
msgid ""
"Her opinion was perfectly reasonable—for her, and for Justice "
"Souter. Neither believes in <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>. It would be too "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11737
+#: freeculture.xml:11828
msgid ""
"But as I realized what had happened, I couldn't quite believe what I was "
"reading. I had said there was no way this Court could reconcile limited "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11748
+#: freeculture.xml:11839
msgid ""
"Yet by what right did they get to choose which of the framers' values they "
"would respect? By what right did they—the silent five—get to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11760
+#: freeculture.xml:11851
msgid ""
"Justices Breyer and Stevens wrote very strong dissents. Stevens's opinion "
"was crafted internal to the law: He argued that the tradition of "
#. PAGE BREAK 250
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11773
+#: freeculture.xml:11864
msgid ""
"Justice Breyer's opinion, perhaps the best opinion he has ever written, was "
"external to the Constitution. He argued that the term of copyrights has "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11784
+#: freeculture.xml:11875
msgid ""
"These two justices understood all the arguments we had made. But because "
"neither believed in the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> case, neither was "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11791
+#: freeculture.xml:11882
msgid ""
"Defeat brings depression. They say it is a sign of health when depression "
"gives way to anger. My anger came quickly, but it didn't cure the "
"depression. This anger was of two sorts."
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:11886
+msgid "originalism"
+msgstr ""
+
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11796
+#: freeculture.xml:11888
msgid ""
"It was first anger with the five <quote>Conservatives.</quote> It would have "
"been one thing for them to have explained why the principle of "
#. PAGE BREAK 251
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11809
+#: freeculture.xml:11901
msgid ""
"Here, they had joined an opinion that never once tried to explain what the "
"framers had meant by crafting the Progress Clause as they did; they joined "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11824
+#: freeculture.xml:11916
msgid ""
"My anger with the Conservatives quickly yielded to anger with myself. For I "
"had let a view of the law that I liked interfere with a view of the law as "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11831
+#: freeculture.xml:11923
msgid ""
"Most lawyers, and most law professors, have little patience for idealism "
"about courts in general and this Supreme Court in particular. Most have a "
#. PAGE BREAK 252
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11842
+#: freeculture.xml:11934
msgid ""
"As I read back over the transcript from that argument in October, I can see "
"a hundred places where the answers could have taken the conversation in "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11862
+#: freeculture.xml:11954
msgid ""
"Would it have been different if I had argued it differently? Would it have "
"been different if Don Ayer had argued it? Or Charles Fried? Or Kathleen "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11868
+#: freeculture.xml:11960
msgid ""
"My friends huddled around me to insist it would not. The Court was not "
"ready, my friends insisted. This was a loss that was destined. It would take "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11874
+#: freeculture.xml:11966
msgid ""
"Maybe, but I doubt it. These Justices have no financial interest in doing "
"anything except the right thing. They are not lobbied. They have little "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11881
+#: freeculture.xml:11973
msgid ""
"And even if I couldn't, then that doesn't excuse what happened in "
"January. For at the start of this case, one of America's leading "
#. PAGE BREAK 253
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11889
+#: freeculture.xml:11981
msgid ""
"After the argument and after the decision, Peter said to me, and publicly, "
"that he was wrong. But if indeed that Court could not have been persuaded, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11910
+#: freeculture.xml:12002
msgid ""
"In effect, the Supreme Court's decision makes it likely that we are seeing "
"the beginning of the end of public domain and the birth of copyright "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11924 freeculture.xml:11929
+#: freeculture.xml:12016 freeculture.xml:12021
msgid "Bolling, Ruben"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11919
+#: freeculture.xml:12011
msgid ""
"The best responses were in the cartoons. There was a gaggle of hilarious "
"images—of Mickey in jail and the like. The best, from my view of the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:11927
+#: freeculture.xml:12019
msgid "Tom the Dancing Bug cartoon"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:11928
+#: freeculture.xml:12020
msgid ""
"<graphic fileref=\"images/18.png\"></graphic> <placeholder "
"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11932
+#: freeculture.xml:12024
msgid ""
"The image that will always stick in my head is that evoked by the quote from "
"<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle>. That <quote>grand "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:11943
+#: freeculture.xml:12035
msgid "CHAPTER FOURTEEN: Eldred II"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11945
+#: freeculture.xml:12037
msgid ""
"The day <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> was decided, fate would have it that I "
"was to travel to Washington, D.C. (The day the rehearing petition in "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11955
+#: freeculture.xml:12047
msgid ""
"It was an act of contrition. During the whole of the flight from San "
"Francisco to Washington, I had heard over and over again in my head the same "
#. PAGE BREAK 256
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11965
+#: freeculture.xml:12057
msgid ""
"<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle> published the piece. In it, I "
"proposed a simple fix: Fifty years after a work has been published, the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11973
+#: freeculture.xml:12065
msgid ""
"We called this the Eldred Act, but that was just to give it a name. Eric "
"Eldred was kind enough to let his name be used once again, but as he said "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11978
+#: freeculture.xml:12070
msgid ""
"Or another two names. For depending upon your perspective, this is either "
"the <quote>Public Domain Enhancement Act</quote> or the <quote>Copyright "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11986 freeculture.xml:12186
+#: freeculture.xml:12078 freeculture.xml:12278
msgid "Forbes, Steve"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11988
+#: freeculture.xml:12080
msgid ""
"The reaction to this idea was amazingly strong. Steve Forbes endorsed it in "
"an editorial. I received an avalanche of e-mail and letters expressing "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12000
+#: freeculture.xml:12092
msgid ""
"Indeed, many recognized the obvious benefit of the registration "
"requirement. For one of the hardest things about the current system for "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12010
+#: freeculture.xml:12102
msgid "Berlin Act (1908)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12011 freeculture.xml:12051
+#: freeculture.xml:12103 freeculture.xml:12143
msgid "Berne Convention (1908)"
msgstr ""
#. f1.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12019
+#: freeculture.xml:12111
msgid ""
"Until the 1908 Berlin Act of the Berne Convention, national copyright "
"legislation sometimes made protection depend upon compliance with "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12014
+#: freeculture.xml:12106
msgid ""
"As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" "
"linkend=\"property-i\"/>, formalities in copyright law were removed in 1976, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12045
+#: freeculture.xml:12137
msgid ""
"That's great rhetoric. It sounds wonderfully romantic. But it is absurd "
"copyright policy. It is absurd especially for authors, because a world "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12053
+#: freeculture.xml:12145
msgid ""
"The fight against formalities achieved its first real victory in Berlin in "
"1908. International copyright lawyers amended the Berne Convention in 1908, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12063
+#: freeculture.xml:12155
msgid ""
"These complaints were real and sensible. And the strictness of the "
"formalities, especially in the United States, was absurd. The law should "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12071
+#: freeculture.xml:12163
msgid ""
"Even that would have been resisted, however, because registration in the "
"nineteenth and twentieth centuries was still expensive. It was also a "
#. PAGE BREAK 258
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12079
+#: freeculture.xml:12171
msgid ""
"In addition to the practical complaint of authors in 1908, there was a moral "
"claim as well. There was no reason that creative property should be a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12091
+#: freeculture.xml:12183
msgid ""
"This argument is correct, but its implications are misleading. For the "
"argument in favor of formalities does not depend upon creative property "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12100
+#: freeculture.xml:12192
msgid ""
"No one thinks, for example, that land is second-class property just because "
