From: Petter Reinholdtsen Date: Sat, 11 Aug 2012 15:49:03 +0000 (+0200) Subject: Update with new indexes and wrap lines. X-Git-Tag: edition-2015-10-10~1659 X-Git-Url: https://pere.pagekite.me/gitweb/text-free-culture-lessig.git/commitdiff_plain/a1c1f289a1cc6cbe2a1c0414444430b4f4ad643e?hp=85b044348c9bf5520e0cbbdc8499dfb143aa8fc3 Update with new indexes and wrap lines. --- diff --git a/freeculture.nb.po b/freeculture.nb.po index 881cfe5..ef42a2a 100644 --- a/freeculture.nb.po +++ b/freeculture.nb.po @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: Free Culture by Lawrence Lessig\n" -"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-08-10 22:06+0300\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-08-11 17:19+0300\n" "PO-Revision-Date: 2012-07-13 21:50+0200\n" "Last-Translator: Petter Reinholdtsen \n" "Language-Team: Norwegian Bokmål \n" @@ -646,6 +646,26 @@ msgstr "" msgid "INTRODUCTION" msgstr "Introduksjon" +#. type: Content of: +msgid "air traffic, land ownership vs." +msgstr "lufttrafikk, landeierskap mot" + +#. type: Content of:
+msgid "land ownership, air traffic and" +msgstr "landeierskap, lufttrafikk og" + +#. type: Content of:
+msgid "property rights" +msgstr "eiendomsrettigheter" + +#. type: Content of:
+msgid "air traffic vs." +msgstr "lufttrafikk mot" + +#. type: Content of: +msgid "Wright brothers" +msgstr "Wright-brødrene" + #. type: Content of: msgid "" "On December 17, 1903, on a windy North Carolina beach for just shy of one " @@ -862,6 +882,10 @@ msgstr "" "personlige interesser ville ikke få lov til å nedkjempe en " "åpenbar fordel for fellesskapet." +#. type: Content of:
+msgid "Armstrong, Edwin Howard" +msgstr "Armstrong, Edwin Howard" + #. type: Content of: msgid "Bell, Alexander Graham" msgstr "Bell, Alexander Graham" @@ -876,28 +900,29 @@ msgstr "Faraday, Michael" #. type: Content of: msgid "" -"Edwin Howard Armstrong is one of America's forgotten inventor geniuses. He " -"came to the great American inventor scene just after the titans Thomas " -"Edison and Alexander Graham Bell. But his work in the area of radio " -"technology was perhaps the most important of any single inventor in the " -"first fifty years of radio. He was better educated than Michael Faraday, who " -"as a bookbinder's apprentice had discovered electric induction in 1831. But " -"he had the same intuition about how the world of radio worked, and on at " -"least three occasions, Armstrong invented profoundly important technologies " -"that advanced our understanding of radio. Edwin Howard Armstrong is one of " +"America's forgotten inventor geniuses. He came to the great American " +"inventor scene just after the titans Thomas Edison and Alexander Graham " +"Bell. But his work in the area of radio technology was perhaps the most " +"important of any single inventor in the first fifty years of radio. He was " +"better educated than Michael Faraday, who as a bookbinder's apprentice had " +"discovered electric induction in 1831. But he had the same intuition about " +"how the world of radio worked, and on at least three occasions, Armstrong " +"invented profoundly important technologies that advanced our understanding " +"of radio. " +msgstr "" +"Edwin Howard Armstrong er en av USAs " +"glemte oppfinnergenier. Han dukket opp pÃ¥ oppfinnerscenen etter titaner som " +"Thomas Edison og Alexander Graham Bell. Alle hans bidrag pÃ¥ omrÃ¥det " +"radioteknologi gjør han til kanskje den viktigste av alle enkeltoppfinnere i " +"de første femti Ã¥rene av radio. Han var bedre utdannet enn Michael Faraday, " +"som var bokbinderlærling da han oppdaget elektrisk induksjon i 1831. Men " +"han hadde like god intuisjon om hvordan radioverden virket, og ved minst tre " +"anledninger, fant Armstrong opp svært viktig teknologier som brakte vÃ¥r " +"forstÃ¥else av radio et hopp videre. " -msgstr "" -"Edwin Howard Armstrong er en av USAs glemte oppfinnergenier. Han dukket opp " -"pÃ¥ oppfinnerscenen etter titaner som Thomas Edison og Alexander Graham " -"Bell. Alle hans bidrag pÃ¥ omrÃ¥det radioteknologi gjør han til kanskje den " -"viktigste av alle enkeltoppfinnere i de første femti Ã¥rene av radio. Han " -"var bedre utdannet enn Michael Faraday, som var bokbinderlærling da han " -"oppdaget elektrisk induksjon i 1831. Men han hadde like god intuisjon om " -"hvordan radioverden virket, og ved minst tre anledninger, fant Armstrong opp " -"svært viktig teknologier som brakte vÃ¥r forstÃ¥else av radio et hopp videre. " -" " #. type: Content of: msgid "" @@ -2313,8 +2338,8 @@ msgstr "" "som kilde. Det er ikke kun fra nyskapningen med synkronisert lyd i " "The Jazz Singer at vi fÃ¥r Steamboat " "Willie. Det er ogsÃ¥ fra Buster Keatons nyskapning Steamboat " -"Bill, Jr., som igjen var inspirert av sangen Steamboat Bill, at vi fÃ¥r " -"Steamboat Willie. Og fra Steamboat Willie fÃ¥r vi sÃ¥ Mikke Mus." +"Bill, Jr., som igjen var inspirert av sangen Steamboat Bill, " +"at vi fÃ¥r Steamboat Willie. Og fra Steamboat Willie fÃ¥r vi sÃ¥ Mikke Mus." #. f3 #. type: Content of: @@ -2323,9 +2348,9 @@ msgid "" "that Ate the Public Domain, Findlaw, 5 March 2002, at link #5." msgstr "" -"Han var ogsÃ¥ tilhenger av allmannseiet. Se Chris Sprigman, The Mouse that " -"Ate the Public Domain, Findlaw, 5. mars 2002, fra link #5." +"Han var ogsÃ¥ tilhenger av allmannseiet. Se Chris Sprigman, The Mouse " +"that Ate the Public Domain, Findlaw, 5. mars 2002, fra link #5." #. type: Content of: msgid "" @@ -2340,9 +2365,9 @@ msgid "" "built upon a base that was borrowed. Disney added to the work of others " "before him, creating something new out of something just barely old." msgstr "" -"Denne lÃ¥ningen var ikke unik, hverken for Disney eller for industrien. " -"Disney apet alltid etter full-lengde massemarkedsfilmene rundt ham." -" Det samme gjorde mange andre. " +"Denne lÃ¥ningen var ikke unik, hverken for Disney eller for " +"industrien. Disney apet alltid etter full-lengde massemarkedsfilmene rundt " +"ham. Det samme gjorde mange andre. " "Tidlige tegnefilmer er stappfulle av etterapninger—smÃ¥ variasjoner " "over suksessfulle temaer, gamle historier fortalt pÃ¥ nytt. Nøkkelen til " "suksess var brilliansen i forskjellene. Med Disney var det lyden som ga " @@ -2430,10 +2455,10 @@ msgstr "" "Dette er en type kreativitet. Det er en kreativitet som vi bør huske pÃ¥ og " "feire. Det er noen som vil si at det finnes ingen kreativitet bortsett fra " "denne typen. Vi trenger ikke gÃ¥ sÃ¥ langt for Ã¥ anerkjenne dens betydning. " -"Vi kan kalle dette Disney-kreativitet, selv om det vil være litt " -"misvisende. Det er mer presist Walt Disney-kreativitet—en " -"uttrykksform og genialitet som bygger pÃ¥ kulturen rundt oss og omformer den " -"til noe annet." +"Vi kan kalle dette Disney-kreativitet, selv om det vil være " +"litt misvisende. Det er mer presist Walt Disney-kreativitet—en uttrykksform og genialitet som bygger pÃ¥ kulturen rundt oss " +"og omformer den til noe annet." #. f4 #. type: Content of: @@ -2448,13 +2473,14 @@ msgid "" "at link #6." msgstr "" "Inntil 1976 ga opphavsrettsloven en forfatter to mulige verneperioder: en " -"initiell periode, og en fornyingsperiode. Jeg har beregnet gjennomsnittlig" -" vernetid ved Ã¥ finne vektet gjennomsnitt av de totale registreringer for " -"et gitt Ã¥r, og andelen fornyinger. Hvis 100 opphavsretter ble registrert i " -"Ã¥r 1, bare 15 av dem ble fornyet, og fornyingsvernetiden er 28 Ã¥r, sÃ¥ er " -"gjennomsnittlig vernetid 32,2 Ã¥r. Fornyingsdata og andre relevante data " -"ligger pÃ¥ nettsidene tilknyttet denne boka, tilgjengelig fra link #6." +"initiell periode, og en fornyingsperiode. Jeg har beregnet " +"gjennomsnittlig vernetid ved Ã¥ finne vektet gjennomsnitt av " +"de totale registreringer for et gitt Ã¥r, og andelen fornyinger. Hvis 100 " +"opphavsretter ble registrert i Ã¥r 1, bare 15 av dem ble fornyet, og " +"fornyingsvernetiden er 28 Ã¥r, sÃ¥ er gjennomsnittlig vernetid 32,2 Ã¥r. " +"Fornyingsdata og andre relevante data ligger pÃ¥ nettsidene tilknyttet denne " +"boka, tilgjengelig fra link #6." #. type: Content of: msgid "" @@ -2473,9 +2499,10 @@ msgstr "" "Ã¥r—for den lille delen av kreative verk som faktisk var " "opphavsrettsbeskyttet. Det betyr at " "i tredve Ã¥r, i gjennomsnitt, hadde forfattere eller kreative verks " -"opphavsrettighetsinnehaver en eksklusiv rett til a kontrollere bestemte " -"typer bruk av verket. For Ã¥ bruke disse opphavsrettsbeskyttede verkene pÃ¥ " -"de begrensede mÃ¥tene krevde tillatelse fra opphavsrettsinnehaveren." +"opphavsrettighetsinnehaver en eksklusiv rett til a " +"kontrollere bestemte typer bruk av verket. For Ã¥ bruke disse " +"opphavsrettsbeskyttede verkene pÃ¥ de begrensede mÃ¥tene krevde tillatelse fra " +"opphavsrettsinnehaveren." #. type: Content of: msgid "" @@ -2490,11 +2517,11 @@ msgstr "" "NÃ¥r opphavsrettens vernetid er over, faller et verk i det fri og blir " "allemannseie. Ingen tillatelse trengs da for Ã¥ bygge pÃ¥ eller bruke dette " "verket. Ingen tillatelse og dermed, ingen advokater. Allemannseie er en " -"advokat-fri sone. Det meste av innhold fra det nittende Ã¥rhundre var " -"dermed fritt tilgjengelig for Disney Ã¥ bruke eller bygge pÃ¥ i 1928. Det var " -"tilgjengelig for enhver—uansett om de hadde forbindelser eller ikke, " -"om de var rik eller ikke, om de var akseptert eller ikke—til Ã¥ bruke " -"og bygge videre pÃ¥." +"advokat-fri sone. Det meste av innhold fra det nittende " +"Ã¥rhundre var dermed fritt tilgjengelig for Disney Ã¥ bruke eller bygge pÃ¥ i " +"1928. Det var tilgjengelig for enhver—uansett om de hadde " +"forbindelser eller ikke, om de var rik eller ikke, om de var akseptert eller " +"ikke—til Ã¥ bruke og bygge videre pÃ¥." #. PAGE BREAK 38 #. type: Content of: @@ -2525,9 +2552,10 @@ msgid "" "except within totalitarian nations, been broadly exploited and quite " "universal." msgstr "" -"Walt Disney hadde selvfølgelig ikke monopol pÃ¥ Walt Disney-kreativitet. " -"Det har heller ikke USA. Normen med fri kultur har, inntil nylig, og " -"unntatt i totalitære nasjoner, vært bredt utnyttet og svært universell." +"Walt Disney hadde selvfølgelig ikke monopol pÃ¥ Walt Disney-" +"kreativitet. Det har heller ikke USA. Normen med fri kultur har, " +"inntil nylig, og unntatt i totalitære nasjoner, vært bredt utnyttet og svært " +"universell." #. type: Content of: msgid "" @@ -2563,12 +2591,12 @@ msgstr "" "Amerikanere har en tendens til Ã¥ se ned pÃ¥ denne formen for kultur. Det er " "et lite attraktivt kjennetegn hos oss. Vi misforstÃ¥r sannsynligvis mye " "rundt manga, pÃ¥ grunn av at fÃ¥ av oss noen gang har lest noe som ligner pÃ¥ " -"historiene i disse grafiske historiene forteller. For en japaner dekker " -"manga ethvert aspekt ved det sosiale liv. For oss er tegneserier menn i " -"strømpebukser. Og uansett er det ikke slik at T-banen i New York er full " -"av folk som leser Joyse eller Hemingway for den saks skyld. Folk i ulike " -"kulturer skiller seg ut pÃ¥ forskjellig mÃ¥ter, og japanerne pÃ¥ dette " -"interessante viset." +"historiene i disse grafiske historiene forteller. For en " +"japaner dekker manga ethvert aspekt ved det sosiale liv. For oss er " +"tegneserier menn i strømpebukser. Og uansett er det ikke " +"slik at T-banen i New York er full av folk som leser Joyse eller Hemingway " +"for den saks skyld. Folk i ulike kulturer skiller seg ut pÃ¥ forskjellig " +"mÃ¥ter, og japanerne pÃ¥ dette interessante viset." #. type: Content of: msgid "" @@ -2604,10 +2632,10 @@ msgstr "" "tegneserie kan dermed ta en massemarkeds-tegneserie og utvikle den i en " "annen retning—med en annen historie-linje. Eller tegneserien kan " "beholde figuren som seg selv men endre litt pÃ¥ utseendet. Det er ingen " -"bestemt formel for hva som gjør en doujinshi tilstrekkelig forskjellig. " -"Men de mÃ¥ være forskjellige hvis de skal anses som ekte doujinshi. Det er " -"faktisk komiteer som gÃ¥r igjennom doujinshi for Ã¥ bli med pÃ¥ messer, og " -"avviser etterapninger som bare er en kopi." +"bestemt formel for hva som gjør en doujinshi tilstrekkelig " +"forskjellig. Men de mÃ¥ være forskjellige hvis de skal anses " +"som ekte doujinshi. Det er faktisk komiteer som gÃ¥r igjennom doujinshi for " +"Ã¥ bli med pÃ¥ messer, og avviser etterapninger som bare er en kopi." #. type: Content of: msgid "" @@ -2622,14 +2650,14 @@ msgid "" "competition and despite the law." msgstr "" "Disse etterapings-tegneseriene er ikke en liten del av manga-markedet. Det " -"er enorme. Mer en 33 000 sirkler av skapere over hele Japan som " -"produserer disse bitene av Walt Disney-kreativitet. Mer en 450 000 japanere " -"samles to ganger i Ã¥ret, i den største offentlige samlingen i langet, for Ã¥ " -"bytte og selge dem. Dette markedet er parallelt med det kommersielle " -"massemarkeds-manga-markedet. PÃ¥ noen mÃ¥ter konkurrerer det Ã¥penbart med det " -"markedet, men det er ingen vedvarende innsats fra de som kontrollerer det " -"kommersielle manga-markedet for Ã¥ stenge doujinshi-markedet. Det blomstrer, " -"pÃ¥ tross av konkurransen og til tross for loven." +"er enorme. Mer en 33 000 sirkler av skapere over hele Japan " +"som produserer disse bitene av Walt Disney-kreativitet. Mer en 450 000 " +"japanere samles to ganger i Ã¥ret, i den største offentlige samlingen i " +"langet, for Ã¥ bytte og selge dem. Dette markedet er parallelt med det " +"kommersielle massemarkeds-manga-markedet. PÃ¥ noen mÃ¥ter konkurrerer det " +"Ã¥penbart med det markedet, men det er ingen vedvarende innsats fra de som " +"kontrollerer det kommersielle manga-markedet for Ã¥ stenge doujinshi-" +"markedet. Det blomstrer, pÃ¥ tross av konkurransen og til tross for loven." #. type: Content of: msgid "" @@ -2650,14 +2678,14 @@ msgstr "" "juridisk trening i hvert fall, er at det overhodet tillates Ã¥ eksistere. " "Under japansk opphavsrettslov, som i hvert fall pÃ¥ dette omrÃ¥det (pÃ¥ " "papiret) speiler USAs opphavsrettslov, er doujinshi-markedet ulovlig. " -"Doujinshi er helt klart avledede verk. Det er ingen generell praksis " -"hos doujinshi-kunstnere for Ã¥ sikre seg tillatelse hos manga-skaperne. I " -"stedet er praksisen ganske enkelt Ã¥ ta og endre det andre har laget, slik " -"Walt Disney gjorde med Steamboat Bill, Jr. For bÃ¥de " -"japansk og USAs lov, er Ã¥ ta uten tillatelse fra den opprinnelige " -"opphavsrettsinnehaver ulovlig. Det er et brudd pÃ¥ opphavsretten til det " -"opprinnelige verket Ã¥ lage en kopi eller et avledet verk uten tillatelse fra " -"den opprinnelige rettighetsinnehaveren." +"Doujinshi er helt klart avledede verk. Det er ingen generell " +"praksis hos doujinshi-kunstnere for Ã¥ sikre seg tillatelse hos manga-" +"skaperne. I stedet er praksisen ganske enkelt Ã¥ ta og endre det andre har " +"laget, slik Walt Disney gjorde med Steamboat Bill, Jr. For bÃ¥de japansk og USAs lov, er Ã¥ ta uten " +"tillatelse fra den opprinnelige opphavsrettsinnehaver ulovlig. Det er et " +"brudd pÃ¥ opphavsretten til det opprinnelige verket Ã¥ lage en kopi eller et " +"avledet verk uten tillatelse fra den opprinnelige rettighetsinnehaveren." #. type: Content of: msgid "Winick, Judd" @@ -2689,8 +2717,8 @@ msgstr "" "amerikansk tegneseriers første dager var det ganske likt det som foregÃ¥r i " "Japan i dag. … Amerikanske tegneserier kom til verden ved Ã¥ kopiere " "hverandre. … Det er slik [kunstnerne] lærer Ã¥ tegne—ved Ã¥ se i " -"tegneseriebøker og ikke følge streken, men ved Ã¥ se pÃ¥ dem og kopiere dem " -"og bygge basert pÃ¥ dem." +"tegneseriebøker og ikke følge streken, men ved Ã¥ se pÃ¥ dem og kopiere dem og bygge basert pÃ¥ dem." #. type: Content of: msgid "" @@ -2703,10 +2731,11 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Amerikanske tegneserier nÃ¥ er ganske annerledes, forklarer Winick, delvis pÃ¥ " "grunn av de juridiske problemene med Ã¥ tilpasse tegneserier slik doujinshi " -"fÃ¥r lov til. Med for eksempel Supermann, fortalte Winick meg, er det en " -"rekke regler, og du mÃ¥ følge dem. Det er ting som Supermann ikke kan " -"gjøre. For en som lager tegneserier er det frustrerende Ã¥ mÃ¥tte begrense " -"seg til noen parameter som er femti Ã¥r gamle." +"fÃ¥r lov til. Med for eksempel Supermann, fortalte Winick meg, er det " +"en rekke regler, og du mÃ¥ følge dem. Det er ting som Supermann " +"ikke kan gjøre. For en som lager tegneserier er det " +"frustrerende Ã¥ mÃ¥tte begrense seg til noen parameter som er femti Ã¥r gamle." #. f6 #. type: Content of: @@ -2720,14 +2749,14 @@ msgid "" "set aside their individual self-interest and decide not to press their legal " "rights. This is essentially a prisoner's dilemma solved." msgstr "" -"Se Salil K. Mehra, Copyright and Comics in Japan: Does Law Explain Why All " -"the Comics My Kid Watches Are Japanese Imports? Rutgers Law " -"Review 55 (2002): 155, 182. det kan være en kollektiv " -"økonomisk rasjonalitet som fÃ¥r manga- og anime-kunstnere til ikke Ã¥ saksøke " -"for opphavsrettsbrudd. Én hypotese er at alle manga-kunstnere kan være bedre " -"stilt hvis de setter sin individuelle egeninteresse til side og bestemmer " -"seg for ikke Ã¥ forfølge sine juridiske rettigheter. Dette er essensielt en " -"løsning pÃ¥ fangens dilemma." +"Se Salil K. Mehra, Copyright and Comics in Japan: Does Law Explain " +"Why All the Comics My Kid Watches Are Japanese Imports? " +"Rutgers Law Review 55 (2002): 155, 182. det " +"kan være en kollektiv økonomisk rasjonalitet som fÃ¥r manga- og anime-" +"kunstnere til ikke Ã¥ saksøke for opphavsrettsbrudd. Én hypotese er at alle " +"manga-kunstnere kan være bedre stilt hvis de setter sin individuelle " +"egeninteresse til side og bestemmer seg for ikke Ã¥ forfølge sine juridiske " +"rettigheter. Dette er essensielt en løsning pÃ¥ fangens dilemma." #. type: Content of: msgid "" @@ -2759,14 +2788,14 @@ msgid "" "free taking by the doujinshi culture?" msgstr "" "Problemet med denne historien, derimot, og som Mehra helt klart erkjenner, " -"er at mekanismen som produserer denne hold hendene borte-responsen ikke " -"er forstÃ¥tt. Det kan godt være at markedet som helhet gjør det bedre hvis " -"doujinshi tillates i stedet for Ã¥ bannlyse den, men det forklarer likevel " -"ikke hvorfor individuelle opphavsrettsinnehavere ikke saksøker. Hvis loven " -"ikke har et generelt unntak for doujinshi, og det finnes faktisk noen " -"tilfeller der individuelle manga-kunstnere har saksøkt doujinshi-kunstnere, " -"hvorfor er det ikke et mer generelt mønster for Ã¥ blokkere denne frie " -"takingen hos doujinshi-kulturen?" +"er at mekanismen som produserer denne hold hendene borte-" +"responsen ikke er forstÃ¥tt. Det kan godt være at markedet som helhet gjør " +"det bedre hvis doujinshi tillates i stedet for Ã¥ bannlyse den, men det " +"forklarer likevel ikke hvorfor individuelle opphavsrettsinnehavere ikke " +"saksøker. Hvis loven ikke har et generelt unntak for doujinshi, og det " +"finnes faktisk noen tilfeller der individuelle manga-kunstnere har saksøkt " +"doujinshi-kunstnere, hvorfor er det ikke et mer generelt mønster for Ã¥ " +"blokkere denne frie takingen hos doujinshi-kulturen?" #. type: Content of: msgid "" @@ -2778,9 +2807,9 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Jeg var fire nydelige mÃ¥neder i Japan, og jeg stilte dette spørsmÃ¥l sÃ¥ ofte " "som jeg kunne. Kanskje det beste svaret til slutt kom fra en venn i et " -"større japansk advokatfirma. Vi har ikke nok advokater, fortalte han meg " -"en ettermiddag. Det er bare ikke nok ressurser til Ã¥ tiltale tilfeller " -"som dette." +"større japansk advokatfirma. Vi har ikke nok advokater, " +"fortalte han meg en ettermiddag. Det er bare ikke nok ressurser til " +"Ã¥ tiltale tilfeller som dette." #. PAGE BREAK 41 #. type: Content of: @@ -2835,9 +2864,9 @@ msgstr "" "Copywrongs, 11 (New York: New York University Press, 2001). Se " "ogsÃ¥ Lawrence Lessig, The Future of Ideas (New York: " "Random House, 2001), 293 n. 26. Begrepet presist beskriver et sett med " -"eiendoms-rettigheter—opphavsretter, patenter, varemerker og " -"forretningshemmeligheter—men egenskapene til disse rettighetene er " -"svært forskjellige." +"eiendoms-rettigheter—opphavsretter, patenter, " +"varemerker og forretningshemmeligheter—men egenskapene til disse " +"rettighetene er svært forskjellige." #. type: Content of: msgid "" @@ -2848,12 +2877,12 @@ msgid "" "> A large, diverse society cannot survive without property; a large, " "diverse, and modern society cannot flourish without intellectual property." msgstr "" -"Vi lever i en verden som feirer eiendom. Jeg er en av de som feierer. " -"Jeg tror pÃ¥ verdien av eiendom generelt, og jeg tror ogsÃ¥ pÃ¥ verdien av den " -"sære formen for eiendom som advokater kaller immateriell eiendom." -" Et stort og variert samfunn kan " -"ikke overleve uten eiendom, og et moderne samfunn kan ikke blomstre uten " -"immaterielle eierrettigheter." +"Vi lever i en verden som feirer eiendom. Jeg er en av de som " +"feierer. Jeg tror pÃ¥ verdien av eiendom generelt, og jeg tror ogsÃ¥ pÃ¥ " +"verdien av den sære formen for eiendom som advokater kaller " +"immateriell eiendom. " +"Et stort og variert samfunn kan ikke overleve uten eiendom, og et moderne " +"samfunn kan ikke blomstre uten immaterielle eierrettigheter." #. type: Content of: msgid "" @@ -2871,16 +2900,17 @@ msgid "" "because the Grimms' work was in the public domain." msgstr "" "Men det tar bare noen sekunders refleksjon for Ã¥ innse at det er masse av " -"verdi der ute som eiendom ikke dekker. Jeg mener ikke kjærlighet kan " -"ikke kjøpes med penger men heller, at en verdi som ganske enkelt er del av " -"produksjonsprosessen, bÃ¥de for kommersiell og ikke-kommersiell produksjon. " -"Hvis Disneys animatører hadde stjÃ¥let et sett med blyanter for Ã¥ tegne " -"Steamboat Willie, vi ville ikke nølt med Ã¥ dømme det som galt—selv om " -"det er trivielt og selv om det ikke blir oppdaget. Men det var intet galt, " -"i hvert fall slik loven var da, med at Disney tok fra Buster Keaton eller " -"fra Grimm-brødrene. Det var intet galt med Ã¥ ta fra Keaton, fordi Disneys " -"bruk ville blitt ansett som rimelig. Det var intet galt med Ã¥ ta fra " -"brødrene Grimm fordi deres verker var allemannseie." +"verdi der ute som eiendom ikke dekker. Jeg mener ikke " +"kjærlighet kan ikke kjøpes med penger men heller, at en verdi " +"som ganske enkelt er del av produksjonsprosessen, bÃ¥de for kommersiell og " +"ikke-kommersiell produksjon. Hvis Disneys animatører hadde stjÃ¥let et sett " +"med blyanter for Ã¥ tegne Steamboat Willie, vi ville ikke nølt med Ã¥ dømme " +"det som galt—selv om det er trivielt og selv om det ikke blir " +"oppdaget. Men det var intet galt, i hvert fall slik loven var da, med at " +"Disney tok fra Buster Keaton eller fra Grimm-brødrene. Det var intet galt " +"med Ã¥ ta fra Keaton, fordi Disneys bruk ville blitt ansett som " +"rimelig. Det var intet galt med Ã¥ ta fra brødrene Grimm " +"fordi deres verker var allemannseie." #. PAGE BREAK 42 #. type: Content of: @@ -2920,9 +2950,9 @@ msgid "" "find it hard to say why." msgstr "" "Likevel er det en Ã¥penbar motvilje, selv blant japanske advokater, for Ã¥ si " -"at etterapende tegneseriekunstnere stjeler. Denne formen for Walt " -"Disney-kreativitet anses som rimelig og riktig, selv om spesielt advokater " -"synes det er vanskelig Ã¥ forklare hvorfor." +"at etterapende tegneseriekunstnere stjeler. Denne formen for " +"Walt Disney-kreativitet anses som rimelig og riktig, selv om spesielt " +"advokater synes det er vanskelig Ã¥ forklare hvorfor." #. type: Content of: msgid "" @@ -2986,14 +3016,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Det vanskelige spørsmÃ¥let er derfor ikke om en kultur " "er fri. Alle kulturer er frie til en viss grad. Det vanskelige spørsmÃ¥let " -"er i stedet hvor fri er denne kulturen er? Hvor mye " -"og hvor bredt, er kulturen fritt tilgjengelig for andre Ã¥ ta, og bygge pÃ¥? " -"Er den friheten begrenset til partimedlemmer? Til medlemmer av " -"kongefamilien? Til de ti største selskapene pÃ¥ New York-børsen? Eller er " -"at frihet bredt tilgjengelig? Til kunstnere generelt, uansett om de er " -"tilknyttet til nasjonalmuseet eller ikke? Til musikere generelt, uansett om " -"de er hvite eller ikke? Til filmskapere generelt, uansett om de er " -"tilknyttet et studio eller ikke?" +"er i stedet hvor fri er denne kulturen er? Hvor mye og hvor bredt, er kulturen fritt tilgjengelig for andre Ã¥ " +"ta, og bygge pÃ¥? Er den friheten begrenset til partimedlemmer? Til " +"medlemmer av kongefamilien? Til de ti største selskapene pÃ¥ New York-" +"børsen? Eller er at frihet bredt tilgjengelig? Til kunstnere generelt, " +"uansett om de er tilknyttet til nasjonalmuseet eller ikke? Til musikere " +"generelt, uansett om de er hvite eller ikke? Til filmskapere generelt, " +"uansett om de er tilknyttet et studio eller ikke?" #. type: Content of: msgid "" @@ -3029,13 +3059,13 @@ msgid "" "\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "I 1839 fant Louis Daguerre opp den første praktiske teknologien for Ã¥ " -"produsere det vi ville kalle fotografier. Rimelig nok ble de kalt " -"daguerreotyper. Prosessen var komplisert og kostbar, og feltet var " -"dermed begrenset til profesjonelle og noen fÃ¥ ivrige og velstÃ¥ende " -"amatører. (Det var til og med en amerikansk Daguerre-forening som hjalp til " -"med Ã¥ regulere industrien, slik alle slike foreninger gjør, ved Ã¥ holde " -"konkurransen ned slik at prisene var høye.) " +"produsere det vi ville kalle fotografier. Rimelig nok ble de " +"kalt daguerreotyper. Prosessen var komplisert og kostbar, og " +"feltet var dermed begrenset til profesjonelle og noen fÃ¥ ivrige og " +"velstÃ¥ende amatører. (Det var til og med en amerikansk Daguerre-forening " +"som hjalp til med Ã¥ regulere industrien, slik alle slike foreninger gjør, " +"ved Ã¥ holde konkurransen ned slik at prisene var høye.) " #. type: Content of: msgid "Talbot, William" @@ -3055,13 +3085,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Men til tross for høye priser var etterspørselen etter daguerreotyper " "sterk. Dette inspirerte oppfinnere til Ã¥ finne enklere og billigere mÃ¥ter Ã¥ " -"lage automatiske bilder. William Talbot oppdaget snart en prosess for Ã¥ " -"lage negativer. Men da negativene var av glass, og mÃ¥tte holdes " -"fuktige, forble prosessen kostbar og tung. PÃ¥ 1870-tallet ble tørrplater " -"utviklet, noe som gjorde det enklere Ã¥ skille det Ã¥ ta et bilde fra Ã¥ " -"fremkalle det. Det var fortsatt plater av glass, og dermed var det fortsatt " -"ikke en prosess som var innenfor rekkevidden til de fleste amatører. " -"" +"lage automatiske bilder. William Talbot oppdaget snart en " +"prosess for Ã¥ lage negativer. Men da negativene var av " +"glass, og mÃ¥tte holdes fuktige, forble prosessen kostbar og tung. PÃ¥ 1870-" +"tallet ble tørrplater utviklet, noe som gjorde det enklere Ã¥ skille det Ã¥ ta " +"et bilde fra Ã¥ fremkalle det. Det var fortsatt plater av glass, og dermed " +"var det fortsatt ikke en prosess som var innenfor rekkevidden til de fleste " +"amatører. " #. type: Content of: msgid "Eastman, George" @@ -3112,9 +3142,10 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Eastman utviklet bøyelig, emulsjons-belagt papirfilm og plasserte ruller med " "dette i smÃ¥, enkle kameraer: Kodaken. Enheten ble markedsfør med grunnlag " -"dens enkelhet. Du trykker pÃ¥ knappen og vi fikser resten. Som han beskrev det i The Kodak " -"Primer: " +"dens enkelhet. Du trykker pÃ¥ knappen og vi fikser resten. Som han beskrev det i " +"The Kodak Primer: " #. type: Content of: msgid "Coe, Brian" @@ -3206,12 +3237,12 @@ msgstr "" "økonomisk. Den var sosial. Profesjonell fotografering ga individer et " "glimt av steder de ellers aldri ville se. Amatørfotografering ga dem " "muligheten til Ã¥ arkivere deres liv pÃ¥ en mÃ¥te som de aldri hadde vært i " -"stand til tidligere. Som forfatter Brian Coe skriver, For første gang " -"tilbød fotoalbumet mannen i gata et permanent arkiv over hans familie og " -"dens aktiviteter. … For første gang i historien fantes det en " +"stand til tidligere. Som forfatter Brian Coe skriver, For første " +"gang tilbød fotoalbumet mannen i gata et permanent arkiv over hans familie " +"og dens aktiviteter. … For første gang i historien fantes det en " "autentisk visuell oppføring av utseende og aktivitet til vanlige mennesker " -"laget uten [skrivefør] tolkning eller forutinntatthet." +"laget uten [skrivefør] tolkning eller forutinntatthet." #. type: Content of: msgid "" @@ -3230,11 +3261,12 @@ msgstr "" "malepenselen var selvfølgelig ogsÃ¥ en uttrykksteknologi. Men det tok Ã¥revis " "med trening før de kunne bli brukt nyttig og effektiv av amatører. Med " "Kodaken var uttrykk mulig mye raskere og enklere. Barrièren for Ã¥ uttrykke " -"seg var senket. Snobber ville fnyse over kvaliteten, profesjonelle " -"ville avvise den som irrelevant. Men se et barn studere hvordan best velge " -"bildemotiv og du fÃ¥r følelsen av hva slags kreativitetserfaring som Kodaken " -"muliggjorde. Demokratiske verktøy ga vanlige folk en mÃ¥te Ã¥ uttrykke dem " -"selv pÃ¥ enklere enn noe annet verktøy kunne ha gjort før." +"seg var senket. Snobber ville fnyse over kvaliteten, " +"profesjonelle ville avvise den som irrelevant. Men se et barn studere " +"hvordan best velge bildemotiv og du fÃ¥r følelsen av hva slags " +"kreativitetserfaring som Kodaken muliggjorde. Demokratiske verktøy ga " +"vanlige folk en mÃ¥te Ã¥ uttrykke dem selv pÃ¥ enklere enn noe annet verktøy " +"kunne ha gjort før." #. f6 #. type: Content of: @@ -3335,10 +3367,10 @@ msgid "" "Samsung Electronics America, Inc., 971 F. 2d 1395 " "(9th Cir. 1992), cert. denied, 508 U.S. 951 (1993)." msgstr "" -"Se Melville B. Nimmer, The Right of Publicity, Law and " -"Contemporary Problems 19 (1954): 203; William L. Prosser, " -"Privacy, California Law Review 48 (1960) " -"398–407; White mot Samsung " +"Se Melville B. Nimmer, The Right of Publicity, Law " +"and Contemporary Problems 19 (1954): 203; William L. Prosser, " +"Privacy, California Law Review 48 " +"(1960) 398–407; White mot Samsung " "Electronics America, Inc., 971 F. 2d 1395 (9th Cir. 1992), " "sert. nektet, 508 U.S. 951 (1993)." @@ -3384,13 +3416,13 @@ msgstr "" "ville fotografen mÃ¥ttet dokumentere at tillatelse var pÃ¥ plass. Kanskje " "Eastman Kodak ogsÃ¥ mÃ¥tte ha dokumentert at tillatelse var gitt, før de " "utviklet filmen som bildene ble fanget pÃ¥. Tross alt, hvis tillatelse ikke " -"var gitt, da ville Eastman Kodak ha nytt fordeler fra tyveriet begÃ¥tt av " -"fotografer. PÃ¥ samme mÃ¥te som Napster nøt fordeler fra opphavsrettsbrudd " -"utført av Napster-brukere, sÃ¥ ville Kodak nytt fordeler fra bilde-" -"rettighets-brudd til deres fotografer. Vi kan forestille oss at loven da " -"krevede at en form for tillatelse ble vist frem før et selskap fremkalte " -"bildene. Vi kan forestille oss et system bli utviklet for Ã¥ legge frem " -"slike tillatelser." +"var gitt, da ville Eastman Kodak ha nytt fordeler fra tyveriet begÃ¥tt av fotografer. PÃ¥ samme mÃ¥te som Napster nøt fordeler fra " +"opphavsrettsbrudd utført av Napster-brukere, sÃ¥ ville Kodak nytt fordeler " +"fra bilde-rettighets-brudd til deres fotografer. Vi kan " +"forestille oss at loven da krevede at en form for tillatelse ble vist frem " +"før et selskap fremkalte bildene. Vi kan forestille oss et system bli " +"utviklet for Ã¥ legge frem slike tillatelser." #. PAGE BREAK 48 #. type: Content of: @@ -3428,16 +3460,17 @@ msgstr "" "ville uten tvil aldri vært realisert en slik vekst i demokratisk " "uttrykksteknologi. Hvis du kjører gjennom omrÃ¥det Presidio i San Francisco, " "kan det hende du ser to gusjegule skolebusser overmalt med fargefulle og " -"iøynefallende bilder, og logoen Just Think! i stedet for navnet pÃ¥ en " -"skole. Men det er lite som er bare mentalt i prosjektene som disse " -"bussene muliggjør. Disse bussene er fylt med teknologi som lærer unger Ã¥ " -"fikle med film. Ikke filmen til Eastman. Ikke en gang filmen i din " -"videospiller. I stedet er det snakk om filmen til digitale kamera. " -"Just Think! er et prosjekt som gjør det mulig for unger Ã¥ lage filmer, som " -"en mÃ¥te Ã¥ forstÃ¥ og kritisere den filmede kulturen som de finner over alt " -"rundt seg. Hvert Ã¥r besøker disse bussene mer enn tredve skoler og gir " -"mellom tre hundre og fire hundre barn muligheten til Ã¥ lære noe om media ved " -"Ã¥ gjøre noe med media. Ved Ã¥ gjøre, sÃ¥ tenker de. Ved Ã¥ fikle, sÃ¥ lærer de." +"iøynefallende bilder, og logoen Just Think! i stedet for " +"navnet pÃ¥ en skole. Men det er lite som er bare mentalt i " +"prosjektene som disse bussene muliggjør. Disse bussene er fylt med " +"teknologi som lærer unger Ã¥ fikle med film. Ikke filmen til Eastman. Ikke " +"en gang filmen i din videospiller. I stedet er det snakk om filmen til digitale kamera. Just Think! er et prosjekt som gjør det mulig " +"for unger Ã¥ lage filmer, som en mÃ¥te Ã¥ forstÃ¥ og kritisere den filmede " +"kulturen som de finner over alt rundt seg. Hvert Ã¥r besøker disse bussene " +"mer enn tredve skoler og gir mellom tre hundre og fire hundre barn " +"muligheten til Ã¥ lære noe om media ved Ã¥ gjøre noe med media. Ved Ã¥ gjøre, " +"sÃ¥ tenker de. Ved Ã¥ fikle, sÃ¥ lærer de." #. f9 #. type: Content of: @@ -3447,10 +3480,10 @@ msgid "" "cadalyst, February 2002, available at link #7." msgstr "" -"H. Edward Goldberg, Essential Presentation Tools: Hardware and Software " -"You Need to Create Digital Multimedia Presentations, cadalyst, februar " -"2002, tilgjengelig fra link #7." +"H. Edward Goldberg, Essential Presentation Tools: Hardware and " +"Software You Need to Create Digital Multimedia Presentations, " +"cadalyst, februar 2002, tilgjengelig fra link #7." #. type: Content of: msgid "" @@ -3466,13 +3499,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Disse bussene er ikke billige, men teknologien de har med seg blir billigere " "og billigere. Kostnaden til et høykvalitets digitalt videosystem har falt " -"dramatisk. Som en analytiker omtalte det, for fem Ã¥r siden kostet et godt " -"sanntids redigerinssystem for digital video $25 000. I dag kan du fÃ¥ " -"profesjonell kvalitet for $595. " -"Disse bussene er fylt med teknologi som ville kostet hundre-tusenvis av " -"dollar for bare ti Ã¥r siden. Og det er nÃ¥ mulig Ã¥ forestille seg ikke bare " -"slike busser, men klasserom rundt om i landet hvor unger kan lære mer og mer " -"av det lærerne kaller medie-skriveføre eller mediekompetanse." +"dramatisk. Som en analytiker omtalte det, for fem Ã¥r siden kostet et " +"godt sanntids redigerinssystem for digital video $25 000. I dag kan du " +"fÃ¥ profesjonell kvalitet for $595. Disse bussene er fylt med teknologi som ville kostet hundre-tusenvis " +"av dollar for bare ti Ã¥r siden. Og det er nÃ¥ mulig Ã¥ forestille seg ikke " +"bare slike busser, men klasserom rundt om i landet hvor unger kan lære mer " +"og mer av det lærerne kaller medie-skriveføre eller " +"mediekompetanse." #. type: Content of: msgid "Yanofsky, Dave" @@ -3486,12 +3520,12 @@ msgid "" "way media works, the way it's constructed, the way it's delivered, and the " "way people access it. " msgstr "" -"Media-skriveføre, eller mediekompetanse som administrerende direktør " -"Dave Yanofsky i Just Think!, sier det, er evnen til … Ã¥ forstÃ¥, " -"analysere og dekonstruere mediebilder. Dets mÃ¥l er Ã¥ gjøre [unger] i stand " -"til Ã¥ forstÃ¥ hvordan mediene fungerer, hvordan de er konstruert, hvordan de " -"blir levert, og hvordan folk bruker dem. " +"Media-skriveføre, eller mediekompetanse som " +"administrerende direktør Dave Yanofsky i Just Think!, sier det, er " +"evnen til … Ã¥ forstÃ¥, analysere og dekonstruere mediebilder. Dets mÃ¥l " +"er Ã¥ gjøre [unger] i stand til Ã¥ forstÃ¥ hvordan mediene fungerer, hvordan de " +"er konstruert, hvordan de blir levert, og hvordan folk bruker dem. " +"" #. type: Content of: msgid "" @@ -3500,9 +3534,10 @@ msgid "" "and noticing split infinitives are the things that literate " "people know about." msgstr "" -"Dette kan virke som en litt rar mÃ¥te Ã¥ tenke pÃ¥ skrivefør. For de fleste " -"handler skrivefør Ã¥ kunne lese og skrive. Skriveføre folk kjenner ting " -"som Faulkner, Hemingway og Ã¥ kjenne igjen delte infinitiver." +"Dette kan virke som en litt rar mÃ¥te Ã¥ tenke pÃ¥ skrivefør. " +"For de fleste handler skrivefør Ã¥ kunne lese og skrive. Skriveføre folk kjenner ting som Faulkner, Hemingway og Ã¥ kjenne igjen delte " +"infinitiver." #. type: Content of:
msgid "advertising" @@ -3517,8 +3552,9 @@ msgid "" "1997, B6." msgstr "" "Judith Van Evra, Television and Child Development " -"(Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1990); Findings on Family " -"and TV Study, Denver Post, 25. mai 1997, B6." +"(Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1990); Findings on " +"Family and TV Study, Denver Post, 25. mai " +"1997, B6." #. type: Content of: msgid "" @@ -3533,10 +3569,11 @@ msgstr "" "Mulig det. Men i en verden hvor barn ser i gjennomsnitt 390 timer med TV-" "reklaager i Ã¥ret, eller generelt mellom 20 000 og 45 000 reklameinnslag," " sÃ¥ er det mer og mer viktig Ã¥ " -"forstÃ¥ gramatikken til media. For pÃ¥ samme mÃ¥te som det er en gramatikk " -"for det skrevne ord, sÃ¥ er det ogsÃ¥ en for media. Og akkurat slik som unger " -"lærer Ã¥ skrive ved Ã¥ skrive masse grusom prosa, sÃ¥ lærer unger Ã¥ skrive " -"media ved Ã¥ konstruere masse (i hvert fall i begynnelsen) grusom media." +"forstÃ¥ gramatikken til media. For pÃ¥ samme mÃ¥te som det er " +"en gramatikk for det skrevne ord, sÃ¥ er det ogsÃ¥ en for media. Og akkurat " +"slik som unger lærer Ã¥ skrive ved Ã¥ skrive masse grusom prosa, sÃ¥ lærer " +"unger Ã¥ skrive media ved Ã¥ konstruere masse (i hvert fall i begynnelsen) " +"grusom media." #. type: Content of: msgid "" @@ -3605,10 +3642,10 @@ msgid "" "\">link #8; Timeline, 22 November 2000, available at " "link #9." msgstr "" -"Se Scott Steinberg, Crichton Gets Medieval on PCs, E!online, 4. november " -"2000, tilgjengelig fra link #8; Timeline, 22. november 2000, tilgjengelig fra link #9." +"Se Scott Steinberg, Crichton Gets Medieval on PCs, E!online, " +"4. november 2000, tilgjengelig fra link #8; Timeline, 22. november 2000, tilgjengelig " +"fra link #9." #. type: Content of: msgid "" @@ -3631,16 +3668,17 @@ msgstr "" "det kun var film, som Elizabeth Daley, administrerende direktør ved " "Universitetet i Sør-Califorias Anneberg-senter for kommunkasjon og rektor " "ved USC skole for Kino-Televisjon, forklarte for meg, var gramatikken om " -"plasseringen av objekter, farger, … rytme, skritt og tekstur." -" Men etter hvert som datamaskiner " -"Ã¥pner opp et interaktivt rom hvor en historie blir spillt i tillegg til " -"opplevd, endrer gramatikken seg. Den enkle kontrollen til forstellerstemmen " -"er forsvunnet, og dermed er andre teknikker nødvendig. Forfatter Michael " -"Crichton hadde mestret fortellerstemmen til science fiction. Men da han " -"forsøkte Ã¥ lage et dataspill basert pÃ¥ et av sine verk, sÃ¥ var det et nytt " -"hÃ¥ndverk han mÃ¥tte lære. Det var ikke Ã¥penbart hvordan en leder folk " -"gjennom et spill uten at de far følelsen av Ã¥ ha blitt ledet, selv for en " -"enormt vellykket forfatter." +"plasseringen av objekter, farger, … rytme, skritt og tekstur. Men etter hvert som " +"datamaskiner Ã¥pner opp et interaktivt rom hvor en historie blir " +"spillt i tillegg til opplevd, endrer gramatikken seg. Den " +"enkle kontrollen til forstellerstemmen er forsvunnet, og dermed er andre " +"teknikker nødvendig. Forfatter Michael Crichton hadde mestret " +"fortellerstemmen til science fiction. Men da han forsøkte Ã¥ lage et " +"dataspill basert pÃ¥ et av sine verk, sÃ¥ var det et nytt hÃ¥ndverk han mÃ¥tte " +"lære. Det var ikke Ã¥penbart hvordan en leder folk gjennom et spill uten at " +"de far følelsen av Ã¥ ha blitt ledet, selv for en enormt vellykket forfatter." +"" #. type: Content of: msgid "computer games" @@ -3655,11 +3693,11 @@ msgid "" "you were led through a film, the film has failed." msgstr "" "Akkurat denne ferdigheten er hÃ¥ndverket en lærer til de som lager filmer. " -"Som Daley skriver, folk er svært overrasket over hvordan de blir ledet " -"gjennom en film. Den er perfekt konstruert for Ã¥ hindre deg fra Ã¥ se det, " -"sÃ¥ du aner det ikke. Hvis en som lager filmer lykkes sÃ¥ vet du ikke at du " -"har vært ledet. Hvis du vet at du ble ledet igjennom en film, sÃ¥ har " -"filmen feilet." +"Som Daley skriver, folk er svært overrasket over hvordan de blir " +"ledet gjennom en film. Den er perfekt konstruert for Ã¥ hindre deg fra Ã¥ se " +"det, sÃ¥ du aner det ikke. Hvis en som lager filmer lykkes sÃ¥ vet du ikke at " +"du har vært ledet. Hvis du vet at du ble ledet igjennom en film, sÃ¥ " +"har filmen feilet." #. type: Content of: msgid "" @@ -3692,8 +3730,9 @@ msgid "" "Couch potatoes. Consumers. This is the world of media from the twentieth " "century." msgstr "" -"ikke kunne skrive. Passive mottakerne av kultur produsert andre steder. " -"Sofapoteter. Forbrukere. Dette er medieverden fra det tjuende Ã¥rhundre." +"ikke kunne skrive. Passive mottakerne av kultur produsert " +"andre steder. Sofapoteter. Forbrukere. Dette er medieverden fra det tjuende " +"Ã¥rhundre." #. type: Content of: msgid "" @@ -3725,8 +3764,8 @@ msgstr "" "enhver skriveførhet, og denne skriveførheten spesielt, er Ã¥ gi folket " "myndighet til Ã¥ velge det sprÃ¥ket som passer for det de trenger Ã¥ lage eller " "uttrykke. Det gir studenter " -"mulighet til Ã¥ kommunisere i sprÃ¥ket til det tjueførste Ã¥rhundret." -"" +"mulighet til Ã¥ kommunisere i sprÃ¥ket til det tjueførste Ã¥rhundret." #. type: Content of: msgid "" @@ -3762,10 +3801,10 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Klassen møttes fredag ettermiddag, og skapte et relativt nytt problem for " "skolen. Mens utfordringen i de fleste klasser var Ã¥ fÃ¥ ungene til Ã¥ dukke " -"opp, var utfordringen for denne klassen Ã¥ holde dem unna. Ungene dukket " -"opp 06:00, og dro igjen 05:00 pÃ¥ natta, sa Barish. De jobbet hardere enn i " -"noen annen klasse for Ã¥ gjøre det utdanning burde handle om—Ã¥ lære " -"hvordan de skulle uttrykke seg." +"opp, var utfordringen for denne klassen Ã¥ holde dem unna. Ungene " +"dukket opp 06:00, og dro igjen 05:00 pÃ¥ natta, sa Barish. De jobbet " +"hardere enn i noen annen klasse for Ã¥ gjøre det utdanning burde handle " +"om—Ã¥ lære hvordan de skulle uttrykke seg." #. type: Content of: msgid "" @@ -3784,21 +3823,22 @@ msgid "" "in which these ideas can be expressed well. The power " "of this message depended upon its connection to this form of expression." msgstr "" -"Ved Ã¥ bruke hva som helst av fritt tilgjengelig web-stoff de kunne finne" -", og relativt enkle verktøy som gjorde det mulig for ungene Ã¥ blande " -"bilde, lyd og tekst, sa Barish at denne klassen produserte en serie av " -"prosjekter som viste noe om vÃ¥pen-basert vold som fÃ¥ ellers ville forstÃ¥. " -"Dette var et tema veldig nært livene til disse studentene. Prosjektet ga " -"dem et verktøy og bemyndiget dem slik at de bÃ¥de ble i stand til Ã¥ forstÃ¥ " -"det og snakke om det, forklarer Barish. Dette verktøyet lyktes med Ã¥ " -"skape uttrykk—mye mer vellykket og kraffylt enn noe som hadde blitt " -"laget ved Ã¥ kun bruke tekst. Hvis du hadde sagt til disse studentene at " -"'du mÃ¥ gjøre dette i tekstform', sÃ¥ hadde de bare kastet hendene i været og " -"gÃ¥tt og gjort noe annet, forklarer Barish. Delvis, uten tvil, fordi Ã¥ " -"uttrykke seg selv i tekstform ikke er noe disse studentene gjør godt. Heller " -"ikke er tekstform en form som kan uttrykke disse idéene " -"godt. Kraften i denne meldingen avhenger av dens forbindelse med denne for " -"for uttrykk." +"Ved Ã¥ bruke hva som helst av fritt tilgjengelig web-stoff de kunne " +"finne, og relativt enkle verktøy som gjorde det mulig for ungene Ã¥ " +"blande bilde, lyd og tekst, sa Barish at denne klassen " +"produserte en serie av prosjekter som viste noe om vÃ¥pen-basert vold som fÃ¥ " +"ellers ville forstÃ¥. Dette var et tema veldig nært livene til disse " +"studentene. Prosjektet ga dem et verktøy og bemyndiget dem slik at " +"de bÃ¥de ble i stand til Ã¥ forstÃ¥ det og snakke om det, forklarer " +"Barish. Dette verktøyet lyktes med Ã¥ skape uttrykk—mye mer vellykket " +"og kraffylt enn noe som hadde blitt laget ved Ã¥ kun bruke tekst. " +"Hvis du hadde sagt til disse studentene at 'du mÃ¥ gjøre dette i " +"tekstform', sÃ¥ hadde de bare kastet hendene i været og gÃ¥tt og gjort noe " +"annet, forklarer Barish. Delvis, uten tvil, fordi Ã¥ uttrykke seg " +"selv i tekstform ikke er noe disse studentene gjør godt. Heller ikke er " +"tekstform en form som kan uttrykke disse idéene godt. " +"Kraften i denne meldingen avhenger av dens forbindelse med denne for for " +"uttrykk." #. PAGE BREAK 52 #. type: Content of: @@ -3811,13 +3851,14 @@ msgid "" "increasingly, not the most powerful part—of constructing meaning. As " "Daley explained in the most moving part of our interview," msgstr "" -"Men handler ikke utdanning om Ã¥ lære unger Ã¥ skrive? spurte jeg. Jo " -"delvis, naturligvis. Men hvorfor lærer vi unger Ã¥ skrive? Utdanning, " -"forklarer Daley, handler om Ã¥ gi studentene en mÃ¥te Ã¥ konstruere mening" -". Å si at det kun betyr skriving er som Ã¥ si at Ã¥ lære bort skriving kun " -"handler om Ã¥ lære ungene Ã¥ stave. Tekstforming er bare en del—og i " -"større grad ikke den kraftigste delen—for Ã¥ konstruere mening. Som " -"Daley forklarte i den mest rørende delen av vÃ¥rt intervju," +"Men handler ikke utdanning om Ã¥ lære unger Ã¥ skrive? spurte " +"jeg. Jo delvis, naturligvis. Men hvorfor lærer vi unger Ã¥ skrive? " +"Utdanning, forklarer Daley, handler om Ã¥ gi studentene en mÃ¥te Ã¥ " +"konstruere mening. Å si at det kun betyr skriving er som Ã¥ " +"si at Ã¥ lære bort skriving kun handler om Ã¥ lære ungene Ã¥ stave. " +"Tekstforming er bare en del—og i større grad ikke den kraftigste " +"delen—for Ã¥ konstruere mening. Som Daley forklarte i den mest rørende " +"delen av vÃ¥rt intervju," #. type: Content of:
msgid "" @@ -3844,16 +3885,16 @@ msgstr "" "han kan spre grafitti over alle dine vegger, han kan ta fra hverandre bilen " "din, og han kan gjøre alle mulige andre ting. Men han kan ikke lese teksten " "din. SÃ¥ Jonny kommer pÃ¥ skolen og du sier Johnny, du er analfabet. " -"Ingenting du gjør betyr noe. Vel, da har Johnny to valg: Han kan avvise " -"deg eller han kan avvise seg selv. Hvis han har et sunt ego sÃ¥ vil han " -"avvise deg. Men hvis du i stedet sier, Vel, med alle disse tingene som " -"du kan gjøre, la oss snakke om dette temaet. Spill musikk til meg som du " -"mener reflekterer over temaet, eller vis meg bilder som du mener reflekterer " -"over temaet, eller tegn noe til meg som reflektere temaet. Ikke ved Ã¥ gi " -"en unge et videokamera og … si La oss dra Ã¥ ha det morsomt med " -"videokameraet og lage en liten film. Men istedet, virkelig hjelpe deg Ã¥ ta " -"disse elementene som du forstÃ¥r, som er ditt sprÃ¥k, og konstruer mening om " -"temaet.…" +"Ingenting du gjør betyr noe. Vel, da har Johnny to valg: Han kan " +"avvise deg eller han kan avvise seg selv. Hvis han har et sunt ego sÃ¥ vil " +"han avvise deg. Men hvis du i stedet sier, Vel, med alle disse " +"tingene som du kan gjøre, la oss snakke om dette temaet. Spill musikk til " +"meg som du mener reflekterer over temaet, eller vis meg bilder som du mener " +"reflekterer over temaet, eller tegn noe til meg som reflektere temaet. Ikke ved Ã¥ gi en unge et videokamera og … si La oss " +"dra Ã¥ ha det morsomt med videokameraet og lage en liten film. Men " +"istedet, virkelig hjelpe deg Ã¥ ta disse elementene som du forstÃ¥r, som er " +"ditt sprÃ¥k, og konstruer mening om temaet.…" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" @@ -3865,9 +3906,9 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Dette bemyndiger enormt. Og det som skjer til slutt, selvfølgelig, som det " "har skjedd i alle disse klassene, er at de stopper opp når de treffer " -"faktumet jeg trenger å forklare dette, og da trenger jeg virkelig å skrive " -"noe. Og som en av lærerne fortalte Stephanie, de vil skrive om avsnittet " -"5, 6, 7, 8 ganger, helt til det blir riktig." +"faktumet jeg trenger å forklare dette, og da trenger jeg virkelig å " +"skrive noe. Og som en av lærerne fortalte Stephanie, de vil skrive " +"om avsnittet 5, 6, 7, 8 ganger, helt til det blir riktig." #. PAGE BREAK 53 #. type: Content of:
@@ -3912,10 +3953,10 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Disse gjenfortellingene ga en økende familiær følelse. Det var musikk " "spesiallaget for mellom-innslagene, og avansert grafikk som blinket tvers " -"over skjermen. Det var en formel for intervjuer. Det var balanse og " -"seriøsitet. Dette var nyheter koreaografert slik vi i stadig større grad " -"forventer det, nyheter som underholdning, selv om underholdningen er en " -"tragedie." +"over skjermen. Det var en formel for intervjuer. Det var balanse og seriøsitet. Dette var nyheter koreaografert slik vi i stadig " +"større grad forventer det, nyheter som underholdning, selv om " +"underholdningen er en tragedie." #. type: Content of:
msgid "ABC" @@ -3939,18 +3980,18 @@ msgid "" "Rights, around a news event that had captured the attention of " "the world. There was ABC and CBS, but there was also the Internet." msgstr "" -"Men i tillegg til disse produserte nyhetene om tragedien 11. september, " -"kunne de av oss som er knyttet til internettet i tillegg se en svært " -"annerledes produksjon. Internettet er fullt av fortellinger om de samme " -"hendelsene. Men disse internet-fortellingene hadde en veldig annerledes " -"smak. Noen folk konstruerte foto-sider som fanget bilder fra hele verden og " -"presenterte dem som lysbildepresentasjoner med tekst. Noen tilbød Ã¥pne " -"brev. Det var lydopptak. Det var sinne og frustrasjon. Det var forsøk pÃ¥ " -"Ã¥ tilby en sammenheng. Det var, kort og godt, en ekstraordinær " -"verdensomspennende lÃ¥vebygging, slik Mike Godwin bruker begrepet i hans bok " -"Cyber Rights, rundt en nyhetshendelse som hadde " -"fanget oppmerksomheten til hele verden. Det var ABC og CBS, men det var " -"ogsÃ¥ internettet." +"Men i tillegg til disse produserte nyhetene om tragedien 11. " +"september, kunne de av oss som er knyttet til internettet i tillegg " +"se en svært annerledes produksjon. Internettet er fullt av fortellinger om " +"de samme hendelsene. Men disse internet-fortellingene hadde en veldig " +"annerledes smak. Noen folk konstruerte foto-sider som fanget bilder fra " +"hele verden og presenterte dem som lysbildepresentasjoner med tekst. Noen " +"tilbød Ã¥pne brev. Det var lydopptak. Det var sinne og frustrasjon. Det " +"var forsøk pÃ¥ Ã¥ tilby en sammenheng. Det var, kort og godt, en " +"ekstraordinær verdensomspennende lÃ¥vebygging, slik Mike Godwin bruker " +"begrepet i hans bok Cyber Rights, rundt en " +"nyhetshendelse som hadde fanget oppmerksomheten til hele verden. Det var " +"ABC og CBS, men det var ogsÃ¥ internettet." #. PAGE BREAK 54 #. type: Content of: @@ -3966,8 +4007,8 @@ msgstr "" "jeg mener at folkene som støtter denne formen for tale bør lovprises. Jeg " "ønsker i stedet Ã¥ peke pÃ¥ viktigheten av denne formen for tale. For pÃ¥ " "samme mÃ¥te som en Kodak, gjør internettet folk i stand til Ã¥ fange bilder. " -"Og pÃ¥ samme mÃ¥te som med en film laget av en av studentene pÃ¥ Just Think!" -"-bussen, kan visuelle bilder bli blandet med lyd og tekst." +"Og pÃ¥ samme mÃ¥te som med en film laget av en av studentene pÃ¥ Just " +"Think!-bussen, kan visuelle bilder bli blandet med lyd og tekst." #. type: Content of: msgid "" @@ -4081,15 +4122,16 @@ msgstr "" "styrer, og Ã¥ styre betyr noe mer enn kun valg. I vÃ¥r tradisjon betyr det " "ogsÃ¥ kontroll gjennom gjennomtenkt meningsbrytning. Dette var idéen som " "fanget fantasien til Alexis de Tocqueville, den franske nittenhundretalls-" -"advokaten som skrev den viktigste historien om det tidlige demokratiet i " -"Amerika. Det var ikke allmenn stemmerett som fascinerte han—det var " -"juryen, en institusjon som ga vanlige folk retten til Ã¥ velge liv eller død " -"før andre borgere. Og det som fascinerte han mest var at juryen ikke bare " -"stemte over hvilket resultat de ville legge frem. De diskuterte. " -"Medlemmene argumenterte om hva som var riktig resultat, de forsøkte Ã¥ " -"overbevise hverandre om riktigresultat, og i hvert fall i kriminalsaker " -"mÃ¥tte de bli enige om et enstemming resultat for at prosessen skulle " -"avsluttes." +"advokaten som skrev den viktigste historien om det tidlige " +"demokratiet i Amerika. Det var ikke allmenn stemmerett som " +"fascinerte han—det var juryen, en institusjon som ga vanlige folk " +"retten til Ã¥ velge liv eller død før andre borgere. Og det som fascinerte " +"han mest var at juryen ikke bare stemte over hvilket resultat de ville legge " +"frem. De diskuterte. Medlemmene argumenterte om hva som var riktig resultat, de forsøkte Ã¥ overbevise hverandre om riktigresultat, og i hvert fall i kriminalsaker mÃ¥tte de bli enige om et " +"enstemming resultat for at prosessen skulle avsluttes." #. f16 #. type: Content of: @@ -4097,8 +4139,8 @@ msgid "" "Bruce Ackerman and James Fishkin, Deliberation Day, " "Journal of Political Philosophy 10 (2) (2002): 129." msgstr "" -"Bruce Ackerman og James Fishkin, Deliberation Day, Journal of " -"Political Philosophy 10 (2) (2002): 129." +"Bruce Ackerman og James Fishkin, Deliberation Day, " +"Journal of Political Philosophy 10 (2) (2002): 129." #. type: Content of: msgid "" @@ -4199,8 +4241,8 @@ msgid "" "Noah Shachtman, With Incessant Postings, a Pundit Stirs the Pot, New York Times, 16 January 2003, G5." msgstr "" -"Noah Shachtman, With Incessant Postings, a Pundit Stirs the Pot, New " -"York Times, 16. januar 2003, G5." +"Noah Shachtman, With Incessant Postings, a Pundit Stirs the Pot, New York Times, 16. januar 2003, G5." #. type: Content of: msgid "Lott, Trent" @@ -4221,16 +4263,16 @@ msgid "" "\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" "En direkte effekt er pÃ¥ historier som hadde en annerledes livssyklus i de " -"store mediene. Trend Lott-affæren er et eksempel. Da Logg sa feil pÃ¥ " -"en fest for senator Storm Thurmond, og essensielt lovpriste " +"store mediene. Trend Lott-affæren er et eksempel. Da Logg sa feil pÃ¥ en fest for senator Storm Thurmond, og essensielt lovpriste " "segregeringspolitikken til Thurmond, regnet han ganske riktig med at " "historien ville forsvinne fra de store mediene i løpet av førtiÃ¥tte timer. " "Det skjedde. Men han regnet ikke med dens livssyklus i bloggsfæren. " "Bloggerne fortsatte Ã¥ undersøke historien. Etter hvert dukket flere og " -"flere tilfeller av tilsvarende feiluttalelser opp. SÃ¥ dukket historien " -"opp igjen hos de store mediene. Lott ble til slutt tvinget til Ã¥ trekke seg " -"som leder for senatets flertall. " -"" +"flere tilfeller av tilsvarende feiluttalelser opp. SÃ¥ dukket " +"historien opp igjen hos de store mediene. Lott ble til slutt tvinget til Ã¥ " +"trekke seg som leder for senatets flertall. " #. type: Content of: msgid "" @@ -4281,9 +4323,9 @@ msgstr "" "Det er ogsÃ¥ en annen mÃ¥te, hvor blogger har en annen syklus enn de store " "mediene. Som Dave Winer, en av fedrene til denne bevegelsen og en " "programvareutvikler i mange tiÃ¥r fortalte meg, er en annen forskjell " -"fraværet av finansiell interessekonflikt. Jeg tror du mÃ¥ ta " -"interessekonflikten ut av journalismen, fortalte Winer meg. En " -"amatørjournalist har ganske enkelt ikke interessekonflikt, eller " +"fraværet av finansiell interessekonflikt. Jeg tror du " +"mÃ¥ ta interessekonflikten ut av journalismen, fortalte Winer meg. " +"En amatørjournalist har ganske enkelt ikke interessekonflikt, eller " "interessekonflikten er sÃ¥ enkelt Ã¥ avsløre at du liksom vet du kan rydde den " "av veien." @@ -4333,11 +4375,12 @@ msgid "" "but Strong Overall, Online Journalism Review, 2 February 2003, " "available at link #10." msgstr "" -"John Schwartz, Loss of the Shuttle: The Internet; A Wealth of Information " -"Online, New York Times, 2 februar 2003, A28; Staci " -"D. Kramer, Shuttle Disaster Coverage Mixed, but Strong Overall, Online " -"Journalism Review, 2. februar 2003, tilgjengelig fra link #10." +"John Schwartz, Loss of the Shuttle: The Internet; A Wealth of " +"Information Online, New York Times, 2 februar " +"2003, A28; Staci D. Kramer, Shuttle Disaster Coverage Mixed, but " +"Strong Overall, Online Journalism Review, 2. februar 2003, " +"tilgjengelig fra link #10." #. type: Content of: msgid "" @@ -4353,16 +4396,21 @@ msgid "" "middle man is out of it—with all the benefits, and costs, that " "might entail." msgstr "" -"Blogg-sfæren gir amatører en mÃ¥te Ã¥ bli med i debatten—amatør ikke " -"i betydningen uerfaren, men i betydningen til en Olympisk atlet, det vil si " -"ikke betalt av noen for Ã¥ komme med deres rapport. Det tillater en mye " -"bredere rekke av innspill til en historie, slik rapporteringen Columbia-" -"katastrofen avdekket, nÃ¥r hundrevis fra hele sørvest-USA vendte seg til " -"internettet for Ã¥ gjenfortelle hva de hadde sett. Og det fÃ¥r lesere til Ã¥ lese pÃ¥ tvers av en rekke fortellinger " -"og triangulere, som Winer formulerer det, sannheten. Blogger, sier " -"Winer, kommunserer direkte med vÃ¥r velgermasse, og mellommannen er fjernet" -"— med alle de fordeler og ulemper det kan føre med seg." +"Blogg-sfæren gir amatører en mÃ¥te Ã¥ bli med i debatten—amatør ikke i betydningen uerfaren, men i betydningen til en Olympisk atlet, " +"det vil si ikke betalt av noen for Ã¥ komme med deres rapport. Det tillater " +"en mye bredere rekke av innspill til en historie, slik rapporteringen " +"Columbia-katastrofen avdekket, nÃ¥r hundrevis fra hele sørvest-USA vendte seg " +"til internettet for Ã¥ gjenfortelle hva de hadde sett. Og det fÃ¥r lesere til Ã¥ lese pÃ¥ tvers av en rekke " +"fortellinger og triangulere, som Winer formulerer det, " +"sannheten. Blogger, sier Winer, kommunserer direkte med vÃ¥r " +"velgermasse, og mellommannen er fjernet— med alle de fordeler " +"og ulemper det kan føre med seg." + +#. type: Content of: +msgid "Olafson, Steve" +msgstr "" #. type: Content of: msgid "" @@ -4374,18 +4422,19 @@ msgid "" "Last year Steve Olafson, a Houston Chronicle " "reporter, was fired for keeping a personal Web log, published under a " "pseudonym, that dealt with some of the issues and people he was covering.) " +"quote>) " msgstr "" "Se Michael Falcone, Does an Editor's Pencil Ruin a Web Log? " -"New York Times, 29. september 2003, C4. (Ikke alle " -"nyhetsorganisasjoner har hatt like stor aksept for ansatte som blogger. " +"New York Times, 29. september 2003, C4. (Ikke " +"alle nyhetsorganisasjoner har hatt like stor aksept for ansatte som blogger. " "Kevin Sites, en CNN-korrespondent i Irak som startet en blogg om sin " "rapportering av krigen 9. mars, stoppet Ã¥ publisere 12 dager senere pÃ¥ " "forespørsel fra sine sjefer. I fjor fikk Steve Olafson, en " "Houston Chronicle-reporter, sparken for Ã¥ ha hatt en " "personlig web-logg, publisert under pseudonym, som handlet om noen av " -"temaene og folkene som han dekket) " +"temaene og folkene som han dekket) " #. PAGE BREAK 58 #. type: Content of: @@ -4403,16 +4452,16 @@ msgid "" "the last thing that gets shut down." msgstr "" "Winer er optimistisk nÃ¥r det gjelder en journalistfremtid infisert av " -"blogger. Det kommer til Ã¥ bli en nødvendig ferdighet, spÃ¥r Winer, for " -"offentlige aktører og ogsÃ¥ i større grad for private aktører. Det er ikke " -"klart at journalismen er glad for dette—noen journalister har " -"blitt bedt om Ã¥ kutte ut sin blogging. Men det er klart at vi fortsatt er i en overgangsfase. Mye av det " -"vi gjør nÃ¥ er oppvarmingsøvelser, fortalte Winer meg. Det er mye som mÃ¥ " -"modne før dette omrÃ¥det har sin modne effekt. Og etter som inkludering av " -"innhold i dette omrÃ¥det er det omrÃ¥det med minst opphavsrettsbrudd pÃ¥ " -"internettet, sa Wiener at vi vil være den siste tingen som blir skutt ned" -"." +"blogger. Det kommer til Ã¥ bli en nødvendig ferdighet, spÃ¥r " +"Winer, for offentlige aktører og ogsÃ¥ i større grad for private aktører. " +"Det er ikke klart at journalismen er glad for dette—" +"noen journalister har blitt bedt om Ã¥ kutte ut sin blogging. Men det er klart at vi fortsatt er i en " +"overgangsfase. Mye av det vi gjør nÃ¥ er oppvarmingsøvelser, " +"fortalte Winer meg. Det er mye som mÃ¥ modne før dette omrÃ¥det har sin modne " +"effekt. Og etter som inkludering av innhold i dette omrÃ¥det er det omrÃ¥det " +"med minst opphavsrettsbrudd pÃ¥ internettet, sa Wiener at vi vil være " +"den siste tingen som blir skutt ned." #. type: Content of: msgid "" @@ -4429,18 +4478,19 @@ msgid "" "blogs where such writing happens. When there are ten million, there will be " "something extraordinary to report." msgstr "" -"Slik tale pÃ¥virker demokratiet. Winer mener dette skjer fordi du trenger " -"ikke jobber for noen som kontrollerer, [for] en portvokter. Det er sant. " -"Men det pÃ¥virker demokratiet ogsÃ¥ pÃ¥ en annen mÃ¥te. Etter hvert som flere og " -"flere borgere uttrykker hva de mener, og forsvarer det skriftlig, sÃ¥ vil det " -"endre hvordan folk forstÃ¥r offentlige temaer. Det er enkelt Ã¥ ha feil og " -"være pÃ¥ villspor i hodet ditt. Det er vanskeligere nÃ¥r resultatet fra dine " -"tanker kan bli kritisert av andre. Det er selvfølgelig et sjeldent menneske " -"som innrømmer at han ble overtalt til Ã¥ innse at han tok feil. Men det er " -"mer sjeldent for et menneske Ã¥ ignorere at noen har bevist at han tok feil. " -"Å skrive ned idéer, argumenter og kritikk forbedrer demokratiet. I dag er " -"det antagelig et par millioner blogger der det skrives pÃ¥ denne mÃ¥ten. NÃ¥r " -"det er ti milloner, sÃ¥ vil det være noe ekstraordært Ã¥ rapportere." +"Slik tale pÃ¥virker demokratiet. Winer mener dette skjer fordi du " +"trenger ikke jobber for noen som kontrollerer, [for] en portvokter. " +"Det er sant. Men det pÃ¥virker demokratiet ogsÃ¥ pÃ¥ en annen mÃ¥te. Etter " +"hvert som flere og flere borgere uttrykker hva de mener, og forsvarer det " +"skriftlig, sÃ¥ vil det endre hvordan folk forstÃ¥r offentlige temaer. Det er " +"enkelt Ã¥ ha feil og være pÃ¥ villspor i hodet ditt. Det er vanskeligere nÃ¥r " +"resultatet fra dine tanker kan bli kritisert av andre. Det er selvfølgelig " +"et sjeldent menneske som innrømmer at han ble overtalt til Ã¥ innse at han " +"tok feil. Men det er mer sjeldent for et menneske Ã¥ ignorere at noen har " +"bevist at han tok feil. Å skrive ned idéer, argumenter og kritikk forbedrer " +"demokratiet. I dag er det antagelig et par millioner blogger der det " +"skrives pÃ¥ denne mÃ¥ten. NÃ¥r det er ti milloner, sÃ¥ vil det være noe " +"ekstraordært Ã¥ rapportere." #. type: Content of: msgid "Brown, John Seely" @@ -4483,16 +4533,17 @@ msgid "" "free collage, as Brown calls it. Many get to add to or " "transform the tinkering of many others." msgstr "" -"Brown tror vi lærer med Ã¥ fikle. Da mange av oss vokste opp, forklarer " -"han, ble fiklingen gjort pa motorsykkelmotorer, gressklippermotorer, " -"biler, radioer og sÃ¥ videre. Men digitale teknologier muliggjør en annen " -"type fikling—med abstrakte idéer i sin konkrete form. Ungene i Just " -"Think! tenker ikke bare pÃ¥ hvordan et reklameinnslag fremstiller en " -"politiker. Ved Ã¥ bruke digital teknologi kan de ta reklameinnslaget fra " -"hverandre og manipulerer det, fikle med det, og se hvordan det blir gjort. " -"Digitale teknologier setter igang en slags *bricolage* eller fritt " -"tilgjengelig sammenstilling, som Brown kaller det. Mange fÃ¥r mulighet til " -"Ã¥ legge til pÃ¥ eller endre pÃ¥ fiklingen til mange andre." +"Brown tror vi lærer med Ã¥ fikle. Da mange av oss vokste opp, " +"forklarer han, ble fiklingen gjort pa motorsykkelmotorer, " +"gressklippermotorer, biler, radioer og sÃ¥ videre. Men digitale " +"teknologier muliggjør en annen type fikling—med abstrakte idéer i sin " +"konkrete form. Ungene i Just Think! tenker ikke bare pÃ¥ hvordan et " +"reklameinnslag fremstiller en politiker. Ved Ã¥ bruke digital teknologi kan " +"de ta reklameinnslaget fra hverandre og manipulerer det, fikle med det, og " +"se hvordan det blir gjort. Digitale teknologier setter igang en slags " +"*bricolage* eller fritt tilgjengelig sammenstilling, som " +"Brown kaller det. Mange fÃ¥r mulighet til Ã¥ legge til pÃ¥ eller endre pÃ¥ " +"fiklingen til mange andre." #. type: Content of: msgid "" @@ -4952,6 +5003,10 @@ msgstr "" "hvor mye penger Jesse hadde. Jesse hadde spart opp $12 000 fra " "sommerjobber og annet arbeid. De krevde 12 000 for Ã¥ trekke saken." +#. type: Content of: +msgid "Oppenheimer, Matt" +msgstr "Oppenheimer, Matt" + #. type: Content of: msgid "" "The RIAA wanted Jesse to admit to doing something wrong. He refused. They " @@ -5002,6 +5057,14 @@ msgstr "" "SÃ¥ Jesse hadde et mafia-lignende valg: $250 000 og en sjanse til Ã¥ " "vinne, eller $12 000 og et forlik." +#. type: Content of:
+msgid "artists" +msgstr "artister" + +#. type: Content of:
+msgid "recording industry payments to" +msgstr "innspillingsindustriens betaling til" + #. f2 #. type: Content of: msgid "" @@ -6021,6 +6084,10 @@ msgstr "" msgid "Piracy I" msgstr "Piratvirksomhet I" +#. type: Content of:
+msgid "Asia, commercial piracy in" +msgstr "Asia, kommersiell piratvirksomhet i" + #. f1 #. type: Content of:
msgid "" @@ -6826,9 +6893,9 @@ msgid "" "13 February 2003, available at link #17. " msgstr "" -"Jane Black, Big Music's Broken Record, BusinessWeek online, 13. februar " -"2003, tilgjengelig fra link " -"#17. " +"Jane Black, Big Music's Broken Record, BusinessWeek online, " +"13. februar 2003, tilgjengelig fra link #17. " #. type: Content of:
msgid "" @@ -7092,8 +7159,8 @@ msgid "" "But isn't the war just a war against illegal sharing? Isn't the " "target just what you call type A sharing?" msgstr "" -"Men er ikke krigen bare en krig mot ulovlig deling? Er ikke angrepsmålet " -"bare det du kaller type-A-deling?" +"Men er ikke krigen bare en krig mot ulovlig deling? Er ikke " +"angrepsmålet bare det du kaller type-A-deling?" #. f17 #. type: Content of:
@@ -7645,8 +7712,9 @@ msgid "" "And it should be protected just as any other property is protected." msgstr "" -"Det er vÃ¥r eiendom, insisterer krigerne. og den " -"bør være beskyttet pÃ¥ samme mÃ¥te som all annen eiendom er beskyttet." +"Det er vÃ¥r eiendom, insisterer krigerne. " +"og den bør være beskyttet pÃ¥ samme mÃ¥te som all annen eiendom er " +"beskyttet." #. type: Content of: msgid "<quote>PROPERTY</quote>" @@ -7678,12 +7746,12 @@ msgid "" "backyard—by, for example, going to Sears, buying a table, and putting " "it in my backyard? What is the thing I am taking then?" msgstr "" -"Men i vanlig sprÃ¥k er det Ã¥ kalle opphavsrett for en <quote>eiendoms</quote>-rett litt " -"misvisende, for eindommen i opphavsretten er en merkelig type eiendom. " -"Selve ideen om eienrettigheter til en ide eller et uttrykk er nemlig veldig " -"merkelig. Jeg forstÃ¥r hva jeg tar nÃ¥r jeg tar en picnic-bord som du " -"plasserte i din bakhage. Jeg tar en ting, picnic-bokrdet, og etter at jeg " -"tar det har ikke du det. Men hva tar jeg nÃ¥r jeg tar den gode " +"Men i vanlig sprÃ¥k er det Ã¥ kalle opphavsrett for en <quote>eiendoms</quote>-" +"rett litt misvisende, for eindommen i opphavsretten er en merkelig type " +"eiendom. Selve ideen om eienrettigheter til en ide eller et uttrykk er " +"nemlig veldig merkelig. Jeg forstÃ¥r hva jeg tar nÃ¥r jeg tar en picnic-bord " +"som du plasserte i din bakhage. Jeg tar en ting, picnic-bokrdet, og etter " +"at jeg tar det har ikke du det. Men hva tar jeg nÃ¥r jeg tar den gode " "<emphasis>ideen</emphasis> som du hadde om Ã¥ plassere picnic-bordet i " "bakhagen—ved Ã¥ for eksempel dra til butikken Sears, kjøpe et bord, og " "plassere det i min egen bakhage? Hva er tingen jeg tar da?" @@ -7800,8 +7868,8 @@ msgstr "" "og stykkene han skrevhar fortsatt Ã¥ definere angloamerikansk kultur siden. " "SÃ¥ dypt har verkene av en 1500-talls forfatter sunket inn i vÃ¥r kultur at vi " "ofte ikke engang kjenner kilden. Jeg overhørte en gang noen som kommentere " -"Kenneth Branaghs utgave av Henry V: <quote>Jeg likte det, men Shakespeare er sÃ¥ " -"full av klisjeer.</quote>" +"Kenneth Branaghs utgave av Henry V: <quote>Jeg likte det, men Shakespeare er " +"sÃ¥ full av klisjeer.</quote>" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> @@ -7816,12 +7884,13 @@ msgid "" "<citetitle>American Scholar</citetitle> 61:3 (1992): 424–31." msgstr "" "Jacob Tonson er vanligvis husket for sin omgang med 1700-tallets litterære " -"storheter, spesielt John Dryden, og for hans kjekke<quote>ferdige versjoner</quote> av " -"klassiske verk. I tillegg til <citetitle>Romeo og Julie</citetitle>, utga " -"han en utrolig rekke liste av verk som ennÃ¥ er hjertet av den engelske " -"kanon, inkludert de samlede verk av Shakespeare, Ben Jonson, John Milton, og " -"John Dryden. Se Keith Walker: <quote>Jacob Tonson, Bookseller</quote>, " -"<citetitle>American Scholar</citetitle> 61:3 (1992): 424-­31." +"storheter, spesielt John Dryden, og for hans kjekke<quote>ferdige versjoner</" +"quote> av klassiske verk. I tillegg til <citetitle>Romeo og Julie</" +"citetitle>, utga han en utrolig rekke liste av verk som ennÃ¥ er hjertet av " +"den engelske kanon, inkludert de samlede verk av Shakespeare, Ben Jonson, " +"John Milton, og John Dryden. Se Keith Walker: <quote>Jacob Tonson, " +"Bookseller</quote>, <citetitle>American Scholar</citetitle> 61:3 (1992): 424-­" +"31." #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> @@ -7848,14 +7917,14 @@ msgid "" "produce better or cheaper editions was eliminated." msgstr "" "I 1774, nesten 180 Ã¥r etter at <citetitle>Romeo og Julie</citetitle> ble " -"skrevet, mente mange at <quote>opphavsretten</quote> kun tilhørte én eneste utgiver i " -"London, John Tonson. <placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Tonson var " -"den mest fremstÃ¥ende av en liten gruppe utgivere kalt <quote>the Conger" -"</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>, som kontrollerte boksalget i " -"England gjennom hele 1700-tallet. The Conger hevdet at de hadde en " -"evigvarende rett over <quote>kopier</quote> av bøker de hadde fÃ¥tt av forfatterne. " -"Denne evigvarende retten innebar at ingen andre kunne publisere kopier av " -"disse bøkene. Slik ble prisen pÃ¥ klassiske bøker holdt oppe; alle " +"skrevet, mente mange at <quote>opphavsretten</quote> kun tilhørte én eneste " +"utgiver i London, John Tonson. <placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"Tonson var den mest fremstÃ¥ende av en liten gruppe utgivere kalt <quote>the " +"Conger</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>, som kontrollerte " +"boksalget i England gjennom hele 1700-tallet. The Conger hevdet at de hadde " +"en evigvarende rett over <quote>kopier</quote> av bøker de hadde fÃ¥tt av " +"forfatterne. Denne evigvarende retten innebar at ingen andre kunne publisere " +"kopier av disse bøkene. Slik ble prisen pÃ¥ klassiske bøker holdt oppe; alle " "konkurrenter som lagde bedre eller billigere utgaver, ble fjernet." #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> @@ -7865,8 +7934,8 @@ msgid "" "Copywrongs</citetitle>, 40. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Som Siva Vaidhyanathan sÃ¥ pent argumenterer, er det feilaktige Ã¥ kalle dette " -"en <quote>opphavsrettslov</quote>. Se Vaidhyanathan, <citetitle>Copyrights and " -"Copywrongs</citetitle>, 40. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"en <quote>opphavsrettslov</quote>. Se Vaidhyanathan, <citetitle>Copyrights " +"and Copywrongs</citetitle>, 40. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" @@ -7884,12 +7953,13 @@ msgstr "" "Men altsÃ¥, det er noe spennende med Ã¥ret 1774 for alle som vet litt om " "opphavsretts-lovgivning. Det mest kjente Ã¥ret for opphavsrett er 1710, da " "det britiske parlamentet vedtok den første loven. Denne loven er kjent som " -"<quote>Statute of Anne</quote> og sa at alle publiserte verk skulle være beskyttet i " -"fjorten Ã¥r, en periode som kunne fornyes én gang dersom forfatteren ennÃ¥ " -"levde, og at alle verk publisert i eller før 1710 skulle ha en ekstraperiode " -"pÃ¥ 22 tillegsÃ¥r.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> PÃ¥ grunn av denne " -"loven, sÃ¥ skulle <citetitle>Rome og Julie</citetitle> ha falt i det fri i " -"1731. Hvordan kunne da Tonson fortsatt ha kontroll over verket i 1774?" +"<quote>Statute of Anne</quote> og sa at alle publiserte verk skulle være " +"beskyttet i fjorten Ã¥r, en periode som kunne fornyes én gang dersom " +"forfatteren ennÃ¥ levde, og at alle verk publisert i eller før 1710 skulle ha " +"en ekstraperiode pÃ¥ 22 tillegsÃ¥r.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"PÃ¥ grunn av denne loven, sÃ¥ skulle <citetitle>Rome og Julie</citetitle> ha " +"falt i det fri i 1731. Hvordan kunne da Tonson fortsatt ha kontroll over " +"verket i 1774?" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Licensing Act (1662)" @@ -7909,13 +7979,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Årsaken var ganske enkelt at engelskmennene ennÃ¥ ikke hadde bestemt hva " "opphavsrett innebar -- faktisk hadde ingen i verden det. PÃ¥ den tiden da " -"engelskmennene vedtok <quote>Statute of Anne</quote>, var det ingen annen lovgivning om " -"opphavsrett. Den siste loven som regulerte utgivere var lisensieringsloven " -"av 1662, utløpt i 1695. At loven ga utgiverne monopol over publiseringen, " -"noe som gjorde det enklere for kronen Ã¥ kontrollere hva ble publisert. Men " -"etter at det har utløpt, var det ingen positiv lov som sa at utgiverne hadde " -"en eksklusiv rett til Ã¥ trykke bøker. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=" -"\"0\"/>" +"engelskmennene vedtok <quote>Statute of Anne</quote>, var det ingen annen " +"lovgivning om opphavsrett. Den siste loven som regulerte utgivere var " +"lisensieringsloven av 1662, utløpt i 1695. At loven ga utgiverne monopol " +"over publiseringen, noe som gjorde det enklere for kronen Ã¥ kontrollere hva " +"ble publisert. Men etter at det har utløpt, var det ingen positiv lov som sa " +"at utgiverne hadde en eksklusiv rett til Ã¥ trykke bøker. <placeholder type=" +"\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" @@ -7935,11 +8005,11 @@ msgstr "" "til lover skapt av politikere (det lovgivende statsorgen)og til lover " "(prejudikater) skapt av domstolene for Ã¥ bestemme hvordan folket skal leve. " "Vi kaller politikernes lover for positiv lov og vi kaller lovene fra " -"dommerne sedvanerett.<quote>Common law</quote> angir bakgrunnen for de lovgivendes " -"lovgivning; retten til lovgiving, vanligvis kan trumfe at bakgrunnen bare " -"hvis det gÃ¥r gjennom en lov til Ã¥ forskyve den. Og sÃ¥ var det virkelige " -"spørsmÃ¥let etter lisensiering lover hadde utløpt om felles lov beskyttet " -"opphavsretten, uavhengig av lovverket positiv." +"dommerne sedvanerett.<quote>Common law</quote> angir bakgrunnen for de " +"lovgivendes lovgivning; retten til lovgiving, vanligvis kan trumfe at " +"bakgrunnen bare hvis det gÃ¥r gjennom en lov til Ã¥ forskyve den. Og sÃ¥ var " +"det virkelige spørsmÃ¥let etter lisensiering lover hadde utløpt om felles lov " +"beskyttet opphavsretten, uavhengig av lovverket positiv." #. PAGE BREAK 98 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> @@ -7952,13 +8022,13 @@ msgid "" "to again give them exclusive control over publishing. That demand ultimately " "resulted in the Statute of Anne." msgstr "" -"Dette spørsmÃ¥let var viktig for utgiverne eller <quote>bokselgere</quote>, som de ble " -"kalt, fordi det var økende konkurranse fra utenlandske utgivere, Særlig fra " -"Skottland hvor publiseringen og eksporten av bøker til England hadde økt " -"veldig. Denne konkurransen reduserte fortjenesten til <quote>The Conger</quote>, som " -"derfor krevde at parlamentet igjen skulle vedta en lov for Ã¥ gi dem " -"eksklusiv kontroll over publisering. Dette kravet resulterte i <quote>Statute of " -"Anne</quote>." +"Dette spørsmÃ¥let var viktig for utgiverne eller <quote>bokselgere</quote>, " +"som de ble kalt, fordi det var økende konkurranse fra utenlandske utgivere, " +"Særlig fra Skottland hvor publiseringen og eksporten av bøker til England " +"hadde økt veldig. Denne konkurransen reduserte fortjenesten til <quote>The " +"Conger</quote>, som derfor krevde at parlamentet igjen skulle vedta en lov " +"for Ã¥ gi dem eksklusiv kontroll over publisering. Dette kravet resulterte i " +"<quote>Statute of Anne</quote>." #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" @@ -7969,11 +8039,12 @@ msgid "" "<quote>expired,</quote> and the work would then be free and could be " "published by anyone. Or so the legislature is thought to have believed." msgstr "" -"<quote>Statute of Anne</quote> ga forfatteren eller <quote>eieren</quote> av en bok en eksklusiv " -"rett til Ã¥ publisere denne boken. Men det var, til bokhandernes forferdelse " -"en viktig begrensning, nemlig hvor lenge denne retten skulle vare. Etter " -"dette gikk trykkeretten bort og verket falt i det fri og kunne trykkes av " -"hvem som helst. Det var ihvertfall det lovgiverne hadde tenkt." +"<quote>Statute of Anne</quote> ga forfatteren eller <quote>eieren</quote> av " +"en bok en eksklusiv rett til Ã¥ publisere denne boken. Men det var, til " +"bokhandernes forferdelse en viktig begrensning, nemlig hvor lenge denne " +"retten skulle vare. Etter dette gikk trykkeretten bort og verket falt i det " +"fri og kunne trykkes av hvem som helst. Det var ihvertfall det lovgiverne " +"hadde tenkt." #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" @@ -8016,8 +8087,8 @@ msgid "" "<quote>booksellers.</quote>" msgstr "" "Svaret er todel. Først mÃ¥ vi se pÃ¥ noe spesielt med oppfatningen av " -"opphavsrett som fantes pÃ¥ tidspunktet da <quote>Statute of Anne</quote> ble vedtatt. " -"Deretter mÃ¥ vi se pÃ¥ noe spesielt med bokhandlerne." +"opphavsrett som fantes pÃ¥ tidspunktet da <quote>Statute of Anne</quote> ble " +"vedtatt. Deretter mÃ¥ vi se pÃ¥ noe spesielt med bokhandlerne." #. PAGE BREAK 99 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> @@ -8035,16 +8106,16 @@ msgid "" "exclusive right to perform, and so on." msgstr "" "Først om opphavsretten. I de siste tre hundre Ã¥r har vi kommet til Ã¥ bruke " -"begrepet <quote>copyright</quote> i stadig videre forstand. Men i 1710 var det ikke sÃ¥ " -"mye et konsept som det var en bestemt rett. Opphavsretten ble født som et " -"svært spesifikt sett med begrensninger: den forbød andre Ã¥ reprodusere en " -"bok. I 1710 var <quote>kopi-rett</quote> en rett til Ã¥ bruke en bestemt maskin til Ã¥ " -"replikere en bestemt arbeid. Den gikk ikke utover dette svært smale " -"formÃ¥let. Den kontrollerte ikke mer generelt hvordan et verk kunne " -"<emphasis>brukes</emphasis>. Idag inkluderer retten en stor samling av " -"restriksjoner pÃ¥ andres frihet: den gir forfatteren eksklusiv rett til Ã¥ " -"kopiere, eksklusiv rett til Ã¥ distribuere, eksklusiv rett til Ã¥ fremføre, og " -"sÃ¥ videre." +"begrepet <quote>copyright</quote> i stadig videre forstand. Men i 1710 var " +"det ikke sÃ¥ mye et konsept som det var en bestemt rett. Opphavsretten ble " +"født som et svært spesifikt sett med begrensninger: den forbød andre Ã¥ " +"reprodusere en bok. I 1710 var <quote>kopi-rett</quote> en rett til Ã¥ bruke " +"en bestemt maskin til Ã¥ replikere en bestemt arbeid. Den gikk ikke utover " +"dette svært smale formÃ¥let. Den kontrollerte ikke mer generelt hvordan et " +"verk kunne <emphasis>brukes</emphasis>. Idag inkluderer retten en stor " +"samling av restriksjoner pÃ¥ andres frihet: den gir forfatteren eksklusiv " +"rett til Ã¥ kopiere, eksklusiv rett til Ã¥ distribuere, eksklusiv rett til Ã¥ " +"fremføre, og sÃ¥ videre." #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" @@ -8062,8 +8133,8 @@ msgstr "" "trykke Shakespeares arbeid uten tillatelse fra Shakespeares arvinger. Den " "ville ikke ha kontrollert noe mer, for eksempel om hvordan verket kunne " "fremføres, om verket kunne oversettes eller om Kenneth Branagh ville hatt " -"lov til Ã¥ lage filmer. <quote>Kopi-retten</quote> var bare en eksklusiv rett til Ã¥ " -"trykke--ikke noe mindre, selvfølgelig, men heller ikke mer." +"lov til Ã¥ lage filmer. <quote>Kopi-retten</quote> var bare en eksklusiv rett " +"til Ã¥ trykke--ikke noe mindre, selvfølgelig, men heller ikke mer." #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> msgid "Henry VIII, King of England" @@ -8083,15 +8154,15 @@ msgid "" "to deal with the growing monopoly in publishing." msgstr "" "Selv dnne begrensede retten ble møtt med skepsis av britene. De hadde hatt " -"en lang og stygg erfaring med <quote>eksklusive rettigheter</quote>, spesielt <quote>enerett" -"</quote> gitt av kronen. Engelskmennene hadde utkjempet en borgerkrig delvis mot " -"kronens praksis med Ã¥ dele ut monopoler--spesielt monopoler for verk som " -"allerede eksisterte. Kong Henrik VIII hadde gitt patent til Ã¥ trykke Bibelen " -"og monopol til Darcy for Ã¥ lage spillkort. Det engelske parlamentet begynte " -"Ã¥ kjempe tilbake mot denne makten hos kronen. I 1656 ble <quote>Statute of " -"Monopolis</quote> vedtatt for Ã¥ begrense monopolene pÃ¥ patenter for nye " -"oppfinnelser. Og i 1710 var parlamentet ivrig etter Ã¥ hÃ¥ndtere det voksende " -"monopolet pÃ¥ publisering." +"en lang og stygg erfaring med <quote>eksklusive rettigheter</quote>, " +"spesielt <quote>enerett</quote> gitt av kronen. Engelskmennene hadde " +"utkjempet en borgerkrig delvis mot kronens praksis med Ã¥ dele ut monopoler--" +"spesielt monopoler for verk som allerede eksisterte. Kong Henrik VIII hadde " +"gitt patent til Ã¥ trykke Bibelen og monopol til Darcy for Ã¥ lage spillkort. " +"Det engelske parlamentet begynte Ã¥ kjempe tilbake mot denne makten hos " +"kronen. I 1656 ble <quote>Statute of Monopolis</quote> vedtatt for Ã¥ " +"begrense monopolene pÃ¥ patenter for nye oppfinnelser. Og i 1710 var " +"parlamentet ivrig etter Ã¥ hÃ¥ndtere det voksende monopolet pÃ¥ publisering." #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" @@ -8103,12 +8174,13 @@ msgid "" "only so long as it benefited society. The British saw the harms from " "specialinterest favors; they passed a law to stop them." msgstr "" -"Dermed ble <quote>kopi-retten</quote>, nÃ¥r den sees pÃ¥ som en monopolrett, en rettighet " -"som bør være begrenset. (Uansett hvor overbevisende pÃ¥standen om at <quote>det er " -"min eiendom, og jeg skal ha for alltid,</quote> prøv hvor overbevisende det er nÃ¥r " -"men sier <quote>det er mitt monopol, og jeg skal ha det for alltid.</quote>) Staten " -"ville beskytte eneretten, men bare sÃ¥ lenge det gavnet samfunnet. Britene sÃ¥ " -"skadene særinteresserte kunne skape; de vedtok en lov for Ã¥ stoppe dem." +"Dermed ble <quote>kopi-retten</quote>, nÃ¥r den sees pÃ¥ som en monopolrett, " +"en rettighet som bør være begrenset. (Uansett hvor overbevisende pÃ¥standen " +"om at <quote>det er min eiendom, og jeg skal ha for alltid,</quote> prøv " +"hvor overbevisende det er nÃ¥r men sier <quote>det er mitt monopol, og jeg " +"skal ha det for alltid.</quote>) Staten ville beskytte eneretten, men bare " +"sÃ¥ lenge det gavnet samfunnet. Britene sÃ¥ skadene særinteresserte kunne " +"skape; de vedtok en lov for Ã¥ stoppe dem." #. f4 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> @@ -8139,9 +8211,9 @@ msgstr "" "monopolister av verste sort - et verktøy for kronens undertrykkelse, de " "solgte Englands frihet mot Ã¥ være garantert en monopolskinntekt. Men " "monopolistene ble kvast kritisert: Milton beskrev dem som <quote>gamle " -"patentholdere og monopolister i bokhandlerkunsten</quote>; de var <quote>menn som " -"derfor ikke hadde et ærlig arbeide hvor utdanning er nødvendig." -"</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"patentholdere og monopolister i bokhandlerkunsten</quote>; de var " +"<quote>menn som derfor ikke hadde et ærlig arbeide hvor utdanning er " +"nødvendig.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" @@ -8190,10 +8262,10 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "NÃ¥r 1731 (1710+21) kom, ble bokhandlerne engstelige. De sÃ¥ konsekvensene av " "mer konkurranse, og som alle konkurrenter, likte de det ikke. Først " -"ignorerte bokhandlere ganske enkelt <quote>Statute of Anne</quote>, og fortsatte Ã¥ " -"kreve en evigvarende rett til Ã¥ kontrollere publiseringen. Men i 1735 og " -"1737 de prøvde Ã¥ tvinge Parlamentet til Ã¥ utvide periodene. Tjueen Ã¥r var " -"ikke nok, sa de; de trengte mer tid." +"ignorerte bokhandlere ganske enkelt <quote>Statute of Anne</quote>, og " +"fortsatte Ã¥ kreve en evigvarende rett til Ã¥ kontrollere publiseringen. Men i " +"1735 og 1737 de prøvde Ã¥ tvinge Parlamentet til Ã¥ utvide periodene. Tjueen " +"Ã¥r var ikke nok, sa de; de trengte mer tid." #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" @@ -8248,16 +8320,17 @@ msgid "" "the only way to protect authors." msgstr "" "Etter Ã¥ ha mislyktes i Parlamentet gikk utgiverne til rettssalen i en rekke " -"saker. Deres argument var enkelt og direkte: <quote>Statute of Anne</quote> ga " -"forfatterne en viss beskyttelse gjennom positiv loven, men denne " +"saker. Deres argument var enkelt og direkte: <quote>Statute of Anne</quote> " +"ga forfatterne en viss beskyttelse gjennom positiv loven, men denne " "beskyttelsenvar ikke ment som en erstatning for felles lov. Istedet var de " "ment Ã¥ supplere felles lov. Ifølge sedvanerett var det galt Ã¥ ta en annen " -"persons kreative eiendom og bruke den uten hans tillatelse. <quote>Statute of Anne" -"</quote>, hevdet bokhandlere, endret ikke dette faktum. Derfor betydde ikke det at " -"beskyttelsen gitt av <quote>Statute of Anne</quote> utløp, at beskyttelsen fra " -"sedvaneretten utløp: Ifølge sedvaneretten hadde de rett til Ã¥ fordømme " -"publiseringen av en bok, selv følgelig om <quote>Statute of Anne</quote> sa at de var " -"falt i det fri. Dette, mente de, var den eneste mÃ¥ten Ã¥ beskytte forfatterne." +"persons kreative eiendom og bruke den uten hans tillatelse. <quote>Statute " +"of Anne</quote>, hevdet bokhandlere, endret ikke dette faktum. Derfor " +"betydde ikke det at beskyttelsen gitt av <quote>Statute of Anne</quote> " +"utløp, at beskyttelsen fra sedvaneretten utløp: Ifølge sedvaneretten hadde " +"de rett til Ã¥ fordømme publiseringen av en bok, selv følgelig om " +"<quote>Statute of Anne</quote> sa at de var falt i det fri. Dette, mente de, " +"var den eneste mÃ¥ten Ã¥ beskytte forfatterne." #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" @@ -8284,10 +8357,10 @@ msgstr "" "Dette var et godt argument, og hadde støtte fra flere av den tidens ledende " "jurister. Det viste ogsÃ¥ en ekstraordinær chutzpah. Inntail da, som " "jusprofessor Raymond Pattetson har sagt, <quote>var utgiverne … like " -"bekymret for forfatterne som en gjeter for sine lam.</quote><placeholder type=" -"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Bokselgerne brydde seg ikke det spor om forfatternes " -"rettigheter. Deres bekymring var den monopolske inntekten forfatterens verk " -"ga." +"bekymret for forfatterne som en gjeter for sine lam.</quote><placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Bokselgerne brydde seg ikke det spor om " +"forfatternes rettigheter. Deres bekymring var den monopolske inntekten " +"forfatterens verk ga." #. f7 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> @@ -8347,15 +8420,16 @@ msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " "id=\"3\"/>" msgstr "" -"Donaldson var en fremmed for Londons <quote>the Conger</quote>. Han startet in karriere " -"i Edinburgh i 1750. Hans forretningsidé var billige kopier av standardverk " -"falt i det fri, ihvertfall fri ifølge <quote>Statute of Anne</quote>.<placeholder type=" -"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Donaldsons forlag vokste og ble <quote>et sentrum for " -"litterære skotter.</quote> <quote>Blant dem,</quote> skriver professor Mark Rose, var <quote>den " -"unge James Boswell som, sammen med sin venn Andrew Erskine, publiserte en " -"hel antologi av skotsk samtidspoesi sammen med Donaldson.</quote><placeholder type=" -"\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> " -"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/>" +"Donaldson var en fremmed for Londons <quote>the Conger</quote>. Han startet " +"in karriere i Edinburgh i 1750. Hans forretningsidé var billige kopier av " +"standardverk falt i det fri, ihvertfall fri ifølge <quote>Statute of Anne</" +"quote>.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Donaldsons forlag vokste og " +"ble <quote>et sentrum for litterære skotter.</quote> <quote>Blant dem,</" +"quote> skriver professor Mark Rose, var <quote>den unge James Boswell som, " +"sammen med sin venn Andrew Erskine, publiserte en hel antologi av skotsk " +"samtidspoesi sammen med Donaldson.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=" +"\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/>" #. f10 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> @@ -8377,12 +8451,12 @@ msgid "" "Statute of Anne, the works he was selling had passed out of protection." msgstr "" "Da Londons bokselgere prøvde Ã¥ fÃ¥ stengt Donaldsons butikk i Skottland, sÃ¥ " -"flyttet han butikken til London. Her solgte han billige utgaver av <quote>de mest " -"populære, engelske bøker, i kamp mot sedvanerettens rett til litterær " -"eiendom.</quote> <placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Bøkene hans var mellom " -"30% og 50% billigere enn <quote>the Conger</quote>s, og han baserte sin rett til denne " -"konkurransen pÃ¥ at bøkene, takket være <quote>Statute of Anne</quote>, var falt i det " -"fri." +"flyttet han butikken til London. Her solgte han billige utgaver av <quote>de " +"mest populære, engelske bøker, i kamp mot sedvanerettens rett til litterær " +"eiendom.</quote> <placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Bøkene hans var " +"mellom 30% og 50% billigere enn <quote>the Conger</quote>s, og han baserte " +"sin rett til denne konkurransen pÃ¥ at bøkene, takket være <quote>Statute of " +"Anne</quote>, var falt i det fri." #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" @@ -8391,9 +8465,10 @@ msgid "" "<quote>pirates,</quote> the most important early victory being " "<citetitle>Millar</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Taylor</citetitle>." msgstr "" -"Londons bokselgere begynte straks Ã¥ slÃ¥ ned mot <quote>pirater</quote> som Donaldson. " -"Flere tiltak var vellykkede, den viktigste var den tidlig seieren i kampen " -"mellom <citetitle>Millar</citetitle> og <citetitle>Taylor</citetitle>." +"Londons bokselgere begynte straks Ã¥ slÃ¥ ned mot <quote>pirater</quote> som " +"Donaldson. Flere tiltak var vellykkede, den viktigste var den tidlig seieren " +"i kampen mellom <citetitle>Millar</citetitle> og <citetitle>Taylor</" +"citetitle>." #. f11 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> @@ -8403,8 +8478,8 @@ msgid "" "Review</citetitle> 29 (1983): 1152." msgstr "" "Howard B. Abrams, <quote>The Historic Foundation of American Copyright Law: " -"Exploding the Myth of Common Law Copyright</quote>, <citetitle>Wayne Law Review</" -"citetitle> 29 (1983): 1152." +"Exploding the Myth of Common Law Copyright</quote>, <citetitle>Wayne Law " +"Review</citetitle> 29 (1983): 1152." #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" @@ -8417,11 +8492,11 @@ msgid "" "\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Millar var en bokhandler som i 1729 hadde kjøpt opp rettighetene til James " -"Thomsons dikt <quote>The Seasons</quote>. Millar hadde da full beskyttelse gjennom " -"<quote>Statute of Anne</quote>, men etter at denne beskyttelsen var uløpt, begynte " -"Robert Taylor Ã¥ trykke et konkurrerende bind. Millar gikk til sak, og hevdet " -"han hadde en evig rett gjennom sedvaneretten, uansett hva <quote>Statute of Anne" -"</quote> sa.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"Thomsons dikt <quote>The Seasons</quote>. Millar hadde da full beskyttelse " +"gjennom <quote>Statute of Anne</quote>, men etter at denne beskyttelsen var " +"uløpt, begynte Robert Taylor Ã¥ trykke et konkurrerende bind. Millar gikk til " +"sak, og hevdet han hadde en evig rett gjennom sedvaneretten, uansett hva " +"<quote>Statute of Anne</quote> sa.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" @@ -8439,10 +8514,10 @@ msgstr "" "de største dommere i engelsk historie, Lord Mansfield, enig med " "bokhandlerne. Uansett hvilken beskyttelse <quote>Statute of Anne</quote> gav " "bokhandlerne, sÃ¥ sa han at den ikke fortrengte noe fra sedvaneretten. " -"SpørsmÃ¥let var hvorvidt sedvaneretten beskyttet forfatterne mot <quote>pirater</quote>. " -"Mansfield svar var ja: Sedvaneretten nektet Taylor Ã¥ reprodusere Thomsons " -"dikt uten Millars tillatelse. Slik gav sedvaneretten bokselgerne en evig " -"publiseringsrett til bøker solgt til dem." +"SpørsmÃ¥let var hvorvidt sedvaneretten beskyttet forfatterne mot " +"<quote>pirater</quote>. Mansfield svar var ja: Sedvaneretten nektet Taylor Ã¥ " +"reprodusere Thomsons dikt uten Millars tillatelse. Slik gav sedvaneretten " +"bokselgerne en evig publiseringsrett til bøker solgt til dem." #. PAGE BREAK 103 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> @@ -8473,8 +8548,8 @@ msgid "" "The fight to defend the limits of the Statute of Anne was not to end there, " "however, and it is here that Donaldson enters the mix." msgstr "" -"Kampen for Ã¥ forsvare <quote>Statute of Anne</quote>s begrensninger sluttet uansett " -"ikke der, for nÃ¥ kommer Donaldson." +"Kampen for Ã¥ forsvare <quote>Statute of Anne</quote>s begrensninger sluttet " +"uansett ikke der, for nÃ¥ kommer Donaldson." #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> msgid "Beckett, Thomas" @@ -8520,10 +8595,11 @@ msgstr "" "Rettssaken <citetitle>Donaldson</citetitle> mot <citetitle>Beckett</" "citetitle> fikk en enorm oppmerksomhet i hele Storbritannia. Donaldsons " "advokater mente at selv om det før fantes en del rettigheter i " -"sedvaneretten, sÃ¥ var disse fortrengt av <quote>Statute of Anne</quote>. Etter at " -"<quote>Statute of Anne</quote> var blitt vedtatt, skulle den eneste lovlige beskyttelse " -"for trykkerett kom derfra. Og derfor, mente de, i trÃ¥d med vilkÃ¥rene i " -"<quote>Statute of Anne</quote>, falle i det fri sÃ¥ fort beskyttelsesperioden var over." +"sedvaneretten, sÃ¥ var disse fortrengt av <quote>Statute of Anne</quote>. " +"Etter at <quote>Statute of Anne</quote> var blitt vedtatt, skulle den eneste " +"lovlige beskyttelse for trykkerett kom derfra. Og derfor, mente de, i trÃ¥d " +"med vilkÃ¥rene i <quote>Statute of Anne</quote>, falle i det fri sÃ¥ fort " +"beskyttelsesperioden var over." #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" @@ -8534,10 +8610,10 @@ msgid "" "voted." msgstr "" "Overhuset var en merkelig institusjon. Juridiske spørsmÃ¥l ble presentert for " -"huset, og ble først stemt over av <quote>juslorder</quote>, medlemmer av enspesiell " -"rettslig gruppe som fungerte nesten slik som justiariusene i vÃ¥r " -"Høyesterett. Deretter, etter at <quote>juslordene</quote> hadde stemt, stemte resten av " -"Overhuset." +"huset, og ble først stemt over av <quote>juslorder</quote>, medlemmer av " +"enspesiell rettslig gruppe som fungerte nesten slik som justiariusene i vÃ¥r " +"Høyesterett. Deretter, etter at <quote>juslordene</quote> hadde stemt, " +"stemte resten av Overhuset." #. PAGE BREAK 104 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> @@ -8591,12 +8667,12 @@ msgid "" "id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/> <placeholder type=" "\"indexterm\" id=\"4\"/>" msgstr "" -"<quote>Å falle i det fri</quote>. Før rettssaken <citetitle>Donaldson</citetitle> mot " -"<citetitle>Beckett</citetitle> var det ingen klar oppfatning om hva Ã¥ falle " -"i det fri innebar. Før 1774 var det jo en allmenn oppfatning om at " -"kopiretten var evigvarende. Men etter 1774 ble Public Domain født.For første " -"gang i angloamerikansk historie var den lovlige beskyttelsen av et verk " -"utgÃ¥tt, og de største verk i engelsk historie - inkludert Shakespeare, " +"<quote>Å falle i det fri</quote>. Før rettssaken <citetitle>Donaldson</" +"citetitle> mot <citetitle>Beckett</citetitle> var det ingen klar oppfatning " +"om hva Ã¥ falle i det fri innebar. Før 1774 var det jo en allmenn oppfatning " +"om at kopiretten var evigvarende. Men etter 1774 ble Public Domain født.For " +"første gang i angloamerikansk historie var den lovlige beskyttelsen av et " +"verk utgÃ¥tt, og de største verk i engelsk historie - inkludert Shakespeare, " "Bacon, Milton, Johnson og Bunyan - var frie. <placeholder type=\"indexterm" "\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=" "\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/> " @@ -8622,11 +8698,11 @@ msgstr "" "Vi kan knapt forestille oss det, men denne avgjørelsen fra Overhuset fyrte " "opp under en svært populær og politisk reaksjon. I Skottland, hvor de fleste " "piratugiverne hadde holdt til, ble avgjørelsen feiret i gatene. Som " -"<citetitle>Edinburgh Advertiser</citetitle> skrev <quote>Ingen privatsak har noen " -"gang fÃ¥tt slik oppmerksomhet fra folket, og ingen sak som har blitt prøvet i " -"Overhuset har interessert sÃ¥ mange enkeltmennesker.