"you have to register a deed with a court if your sale of land is to be "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12116
+#: freeculture.xml:12208
msgid ""
"It is similarly special physics that makes formalities important in "
"copyright law. Unlike a carpenter's table, there's nothing in nature that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12131
+#: freeculture.xml:12223
msgid ""
"This was the understanding of the problem with the Sonny Bono Act that we "
"tried to demonstrate to the Court. This was the part it didn't "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12141
+#: freeculture.xml:12233
msgid ""
"But now that copyrights can be just about a century long, the inability to "
"know what is protected and what is not protected becomes a huge and obvious "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12150
+#: freeculture.xml:12242
msgid ""
"The Eldred Act was designed to respond to exactly this problem. If it is "
"worth $1 to you, then register your work and you can get the longer "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12157
+#: freeculture.xml:12249
msgid ""
"If it isn't worth it to you to register to get the benefit of an extended "
"term, then it shouldn't be worth it for the government to defend your "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12164
+#: freeculture.xml:12256
msgid ""
"Some worry about the burden on authors. Won't the burden of registering the "
"work mean that the $1 is really misleading? Isn't the hassle worth more than "
#. PAGE BREAK 260
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12170
+#: freeculture.xml:12262
msgid ""
"It is. The hassle is terrible. The system that exists now is awful. I "
"completely agree that the Copyright Office has done a terrible job (no doubt "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12188
+#: freeculture.xml:12280
msgid ""
"When Steve Forbes endorsed the idea, some in Washington began to pay "
"attention. Many people contacted me pointing to representatives who might be "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12201
+#: freeculture.xml:12293
msgid "Lofgren, Zoe"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12194
+#: freeculture.xml:12286
msgid ""
"One representative, Zoe Lofgren of California, went so far as to get the "
"bill drafted. The draft solved any problem with international law. It "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12204
+#: freeculture.xml:12296
msgid ""
"But at this stage, the lobbyists began to intervene. Jack Valenti and the "
"MPAA general counsel came to the congresswoman's office to give the view of "
#. PAGE BREAK 261
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12212
+#: freeculture.xml:12304
msgid ""
"The MPAA argued first that Congress had <quote>firmly rejected the central "
"concept in the proposed bill</quote>—that copyrights be renewed. That "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12233
+#: freeculture.xml:12325
msgid ""
"Finally, the MPAA argued that existing law enabled copyright owners to do "
"this if they wanted. But the whole point is that there are thousands of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12241
+#: freeculture.xml:12333
msgid ""
"At the beginning of this book, I told two stories about the law reacting to "
"changes in technology. In the one, common sense prevailed. In the other, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12251
+#: freeculture.xml:12343
msgid ""
"I used these two cases as a way to frame the war that this book has been "
"about. For here, too, a new technology is forcing the law to react. And "
#. PAGE BREAK 262
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12260
+#: freeculture.xml:12352
msgid ""
"When the issue is piracy, it is right for the law to back the copyright "
"owners. The commercial piracy that I described is wrong and harmful, and the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12279
+#: freeculture.xml:12371
msgid "Kelly, Kevin"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12271
+#: freeculture.xml:12363
msgid ""
"But when the copyright owners oppose a proposal such as the Eldred Act, "
"then, finally, there is an example that lays bare the naked selfinterest "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12282
+#: freeculture.xml:12374
msgid "What does this industry really want?"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12285
+#: freeculture.xml:12377
msgid ""
"With very little effort, the warriors could protect their content. So the "
"effort to block something like the Eldred Act is not really about protecting "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12296
+#: freeculture.xml:12388
msgid ""
"The opposition to the Eldred Act reveals how extreme the other side is. The "
"most powerful and sexy and well loved of lobbies really has as its aim not "
#. PAGE BREAK 263
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12304
+#: freeculture.xml:12396
msgid ""
"It is not hard to understand why the warriors take this view. It is not hard "
"to see why it would benefit them if the competition of the public domain "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12316
+#: freeculture.xml:12408
msgid ""
"What is hard to understand is why the public takes this view. It is as if "
"the law made airplanes trespassers. The MPAA stands with the Causbys and "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12323
+#: freeculture.xml:12415
msgid ""
"All this seems to follow easily from this untroubled acceptance of the "
"<quote>property</quote> in intellectual property. Common sense supports it, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:12335
+#: freeculture.xml:12427
msgid "CONCLUSION"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12337
+#: freeculture.xml:12429
msgid "antiretroviral drugs"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12340
+#: freeculture.xml:12432
msgid "HIV/AIDS therapies"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12343
+#: freeculture.xml:12435
msgid "Africa, medications for HIV patients in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12346
+#: freeculture.xml:12438
msgid ""
"There are more than 35 million people with the AIDS virus "
"worldwide. Twenty-five million of them live in sub-Saharan Africa. "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12353
+#: freeculture.xml:12445
msgid ""
"There is no cure for AIDS, but there are drugs to slow its progression. "
"These antiretroviral therapies are still experimental, but they have already "
#. f1.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12368
+#: freeculture.xml:12460
msgid ""
"Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, <quote>Final Report: Integrating "
"Intellectual Property Rights and Development Policy</quote> (London, 2002), "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12361
+#: freeculture.xml:12453
msgid ""
"These drugs are expensive. When they were first introduced in the United "
"States, they cost between $10,000 and $15,000 per person per year. Today, "
#. PAGE BREAK 265
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12379
+#: freeculture.xml:12471
msgid ""
"These prices are not high because the ingredients of the drugs are "
"expensive. These prices are high because the drugs are protected by "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12387
+#: freeculture.xml:12479
msgid ""
"There are many who are skeptical of patents, especially drug patents. I am "
"not. Indeed, of all the areas of research that might be supported by "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12398
+#: freeculture.xml:12490
msgid ""
"But it is one thing to support patents, even drug patents. It is another "
"thing to determine how best to deal with a crisis. And as African leaders "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12416 freeculture.xml:12857
+#: freeculture.xml:12508 freeculture.xml:12949
msgid "Braithwaite, John"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12414
+#: freeculture.xml:12506
msgid ""
"See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism: "
"Who Owns the Knowledge Economy?</citetitle> (New York: The New Press, 2003), "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12405
+#: freeculture.xml:12497
msgid ""
"In 1997, South Africa tried one tack. It passed a law to allow the "
"importation of patented medicines that had been produced or sold in another "
#. f3.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12427
+#: freeculture.xml:12519
msgid ""
"International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent "
"Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a "
#. f4.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12454
+#: freeculture.xml:12546
msgid ""
"International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent "
"Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12421
+#: freeculture.xml:12513
msgid ""
"However, the United States government opposed the bill. Indeed, more than "
"opposed. As the International Intellectual Property Association "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12460
+#: freeculture.xml:12552
msgid ""
"We should place the intervention by the United States in context. No doubt "
"patents are not the most important reason that Africans don't have access to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12470
+#: freeculture.xml:12562
msgid ""
"By stopping the flow of HIV treatment into Africa, the United States "
"government was not saving drugs for United States citizens. This is not "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12478
+#: freeculture.xml:12570
msgid ""
"Nor was the intervention by the United States going to protect the profits "
"of United States drug companies—at least, not substantially. It was "
#. f5.
#. PAGE BREAK 333
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12493
+#: freeculture.xml:12585
msgid ""
"See Sabin Russell, <quote>New Crusade to Lower AIDS Drug Costs: Africa's "
"Needs at Odds with Firms' Profit Motive,</quote> <citetitle>San Francisco "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12487
+#: freeculture.xml:12579
msgid ""
"Instead, the argument in favor of restricting this flow of information, "
"which was needed to save the lives of millions, was an argument about the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12514
+#: freeculture.xml:12606
msgid ""
"Now just step back for a moment. There will be a time thirty years from now "
"when our children look back at us and ask, how could we have let this "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12524
+#: freeculture.xml:12616
msgid ""
"Some blame the drug companies. I don't. They are corporations. Their "
"managers are ordered by law to make money for the corporation. They push a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12532
+#: freeculture.xml:12624
msgid ""
"The corruption is our own politicians' failure of integrity. For the drug "
"companies would love—they say, and I believe them—to sell their "
#. PAGE BREAK 268
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12540
+#: freeculture.xml:12632
msgid ""
"A different problem, however, could not be overcome. This is the fear of the "
"grandstanding politician who would call the presidents of the drug companies "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12555
+#: freeculture.xml:12647
msgid ""
"So when the common sense of your child confronts you, what will you say? "
"When the common sense of a generation finally revolts against what we have "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12561
+#: freeculture.xml:12653
msgid ""
"A sensible patent policy could endorse and strongly support the patent "
"system without having to reach everyone everywhere in exactly the same "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12573
+#: freeculture.xml:12665
msgid ""
"But we as a culture have lost this sense of balance. We have lost the "
"critical eye that helps us see the difference between truth and extremism. "
#. PAGE BREAK 269
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12584
+#: freeculture.xml:12676
msgid ""
"A simple idea blinds us, and under the cover of darkness, much happens that "
"most of us would reject if any of us looked. So uncritically do we accept "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12598
+#: freeculture.xml:12690
msgid ""
"So far, common sense sleeps. There is no revolt. Common sense does not yet "
"see what there could be to revolt about. The extremism that now dominates "
#. f6.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12616
+#: freeculture.xml:12708
msgid ""
"Jonathan Krim, <quote>The Quiet War over Open-Source,</quote> "
"<citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, August 2003, E1, available at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12644 freeculture.xml:13317
+#: freeculture.xml:12736 freeculture.xml:13409
msgid "academic journals"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12645 freeculture.xml:12735 freeculture.xml:13243
+#: freeculture.xml:12737 freeculture.xml:12827 freeculture.xml:13335
msgid "IBM"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12646 freeculture.xml:13381
+#: freeculture.xml:12738 freeculture.xml:13473
msgid "PLoS (Public Library of Science)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12613
+#: freeculture.xml:12705
msgid ""
"In August 2003, a fight broke out in the United States about a decision by "
"the World Intellectual Property Organization to cancel a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12649
+#: freeculture.xml:12741
msgid ""
"The aim of the meeting was to consider this wide range of projects from one "
"common perspective: that none of these projects relied upon intellectual "
#. f7.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12657
+#: freeculture.xml:12749
msgid ""
"I should disclose that I was one of the people who asked WIPO for the "
"meeting."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12656
+#: freeculture.xml:12748
msgid ""
"From the perspective of this book, then, the conference was "
"ideal.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The projects within its "
#. PAGE BREAK 271
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12667
+#: freeculture.xml:12759
msgid ""
"Indeed, I was once publicly scolded for not recognizing this fact about "
"WIPO. In February 2003, I delivered a keynote address to a preparatory "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12691
+#: freeculture.xml:12783
msgid ""
"So whether or not WSIS can discuss balance in intellectual property, I had "
"thought it was taken for granted that WIPO could and should. And thus the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12697
+#: freeculture.xml:12789
msgid ""
"But there is one project within that list that is highly controversial, at "
"least among lobbyists. That project is <quote>open source and free "
#. f8.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12719
+#: freeculture.xml:12811
msgid ""
"Microsoft's position about free and open source software is more "
"sophisticated. As it has repeatedly asserted, it has no problem with "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12736
+#: freeculture.xml:12828
msgid "<quote>copyleft</quote> licenses"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12708
+#: freeculture.xml:12800
msgid ""
"I don't mean to enter that debate here. It is important only to make clear "
"that the distinction is not between commercial and noncommercial "
#. PAGE BREAK 272
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12741
+#: freeculture.xml:12833
msgid ""
"More important for our purposes, to support <quote>open source and free "
"software</quote> is not to oppose copyright. <quote>Open source and free "
#. f9.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12767
+#: freeculture.xml:12859
msgid ""
"Krim, <quote>The Quiet War over Open-Source,</quote> available at <ulink "
"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #64</ulink>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12771
+#: freeculture.xml:12863
msgid "Krim, Jonathan"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12759
+#: freeculture.xml:12851
msgid ""
"It is therefore understandable that as a proprietary software developer, "
"Microsoft would oppose this WIPO meeting, and understandable that it would "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12774
+#: freeculture.xml:12866
msgid ""
"I don't blame Microsoft for doing what it can to advance its own interests, "
"consistent with the law. And lobbying governments is plainly consistent with "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12782
+#: freeculture.xml:12874
msgid ""
"What was surprising was the United States government's reason for opposing "
"the meeting. Again, as reported by Krim, Lois Boland, acting director of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12792
+#: freeculture.xml:12884
msgid "These statements are astonishing on a number of levels."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12796
+#: freeculture.xml:12888
msgid ""
"First, they are just flat wrong. As I described, most open source and free "
"software relies fundamentally upon the intellectual property right called "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12806
+#: freeculture.xml:12898
msgid ""
"Second, who ever said that WIPO's exclusive aim was to "
"<quote>promote</quote> intellectual property maximally? As I had been "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12819
+#: freeculture.xml:12911
msgid ""
"Third, even if one believed that the purpose of WIPO was to maximize "
"intellectual property rights, in our tradition, intellectual property rights "
#. PAGE BREAK 274
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12833
+#: freeculture.xml:12925
msgid ""
"When Ms. Boland says that there is something wrong with a meeting "
"<quote>which has as its purpose to disclaim or waive such rights,</quote> "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12845
+#: freeculture.xml:12937
msgid ""
"There is a history of just such a property system that is well known in the "
"Anglo-American tradition. It is called <quote>feudalism.</quote> Under "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12862
+#: freeculture.xml:12954
msgid ""
"See Drahos with Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism</citetitle>, "
"210–20. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12859
+#: freeculture.xml:12951
msgid ""
"As Peter Drahos and John Braithwaite relate, this is precisely the choice we "
"are now making about intellectual property.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12871
+#: freeculture.xml:12963
msgid ""
"When this battle broke, I blogged it. A spirited debate within the comment "
"section ensued. Ms. Boland had a number of supporters who tried to show why "
#. PAGE BREAK 275
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12878
+#: freeculture.xml:12970
msgid ""
"George, you misunderstand Lessig: He's only talking about the world as it "
"should be (<quote>the goal of WIPO, and the goal of any government, should "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12890
+#: freeculture.xml:12982
msgid ""
"I missed the irony the first time I read it. I read it quickly and thought "
"the poster was supporting the idea that seeking balance was what our "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12900
+#: freeculture.xml:12992
msgid ""