</quote> <quote>Stor glede i " -"Edinburgh etter seieren over litterær eiendom: bÃ¥l og *illuminations*.</quote>" -"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"<citetitle>Edinburgh Advertiser</citetitle> skrev <quote>Ingen privatsak har " +"noen gang fÃ¥tt slik oppmerksomhet fra folket, og ingen sak som har blitt " +"prøvet i Overhuset har interessert sÃ¥ mange enkeltmennesker.</quote> " +"<quote>Stor glede i Edinburgh etter seieren over litterær eiendom: bÃ¥l og " +"*illuminations*.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" @@ -8678,22 +8754,22 @@ msgid "" "available to people and how they get access to it are made by the few " "despite the wishes of the many." msgstr "" -"<quote>Ruinert</quote> er en overdrivelse. Men det er ingen overdrivelse Ã¥ si at endringen " -"var stor. Vedtaket fra Overhuset betydde at bokhandlerne ikke lenger kunnen " -"kontrollere hvordan kulturen i England ville vokse og utvikle seg. Kulturen " -"i England var etter dette <emphasis>fri</emphasis>. Ikke i den betydning at " -"kopiretten ble ignorert, for utgiverne hadde i en begrenset periode rett " -"over trykkingen. Og heller ikke i den betydningen at bøker kunne stjeles, " -"for selv etter at boken var falt i det fri, sÃ¥ mÃ¥tte den kjøpes. Men " -"<emphasis>fri</emphasis> i betydningen at kulturen og dens vekst ikke lenger " -"var kontrollert av en liten gruppe utgivere. Som alle frie markeder, ville " -"dette markedet vokse og utvikle seg etter tilbud og etterspørsel. Den " -"engelske kulturen ble nÃ¥ formet slik flertallet Englands lesere ville at det " -"skulle formes - gjennom valget av hva de kjøpte og skrev, gjennom valget av " -"*memes* de gjentok og beundret. Valg i en <emphasis>konkurrerende " -"sammenheng</emphasis>, ikke der hvor valgene var om hvilken kultur som " -"skulle være tilgjengelig for folket og hvor deres tilgang til den ble styrt " -"av noen fÃ¥, pÃ¥ tros av flertallets ønsker." +"<quote>Ruinert</quote> er en overdrivelse. Men det er ingen overdrivelse Ã¥ " +"si at endringen var stor. Vedtaket fra Overhuset betydde at bokhandlerne " +"ikke lenger kunnen kontrollere hvordan kulturen i England ville vokse og " +"utvikle seg. Kulturen i England var etter dette <emphasis>fri</emphasis>. " +"Ikke i den betydning at kopiretten ble ignorert, for utgiverne hadde i en " +"begrenset periode rett over trykkingen. Og heller ikke i den betydningen at " +"bøker kunne stjeles, for selv etter at boken var falt i det fri, sÃ¥ mÃ¥tte " +"den kjøpes. Men <emphasis>fri</emphasis> i betydningen at kulturen og dens " +"vekst ikke lenger var kontrollert av en liten gruppe utgivere. Som alle frie " +"markeder, ville dette markedet vokse og utvikle seg etter tilbud og " +"etterspørsel. Den engelske kulturen ble nÃ¥ formet slik flertallet Englands " +"lesere ville at det skulle formes - gjennom valget av hva de kjøpte og " +"skrev, gjennom valget av *memes* de gjentok og beundret. Valg i en " +"<emphasis>konkurrerende sammenheng</emphasis>, ikke der hvor valgene var om " +"hvilken kultur som skulle være tilgjengelig for folket og hvor deres tilgang " +"til den ble styrt av noen fÃ¥, pÃ¥ tros av flertallets ønsker." #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" @@ -8778,8 +8854,8 @@ msgstr "" "finansieringen, ville Else skaffe rettigheter til Ã¥ bruke disse fÃ¥ sekundene " "med <citetitle>The Simpson</citetitle>. For disse fÃ¥ sekundene var selvsagt " "beskyttet av opphavsretten, og for Ã¥ bruke beskyttet materiale mÃ¥ man ha " -"tillatelse fra eieren, dersom det ikke er <quote>rimelig bruk</quote> eller det " -"foreligger spesielle avtaler." +"tillatelse fra eieren, dersom det ikke er <quote>rimelig bruk</quote> eller " +"det foreligger spesielle avtaler." #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Gracie Films" @@ -8826,12 +8902,12 @@ msgid "" "use this four-point-five seconds of … entirely unsolicited " "<citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle> which was in the corner of the shot.</quote>" msgstr "" -"Deretter, fortalte Else: <quote>skjedde to ting. Først oppdaget vi … at " -"Matt Groening ikke eide sitt eget verk — ihvertfall at noen [hos Fox] " -"trodde at han ikke eide sitt eget verk.</quote> Som det andre krevde Fox <quote>ti " -"tusen dollar i lisensavgift for disse fire og et halvt sekundene med " -"… fullstendig tilfeldig <citetitle>Simpson</citetitle> som var i et " -"hjørne i ett opptak.</quote>" +"Deretter, fortalte Else: <quote>skjedde to ting. Først oppdaget vi … " +"at Matt Groening ikke eide sitt eget verk — ihvertfall at noen [hos " +"Fox] trodde at han ikke eide sitt eget verk.</quote> Som det andre krevde " +"Fox <quote>ti tusen dollar i lisensavgift for disse fire og et halvt " +"sekundene med … fullstendig tilfeldig <citetitle>Simpson</citetitle> " +"som var i et hjørne i ett opptak.</quote>" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" @@ -8844,9 +8920,9 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Ellers var sikker pÃ¥ at det var en feil. Han fikk tak i noen som han trodde " "var nestleder for lisensiering, Rebecca Herrera. Han forklarte for henne at " -"<quote>det mÃ¥ være en feil her … Vi ber deg om en utdanningssats pÃ¥ dette." -"</quote> Og de hadde fÃ¥tt utdanningssats, fortalte Herrera. Kort tid etter ringte " -"Else igjen for Ã¥ fÃ¥ dette bekreftet." +"<quote>det mÃ¥ være en feil her … Vi ber deg om en utdanningssats pÃ¥ " +"dette.</quote> Og de hadde fÃ¥tt utdanningssats, fortalte Herrera. Kort tid " +"etter ringte Else igjen for Ã¥ fÃ¥ dette bekreftet." #. PAGE BREAK 108 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> @@ -8859,13 +8935,14 @@ msgid "" "over to our attorneys.</quote> As an assistant to Herrera told Else later " "on, <quote>They don't give a shit. They just want the money.</quote>" msgstr "" -"<quote>Jeg mÃ¥tte være sikker pÃ¥ at jeg hadde riktige opplysninger foran meg</quote>, sa " -"han. <quote>Ja, du har riktige opplysninger</quote>, sa hun. Det ville koste $10 000 Ã¥ " -"bruke dette lille klippet av <citetitle>The Simpson</citetitle>, plassert " -"bakerst i et hjørne i en scene i en dokumentar om Wagners Ring Cycle. Som om " -"det ikke var nok, forbløffet Herrera Else med Ã¥ si <quote>Og om du siterer meg, " -"vil du høre fra vÃ¥re advokater.</quote> En av Herreras assistenter fortalte Else " -"at <quote>De bryr seg ikke i det heletatt. Alt de vil ha er pengene.</quote>" +"<quote>Jeg mÃ¥tte være sikker pÃ¥ at jeg hadde riktige opplysninger foran meg</" +"quote>, sa han. <quote>Ja, du har riktige opplysninger</quote>, sa hun. Det " +"ville koste $10 000 Ã¥ bruke dette lille klippet av <citetitle>The Simpson</" +"citetitle>, plassert bakerst i et hjørne i en scene i en dokumentar om " +"Wagners Ring Cycle. Som om det ikke var nok, forbløffet Herrera Else med Ã¥ " +"si <quote>Og om du siterer meg, vil du høre fra vÃ¥re advokater.</quote> En " +"av Herreras assistenter fortalte Else at <quote>De bryr seg ikke i det " +"heletatt. Alt de vil ha er pengene.</quote>" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Day After Trinity, The" @@ -8919,13 +8996,13 @@ msgid "" "(rightly, in my view) can charge whatever she wants—$10 or $1,000,000. " "That's her right, as set by the law." msgstr "" -"For eksempel <quote>offentlig fremvisning</quote>* av <citetitle>The Simpson</" -"citetitle> er en form for bruk hvor loven gir eieren kontroll. Dersom du " -"velger ut dine favorittepisoder, leier en kinosal og selger billetter til " -"<quote>Mine <citetitle>Simpson</citetitle>-favoritter</quote>, sÃ¥ mÃ¥ du ha tillatelse " -"fra rettighetsinnhaveren (eieren). Og eieren kan (med rette, slik jeg ser " -"det) kreve hvor mye han vil; $10ellr $1 000 000. Det er hans rett ifølge " -"loven." +"For eksempel <quote>offentlig fremvisning</quote>* av <citetitle>The " +"Simpson</citetitle> er en form for bruk hvor loven gir eieren kontroll. " +"Dersom du velger ut dine favorittepisoder, leier en kinosal og selger " +"billetter til <quote>Mine <citetitle>Simpson</citetitle>-favoritter</quote>, " +"sÃ¥ mÃ¥ du ha tillatelse fra rettighetsinnhaveren (eieren). Og eieren kan (med " +"rette, slik jeg ser det) kreve hvor mye han vil; $10ellr $1 000 000. Det er " +"hans rett ifølge loven." #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> @@ -8936,11 +9013,11 @@ msgid "" "Reform in the Wake of <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle></quote> (draft on file " "with author), University of Chicago Law School, 5 August 2003." msgstr "" -"Ønsker du Ã¥ lese en flott redegjørelse om hvordan dette er <quote>fair use</quote>, og " -"hvordan advokatene ikke anerkjenner det, sÃ¥ les Richard A. Posner og William " -"F. Patry, <quote>Fair Use and Statutory Reform in the Wake of <citetitle>Eldred</" -"citetitle> </quote> (utkast arkivert hos forfatteren), University of Chicago Law " -"School, 5. august 2003." +"Ønsker du Ã¥ lese en flott redegjørelse om hvordan dette er <quote>fair use</" +"quote>, og hvordan advokatene ikke anerkjenner det, sÃ¥ les Richard A. Posner " +"og William F. Patry, <quote>Fair Use and Statutory Reform in the Wake of " +"<citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> </quote> (utkast arkivert hos forfatteren), " +"University of Chicago Law School, 5. august 2003." #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" @@ -8951,11 +9028,11 @@ msgid "" "citetitle>—and fair use does not require the permission of anyone." msgstr "" "Men nÃ¥r jurister hører denne historien om Jon Else og Fox, sÃ¥ er deres " -"første tanke <quote>rimelig bruk</quote>.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " -"Elses bruk av 4,5 sekunder med et indirekte klipp av en <citetitle>Simpsons</" -"citetitle>-episode er et klart eksempel pÃ¥ <quote>rimelig bruk</quote> av " -"<citetitle>The Simpsons</citetitle>— og <quote>rimelig bruk</quote> krever ingen " -"tillatelse fra noen." +"første tanke <quote>rimelig bruk</quote>.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/> Elses bruk av 4,5 sekunder med et indirekte klipp av en " +"<citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle>-episode er et klart eksempel pÃ¥ " +"<quote>rimelig bruk</quote> av <citetitle>The Simpsons</citetitle>— og " +"<quote>rimelig bruk</quote> krever ingen tillatelse fra noen." #. PAGE BREAK 109 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> @@ -8963,8 +9040,8 @@ msgid "" "So I asked Else why he didn't just rely upon <quote>fair use.</quote> Here's " "his reply:" msgstr "" -"SÃ¥ jeg spurte Else om hvorfor han ikke bare stolte pÃ¥ <quote>fair use</quote>. Og her " -"er hans svar:" +"SÃ¥ jeg spurte Else om hvorfor han ikke bare stolte pÃ¥ <quote>fair use</" +"quote>. Og her er hans svar:" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> msgid "" @@ -8978,9 +9055,9 @@ msgstr "" "<citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle>-fiaskoen lærte meg om hvor stor avstand det " "var mellom det jurister finner urelevant pÃ¥ en abstrakt mÃ¥te, og hva som er " "knusende relevant pÃ¥ en konkret mÃ¥te for oss som prøver Ã¥ lage og kringkaste " -"dokumentarer. Jeg tvilte aldri pÃ¥ at dette helt klart var <quote>rimelig bruk</quote>, " -"men jeg kunne ikke stole pÃ¥ konseptet pÃ¥ noen konkret mÃ¥te. Og dette er " -"grunnen:" +"dokumentarer. Jeg tvilte aldri pÃ¥ at dette helt klart var <quote>rimelig " +"bruk</quote>, men jeg kunne ikke stole pÃ¥ konseptet pÃ¥ noen konkret mÃ¥te. Og " +"dette er grunnen:" #. 1. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> @@ -8991,11 +9068,11 @@ msgid "" "film. They take a dim view of <quote>fair use,</quote> and a claim of " "<quote>fair use</quote> can grind the application process to a halt." msgstr "" -"Før vÃ¥re filmer kan kringkastes, krever nettverket at vi kjøper en <quote>Errors " -"and Omissions</quote>-forsikring. Den krever en detailjert <quote>visual cue sheet</quote> " -"med alle kilder og lisens-status pÃ¥ alle scener i filmen. De har et smalt " -"syn pÃ¥ <quote>fair use</quote>, og Ã¥ pÃ¥stÃ¥ at noe er nettopp det kan forsinke, og i " -"verste fall stoppe, prosessen." +"Før vÃ¥re filmer kan kringkastes, krever nettverket at vi kjøper en " +"<quote>Errors and Omissions</quote>-forsikring. Den krever en detailjert " +"<quote>visual cue sheet</quote> med alle kilder og lisens-status pÃ¥ alle " +"scener i filmen. De har et smalt syn pÃ¥ <quote>fair use</quote>, og Ã¥ pÃ¥stÃ¥ " +"at noe er nettopp det kan forsinke, og i verste fall stoppe, prosessen." #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Lucas, George" @@ -9035,9 +9112,9 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Jeg snakket faktisk med en av dine kolleger pÃ¥ Stanford Law School … " "som bekreftet at dette var rimelig bruk. Han bekreftet ogsÃ¥ at Fox ville " -"<quote>depose and litigate you to within an inch of your life</quote>, uavhengig av " -"sannheten i mine krav. Han gjorde det klart at alt ville koke ned til hvem " -"som hadde flest jurister og dypest lommer, jeg eller dem." +"<quote>depose and litigate you to within an inch of your life</quote>, " +"uavhengig av sannheten i mine krav. Han gjorde det klart at alt ville koke " +"ned til hvem som hadde flest jurister og dypest lommer, jeg eller dem." #. 4. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> @@ -9045,8 +9122,8 @@ msgid "" "The question of fair use usually comes up at the end of the project, when we " "are up against a release deadline and out of money." msgstr "" -"SpørsmÃ¥let om <quote>fair use</quote> dukker om regel opp helt mot slutten av " -"prosjektet, nÃ¥r vi nærmer oss siste frist og er tomme for penger." +"SpørsmÃ¥let om <quote>fair use</quote> dukker om regel opp helt mot slutten " +"av prosjektet, nÃ¥r vi nærmer oss siste frist og er tomme for penger." #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" @@ -9057,12 +9134,12 @@ msgid "" "effective fair use for many types of creators is slight. The law has the " "right aim; practice has defeated the aim." msgstr "" -"I teorien betyr <quote>fair use</quote> at du ikke trenger tillatelse. Teorien støtter " -"derfor den frie kultur og arbeider mot tillatelseskulturen. Men i praksis " -"fungerer <quote>fair use</quote> helt annerledes. Men de uklare linjene i lovverket, " -"samt de fryktelige konsekvensene dersom man tar feil, gjør at mange " -"kunstnere ikke stoler pÃ¥ <quote>fair use</quote>. Loven har en svært god hensikt, men " -"praksisen har ikke fulgt opp." +"I teorien betyr <quote>fair use</quote> at du ikke trenger tillatelse. " +"Teorien støtter derfor den frie kultur og arbeider mot tillatelseskulturen. " +"Men i praksis fungerer <quote>fair use</quote> helt annerledes. Men de " +"uklare linjene i lovverket, samt de fryktelige konsekvensene dersom man tar " +"feil, gjør at mange kunstnere ikke stoler pÃ¥ <quote>fair use</quote>. Loven " +"har en svært god hensikt, men praksisen har ikke fulgt opp." #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" @@ -9084,7 +9161,7 @@ msgstr "Kapittel Ã¥tte: Omformere" msgid "Allen, Paul" msgstr "Allen, Paul" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> msgid "Alben, Alex" msgstr "Alben, Alex" @@ -9103,6 +9180,10 @@ msgstr "" "investere i ny teknologi for Ã¥ levere underholdning i pÃ¥vente av the power " "of networks." +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +msgid "retrospective compilations on" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -9177,10 +9258,6 @@ msgstr "" "Alben brakt idéen til michael slade, ceo i starwave. Slade som ble spurt, " "\"Vel, hva vil det ta?\"" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -msgid "artists" -msgstr "artister" - #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><secondary> msgid "publicity rights on images of" msgstr "" @@ -9192,13 +9269,13 @@ msgid "" "publicity—rights an artist has to control the commercial exploitation " "of his image. But these rights, too, burden <quote>Rip, Mix, Burn</quote> " "creativity, as this chapter evinces. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=" -"\"0\"/>" +"\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" "teknisk, rettighetene som alben hadde Ã¥ fjerne var hovedsakelig de " "publisitet—rettigheter kunstner har til Ã¥ kontrollere kommersiell " "utnyttelse av hans bilde. men disse rettighetene ogsÃ¥, belaster \"rip, " "mikse, brenne\" kreativitet, som evinces i dette kapitlet. <placeholder " -"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" @@ -9448,22 +9525,26 @@ msgstr "" "vanskeligere Ã¥ sette en av disse tingene sammen." #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Alben worked for a big company. His company was backed by some of the " "richest investors in the world. He therefore had authority and access that " "the average Web designer would not have. So if it took him a year, how long " "would it take someone else? And how much creativity is never made just " -"because the costs of clearing the rights are so high? These costs are the " -"burdens of a kind of regulation. Put on a Republican hat for a moment, and " -"get angry for a bit. The government defines the scope of these rights, and " -"the scope defined determines how much it's going to cost to negotiate them. " -"(Remember the idea that land runs to the heavens, and imagine the pilot " -"purchasing flythrough rights as he negotiates to fly from Los Angeles to San " -"Francisco.) These rights might well have once made sense; but as " -"circumstances change, they make no sense at all. Or at least, a well-" -"trained, regulationminimizing Republican should look at the rights and ask, " -"<quote>Does this still make sense?</quote>" +"because the costs of clearing the rights are so high?" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"These costs are the burdens of a kind of regulation. Put on a Republican hat " +"for a moment, and get angry for a bit. The government defines the scope of " +"these rights, and the scope defined determines how much it's going to cost " +"to negotiate them. (Remember the idea that land runs to the heavens, and " +"imagine the pilot purchasing flythrough rights as he negotiates to fly from " +"Los Angeles to San Francisco.) These rights might well have once made " +"sense; but as circumstances change, they make no sense at all. Or at least, " +"a well-trained, regulationminimizing Republican should look at the rights " +"and ask, <quote>Does this still make sense?</quote>" msgstr "" "Alben jobbet for et stort selskap. hans selskap var støttet av noen av de " "rikeste investorene i verden. derfor hadde han myndighet og pÃ¥logging som " @@ -9527,8 +9608,8 @@ msgstr "" "kanskje den ledende opphavsrettakademiker og utøver i nasjonen. Han hadde en " "forbauset uttrykk i ansiktet sitt, mens han tittet ut over rommet med over " "250 godt underholdte dommere. Med en en illevarslende tone, begynte han sin " -"tale med et spørsmÃ¥l: <quote>Vet dere hvor mange føderale lover som nettopp brutt " -"i dette rommet?</quote>" +"tale med et spørsmÃ¥l: <quote>Vet dere hvor mange føderale lover som nettopp " +"brutt i dette rommet?</quote>" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> msgid "Boies, David" @@ -9751,6 +9832,10 @@ msgstr "" msgid "CHAPTER NINE: Collectors" msgstr "Kapittel ni: Samlere" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +msgid "archives, digital" +msgstr "arkiver, digitale" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -9786,6 +9871,10 @@ msgstr "" "kalles \"vei tilbake maskinen\", kan du angi en web-side, og se alle dens " "Kopier gÃ¥ tilbake til 1996, og nÃ¥r disse sidene endres." +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Orwell, George" +msgstr "Orwell, George" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -10085,10 +10174,18 @@ msgstr "" "on-line. alle kunne se hvordan nyhetsrapporter fra rundt om i verden dekkes " "hendelsene den dagen." -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> msgid "Movie Archive" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +msgid "archive.org" +msgstr "archive.org" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><seealso> +msgid "Internet Archive" +msgstr "Internett-arkivet" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -10106,8 +10203,7 @@ msgid "" "access to this important part of our culture. Want to see a copy of the " "<quote>Duck and Cover</quote> film that instructed children how to save " "themselves in the middle of nuclear attack? Go to archive.org, and you can " -"download the film in a few minutes—for free. <placeholder type=" -"\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"download the film in a few minutes—for free." msgstr "" "Kahle hatt samme idé med film. arbeide med rick prelinger, som har arkiv av " "filmen inkluderer nær 45.000 \"flyktige filmer\" (det vil si filmer enn " @@ -10848,6 +10944,10 @@ msgstr "" "bokføre det\\/den pÃ¥ weben, kan du bli straffet med en $150.000 fine. fine " "er en ex post straff for Ã¥ bryte en ex ante regelen. Det er pÃ¥lagt av staten." +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +msgid "norms, regulatory influence of" +msgstr "normer, reguleringspÃ¥virkning fra" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -10869,6 +10969,10 @@ msgstr "" "differansen er ikke av alvorlighetsgraden av regelen, men kilden for " "hÃ¥ndhevelse." +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +msgid "market constraints" +msgstr "markedskonsentrasjon" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -10888,6 +10992,10 @@ msgstr "" "sett av normer og bakgrunn av eiendom og kontrakt lov, markedet pÃ¥legger en " "samtidige begrensning pÃ¥ hvor en person eller gruppe kan oppføre seg." +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "architecture, constraint effected through" +msgstr "arkitektur, begrensninger med opphav i" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -11061,7 +11169,8 @@ msgid "" "conditions changes the liberty of a particular group. The effect of those " "interventions should be accounted for in order to understand the effective " "liberty that each of these groups might face. <placeholder type=\"indexterm" -"\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" +"\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=" +"\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/>" msgstr "" "noen mennesker objektet til denne mÃ¥ten av snakker om \"frihet.\" de " "objektet fordi deres fokus nÃ¥r de vurderer begrensninger som finnes pÃ¥ et " @@ -11479,8 +11588,8 @@ msgid "" "citetitle> 47 (1997): 87." msgstr "" "Se for eksempel James Boyle, <quote>A Politics of Intellectual Property: " -"Environmentalism for the Net?</quote> <citetitle>Duke Law Journal</citetitle> 47 " -"(1997): 87." +"Environmentalism for the Net?</quote> <citetitle>Duke Law Journal</" +"citetitle> 47 (1997): 87." #. PAGE BREAK 141 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> @@ -12254,10 +12363,10 @@ msgid "" "culture.cc/notes/\">link #26</ulink>. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=" "\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -"Jonathan Zittrain, <quote>The Copyright Cage</quote>, <citetitle>Legal Affairs</" -"citetitle>, julu/august 2003,tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-" -"culture.cc/notes/\">link #26</ulink>. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=" -"\"0\"/>" +"Jonathan Zittrain, <quote>The Copyright Cage</quote>, <citetitle>Legal " +"Affairs</citetitle>, julu/august 2003,tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://" +"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #26</ulink>. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"0\"/>" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" @@ -12486,7 +12595,8 @@ msgid "" "remain unregulated because the law considers these <quote>fair uses.</quote>" msgstr "" "Til slutt er det en tynn skive av ellers regulert kopierings-bruk som " -"forblir uregluert pÃ¥ grunn av at loven anser dette som <quote>rimelig bruk</quote>." +"forblir uregluert pÃ¥ grunn av at loven anser dette som <quote>rimelig bruk</" +"quote>." #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> msgid "" @@ -12939,8 +13049,8 @@ msgid "" "See David Lange, <quote>Recognizing the Public Domain,</quote> " "<citetitle>Law and Contemporary Problems</citetitle> 44 (1981): 172–73." msgstr "" -"Se David Lange, <quote>Recognizing the Public Domain</quote>, <citetitle>Law and " -"Contemporary Problems</citetitle> 44 (1981): 172–73." +"Se David Lange, <quote>Recognizing the Public Domain</quote>, <citetitle>Law " +"and Contemporary Problems</citetitle> 44 (1981): 172–73." #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" @@ -12975,11 +13085,12 @@ msgid "" "Marx Brothers would insist on control over <citetitle>brothers</citetitle>." msgstr "" "Dette fikk Marx-brødrene til Ã¥ svare tilbake med samme mynt. De advarte " -"Warner Brothers om at Marx-brødrene <quote>var brødre lenge før dere var det</quote>." -"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Marx-brødrene eide derfor ordet " -"<citetitle>Brothers</citetitle>, og hvis Warner Brothers insisterte pÃ¥ Ã¥ " -"forsøke Ã¥ kontrollere <citetitle>Casablanca</citetitle>, sÃ¥ ville Marx-" -"brødrene insistere pÃ¥ kontroll over <citetitle>Brothers</citetitle>." +"Warner Brothers om at Marx-brødrene <quote>var brødre lenge før dere var " +"det</quote>.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Marx-brødrene eide " +"derfor ordet <citetitle>Brothers</citetitle>, og hvis Warner Brothers " +"insisterte pÃ¥ Ã¥ forsøke Ã¥ kontrollere <citetitle>Casablanca</citetitle>, sÃ¥ " +"ville Marx-brødrene insistere pÃ¥ kontroll over <citetitle>Brothers</" +"citetitle>." #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" @@ -14297,8 +14408,9 @@ msgid "" "Monthly</citetitle> (September 2003): 89. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " "id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -"James Fallows, <quote>The Age of Murdoch</quote>, <citetitle>Atlantic Monthly</" -"citetitle> (September 2003): 89. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"James Fallows, <quote>The Age of Murdoch</quote>, <citetitle>Atlantic " +"Monthly</citetitle> (September 2003): 89. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"0\"/>" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> msgid "" @@ -14499,8 +14611,8 @@ msgid "" "Bill Moyers</citetitle>, Bill Moyers, 25 April 2003, edited transcript " "available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #31</ulink>." msgstr "" -"<quote>Barry Diller Takes on Media Deregulation</quote>, <citetitle>Now with Bill " -"Moyers</citetitle>, Bill Moyers, 25 April 2003, redigert avskrift " +"<quote>Barry Diller Takes on Media Deregulation</quote>, <citetitle>Now with " +"Bill Moyers</citetitle>, Bill Moyers, 25 April 2003, redigert avskrift " "tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #31</" "ulink>." @@ -14914,9 +15026,9 @@ msgid "" "quote> of copyright law in the digital age. See Vaidhyanathan, " "159–60. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -"Siva Vaidhyanathan fanger et lignende poeng i hans <quote>fire kapitulasjoner</quote> " -"for opphavsrettsloven i den digitale tidsalder. Se Vaidhyanathan, " -"159–60. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"Siva Vaidhyanathan fanger et lignende poeng i hans <quote>fire " +"kapitulasjoner</quote> for opphavsrettsloven i den digitale tidsalder. Se " +"Vaidhyanathan, 159–60. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" @@ -15217,9 +15329,9 @@ msgid "" "Wells, <citetitle>The Country of the Blind and Other Stories</citetitle>, " "Michael Sherborne, ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996)." msgstr "" -"H. G. Wells, <quote>The Country of the Blind</quote> (1904, 1911). Se H. G. Wells, " -"<citetitle>The Country of the Blind and Other Stories</citetitle>, Michael " -"Sherborne, ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996)." +"H. G. Wells, <quote>The Country of the Blind</quote> (1904, 1911). Se H. G. " +"Wells, <citetitle>The Country of the Blind and Other Stories</citetitle>, " +"Michael Sherborne, ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996)." #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" @@ -15853,9 +15965,9 @@ msgstr "" "Se Lynne W. Jeter, <citetitle>Disconnected: Deceit and Betrayal at WorldCom</" "citetitle> (Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, 2003), 176, 204; for " "detaljer om dette forliket, se pressemelding fra MCI, <quote>MCI Wins U.S. " -"District Court Approval for SEC Settlement</quote> (7. juli 2003), tilgjengelig " -"fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #37</ulink>. " -"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"District Court Approval for SEC Settlement</quote> (7. juli 2003), " +"tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #37</" +"ulink>. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Bush, George W." @@ -15894,6 +16006,10 @@ msgid "" "negligently butchering a patient? <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +msgid "art, underground" +msgstr "kunst, undergrunns" + #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" @@ -16386,10 +16502,11 @@ msgid "" "Mohammad Al-Ubaydli for this example. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=" "\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -"Rafe Needleman, <quote>Driving in Cars with MP3s</quote>, <citetitle>Business 2.0</" -"citetitle>, 16. juni 2003, tilgjengelig via <ulink url=\"http://free-culture." -"cc/notes/\">link #43</ulink>. Jeg er Dr. Mohammad Al-Ubaydli takknemlig mot " -"for dette eksemplet. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"Rafe Needleman, <quote>Driving in Cars with MP3s</quote>, " +"<citetitle>Business 2.0</citetitle>, 16. juni 2003, tilgjengelig via <ulink " +"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #43</ulink>. Jeg er Dr. Mohammad " +"Al-Ubaydli takknemlig mot for dette eksemplet. <placeholder type=\"indexterm" +"\" id=\"0\"/>" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> msgid "" @@ -16411,8 +16528,8 @@ msgid "" "start a company. It is impossibly hard if that company is constantly " "threatened by litigation." msgstr "" -"Dette er verden til mafiaen—fylt med <quote>penger eller livet</quote>-trusler, " -"som ikke er regulert av domstolene men av trusler som loven gir " +"Dette er verden til mafiaen—fylt med <quote>penger eller livet</quote>-" +"trusler, som ikke er regulert av domstolene men av trusler som loven gir " "rettighetsinnehaver mulighet til Ã¥ komme med. Det er et system som Ã¥penbart " "og nødvendigvis vil kvele ny innovasjon. Det er vanskelig nok Ã¥ starte et " "selskap. Det blir helt umulig hvis selskapet er stadig truet av søksmÃ¥l." @@ -17643,8 +17760,8 @@ msgid "" "<quote>If you can treat someone as a putative lawbreaker,</quote> von " "Lohmann explains, <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -"<quote>Hvis du kan behandle noen som en antatt lovbryter</quote>, forklarer von " -"Lohmann, <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"<quote>Hvis du kan behandle noen som en antatt lovbryter</quote>, forklarer " +"von Lohmann, <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy @@ -17743,9 +17860,9 @@ msgid "" "Some Methods Used,</quote> CNN.com, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-" "culture.cc/notes/\">link #47</ulink>." msgstr "" -"Se Nick Brown, <quote>Fair Use No More?: Copyright in the Information Age</quote>, " -"tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #49</" -"ulink>." +"Se Nick Brown, <quote>Fair Use No More?: Copyright in the Information Age</" +"quote>, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " +"#49</ulink>." #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> msgid "" @@ -18447,8 +18564,8 @@ msgid "" "Mouse Effort; Congress OKs Bill Granting Creators 20 More Years,</quote> " "<citetitle>Chicago Tribune</citetitle>, 17 October 1998, 22." msgstr "" -"Associated Press, <quote>Disney Lobbying for Copyright Extension No Mickey Mouse " -"Effort; Congress OKs Bill Granting Creators 20 More Years</quote>, " +"Associated Press, <quote>Disney Lobbying for Copyright Extension No Mickey " +"Mouse Effort; Congress OKs Bill Granting Creators 20 More Years</quote>, " "<citetitle>Chicago Tribune</citetitle>, 17. oktober 1998, 22." #. f4. @@ -18458,9 +18575,9 @@ msgid "" "quote> available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #49</" "ulink>." msgstr "" -"Se Nick Brown, <quote>Fair Use No More?: Copyright in the Information Age</quote>, " -"tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #49</" -"ulink>." +"Se Nick Brown, <quote>Fair Use No More?: Copyright in the Information Age</" +"quote>, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " +"#49</ulink>." #. f5. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> @@ -19365,8 +19482,8 @@ msgid "" "20 December 2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" "\">link #54</ulink>." msgstr "" -"Jason Schultz, <quote>The Myth of the 1976 Copyright `Chaos' Theory</quote>, 20 " -"December 2002, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" +"Jason Schultz, <quote>The Myth of the 1976 Copyright `Chaos' Theory</quote>, " +"20 December 2002, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" "\">link #54</ulink>." #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> @@ -19568,9 +19685,10 @@ msgstr "" "først, men siden ble Dan Bromberg og Don Ayer ganske involvert. Bromberg og " "Ayer spesielt hadde en felles oppfatning om hvordan denne saken ville bli " "vunnet: vi ville bare vinne, fortalte de gjentatte ganger til meg, hvis vi " -"fÃ¥ problemet til Ã¥ virke <quote>viktig</quote> for Høyesterett. Det mÃ¥tte synes som om " -"dramatisk skade ble gjort til ytringsfriheten og fri kultur, ellers ville de " -"aldri stemt mot <quote>de mektigste mediaselskapene i verden</quote>." +"fÃ¥ problemet til Ã¥ virke <quote>viktig</quote> for Høyesterett. Det mÃ¥tte " +"synes som om dramatisk skade ble gjort til ytringsfriheten og fri kultur, " +"ellers ville de aldri stemt mot <quote>de mektigste mediaselskapene i " +"verden</quote>." #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy @@ -19984,6 +20102,10 @@ msgstr "" "februar og oktober var det lite jeg gjorde utover forbereder for denne " "saken. tidlig som jeg sa, satt jeg strategien." +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +msgid "O'Connor, Sandra Day" +msgstr "O'Connor, Sandra Day" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> msgid "" "The Supreme Court was divided into two important camps. One camp we called " @@ -20444,6 +20566,10 @@ msgstr "" "kan begrunnes under vanlige første endring analyse eller under en riktig " "lesing av grensene som er innebygd i setningsdelen opphavsrett." +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Olson, Theodore B." +msgstr "Olson, Theodore B." + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -20727,6 +20853,10 @@ msgstr "" "mÃ¥te Ã¥ sinne. min vrede kom raskt, men det gjorde ikke kurere depresjon. " "Dette sinne var inälvor." +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +msgid "originalism" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -21500,9 +21630,9 @@ msgstr "" "lovforslaget utarbeidet. Utkastet løste noen problemer med internasjonal " "lov. Det pÃ¥la de enklest mulige forutsetninger pÃ¥ innehaverne av " "opphavsretter. I mai 2003 sÃ¥ det ut som om loven skulle være introdusert. " -"16. mai, postet jeg pÃ¥ Eldred Act-bloggen, <quote>vi er nære</quote>. Det oppstod en " -"generell reaksjon i blogg-samfunnet om at noe godt kunne skje her. " -"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"16. mai, postet jeg pÃ¥ Eldred Act-bloggen, <quote>vi er nære</quote>. Det " +"oppstod en generell reaksjon i blogg-samfunnet om at noe godt kunne skje " +"her. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy @@ -21907,9 +22037,9 @@ msgstr "" "tillot import av patenterte medisiner som hadde blitt produsert og solgt i " "en annen nasjons marked med godkjenning fra patenteieren. For eksempel, " "hvis medisinen var solgt i India, sÃ¥ kunne den bli importert inn til Afrika " -"fra India. Dette kalles <quote>parallellimport</quote> og er generelt tillatt i " -"internasjonal handelslovgivning, og spesifikt tillatt i den europeiske union." -"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"fra India. Dette kalles <quote>parallellimport</quote> og er generelt " +"tillatt i internasjonal handelslovgivning, og spesifikt tillatt i den " +"europeiske union.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> @@ -21961,20 +22091,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Men USA var imot lovendringen. Og de nøyde seg ikke med Ã¥ være imot. Som " "International Intellectual Property Association karakteriserte det, " -"<quote>Myndighetene i USA presset Sør-Afrika … til Ã¥ ikke tillate tvungen " -"lisensiering eller parallellimport</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/" -"> Gjennom kontoret til USAs handelsrepresentant (USTR), ba myndighetene Sør-" -"Afrika om Ã¥ endre loven—og for Ã¥ legge press bak den forespørselen, " -"listet USTR i 1998 opp Sør-Afrika som et land som burde vurderes for " -"handelsrestriksjoner. Samme Ã¥r gikk mer enn førti farmasiselskaper til " -"retten for Ã¥ utfordre myndighetenes handlinger. USA fikk selskap av andre " -"myndigheter fra EU. Deres pÃ¥stand, og pÃ¥standen til farmasiselskapene, var " -"at Sør-Afrika brøt sine internasjonale forpliktelser ved Ã¥ diskriminere mot " -"en bestemt type patenter—farmasøytiske patenter. Kravet fra disse " -"myndighetene, med USA i spissen, var at Sør-Afrika skulle respektere disse " -"patentene pÃ¥ samme mÃ¥te som alle andre patenter, uavhengig av eventuell " -"effekt pÃ¥ behandlingen av AIDS i Sør-Afrika.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " -"id=\"1\"/>" +"<quote>Myndighetene i USA presset Sør-Afrika … til Ã¥ ikke tillate " +"tvungen lisensiering eller parallellimport</quote><placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Gjennom kontoret til USAs handelsrepresentant " +"(USTR), ba myndighetene Sør-Afrika om Ã¥ endre loven—og for Ã¥ legge " +"press bak den forespørselen, listet USTR i 1998 opp Sør-Afrika som et land " +"som burde vurderes for handelsrestriksjoner. Samme Ã¥r gikk mer enn førti " +"farmasiselskaper til retten for Ã¥ utfordre myndighetenes handlinger. USA " +"fikk selskap av andre myndigheter fra EU. Deres pÃ¥stand, og pÃ¥standen til " +"farmasiselskapene, var at Sør-Afrika brøt sine internasjonale forpliktelser " +"ved Ã¥ diskriminere mot en bestemt type patenter—farmasøytiske " +"patenter. Kravet fra disse myndighetene, med USA i spissen, var at Sør-" +"Afrika skulle respektere disse patentene pÃ¥ samme mÃ¥te som alle andre " +"patenter, uavhengig av eventuell effekt pÃ¥ behandlingen av AIDS i Sør-Afrika." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" @@ -22060,10 +22190,10 @@ msgstr "" "I stedet var argumentet til fordel for restriksjoner pÃ¥ denne flyten av " "informasjon, som var nødvendig for Ã¥ redde millioner av liv, et argument om " "eiendoms ukrenkelighet.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Det var pÃ¥ " -"grunn av at <quote>intellektuell eiendom</quote> ville bli krenket at disse medisinene " -"ikke skulle flomme inn til Afrika. Det var prinsippet om viktigheten av " -"<quote>intellektuell eiendom</quote> som fikk disse myndighetsaktørene til Ã¥ " -"intervenere mot Sør-Afrikas mottiltak mot AIDS." +"grunn av at <quote>intellektuell eiendom</quote> ville bli krenket at disse " +"medisinene ikke skulle flomme inn til Afrika. Det var prinsippet om " +"viktigheten av <quote>intellektuell eiendom</quote> som fikk disse " +"myndighetsaktørene til Ã¥ intervenere mot Sør-Afrikas mottiltak mot AIDS." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" @@ -22080,10 +22210,10 @@ msgstr "" "barn se tilbake pÃ¥ oss og spørre, hvordan kunne vi la dette skje? Hvordan " "kunne vi tillate Ã¥ gjennomføre en politikk hvis direkte kostnad var fÃ¥ 15 " "til 30 millioner afrikanere til Ã¥ dø raskere, og hvis eneste virkelige " -"fordel var Ã¥ opprettholde <quote>ukrenkeligheten</quote> til en idé? Hva slags " -"berettigelse kan noen sinne eksistere for en politikk som resulterer i sÃ¥ " -"mange døde? Hva slags galskap er det egentlig som tillater at sÃ¥ mange dør " -"for slik en abstraksjon?" +"fordel var Ã¥ opprettholde <quote>ukrenkeligheten</quote> til en idé? Hva " +"slags berettigelse kan noen sinne eksistere for en politikk som resulterer i " +"sÃ¥ mange døde? Hva slags galskap er det egentlig som tillater at sÃ¥ mange " +"dør for slik en abstraksjon?" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" @@ -22135,16 +22265,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Et annet problem kan derimot ikke løses. Det er frykten for at en politiker " "som skal vise seg og kaller inn lederne hos medisinprodusentene til høring i " -"senatet eller representantenes hus og spør, <quote>hvordan har det seg at du kan " -"selge HIV-medisinen i Afrika for bare $1 pr. pille, mens samme pille koster " -"en amerikansker $1 500?</quote> Da det ikke finnes et <quote>kjapt svar</quote> pÃ¥ det " -"spørsmÃ¥let, ville effekten bli regulering av priser i Amerika. " -"Medisinprodusentene unngÃ¥r dermed denne spiralen ved Ã¥ sikre at det første " -"steget ikke tas. De forsterker idéen om at eierrettigheter skal være " -"ukrenkelige. De legger seg pÃ¥ en rasjonell strategi i en irrasjonell " -"omgivelse, med den utilsiktede konsekvens at kanskje millioner dør. Og den " -"rasjonelle strategien rammes dermed inn ved hjel av dette ideal—" -"helligheten til en idé som kalles <quote>immaterielle rettigheter</quote>." +"senatet eller representantenes hus og spør, <quote>hvordan har det seg at du " +"kan selge HIV-medisinen i Afrika for bare $1 pr. pille, mens samme pille " +"koster en amerikansker $1 500?</quote> Da det ikke finnes et " +"<quote>kjapt svar</quote> pÃ¥ det spørsmÃ¥let, ville effekten bli regulering " +"av priser i Amerika. Medisinprodusentene unngÃ¥r dermed denne spiralen ved Ã¥ " +"sikre at det første steget ikke tas. De forsterker idéen om at " +"eierrettigheter skal være ukrenkelige. De legger seg pÃ¥ en rasjonell " +"strategi i en irrasjonell omgivelse, med den utilsiktede konsekvens at " +"kanskje millioner dør. Og den rasjonelle strategien rammes dermed inn ved " +"hjel av dette ideal—helligheten til en idé som kalles " +"<quote>immaterielle rettigheter</quote>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" @@ -22237,14 +22368,14 @@ msgstr "" "ikke hva det er Ã¥ gjøre opprør mot. Ekstremismen som nÃ¥ dominerer denne " "debatten resonerer med idéer som virker naturlige, og resonansen er " "forsterket av vÃ¥re moderne RCA-ene. De fører en frenetisk krig for Ã¥ " -"bekjempe <quote>piratvirksomhet</quote> og knuser kreativitetskultur. De forsvarer " -"idéen om <quote>kreativt eierskap</quote>, mens de endrer ekte skapere til moderne " -"leilendinger. De blir fornærmet av idéen om at rettigheter skulle være " -"balanserte, selv om hver av hovedaktørene i denne innholdskrigen selv hadde " -"fordeler av et mer balansert ideal. Hykleriet rÃ¥r. Men i en by som " -"Washington blir ikke hykleriet en gang lagt merke til. Mektige lobbyister, " -"kompliserte problemer og MTV-oppmerksomhetsspenn gir en <quote>perfekt storm</quote> " -"for fri kultur." +"bekjempe <quote>piratvirksomhet</quote> og knuser kreativitetskultur. De " +"forsvarer idéen om <quote>kreativt eierskap</quote>, mens de endrer ekte " +"skapere til moderne leilendinger. De blir fornærmet av idéen om at " +"rettigheter skulle være balanserte, selv om hver av hovedaktørene i denne " +"innholdskrigen selv hadde fordeler av et mer balansert ideal. Hykleriet " +"rÃ¥r. Men i en by som Washington blir ikke hykleriet en gang lagt merke " +"til. Mektige lobbyister, kompliserte problemer og MTV-oppmerksomhetsspenn " +"gir en <quote>perfekt storm</quote> for fri kultur." #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> @@ -22260,15 +22391,16 @@ msgid "" "2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #61</" "ulink>." msgstr "" -"Jonathan Krim, <quote>The Quiet War over Open-Source</quote>, <citetitle>Washington " -"Post</citetitle>, august 2003, E1, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-" -"culture.cc/notes/\">link #59</ulink>; William New, <quote>Global Group's Shift on " -"`Open Source' Meeting Spurs Stir</quote>, <citetitle>National Journal's Technology " -"Daily</citetitle>, 19. august 2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://" -"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #60</ulink>; William New, <quote>U.S. Official " -"Opposes `Open Source' Talks at WIPO</quote>, <citetitle>National Journal's " -"Technology Daily</citetitle>, 19. august 2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=" -"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #61</ulink>." +"Jonathan Krim, <quote>The Quiet War over Open-Source</quote>, " +"<citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, august 2003, E1, tilgjengelig fra " +"<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #59</ulink>; William New, " +"<quote>Global Group's Shift on `Open Source' Meeting Spurs Stir</quote>, " +"<citetitle>National Journal's Technology Daily</citetitle>, 19. august 2003, " +"tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #60</" +"ulink>; William New, <quote>U.S. Official Opposes `Open Source' Talks at " +"WIPO</quote>, <citetitle>National Journal's Technology Daily</citetitle>, " +"19. august 2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" +"\">link #61</ulink>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> msgid "academic journals" @@ -22309,23 +22441,24 @@ msgstr "" "I august 2003 brøt en kamp ut i USA om en avgjørelse fra World Intellectual " "Property Organiation om Ã¥ avlyse et møte.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" "\"0\"/> PÃ¥ forespørsel fra en lang rekke med interressenter hadde WIPO " -"bestemt Ã¥ avholde et møte for Ã¥ diskutere <quote>Ã¥pne og samarbeidende prosjekter " -"for Ã¥ skape goder for felleskapet</quote>. Disse prosjektene som hadde lyktes i Ã¥ " -"produsere goder for fellesskapet uten Ã¥ basere seg eksklusivt pÃ¥ bruken av " -"proprietære immaterielle rettigheter. Eksempler inkluderer internettet og " -"verdensveven, begge som ble utviklet pÃ¥ grunnlag av protokoller i " -"allemannseie. Det hadde med en begynnende trend for Ã¥ støtte Ã¥pne " -"akademiske tidsskrifter, og inkluderte Public Library of Science-prosjektet " -"som jeg beskriver i etterordet. Det inkluderte et prosjekt for a utvikle " -"enkeltnukleotidforskjeller (SNPs), som er antatt Ã¥ fÃ¥ stor betydning i " -"biomedisinsk forskning. (Dette ideelle prosjektet besto av et konsortium av " -"Wellcome Trust og farmasøytiske og teknologiske selskaper, inkludert " +"bestemt Ã¥ avholde et møte for Ã¥ diskutere <quote>Ã¥pne og samarbeidende " +"prosjekter for Ã¥ skape goder for felleskapet</quote>. Disse prosjektene som " +"hadde lyktes i Ã¥ produsere goder for fellesskapet uten Ã¥ basere seg " +"eksklusivt pÃ¥ bruken av proprietære immaterielle rettigheter. Eksempler " +"inkluderer internettet og verdensveven, begge som ble utviklet pÃ¥ grunnlag " +"av protokoller i allemannseie. Det hadde med en begynnende trend for Ã¥ " +"støtte Ã¥pne akademiske tidsskrifter, og inkluderte Public Library of Science-" +"prosjektet som jeg beskriver i etterordet. Det inkluderte et prosjekt for a " +"utvikle enkeltnukleotidforskjeller (SNPs), som er antatt Ã¥ fÃ¥ stor betydning " +"i biomedisinsk forskning. (Dette ideelle prosjektet besto av et konsortium " +"av Wellcome Trust og farmasøytiske og teknologiske selskaper, inkludert " "Amersham Biosciences, AstraZeneca, Aventis, Bayer, Bristol-Myers Squibb, " "Hoffmann-La Roche, Glaxo-SmithKline, IBM, Motorola, Novartis, Pfizer, og " "Searle.) Det inkluderte Globalt posisjonssystem (GPS) som Ronald Reagen " -"frigjorde tidlig pÃ¥ 1980-tallet. Og det inkluderte <quote>Ã¥pen kildekode og fri " -"programvare</quote>. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=" -"\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/>" +"frigjorde tidlig pÃ¥ 1980-tallet. Og det inkluderte <quote>Ã¥pen kildekode og " +"fri programvare</quote>. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"3\"/>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" @@ -22399,13 +22532,13 @@ msgstr "" "forberedt var temaet om immaterielle verdier en forholdvis liten del av det " "hele. Men etter denne forbløffende uttalelsen, gjorde jeg immaterielle " "verdier til hovedfokus for mitt innlegg. Det var ikke mulig Ã¥ snakke om et " -"<quote>informasjonssamfunn</quote> uten at en ogsÃ¥ snakket om andelen av informasjon og " -"kultur som ikke er vernet av opphavsretten. Mitt innlegg gjorde ikke min " -"overivrige moderator veldig glad. Og hun hadde uten tvil rett i at omfanget " -"til vern av immaterielle rettigheter normalt hørte inn under WIPO. Men " -"etter mitt syn, kunne det ikke bli for mye diskusjon om hvor mye " -"immaterielle rettigheter som trengs, siden etter mitt syn, hadde selve idéen " -"om en balanse rundt immaterielle rettigheter hadde gÃ¥tt tapt." +"<quote>informasjonssamfunn</quote> uten at en ogsÃ¥ snakket om andelen av " +"informasjon og kultur som ikke er vernet av opphavsretten. Mitt innlegg " +"gjorde ikke min overivrige moderator veldig glad. Og hun hadde uten tvil " +"rett i at omfanget til vern av immaterielle rettigheter normalt hørte inn " +"under WIPO. Men etter mitt syn, kunne det ikke bli for mye diskusjon om " +"hvor mye immaterielle rettigheter som trengs, siden etter mitt syn, hadde " +"selve idéen om en balanse rundt immaterielle rettigheter hadde gÃ¥tt tapt." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" @@ -22416,8 +22549,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "SÃ¥ uansett om WSIS kan diskutere balanse i intellektuell eiendom eller ikke, " "sÃ¥ hadde jeg trodd det var tatt for gitt at WIPO kunne og burde. Og dermed " -"møtet om <quote>Ã¥pne og samarbeidende prosjekter for Ã¥ skape fellesgoder</quote> virker " -"Ã¥ passe perfekt for WIPOs agenda." +"møtet om <quote>Ã¥pne og samarbeidende prosjekter for Ã¥ skape fellesgoder</" +"quote> virker Ã¥ passe perfekt for WIPOs agenda." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" @@ -22432,14 +22565,15 @@ msgid "" "for their own internal uses." msgstr "" "Men det er ett prosjekt i listen som er svært kontroversielt, i hvert fall " -"blant lobbyister. Dette prosjektet er <quote>Ã¥pen kildekode og fri programvare</quote>. " -"Microsoft spesielt er skeptisk til diskusjon om emnet. Fra deres perspektiv, " -"ville en konferanse for Ã¥ diskutere Ã¥pen kildekode og fri programvare være " -"som en konferanse for Ã¥ diskutere Apples operativsystem. BÃ¥de Ã¥pen " -"kildekode og fri programvare konkurrerer med Microsofts programvare. Og " -"internasjonalt har mange myndigheter begynt Ã¥ utforske krav om at de skal " -"bruke Ã¥pen kildekode eller fri programvare, i stedet for <quote>proprietær " -"programvare</quote>, til sine egne interne behov." +"blant lobbyister. Dette prosjektet er <quote>Ã¥pen kildekode og fri " +"programvare</quote>. Microsoft spesielt er skeptisk til diskusjon om emnet. " +"Fra deres perspektiv, ville en konferanse for Ã¥ diskutere Ã¥pen kildekode og " +"fri programvare være som en konferanse for Ã¥ diskutere Apples " +"operativsystem. BÃ¥de Ã¥pen kildekode og fri programvare konkurrerer med " +"Microsofts programvare. Og internasjonalt har mange myndigheter begynt Ã¥ " +"utforske krav om at de skal bruke Ã¥pen kildekode eller fri programvare, i " +"stedet for <quote>proprietær programvare</quote>, til sine egne interne " +"behov." #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> @@ -22463,18 +22597,19 @@ msgstr "" "Microsofts posisjon om Ã¥pen kildekode og fri programvare er mer " "sofistikert. De har flere ganger forklart at de har ikke noe problem med " "programvare som er <quote>Ã¥pen kildekode</quote> eller programvare som er " -"allemannseie. Microsofts prinsipielle motstand er mot <quote>fri programvare</quote> " -"lisensiert med en <quote>copyleft</quote>-lisens, som betyr at lisensen krever at de " -"som lisensierer skal adoptere same vilkÃ¥r for ethvert avledet verk. Se " -"Bradford L. Smith, <quote>The Future of Software: Enabling the Marketplace to " -"Decide</quote>, <citetitle>Government Policy Toward Open Source Software</" -"citetitle> (Washington, D.C.: AEI-Brookings Joint Center for Regulatory " -"Studies, American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 2002), " -"69, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #62</" -"ulink>. Se ogsÃ¥ Craig Mundie, Microsoft senior vice president, " -"<citetitle>The Commercial Software Model</citetitle>, diskusjon ved New York " -"University Stern School of Business (3. mai 2001), tilgjengelig fra <ulink " -"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #63</ulink>." +"allemannseie. Microsofts prinsipielle motstand er mot <quote>fri " +"programvare</quote> lisensiert med en <quote>copyleft</quote>-lisens, som " +"betyr at lisensen krever at de som lisensierer skal adoptere same vilkÃ¥r for " +"ethvert avledet verk. Se Bradford L. Smith, <quote>The Future of Software: " +"Enabling the Marketplace to Decide</quote>, <citetitle>Government Policy " +"Toward Open Source Software</citetitle> (Washington, D.C.: AEI-Brookings " +"Joint Center for Regulatory Studies, American Enterprise Institute for " +"Public Policy Research, 2002), 69, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-" +"culture.cc/notes/\">link #62</ulink>. Se ogsÃ¥ Craig Mundie, Microsoft senior " +"vice president, <citetitle>The Commercial Software Model</citetitle>, " +"diskusjon ved New York University Stern School of Business (3. mai 2001), " +"tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #63</" +"ulink>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "<quote>copyleft</quote> licenses" @@ -22500,11 +22635,11 @@ msgstr "" "programvare. Det er mange viktige selskaper som er fundamentalt avhengig av " "fri programvare, der IBM er den mest fremtredende. IBM har i stadig større " "grad skiftet sitt fokus til GNU/Linux-operativsystemet, det mest berømte " -"biten av <quote>fri programvare</quote>—og IBM er helt klart en kommersiell " -"aktør. Dermed er det Ã¥ støtte <quote>fri programvare</quote> ikke Ã¥ motsette seg " -"kommersielle aktører. Det er i stedet Ã¥ støtte en mÃ¥te Ã¥ drive " -"programvareutvikling som er forskjellig fra Microsofts.<placeholder type=" -"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> " +"biten av <quote>fri programvare</quote>—og IBM er helt klart en " +"kommersiell aktør. Dermed er det Ã¥ støtte <quote>fri programvare</quote> " +"ikke Ã¥ motsette seg kommersielle aktører. Det er i stedet Ã¥ støtte en mÃ¥te " +"Ã¥ drive programvareutvikling som er forskjellig fra Microsofts.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> " "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " "id=\"3\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"4\"/>" @@ -22526,19 +22661,20 @@ msgid "" "on its adopters. It thus depends upon copyright law just as Microsoft does." msgstr "" "Mer viktig for vÃ¥re formÃ¥l, er at Ã¥ støtte <quote>Ã¥pen kildekode og fri " -"programvare</quote> ikke er Ã¥ motsette seg opphavsrett. <quote>Åpen kildekode og fri " -"programvare</quote> er ikke programvare uten opphavsrettslig vern. Istedet, pÃ¥ " -"samme mÃ¥te som programvare fra Microsoft, insisterer opphavsrettsinnehaverne " -"av fri programvare ganske sterkt at vilkÃ¥rene i deres programvarelisens blir " -"respektert av de som tar i bruk fri programvare. VilkÃ¥rene i den lisensen " -"er uten tvil forskjellig fra vilkÃ¥rene i en proprietær programvarelisens. " -"For eksempel krever fri programvare lisensiert med den generelle offentlige " -"lisensen (GPL), at kildekoden for programvare gjøres tilgjengelig for alle " -"som endrer og videredistribuerer programvaren. Men dette kravet er kun " -"effektivt hvis opphavsrett rÃ¥der over programvare. Hvis opphavsretten ikke " -"rÃ¥der over programvare, sÃ¥ kunne ikke fri programvare pÃ¥legge slike krav pÃ¥ " -"de som tar i bruk programvaren. Den er dermed like avhengig av " -"opphavsrettsloven som Microsoft." +"programvare</quote> ikke er Ã¥ motsette seg opphavsrett. <quote>Åpen " +"kildekode og fri programvare</quote> er ikke programvare uten " +"opphavsrettslig vern. Istedet, pÃ¥ samme mÃ¥te som programvare fra Microsoft, " +"insisterer opphavsrettsinnehaverne av fri programvare ganske sterkt at " +"vilkÃ¥rene i deres programvarelisens blir respektert av de som tar i bruk fri " +"programvare. VilkÃ¥rene i den lisensen er uten tvil forskjellig fra " +"vilkÃ¥rene i en proprietær programvarelisens. For eksempel krever fri " +"programvare lisensiert med den generelle offentlige lisensen (GPL), at " +"kildekoden for programvare gjøres tilgjengelig for alle som endrer og " +"videredistribuerer programvaren. Men dette kravet er kun effektivt hvis " +"opphavsrett rÃ¥der over programvare. Hvis opphavsretten ikke rÃ¥der over " +"programvare, sÃ¥ kunne ikke fri programvare pÃ¥legge slike krav pÃ¥ de som tar " +"i bruk programvaren. Den er dermed like avhengig av opphavsrettsloven som " +"Microsoft." #. f9. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> @@ -22546,8 +22682,8 @@ msgid "" "Krim, <quote>The Quiet War over Open-Source,</quote> available at <ulink url=" "\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #64</ulink>." msgstr "" -"Krim, <quote>The Quiet War over Open-Source</quote>, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=" -"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #64</ulink>." +"Krim, <quote>The Quiet War over Open-Source</quote>, tilgjengelig fra <ulink " +"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #64</ulink>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> msgid "Krim, Jonathan" @@ -22600,10 +22736,11 @@ msgstr "" "Det som var overraskende var USAs regjerings begrunnelse for Ã¥ være imot " "møtet. Igjen, sitert av Krim, forklarte Lois Boland, direktør for " "internasjonale forbindelser ved USAs patent og varemerkekontor, at " -"<quote>programvare med Ã¥pen kildekode gÃ¥r imot til formÃ¥let til WIPO, som er Ã¥ " -"fremme immaterielle rettigheter.</quote>. Hun skal i følge sitatet ha sagt, <quote>Å " -"holde et møte som har som formÃ¥l Ã¥ fraskrive seg eller frafalle slike " -"rettigheter synes for oss Ã¥ være i strid med formÃ¥lene til WIPO.</quote>" +"<quote>programvare med Ã¥pen kildekode gÃ¥r imot til formÃ¥let til WIPO, som er " +"Ã¥ fremme immaterielle rettigheter.</quote>. Hun skal i følge sitatet ha " +"sagt, <quote>Å holde et møte som har som formÃ¥l Ã¥ fraskrive seg eller " +"frafalle slike rettigheter synes for oss Ã¥ være i strid med formÃ¥lene til " +"WIPO.</quote>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "These statements are astonishing on a number of levels." @@ -22622,12 +22759,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "For det første er de ganske enkelt ikke riktige. Som jeg beskrev, er det " "meste av Ã¥pen kildekode og fri programvare fundamentalt avhengig av den " -"immaterielle retten kalt <quote>opphavsrett</quote>. Uten den vil begrensningene " -"definert av disse lisensene ikke fungere. Dermed er det Ã¥ si at de <quote>gÃ¥r imot" -"</quote> formÃ¥let om Ã¥ fremme immaterielle rettigheter Ã¥ avsløre en ekstraordinær " -"mangel pÃ¥ forstÃ¥else—den type feil som er tilgivelig hos en førsteÃ¥rs " -"jusstudent, men pinlig fra en høyt plassert statstjenestemann som hÃ¥ndterer " -"utfordringer rundt immaterielle rettigheter." +"immaterielle retten kalt <quote>opphavsrett</quote>. Uten den vil " +"begrensningene definert av disse lisensene ikke fungere. Dermed er det Ã¥ si " +"at de <quote>gÃ¥r imot</quote> formÃ¥let om Ã¥ fremme immaterielle rettigheter " +"Ã¥ avsløre en ekstraordinær mangel pÃ¥ forstÃ¥else—den type feil som er " +"tilgivelig hos en førsteÃ¥rs jusstudent, men pinlig fra en høyt plassert " +"statstjenestemann som hÃ¥ndterer utfordringer rundt immaterielle rettigheter." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" @@ -22644,16 +22781,16 @@ msgid "" "been patented?" msgstr "" "For det andre, hvem har noen gang hevdet at WIPOs eksklusive mÃ¥l var Ã¥ " -"<quote>fremme</quote> immaterielle rettigheter maksimalt? Som jeg fikk kjeft om pÃ¥ den " -"forberedende konferansen til WSIS, skal WIPO vurdere ikke bare hvordan best " -"beskytte immaterielle rettigheter, men ogsÃ¥ hva som er den beste balansen " -"rundt immaterielle rettigheter. Som enhver økonom og advokat vet, er det " -"vanskelige spørsmÃ¥let i immaterielle rettighetsjuss Ã¥ finne den balansen. " -"Men at det skulle være en grense, trodde jeg, var ubestridt. Man ønsker Ã¥ " -"spørre Ms. Boland om generelle medisiner (medisiner basert pÃ¥ medisiner med " -"patenter som er utløpt) i strid med WIPOs oppdrag? Svekker allemannseie " -"immaterielle rettigheter? Ville det vært bedre om internettets protokoller " -"hadde vært patentert?" +"<quote>fremme</quote> immaterielle rettigheter maksimalt? Som jeg fikk " +"kjeft om pÃ¥ den forberedende konferansen til WSIS, skal WIPO vurdere ikke " +"bare hvordan best beskytte immaterielle rettigheter, men ogsÃ¥ hva som er den " +"beste balansen rundt immaterielle rettigheter. Som enhver økonom og advokat " +"vet, er det vanskelige spørsmÃ¥let i immaterielle rettighetsjuss Ã¥ finne den " +"balansen. Men at det skulle være en grense, trodde jeg, var ubestridt. Man " +"ønsker Ã¥ spørre Ms. Boland om generelle medisiner (medisiner basert pÃ¥ " +"medisiner med patenter som er utløpt) i strid med WIPOs oppdrag? Svekker " +"allemannseie immaterielle rettigheter? Ville det vært bedre om internettets " +"protokoller hadde vært patentert?" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" @@ -22673,13 +22810,13 @@ msgstr "" "immaterielle rettigheter, sÃ¥ innehas immaterielle rettigheter, i vÃ¥r " "tradisjon, av individer og selskaper. De fÃ¥r bestemme hva som skal gjøres " "med disse rettighetene, igjen fordi det er <emphasis>de</emphasis> som eier " -"rettighetene. Hvis de ønsker Ã¥ <quote>frafalle</quote> eller <quote>frasi</quote> seg sine " -"rettigheter, sÃ¥ er det helt etter boka i vÃ¥r tradisjon. NÃ¥r Bill Gates gir " -"bort mer enn $20 milliarder til gode formÃ¥l, sÃ¥ er ikke det uforenelig med " -"mÃ¥lene til eiendomssystemet. Det er heller tvert i mot, akkurat hva " -"eiendomssysstemet er ment Ã¥ oppnÃ¥, at individer har retten til Ã¥ bestemme " -"hva de vil gjøre med <emphasis>sin</emphasis> eiendom. <placeholder type=" -"\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"rettighetene. Hvis de ønsker Ã¥ <quote>frafalle</quote> eller <quote>frasi</" +"quote> seg sine rettigheter, sÃ¥ er det helt etter boka i vÃ¥r tradisjon. NÃ¥r " +"Bill Gates gir bort mer enn $20 milliarder til gode formÃ¥l, sÃ¥ er ikke det " +"uforenelig med mÃ¥lene til eiendomssystemet. Det er heller tvert i mot, " +"akkurat hva eiendomssysstemet er ment Ã¥ oppnÃ¥, at individer har retten til Ã¥ " +"bestemme hva de vil gjøre med <emphasis>sin</emphasis> eiendom. " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" #. PAGE BREAK 274 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> @@ -22694,13 +22831,14 @@ msgid "" "they also should be exercised in the most extreme and restrictive way " "possible." msgstr "" -"NÃ¥r Ms. Boland sier at det er noe galt med et møte <quote>som har som sitt formÃ¥l " -"Ã¥ fraskrive eller frafalle slike rettigheter</quote>, sÃ¥ sier hun at WIPO har en " -"interesse i Ã¥ pÃ¥virke valgene til enkeltpersoner som eier immaterielle " -"rettigheter. At pÃ¥ en eller annen WIPOs oppdrag bør være Ã¥ stoppe individer " -"fra Ã¥ <quote>fraskrive</quote> eller <quote>frafalle</quote> seg sine immaterielle rettigheter. " -"At interessen til WIPO ikke bare er maksimale immaterielle rettigheter, men " -"ogsÃ¥ at de skal utøves pÃ¥ den mest ekstreme og restriktive mulig mÃ¥ten." +"NÃ¥r Ms. Boland sier at det er noe galt med et møte <quote>som har som sitt " +"formÃ¥l Ã¥ fraskrive eller frafalle slike rettigheter</quote>, sÃ¥ sier hun at " +"WIPO har en interesse i Ã¥ pÃ¥virke valgene til enkeltpersoner som eier " +"immaterielle rettigheter. At pÃ¥ en eller annen WIPOs oppdrag bør være Ã¥ " +"stoppe individer fra Ã¥ <quote>fraskrive</quote> eller <quote>frafalle</" +"quote> seg sine immaterielle rettigheter. At interessen til WIPO ikke bare " +"er maksimale immaterielle rettigheter, men ogsÃ¥ at de skal utøves pÃ¥ den " +"mest ekstreme og restriktive mulig mÃ¥ten." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" @@ -22715,11 +22853,11 @@ msgid "" "freedom that might interfere with that control." msgstr "" "Det er en historie om akkurat et slikt eierskapssystem som er velkjent i den " -"anglo-amerikansk tradisjon. Det kalles <quote>føydalisme</quote>. Under føydalismen " -"var eiendommer ikke bare kontrollert av et relativt lite antall individer og " -"aktører. Men det føydale systemet hadde en sterk interesse i Ã¥ sikre at " -"landeier i systemet ikke svekke føydalismen ved Ã¥ frigjøre folkene og " -"eiendomene som de kontrollerte til det frie markedet. Føydalismen var " +"anglo-amerikansk tradisjon. Det kalles <quote>føydalisme</quote>. Under " +"føydalismen var eiendommer ikke bare kontrollert av et relativt lite antall " +"individer og aktører. Men det føydale systemet hadde en sterk interesse i Ã¥ " +"sikre at landeier i systemet ikke svekke føydalismen ved Ã¥ frigjøre folkene " +"og eiendomene som de kontrollerte til det frie markedet. Føydalismen var " "avhengig av maksimal kontroll og konsentrasjon. Det sloss mot enhver frihet " "som kunne forstyrre denne kontrollen." @@ -22772,10 +22910,11 @@ msgstr "" "George, du misforstÃ¥r Lessig: Han snakker bare om verden slik den burde være " "(<quote>mÃ¥let til WIPO, og mÃ¥let til enhver regjering, bør være Ã¥ fremme den " "riktige balansen for immaterielle rettigheter, ikke bare Ã¥ fremme " -"immaterielle rettigheter</quote>), ikke som den er. Hvis vi snakket om verden " -"slik den er, sÃ¥ har naturligvis Boland ikke sagt noe galt. Men i verden " -"slik Lessig vil at den skal være, er det Ã¥penbart at hun har sagt noe galt. " -"En mÃ¥ alltid være oppmerksom pÃ¥ forskjellen mellom Lessigs og vÃ¥r verden." +"immaterielle rettigheter</quote>), ikke som den er. Hvis vi snakket om " +"verden slik den er, sÃ¥ har naturligvis Boland ikke sagt noe galt. Men i " +"verden slik Lessig vil at den skal være, er det Ã¥penbart at hun har sagt noe " +"galt. En mÃ¥ alltid være oppmerksom pÃ¥ forskjellen mellom Lessigs og vÃ¥r " +"verden." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" @@ -22808,10 +22947,11 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Det var derimot Ã¥penbart at den som postet meldingen ikke støttet idéen. I " "stedet latterliggjorde forfatteren selve idéen om at i den virkelig verden " -"skulle <quote>mÃ¥let</quote> til myndighetene være <quote>Ã¥ fremme den riktige balanse</quote> for " -"immaterielle rettigheter. Det var Ã¥penbart tÃ¥pelig for ham. Og det " -"avslørte Ã¥penbart, trodde han, min egen tÃ¥pelige utopisme. <quote>Typisk for en " -"akademiker</quote>, kunne forfatteren like gjerne ha fortsatt." +"skulle <quote>mÃ¥let</quote> til myndighetene være <quote>Ã¥ fremme den " +"riktige balanse</quote> for immaterielle rettigheter. Det var Ã¥penbart " +"tÃ¥pelig for ham. Og det avslørte Ã¥penbart, trodde han, min egen tÃ¥pelige " +"utopisme. <quote>Typisk for en akademiker</quote>, kunne forfatteren like " +"gjerne ha fortsatt." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" @@ -22837,13 +22977,13 @@ msgid "" "become?" msgstr "" "Men nÃ¥r det har blitt dumt Ã¥ anta at rollen til vÃ¥re myndigheter bør være Ã¥ " -"<quote>oppnÃ¥ balanse</quote>, da kan du regne meg blant de dumme, for det betyr at " -"dette faktisk har blitt ganske seriøst. Hvis det bør være Ã¥penbart for alle " -"at myndighetene ikke søker Ã¥ oppnÃ¥ balanse, at myndighetene ganske enkelt et " -"verktøy for de mektigste lobbyistene, at idéen om Ã¥ forvente bedre av " -"myndighetene er absurd, at idéen om Ã¥ kreve at myndighetene snakker sant og " -"ikke lyver bare er naiv, hva har da vi, det mektigste demokratiet i verden, " -"blitt?" +"<quote>oppnÃ¥ balanse</quote>, da kan du regne meg blant de dumme, for det " +"betyr at dette faktisk har blitt ganske seriøst. Hvis det bør være Ã¥penbart " +"for alle at myndighetene ikke søker Ã¥ oppnÃ¥ balanse, at myndighetene ganske " +"enkelt et verktøy for de mektigste lobbyistene, at idéen om Ã¥ forvente bedre " +"av myndighetene er absurd, at idéen om Ã¥ kreve at myndighetene snakker sant " +"og ikke lyver bare er naiv, hva har da vi, det mektigste demokratiet i " +"verden, blitt?" #. PAGE BREAK 276 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> @@ -22945,8 +23085,8 @@ msgstr "" "Det er derfor betydningsfullt at sÃ¥ mange vil kjempe for Ã¥ kreve konkurranse " "og økt mangfold. Likevel, hvis kampanjen blir forstÃ¥tt til Ã¥ kun gjelde " "størrelse, sÃ¥ er ikke det veldig overraskende. Vi amerikanere har en lang " -"historie med Ã¥ slÃ¥ss mot <quote>stort</quote>, klokt eller ikke. At vi kan være " -"motivert til Ã¥ slÃ¥ss mot <quote>store</quote> igjen ikke noe nytt." +"historie med Ã¥ slÃ¥ss mot <quote>stort</quote>, klokt eller ikke. At vi kan " +"være motivert til Ã¥ slÃ¥ss mot <quote>store</quote> igjen ikke noe nytt." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" @@ -22959,10 +23099,10 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Det ville vært noe nytt, og noe veldig viktig, hvis like mange kan være med " "pÃ¥ en kampanje for Ã¥ bekjempe økende ekstremisme bygget inn i idéen om " -"<quote>intellektuell eiendom</quote>. Ikke fordi balanse er fremmed for vÃ¥r tradisjon. " -"Jeg argumenterer for at balanse er vÃ¥r tradisjon. Men fordi evnen til Ã¥ " -"tenke kritisk pÃ¥ omfanget av alt som kalles <quote>eiendom</quote> ikke er lenger er " -"godt trent i denne tradisjonen." +"<quote>intellektuell eiendom</quote>. Ikke fordi balanse er fremmed for vÃ¥r " +"tradisjon. Jeg argumenterer for at balanse er vÃ¥r tradisjon. Men fordi " +"evnen til Ã¥ tenke kritisk pÃ¥ omfanget av alt som kalles <quote>eiendom</" +"quote> ikke er lenger er godt trent i denne tradisjonen." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" @@ -22993,18 +23133,19 @@ msgid "" "citetitle>, 10 September 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture." "cc/notes/\">link #67</ulink>." msgstr "" -"John Borland, <quote>RIAA Sues 261 File Swappers</quote>, CNET News.com, september " -"2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " -"#65</ulink>; Paul R. La Monica, <quote>Music Industry Sues Swappers</quote>, CNN/Money, " -"8 september 2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" -"\">link #66</ulink>; Soni Sangha og Phyllis Furman sammen med Robert Gearty, " -"<quote>Sued for a Song, N.Y.C. 12-Yr-Old Among 261 Cited as Sharers</quote>, " -"<citetitle>New York Daily News</citetitle>, 9. september 2003, 3; Frank " -"Ahrens, <quote>RIAA's Lawsuits Meet Surprised Targets; Single Mother in Calif., " -"12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. Among Defendants</quote>, <citetitle>Washington Post</" -"citetitle>, 10. september 2003, E1; Katie Dean, <quote>Schoolgirl Settles with " -"RIAA</quote>, <citetitle>Wired News</citetitle>, 10. september 2003, tilgjengelig " -"fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #67</ulink>." +"John Borland, <quote>RIAA Sues 261 File Swappers</quote>, CNET News.com, " +"september 2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" +"\">link #65</ulink>; Paul R. La Monica, <quote>Music Industry Sues Swappers</" +"quote>, CNN/Money, 8 september 2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://" +"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #66</ulink>; Soni Sangha og Phyllis Furman " +"sammen med Robert Gearty, <quote>Sued for a Song, N.Y.C. 12-Yr-Old Among 261 " +"Cited as Sharers</quote>, <citetitle>New York Daily News</citetitle>, 9. " +"september 2003, 3; Frank Ahrens, <quote>RIAA's Lawsuits Meet Surprised " +"Targets; Single Mother in Calif., 12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. Among Defendants</" +"quote>, <citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, 10. september 2003, E1; " +"Katie Dean, <quote>Schoolgirl Settles with RIAA</quote>, <citetitle>Wired " +"News</citetitle>, 10. september 2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://" +"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #67</ulink>." #. f12. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> @@ -23013,9 +23154,9 @@ msgid "" "quote> mtv.com, 17 September 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-" "culture.cc/notes/\">link #68</ulink>." msgstr "" -"Jon Wiederhorn, <quote>Eminem Gets Sued … by a Little Old Lady</quote>, mtv.com, " -"17. september 2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/" -"notes/\">link #68</ulink>." +"Jon Wiederhorn, <quote>Eminem Gets Sued … by a Little Old Lady</" +"quote>, mtv.com, 17. september 2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://" +"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #68</ulink>." #. f13. #. PAGE BREAK 334 @@ -23025,9 +23166,9 @@ msgid "" "Dylan Songs,</quote> Kansascity.com, 9 July 2003, available at <ulink url=" "\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #69</ulink>." msgstr "" -"Kenji Hall, Associated Press, <quote>Japanese Book May Be Inspiration for Dylan " -"Songs</quote>, Kansascity.com, 9. juli 2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://" -"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #69</ulink>." +"Kenji Hall, Associated Press, <quote>Japanese Book May Be Inspiration for " +"Dylan Songs</quote>, Kansascity.com, 9. juli 2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink " +"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #69</ulink>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" @@ -23048,19 +23189,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Mens jeg skriver disse avsluttende ordene, er nyhetene fylt med historier om " "at RIAA saksøker nesten tre hundre individer.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " -"id=\"0\"/> Eminem har nettopp blitt saksøkt for Ã¥ ha <quote>samplet</quote> noen " -"andres musikk.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Historien om " -"hvordan Bob Dylan har <quote>stjÃ¥let</quote> fra en japansk forfatter har nettopp gÃ¥tt " -"verden over.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> En pÃ¥ innsiden i " -"Hollywood—som insisterer pÃ¥ at han mÃ¥ forbli anonym—rapporterer " -"<quote>en utrolig samtale med disse studiofolkene. De har fantastisk [gammelt] " -"innhold som de ville elske Ã¥ bruke, men det kan de ikke pÃ¥ grunn av at de " -"først mÃ¥ klarere rettighetene. De har hauger med ungdommer som kunne gjøre " -"fantastiske ting med innholdet, men det vil først kreve hauger med advokater " -"for Ã¥ klarere det først</quote>. Kongressrepresentanter snakker om Ã¥ gi datavirus " -"politimyndighet for Ã¥ ta ned datamaskiner som antas Ã¥ bryte loven. " -"Universiteter truer med Ã¥ utvise ungdommer som bruker en datamaskin for Ã¥ " -"dele innhold." +"id=\"0\"/> Eminem har nettopp blitt saksøkt for Ã¥ ha <quote>samplet</quote> " +"noen andres musikk.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Historien om " +"hvordan Bob Dylan har <quote>stjÃ¥let</quote> fra en japansk forfatter har " +"nettopp gÃ¥tt verden over.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> En pÃ¥ " +"innsiden i Hollywood—som insisterer pÃ¥ at han mÃ¥ forbli anonym—" +"rapporterer <quote>en utrolig samtale med disse studiofolkene. De har " +"fantastisk [gammelt] innhold som de ville elske Ã¥ bruke, men det kan de ikke " +"pÃ¥ grunn av at de først mÃ¥ klarere rettighetene. De har hauger med " +"ungdommer som kunne gjøre fantastiske ting med innholdet, men det vil først " +"kreve hauger med advokater for Ã¥ klarere det først</quote>. " +"Kongressrepresentanter snakker om Ã¥ gi datavirus politimyndighet for Ã¥ ta " +"ned datamaskiner som antas Ã¥ bryte loven. Universiteter truer med Ã¥ utvise " +"ungdommer som bruker en datamaskin for Ã¥ dele innhold." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> msgid "Creative Commons" @@ -23077,9 +23218,9 @@ msgid "" "release, 24 August 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/" "notes/\">link #70</ulink>." msgstr "" -"<quote>BBC Plans to Open Up Its Archive to the Public</quote>, pressemelding fra BBC, " -"24. august 2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" -"\">link #70</ulink>." +"<quote>BBC Plans to Open Up Its Archive to the Public</quote>, pressemelding " +"fra BBC, 24. august 2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture." +"cc/notes/\">link #70</ulink>." #. f15. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> @@ -23088,9 +23229,9 @@ msgid "" "August 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " "#71</ulink>." msgstr "" -"<quote>Creative Commons and Brazil</quote>, Creative Commons Weblog, 6. august 2003, " -"tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #71</" -"ulink>." +"<quote>Creative Commons and Brazil</quote>, Creative Commons Weblog, 6. " +"august 2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" +"\">link #71</ulink>." #. PAGE BREAK 278 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> @@ -23110,17 +23251,18 @@ msgid "" "of our day into the Causbys." msgstr "" "I mens pÃ¥ andre siden av Atlanteren har BBC nettopp annonsert at de vil " -"bygge opp et <quote>kreativt arkiv</quote> som britiske borgere kan laste ned BBC-" -"innhold fra, og rippe, mikse og brenne det ut.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " -"id=\"0\"/> Og i Brasil har kulturministeren, Gilberto Gil, i seg selv en " -"folkehelt i brasiliansk musikk, slÃ¥tt seg sammen med Creative Commons for Ã¥ " -"gi ut innhold og frie lisenser i dette latinamerikanske landet.<placeholder " -"type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Jeg har fortalt en mørk historie. Sannheten " -"er mer blandet. En teknologi har gitt oss mer frihet. Sakte begynner noen " -"Ã¥ forstÃ¥ at denne friheten trenger ikke Ã¥ bety anarki. Vi kan fÃ¥ med oss " -"fri kultur inn i det tjueførste Ã¥rhundre, uten at artister taper og uten at " -"potensialet for digital teknologi blir knust. Det vil kreve omtanke, og " -"viktigere, det vil kreve at noen omforme RCAene av i dag til Causbyere." +"bygge opp et <quote>kreativt arkiv</quote> som britiske borgere kan laste " +"ned BBC-innhold fra, og rippe, mikse og brenne det ut.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Og i Brasil har kulturministeren, Gilberto Gil, i " +"seg selv en folkehelt i brasiliansk musikk, slÃ¥tt seg sammen med Creative " +"Commons for Ã¥ gi ut innhold og frie lisenser i dette latinamerikanske landet." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Jeg har fortalt en mørk " +"historie. Sannheten er mer blandet. En teknologi har gitt oss mer frihet. " +"Sakte begynner noen Ã¥ forstÃ¥ at denne friheten trenger ikke Ã¥ bety anarki. " +"Vi kan fÃ¥ med oss fri kultur inn i det tjueførste Ã¥rhundre, uten at artister " +"taper og uten at potensialet for digital teknologi blir knust. Det vil " +"kreve omtanke, og viktigere, det vil kreve at noen omforme RCAene av i dag " +"til Causbyere." #. PAGE BREAK 279 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> @@ -23516,8 +23658,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Derfor, i 1984, startet Stallmann pÃ¥ et prosjekt for Ã¥ bygge et fritt " "operativsystem, slik i hvert fall en flik av fri programvare skulle " -"overleve. Dette var starten pÃ¥ GNU-prosjektet, som <quote>Linux</quote>-kjernen til " -"Linus Torvalds senere ble lagt til i for Ã¥ produsere GNU/Linux-" +"overleve. Dette var starten pÃ¥ GNU-prosjektet, som <quote>Linux</quote>-" +"kjernen til Linus Torvalds senere ble lagt til i for Ã¥ produsere GNU/Linux-" "operativsystemet. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder " "type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" @@ -24488,9 +24630,9 @@ msgid "" "(25 January 2003): 15, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/" "notes/\">link #74</ulink>." msgstr "" -"<quote>A Radical Rethink</quote>, <citetitle>Economist</citetitle>, 366:8308 (25. " -"januar 2003): 15, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" -"\">link #74</ulink>." +"<quote>A Radical Rethink</quote>, <citetitle>Economist</citetitle>, 366:8308 " +"(25. januar 2003): 15, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/" +"notes/\">link #74</ulink>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" @@ -24549,13 +24691,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "<emphasis>Gjør det enkelt:</emphasis> Skillelinjen mellom verker uten " "opphavsrettslig vern og innhold som er beskyttet mÃ¥ forbli klart. Advokater " -"liker uklarheten som <quote>rimelig bruk</quote> og forskjellen mellom <quote>idéer</quote> og " -"<quote>uttrykk</quote> har. Denne type lovverk gir dem en masse arbeid. Men de som " -"skrev grunnloven hadde en enklere idé: vernet versus ikke vernet. Verdien av " -"korte vernetider er at det er lite behov for Ã¥ bygge inn unntak i " -"opphavsretten nÃ¥r vernetiden holdes kort. En klar og aktiv <quote>advokat-fri " -"sone</quote> gjør komplesiteten av <quote>rimelig bruk</quote> og <quote>idé/uttrykk</quote> mindre " -"nødvendig Ã¥ hÃ¥ndtere." +"liker uklarheten som <quote>rimelig bruk</quote> og forskjellen mellom " +"<quote>idéer</quote> og <quote>uttrykk</quote> har. Denne type lovverk gir " +"dem en masse arbeid. Men de som skrev grunnloven hadde en enklere idé: " +"vernet versus ikke vernet. Verdien av korte vernetider er at det er lite " +"behov for Ã¥ bygge inn unntak i opphavsretten nÃ¥r vernetiden holdes kort. En " +"klar og aktiv <quote>advokat-fri sone</quote> gjør komplesiteten av " +"<quote>rimelig bruk</quote> og <quote>idé/uttrykk</quote> mindre nødvendig Ã¥ " +"hÃ¥ndtere." #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para> @@ -24633,10 +24776,11 @@ msgid "" "<quote>radical</quote> can it be to ask for a more generous copyright law " "than Richard Nixon presided over?" msgstr "" -"Uten tvil vil ekstremistene kalle disse idéene <quote>radikale</quote>. (Tross alt, sÃ¥ " -"kaller jeg dem <quote>ekstremister</quote>.) Men igjen, vernetiden jeg anbefalte var " -"lengre enn vernetiden under Richard Nixon. hvor <quote>radikalt</quote> kan det være Ã¥ " -"be om en mer sjenerøs opphavsrettighet enn da Richard Nixon var president?" +"Uten tvil vil ekstremistene kalle disse idéene <quote>radikale</quote>. " +"(Tross alt, sÃ¥ kaller jeg dem <quote>ekstremister</quote>.) Men igjen, " +"vernetiden jeg anbefalte var lengre enn vernetiden under Richard Nixon. hvor " +"<quote>radikalt</quote> kan det være Ã¥ be om en mer sjenerøs " +"opphavsrettighet enn da Richard Nixon var president?" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "3. Free Use Vs. Fair Use" @@ -25044,9 +25188,9 @@ msgid "" "Newsletter, 3 April 2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/" "notes/\">link #76</ulink>." msgstr "" -"For eksempel, se, <quote>Music Media Watch</quote>, The J@pan Inc. Newsletter, 3 April " -"2002, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " -"#76</ulink>." +"For eksempel, se, <quote>Music Media Watch</quote>, The J@pan Inc. " +"Newsletter, 3 April 2002, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture." +"cc/notes/\">link #76</ulink>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" @@ -25288,75 +25432,76 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> msgid "" -"William Fisher, <citetitle>Digital Music: Problems and Possibilities</" -"citetitle> (last revised: 10 October 2000), available at <ulink url=\"http://" -"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #77</ulink>; William Fisher, " -"<citetitle>Promises to Keep: Technology, Law, and the Future of " -"Entertainment</citetitle> (forthcoming) (Stanford: Stanford University " -"Press, 2004), ch. 6, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" -"\">link #78</ulink>. Professor Netanel has proposed a related idea that " -"would exempt noncommercial sharing from the reach of copyright and would " -"establish compensation to artists to balance any loss. See Neil Weinstock " -"Netanel, <quote>Impose a Noncommercial Use Levy to Allow Free P2P File " -"Sharing,</quote> available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" -"\">link #79</ulink>. For other proposals, see Lawrence Lessig, <quote>Who's " -"Holding Back Broadband?</quote> <citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, 8 " -"January 2002, A17; Philip S. Corwin on behalf of Sharman Networks, A Letter " -"to Senator Joseph R. Biden, Jr., Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations " -"Committee, 26 February 2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture." -"cc/notes/\">link #80</ulink>; Serguei Osokine, <citetitle>A Quick Case for " -"Intellectual Property Use Fee (IPUF)</citetitle>, 3 March 2002, available at " -"<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #81</ulink>; Jefferson " -"Graham, <quote>Kazaa, Verizon Propose to Pay Artists Directly,</quote> " -"<citetitle>USA Today</citetitle>, 13 May 2002, available at <ulink url=" +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> William Fisher, " +"<citetitle>Digital Music: Problems and Possibilities</citetitle> (last " +"revised: 10 October 2000), available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/" +"notes/\">link #77</ulink>; William Fisher, <citetitle>Promises to Keep: " +"Technology, Law, and the Future of Entertainment</citetitle> (forthcoming) " +"(Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004), ch. 6, available at <ulink url=" +"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #78</ulink>. Professor Netanel has " +"proposed a related idea that would exempt noncommercial sharing from the " +"reach of copyright and would establish compensation to artists to balance " +"any loss. See Neil Weinstock Netanel, <quote>Impose a Noncommercial Use Levy " +"to Allow Free P2P File Sharing,</quote> available at <ulink url=\"http://" +"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #79</ulink>. For other proposals, see Lawrence " +"Lessig, <quote>Who's Holding Back Broadband?</quote> <citetitle>Washington " +"Post</citetitle>, 8 January 2002, A17; Philip S. Corwin on behalf of Sharman " +"Networks, A Letter to Senator Joseph R. Biden, Jr., Chairman of the Senate " +"Foreign Relations Committee, 26 February 2002, available at <ulink url=" +"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #80</ulink>; Serguei Osokine, " +"<citetitle>A Quick Case for Intellectual Property Use Fee (IPUF)</" +"citetitle>, 3 March 2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/" +"notes/\">link #81</ulink>; Jefferson Graham, <quote>Kazaa, Verizon Propose " +"to Pay Artists Directly,</quote> <citetitle>USA Today</citetitle>, 13 May " +"2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #82</" +"ulink>; Steven M. Cherry, <quote>Getting Copyright Right,</quote> IEEE " +"Spectrum Online, 1 July 2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture." +"cc/notes/\">link #83</ulink>; Declan McCullagh, <quote>Verizon's Copyright " +"Campaign,</quote> CNET News.com, 27 August 2002, available at <ulink url=" +"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #84</ulink>. Fisher's proposal is " +"very similar to Richard Stallman's proposal for DAT. Unlike Fisher's, " +"Stallman's proposal would not pay artists directly proportionally, though " +"more popular artists would get more than the less popular. As is typical " +"with Stallman, his proposal predates the current debate by about a decade. " +"See <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #85</ulink>. " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/>" +msgstr "" +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> William Fisher, " +"<citetitle>Digital Music: Problems and Possibilities</citetitle> (sist " +"revidert: 10. oktober 2000), tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-" +"culture.cc/notes/\">link #77</ulink>; William Fisher, <citetitle>Promises to " +"Keep: Technology, Law, and the Future of Entertainment</citetitle> (kommer) " +"(Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004), kap. 6, tilgjengelig fra <ulink " +"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #78</ulink>. Professor Netanel " +"har foreslÃ¥tt en relatert idé som ville gjøre at opphavsretten ikke gjelder " +"ikke-kommersiell deling fra og ville etablere kompenasjon til kunstnere for " +"Ã¥ balansere eventuelle tap. Se Neil Weinstock Netanel, <quote>Impose a " +"Noncommercial Use Levy to Allow Free P2P File Sharing</quote>, tilgjengelig " +"fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #79</ulink>. For andre " +"forslag, se Lawrence Lessig, <quote>Who's Holding Back Broadband?</quote> " +"<citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, 8. january 2002, A17; Philip S. " +"Corwin pÃ¥ vegne av Sharman Networks, Et brev til Senator Joseph R. Biden, " +"Jr., leder i the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, 26. februar. 2002, " +"tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #80</" +"ulink>; Serguei Osokine, <citetitle>A Quick Case for Intellectual Property " +"Use Fee (IPUF)</citetitle>, 3. mars 2002, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=" +"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #81</ulink>; Jefferson Graham, " +"<quote>Kazaa, Verizon Propose to Pay Artists Directly</quote>, " +"<citetitle>USA Today</citetitle>, 13. mai 2002, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=" "\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #82</ulink>; Steven M. Cherry, " -"<quote>Getting Copyright Right,</quote> IEEE Spectrum Online, 1 July 2002, " -"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #83</ulink>; " -"Declan McCullagh, <quote>Verizon's Copyright Campaign,</quote> CNET News." -"com, 27 August 2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" -"\">link #84</ulink>. Fisher's proposal is very similar to Richard " -"Stallman's proposal for DAT. Unlike Fisher's, Stallman's proposal would not " -"pay artists directly proportionally, though more popular artists would get " -"more than the less popular. As is typical with Stallman, his proposal " -"predates the current debate by about a decade. See <ulink url=\"http://free-" -"culture.cc/notes/\">link #85</ulink>. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=" -"\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=" -"\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>" -msgstr "" -"William Fisher, <citetitle>Digital Music: Problems and Possibilities</" -"citetitle> (sist revidert: 10. oktober 2000), tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=" -"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #77</ulink>; William Fisher, " -"<citetitle>Promises to Keep: Technology, Law, and the Future of " -"Entertainment</citetitle> (kommer) (Stanford: Stanford University Press, " -"2004), kap. 6, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" -"\">link #78</ulink>. Professor Netanel har foreslÃ¥tt en relatert idé som " -"ville gjøre at opphavsretten ikke gjelder ikke-kommersiell deling fra og " -"ville etablere kompenasjon til kunstnere for Ã¥ balansere eventuelle tap. Se " -"Neil Weinstock Netanel, <quote>Impose a Noncommercial Use Levy to Allow Free P2P " -"File Sharing</quote>, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" -"\">link #79</ulink>. For andre forslag, se Lawrence Lessig, <quote>Who's Holding " -"Back Broadband?</quote> <citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, 8. january 2002, " -"A17; Philip S. Corwin pÃ¥ vegne av Sharman Networks, Et brev til Senator " -"Joseph R. Biden, Jr., leder i the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, 26. " -"februar. 2002, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" -"\">link #80</ulink>; Serguei Osokine, <citetitle>A Quick Case for " -"Intellectual Property Use Fee (IPUF)</citetitle>, 3. mars 2002, tilgjengelig " -"fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #81</ulink>; Jefferson " -"Graham, <quote>Kazaa, Verizon Propose to Pay Artists Directly</quote>, <citetitle>USA " -"Today</citetitle>, 13. mai 2002, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-" -"culture.cc/notes/\">link #82</ulink>; Steven M. Cherry, <quote>Getting Copyright " -"Right</quote>, IEEE Spectrum Online, 1. juli 2002, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=" -"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #83</ulink>; Declan McCullagh, " -"<quote>Verizon's Copyright Campaign</quote>, CNET News.com, 27. august 2002, " -"tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #84</" -"ulink>. Forslaget fra Fisher er ganske likt forslaget til Richard Stallman " -"nÃ¥r det gjelder DAT. I motsetning til Fishers forslag, ville Stallmanns " -"forslag ikke betale kunstnere proposjonalt, selv om mer populære artister " -"ville fÃ¥ mer betalt enn mindre populære. Slik det er typisk med Stallman, " -"la han fram sitt forslag omtrent ti Ã¥r før dagens debatt. Se <ulink url=" -"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #85</ulink>. <placeholder type=" -"\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> " -"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>" +"<quote>Getting Copyright Right</quote>, IEEE Spectrum Online, 1. juli 2002, " +"tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #83</" +"ulink>; Declan McCullagh, <quote>Verizon's Copyright Campaign</quote>, CNET " +"News.com, 27. august 2002, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture." +"cc/notes/\">link #84</ulink>. Forslaget fra Fisher er ganske likt forslaget " +"til Richard Stallman nÃ¥r det gjelder DAT. I motsetning til Fishers forslag, " +"ville Stallmanns forslag ikke betale kunstnere proposjonalt, selv om mer " +"populære artister ville fÃ¥ mer betalt enn mindre populære. Slik det er " +"typisk med Stallman, la han fram sitt forslag omtrent ti Ã¥r før dagens " +"debatt. Se <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #85</ulink>. " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" @@ -25543,10 +25688,10 @@ msgid "" "of consumers continue to <quote>take</quote> content for nothing? Should the " "law do something then?" msgstr "" -"Men hva om <quote>piratvirksomheten</quote> ikke forsvinner? Hva om det finnes et " -"konkurranseutsatt marked som tilbyr innhold til en lav kostnad, men et " -"signifikant antall av forbrukere fortsetter Ã¥ <quote>ta</quote> innhold uten Ã¥ betale? " -"Burde loven gjøre noe da?" +"Men hva om <quote>piratvirksomheten</quote> ikke forsvinner? Hva om det " +"finnes et konkurranseutsatt marked som tilbyr innhold til en lav kostnad, " +"men et signifikant antall av forbrukere fortsetter Ã¥ <quote>ta</quote> " +"innhold uten Ã¥ betale? Burde loven gjøre noe da?" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" @@ -25628,9 +25773,9 @@ msgid "" "Nimmer Memorial Lecture), <citetitle>UCLA Law Review</citetitle> 48 (2001): " "1057, 1069–70." msgstr "" -"Lawrence Lessig, <quote>Copyright's First Amendment</quote> (Melville B. Nimmer " -"Memorial Lecture), <citetitle>UCLA law Review</citetitle> 48 (2001): 1057, " -"1069–70." +"Lawrence Lessig, <quote>Copyright's First Amendment</quote> (Melville B. " +"Nimmer Memorial Lecture), <citetitle>UCLA law Review</citetitle> 48 (2001): " +"1057, 1069–70." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" @@ -25643,14 +25788,14 @@ msgid "" "practitioner in the field of copyright, Melville Nimmer, thought it obvious." "<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -"Indisiene for slik bøyning er overbevisene. Jeg er angrepet som en <quote>radikal" -"</quote> av mange innenfor yrket, og likevel er meningene jeg argumenterer for " -"nøyaktig de meningene til mange av de mest moderate og betydningsfulle " -"personene i historien til denne delen av loven. Mange trodde for eksempel at " -"vÃ¥r utfordring til lovforslaget om Ã¥ utvide opphavsrettens vernetid var " -"galskap. Mens bare tredve Ã¥r siden mente den dominerende foreleser og " -"utøver i opphavsrettsfeltet, Melville Nimmer, at den var Ã¥penbar." -"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"Indisiene for slik bøyning er overbevisene. Jeg er angrepet som en " +"<quote>radikal</quote> av mange innenfor yrket, og likevel er meningene jeg " +"argumenterer for nøyaktig de meningene til mange av de mest moderate og " +"betydningsfulle personene i historien til denne delen av loven. Mange trodde " +"for eksempel at vÃ¥r utfordring til lovforslaget om Ã¥ utvide opphavsrettens " +"vernetid var galskap. Mens bare tredve Ã¥r siden mente den dominerende " +"foreleser og utøver i opphavsrettsfeltet, Melville Nimmer, at den var " +"Ã¥penbar.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" @@ -25688,13 +25833,13 @@ msgstr "" "pÃ¥ nytt. Sammenlign Stan J. Liebowitz, <citetitle>Rethinking the Network " "Economy: The True Forces That Drive the Digital Marketplace</citetitle> (New " "York: Amacom, 2002), (gikk igjennom hans originale syn men uttrykte skepsis) " -"med Stan J. Liebowitz, <quote>Will MP3s Annihilate the Record Industry?</quote> " -"artikkelutkast, juni 2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture." -"cc/notes/\">link #86</ulink>. Den nøye analysen til Liebowitz er ekstremt " -"verdifull i sin estimering av effekten av fildelingsteknologi. Etter mitt " -"syn underestimerer han forøvrig kostnaden til det juridiske system. Se, for " -"eksempel, <citetitle>Rethinking</citetitle>, 174–76. <placeholder " -"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"med Stan J. Liebowitz, <quote>Will MP3s Annihilate the Record Industry?</" +"quote> artikkelutkast, juni 2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-" +"culture.cc/notes/\">link #86</ulink>. Den nøye analysen til Liebowitz er " +"ekstremt verdifull i sin estimering av effekten av fildelingsteknologi. " +"Etter mitt syn underestimerer han forøvrig kostnaden til det juridiske " +"system. Se, for eksempel, <citetitle>Rethinking</citetitle>, 174–76. " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" diff --git a/freeculture.pot b/freeculture.pot index 1e4bc5f..845f468 100644 --- a/freeculture.pot +++ b/freeculture.pot @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n" -"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-08-10 22:14+0300\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-08-11 17:19+0300\n" "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n" "Last-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL@ADDRESS>\n" "Language-Team: LANGUAGE <LL@li.org>\n" @@ -22,75 +22,75 @@ msgid "©" msgstr "" #. type: Attribute 'lang' of: <book> -#: freeculture.xml:18 +#: freeculture.xml:15 msgid "en" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><title> -#: freeculture.xml:20 +#: freeculture.xml:17 msgid "Free Culture" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo> -#: freeculture.xml:22 +#: freeculture.xml:19 msgid "<abbrev>\"freeculture\"</abbrev>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><dedication><para> -#: freeculture.xml:24 freeculture.xml:180 +#: freeculture.xml:21 freeculture.xml:177 msgid "" "HOW BIG MEDIA USES TECHNOLOGY AND THE LAW TO LOCK DOWN CULTURE AND CONTROL " "CREATIVITY" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo> -#: freeculture.xml:27 +#: freeculture.xml:24 msgid "<pubdate>2004-03-25</pubdate>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><releaseinfo> -#: freeculture.xml:29 +#: freeculture.xml:26 msgid "Version 2004-02-10" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><authorgroup><author><firstname> -#: freeculture.xml:33 +#: freeculture.xml:30 msgid "Lawrence" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><authorgroup><author><surname> -#: freeculture.xml:34 +#: freeculture.xml:31 msgid "Lessig" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><subjectset><subject><subjectterm> -#: freeculture.xml:43 +#: freeculture.xml:40 msgid "Intellectual property—United States." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><subjectset><subject><subjectterm> -#: freeculture.xml:46 +#: freeculture.xml:43 msgid "Mass media—United States." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><subjectset><subject><subjectterm> -#: freeculture.xml:49 +#: freeculture.xml:46 msgid "Technological innovations—United States." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><subjectset><subject><subjectterm> -#: freeculture.xml:52 +#: freeculture.xml:49 msgid "Art—United States." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><publisher><address> -#: freeculture.xml:59 +#: freeculture.xml:56 #, no-wrap msgid "<city>New York</city>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo> -#: freeculture.xml:57 +#: freeculture.xml:54 msgid "" "<publisher> <publishername>The Penguin Press</publishername> <placeholder " "type=\"address\" id=\"0\"/> </publisher> <copyright> <year>2004</year> " @@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><legalnotice><para><inlinemediaobject> -#: freeculture.xml:69 +#: freeculture.xml:66 msgid "" "<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=\"images/cc.png\" contentdepth=\"3em\" " "width=\"100%\" align=\"center\"/> </imageobject> <imageobject> <imagedata " @@ -107,17 +107,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><legalnotice><para><inlinemediaobject><textobject><phrase> -#: freeculture.xml:76 +#: freeculture.xml:73 msgid "Creative Commons, Some rights reserved" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><legalnotice><para> -#: freeculture.xml:68 +#: freeculture.xml:65 msgid "<placeholder type=\"inlinemediaobject\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><legalnotice><para> -#: freeculture.xml:82 +#: freeculture.xml:79 msgid "" "This version of <citetitle>Free Culture</citetitle> is licensed under a " "Creative Commons license. This license permits non-commercial use of this " @@ -127,12 +127,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><abstract><title> -#: freeculture.xml:91 +#: freeculture.xml:88 msgid "ABOUT THE AUTHOR" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><abstract><para> -#: freeculture.xml:93 +#: freeculture.xml:90 msgid "" "LAWRENCE LESSIG (<ulink " "url=\"http://www.lessig.org\">http://www.lessig.org</ulink>), professor of " @@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ msgstr "" #. </imageobject> # #. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><mediaobject> -#: freeculture.xml:114 +#: freeculture.xml:111 msgid "" "<imageobject remap=\"lrg\" role=\"front-large\"> <imagedata " "fileref=\"images/cover.png\" format=\"PNG\" width=\"444\" /> </imageobject>" @@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ msgstr "" #. http://catalog.loc.gov/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?v3=1&DB=local&CMD=010a+2003063276&CNT=10+records+per+page #. #. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo> -#: freeculture.xml:112 +#: freeculture.xml:109 msgid "" " <placeholder type=\"mediaobject\" id=\"0\"/> <biblioid " "class=\"isbn\">1-59420-006-8</biblioid> <biblioid " @@ -183,69 +183,69 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><dedication><para> -#: freeculture.xml:142 +#: freeculture.xml:139 msgid "You can buy a copy of this book by clicking on one of the links below:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><dedication><itemizedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:145 +#: freeculture.xml:142 msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.amazon.com/\">Amazon</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><dedication><itemizedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:146 +#: freeculture.xml:143 msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.barnesandnoble.com/\">B&N</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><dedication><itemizedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:147 +#: freeculture.xml:144 msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.penguin.com/\">Penguin</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><dedication><para> -#: freeculture.xml:156 +#: freeculture.xml:153 msgid "ALSO BY LAWRENCE LESSIG" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><dedication><para> -#: freeculture.xml:159 +#: freeculture.xml:156 msgid "The Future of Ideas: The Fate of the Commons in a Connected World" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><dedication><para> -#: freeculture.xml:162 +#: freeculture.xml:159 msgid "Code: And Other Laws of Cyberspace" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><dedication><para> -#: freeculture.xml:169 +#: freeculture.xml:166 msgid "THE PENGUIN PRESS, NEW YORK" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><dedication><para> -#: freeculture.xml:176 +#: freeculture.xml:173 msgid "FREE CULTURE" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><dedication><para> -#: freeculture.xml:186 +#: freeculture.xml:183 msgid "LAWRENCE LESSIG" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:192 +#: freeculture.xml:189 msgid "" "THE PENGUIN PRESS, a member of Penguin Group (USA) Inc. 375 Hudson Street " "New York, New York" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:196 +#: freeculture.xml:193 msgid "Copyright © Lawrence Lessig. All rights reserved." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:199 +#: freeculture.xml:196 msgid "" "Excerpt from an editorial titled <quote>The Coming of Copyright " "Perpetuity,</quote> <citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle>, January 16, " @@ -254,97 +254,97 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:204 +#: freeculture.xml:201 msgid "" "Cartoon in <xref linkend=\"fig-1711\"/> by Paul Conrad, copyright Tribune " "Media Services, Inc. All rights reserved. Reprinted with permission." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:208 +#: freeculture.xml:205 msgid "" "Diagram in <xref linkend=\"fig-1761\"/> courtesy of the office of FCC " "Commissioner, Michael J. Copps." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:212 +#: freeculture.xml:209 msgid "Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:215 +#: freeculture.xml:212 msgid "" "Lessig, Lawrence. Free culture : how big media uses technology and the law " "to lock down culture and control creativity / Lawrence Lessig." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:220 +#: freeculture.xml:217 msgid "p. cm." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:223 +#: freeculture.xml:220 msgid "Includes index." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:226 +#: freeculture.xml:223 msgid "ISBN 1-59420-006-8 (hardcover)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:230 +#: freeculture.xml:227 msgid "" "1. Intellectual property—United States. 2. Mass media—United " "States." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:233 +#: freeculture.xml:230 msgid "" "3. Technological innovations—United States. 4. Art—United " "States. I. Title." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:236 +#: freeculture.xml:233 msgid "KF2979.L47" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:239 +#: freeculture.xml:236 msgid "343.7309'9—dc22" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:242 +#: freeculture.xml:239 msgid "This book is printed on acid-free paper." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:245 +#: freeculture.xml:242 msgid "Printed in the United States of America" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:248 +#: freeculture.xml:245 msgid "1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:251 +#: freeculture.xml:248 msgid "Designed by Marysarah Quinn" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:255 +#: freeculture.xml:252 msgid "&translationblock;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:259 +#: freeculture.xml:256 msgid "" "Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this " "publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval " @@ -354,7 +354,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:267 +#: freeculture.xml:264 msgid "" "The scanning, uploading, and distribution of this book via the Internet or " "via any other means without the permission of the publisher is illegal and " @@ -364,29 +364,29 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><dedication><para> -#: freeculture.xml:279 +#: freeculture.xml:276 msgid "" "To Eric Eldred—whose work first drew me to this cause, and for whom it " "continues still." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><lot><title> -#: freeculture.xml:287 +#: freeculture.xml:284 msgid "List of figures" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><title> -#: freeculture.xml:349 +#: freeculture.xml:346 msgid "PREFACE" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:351 +#: freeculture.xml:348 msgid "Pogue, David" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> -#: freeculture.xml:354 +#: freeculture.xml:351 msgid "" "<emphasis role=\"bold\">At the end</emphasis> of his review of my first " "book, <citetitle>Code: And Other Laws of Cyberspace</citetitle>, David " @@ -395,14 +395,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:365 +#: freeculture.xml:362 msgid "" "David Pogue, <quote>Don't Just Chat, Do Something,</quote> <citetitle>New " "York Times</citetitle>, 30 January 2000." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:361 +#: freeculture.xml:358 msgid "" "Unlike actual law, Internet software has no capacity to punish. It doesn't " "affect people who aren't online (and only a tiny minority of the world " @@ -411,7 +411,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> -#: freeculture.xml:370 +#: freeculture.xml:367 msgid "" "Pogue was skeptical of the core argument of the book—that software, or " "<quote>code,</quote> functioned as a kind of law—and his review " @@ -424,7 +424,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 12 #. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> -#: freeculture.xml:379 +#: freeculture.xml:376 msgid "" "Pogue might have been right in 1999—I'm skeptical, but maybe. But " "even if he was right then, the point is not right now: <citetitle>Free " @@ -436,7 +436,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> -#: freeculture.xml:390 +#: freeculture.xml:387 msgid "" "But unlike <citetitle>Code</citetitle>, the argument here is not much about " "the Internet itself. It is instead about the consequence of the Internet to " @@ -445,14 +445,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:402 +#: freeculture.xml:399 msgid "" "Richard M. Stallman, <citetitle>Free Software, Free Societies</citetitle> 57 " "(Joshua Gay, ed. 2002)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> -#: freeculture.xml:397 +#: freeculture.xml:394 msgid "" "That tradition is the way our culture gets made. As I explain in the pages " "that follow, we come from a tradition of <quote>free " @@ -473,7 +473,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> -#: freeculture.xml:417 +#: freeculture.xml:414 msgid "" "If we understood this change, I believe we would resist it. Not " "<quote>we</quote> on the Left or <quote>you</quote> on the Right, but we who " @@ -485,17 +485,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:425 freeculture.xml:12932 +#: freeculture.xml:422 freeculture.xml:13024 msgid "CodePink Women in Peace" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:436 freeculture.xml:446 freeculture.xml:12945 +#: freeculture.xml:433 freeculture.xml:443 freeculture.xml:13037 msgid "Safire, William" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> -#: freeculture.xml:427 +#: freeculture.xml:424 msgid "" "We saw a glimpse of this bipartisan outrage in the early summer of 2003. As " "the FCC considered changes in media ownership rules that would relax limits " @@ -509,14 +509,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:444 +#: freeculture.xml:441 msgid "" "William Safire, <quote>The Great Media Gulp,</quote> <citetitle>New York " "Times</citetitle>, 22 May 2003. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:440 +#: freeculture.xml:437 msgid "" "Does that sound unconservative? Not to me. The concentration of " "power—political, corporate, media, cultural—should be anathema " @@ -526,7 +526,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> -#: freeculture.xml:451 +#: freeculture.xml:448 msgid "" "This idea is an element of the argument of <citetitle>Free " "Culture</citetitle>, though my focus is not just on the concentration of " @@ -546,7 +546,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 14 #. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> -#: freeculture.xml:467 +#: freeculture.xml:464 msgid "" "I accept that criticism, if indeed it is a criticism. The work of a lawyer " "is always derivative, and I mean to do nothing more in this book than to " @@ -564,7 +564,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> -#: freeculture.xml:485 +#: freeculture.xml:482 msgid "" "Instead, the free culture that I defend in this book is a balance between " "anarchy and control. A free culture, like a free market, is filled with " @@ -576,12 +576,37 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:500 +#: freeculture.xml:497 msgid "INTRODUCTION" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:499 +msgid "air traffic, land ownership vs." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:502 freeculture.xml:14010 +msgid "land ownership, air traffic and" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:505 freeculture.xml:14012 +msgid "property rights" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:506 freeculture.xml:14013 +msgid "air traffic vs." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:508 freeculture.xml:604 freeculture.xml:1032 +msgid "Wright brothers" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:502 +#: freeculture.xml:510 msgid "" "On December 17, 1903, on a windy North Carolina beach for just shy of one " "hundred seconds, the Wright brothers demonstrated that a heavier-than-air, " @@ -592,14 +617,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:514 +#: freeculture.xml:522 msgid "" "St. George Tucker, <citetitle>Blackstone's Commentaries</citetitle> 3 (South " "Hackensack, N.J.: Rothman Reprints, 1969), 18." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:510 +#: freeculture.xml:518 msgid "" "At the time the Wright brothers invented the airplane, American law held " "that a property owner presumptively owned not just the surface of his land, " @@ -612,7 +637,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:523 +#: freeculture.xml:531 msgid "" "Then came airplanes, and for the first time, this principle of American " "law—deep within the foundations of our tradition, and acknowledged by " @@ -624,17 +649,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:531 freeculture.xml:544 freeculture.xml:575 freeculture.xml:594 freeculture.xml:997 freeculture.xml:1014 freeculture.xml:1060 freeculture.xml:8915 freeculture.xml:12313 freeculture.xml:13036 +#: freeculture.xml:539 freeculture.xml:552 freeculture.xml:583 freeculture.xml:602 freeculture.xml:1013 freeculture.xml:1030 freeculture.xml:1077 freeculture.xml:8977 freeculture.xml:12405 freeculture.xml:13128 msgid "Causby, Thomas Lee" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:532 freeculture.xml:545 freeculture.xml:576 freeculture.xml:595 freeculture.xml:998 freeculture.xml:1015 freeculture.xml:1061 freeculture.xml:8916 freeculture.xml:12314 freeculture.xml:13037 +#: freeculture.xml:540 freeculture.xml:553 freeculture.xml:584 freeculture.xml:603 freeculture.xml:1014 freeculture.xml:1031 freeculture.xml:1078 freeculture.xml:8978 freeculture.xml:12406 freeculture.xml:13129 msgid "Causby, Tinie" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:534 +#: freeculture.xml:542 msgid "" "In 1945, these questions became a federal case. When North Carolina farmers " "Thomas Lee and Tinie Causby started losing chickens because of low-flying " @@ -648,7 +673,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:547 +#: freeculture.xml:555 msgid "" "The Supreme Court agreed to hear the Causbys' case. Congress had declared " "the airways public, but if one's property really extended to the heavens, " @@ -661,7 +686,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:567 +#: freeculture.xml:575 msgid "" "United States v. Causby, U.S. 328 (1946): 256, 261. The Court did find that " "there could be a <quote>taking</quote> if the government's use of its land " @@ -675,7 +700,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:558 +#: freeculture.xml:566 msgid "" "[The] doctrine has no place in the modern world. The air is a public " "highway, as Congress has declared. Were that not true, every " @@ -688,13 +713,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:581 +#: freeculture.xml:589 msgid "<quote>Common sense revolts at the idea.</quote>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 18 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:584 +#: freeculture.xml:592 msgid "" "This is how the law usually works. Not often this abruptly or impatiently, " "but eventually, this is how it works. It was Douglas's style not to " @@ -707,7 +732,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:597 +#: freeculture.xml:606 msgid "" "Or at least, this is how things happen when there's no one powerful on the " "other side of the change. The Causbys were just farmers. And though there " @@ -727,39 +752,44 @@ msgid "" "defeat an obvious public gain." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:627 freeculture.xml:8985 freeculture.xml:9630 +msgid "Armstrong, Edwin Howard" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:626 +#: freeculture.xml:641 msgid "Bell, Alexander Graham" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:627 +#: freeculture.xml:642 msgid "Edison, Thomas" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:628 +#: freeculture.xml:643 msgid "Faraday, Michael" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:615 -msgid "" -"Edwin Howard Armstrong is one of America's forgotten inventor geniuses. He " -"came to the great American inventor scene just after the titans Thomas " -"Edison and Alexander Graham Bell. But his work in the area of radio " -"technology was perhaps the most important of any single inventor in the " -"first fifty years of radio. He was better educated than Michael Faraday, who " -"as a bookbinder's apprentice had discovered electric induction in 1831. But " -"he had the same intuition about how the world of radio worked, and on at " -"least three occasions, Armstrong invented profoundly important technologies " -"that advanced our understanding of radio. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " -"id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder " -"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>" +#: freeculture.xml:630 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>Edwin Howard Armstrong</emphasis> is one of " +"America's forgotten inventor geniuses. He came to the great American " +"inventor scene just after the titans Thomas Edison and Alexander Graham " +"Bell. But his work in the area of radio technology was perhaps the most " +"important of any single inventor in the first fifty years of radio. He was " +"better educated than Michael Faraday, who as a bookbinder's apprentice had " +"discovered electric induction in 1831. But he had the same intuition about " +"how the world of radio worked, and on at least three occasions, Armstrong " +"invented profoundly important technologies that advanced our understanding " +"of radio. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:631 +#: freeculture.xml:646 msgid "" "On the day after Christmas, 1933, four patents were issued to Armstrong for " "his most significant invention—FM radio. Until then, consumer radio " @@ -771,7 +801,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:641 +#: freeculture.xml:656 msgid "" "On November 5, 1935, he demonstrated the technology at a meeting of the " "Institute of Radio Engineers at the Empire State Building in New York " @@ -784,19 +814,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:652 +#: freeculture.xml:667 msgid "The audience was hearing something no one had thought possible:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:663 +#: freeculture.xml:678 msgid "" "Lawrence Lessing, <citetitle>Man of High Fidelity: Edwin Howard " "Armstrong</citetitle> (Philadelphia: J. B. Lipincott Company, 1956), 209." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:656 +#: freeculture.xml:671 msgid "" "A glass of water was poured before the microphone in Yonkers; it sounded " "like a glass of water being poured. … A paper was crumpled and torn; " @@ -809,7 +839,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 20 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:669 +#: freeculture.xml:684 msgid "" "As our own common sense tells us, Armstrong had discovered a vastly superior " "radio technology. But at the time of his invention, Armstrong was working " @@ -820,12 +850,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:683 freeculture.xml:703 +#: freeculture.xml:698 freeculture.xml:718 msgid "Sarnoff, David" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:678 +#: freeculture.xml:693 msgid "" "RCA's president, David Sarnoff, a friend of Armstrong's, was eager that " "Armstrong discover a way to remove static from AM radio. So Sarnoff was " @@ -835,7 +865,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:690 +#: freeculture.xml:705 msgid "" "See <quote>Saints: The Heroes and Geniuses of the Electronic Era,</quote> " "First Electronic Church of America, at www.webstationone.com/fecha, " @@ -843,7 +873,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:687 +#: freeculture.xml:702 msgid "" "I thought Armstrong would invent some kind of a filter to remove static from " "our AM radio. I didn't think he'd start a revolution— start up a whole " @@ -852,7 +882,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:699 +#: freeculture.xml:714 msgid "" "Armstrong's invention threatened RCA's AM empire, so the company launched a " "campaign to smother FM radio. While FM may have been a superior technology, " @@ -861,12 +891,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:712 +#: freeculture.xml:727 msgid "Lessing, 226." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:707 +#: freeculture.xml:722 msgid "" "The forces for FM, largely engineering, could not overcome the weight of " "strategy devised by the sales, patent, and legal offices to subdue this " @@ -877,7 +907,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:717 +#: freeculture.xml:732 msgid "" "RCA at first kept the technology in house, insisting that further tests were " "needed. When, after two years of testing, Armstrong grew impatient, RCA " @@ -893,12 +923,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:736 +#: freeculture.xml:751 msgid "Lessing, 256." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:732 +#: freeculture.xml:747 msgid "" "The series of body blows that FM radio received right after the war, in a " "series of rulings manipulated through the FCC by the big radio interests, " @@ -907,12 +937,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:740 +#: freeculture.xml:755 msgid "AT&T" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:742 +#: freeculture.xml:757 msgid "" "To make room in the spectrum for RCA's latest gamble, television, FM radio " "users were to be moved to a totally new spectrum band. The power of FM radio " @@ -924,7 +954,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:752 +#: freeculture.xml:767 msgid "" "Armstrong resisted RCA's efforts. In response, RCA resisted Armstrong's " "patents. After incorporating FM technology into the emerging standard for " @@ -939,7 +969,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 22 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:764 +#: freeculture.xml:780 msgid "" "This is how the law sometimes works. Not often this tragically, and rarely " "with heroic drama, but sometimes, this is how it works. From the beginning, " @@ -955,7 +985,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:786 +#: freeculture.xml:802 msgid "" "Amanda Lenhart, <quote>The Ever-Shifting Internet Population: A New Look at " "Internet Access and the Digital Divide,</quote> Pew Internet and American " @@ -964,7 +994,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:780 +#: freeculture.xml:796 msgid "" "There's no single inventor of the Internet. Nor is there any good date upon " "which to mark its birth. Yet in a very short time, the Internet has become " @@ -975,7 +1005,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:795 +#: freeculture.xml:811 msgid "" "As the Internet has been integrated into ordinary life, it has changed " "things. Some of these changes are technical—the Internet has made " @@ -989,7 +1019,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:806 +#: freeculture.xml:822 msgid "" "Instead, this book is about an effect of the Internet beyond the Internet " "itself: an effect upon how culture is made. My claim is that the Internet " @@ -1000,17 +1030,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:825 +#: freeculture.xml:841 msgid "Barlow, Joel" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:826 +#: freeculture.xml:842 msgid "Webster, Noah" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:815 +#: freeculture.xml:831 msgid "" "We can glimpse a sense of this change by distinguishing between commercial " "and noncommercial culture, and by mapping the law's regulation of each. By " @@ -1025,7 +1055,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:829 +#: freeculture.xml:845 msgid "" "At the beginning of our history, and for just about the whole of our " "tradition, noncommercial culture was essentially unregulated. Of course, if " @@ -1039,12 +1069,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:854 freeculture.xml:1882 freeculture.xml:1893 +#: freeculture.xml:870 freeculture.xml:1899 freeculture.xml:1910 msgid "Brandeis, Louis D." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:846 +#: freeculture.xml:862 msgid "" "This is not the only purpose of copyright, though it is the overwhelmingly " "primary purpose of the copyright established in the federal constitution. " @@ -1057,7 +1087,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:840 +#: freeculture.xml:856 msgid "" "The focus of the law was on commercial creativity. At first slightly, then " "quite extensively, the law protected the incentives of creators by granting " @@ -1070,19 +1100,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:866 freeculture.xml:9457 +#: freeculture.xml:882 freeculture.xml:9523 msgid "Litman, Jessica" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:864 +#: freeculture.xml:880 msgid "" "See Jessica Litman, <citetitle>Digital Copyright</citetitle> (New York: " "Prometheus Books, 2001), ch. 13. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:862 +#: freeculture.xml:878 msgid "" "This rough divide between the free and the controlled has now been " "erased.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The Internet has set the " @@ -1098,7 +1128,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:881 +#: freeculture.xml:897 msgid "" "This change gets justified as necessary to protect commercial creativity. " "And indeed, protectionism is precisely its motivation. But the protectionism " @@ -1112,7 +1142,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:894 +#: freeculture.xml:910 msgid "" "For the Internet has unleashed an extraordinary possibility for many to " "participate in the process of building and cultivating a culture that " @@ -1133,7 +1163,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:913 +#: freeculture.xml:929 msgid "" "Yet, as I argue in the pages that follow, that is precisely what is " "happening in our culture today. These modern-day equivalents of the early " @@ -1144,7 +1174,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:930 +#: freeculture.xml:946 msgid "" "Amy Harmon, <quote>Black Hawk Download: Moving Beyond Music, Pirates Use New " "Tools to Turn the Net into an Illicit Video Club,</quote> <citetitle>New " @@ -1152,7 +1182,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:922 +#: freeculture.xml:938 msgid "" "It doesn't seem this way to many. The battles over copyright and the " "Internet seem remote to most. To the few who follow them, they seem mainly " @@ -1168,7 +1198,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:939 +#: freeculture.xml:955 msgid "" "If those really were the choices, then I would be with Jack Valenti and the " "content industry. I, too, am a believer in property, and especially in the " @@ -1179,7 +1209,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:947 +#: freeculture.xml:963 msgid "" "But those simple beliefs mask a much more fundamental question and a much " "more dramatic change. My fear is that unless we come to see this change, the " @@ -1188,12 +1218,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:961 freeculture.xml:14307 +#: freeculture.xml:977 freeculture.xml:14409 msgid "Netanel, Neil Weinstock" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:959 +#: freeculture.xml:975 msgid "" "Neil W. Netanel, <quote>Copyright and a Democratic Civil Society,</quote> " "<citetitle>Yale Law Journal</citetitle> 106 (1996): 283. <placeholder " @@ -1201,7 +1231,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:953 +#: freeculture.xml:969 msgid "" "These values built a tradition that, for at least the first 180 years of our " "Republic, guaranteed creators the right to build freely upon their past, and " @@ -1215,7 +1245,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:969 +#: freeculture.xml:985 msgid "" "Yet the law's response to the Internet, when tied to changes in the " "technology of the Internet itself, has massively increased the effective " @@ -1228,7 +1258,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:981 +#: freeculture.xml:997 msgid "" "The story that follows is about this war. Is it not about the " "<quote>centrality of technology</quote> to ordinary life. I don't believe in " @@ -1238,7 +1268,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:989 +#: freeculture.xml:1005 msgid "" "It is instead an effort to understand a hopelessly destructive war inspired " "by the technologies of the Internet but reaching far beyond its code. And by " @@ -1250,7 +1280,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1000 +#: freeculture.xml:1016 msgid "" "Like the Causbys' battle, this war is, in part, about " "<quote>property.</quote> The property of this war is not as tangible as the " @@ -1269,7 +1299,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 27 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1017 +#: freeculture.xml:1034 msgid "" "And thus, when geeks and technologists defend their Armstrong or Wright " "brothers technology, most of us are simply unsympathetic. Common sense does " @@ -1279,7 +1309,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1027 +#: freeculture.xml:1044 msgid "" "My hope is to push this common sense along. I have become increasingly " "amazed by the power of this idea of intellectual property and, more " @@ -1292,7 +1322,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1037 +#: freeculture.xml:1054 msgid "" "The puzzle is, Why? Is it because we have come to understand a truth about " "the value and importance of absolute property over ideas and culture? Is it " @@ -1301,14 +1331,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1043 +#: freeculture.xml:1060 msgid "" "Or is it because the idea of absolute property over ideas and culture " "benefits the RCAs of our time and fits our own unreflective intuitions?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1047 +#: freeculture.xml:1064 msgid "" "Is the radical shift away from our tradition of free culture an instance of " "America correcting a mistake from its past, as we did after a bloody war " @@ -1318,7 +1348,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1054 +#: freeculture.xml:1071 msgid "" "Does common sense lead to the extremes on this question because common sense " "actually believes in these extremes? Or does common sense stand silent in " @@ -1328,7 +1358,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 28 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1063 +#: freeculture.xml:1080 msgid "" "I don't mean to be mysterious. My own views are resolved. I believe it was " "right for common sense to revolt against the extremism of the Causbys. I " @@ -1340,7 +1370,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1073 +#: freeculture.xml:1090 msgid "" "The struggle that rages just now centers on two ideas: <quote>piracy</quote> " "and <quote>property.</quote> My aim in this book's next two parts is to " @@ -1348,7 +1378,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1078 +#: freeculture.xml:1095 msgid "" "My method is not the usual method of an academic. I don't want to plunge you " "into a complex argument, buttressed with references to obscure French " @@ -1359,7 +1389,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1086 +#: freeculture.xml:1103 msgid "" "The two sections set up the core claim of this book: that while the Internet " "has indeed produced something fantastic and new, our government, pushed by " @@ -1373,7 +1403,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1097 +#: freeculture.xml:1114 msgid "" "We allow this, I believe, not because it is right, and not because most of " "us really believe in these changes. We allow it because the interests most " @@ -1384,17 +1414,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><title> -#: freeculture.xml:1107 +#: freeculture.xml:1124 msgid "<quote>PIRACY</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1111 freeculture.xml:4772 +#: freeculture.xml:1128 freeculture.xml:4807 msgid "Mansfield, William Murray, Lord" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1114 +#: freeculture.xml:1131 msgid "" "Since the inception of the law regulating creative property, there has been " "a war against <quote>piracy.</quote> The precise contours of this concept, " @@ -1405,14 +1435,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1126 +#: freeculture.xml:1143 msgid "" "<citetitle>Bach</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Longman</citetitle>, 98 " "Eng. Rep. 1274 (1777) (Mansfield)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1122 +#: freeculture.xml:1139 msgid "" "A person may use the copy by playing it, but he has no right to rob the " "author of the profit, by multiplying copies and disposing of them for his " @@ -1421,7 +1451,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 31 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1132 +#: freeculture.xml:1149 msgid "" "Today we are in the middle of another <quote>war</quote> against " "<quote>piracy.</quote> The Internet has provoked this war. The Internet " @@ -1432,7 +1462,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1141 +#: freeculture.xml:1158 msgid "" "This efficiency does not respect the traditional lines of copyright. The " "network doesn't discriminate between the sharing of copyrighted and " @@ -1442,7 +1472,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1149 +#: freeculture.xml:1166 msgid "" "The warriors have turned to the courts, to the legislatures, and " "increasingly to technology to defend their <quote>property</quote> against " @@ -1453,7 +1483,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1157 +#: freeculture.xml:1174 msgid "" "There's no doubt that <quote>piracy</quote> is wrong, and that pirates " "should be punished. But before we summon the executioners, we should put " @@ -1463,12 +1493,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1163 +#: freeculture.xml:1180 msgid "The idea goes something like this:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1167 +#: freeculture.xml:1184 msgid "" "Creative work has value; whenever I use, or take, or build upon the creative " "work of others, I am taking from them something of value. Whenever I take " @@ -1478,13 +1508,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1175 +#: freeculture.xml:1192 msgid "Dreyfuss, Rochelle" msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1181 +#: freeculture.xml:1198 msgid "" "See Rochelle Dreyfuss, <quote>Expressive Genericity: Trademarks as Language " "in the Pepsi Generation,</quote> <citetitle>Notre Dame Law " @@ -1492,12 +1522,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1194 freeculture.xml:6875 +#: freeculture.xml:1211 freeculture.xml:6936 msgid "Zittrain, Jonathan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1189 +#: freeculture.xml:1206 msgid "" "Lisa Bannon, <quote>The Birds May Sing, but Campers Can't Unless They Pay " "Up,</quote> <citetitle>Wall Street Journal</citetitle>, 21 August 1996, " @@ -1509,7 +1539,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1177 +#: freeculture.xml:1194 msgid "" "This view runs deep within the current debates. It is what NYU law professor " "Rochelle Dreyfuss criticizes as the <quote>if value, then right</quote> " @@ -1523,13 +1553,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1199 +#: freeculture.xml:1216 msgid "ASCAP" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 32 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1201 +#: freeculture.xml:1218 msgid "" "This idea is certainly a possible understanding of how creative property " "should work. It might well be a possible design for a system of law " @@ -1539,7 +1569,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1209 +#: freeculture.xml:1226 msgid "" "Instead, in our tradition, intellectual property is an instrument. It sets " "the groundwork for a richly creative society but remains subservient to the " @@ -1549,7 +1579,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1216 +#: freeculture.xml:1233 msgid "" "The source of this confusion is a distinction that the law no longer takes " "care to draw—the distinction between republishing someone's work on " @@ -1559,7 +1589,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1223 +#: freeculture.xml:1240 msgid "" "Before the technologies of the Internet, this conflation didn't matter all " "that much. The technologies of publishing were expensive; that meant the " @@ -1569,17 +1599,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1230 freeculture.xml:1261 +#: freeculture.xml:1247 freeculture.xml:1278 msgid "Florida, Richard" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1231 freeculture.xml:1262 +#: freeculture.xml:1248 freeculture.xml:1279 msgid "Rise of the Creative Class, The (Florida)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1253 +#: freeculture.xml:1270 msgid "" "In <citetitle>The Rise of the Creative Class</citetitle> (New York: Basic " "Books, 2002), Richard Florida documents a shift in the nature of labor " @@ -1592,7 +1622,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1233 +#: freeculture.xml:1250 msgid "" "But with the birth of the Internet, this natural limit to the reach of the " "law has disappeared. The law controls not just the creativity of commercial " @@ -1614,7 +1644,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1268 +#: freeculture.xml:1285 msgid "" "These burdens make no sense in our tradition. We should begin by " "understanding that tradition a bit more and by placing in their proper " @@ -1622,17 +1652,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:1276 +#: freeculture.xml:1293 msgid "CHAPTER ONE: Creators" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1278 +#: freeculture.xml:1295 msgid "animated cartoons" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1281 +#: freeculture.xml:1298 msgid "" "In 1928, a cartoon character was born. An early Mickey Mouse made his debut " "in May of that year, in a silent flop called <citetitle>Plane " @@ -1643,7 +1673,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1288 +#: freeculture.xml:1305 msgid "" "Synchronized sound had been introduced to film a year earlier in the movie " "<citetitle>The Jazz Singer</citetitle>. That success led Walt Disney to copy " @@ -1655,7 +1685,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 35 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1297 +#: freeculture.xml:1314 msgid "" "A couple of my boys could read music, and one of them could play a mouth " "organ. We put them in a room where they could not see the screen and " @@ -1664,7 +1694,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1304 +#: freeculture.xml:1321 msgid "" "The boys worked from a music and sound-effects score. After several false " "starts, sound and action got off with the gun. The mouth organist played the " @@ -1674,14 +1704,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1317 +#: freeculture.xml:1334 msgid "" "Leonard Maltin, <citetitle>Of Mice and Magic: A History of American Animated " "Cartoons</citetitle> (New York: Penguin Books, 1987), 34–35." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1311 +#: freeculture.xml:1328 msgid "" "The effect on our little audience was nothing less than electric. They " "responded almost instinctively to this union of sound and motion. I thought " @@ -1691,12 +1721,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1326 +#: freeculture.xml:1343 msgid "Iwerks, Ub" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1323 +#: freeculture.xml:1340 msgid "" "Disney's then partner, and one of animation's most extraordinary talents, Ub " "Iwerks, put it more strongly: <quote>I have never been so thrilled in my " @@ -1705,7 +1735,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1329 +#: freeculture.xml:1346 msgid "" "Disney had created something very new, based upon something relatively " "new. Synchronized sound brought life to a form of creativity that had " @@ -1717,7 +1747,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1338 +#: freeculture.xml:1355 msgid "" "This much is familiar. What you might not know is that 1928 also marks " "another important transition. In that year, a comic (as opposed to cartoon) " @@ -1726,7 +1756,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1344 +#: freeculture.xml:1361 msgid "" "Keaton was born into a vaudeville family in 1895. In the era of silent film, " "he had mastered using broad physical comedy as a way to spark uncontrollable " @@ -1738,7 +1768,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1358 +#: freeculture.xml:1375 msgid "" "I am grateful to David Gerstein and his careful history, described at <ulink " "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #4</ulink>. According to Dave " @@ -1752,7 +1782,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1352 +#: freeculture.xml:1369 msgid "" "<citetitle>Steamboat Bill, Jr</citetitle>. appeared before Disney's cartoon " "Steamboat Willie. The coincidence of titles is not coincidental. Steamboat " @@ -1767,7 +1797,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1379 +#: freeculture.xml:1396 msgid "" "He was also a fan of the public domain. See Chris Sprigman, <quote>The Mouse " "that Ate the Public Domain,</quote> Findlaw, 5 March 2002, at <ulink " @@ -1775,7 +1805,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1375 +#: freeculture.xml:1392 msgid "" "This <quote>borrowing</quote> was nothing unique, either for Disney or for " "the industry. Disney was always parroting the feature-length mainstream " @@ -1790,7 +1820,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1394 +#: freeculture.xml:1411 msgid "" "Sometimes this borrowing was slight. Sometimes it was significant. Think " "about the fairy tales of the Brothers Grimm. If you're as oblivious as I " @@ -1803,7 +1833,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 37 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1403 +#: freeculture.xml:1420 msgid "" "Disney took these stories and retold them in a way that carried them into a " "new age. He animated the stories, with both characters and light. Without " @@ -1830,7 +1860,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1426 +#: freeculture.xml:1443 msgid "" "This is a kind of creativity. It is a creativity that we should remember and " "celebrate. There are some who would say that there is no creativity except " @@ -1843,7 +1873,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f4 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1440 +#: freeculture.xml:1457 msgid "" "Until 1976, copyright law granted an author the possibility of two terms: an " "initial term and a renewal term. I have calculated the " @@ -1857,7 +1887,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1434 +#: freeculture.xml:1451 msgid "" "In 1928, the culture that Disney was free to draw upon was relatively " "fresh. The public domain in 1928 was not very old and was therefore quite " @@ -1871,7 +1901,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1457 +#: freeculture.xml:1474 msgid "" "At the end of a copyright term, a work passes into the public domain. No " "permission is then needed to draw upon or use that work. No permission and, " @@ -1884,7 +1914,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 38 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1466 +#: freeculture.xml:1483 msgid "" "This is the ways things always were—until quite recently. For most of " "our history, the public domain was just over the horizon. From until 1978, " @@ -1897,7 +1927,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1479 +#: freeculture.xml:1496 msgid "" "Of course, Walt Disney had no monopoly on <quote>Walt Disney " "creativity.