"Obviously, however, the poster was not supporting that idea. Instead, the "
"poster was ridiculing the very idea that in the real world, the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12908
+#: freeculture.xml:13000
msgid ""
"I understand criticism of academic utopianism. I think utopianism is silly, "
"too, and I'd be the first to poke fun at the absurdly unrealistic ideals of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12914
+#: freeculture.xml:13006
msgid ""
"But when it has become silly to suppose that the role of our government "
"should be to <quote>seek balance,</quote> then count me with the silly, for "
#. PAGE BREAK 276
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12925
+#: freeculture.xml:13017
msgid ""
"It might be crazy to expect a high government official to speak the "
"truth. It might be crazy to believe that government policy will be something "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12944
+#: freeculture.xml:13036
msgid "Turner, Ted"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12934
+#: freeculture.xml:13026
msgid ""
"If this is crazy, then let there be more crazies. Soon. There are moments "
"of hope in this struggle. And moments that surprise. When the FCC was "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12948
+#: freeculture.xml:13040
msgid ""
"This activism did not stop the FCC, but soon after, a broad coalition in the "
"Senate voted to reverse the FCC decision. The hostile hearings leading up to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12956
+#: freeculture.xml:13048
msgid ""
"But even this movement misses an important piece of the puzzle. Largeness "
"as such is not bad. Freedom is not threatened just because some become very "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12963
+#: freeculture.xml:13055
msgid ""
"The danger in media concentration comes not from the concentration, but "
"instead from the feudalism that this concentration, tied to the change in "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12973
+#: freeculture.xml:13065
msgid ""
"It is therefore significant that so many would rally to demand competition "
"and increased diversity. Still, if the rally is understood as being about "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12980
+#: freeculture.xml:13072
msgid ""
"It would be something new, and something very important, if an equal number "
"could be rallied to fight the increasing extremism built within the idea of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12988
+#: freeculture.xml:13080
msgid ""
"If we were Achilles, this would be our heel. This would be the place of our "
"tragedy."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12991
+#: freeculture.xml:13083
msgid "Dylan, Bob"
msgstr ""
#. f11.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12996
+#: freeculture.xml:13088
msgid ""
"John Borland, <quote>RIAA Sues 261 File Swappers,</quote> CNET News.com, "
"September 2003, available at <ulink "
#. f12.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13014
+#: freeculture.xml:13106
msgid ""
"Jon Wiederhorn, <quote>Eminem Gets Sued … by a Little Old "
"Lady,</quote> mtv.com, 17 September 2003, available at <ulink "
#. f13.
#. PAGE BREAK 334
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13021
+#: freeculture.xml:13113
msgid ""
"Kenji Hall, Associated Press, <quote>Japanese Book May Be Inspiration for "
"Dylan Songs,</quote> Kansascity.com, 9 July 2003, available at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12993
+#: freeculture.xml:13085
msgid ""
"As I write these final words, the news is filled with stories about the RIAA "
"lawsuits against almost three hundred individuals.<placeholder "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13038 freeculture.xml:13398
+#: freeculture.xml:13130 freeculture.xml:13490
msgid "Creative Commons"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13039
+#: freeculture.xml:13131
msgid "Gil, Gilberto"
msgstr ""
#. f14.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13044
+#: freeculture.xml:13136
msgid ""
"<quote>BBC Plans to Open Up Its Archive to the Public,</quote> BBC press "
"release, 24 August 2003, available at <ulink "
#. f15.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13053
+#: freeculture.xml:13145
msgid ""
"<quote>Creative Commons and Brazil,</quote> Creative Commons Weblog, 6 "
"August 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
#. PAGE BREAK 278
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13041
+#: freeculture.xml:13133
msgid ""
"Yet on the other side of the Atlantic, the BBC has just announced that it "
"will build a <quote>Creative Archive,</quote> from which British citizens "
#. PAGE BREAK 279
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13067
+#: freeculture.xml:13159
msgid ""
"Common sense must revolt. It must act to free culture. Soon, if this "
"potential is ever to be realized."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:13075
+#: freeculture.xml:13167
msgid "AFTERWORD"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 280
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13079
+#: freeculture.xml:13171
msgid ""
"At least some who have read this far will agree with me that something must "
"be done to change where we are heading. The balance of this book maps what "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13084
+#: freeculture.xml:13176
msgid ""
"I divide this map into two parts: that which anyone can do now, and that "
"which requires the help of lawmakers. If there is one lesson that we can "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13090
+#: freeculture.xml:13182
msgid ""
"That means this movement must begin in the streets. It must recruit a "
"significant number of parents, teachers, librarians, creators, authors, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13097
+#: freeculture.xml:13189
msgid ""
"Once this movement has its effect in the streets, it has some hope of having "
"an effect in Washington. We are still a democracy. What people think "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:13106
+#: freeculture.xml:13198
msgid "US, NOW"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13108
+#: freeculture.xml:13200
msgid ""
"Common sense is with the copyright warriors because the debate so far has "
"been framed at the extremes—as a grand either/or: either property or "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13114
+#: freeculture.xml:13206
msgid ""
"The mistake here is the error of the excluded middle. There are extremes in "
"this debate, but the extremes are not all that there is. There are those who "
#. PAGE BREAK 282
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13124
+#: freeculture.xml:13216
msgid ""
"When the Internet was first born, its initial architecture effectively "
"tilted in the <quote>no rights reserved</quote> direction. Content could be "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13136
+#: freeculture.xml:13228
msgid ""
"This initial character produced a reaction (opposite, but not quite equal) "
"by copyright owners. That reaction has been the topic of this book. Through "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13150
+#: freeculture.xml:13242
msgid ""
"What's needed is a way to say something in the middle—neither "
"<quote>all rights reserved</quote> nor <quote>no rights reserved</quote> but "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:13159
+#: freeculture.xml:13251
msgid "Rebuilding Freedoms Previously Presumed: Examples"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13161
+#: freeculture.xml:13253
msgid ""
"If you step back from the battle I've been describing here, you will "
"recognize this problem from other contexts. Think about privacy. Before the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13171
+#: freeculture.xml:13263
msgid "What made it assured?"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13175
+#: freeculture.xml:13267
msgid ""
"Well, if we think in terms of the modalities I described in chapter <xref "
"xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"property-i\"/>, your privacy was "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13190
+#: freeculture.xml:13282
msgid "Amazon"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13200
+#: freeculture.xml:13292
msgid "cookies, Internet"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13192
+#: freeculture.xml:13284
msgid ""
"Enter the Internet, where the cost of tracking browsing in particular has "
"become quite tiny. If you're a customer at Amazon, then as you browse the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13203
+#: freeculture.xml:13295
msgid ""
"Amazon, of course, is not the problem. But we might begin to worry about "
"libraries. If you're one of those crazy lefties who thinks that people "
#. f1.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13219
+#: freeculture.xml:13311
msgid ""
"See, for example, Marc Rotenberg, <quote>Fair Information Practices and the "
"Architecture of Privacy (What Larry Doesn't Get),</quote> "
#. PAGE BREAK 284
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13213
+#: freeculture.xml:13305
msgid ""
"It is this reality that explains the push of many to define "
"<quote>privacy</quote> on the Internet. It is the recognition that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13237
+#: freeculture.xml:13329
msgid ""
"A similar story could be told about the birth of the free software "
"movement. When computers with software were first made available "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13245
+#: freeculture.xml:13337
msgid "Stallman, Richard"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13247
+#: freeculture.xml:13339
msgid ""
"That was the world Richard Stallman was born into, and while he was a "
"researcher at MIT, he grew to love the community that developed when one was "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13255
+#: freeculture.xml:13347
msgid ""
"In an academic setting, at least, that's not a terribly radical idea. In a "
"math department, anyone would be free to tinker with a proof that someone "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13267
+#: freeculture.xml:13359
msgid ""
"No one answered that question. Instead, the architecture of revenue for "
"computing changed. As it became possible to import programs from one system "
#. PAGE BREAK 285
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13276
+#: freeculture.xml:13368
msgid ""
"Thus, the practice of proprietary code began to spread, and by the early "
"1980s, Stallman found himself surrounded by proprietary code. The world of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13285
+#: freeculture.xml:13377
msgid ""
"Therefore, in 1984, Stallman began a project to build a free operating "
"system, so that at least a strain of free software would survive. That was "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13293
+#: freeculture.xml:13385
msgid ""
"Stallman's technique was to use copyright law to build a world of software "
"that must be kept free. Software licensed under the Free Software "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13304
+#: freeculture.xml:13396
msgid ""
"Stallman was thus doing for software what privacy advocates now do for "
"privacy. He was seeking a way to rebuild a kind of freedom that was taken "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13312
+#: freeculture.xml:13404
msgid ""
"Finally, consider a very recent example that more directly resonates with "
"the story of this book. This is the shift in the way academic and scientific "
#. PAGE BREAK 286
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13320
+#: freeculture.xml:13412
msgid ""
"As digital technologies develop, it is becoming obvious to many that "
"printing thousands of copies of journals every month and sending them to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13336
+#: freeculture.xml:13428
msgid ""
"There's nothing wrong in general with this, and indeed, the ability to "
"charge for access to even public domain materials is a good incentive for "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13345
+#: freeculture.xml:13437
msgid ""
"But what if the only way to get access to social and scientific data was "
"through proprietary services? What if no one had the ability to browse this "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13350
+#: freeculture.xml:13442
msgid ""
"As many are beginning to notice, this is increasingly the reality with "
"scientific journals. When these journals were distributed in paper form, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13362
+#: freeculture.xml:13454
msgid ""
"As journals become electronic, however, the publishers are demanding that "
"libraries not give the general public access to the journals. This means "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13370
+#: freeculture.xml:13462
msgid ""
"This shrinking freedom has led many to take affirmative steps to restore the "
"freedom that has been lost. The Public Library of Science (PLoS), for "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13384
+#: freeculture.xml:13476
msgid ""
"This is one of many such efforts to restore a freedom taken for granted "
"before, but now threatened by changing technology and markets. There's no "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:13396
+#: freeculture.xml:13488
msgid "Rebuilding Free Culture: One Idea"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13401
+#: freeculture.xml:13493
msgid ""
"The same strategy could be applied to culture, as a response to the "
"increasing control effected through law and technology."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13405
+#: freeculture.xml:13497
msgid ""
"Enter the Creative Commons. The Creative Commons is a nonprofit corporation "
"established in Massachusetts, but with its home at Stanford University. Its "
#. PAGE BREAK 288
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13416
+#: freeculture.xml:13508
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Simple</emphasis>—which means without a middleman, or "
"without a lawyer. By developing a free set of licenses that people can "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13434
+#: freeculture.xml:13526
msgid ""
"These freedoms are beyond the freedoms promised by fair use. Their precise "
"contours depend upon the choices the creator makes. The creator can choose a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13445
+#: freeculture.xml:13537
msgid ""
"These choices thus establish a range of freedoms beyond the default of "
"copyright law. They also enable freedoms that go beyond traditional fair "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13466
+#: freeculture.xml:13558
msgid "Garlick, Mia"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13456
+#: freeculture.xml:13548
msgid ""
"This is just one project among many within the Creative Commons. And of "
"course, Creative Commons is not the only organization pursuing such "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13469
+#: freeculture.xml:13561
msgid ""
"The aim is not to fight the <quote>All Rights Reserved</quote> sorts. The "
"aim is to complement them. The problems that the law creates for us as a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13481
+#: freeculture.xml:13573
msgid ""
"Why would creators participate in giving up total control? Some participate "
"to better spread their content. Cory Doctorow, for example, is a science "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13488
+#: freeculture.xml:13580
msgid ""
"Why would a publisher ever agree to this? I suspect his publisher reasoned "
"like this: There are two groups of people out there: (1) those who will buy "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13500
+#: freeculture.xml:13592
msgid ""
"Indeed, the experience of his publisher clearly supports that conclusion. "
"The book's first printing was exhausted months before the publisher had "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13515
+#: freeculture.xml:13607
msgid "Free for All (Wayner)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13516
+#: freeculture.xml:13608
msgid "Wayner, Peter"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13506
+#: freeculture.xml:13598
msgid ""
"The idea that free content might increase the value of nonfree content was "
"confirmed by the experience of another author. Peter Wayner, who wrote a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13518
+#: freeculture.xml:13610
msgid "Public Enemy"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13519
+#: freeculture.xml:13611
msgid "rap music"
msgstr ""
#. f2.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13536
+#: freeculture.xml:13628
msgid ""
"<citetitle>Willful Infringement: A Report from the Front Lines of the Real "
"Culture Wars</citetitle> (2003), produced by Jed Horovitz, directed by Greg "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13543
+#: freeculture.xml:13635
msgid "Leaphart, Walter"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13521
+#: freeculture.xml:13613
msgid ""
"These are examples of using the Commons to better spread proprietary "
"content. I believe that is a wonderful and common use of the Commons. There "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13546
+#: freeculture.xml:13638
msgid ""
"Finally, there are many who mark their content with a Creative Commons "
"license just because they want to express to others the importance of "
#. PAGE BREAK 291
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13558
+#: freeculture.xml:13650
msgid ""
"In the first six months of the Creative Commons experiment, over 1 million "
"objects were licensed with these free-culture licenses. The next step is "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13568
+#: freeculture.xml:13660
msgid ""
"These are first steps to rebuilding a public domain. They are not mere "
"arguments; they are action. Building a public domain is the first step to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13576
+#: freeculture.xml:13668
msgid ""
"Creative Commons is just one example of voluntary efforts by individuals and "
"creators to change the mix of rights that now govern the creative field. The "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:13590
+#: freeculture.xml:13682
msgid "THEM, SOON"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13592
+#: freeculture.xml:13684
msgid ""
"We will not reclaim a free culture by individual action alone. It will also "
"take important reforms of laws. We have a long way to go before the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13599
+#: freeculture.xml:13691
msgid ""
"In this chapter, I outline five kinds of changes: four that are general, and "
"one that's specific to the most heated battle of the day, music. Each is a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:13606
+#: freeculture.xml:13698
msgid "1. More Formalities"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13608
+#: freeculture.xml:13700
msgid ""
"If you buy a house, you have to record the sale in a deed. If you buy land "
"upon which to build a house, you have to record the purchase in a deed. If "
#. PAGE BREAK 293
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13615
+#: freeculture.xml:13707
msgid ""
"These are all formalities associated with property. They are requirements "