</quote> Nor does America. The norm of free culture has, until " @@ -1906,7 +1936,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1485 +#: freeculture.xml:1502 msgid "" "Consider, for example, a form of creativity that seems strange to many " "Americans but that is inescapable within Japanese culture: " @@ -1918,7 +1948,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1494 +#: freeculture.xml:1511 msgid "" "Americans tend to look down upon this form of culture. That's an " "unattractive characteristic of ours. We're likely to misunderstand much " @@ -1932,7 +1962,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1505 +#: freeculture.xml:1522 msgid "" "But my purpose here is not to understand manga. It is to describe a variant " "on manga that from a lawyer's perspective is quite odd, but from a Disney " @@ -1941,7 +1971,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 39 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1510 +#: freeculture.xml:1527 msgid "" "This is the phenomenon of <citetitle>doujinshi</citetitle>. Doujinshi are " "also comics, but they are a kind of copycat comic. A rich ethic governs the " @@ -1958,7 +1988,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1525 +#: freeculture.xml:1542 msgid "" "These copycat comics are not a tiny part of the manga market. They are " "huge. More than 33,000 <quote>circles</quote> of creators from across Japan " @@ -1972,7 +2002,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1536 +#: freeculture.xml:1553 msgid "" "The most puzzling feature of the doujinshi market, for those trained in the " "law, at least, is that it is allowed to exist at all. Under Japanese " @@ -1989,20 +2019,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1550 +#: freeculture.xml:1567 msgid "Winick, Judd" msgstr "" #. f5 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1563 +#: freeculture.xml:1580 msgid "" "For an excellent history, see Scott McCloud, <citetitle>Reinventing " "Comics</citetitle> (New York: Perennial, 2000)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1553 +#: freeculture.xml:1570 msgid "" "Yet this illegal market exists and indeed flourishes in Japan, and in the " "view of many, it is precisely because it exists that Japanese manga " @@ -2015,7 +2045,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1568 +#: freeculture.xml:1585 msgid "" "American comics now are quite different, Winick explains, in part because of " "the legal difficulty of adapting comics the way doujinshi are " @@ -2027,7 +2057,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f6 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1585 +#: freeculture.xml:1602 msgid "" "See Salil K. Mehra, <quote>Copyright and Comics in Japan: Does Law Explain " "Why All the Comics My Kid Watches Are Japanese Imports?</quote> " @@ -2041,7 +2071,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1577 +#: freeculture.xml:1594 msgid "" "The norm in Japan mitigates this legal difficulty. Some say it is precisely " "the benefit accruing to the Japanese manga market that explains the " @@ -2053,7 +2083,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1596 +#: freeculture.xml:1613 msgid "" "The problem with this story, however, as Mehra plainly acknowledges, is that " "the mechanism producing this laissez faire response is not clear. It may " @@ -2066,7 +2096,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1607 +#: freeculture.xml:1624 msgid "" "I spent four wonderful months in Japan, and I asked this question as often " "as I could. Perhaps the best account in the end was offered by a friend from " @@ -2077,7 +2107,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 41 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1614 +#: freeculture.xml:1631 msgid "" "This is a theme to which we will return: that regulation by law is a " "function of both the words on the books and the costs of making those words " @@ -2091,7 +2121,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1627 +#: freeculture.xml:1644 msgid "" "If you're like I was a decade ago, or like most people are when they first " "start thinking about these issues, then just about now you should be puzzled " @@ -2099,12 +2129,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1644 freeculture.xml:2847 freeculture.xml:4482 freeculture.xml:4703 freeculture.xml:7260 freeculture.xml:8379 +#: freeculture.xml:1661 freeculture.xml:2870 freeculture.xml:4517 freeculture.xml:4738 freeculture.xml:7321 freeculture.xml:8440 msgid "Vaidhyanathan, Siva" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1637 +#: freeculture.xml:1654 msgid "" "The term <citetitle>intellectual property</citetitle> is of relatively " "recent origin. See Siva Vaidhyanathan, <citetitle>Copyrights and " @@ -2117,7 +2147,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1632 +#: freeculture.xml:1649 msgid "" "We live in a world that celebrates <quote>property.</quote> I am one of " "those celebrants. I believe in the value of property in general, and I also " @@ -2129,7 +2159,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1651 +#: freeculture.xml:1668 msgid "" "But it takes just a second's reflection to realize that there is plenty of " "value out there that <quote>property</quote> doesn't capture. I don't mean " @@ -2147,7 +2177,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 42 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1666 +#: freeculture.xml:1683 msgid "" "Thus, even though the things that Disney took—or more generally, the " "things taken by anyone exercising Walt Disney creativity—are valuable, " @@ -2156,7 +2186,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1675 +#: freeculture.xml:1692 msgid "" "The same with the doujinshi culture. If a doujinshi artist broke into a " "publisher's office and ran off with a thousand copies of his latest " @@ -2167,7 +2197,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1683 +#: freeculture.xml:1700 msgid "" "Yet there is an obvious reluctance, even among Japanese lawyers, to say that " "the copycat comic artists are <quote>stealing.</quote> This form of Walt " @@ -2176,7 +2206,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1689 +#: freeculture.xml:1706 msgid "" "It's the same with a thousand examples that appear everywhere once you begin " "to look. Scientists build upon the work of other scientists without asking " @@ -2193,7 +2223,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 43 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1703 +#: freeculture.xml:1720 msgid "" "Creators here and everywhere are always and at all times building upon the " "creativity that went before and that surrounds them now. That building is " @@ -2206,7 +2236,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1714 +#: freeculture.xml:1731 msgid "" "The hard question is therefore not <emphasis>whether</emphasis> a culture is " "free. All cultures are free to some degree. The hard question instead is " @@ -2220,7 +2250,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1726 +#: freeculture.xml:1743 msgid "" "Free cultures are cultures that leave a great deal open for others to build " "upon; unfree, or permission, cultures leave much less. Ours was a free " @@ -2228,22 +2258,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:1734 +#: freeculture.xml:1751 msgid "CHAPTER TWO: <quote>Mere Copyists</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1736 +#: freeculture.xml:1753 msgid "photography" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1746 +#: freeculture.xml:1763 msgid "Daguerre, Louis" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1739 +#: freeculture.xml:1756 msgid "" "In 1839, Louis Daguerre invented the first practical technology for " "producing what we would call <quote>photographs.</quote> Appropriately " @@ -2256,12 +2286,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1758 +#: freeculture.xml:1775 msgid "Talbot, William" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1749 +#: freeculture.xml:1766 msgid "" "Yet despite high prices, the demand for daguerreotypes was strong. This " "pushed inventors to find simpler and cheaper ways to make <quote>automatic " @@ -2275,13 +2305,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1761 +#: freeculture.xml:1778 msgid "Eastman, George" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 45 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1764 +#: freeculture.xml:1781 msgid "" "The technological change that made mass photography possible didn't happen " "until 1888, and was the creation of a single man. George Eastman, himself an " @@ -2295,19 +2325,19 @@ msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1781 +#: freeculture.xml:1798 msgid "" "Reese V. Jenkins, <citetitle>Images and Enterprise</citetitle> (Baltimore: " "Johns Hopkins University Press, 1975), 112." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1783 +#: freeculture.xml:1800 msgid "Kodak Primer, The (Eastman)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1776 +#: freeculture.xml:1793 msgid "" "Eastman developed flexible, emulsion-coated paper film and placed rolls of " "it in small, simple cameras: the Kodak. The device was marketed on the basis " @@ -2318,19 +2348,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1800 freeculture.xml:1823 +#: freeculture.xml:1817 freeculture.xml:1840 msgid "Coe, Brian" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1798 +#: freeculture.xml:1815 msgid "" "Brian Coe, <citetitle>The Birth of Photography</citetitle> (New York: " "Taplinger Publishing, 1977), 53. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1787 +#: freeculture.xml:1804 msgid "" "The principle of the Kodak system is the separation of the work that any " "person whomsoever can do in making a photograph, from the work that only an " @@ -2344,18 +2374,18 @@ msgstr "" #. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1816 +#: freeculture.xml:1833 msgid "Jenkins, 177." msgstr "" #. f4 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1820 +#: freeculture.xml:1837 msgid "Based on a chart in Jenkins, p. 178." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1805 +#: freeculture.xml:1822 msgid "" "For $25, anyone could make pictures. The camera came preloaded with film, " "and when it had been used, the camera was returned to an Eastman factory, " @@ -2372,12 +2402,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f5 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1838 +#: freeculture.xml:1855 msgid "Coe, 58." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1827 +#: freeculture.xml:1844 msgid "" "The real significance of Eastman's invention, however, was not economic. It " "was social. Professional photography gave individuals a glimpse of places " @@ -2392,7 +2422,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1842 +#: freeculture.xml:1859 msgid "" "In this way, the Kodak camera and film were technologies of expression. The " "pencil or paintbrush was also a technology of expression, of course. But it " @@ -2408,7 +2438,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f6 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1864 +#: freeculture.xml:1881 msgid "" "For illustrative cases, see, for example, <citetitle>Pavesich</citetitle> " "v. <citetitle>N.E. Life Ins. Co</citetitle>., 50 S.E. 68 (Ga. 1905); " @@ -2418,7 +2448,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1855 +#: freeculture.xml:1872 msgid "" "What was required for this technology to flourish? Obviously, Eastman's " "genius was an important part. But also important was the legal environment " @@ -2432,7 +2462,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 47 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1872 +#: freeculture.xml:1889 msgid "" "The arguments in favor of requiring permission will sound surprisingly " "familiar. The photographer was <quote>taking</quote> something from the " @@ -2444,12 +2474,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1894 +#: freeculture.xml:1911 msgid "Warren, Samuel D." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1891 +#: freeculture.xml:1908 msgid "" "Samuel D. Warren and Louis D. Brandeis, <quote>The Right to Privacy,</quote> " "<citetitle>Harvard Law Review</citetitle> 4 (1890): 193. <placeholder " @@ -2457,7 +2487,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1884 +#: freeculture.xml:1901 msgid "" "On the other side was an argument that should be familiar, as well. Sure, " "there may be something of value being used. But citizens should have the " @@ -2472,7 +2502,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f8 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1911 +#: freeculture.xml:1928 msgid "" "See Melville B. Nimmer, <quote>The Right of Publicity,</quote> " "<citetitle>Law and Contemporary Problems</citetitle> 19 (1954): 203; William " @@ -2483,7 +2513,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1901 +#: freeculture.xml:1918 msgid "" "Fortunately for Mr. Eastman, and for photography in general, these early " "decisions went in favor of the pirates. In general, no permission would be " @@ -2497,7 +2527,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1919 +#: freeculture.xml:1936 msgid "" "We can only speculate about how photography would have developed had the law " "gone the other way. If the presumption had been against the photographer, " @@ -2515,7 +2545,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 48 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1936 +#: freeculture.xml:1953 msgid "" "But though we could imagine this system of permission, it would be very hard " "to see how photography could have flourished as it did if the requirement " @@ -2543,7 +2573,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f9 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1969 +#: freeculture.xml:1986 msgid "" "H. Edward Goldberg, <quote>Essential Presentation Tools: Hardware and " "Software You Need to Create Digital Multimedia Presentations,</quote> " @@ -2552,7 +2582,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1963 +#: freeculture.xml:1980 msgid "" "These buses are not cheap, but the technology they carry is increasingly " "so. The cost of a high-quality digital video system has fallen " @@ -2567,12 +2597,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1986 +#: freeculture.xml:2003 msgid "Yanofsky, Dave" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1981 +#: freeculture.xml:1998 msgid "" "<quote>Media literacy,</quote> as Dave Yanofsky, the executive director of " "Just Think!, puts it, <quote>is the ability … to understand, analyze, " @@ -2582,7 +2612,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1989 +#: freeculture.xml:2006 msgid "" "This may seem like an odd way to think about <quote>literacy.</quote> For " "most people, literacy is about reading and writing. Faulkner and Hemingway " @@ -2591,13 +2621,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1994 freeculture.xml:2487 freeculture.xml:6296 freeculture.xml:7125 freeculture.xml:8210 freeculture.xml:8282 +#: freeculture.xml:2011 freeculture.xml:2505 freeculture.xml:6357 freeculture.xml:7186 freeculture.xml:8271 freeculture.xml:8343 msgid "advertising" msgstr "" #. f10 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2000 +#: freeculture.xml:2017 msgid "" "Judith Van Evra, <citetitle>Television and Child Development</citetitle> " "(Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1990); <quote>Findings on " @@ -2606,7 +2636,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1996 +#: freeculture.xml:2013 msgid "" "Maybe. But in a world where children see on average 390 hours of television " "commercials per year, or between 20,000 and 45,000 commercials " @@ -2619,7 +2649,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2011 +#: freeculture.xml:2028 msgid "" "A growing field of academics and activists sees this form of literacy as " "crucial to the next generation of culture. For though anyone who has written " @@ -2632,7 +2662,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2021 +#: freeculture.xml:2038 msgid "" "It took filmmaking a generation before it could do these things well. But " "even then, the knowledge was in the filming, not in writing about the " @@ -2643,22 +2673,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2028 +#: freeculture.xml:2045 msgid "Crichton, Michael" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2042 freeculture.xml:2102 freeculture.xml:2109 freeculture.xml:2550 +#: freeculture.xml:2059 freeculture.xml:2119 freeculture.xml:2126 freeculture.xml:2568 msgid "Barish, Stephanie" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2043 +#: freeculture.xml:2060 msgid "Daley, Elizabeth" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2040 +#: freeculture.xml:2057 msgid "" "Interview with Elizabeth Daley and Stephanie Barish, 13 December 2002. " "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " @@ -2667,7 +2697,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2054 +#: freeculture.xml:2071 msgid "" "See Scott Steinberg, <quote>Crichton Gets Medieval on PCs,</quote> E!online, " "4 November 2000, available at <ulink " @@ -2677,7 +2707,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2030 +#: freeculture.xml:2047 msgid "" "This grammar has changed as media has changed. When it was just film, as " "Elizabeth Daley, executive director of the University of Southern " @@ -2696,12 +2726,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2061 +#: freeculture.xml:2078 msgid "computer games" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2063 +#: freeculture.xml:2080 msgid "" "This skill is precisely the craft a filmmaker learns. As Daley describes, " "<quote>people are very surprised about how they are led through a film. [I]t " @@ -2711,7 +2741,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2070 +#: freeculture.xml:2087 msgid "" "Yet the push for an expanded literacy—one that goes beyond text to " "include audio and visual elements—is not about making better film " @@ -2720,7 +2750,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2077 +#: freeculture.xml:2094 msgid "" "From my perspective, probably the most important digital divide is not " "access to a box. It's the ability to be empowered with the language that " @@ -2729,7 +2759,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2085 +#: freeculture.xml:2102 msgid "" "<quote>Read-only.</quote> Passive recipients of culture produced elsewhere. " "Couch potatoes. Consumers. This is the world of media from the twentieth " @@ -2737,18 +2767,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2101 +#: freeculture.xml:2118 msgid "Interview with Daley and Barish. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. f31 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2106 freeculture.xml:3851 freeculture.xml:4891 freeculture.xml:8098 +#: freeculture.xml:2123 freeculture.xml:3882 freeculture.xml:4926 freeculture.xml:8159 msgid "Ibid." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2090 +#: freeculture.xml:2107 msgid "" "The twenty-first century could be different. This is the crucial point: It " "could be both read and write. Or at least reading and better understanding " @@ -2762,7 +2792,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2111 +#: freeculture.xml:2128 msgid "" "As with any language, this language comes more easily to some than to " "others. It doesn't necessarily come more easily to those who excel in " @@ -2776,7 +2806,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2123 +#: freeculture.xml:2140 msgid "" "The class was held on Friday afternoons, and it created a relatively new " "problem for the school. While the challenge in most classes was getting the " @@ -2787,7 +2817,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2131 +#: freeculture.xml:2148 msgid "" "Using whatever <quote>free web stuff they could find,</quote> and relatively " "simple tools to enable the kids to mix <quote>image, sound, and " @@ -2808,7 +2838,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 52 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2150 +#: freeculture.xml:2167 msgid "" "<quote>But isn't education about teaching kids to write?</quote> I asked. In " "part, of course, it is. But why are we teaching kids to write? Education, " @@ -2820,7 +2850,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2161 +#: freeculture.xml:2178 msgid "" "What you want is to give these students ways of constructing meaning. If all " "you give them is text, they're not going to do it. Because they can't. You " @@ -2841,7 +2871,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2180 +#: freeculture.xml:2197 msgid "" "That empowers enormously. And then what happens, of course, is eventually, " "as it has happened in all these classes, they bump up against the fact, " @@ -2852,7 +2882,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 53 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2187 +#: freeculture.xml:2204 msgid "" "Because they needed to. There was a reason for doing it. They needed to say " "something, as opposed to just jumping through your hoops. They actually " @@ -2861,7 +2891,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2198 +#: freeculture.xml:2215 msgid "" "When two planes crashed into the World Trade Center, another into the " "Pentagon, and a fourth into a Pennsylvania field, all media around the world " @@ -2874,7 +2904,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2209 +#: freeculture.xml:2226 msgid "" "These retellings had an increasingly familiar feel. There was music scored " "for the intermissions, and fancy graphics that flashed across the " @@ -2885,17 +2915,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2216 freeculture.xml:8037 freeculture.xml:8276 +#: freeculture.xml:2233 freeculture.xml:8098 freeculture.xml:8337 msgid "ABC" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2217 +#: freeculture.xml:2234 msgid "CBS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2219 +#: freeculture.xml:2236 msgid "" "But in addition to this produced news about the <quote>tragedy of September " "11,</quote> those of us tied to the Internet came to see a very different " @@ -2912,7 +2942,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 54 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2233 +#: freeculture.xml:2250 msgid "" "I don't mean simply to praise the Internet—though I do think the " "people who supported this form of speech should be praised. I mean instead " @@ -2923,7 +2953,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2243 +#: freeculture.xml:2260 msgid "" "But unlike any technology for simply capturing images, the Internet allows " "these creations to be shared with an extraordinary number of people, " @@ -2935,7 +2965,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2252 +#: freeculture.xml:2269 msgid "" "September 11 was not an aberration. It was a beginning. Around the same " "time, a form of communication that has grown dramatically was just beginning " @@ -2947,7 +2977,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2261 +#: freeculture.xml:2278 msgid "" "But in the United States, blogs have taken on a very different character. " "There are some who use the space simply to talk about their private " @@ -2964,7 +2994,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 55 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2275 +#: freeculture.xml:2292 msgid "" "That's a strong statement. Yet it says as much about our democracy as it " "does about blogs. This is the part of America that is most difficult for " @@ -2977,7 +3007,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f15 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2301 +#: freeculture.xml:2318 msgid "" "See, for example, Alexis de Tocqueville, <citetitle>Democracy in " "America</citetitle>, bk. 1, trans. Henry Reeve (New York: Bantam Books, " @@ -2985,7 +3015,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2286 +#: freeculture.xml:2303 msgid "" "But democracy has never just been about elections. Democracy means rule by " "the people, but rule means something more than mere elections. In our " @@ -3005,14 +3035,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f16 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2310 +#: freeculture.xml:2327 msgid "" "Bruce Ackerman and James Fishkin, <quote>Deliberation Day,</quote> " "<citetitle>Journal of Political Philosophy</citetitle> 10 (2) (2002): 129." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2306 +#: freeculture.xml:2323 msgid "" "Yet even this institution flags in American life today. And in its place, " "there is no systematic effort to enable citizen deliberation. Some are " @@ -3024,14 +3054,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f17 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2325 +#: freeculture.xml:2342 msgid "" "Cass Sunstein, <citetitle>Republic.com</citetitle> (Princeton: Princeton " "University Press, 2001), 65–80, 175, 182, 183, 192." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2318 +#: freeculture.xml:2335 msgid "" "More bizarrely, there is generally not even permission for it to occur. We, " "the most powerful democracy in the world, have developed a strong norm " @@ -3044,7 +3074,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 56 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2331 +#: freeculture.xml:2348 msgid "" "Enter the blog. The blog's very architecture solves one part of this " "problem. People post when they want to post, and people read when they want " @@ -3055,7 +3085,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2342 +#: freeculture.xml:2359 msgid "" "But beyond architecture, blogs also have solved the problem of " "norms. There's no norm (yet) in blog space not to talk about politics. " @@ -3066,12 +3096,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2354 +#: freeculture.xml:2371 msgid "Dean, Howard" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2350 +#: freeculture.xml:2367 msgid "" "The significance of these blogs is tiny now, though not so tiny. The name " "Howard Dean may well have faded from the 2004 presidential race but for " @@ -3081,19 +3111,19 @@ msgstr "" #. f18 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2368 +#: freeculture.xml:2385 msgid "" "Noah Shachtman, <quote>With Incessant Postings, a Pundit Stirs the " "Pot,</quote> New York Times, 16 January 2003, G5." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2371 +#: freeculture.xml:2388 msgid "Lott, Trent" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2357 +#: freeculture.xml:2374 msgid "" "One direct effect is on stories that had a different life cycle in the " "mainstream media. The Trent Lott affair is an example. When Lott " @@ -3109,7 +3139,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2374 +#: freeculture.xml:2391 msgid "" "This different cycle is possible because the same commercial pressures don't " "exist with blogs as with other ventures. Television and newspapers are " @@ -3118,7 +3148,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2381 +#: freeculture.xml:2398 msgid "" "But bloggers don't have a similar constraint. They can obsess, they can " "focus, they can get serious. If a particular blogger writes a particularly " @@ -3129,13 +3159,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2390 +#: freeculture.xml:2407 msgid "Winer, Dave" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 57 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2393 +#: freeculture.xml:2410 msgid "" "There's a second way, as well, in which blogs have a different cycle from " "the mainstream press. As Dave Winer, one of the fathers of this movement and " @@ -3148,18 +3178,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2403 freeculture.xml:2456 +#: freeculture.xml:2420 freeculture.xml:2473 msgid "CNN" msgstr "" #. f19 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2411 +#: freeculture.xml:2428 msgid "Telephone interview with David Winer, 16 April 2003." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2405 +#: freeculture.xml:2422 msgid "" "These conflicts become more important as media becomes more concentrated " "(more on this below). A concentrated media can hide more from the public " @@ -3177,7 +3207,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f20 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2429 +#: freeculture.xml:2446 msgid "" "John Schwartz, <quote>Loss of the Shuttle: The Internet; A Wealth of " "Information Online,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 2 " @@ -3187,7 +3217,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2421 +#: freeculture.xml:2438 msgid "" "Blog space gives amateurs a way to enter the " "debate—<quote>amateur</quote> not in the sense of inexperienced, but " @@ -3202,8 +3232,13 @@ msgid "" "benefits, and costs, that might entail." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:2474 +msgid "Olafson, Steve" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2448 +#: freeculture.xml:2465 msgid "" "See Michael Falcone, <quote>Does an Editor's Pencil Ruin a Web Log?</quote> " "<citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 29 September 2003, C4. (<quote>Not " @@ -3213,12 +3248,13 @@ msgid "" "request. Last year Steve Olafson, a <citetitle>Houston Chronicle</citetitle> " "reporter, was fired for keeping a personal Web log, published under a " "pseudonym, that dealt with some of the issues and people he was " -"covering.</quote>) <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"covering.</quote>) <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 58 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2441 +#: freeculture.xml:2458 msgid "" "Winer is optimistic about the future of journalism infected with " "blogs. <quote>It's going to become an essential skill,</quote> Winer " @@ -3235,7 +3271,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2468 +#: freeculture.xml:2486 msgid "" "This speech affects democracy. Winer thinks that happens because <quote>you " "don't have to work for somebody who controls, [for] a gatekeeper.</quote> " @@ -3252,12 +3288,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2484 +#: freeculture.xml:2502 msgid "Brown, John Seely" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2490 +#: freeculture.xml:2508 msgid "" "John Seely Brown is the chief scientist of the Xerox Corporation. His work, " "as his Web site describes it, is <quote>human learning and … the " @@ -3265,7 +3301,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2495 +#: freeculture.xml:2513 msgid "" "Brown thus looks at these technologies of digital creativity a bit " "differently from the perspectives I've sketched so far. I'm sure he would be " @@ -3275,7 +3311,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 59 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2502 +#: freeculture.xml:2520 msgid "" "As Brown believes, we learn by tinkering. When <quote>a lot of us grew " "up,</quote> he explains, that tinkering was done <quote>on motorcycle " @@ -3290,7 +3326,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2515 +#: freeculture.xml:2533 msgid "" "The best large-scale example of this kind of tinkering so far is free " "software or open-source software (FS/OSS). FS/OSS is software whose source " @@ -3300,7 +3336,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2522 +#: freeculture.xml:2540 msgid "" "This opportunity creates a <quote>completely new kind of learning " "platform,</quote> as Brown describes. <quote>As soon as you start doing " @@ -3312,7 +3348,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2530 +#: freeculture.xml:2548 msgid "" "In this process, <quote>the concrete things you tinker with are abstract. " "They are code.</quote> Kids are <quote>shifting to the ability to tinker in " @@ -3324,7 +3360,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2539 +#: freeculture.xml:2557 msgid "" "This same thing happens with content, too. And it happens in the same " "collaborative way when that content is part of the Web. As Brown puts it, " @@ -3339,7 +3375,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 60 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2552 +#: freeculture.xml:2570 msgid "" "Brown is talking about what Elizabeth Daley, Stephanie Barish, and Just " "Think! teach: that this tinkering with culture teaches as well as " @@ -3348,7 +3384,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2560 +#: freeculture.xml:2578 msgid "" "Yet the freedom to tinker with these objects is not guaranteed. Indeed, as " "we'll see through the course of this book, that freedom is increasingly " @@ -3361,7 +3397,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f22 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2576 +#: freeculture.xml:2594 msgid "" "See, for example, Edward Felten and Andrew Appel, <quote>Technological " "Access Control Interferes with Noninfringing Scholarship,</quote> " @@ -3370,7 +3406,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2569 +#: freeculture.xml:2587 msgid "" "These restrictions have become the focus of researchers and scholars. " "Professor Ed Felten of Princeton (whom we'll see more of in chapter <xref " @@ -3383,7 +3419,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2584 +#: freeculture.xml:2602 msgid "" "<quote>This is where education in the twenty-first century is going,</quote> " "Brown explains. We need to <quote>understand how kids who grow up digital " @@ -3391,7 +3427,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2589 +#: freeculture.xml:2607 msgid "" "<quote>Yet,</quote> as Brown continued, and as the balance of this book will " "evince, <quote>we are building a legal system that completely suppresses the " @@ -3401,7 +3437,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2597 +#: freeculture.xml:2615 msgid "" "We're building a technology that takes the magic of Kodak, mixes moving " "images and sound, and adds a space for commentary and an opportunity to " @@ -3410,7 +3446,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2603 +#: freeculture.xml:2621 msgid "" "<quote>No way to run a culture,</quote> as Brewster Kahle, whom we'll meet " "in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"collectors\"/>, " @@ -3418,22 +3454,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:2610 +#: freeculture.xml:2628 msgid "CHAPTER THREE: Catalogs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2611 +#: freeculture.xml:2629 msgid "RPI" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2611 freeculture.xml:2613 +#: freeculture.xml:2629 freeculture.xml:2631 msgid "Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2616 +#: freeculture.xml:2634 msgid "" "In the fall of 2002, Jesse Jordan of Oceanside, New York, enrolled as a " "freshman at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, in Troy, New York. His major " @@ -3443,7 +3479,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2623 +#: freeculture.xml:2641 msgid "" "RPI is one of America's foremost technological research institutions. It " "offers degrees in fields ranging from architecture and engineering to " @@ -3454,7 +3490,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2631 +#: freeculture.xml:2649 msgid "" "RPI's computer network links students, faculty, and administration to one " "another. It also links RPI to the Internet. Not everything available on the " @@ -3465,7 +3501,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 62 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2638 +#: freeculture.xml:2656 msgid "" "Search engines are a measure of a network's intimacy. Google brought the " "Internet much closer to all of us by fantastically improving the quality of " @@ -3479,7 +3515,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2650 +#: freeculture.xml:2668 msgid "" "These engines are enabled by the network technology itself. Microsoft, for " "example, has a network file system that makes it very easy for search " @@ -3490,7 +3526,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2659 +#: freeculture.xml:2677 msgid "" "Jesse's wasn't the first search engine built for the RPI network. Indeed, " "his engine was a simple modification of engines that others had built. His " @@ -3504,7 +3540,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2671 +#: freeculture.xml:2689 msgid "" "Jesse's engine went on-line in late October. Over the following six months, " "he continued to tweak it to improve its functionality. By March, the system " @@ -3515,7 +3551,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 63 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2678 +#: freeculture.xml:2696 msgid "" "Thus the index his search engine produced included pictures, which students " "could use to put on their own Web sites; copies of notes or research; copies " @@ -3525,7 +3561,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2687 +#: freeculture.xml:2705 msgid "" "But the index also included music files. In fact, one quarter of the files " "that Jesse's search engine listed were music files. But that means, of " @@ -3542,7 +3578,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2702 +#: freeculture.xml:2720 msgid "" "On April 3, 2003, Jesse was contacted by the dean of students at RPI. The " "dean informed Jesse that the Recording Industry Association of America, the " @@ -3553,7 +3589,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2711 +#: freeculture.xml:2729 msgid "" "<quote>It was absurd,</quote> he told me. <quote>I don't think I did " "anything wrong. … I don't think there's anything wrong with the " @@ -3569,7 +3605,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 64 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2724 +#: freeculture.xml:2742 msgid "" "But the RIAA branded Jesse a pirate. They claimed he operated a network and " "had therefore <quote>willfully</quote> violated copyright laws. They " @@ -3583,7 +3619,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2747 +#: freeculture.xml:2765 msgid "" "Tim Goral, <quote>Recording Industry Goes After Campus P-2-P Networks: Suit " "Alleges $97.8 Billion in Damages,</quote> <citetitle>Professional Media " @@ -3591,7 +3627,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2735 +#: freeculture.xml:2753 msgid "" "Similar lawsuits were brought against three other students: one other " "student at RPI, one at Michigan Technical University, and one at " @@ -3606,7 +3642,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2754 +#: freeculture.xml:2772 msgid "" "Jesse called his parents. They were supportive but a bit frightened. An " "uncle was a lawyer. He began negotiations with the RIAA. They demanded to " @@ -3614,8 +3650,13 @@ msgid "" "other employment. They demanded $12,000 to dismiss the case." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:2778 +msgid "Oppenheimer, Matt" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2761 +#: freeculture.xml:2780 msgid "" "The RIAA wanted Jesse to admit to doing something wrong. He refused. They " "wanted him to agree to an injunction that would essentially make it " @@ -3630,7 +3671,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 65 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2772 +#: freeculture.xml:2791 msgid "" "Jesse's family was outraged at these claims. They wanted to fight. But " "Jesse's uncle worked to educate the family about the nature of the American " @@ -3642,15 +3683,25 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2782 +#: freeculture.xml:2801 msgid "" "So Jesse faced a mafia-like choice: $250,000 and a chance at winning, or " "$12,000 and a settlement." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:2805 freeculture.xml:3157 freeculture.xml:4078 freeculture.xml:5171 freeculture.xml:5222 freeculture.xml:9580 freeculture.xml:9681 freeculture.xml:9855 freeculture.xml:14372 freeculture.xml:14440 +msgid "artists" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:2806 freeculture.xml:3158 freeculture.xml:4079 freeculture.xml:9581 freeculture.xml:9682 freeculture.xml:9856 freeculture.xml:14373 freeculture.xml:14441 +msgid "recording industry payments to" +msgstr "" + #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2794 +#: freeculture.xml:2817 msgid "" "Occupational Employment Survey, U.S. Dept. of Labor (2001) " "(27–2042—Musicians and Singers). See also National Endowment for " @@ -3659,7 +3710,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2802 +#: freeculture.xml:2825 msgid "" "Douglas Lichtman makes a related point in <quote>KaZaA and " "Punishment,</quote> <citetitle>Wall Street Journal</citetitle>, 10 September " @@ -3667,7 +3718,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2786 +#: freeculture.xml:2809 msgid "" "The recording industry insists this is a matter of law and morality. Let's " "put the law aside for a moment and think about the morality. Where is the " @@ -3681,7 +3732,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2807 +#: freeculture.xml:2830 msgid "" "On June 23, Jesse wired his savings to the lawyer working for the RIAA. The " "case against him was then dismissed. And with this, this kid who had " @@ -3689,7 +3740,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2814 +#: freeculture.xml:2837 msgid "" "I was definitely not an activist [before]. I never really meant to be an " "activist. … [But] I've been pushed into this. In no way did I ever " @@ -3698,7 +3749,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2821 +#: freeculture.xml:2844 msgid "" "Jesse's parents betray a certain pride in their reluctant activist. As his " "father told me, Jesse <quote>considers himself very conservative, and so do " @@ -3708,12 +3759,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:2830 +#: freeculture.xml:2853 msgid "CHAPTER FOUR: <quote>Pirates</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2832 +#: freeculture.xml:2855 msgid "" "If <quote>piracy</quote> means using the creative property of others without " "their permission—if <quote>if value, then right</quote> is " @@ -3725,12 +3776,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:2840 +#: freeculture.xml:2863 msgid "Film" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2844 +#: freeculture.xml:2867 msgid "" "I am grateful to Peter DiMauro for pointing me to this extraordinary " "history. See also Siva Vaidhyanathan, <citetitle>Copyrights and " @@ -3741,7 +3792,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 67 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2842 +#: freeculture.xml:2865 msgid "" "The film industry of Hollywood was built by fleeing pirates.<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Creators and directors migrated from the East " @@ -3755,12 +3806,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2860 +#: freeculture.xml:2883 msgid "As one commentator tells one part of the story," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2864 +#: freeculture.xml:2887 msgid "" "A January 1909 deadline was set for all companies to comply with the " "license. By February, unlicensed outlaws, who referred to themselves as " @@ -3772,7 +3823,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2884 +#: freeculture.xml:2907 msgid "" "J. A. Aberdeen, <citetitle>Hollywood Renegades: The Society of Independent " "Motion Picture Producers</citetitle> (Cobblestone Entertainment, 2000) and " @@ -3788,22 +3839,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2895 +#: freeculture.xml:2918 msgid "Fox, William" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2896 +#: freeculture.xml:2919 msgid "General Film Company" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2897 freeculture.xml:3150 freeculture.xml:4256 freeculture.xml:9650 +#: freeculture.xml:2920 freeculture.xml:3177 freeculture.xml:4291 freeculture.xml:9725 msgid "Picker, Randal C." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2873 +#: freeculture.xml:2896 msgid "" "With the country experiencing a tremendous expansion in the number of " "nickelodeons, the Patents Company reacted to the independent movement by " @@ -3821,7 +3872,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2907 +#: freeculture.xml:2930 msgid "" "Marc Wanamaker, <quote>The First Studios,</quote> <citetitle>The Silents " "Majority</citetitle>, archived at <ulink " @@ -3829,7 +3880,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2901 +#: freeculture.xml:2924 msgid "" "The Napsters of those days, the <quote>independents,</quote> were companies " "like Fox. And no less than today, these independents were vigorously " @@ -3844,7 +3895,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 68 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2917 +#: freeculture.xml:2940 msgid "" "Of course, California grew quickly, and the effective enforcement of federal " "law eventually spread west. But because patents grant the patent holder a " @@ -3855,29 +3906,29 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:2928 +#: freeculture.xml:2951 msgid "Recorded Music" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2930 +#: freeculture.xml:2953 msgid "" "The record industry was born of another kind of piracy, though to see how " "requires a bit of detail about the way the law regulates music." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2934 +#: freeculture.xml:2957 msgid "Fourneaux, Henri" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2936 +#: freeculture.xml:2959 msgid "Russel, Phil" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2938 +#: freeculture.xml:2961 msgid "" "At the time that Edison and Henri Fourneaux invented machines for " "reproducing music (Edison the phonograph, Fourneaux the player piano), the " @@ -3890,12 +3941,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2947 freeculture.xml:3095 +#: freeculture.xml:2970 freeculture.xml:3118 msgid "Beatles" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2949 +#: freeculture.xml:2972 msgid "" "But what if I wanted to record <quote>Happy Mose,</quote> using Edison's " "phonograph or Fourneaux's player piano? Here the law stumbled. It was clear " @@ -3915,12 +3966,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2972 freeculture.xml:2989 +#: freeculture.xml:2995 freeculture.xml:3012 msgid "Kittredge, Alfred" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2968 +#: freeculture.xml:2991 msgid "" "The composers (and publishers) were none too happy about this capacity to " "pirate. As South Dakota senator Alfred Kittredge put it, <placeholder " @@ -3928,7 +3979,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2983 +#: freeculture.xml:3006 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright: Hearings on S. 6330 " "and H.R. 19853 Before the ( Joint) Committees on Patents, 59th Cong. 59, 1st " @@ -3940,7 +3991,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2976 +#: freeculture.xml:2999 msgid "" "Imagine the injustice of the thing. A composer writes a song or an opera. A " "publisher buys at great expense the rights to the same and copyrights " @@ -3952,7 +4003,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f5 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2998 +#: freeculture.xml:3021 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 223 (statement of " "Nathan Burkan, attorney for the Music Publishers Association)." @@ -3960,7 +4011,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f6 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3004 +#: freeculture.xml:3027 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 226 (statement of " "Nathan Burkan, attorney for the Music Publishers Association)." @@ -3968,14 +4019,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f7 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3011 +#: freeculture.xml:3034 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 23 (statement of " "John Philip Sousa, composer)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2994 +#: freeculture.xml:3017 msgid "" "The innovators who developed the technology to record other people's works " "were <quote>sponging upon the toil, the work, the talent, and genius of " @@ -3989,7 +4040,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f8 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3024 +#: freeculture.xml:3047 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 283–84 " "(statement of Albert Walker, representative of the Auto-Music Perforating " @@ -3998,7 +4049,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f9 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3035 +#: freeculture.xml:3058 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 376 (prepared " "memorandum of Philip Mauro, general patent counsel of the American " @@ -4006,12 +4057,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3039 +#: freeculture.xml:3062 msgid "American Graphophone Company" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3016 +#: freeculture.xml:3039 msgid "" "These arguments have familiar echoes in the wars of our day. So, too, do the " "arguments on the other side. The innovators who developed the player piano " @@ -4030,7 +4081,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 70 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3042 +#: freeculture.xml:3065 msgid "" "The law soon resolved this battle in favor of the composer " "<emphasis>and</emphasis> the recording artist. Congress amended the law to " @@ -4045,7 +4096,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3057 +#: freeculture.xml:3080 msgid "" "American law ordinarily calls this a <quote>compulsory license,</quote> but " "I will refer to it as a <quote>statutory license.</quote> A statutory " @@ -4056,12 +4107,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3072 freeculture.xml:13976 +#: freeculture.xml:3095 freeculture.xml:14073 msgid "Grisham, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3065 +#: freeculture.xml:3088 msgid "" "This is an exception within the law of copyright. When John Grisham writes a " "novel, a publisher is free to publish that novel only if Grisham gives the " @@ -4074,7 +4125,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f10 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3089 +#: freeculture.xml:3112 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision: Hearings on S. 2499, S. 2900, H.R. 243, and " "H.R. 11794 Before the ( Joint) Committee on Patents, 60th Cong., 1st sess., " @@ -4085,7 +4136,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3075 +#: freeculture.xml:3098 msgid "" "But the law governing recordings gives recording artists less. And thus, in " "effect, the law <emphasis>subsidizes</emphasis> the recording industry " @@ -4102,7 +4153,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3098 +#: freeculture.xml:3121 msgid "" "While the recording industry has been quite coy about this recently, " "historically it has been quite a supporter of the statutory license for " @@ -4111,7 +4162,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f11 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3120 +#: freeculture.xml:3143 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision: Report to Accompany H.R. 2512, House Committee on " "the Judiciary, 90th Cong., 1st sess., House Document no. 83, (8 March " @@ -4119,7 +4170,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3105 +#: freeculture.xml:3128 msgid "" "the record producers argued vigorously that the compulsory license system " "must be retained. They asserted that the record industry is a " @@ -4136,29 +4187,29 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3127 +#: freeculture.xml:3150 msgid "" "By limiting the rights musicians have, by partially pirating their creative " "work, the record producers, and the public, benefit." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:3132 freeculture.xml:4221 +#: freeculture.xml:3155 freeculture.xml:4256 msgid "Radio" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3134 +#: freeculture.xml:3161 msgid "Radio was also born of piracy." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3149 +#: freeculture.xml:3176 msgid "Hand, Learned" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3140 +#: freeculture.xml:3167 msgid "" "See 17 <citetitle>United States Code</citetitle>, sections 106 and 110. At " "the beginning, record companies printed <quote>Not Licensed for Radio " @@ -4175,7 +4226,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3137 +#: freeculture.xml:3164 msgid "" "When a radio station plays a record on the air, that constitutes a " "<quote>public performance</quote> of the composer's work.<placeholder " @@ -4186,13 +4237,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3167 freeculture.xml:8741 freeculture.xml:9199 freeculture.xml:12128 +#: freeculture.xml:3194 freeculture.xml:8803 freeculture.xml:9264 freeculture.xml:12220 msgid "Lovett, Lyle" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 72 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3157 +#: freeculture.xml:3184 msgid "" "But when the radio station plays a record, it is not only performing a copy " "of the <emphasis>composer's</emphasis> work. The radio station is also " @@ -4207,7 +4258,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3172 +#: freeculture.xml:3199 msgid "" "But it doesn't. Under the law governing radio performances, the radio " "station does not have to pay the recording artist. The radio station need " @@ -4217,12 +4268,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3180 freeculture.xml:3683 freeculture.xml:6061 +#: freeculture.xml:3207 freeculture.xml:3714 freeculture.xml:6111 msgid "Madonna" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3183 +#: freeculture.xml:3210 msgid "" "This difference can be huge. Imagine you compose a piece of music. Imagine " "it is your first. You own the exclusive right to authorize public " @@ -4231,7 +4282,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3189 +#: freeculture.xml:3216 msgid "" "Imagine she does sing your song, and imagine she likes it a lot. She then " "decides to make a recording of your song, and it becomes a top hit. Under " @@ -4243,7 +4294,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3200 +#: freeculture.xml:3227 msgid "" "No doubt, one might argue that, on balance, the recording artists " "benefit. On average, the promotion they get is worth more than the " @@ -4254,18 +4305,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:3209 freeculture.xml:4227 +#: freeculture.xml:3237 freeculture.xml:4262 msgid "Cable TV" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3212 +#: freeculture.xml:3240 msgid "Cable TV was also born of a kind of piracy." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 73 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3215 +#: freeculture.xml:3243 msgid "" "When cable entrepreneurs first started wiring communities with cable " "television in 1948, most refused to pay broadcasters for the content that " @@ -4277,22 +4328,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3225 +#: freeculture.xml:3253 msgid "Anello, Douglas" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3226 +#: freeculture.xml:3254 msgid "Burdick, Quentin" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3227 freeculture.xml:3238 +#: freeculture.xml:3255 freeculture.xml:3266 msgid "Hyde, Rosel H." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3233 +#: freeculture.xml:3261 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV: Hearing on S. 1006 Before the " "Subcommittee on Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights of the Senate Committee " @@ -4303,14 +4354,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f14 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3245 +#: freeculture.xml:3273 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 116 (statement of Douglas A. Anello, " "general counsel of the National Association of Broadcasters)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3229 +#: freeculture.xml:3257 msgid "" "Broadcasters and copyright owners were quick to attack this theft. Rosel " "Hyde, chairman of the FCC, viewed the practice as a kind of <quote>unfair " @@ -4325,14 +4376,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f15 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3256 +#: freeculture.xml:3284 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 126 (statement of Ernest W. Jennes, " "general counsel of the Association of Maximum Service Telecasters, Inc.)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3252 +#: freeculture.xml:3280 msgid "" "The extraordinary thing about the CATV business is that it is the only " "business I know of where the product that is being sold is not paid " @@ -4340,13 +4391,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3262 +#: freeculture.xml:3290 msgid "Again, the demand of the copyright holders seemed reasonable enough:" msgstr "" #. f16 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3271 +#: freeculture.xml:3299 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 169 (joint statement of Arthur B. Krim, " "president of United Artists Corp., and John Sinn, president of United " @@ -4354,7 +4405,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3266 +#: freeculture.xml:3294 msgid "" "All we are asking for is a very simple thing, that people who now take our " "property for nothing pay for it. We are trying to stop piracy and I don't " @@ -4363,12 +4414,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3277 freeculture.xml:3285 +#: freeculture.xml:3305 freeculture.xml:3313 msgid "Heston, Charlton" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3283 +#: freeculture.xml:3311 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 209 (statement of Charlton Heston, " "president of the Screen Actors Guild). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " @@ -4376,7 +4427,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3279 +#: freeculture.xml:3307 msgid "" "These were <quote>free-ride[rs],</quote> Screen Actor's Guild president " "Charlton Heston said, who were <quote>depriving actors of " @@ -4384,19 +4435,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3290 +#: freeculture.xml:3318 msgid "" "But again, there was another side to the debate. As Assistant Attorney " "General Edwin Zimmerman put it," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3306 freeculture.xml:3308 +#: freeculture.xml:3334 freeculture.xml:3336 msgid "Zimmerman, Edwin" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3304 +#: freeculture.xml:3332 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 216 (statement of Edwin M. Zimmerman, " "acting assistant attorney general). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " @@ -4404,7 +4455,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3295 +#: freeculture.xml:3323 msgid "" "Our point here is that unlike the problem of whether you have any copyright " "protection at all, the problem here is whether copyright holders who are " @@ -4416,14 +4467,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3312 +#: freeculture.xml:3340 msgid "" "Copyright owners took the cable companies to court. Twice the Supreme Court " "held that the cable companies owed the copyright owners nothing." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3316 +#: freeculture.xml:3344 msgid "" "It took Congress almost thirty years before it resolved the question of " "whether cable companies had to pay for the content they " @@ -4439,7 +4490,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f19 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3333 +#: freeculture.xml:3361 msgid "" "See, for example, National Music Publisher's Association, <citetitle>The " "Engine of Free Expression: Copyright on the Internet—The Myth of Free " @@ -4450,7 +4501,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3328 +#: freeculture.xml:3356 msgid "" "These separate stories sing a common theme. If <quote>piracy</quote> means " "using value from someone else's creative property without permission from " @@ -4463,12 +4514,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:3350 +#: freeculture.xml:3378 msgid "CHAPTER FIVE: <quote>Piracy</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3352 +#: freeculture.xml:3380 msgid "" "There is piracy of copyrighted material. Lots of it. This piracy comes in " "many forms. The most significant is commercial piracy, the unauthorized " @@ -4479,7 +4530,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 76 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3360 +#: freeculture.xml:3388 msgid "" "But as well as copy-shop piracy, there is another kind of " "<quote>taking</quote> that is more directly related to the Internet. That " @@ -4491,13 +4542,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:3370 +#: freeculture.xml:3398 msgid "Piracy I" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:3399 freeculture.xml:3478 freeculture.xml:3527 freeculture.xml:14472 +msgid "Asia, commercial piracy in" +msgstr "" + #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3378 +#: freeculture.xml:3407 msgid "" "See IFPI (International Federation of the Phonographic Industry), " "<citetitle>The Recording Industry Commercial Piracy Report 2003</citetitle>, " @@ -4507,7 +4563,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3372 +#: freeculture.xml:3401 msgid "" "All across the world, but especially in Asia and Eastern Europe, there are " "businesses that do nothing but take others people's copyrighted content, " @@ -4519,7 +4575,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3388 +#: freeculture.xml:3417 msgid "" "This is piracy plain and simple. Nothing in the argument of this book, nor " "in the argument that most people make when talking about the subject of this " @@ -4527,7 +4583,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3394 +#: freeculture.xml:3423 msgid "" "Which is not to say that excuses and justifications couldn't be made for " "it. We could, for example, remind ourselves that for the first one hundred " @@ -4539,7 +4595,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3403 +#: freeculture.xml:3432 msgid "" "That excuse isn't terribly strong. Technically, our law did not ban the " "taking of foreign works. It explicitly limited itself to American " @@ -4553,7 +4609,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3414 +#: freeculture.xml:3443 msgid "" "True, these local rules have, in effect, been imposed upon these " "countries. No country can be part of the world economy and choose <beginpage " @@ -4563,17 +4619,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3442 +#: freeculture.xml:3471 msgid "agricultural patents" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3443 freeculture.xml:12417 freeculture.xml:12856 freeculture.xml:12863 +#: freeculture.xml:3472 freeculture.xml:12509 freeculture.xml:12948 freeculture.xml:12955 msgid "Drahos, Peter" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3427 +#: freeculture.xml:3456 msgid "" "See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, Information Feudalism: " "<citetitle>Who Owns the Knowledge Economy?</citetitle> (New York: The New " @@ -4593,7 +4649,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3422 +#: freeculture.xml:3451 msgid "" "If a country is to be treated as a sovereign, however, then its laws are its " "laws regardless of their source. The international law under which these " @@ -4605,12 +4661,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3463 freeculture.xml:3730 freeculture.xml:14508 +#: freeculture.xml:3493 freeculture.xml:3761 freeculture.xml:14616 msgid "Liebowitz, Stan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3456 +#: freeculture.xml:3486 msgid "" "For an analysis of the economic impact of copying technology, see Stan " "Liebowitz, <citetitle>Rethinking the Network Economy</citetitle> (New York: " @@ -4623,7 +4679,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3450 +#: freeculture.xml:3480 msgid "" "Alternatively, we could try to excuse this piracy by noting that in any " "case, it does no harm to the industry. The Chinese who get access to " @@ -4633,7 +4689,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3467 +#: freeculture.xml:3497 msgid "" "This is often true (though I have friends who have purchased many thousands " "of pirated DVDs who certainly have enough money to pay for the content they " @@ -4649,7 +4705,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 78 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3480 +#: freeculture.xml:3510 msgid "" "This argument is still very weak. However, although copyright is a property " "right of a very special sort, it <emphasis>is</emphasis> a property " @@ -4668,32 +4724,32 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3509 freeculture.xml:3537 freeculture.xml:11253 freeculture.xml:12737 freeculture.xml:13289 +#: freeculture.xml:3540 freeculture.xml:3568 freeculture.xml:11341 freeculture.xml:12829 freeculture.xml:13381 msgid "GNU/Linux operating system" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3510 freeculture.xml:3540 freeculture.xml:11255 freeculture.xml:12738 freeculture.xml:13290 +#: freeculture.xml:3541 freeculture.xml:3571 freeculture.xml:11343 freeculture.xml:12830 freeculture.xml:13382 msgid "Linux operating system" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3512 +#: freeculture.xml:3543 msgid "Microsoft" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3513 +#: freeculture.xml:3544 msgid "Windows operating system of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3515 +#: freeculture.xml:3546 msgid "Windows" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3498 +#: freeculture.xml:3529 msgid "" "Finally, we could try to excuse this piracy with the argument that the " "piracy actually helps the copyright owner. When the Chinese " @@ -4711,7 +4767,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3518 +#: freeculture.xml:3549 msgid "" "This argument, too, is somewhat true. The addiction strategy is a good " "one. Many businesses practice it. Some thrive because of it. Law students, " @@ -4722,17 +4778,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3538 +#: freeculture.xml:3569 msgid "Internet Explorer" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3539 +#: freeculture.xml:3570 msgid "Netscape" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3526 +#: freeculture.xml:3557 msgid "" "Still, the argument is not terribly persuasive. We don't give the alcoholic " "a defense when he steals his first beer, merely because that will make it " @@ -4751,7 +4807,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 79 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3544 +#: freeculture.xml:3575 msgid "" "Thus, while I understand the pull of these justifications for piracy, and I " "certainly see the motivation, in my view, in the end, these efforts at " @@ -4763,7 +4819,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3554 +#: freeculture.xml:3585 msgid "" "But as the examples from the four chapters that introduced this part " "suggest, even if some piracy is plainly wrong, not all <quote>piracy</quote> " @@ -4776,7 +4832,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3563 +#: freeculture.xml:3594 msgid "" "This doesn't mean that there are no questions raised by the latest piracy " "concern, peer-to-peer file sharing. But it does mean that we need to " @@ -4785,7 +4841,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3569 +#: freeculture.xml:3600 msgid "" "For (1) like the original Hollywood, p2p sharing escapes an overly " "controlling industry; and (2) like the original recording industry, it " @@ -4794,20 +4850,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3575 +#: freeculture.xml:3606 msgid "" "These differences distinguish p2p sharing from true piracy. They should push " "us to find a way to protect artists while enabling this sharing to survive." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:3581 +#: freeculture.xml:3612 msgid "Piracy II" msgstr "" #. f4 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3586 +#: freeculture.xml:3617 msgid "" "<citetitle>Bach</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Longman</citetitle>, 98 " "Eng. Rep. 1274 (1777)." @@ -4815,7 +4871,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 80 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3583 +#: freeculture.xml:3614 msgid "" "The key to the <quote>piracy</quote> that the law aims to quash is a use " "that <quote>rob[s] the author of [his] profit.</quote><placeholder " @@ -4825,12 +4881,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3609 freeculture.xml:8167 +#: freeculture.xml:3640 freeculture.xml:8228 msgid "Christensen, Clayton M." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3600 +#: freeculture.xml:3631 msgid "" "See Clayton M. Christensen, <citetitle>The Innovator's Dilemma: The " "Revolutionary National Bestseller That Changed the Way We Do " @@ -4844,12 +4900,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3612 +#: freeculture.xml:3643 msgid "Fanning, Shawn" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3595 +#: freeculture.xml:3626 msgid "" "Peer-to-peer sharing was made famous by Napster. But the inventors of the " "Napster technology had not made any major technological innovations. Like " @@ -4861,7 +4917,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f6 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3620 +#: freeculture.xml:3651 msgid "" "See Carolyn Lochhead, <quote>Silicon Valley Dream, Hollywood " "Nightmare,</quote> <citetitle>San Francisco Chronicle</citetitle>, 24 " @@ -4875,7 +4931,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3615 +#: freeculture.xml:3646 msgid "" "The result was spontaneous combustion. Launched in July 1999, Napster " "amassed over 10 million users within nine months. After eighteen months, " @@ -4891,7 +4947,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f7 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3642 +#: freeculture.xml:3673 msgid "" "See Ipsos-Insight, <citetitle>TEMPO: Keeping Pace with Online Music " "Distribution</citetitle> (September 2002), reporting that 28 percent of " @@ -4902,14 +4958,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f8 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3651 +#: freeculture.xml:3682 msgid "" "Amy Harmon, <quote>Industry Offers a Carrot in Online Music Fight,</quote> " "<citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 6 June 2003, A1." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3636 +#: freeculture.xml:3667 msgid "" "According to a number of estimates, a huge proportion of Americans have " "tasted file-sharing technology. A study by Ipsos-Insight in September 2002 " @@ -4925,7 +4981,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3660 +#: freeculture.xml:3691 msgid "" "Some of this enjoying involves copyright infringement. Some of it does " "not. And even among the part that is technically copyright infringement, " @@ -4937,14 +4993,14 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 81 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3670 +#: freeculture.xml:3701 msgid "" "File sharers share different kinds of content. We can divide these different " "kinds into four types." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3676 +#: freeculture.xml:3707 msgid "" "There are some who use sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing " "content. Thus, when a new Madonna CD is released, rather than buying the CD, " @@ -4957,7 +5013,7 @@ msgstr "" #. B. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3687 +#: freeculture.xml:3718 msgid "" "There are some who use sharing networks to sample music before purchasing " "it. Thus, a friend sends another friend an MP3 of an artist he's not heard " @@ -4970,7 +5026,7 @@ msgstr "" #. C. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3698 +#: freeculture.xml:3729 msgid "" "There are many who use sharing networks to get access to copyrighted content " "that is no longer sold or that they would not have purchased because the " @@ -4989,26 +5045,26 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 82 #. D. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3715 +#: freeculture.xml:3746 msgid "" "Finally, there are many who use sharing networks to get access to content " "that is not copyrighted or that the copyright owner wants to give away." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3721 +#: freeculture.xml:3752 msgid "How do these different types of sharing balance out?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3729 +#: freeculture.xml:3760 msgid "" "See Liebowitz, <citetitle>Rethinking the Network Economy</citetitle>, " "148–49. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3724 +#: freeculture.xml:3755 msgid "" "Let's start with some simple but important points. From the perspective of " "the law, only type D sharing is clearly legal. From the perspective of " @@ -5022,7 +5078,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3740 +#: freeculture.xml:3771 msgid "" "Whether on balance sharing is harmful depends importantly on how harmful " "type A sharing is. Just as Edison complained about Hollywood, composers " @@ -5034,7 +5090,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f10 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3755 +#: freeculture.xml:3786 msgid "" "See Cap Gemini Ernst & Young, <citetitle>Technology Evolution and the " "Music Industry's Business Model Crisis</citetitle> (2003), 3. This report " @@ -5051,7 +5107,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3748 +#: freeculture.xml:3779 msgid "" "While the numbers do suggest that sharing is harmful, how harmful is harder " "to reckon. It has long been the recording industry's practice to blame " @@ -5067,12 +5123,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f11 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3781 +#: freeculture.xml:3812 msgid "U.S. Congress, <citetitle>Copyright and Home Copying</citetitle>, 4." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3773 +#: freeculture.xml:3804 msgid "" "Yet soon thereafter, and before Congress was given an opportunity to enact " "regulation, MTV was launched, and the industry had a record " @@ -5084,7 +5140,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3785 +#: freeculture.xml:3816 msgid "" "But just because the industry was wrong before does not mean it is wrong " "today. To evaluate the real threat that p2p sharing presents to the industry " @@ -5097,7 +5153,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3795 +#: freeculture.xml:3826 msgid "" "We start to answer this question by focusing on the net harm, from the " "standpoint of the industry as a whole, that sharing networks cause. The " @@ -5109,7 +5165,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3806 +#: freeculture.xml:3837 msgid "" "Could that be true? Could the industry as a whole be gaining because of file " "sharing? Odd as that might sound, the data about CD sales actually suggest " @@ -5118,7 +5174,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3815 +#: freeculture.xml:3846 msgid "" "See Recording Industry Association of America, <citetitle>2002 Yearend " "Statistics</citetitle>, available at <ulink " @@ -5136,12 +5192,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3842 +#: freeculture.xml:3873 msgid "Black, Jane" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3839 +#: freeculture.xml:3870 msgid "" "Jane Black, <quote>Big Music's Broken Record,</quote> BusinessWeek online, " "13 February 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -5150,7 +5206,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3811 +#: freeculture.xml:3842 msgid "" "In 2002, the RIAA reported that CD sales had fallen by 8.9 percent, from 882 " "million to 803 million units; revenues fell 6.7 percent.<placeholder " @@ -5171,7 +5227,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 84 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3857 +#: freeculture.xml:3888 msgid "" "But let's assume the RIAA is right, and all of the decline in CD sales is " "because of Internet sharing. Here's the rub: In the same period that the " @@ -5182,7 +5238,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3865 +#: freeculture.xml:3896 msgid "" "There are too many different things happening at the same time to explain " "these numbers definitively, but one conclusion is unavoidable: The recording " @@ -5200,7 +5256,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3880 +#: freeculture.xml:3911 msgid "" "These are the harms—alleged and perhaps exaggerated but, let's assume, " "real. What of the benefits? File sharing may impose costs on the recording " @@ -5209,7 +5265,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f15 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3892 +#: freeculture.xml:3923 msgid "" "By one estimate, 75 percent of the music released by the major labels is no " "longer in print. See Online Entertainment and Copyright Law—Coming " @@ -5220,7 +5276,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3886 +#: freeculture.xml:3917 msgid "" "One benefit is type C sharing—making available content that is " "technically still under copyright but is no longer commercially available. " @@ -5235,7 +5291,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f16 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3912 +#: freeculture.xml:3943 msgid "" "While there are not good estimates of the number of used record stores in " "existence, in 2002, there were 7,198 used book dealers in the United States, " @@ -5249,7 +5305,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3906 +#: freeculture.xml:3937 msgid "" "In real space—long before the Internet—the market had a simple " "response to this problem: used book and record stores. There are thousands " @@ -5264,12 +5320,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3932 +#: freeculture.xml:3963 msgid "Bernstein, Leonard" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3934 +#: freeculture.xml:3965 msgid "" "Type C sharing, then, is very much like used book stores or used record " "stores. It is different, of course, because the person making the content " @@ -5285,7 +5341,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3947 +#: freeculture.xml:3978 msgid "" "It may well be, all things considered, that it would be better if the " "copyright owner got something from this trade. But just because it may well " @@ -5297,7 +5353,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 86 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3955 +#: freeculture.xml:3986 msgid "" "Finally, and perhaps most importantly, file-sharing networks enable type D " "sharing to occur—the sharing of content that copyright owners want to " @@ -5315,7 +5371,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3972 +#: freeculture.xml:4003 msgid "" "Likewise for work in the public domain: This sharing benefits society with " "no legal harm to authors at all. If efforts to solve the problem of type A " @@ -5324,7 +5380,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3978 +#: freeculture.xml:4009 msgid "" "The point throughout is this: While the recording industry understandably " "says, <quote>This is how much we've lost,</quote> we must also ask, " @@ -5334,7 +5390,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3985 +#: freeculture.xml:4016 msgid "" "For unlike the piracy I described in the first section of this chapter, much " "of the <quote>piracy</quote> that file sharing enables is plainly legal and " @@ -5350,7 +5406,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3999 +#: freeculture.xml:4030 msgid "" "<quote>But isn't the war just a war against illegal sharing? Isn't the " "target just what you call type A sharing?</quote>" @@ -5358,7 +5414,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f17 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4016 +#: freeculture.xml:4047 msgid "" "See Transcript of Proceedings, In Re: Napster Copyright Litigation at 34- 35 " "(N.D. Cal., 11 July 2001), nos. MDL-00-1369 MHP, C 99-5183 MHP, available at " @@ -5369,7 +5425,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4003 +#: freeculture.xml:4034 msgid "" "You would think. And we should hope. But so far, it is not. The effect of " "the war purportedly on type A sharing alone has been felt far beyond that " @@ -5382,7 +5438,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4027 +#: freeculture.xml:4058 msgid "" "If 99.4 percent is not good enough, then this is a war on file-sharing " "technologies, not a war on copyright infringement. There is no way to assure " @@ -5396,7 +5452,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4038 +#: freeculture.xml:4069 msgid "" "Zero tolerance has not been our history. It has not produced the content " "industry that we know today. The history of American law has been a process " @@ -5408,7 +5464,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4047 +#: freeculture.xml:4082 msgid "" "So, as we've seen, when <quote>mechanical reproduction</quote> threatened " "the interests of composers, Congress balanced the rights of composers " @@ -5422,7 +5478,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4059 +#: freeculture.xml:4094 msgid "" "Cable TV followed the pattern of record albums. When the courts rejected the " "claim that cable broadcasters had to pay for the content they rebroadcast, " @@ -5433,7 +5489,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 88 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4069 +#: freeculture.xml:4104 msgid "" "This compromise, like the compromise affecting records and player pianos, " "served two important goals—indeed, the two central goals of any " @@ -5451,12 +5507,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4084 +#: freeculture.xml:4119 msgid "Betamax" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4086 +#: freeculture.xml:4121 msgid "" "In the same year that Congress struck this balance, two major producers and " "distributors of film content filed a lawsuit against another technology, the " @@ -5473,7 +5529,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 89 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4099 +#: freeculture.xml:4134 msgid "" "There was something to Disney's and Universal's claim. Sony did decide to " "design its machine to make it very simple to record television shows. It " @@ -5490,7 +5546,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f18 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4121 +#: freeculture.xml:4156 msgid "" "Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders): Hearing on S. 1758 " "Before the Senate Committee on the Judiciary, 97th Cong., 1st and 2nd sess., " @@ -5500,13 +5556,13 @@ msgstr "" #. f19 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4133 +#: freeculture.xml:4168 msgid "Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders), 475." msgstr "" #. f20 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4138 +#: freeculture.xml:4173 msgid "" "<citetitle>Universal City Studios, Inc</citetitle>. v. <citetitle>Sony " "Corp. of America</citetitle>, 480 F. Supp. 429, (C.D. Cal., 1979)." @@ -5514,14 +5570,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f21 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4149 +#: freeculture.xml:4184 msgid "" "Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders), 485 (testimony of Jack " "Valenti)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4114 +#: freeculture.xml:4149 msgid "" "MPAA president Jack Valenti became the studios' most vocal champion. Valenti " "called VCRs <quote>tapeworms.</quote> He warned, <quote>When there are 20, " @@ -5548,19 +5604,19 @@ msgstr "" #. f22 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4166 +#: freeculture.xml:4201 msgid "" "<citetitle>Universal City Studios, Inc</citetitle>. v. <citetitle>Sony " "Corp. of America</citetitle>, 659 F. 2d 963 (9th Cir. 1981)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4169 +#: freeculture.xml:4204 msgid "Kozinski, Alex" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4154 +#: freeculture.xml:4189 msgid "" "It took eight years for this case to be resolved by the Supreme Court. In " "the interim, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, which includes Hollywood in " @@ -5577,7 +5633,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 90 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4172 +#: freeculture.xml:4207 msgid "" "But the Supreme Court reversed the decision of the Ninth Circuit. And in " "its reversal, the Court clearly articulated its understanding of when and " @@ -5586,14 +5642,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f23 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4191 +#: freeculture.xml:4226 msgid "" "<citetitle>Sony Corp. of America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal City " "Studios, Inc</citetitle>., 464 U.S. 417, 431 (1984)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4181 +#: freeculture.xml:4216 msgid "" "Sound policy, as well as history, supports our consistent deference to " "Congress when major technological innovations alter the market for " @@ -5604,7 +5660,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4196 +#: freeculture.xml:4231 msgid "" "Congress was asked to respond to the Supreme Court's decision. But as with " "the plea of recording artists about radio broadcasts, Congress ignored the " @@ -5614,77 +5670,77 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4207 +#: freeculture.xml:4242 msgid "CASE" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4208 +#: freeculture.xml:4243 msgid "WHOSE VALUE WAS <quote>PIRATED</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4209 +#: freeculture.xml:4244 msgid "RESPONSE OF THE COURTS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4210 +#: freeculture.xml:4245 msgid "RESPONSE OF CONGRESS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4215 +#: freeculture.xml:4250 msgid "Recordings" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4216 +#: freeculture.xml:4251 msgid "Composers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4217 freeculture.xml:4229 freeculture.xml:4235 +#: freeculture.xml:4252 freeculture.xml:4264 freeculture.xml:4270 msgid "No protection" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4218 freeculture.xml:4230 +#: freeculture.xml:4253 freeculture.xml:4265 msgid "Statutory license" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4222 +#: freeculture.xml:4257 msgid "Recording artists" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4223 +#: freeculture.xml:4258 msgid "N/A" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4224 freeculture.xml:4236 +#: freeculture.xml:4259 freeculture.xml:4271 msgid "Nothing" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4228 +#: freeculture.xml:4263 msgid "Broadcasters" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4233 +#: freeculture.xml:4268 msgid "VCR" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4234 +#: freeculture.xml:4269 msgid "Film creators" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4246 +#: freeculture.xml:4281 msgid "" "These are the most important instances in our history, but there are other " "cases as well. The technology of digital audio tape (DAT), for example, was " @@ -5701,7 +5757,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4243 +#: freeculture.xml:4278 msgid "" "In each case throughout our history, a new technology changed the way " "content was distributed.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In each " @@ -5711,7 +5767,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 91 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4263 +#: freeculture.xml:4298 msgid "" "In <emphasis>none</emphasis> of these cases did either the courts or " "Congress eliminate all free riding. In <emphasis>none</emphasis> of these " @@ -5725,7 +5781,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4275 +#: freeculture.xml:4310 msgid "" "When you think across these examples, and the other examples that make up " "the first four chapters of this section, this balance makes sense. Was Walt " @@ -5739,14 +5795,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f25 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4292 +#: freeculture.xml:4327 msgid "" "<citetitle>Sony Corp. of America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal City " "Studios, Inc</citetitle>., 464 U.S. 417, (1984)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4287 +#: freeculture.xml:4322 msgid "" "We could answer yes to each of these questions, but our tradition has " "answered no. In our tradition, as the Supreme Court has stated, copyright " @@ -5760,7 +5816,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4303 +#: freeculture.xml:4338 msgid "" "We should be doing the same thing today. The technology of the Internet is " "changing quickly. The way people connect to the Internet (wires " @@ -5777,7 +5833,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f26 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4327 +#: freeculture.xml:4362 msgid "" "John Schwartz, <quote>New Economy: The Attack on Peer-to-Peer Software " "Echoes Past Efforts,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 22 " @@ -5785,7 +5841,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4319 +#: freeculture.xml:4354 msgid "" "This is especially true when a new technology enables a vastly superior mode " "of distribution. And this p2p has done. P2p technologies can be ideally " @@ -5806,7 +5862,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4341 +#: freeculture.xml:4376 msgid "" "<quote>It is <emphasis>our property</emphasis>,</quote> the warriors " "insist. <quote>And it should be protected just as any other property is " @@ -5814,13 +5870,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><title> -#: freeculture.xml:4350 +#: freeculture.xml:4385 msgid "<quote>PROPERTY</quote>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 94 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4355 +#: freeculture.xml:4390 msgid "" "The copyright warriors are right: A copyright is a kind of property. It can " "be owned and sold, and the law protects against its theft. Ordinarily, the " @@ -5829,7 +5885,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4362 +#: freeculture.xml:4397 msgid "" "But in ordinary language, to call a copyright a <quote>property</quote> " "right is a bit misleading, for the property of copyright is an odd kind of " @@ -5844,7 +5900,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4387 +#: freeculture.xml:4422 msgid "" "Letter from Thomas Jefferson to Isaac McPherson (13 August 1813) in " "<citetitle>The Writings of Thomas Jefferson</citetitle>, vol. 6 (Andrew " @@ -5852,7 +5908,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4374 +#: freeculture.xml:4409 msgid "" "The point is not just about the thingness of picnic tables versus ideas, " "though that's an important difference. The point instead is that in the " @@ -5868,7 +5924,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4393 +#: freeculture.xml:4428 msgid "" "The exceptions to free use are ideas and expressions within the reach of the " "law of patent and copyright, and a few other domains that I won't discuss " @@ -5878,7 +5934,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4406 +#: freeculture.xml:4441 msgid "" "As the legal realists taught American law, all property rights are " "intangible. A property right is simply a right that an individual has " @@ -5890,7 +5946,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4401 +#: freeculture.xml:4436 msgid "" "But how, and to what extent, and in what form—the details, in other " "words—matter. To get a good sense of how this practice of turning the " @@ -5900,7 +5956,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4416 +#: freeculture.xml:4451 msgid "" "My strategy in doing this will be the same as my strategy in the preceding " "part. I offer four stories to help put the idea of <quote>copyright material " @@ -5913,17 +5969,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:4429 +#: freeculture.xml:4464 msgid "CHAPTER SIX: Founders" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4430 +#: freeculture.xml:4465 msgid "Henry V" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4432 +#: freeculture.xml:4467 msgid "" "William Shakespeare wrote <citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> in " "1595. The play was first published in 1597. It was the eleventh major play " @@ -5937,7 +5993,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4447 +#: freeculture.xml:4482 msgid "" "Jacob Tonson is typically remembered for his associations with prominent " "eighteenth-century literary figures, especially John Dryden, and for his " @@ -5951,7 +6007,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4458 +#: freeculture.xml:4493 msgid "" "Lyman Ray Patterson, <citetitle>Copyright in Historical " "Perspective</citetitle> (Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 1968), " @@ -5960,7 +6016,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 97 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4443 +#: freeculture.xml:4478 msgid "" "In 1774, almost 180 years after <citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> was " "written, the <quote>copy-right</quote> for the work was still thought by " @@ -5976,7 +6032,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4480 +#: freeculture.xml:4515 msgid "" "As Siva Vaidhyanathan nicely argues, it is erroneous to call this a " "<quote>copyright law.