"that we all must bear if we want our property to be protected."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13620
+#: freeculture.xml:13712
msgid ""
"In contrast, under current copyright law, you automatically get a copyright, "
"regardless of whether you comply with any formality. You don't have to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13626
+#: freeculture.xml:13718
msgid "Why?"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13629
+#: freeculture.xml:13721
msgid ""
"As I suggested in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" "
"linkend=\"property-i\"/>, the motivation to abolish formalities was a good "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13638
+#: freeculture.xml:13730
msgid ""
"But the Internet changes all this. Formalities today need not be a "
"burden. Rather, the world without formalities is the world that burdens "
#. f1.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13652
+#: freeculture.xml:13744
msgid ""
"The proposal I am advancing here would apply to American works only. "
"Obviously, I believe it would be beneficial for the same idea to be adopted "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13650
+#: freeculture.xml:13742
msgid ""
"The law should therefore change this requirement<placeholder "
"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>—but it should not change it by going back "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13660
+#: freeculture.xml:13752
msgid ""
"The important formalities are three: marking copyrighted work, registering "
"copyrights, and renewing the claim to copyright. Traditionally, the first of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:13672
+#: freeculture.xml:13764
msgid "REGISTRATION AND RENEWAL"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13674
+#: freeculture.xml:13766
msgid ""
"Under the old system, a copyright owner had to file a registration with the "
"Copyright Office to register or renew a copyright. When filing that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13687
+#: freeculture.xml:13779
msgid ""
"Yet it is always astonishing to me that we, who come from a tradition of "
"extraordinary innovation in governmental design, can no longer think "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13696
+#: freeculture.xml:13788
msgid ""
"In the context of registration, one obvious model is the Internet. There "
"are at least 32 million Web sites registered around the world. Domain name "
#. PAGE BREAK 295
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13706
+#: freeculture.xml:13798
msgid ""
"We should adopt a similar model for the registration and renewal of "
"copyrights. The Copyright Office may well serve as the central registry, but "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:13721
+#: freeculture.xml:13813
msgid "MARKING"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13723
+#: freeculture.xml:13815
msgid ""
"It used to be that the failure to include a copyright notice on a creative "
"work meant that the copyright was forfeited. That was a harsh punishment for "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13733
+#: freeculture.xml:13825
msgid ""
"The aim of marking is to signal to the public that this work is copyrighted "
"and that the author wants to enforce his rights. The mark also makes it easy "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13739
+#: freeculture.xml:13831
msgid ""
"One of the problems the copyright system confronted early on was that "
"different copyrighted works had to be differently marked. It wasn't clear "
#. f2.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13756
+#: freeculture.xml:13848
msgid ""
"There would be a complication with derivative works that I have not solved "
"here. In my view, the law of derivatives creates a more complicated system "
#. PAGE BREAK 296
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13749
+#: freeculture.xml:13841
msgid ""
"Let's start with the last point. If a copyright owner allows his work to be "
"published without a copyright notice, the consequence of that failure need "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13769
+#: freeculture.xml:13861
msgid ""
"That in turn raises the question about how work should best be marked. Here "
"again, the system needs to adjust as the technologies evolve. The best way "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13776
+#: freeculture.xml:13868
msgid ""
"For example, if a recording industry association devises a method for "
"marking CDs, it would propose that to the Copyright Office. The Copyright "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13788
+#: freeculture.xml:13880
msgid ""
"Finally, marking content clearly would simplify registration requirements. "
"If photographs were marked by author and year, there would be little reason "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13796
+#: freeculture.xml:13888
msgid ""
"The objective of formalities is to make things clear. The existing system "
"does nothing to make things clear. Indeed, it seems designed to make things "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13801
+#: freeculture.xml:13893
msgid ""
"If formalities such as registration were reinstated, one of the most "
"difficult aspects of relying upon the public domain would be removed. It "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:13813
+#: freeculture.xml:13905
msgid "2. Shorter Terms"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13815
+#: freeculture.xml:13907
msgid ""
"The term of copyright has gone from fourteen years to ninety-five years for "
"corporate authors, and life of the author plus seventy years for natural "
#. f3.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13828
+#: freeculture.xml:13920
msgid ""
"<quote>A Radical Rethink,</quote> <citetitle>Economist</citetitle>, 366:8308 "
"(25 January 2003): 15, available at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13820
+#: freeculture.xml:13912
msgid ""
"In <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>, I proposed a "
"seventy-five-year term, granted in five-year increments with a requirement "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13835
+#: freeculture.xml:13927
msgid ""
"I agree with those who believe that we need a radical change in copyright's "
"term. But whether fourteen years or seventy-five, there are four principles "
#. (1)
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13843
+#: freeculture.xml:13935
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Keep it short:</emphasis> The term should be as long as necessary "
"to give incentives to create, but no longer. If it were tied to very strong "
#. (2)
#. PAGE BREAK 298
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13852
+#: freeculture.xml:13944
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Keep it simple:</emphasis> The line between the public domain and "
"protected content must be kept clear. Lawyers like the fuzziness of "
#. f4.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13873
+#: freeculture.xml:13965
msgid ""
"Department of Veterans Affairs, Veteran's Application for Compensation "
"and/or Pension, VA Form 21-526 (OMB Approved No. 2900-0001), available at "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13881
+#: freeculture.xml:13973
msgid "veterans' pensions"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13865
+#: freeculture.xml:13957
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Keep it alive:</emphasis> Copyright should have to be renewed. "
"Especially if the maximum term is long, the copyright owner should be "
#. (4)
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13885
+#: freeculture.xml:13977
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Keep it prospective:</emphasis> Whatever the term of copyright "
"should be, the clearest lesson that economists teach is that a term once "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13901
+#: freeculture.xml:13993
msgid ""
"These changes together should produce an <emphasis>average</emphasis> "
"copyright term that is much shorter than the current term. Until 1976, the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13907
+#: freeculture.xml:13999
msgid ""
"No doubt the extremists will call these ideas <quote>radical.</quote> (After "
"all, I call them <quote>extremists.</quote>) But again, the term I "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:13917
+#: freeculture.xml:14009
msgid "3. Free Use Vs. Fair Use"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13919
+#: freeculture.xml:14016
msgid ""
"As I observed at the beginning of this book, property law originally granted "
"property owners the right to control their property from the ground to the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13927
+#: freeculture.xml:14024
msgid ""
"Our Constitution gives Congress the power to give authors <quote>exclusive "
"right</quote> to <quote>their writings.</quote> Congress has given authors "
#. f5.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13940
+#: freeculture.xml:14037
msgid ""
"Benjamin Kaplan, <citetitle>An Unhurried View of Copyright</citetitle> (New "
"York: Columbia University Press, 1967), 32."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13946
+#: freeculture.xml:14043
msgid "Kaplan, Benjamin"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13936
+#: freeculture.xml:14033
msgid ""
"Congress granted the beginnings of this right in 1870, when it expanded the "
"exclusive right of copyright to include a right to control translations and "
#. f6.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13954
+#: freeculture.xml:14051
msgid "Ibid., 56."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13950
+#: freeculture.xml:14047
msgid ""
"So inured have we become to the extension of the monopoly to a large range "
"of so-called derivative works, that we no longer sense the oddity of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13959
+#: freeculture.xml:14056
msgid ""
"I think it's time to recognize that there are airplanes in this field and "
"the expansiveness of these rights of derivative use no longer make "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13966
+#: freeculture.xml:14063
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Term:</emphasis> If Congress wants to grant a derivative right, "
"then that right should be for a much shorter term. It makes sense to protect "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13979
+#: freeculture.xml:14076
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Scope:</emphasis> Likewise should the scope of derivative rights "
"be narrowed. Again, there are some cases in which derivative rights are "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13992
+#: freeculture.xml:14090
msgid ""
"This was the point that Alben made when describing the making of the Clint "
"Eastwood CD. While it makes sense to require negotiation for foreseeable "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14008
+#: freeculture.xml:14106
msgid "Goldstein, Paul"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14006
+#: freeculture.xml:14104
msgid ""
"Paul Goldstein, <citetitle>Copyright's Highway: From Gutenberg to the "
"Celestial Jukebox</citetitle> (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14000
+#: freeculture.xml:14098
msgid ""
"In each of these cases, the law should mark the uses that are protected, and "
"the presumption should be that other uses are not protected. This is the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14014
+#: freeculture.xml:14112
msgid ""
"Goldstein's analysis would make perfect sense if the cost of the legal "
"system were small. But as we are currently seeing in the context of the "
#. PAGE BREAK 301
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14021
+#: freeculture.xml:14119
msgid ""
"The law could remedy this problem either by removing protection beyond the "
"part explicitly drawn or by granting reuse rights upon certain statutory "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14031
+#: freeculture.xml:14129
msgid "4. Liberate the Music—Again"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14033
+#: freeculture.xml:14131
msgid ""
"The battle that got this whole war going was about music, so it wouldn't be "
"fair to end this book without addressing the issue that is, to most people, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14040
+#: freeculture.xml:14138
msgid ""
"The appeal of file-sharing music was the crack cocaine of the Internet's "
"growth. It drove demand for access to the Internet more powerfully than any "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14049
+#: freeculture.xml:14147
msgid ""
"The aim of copyright, with respect to content in general and music in "
"particular, is to create the incentives for music to be composed, performed, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14056
+#: freeculture.xml:14154
msgid ""
"File-sharing networks complicate this model by enabling the spread of "
"content for which the performer has not been paid. But of course, that's not "
#. A.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14065
+#: freeculture.xml:14163
msgid ""
"There are some who are using sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing "
"CDs."
#. B.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14070
+#: freeculture.xml:14168
msgid ""
"There are also some who are using sharing networks to sample, on the way to "
"purchasing CDs."
#. PAGE BREAK 302
#. C.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14076
+#: freeculture.xml:14174
msgid ""
"There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content "
"that is no longer sold but is still under copyright or that would have been "
#. D.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14082
+#: freeculture.xml:14180
msgid ""
"There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content "
"that is not copyrighted or to get access that the copyright owner plainly "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14088
+#: freeculture.xml:14186
msgid ""
"Any reform of the law needs to keep these different uses in focus. It must "
"avoid burdening type D even if it aims to eliminate type A. The eagerness "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14096
+#: freeculture.xml:14194
msgid ""
"As I said in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" "
"linkend=\"piracy\"/>, the actual harm caused by sharing is controversial. "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14104
+#: freeculture.xml:14202
msgid ""
"Nonetheless, there is a crucial fact about the current technological context "
"that we must keep in mind if we are to understand how the law should "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14109
+#: freeculture.xml:14207
msgid ""
"Today, file sharing is addictive. In ten years, it won't be. It is addictive "
"today because it is the easiest way to gain access to a broad range of "
#. PAGE BREAK 303
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14121
+#: freeculture.xml:14219
msgid ""
"But it will become a reality, and that means the way we get access to the "
"Internet today is a technology in transition. Policy makers should not make "
#. f8.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14154
+#: freeculture.xml:14252
msgid ""
"See, for example, <quote>Music Media Watch,</quote> The J@pan "
"Inc. Newsletter, 3 April 2002, available at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14136
+#: freeculture.xml:14234
msgid ""
"In that world, it will be extremely easy to connect to services that give "
"you access to content on the fly—such as Internet radio, content that "
#. PAGE BREAK 304
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14161
+#: freeculture.xml:14259
msgid ""
"This point about the future is meant to suggest a perspective on the "
"present: It is emphatically temporary. The <quote>problem</quote> with file "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14177
+#: freeculture.xml:14275
msgid ""
"The answer begins with recognizing that there are different "
"<quote>problems</quote> here to solve. Let's start with type D "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14188
+#: freeculture.xml:14286
msgid ""
"Type C content raises a different <quote>problem.</quote> This is content "
"that was, at one time, published and is no longer available. It may be "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14197
+#: freeculture.xml:14295
msgid ""
"Again, the model here is the used book store. Once a book goes out of print, "
"it may still be available in libraries and used book stores. But libraries "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14207
+#: freeculture.xml:14305
msgid ""
"The model of used book stores suggests that the law could simply deem "
"out-of-print music fair game. If the publisher does not make copies of the "
#. PAGE BREAK 305
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14218
+#: freeculture.xml:14316
msgid ""
"Alternatively, the law could create a statutory license that would ensure "
"that artists get something from the trade of their work. For example, if the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14228
+#: freeculture.xml:14326
msgid ""
"This system would also create an incentive for publishers to keep works "
"available commercially. Works that are available commercially would not be "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14238
+#: freeculture.xml:14336
msgid ""
"The hard case is content of types A and B, and again, this case is hard only "
"because the extent of the problem will change over time, as the technologies "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14246
+#: freeculture.xml:14344
msgid ""
"So here's a solution that will at first seem very strange to both sides in "
"this war, but which upon reflection, I suggest, should make some sense."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14250
+#: freeculture.xml:14348
msgid ""
"Stripped of the rhetoric about the sanctity of property, the basic claim of "
"the content industry is this: A new technology (the Internet) has harmed a "
#. PAGE BREAK 306
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14261
+#: freeculture.xml:14359
msgid ""
"I love the Internet, and so I don't like likening it to tobacco or "
"asbestos. But the analogy is a fair one from the perspective of the law. "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14306
+#: freeculture.xml:14408
msgid "Fisher, William"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14308 freeculture.xml:14334
+#: freeculture.xml:14410 freeculture.xml:14437
msgid "Promises to Keep (Fisher)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14273
+#: freeculture.xml:14371
msgid ""
-"William Fisher, <citetitle>Digital Music: Problems and "
-"Possibilities</citetitle> (last revised: 10 October 2000), available at "
-"<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #77</ulink>; William "
-"Fisher, <citetitle>Promises to Keep: Technology, Law, and the Future of "
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> William Fisher, "
+"<citetitle>Digital Music: Problems and Possibilities</citetitle> (last "
+"revised: 10 October 2000), available at <ulink "
+"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #77</ulink>; William Fisher, "
+"<citetitle>Promises to Keep: Technology, Law, and the Future of "
"Entertainment</citetitle> (forthcoming) (Stanford: Stanford University "
"Press, 2004), ch. 6, available at <ulink "
"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #78</ulink>. Professor Netanel "
"more popular artists would get more than the less popular. As is typical "
"with Stallman, his proposal predates the current debate by about a "
"decade. See <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #85</ulink>. "
-"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"
0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
-"id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>"
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"
1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
+"id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14269
+#: freeculture.xml:14367
msgid ""
"The idea would be a modification of a proposal that has been floated by "
"Harvard law professor William Fisher.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14321
+#: freeculture.xml:14424
msgid ""
"Fisher's proposal is careful and comprehensive. It raises a million "
"questions, most of which he answers well in his upcoming book, "
#. PAGE BREAK 307
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14337
+#: freeculture.xml:14444
msgid ""
"Fisher would balk at the idea of allowing the system to lapse. His aim is "
"not just to ensure that artists are paid, but also to ensure that the system "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14351
+#: freeculture.xml:14458
msgid ""
"No doubt it would be difficult to calculate the proper measure of "
"<quote>harm</quote> to an industry. But the difficulty of making that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14366
+#: freeculture.xml:14474
msgid ""
"This competition has already occurred against the background of "
"<quote>free</quote> music from p2p systems. As the sellers of cable "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14378
+#: freeculture.xml:14486
msgid ""
"This regime of competition, with a backstop to assure that artists don't "
"lose, would facilitate a great deal of innovation in the delivery of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14387
+#: freeculture.xml:14495
msgid "In summary, then, my proposal is this:"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 308
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14392
+#: freeculture.xml:14500
msgid ""
"The Internet is in transition. We should not be regulating a technology in "
"transition. We should instead be regulating to minimize the harm to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14399
+#: freeculture.xml:14507
msgid "We can minimize that harm while maximizing the benefit to innovation by"
msgstr ""
#. 1.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14405
+#: freeculture.xml:14513
msgid "guaranteeing the right to engage in type D sharing;"
msgstr ""
#. 2.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14409
+#: freeculture.xml:14517
msgid ""
"permitting noncommercial type C sharing without liability, and commercial "
"type C sharing at a low and fixed rate set by statute;"
#. 3.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14415
+#: freeculture.xml:14523
msgid ""
"while in this transition, taxing and compensating for type A sharing, to the "
"extent actual harm is demonstrated."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14420
+#: freeculture.xml:14528
msgid ""
"But what if <quote>piracy</quote> doesn't disappear? What if there is a "
"competitive market providing content at a low cost, but a significant number "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14426
+#: freeculture.xml:14534
msgid ""
"Yes, it should. But, again, what it should do depends upon how the facts "
"develop. These changes may not eliminate type A sharing. But the real issue "
#. PAGE BREAK 309
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14440
+#: freeculture.xml:14548
msgid ""
"But we're a long way away from whittling the problem down to this subset of "
"type A sharers. And our focus until we're there should not be on finding "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14451
+#: freeculture.xml:14559
msgid "5. Fire Lots of Lawyers"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14453
+#: freeculture.xml:14561
msgid ""
"I'm a lawyer. I make lawyers for a living. I believe in the law. I believe "
"in the law of copyright. Indeed, I have devoted my life to working in law, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14459
+#: freeculture.xml:14567
msgid ""
"Yet much of this book has been a criticism of lawyers, or the role lawyers "
"have played in this debate. The law speaks to ideals, but it is my view that "
#. f10.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14476
+#: freeculture.xml:14584
msgid ""
"Lawrence Lessig, <quote>Copyright's First Amendment</quote> (Melville "
"B. Nimmer Memorial Lecture), <citetitle>UCLA Law Review</citetitle> 48 "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14467
+#: freeculture.xml:14575
msgid ""
"The evidence of this bending is compelling. I'm attacked as a "
"<quote>radical</quote> by many within the profession, yet the positions that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14482
+#: freeculture.xml:14590
msgid ""
"However, my criticism of the role that lawyers have played in this debate is "
"not just about a professional bias. It is more importantly about our failure "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14492
+#: freeculture.xml:14600
msgid ""
"A good example is the work of Professor Stan Liebowitz. Liebowitz is to be "
"commended for his careful review of data about infringement, leading him to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14487
+#: freeculture.xml:14595
msgid ""
"Economists are supposed to be good at reckoning costs and benefits. But "
"more often than not, economists, with no clue about how the legal system "
#. PAGE BREAK 310
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14516
+#: freeculture.xml:14624
msgid ""
"But the legal system doesn't work. Or more accurately, it doesn't work for "
"anyone except those with the most resources. Not because the system is "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14524
+#: freeculture.xml:14632
msgid ""
"These costs distort free culture in many ways. A lawyer's time is billed at "
"the largest firms at more than $400 per hour. How much time should such a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14534
+#: freeculture.xml:14642
msgid ""
"The costliness and clumsiness and randomness of this system mock our "
"tradition. And lawyers, as well as academics, should consider it their duty "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14542
+#: freeculture.xml:14650
msgid ""
"But until that reform is complete, we as a society should keep the law away "
"from areas that we know it will only harm. And that is precisely what the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14548
+#: freeculture.xml:14656
msgid ""
"Think about the amazing things your kid could do or make with digital "
"technology—the film, the music, the Web page, the blog. Or think about "
#. PAGE BREAK 311
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14557
+#: freeculture.xml:14665
msgid ""
"The law should regulate in certain areas of culture—but it should "
"regulate culture only where that regulation does good. Yet lawyers rarely "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14566
+#: freeculture.xml:14674
msgid ""
"We should ask, <quote>Why?</quote> Show me why your regulation of culture is "
"needed. Show me how it does good. And until you can show me both, keep your "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14575
+#: freeculture.xml:14683
msgid "NOTES"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14577
+#: freeculture.xml:14685
msgid ""
"Throughout this text, there are references to links on the World Wide "
"Web. As anyone who has tried to use the Web knows, these links can be highly "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14592
+#: freeculture.xml:14700
msgid "ACKNOWLEDGMENTS"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14594
+#: freeculture.xml:14702
msgid ""
"This book is the product of a long and as yet unsuccessful struggle that "
"began when I read of Eric Eldred's war to keep books free. Eldred's work "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14601
+#: freeculture.xml:14709
msgid ""
"I received guidance in various places from friends and academics, including "
"Glenn Brown, Peter DiCola, Jennifer Mnookin, Richard Posner, Mark Rose, and "
#. PAGE BREAK 337
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14614
+#: freeculture.xml:14722
msgid ""
"Yuko Noguchi helped me to understand the laws of Japan as well as its "
"culture. I am thankful to her, and to the many in Japan who helped me "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14625
+#: freeculture.xml:14733
msgid ""
"These are the traditional sorts of help that academics regularly draw "
"upon. But in addition to them, the Internet has made it possible to receive "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14645
+#: freeculture.xml:14753
msgid ""
"Richard Stallman and Michael Carroll each read the whole book in draft, and "
"each provided extremely helpful correction and advice. Michael helped me to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14654
+#: freeculture.xml:14762
msgid ""
"Finally, and forever, I am thankful to Bettina, who has always insisted that "
"there would be unending happiness away from these battles, and who has "
projects / text-free-culture-lessig.git / commitdiff