</quote> See Vaidhyanathan, <citetitle>Copyrights and " @@ -5984,7 +6040,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4471 +#: freeculture.xml:4506 msgid "" "Now, there's something puzzling about the year 1774 to anyone who knows a " "little about copyright law. The better-known year in the history of " @@ -5999,12 +6055,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4497 +#: freeculture.xml:4532 msgid "Licensing Act (1662)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4488 +#: freeculture.xml:4523 msgid "" "The reason is that the English hadn't yet agreed on what a " "<quote>copyright</quote> was—indeed, no one had. At the time the " @@ -6018,7 +6074,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4500 +#: freeculture.xml:4535 msgid "" "There was no <emphasis>positive</emphasis> law, but that didn't mean that " "there was no law. The Anglo-American legal tradition looks to both the words " @@ -6034,7 +6090,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 98 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4512 +#: freeculture.xml:4547 msgid "" "This question was important to the publishers, or " "<quote>booksellers,</quote> as they were called, because there was growing " @@ -6046,7 +6102,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4524 +#: freeculture.xml:4559 msgid "" "The Statute of Anne granted the author or <quote>proprietor</quote> of a " "book an exclusive right to print that book. In an important limitation, " @@ -6057,7 +6113,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4533 +#: freeculture.xml:4568 msgid "" "Now, the thing to puzzle about for a moment is this: Why would Parliament " "limit the exclusive right? Not why would they limit it to the particular " @@ -6066,7 +6122,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4539 +#: freeculture.xml:4574 msgid "" "For the booksellers, and the authors whom they represented, had a very " "strong claim. Take <citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> as an example: " @@ -6080,7 +6136,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4550 +#: freeculture.xml:4585 msgid "" "The answer comes in two parts. We first need to see something special about " "the notion of <quote>copyright</quote> that existed at the time of the " @@ -6090,7 +6146,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 99 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4556 +#: freeculture.xml:4591 msgid "" "First, about copyright. In the last three hundred years, we have come to " "apply the concept of <quote>copyright</quote> ever more broadly. But in " @@ -6106,7 +6162,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4571 +#: freeculture.xml:4606 msgid "" "So, for example, even if the copyright to Shakespeare's works were " "perpetual, all that would have meant under the original meaning of the term " @@ -6119,12 +6175,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4580 +#: freeculture.xml:4615 msgid "Henry VIII, King of England" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4582 +#: freeculture.xml:4617 msgid "" "Even that limited right was viewed with skepticism by the British. They had " "had a long and ugly experience with <quote>exclusive rights,</quote> " @@ -6139,7 +6195,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4595 +#: freeculture.xml:4630 msgid "" "Thus the <quote>copy-right,</quote> when viewed as a monopoly right, was " "naturally viewed as a right that should be limited. (However convincing the " @@ -6152,14 +6208,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f4 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4619 +#: freeculture.xml:4654 msgid "" "Philip Wittenberg, <citetitle>The Protection and Marketing of Literary " "Property</citetitle> (New York: J. Messner, Inc., 1937), 31." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4604 +#: freeculture.xml:4639 msgid "" "Second, about booksellers. It wasn't just that the copyright was a " "monopoly. It was also that it was a monopoly held by the booksellers. " @@ -6175,7 +6231,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4624 +#: freeculture.xml:4659 msgid "" "Many believed the power the booksellers exercised over the spread of " "knowledge was harming that spread, just at the time the Enlightenment was " @@ -6185,7 +6241,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4632 +#: freeculture.xml:4667 msgid "" "To balance this power, Parliament decided to increase competition among " "booksellers, and the simplest way to do that was to spread the wealth of " @@ -6199,7 +6255,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4644 +#: freeculture.xml:4679 msgid "" "When 1731 (1710 + 21) came along, however, the booksellers were getting " "anxious. They saw the consequences of more competition, and like every " @@ -6211,7 +6267,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4653 +#: freeculture.xml:4688 msgid "" "Parliament rejected their requests. As one pamphleteer put it, in words that " "echo today," @@ -6219,7 +6275,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f5 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4668 +#: freeculture.xml:4703 msgid "" "A Letter to a Member of Parliament concerning the Bill now depending in the " "House of Commons, for making more effectual an Act in the Eighth Year of the " @@ -6231,7 +6287,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4658 +#: freeculture.xml:4693 msgid "" "I see no Reason for granting a further Term now, which will not hold as well " "for granting it again and again, as often as the Old ones Expire; so that " @@ -6243,7 +6299,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4679 +#: freeculture.xml:4714 msgid "" "Having failed in Parliament, the publishers turned to the courts in a series " "of cases. Their argument was simple and direct: The Statute of Anne gave " @@ -6260,7 +6316,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4700 +#: freeculture.xml:4735 msgid "" "Lyman Ray Patterson, <quote>Free Speech, Copyright, and Fair Use,</quote> " "<citetitle>Vanderbilt Law Review</citetitle> 40 (1987): 28. For a " @@ -6269,7 +6325,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4694 +#: freeculture.xml:4729 msgid "" "This was a clever argument, and one that had the support of some of the " "leading jurists of the day. It also displayed extraordinary chutzpah. Until " @@ -6282,14 +6338,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f7 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4713 +#: freeculture.xml:4748 msgid "" "For a compelling account, see David Saunders, <citetitle>Authorship and " "Copyright</citetitle> (London: Routledge, 1992), 62–69." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4709 +#: freeculture.xml:4744 msgid "" "The booksellers' argument was not accepted without a fight. The hero of " "this fight was a Scottish bookseller named Alexander Donaldson.<placeholder " @@ -6297,12 +6353,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4725 freeculture.xml:14599 +#: freeculture.xml:4760 freeculture.xml:14707 msgid "Rose, Mark" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4723 +#: freeculture.xml:4758 msgid "" "Mark Rose, <citetitle>Authors and Owners</citetitle> (Cambridge: Harvard " "University Press, 1993), 92. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" @@ -6310,22 +6366,22 @@ msgstr "" #. f9 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4734 +#: freeculture.xml:4769 msgid "Ibid., 93." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4736 +#: freeculture.xml:4771 msgid "Boswell, James" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4737 +#: freeculture.xml:4772 msgid "Erskine, Andrew" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4718 +#: freeculture.xml:4753 msgid "" "Donaldson was an outsider to the London Conger. He began his career in " "Edinburgh in 1750. The focus of his business was inexpensive reprints " @@ -6342,14 +6398,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f10 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4746 +#: freeculture.xml:4781 msgid "" "Lyman Ray Patterson, <citetitle>Copyright in Historical " "Perspective</citetitle>, 167 (quoting Borwell)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4740 +#: freeculture.xml:4775 msgid "" "When the London booksellers tried to shut down Donaldson's shop in Scotland, " "he responded by moving his shop to London, where he sold inexpensive " @@ -6361,7 +6417,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4754 +#: freeculture.xml:4789 msgid "" "The London booksellers quickly brought suit to block <quote>piracy</quote> " "like Donaldson's. A number of actions were successful against the " @@ -6371,7 +6427,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f11 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4766 +#: freeculture.xml:4801 msgid "" "Howard B. Abrams, <quote>The Historic Foundation of American Copyright Law: " "Exploding the Myth of Common Law Copyright,</quote> <citetitle>Wayne Law " @@ -6379,7 +6435,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4759 +#: freeculture.xml:4794 msgid "" "Millar was a bookseller who in 1729 had purchased the rights to James " "Thomson's poem <quote>The Seasons.</quote> Millar complied with the " @@ -6391,7 +6447,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4775 +#: freeculture.xml:4810 msgid "" "Astonishingly to modern lawyers, one of the greatest judges in English " "history, Lord Mansfield, agreed with the booksellers. Whatever protection " @@ -6406,7 +6462,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 103 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4786 +#: freeculture.xml:4821 msgid "" "Considered as a matter of abstract justice—reasoning as if justice " "were just a matter of logical deduction from first " @@ -6421,25 +6477,25 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4801 +#: freeculture.xml:4836 msgid "" "The fight to defend the limits of the Statute of Anne was not to end there, " "however, and it is here that Donaldson enters the mix." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4804 +#: freeculture.xml:4839 msgid "Beckett, Thomas" msgstr "" #. f12 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4810 +#: freeculture.xml:4845 msgid "Ibid., 1156." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4806 +#: freeculture.xml:4841 msgid "" "Millar died soon after his victory, so his case was not appealed. His estate " "sold Thomson's poems to a syndicate of printers that included Thomas " @@ -6453,7 +6509,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4820 +#: freeculture.xml:4855 msgid "" "As few legal cases ever do, <citetitle>Donaldson</citetitle> " "v. <citetitle>Beckett</citetitle> drew an enormous amount of attention " @@ -6466,7 +6522,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4830 +#: freeculture.xml:4865 msgid "" "The House of Lords was an odd institution. Legal questions were presented to " "the House and voted upon first by the <quote>law lords,</quote> members of " @@ -6477,7 +6533,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 104 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4837 +#: freeculture.xml:4872 msgid "" "The reports about the law lords' votes are mixed. On some counts, it looks " "as if perpetual copyright prevailed. But there is no ambiguity about how the " @@ -6489,32 +6545,32 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4855 +#: freeculture.xml:4890 msgid "Bacon, Francis" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4856 +#: freeculture.xml:4891 msgid "Bunyan, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4857 +#: freeculture.xml:4892 msgid "Johnson, Samuel" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4858 +#: freeculture.xml:4893 msgid "Milton, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4859 +#: freeculture.xml:4894 msgid "Shakespeare, William" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4847 +#: freeculture.xml:4882 msgid "" "<quote>The public domain.</quote> Before the case of " "<citetitle>Donaldson</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Beckett</citetitle>, there " @@ -6531,12 +6587,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f13 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4872 +#: freeculture.xml:4907 msgid "Rose, 97." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4862 +#: freeculture.xml:4897 msgid "" "It is hard for us to imagine, but this decision by the House of Lords fueled " "an extraordinarily popular and political reaction. In Scotland, where most " @@ -6551,7 +6607,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4876 +#: freeculture.xml:4911 msgid "" "In London, however, at least among publishers, the reaction was equally " "strong in the opposite direction. The <citetitle>Morning " @@ -6559,7 +6615,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4882 +#: freeculture.xml:4917 msgid "" "By the above decision … near 200,000 pounds worth of what was " "honestly purchased at public sale, and which was yesterday thought property " @@ -6573,7 +6629,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 105 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4897 +#: freeculture.xml:4932 msgid "" "<quote>Ruined</quote> is a bit of an exaggeration. But it is not an " "exaggeration to say that the change was profound. The decision of the House " @@ -6596,7 +6652,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4918 +#: freeculture.xml:4953 msgid "" "At least, this was the rule in a world where the Parliament is antimonopoly, " "resistant to the protectionist pleas of publishers. In a world where the " @@ -6604,12 +6660,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:4926 +#: freeculture.xml:4961 msgid "CHAPTER SEVEN: Recorders" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4928 +#: freeculture.xml:4963 msgid "" "Jon Else is a filmmaker. He is best known for his documentaries and has been " "very successful in spreading his art. He is also a teacher, and as a teacher " @@ -6618,19 +6674,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4935 +#: freeculture.xml:4970 msgid "" "Else worked on a documentary that I was involved in. At a break, he told me " "a story about the freedom to create with film in America today." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4946 freeculture.xml:5015 +#: freeculture.xml:4981 freeculture.xml:5050 msgid "San Francisco Opera" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4940 +#: freeculture.xml:4975 msgid "" "In 1990, Else was working on a documentary about Wagner's Ring Cycle. The " "focus was stagehands at the San Francisco Opera. Stagehands are a " @@ -6642,7 +6698,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 107 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4949 +#: freeculture.xml:4984 msgid "" "During one of the performances, Else was shooting some stagehands playing " "checkers. In one corner of the room was a television set. Playing on the " @@ -6653,7 +6709,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4958 +#: freeculture.xml:4993 msgid "" "Years later, when he finally got funding to complete the film, Else " "attempted to clear the rights for those few seconds of <citetitle>The " @@ -6664,12 +6720,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4970 freeculture.xml:4978 +#: freeculture.xml:5005 freeculture.xml:5013 msgid "Gracie Films" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4965 +#: freeculture.xml:5000 msgid "" "Else called <citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle> creator Matt Groening's office " "to get permission. Groening approved the shot. The shot was a " @@ -6680,7 +6736,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4973 +#: freeculture.xml:5008 msgid "" "Gracie Films was okay with it, too, but they, like Groening, wanted to be " "careful. So they told Else to contact Fox, Gracie's parent company. Else " @@ -6691,7 +6747,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4981 +#: freeculture.xml:5016 msgid "" "Then, as Else told me, <quote>two things happened. First we discovered " "… that Matt Groening doesn't own his own creation—or at least " @@ -6702,7 +6758,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4989 +#: freeculture.xml:5024 msgid "" "Else was certain there was a mistake. He worked his way up to someone he " "thought was a vice president for licensing, Rebecca Herrera. He explained " @@ -6714,7 +6770,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 108 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4997 +#: freeculture.xml:5032 msgid "" "<quote>I wanted to make sure I had my facts straight,</quote> he told " "me. <quote>Yes, you have your facts straight,</quote> she said. It would " @@ -6726,12 +6782,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5016 +#: freeculture.xml:5051 msgid "Day After Trinity, The" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5009 +#: freeculture.xml:5044 msgid "" "Else didn't have the money to buy the right to replay what was playing on " "the television backstage at the San Francisco Opera. To reproduce this " @@ -6743,7 +6799,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5019 +#: freeculture.xml:5054 msgid "" "There's no doubt that someone, whether Matt Groening or Fox, owns the " "copyright to <citetitle>The Simpsons</citetitle>. That copyright is their " @@ -6757,7 +6813,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5030 +#: freeculture.xml:5065 msgid "" "For example, <quote>public performance</quote> is a use of <citetitle>The " "Simpsons</citetitle> that the copyright owner gets to control. If you take a " @@ -6770,7 +6826,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5042 +#: freeculture.xml:5077 msgid "" "For an excellent argument that such use is <quote>fair use,</quote> but that " "lawyers don't permit recognition that it is <quote>fair use,</quote> see " @@ -6780,7 +6836,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5039 +#: freeculture.xml:5074 msgid "" "But when lawyers hear this story about Jon Else and Fox, their first thought " "is <quote>fair use.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Else's " @@ -6792,14 +6848,14 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 109 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5054 +#: freeculture.xml:5089 msgid "" "So I asked Else why he didn't just rely upon <quote>fair use.</quote> Here's " "his reply:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5058 +#: freeculture.xml:5093 msgid "" "The <citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle> fiasco was for me a great lesson in the " "gulf between what lawyers find irrelevant in some abstract sense, and what " @@ -6811,7 +6867,7 @@ msgstr "" #. 1. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5068 +#: freeculture.xml:5103 msgid "" "Before our films can be broadcast, the network requires that we buy Errors " "and Omissions insurance. The carriers require a detailed <quote>visual cue " @@ -6821,12 +6877,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5085 +#: freeculture.xml:5120 msgid "Lucas, George" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5076 +#: freeculture.xml:5111 msgid "" "I probably never should have asked Matt Groening in the first place. But I " "knew (at least from folklore) that Fox had a history of tracking down and " @@ -6842,7 +6898,7 @@ msgstr "" #. 3. #. PAGE BREAK 110 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5089 +#: freeculture.xml:5124 msgid "" "I did, in fact, speak with one of your colleagues at Stanford Law School " "… who confirmed that it was fair use. He also confirmed that Fox " @@ -6853,14 +6909,14 @@ msgstr "" #. 4. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5099 +#: freeculture.xml:5134 msgid "" "The question of fair use usually comes up at the end of the project, when we " "are up against a release deadline and out of money." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5106 +#: freeculture.xml:5141 msgid "" "In theory, fair use means you need no permission. The theory therefore " "supports free culture and insulates against a permission culture. But in " @@ -6871,7 +6927,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5114 +#: freeculture.xml:5149 msgid "" "This practice shows just how far the law has come from its " "eighteenth-century roots. The law was born as a shield to protect " @@ -6880,22 +6936,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:5123 +#: freeculture.xml:5158 msgid "CHAPTER EIGHT: Transformers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5124 +#: freeculture.xml:5159 msgid "Allen, Paul" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5125 freeculture.xml:5133 freeculture.xml:5144 freeculture.xml:5159 freeculture.xml:5168 freeculture.xml:5173 freeculture.xml:5225 freeculture.xml:5241 freeculture.xml:5264 freeculture.xml:5327 freeculture.xml:9753 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:5161 freeculture.xml:5225 freeculture.xml:5408 freeculture.xml:9831 freeculture.xml:14088 msgid "Alben, Alex" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5127 +#: freeculture.xml:5164 msgid "" "In 1993, Alex Alben was a lawyer working at Starwave, Inc. Starwave was an " "innovative company founded by Microsoft cofounder Paul Allen to develop " @@ -6904,8 +6960,13 @@ msgid "" "anticipation of the power of networks." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:5172 +msgid "retrospective compilations on" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5135 +#: freeculture.xml:5175 msgid "" "Alben had a special interest in new technology. He was intrigued by the " "emerging market for CD-ROM technology—not to distribute film, but to " @@ -6917,7 +6978,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5146 +#: freeculture.xml:5185 msgid "" "At that time, Eastwood had made more than fifty films, as an actor and as a " "director. Alben began with a series of interviews with Eastwood, asking him " @@ -6927,7 +6988,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 112 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5153 +#: freeculture.xml:5192 msgid "" "That alone would not have made a very interesting product, so Starwave " "wanted to add content from the movies in Eastwood's career: posters, " @@ -6937,7 +6998,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5161 +#: freeculture.xml:5199 msgid "" "Then Alben and his team decided to include actual film clips. <quote>Our " "goal was that we were going to have a clip from every one of Eastwood's " @@ -6948,34 +7009,29 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5170 +#: freeculture.xml:5207 msgid "" "Alben brought the idea to Michael Slade, the CEO of Starwave. Slade asked, " "<quote>Well, what will it take?</quote>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5186 -msgid "artists" -msgstr "" - #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5187 +#: freeculture.xml:5223 msgid "publicity rights on images of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5181 +#: freeculture.xml:5217 msgid "" "Technically, the rights that Alben had to clear were mainly those of " "publicity—rights an artist has to control the commercial exploitation " "of his image. But these rights, too, burden <quote>Rip, Mix, Burn</quote> " "creativity, as this chapter evinces. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " -"id=\"0\"/>" +"id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5175 +#: freeculture.xml:5211 msgid "" "Alben replied, <quote>Well, we're going to have to clear rights from " "everyone who appears in these films, and the music and everything else that " @@ -6984,7 +7040,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5192 +#: freeculture.xml:5229 msgid "" "The problem was that neither Alben nor Slade had any idea what clearing " "those rights would mean. Every actor in each of the films could have a claim " @@ -6994,7 +7050,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5199 +#: freeculture.xml:5236 msgid "" "I asked Alben how he dealt with the problem. With an obvious pride in his " "resourcefulness that obscured the obvious bizarreness of his tale, Alben " @@ -7002,7 +7058,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5205 +#: freeculture.xml:5242 msgid "" "So we very mechanically went about looking up the film clips. We made some " "artistic decisions about what film clips to include—of course we were " @@ -7014,7 +7070,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 113 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5214 +#: freeculture.xml:5251 msgid "" "We decided that it would be fair if we offered them the dayplayer rate for " "the right to reuse that performance. We're talking about a clip of less than " @@ -7027,7 +7083,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5227 +#: freeculture.xml:5263 msgid "" "Some actors were glad to help—Donald Sutherland, for example, followed " "up himself to be sure that the rights had been cleared. Others were " @@ -7040,14 +7096,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5238 +#: freeculture.xml:5274 msgid "" "It was one <emphasis>year</emphasis> later—<quote>and even then we " "weren't sure whether we were totally in the clear.</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5243 +#: freeculture.xml:5278 msgid "" "Alben is proud of his work. The project was the first of its kind and the " "only time he knew of that a team had undertaken such a massive project for " @@ -7055,7 +7111,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5249 +#: freeculture.xml:5284 msgid "" "Everyone thought it would be too hard. Everyone just threw up their hands " "and said, <quote>Oh, my gosh, a film, it's so many copyrights, there's the " @@ -7068,20 +7124,20 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 114 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5261 +#: freeculture.xml:5296 msgid "" "And no doubt, the product itself was exceptionally good. Eastwood loved it, " "and it sold very well." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5265 +#: freeculture.xml:5299 msgid "Drucker, Peter" msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5273 +#: freeculture.xml:5307 msgid "" "U.S. Department of Commerce Office of Acquisition Management, " "<citetitle>Seven Steps to Performance-Based Services " @@ -7090,7 +7146,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5267 +#: freeculture.xml:5301 msgid "" "But I pressed Alben about how weird it seems that it would have to take a " "year's work simply to clear rights. No doubt Alben had done this " @@ -7101,7 +7157,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5281 +#: freeculture.xml:5315 msgid "" "For, as he acknowledged, <quote>very few … have the time and " "resources, and the will to do this,</quote> and thus, very few such works " @@ -7111,7 +7167,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5289 +#: freeculture.xml:5323 msgid "" "I don't think so. When an actor renders a performance in a movie, he or she " "gets paid very well. … And then when 30 seconds of that performance " @@ -7120,7 +7176,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5297 +#: freeculture.xml:5331 msgid "" "Or at least, is this <emphasis>how</emphasis> the artist should be " "compensated? Would it make sense, I asked, for there to be some kind of " @@ -7133,7 +7189,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 115 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5308 +#: freeculture.xml:5342 msgid "" "Absolutely. I think that if there were some fair-licensing " "mechanism—where you weren't subject to hold-ups and you weren't " @@ -7154,27 +7210,32 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5329 +#: freeculture.xml:5362 msgid "" "Alben worked for a big company. His company was backed by some of the " "richest investors in the world. He therefore had authority and access that " "the average Web designer would not have. So if it took him a year, how long " "would it take someone else? And how much creativity is never made just " -"because the costs of clearing the rights are so high? These costs are the " -"burdens of a kind of regulation. Put on a Republican hat for a moment, and " -"get angry for a bit. The government defines the scope of these rights, and " -"the scope defined determines how much it's going to cost to negotiate " -"them. (Remember the idea that land runs to the heavens, and imagine the " -"pilot purchasing flythrough rights as he negotiates to fly from Los Angeles " -"to San Francisco.) These rights might well have once made sense; but as " -"circumstances change, they make no sense at all. Or at least, a " -"well-trained, regulationminimizing Republican should look at the rights and " -"ask, <quote>Does this still make sense?</quote>" +"because the costs of clearing the rights are so high?" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: freeculture.xml:5370 +msgid "" +"These costs are the burdens of a kind of regulation. Put on a Republican hat " +"for a moment, and get angry for a bit. The government defines the scope of " +"these rights, and the scope defined determines how much it's going to cost " +"to negotiate them. (Remember the idea that land runs to the heavens, and " +"imagine the pilot purchasing flythrough rights as he negotiates to fly from " +"Los Angeles to San Francisco.) These rights might well have once made " +"sense; but as circumstances change, they make no sense at all. Or at least, " +"a well-trained, regulationminimizing Republican should look at the rights " +"and ask, <quote>Does this still make sense?</quote>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 116 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5346 +#: freeculture.xml:5383 msgid "" "I've seen the flash of recognition when people get this point, but only a " "few times. The first was at a conference of federal judges in California. " @@ -7185,7 +7246,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5356 +#: freeculture.xml:5393 msgid "" "The video was a brilliant collage of film from every period in the twentieth " "century, all framed around the idea of a <citetitle>60 Minutes</citetitle> " @@ -7194,12 +7255,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5361 +#: freeculture.xml:5398 msgid "Nimmer, David" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5363 +#: freeculture.xml:5400 msgid "" "When the lights came up, I looked over to my copanelist, David Nimmer, " "perhaps the leading copyright scholar and practitioner in the nation. He had " @@ -7210,12 +7271,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5370 +#: freeculture.xml:5407 msgid "Boies, David" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5372 +#: freeculture.xml:5410 msgid "" "For of course, the two brilliantly talented creators who made this film " "hadn't done what Alben did. They hadn't spent a year clearing the rights to " @@ -7232,7 +7293,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5387 +#: freeculture.xml:5425 msgid "" "We live in a <quote>cut and paste</quote> culture enabled by " "technology. Anyone building a presentation knows the extraordinary freedom " @@ -7242,12 +7303,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5403 +#: freeculture.xml:5441 msgid "Camp Chaos" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5394 +#: freeculture.xml:5432 msgid "" "But presentations are just a tiny beginning. Using the Internet and its " "archives, musicians are able to string together mixes of sound never before " @@ -7260,7 +7321,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5406 +#: freeculture.xml:5444 msgid "" "All of these creations are technically illegal. Even if the creators wanted " "to be <quote>legal,</quote> the cost of complying with the law is impossibly " @@ -7270,7 +7331,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5413 +#: freeculture.xml:5451 msgid "" "To some, these stories suggest a solution: Let's alter the mix of rights so " "that people are free to build upon our culture. Free to add or mix as they " @@ -7287,7 +7348,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5428 +#: freeculture.xml:5466 msgid "" "Who could possibly object to this? And what reason would there be for " "objecting? We're talking about work that is not now being made; which if " @@ -7297,7 +7358,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 118 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5434 +#: freeculture.xml:5472 msgid "" "In February 2003, DreamWorks studios announced an agreement with Mike Myers, " "the comic genius of <citetitle>Saturday Night Live</citetitle> and Austin " @@ -7310,7 +7371,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5446 +#: freeculture.xml:5484 msgid "" "The announcement called this <quote>film sampling.</quote> As Myers " "explained, <quote>Film Sampling is an exciting way to put an original spin " @@ -7322,7 +7383,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5455 +#: freeculture.xml:5493 msgid "" "Spielberg is right. Film sampling by Myers will be brilliant. But if you " "don't think about it, you might miss the truly astonishing point about this " @@ -7335,7 +7396,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5465 +#: freeculture.xml:5503 msgid "" "This privilege becomes reserved for two sorts of reasons. The first " "continues the story of the last chapter: the vagueness of <quote>fair " @@ -7351,12 +7412,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:5480 +#: freeculture.xml:5518 msgid "CHAPTER NINE: Collectors" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:5520 freeculture.xml:8635 freeculture.xml:10839 freeculture.xml:11089 +msgid "archives, digital" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5482 +#: freeculture.xml:5523 msgid "" "In April 1996, millions of <quote>bots</quote>—computer codes designed " "to <quote>spider,</quote> or automatically search the Internet and copy " @@ -7368,7 +7434,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5491 +#: freeculture.xml:5532 msgid "" "By October 2001, the bots had collected more than five years of copies. And " "at a small announcement in Berkeley, California, the archive that these " @@ -7378,8 +7444,13 @@ msgid "" "pages changed." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:5540 +msgid "Orwell, George" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5499 +#: freeculture.xml:5543 msgid "" "This is the thing about the Internet that Orwell would have appreciated. In " "the dystopia described in <citetitle>1984</citetitle>, old newspapers were " @@ -7389,7 +7460,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 120 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5507 +#: freeculture.xml:5551 msgid "" "Thousands of workers constantly reedited the past, meaning there was no way " "ever to know whether the story you were reading today was the story that was " @@ -7397,7 +7468,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5512 +#: freeculture.xml:5556 msgid "" "It's the same with the Internet. If you go to a Web page today, there's no " "way for you to know whether the content you are reading is the same as the " @@ -7408,7 +7479,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5525 +#: freeculture.xml:5570 msgid "" "The temptations remain, however. Brewster Kahle reports that the White House " "changes its own press releases without notice. A May 13, 2003, press release " @@ -7418,7 +7489,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5519 +#: freeculture.xml:5564 msgid "" "Until the Way Back Machine, at least. With the Way Back Machine, and the " "Internet Archive underlying it, you can see what the Internet was. You have " @@ -7428,7 +7499,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5533 +#: freeculture.xml:5578 msgid "" "We take it for granted that we can go back to see what we remember " "reading. Think about newspapers. If you wanted to study the reaction of your " @@ -7441,7 +7512,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5544 +#: freeculture.xml:5589 msgid "" "It is said that those who fail to remember history are doomed to repeat " "it. That's not quite correct. We <emphasis>all</emphasis> forget " @@ -7454,7 +7525,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 121 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5553 +#: freeculture.xml:5598 msgid "" "The Internet was an exception to this presumption. Until the Internet " "Archive, there was no way to go back. The Internet was the quintessentially " @@ -7466,7 +7537,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5564 +#: freeculture.xml:5609 msgid "" "Brewster Kahle is the founder of the Internet Archive. He was a very " "successful Internet entrepreneur after he was a successful computer " @@ -7479,7 +7550,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5574 +#: freeculture.xml:5619 msgid "" "The Way Back Machine is the largest archive of human knowledge in human " "history. At the end of 2002, it held <quote>two hundred and thirty terabytes " @@ -7499,13 +7570,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5591 +#: freeculture.xml:5636 msgid "Quayle, Dan" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 122 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5593 +#: freeculture.xml:5638 msgid "" "Do you remember when Dan Quayle was interacting with Murphy Brown? Remember " "that back and forth surreal experience of a politician interacting with a " @@ -7517,7 +7588,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5605 +#: freeculture.xml:5650 msgid "" "Why is that? Why is it that the part of our culture that is recorded in " "newspapers remains perpetually accessible, while the part that is recorded " @@ -7528,7 +7599,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5613 +#: freeculture.xml:5658 msgid "" "In part, this is because of the law. Early in American copyright law, " "copyright owners were required to deposit copies of their work in " @@ -7539,7 +7610,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5630 +#: freeculture.xml:5675 msgid "" "Doug Herrick, <quote>Toward a National Film Collection: Motion Pictures at " "the Library of Congress,</quote> <citetitle>Film Library " @@ -7549,7 +7620,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5621 +#: freeculture.xml:5666 msgid "" "These rules applied to film as well. But in 1915, the Library of Congress " "made an exception for film. Film could be copyrighted so long as such " @@ -7562,7 +7633,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5638 +#: freeculture.xml:5683 msgid "" "The same is generally true about television. Television broadcasts were " "originally not copyrighted—there was no way to capture the broadcasts, " @@ -7577,7 +7648,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 123 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5649 +#: freeculture.xml:5694 msgid "" "Kahle was eager to correct this. Before September 11, 2001, he and his " "allies had started capturing television. They selected twenty stations from " @@ -7588,13 +7659,23 @@ msgid "" "from around the world covered the events of that day." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5676 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:5704 msgid "Movie Archive" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:5706 +msgid "archive.org" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><seealso> +#: freeculture.xml:5707 +msgid "Internet Archive" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5660 +#: freeculture.xml:5710 msgid "" "Kahle had the same idea with film. Working with Rick Prelinger, whose " "archive of film includes close to 45,000 <quote>ephemeral films</quote> " @@ -7610,12 +7691,11 @@ msgid "" "access to this important part of our culture. Want to see a copy of the " "<quote>Duck and Cover</quote> film that instructed children how to save " "themselves in the middle of nuclear attack? Go to archive.org, and you can " -"download the film in a few minutes—for free. <placeholder " -"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"download the film in a few minutes—for free." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5679 +#: freeculture.xml:5728 msgid "" "Here again, Kahle is providing access to a part of our culture that we " "otherwise could not get easily, if at all. It is yet another part of what " @@ -7625,7 +7705,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5687 +#: freeculture.xml:5736 msgid "" "The key here is access, not price. Kahle wants to enable free access to this " "content, but he also wants to enable others to sell access to it. His aim is " @@ -7636,7 +7716,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 124 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5695 +#: freeculture.xml:5744 msgid "" "For here is an idea that we should more clearly recognize. Every bit of " "creative property goes through different <quote>lives.</quote> In its first " @@ -7648,7 +7728,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5707 +#: freeculture.xml:5756 msgid "" "After the commercial life of creative property has ended, our tradition has " "always supported a second life as well. A newspaper delivers the news every " @@ -7660,7 +7740,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5719 +#: freeculture.xml:5768 msgid "" "Dave Barns, <quote>Fledgling Career in Antique Books: Woodstock Landlord, " "Bar Owner Starts a New Chapter by Adopting Business,</quote> " @@ -7672,7 +7752,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5716 +#: freeculture.xml:5765 msgid "" "The same has always been true about books. A book goes out of print very " "quickly (the average today is after about a year<placeholder " @@ -7684,7 +7764,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5733 +#: freeculture.xml:5782 msgid "" "Yet increasingly, any assumption about a stable second life for creative " "property does not hold true with the most important components of popular " @@ -7698,7 +7778,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 125 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5744 +#: freeculture.xml:5793 msgid "" "For most of the twentieth century, it was economics that made this so. It " "would have been insanely expensive to collect and make accessible all " @@ -7710,7 +7790,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5756 +#: freeculture.xml:5805 msgid "" "Perhaps the single most important feature of the digital revolution is that " "for the first time since the Library of Alexandria, it is feasible to " @@ -7721,7 +7801,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5764 +#: freeculture.xml:5813 msgid "" "The scale of this potential archive is something we've never imagined " "before. The Brewster Kahles of our history have dreamed about it; but we are " @@ -7730,7 +7810,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5771 +#: freeculture.xml:5820 msgid "" "It looks like there's about two to three million recordings of music. " "Ever. There are about a hundred thousand theatrical releases of movies, " @@ -7747,7 +7827,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 126 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5785 +#: freeculture.xml:5834 msgid "" "Kahle is not the only librarian. The Internet Archive is not the only " "archive. But Kahle and the Internet Archive suggest what the future of " @@ -7763,7 +7843,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5800 +#: freeculture.xml:5849 msgid "" "Technologists have thus removed the economic costs of building such an " "archive. But lawyers' costs remain. For as much as we might like to call " @@ -7775,22 +7855,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:5810 +#: freeculture.xml:5860 msgid "CHAPTER TEN: <quote>Property</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5819 +#: freeculture.xml:5869 msgid "Johnson, Lyndon" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5820 freeculture.xml:9525 +#: freeculture.xml:5870 freeculture.xml:9595 msgid "Kennedy, John F." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5812 +#: freeculture.xml:5862 msgid "" "Jack Valenti has been the president of the Motion Picture Association of " "America since 1966. He first came to Washington, D.C., with Lyndon Johnson's " @@ -7803,42 +7883,42 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5833 +#: freeculture.xml:5883 msgid "Disney, Inc." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5834 +#: freeculture.xml:5884 msgid "Sony Pictures Entertainment" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5835 +#: freeculture.xml:5885 msgid "MGM" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5836 +#: freeculture.xml:5886 msgid "Paramount Pictures" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5837 +#: freeculture.xml:5887 msgid "Twentieth Century Fox" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5838 +#: freeculture.xml:5888 msgid "Universal Pictures" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5839 freeculture.xml:7238 +#: freeculture.xml:5889 freeculture.xml:7299 msgid "Warner Brothers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5823 +#: freeculture.xml:5873 msgid "" "The MPAA is the American branch of the international Motion Picture " "Association. It was formed in 1922 as a trade association whose goal was to " @@ -7857,7 +7937,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 128 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5843 +#: freeculture.xml:5893 msgid "" "Valenti is only the third president of the MPAA. No president before him has " "had as much influence over that organization, or over Washington. As a " @@ -7871,7 +7951,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5855 +#: freeculture.xml:5905 msgid "" "In defending artistic liberty and the freedom of speech that our culture " "depends upon, the MPAA has done important good. In crafting the MPAA rating " @@ -7883,13 +7963,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5864 +#: freeculture.xml:5914 msgid "In 1982, Valenti's testimony to Congress captured the strategy perfectly:" msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5878 +#: freeculture.xml:5928 msgid "" "Home Recording of Copyrighted Works: Hearings on H.R. 4783, H.R. 4794, " "H.R. 4808, H.R. 5250, H.R. 5488, and H.R. 5705 Before the Subcommittee on " @@ -7899,7 +7979,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5869 +#: freeculture.xml:5919 msgid "" "No matter the lengthy arguments made, no matter the charges and the " "counter-charges, no matter the tumult and the shouting, reasonable men and " @@ -7913,7 +7993,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 129 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5888 +#: freeculture.xml:5938 msgid "" "The strategy of this rhetoric, like the strategy of most of Valenti's " "rhetoric, is brilliant and simple and brilliant because simple. The " @@ -7925,7 +8005,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5899 +#: freeculture.xml:5949 msgid "" "This claim has an obvious and powerful intuitive pull. It is stated with " "such clarity as to make the idea as obvious as the notion that we use " @@ -7941,7 +8021,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5914 +#: freeculture.xml:5964 msgid "" "Lawyers speak of <quote>property</quote> not as an absolute thing, but as a " "bundle of rights that are sometimes associated with a particular " @@ -7954,7 +8034,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5911 +#: freeculture.xml:5961 msgid "" "While <quote>creative property</quote> is certainly <quote>property</quote> " "in a nerdy and precise sense that lawyers are trained to " @@ -7967,7 +8047,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5929 +#: freeculture.xml:5979 msgid "" "Valenti knows this. But he speaks for an industry that cares squat for our " "tradition and the values it represents. He speaks for an industry that is " @@ -7978,7 +8058,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 130 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5937 +#: freeculture.xml:5987 msgid "" "I have two purposes in this chapter. The first is to convince you that, " "historically, Valenti's claim is absolutely wrong. The second is to convince " @@ -7992,7 +8072,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5952 +#: freeculture.xml:6002 msgid "" "Organizations such as the MPAA, whose board includes the most powerful of " "the old guard, have little interest, their rhetoric notwithstanding, in " @@ -8006,7 +8086,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5964 +#: freeculture.xml:6014 msgid "" "The framers of our Constitution loved <quote>property.</quote> Indeed, so " "strongly did they love property that they built into the Constitution an " @@ -8021,7 +8101,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 131 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5975 +#: freeculture.xml:6025 msgid "" "Yet the very same Constitution speaks very differently about what Valenti " "calls <quote>creative property.</quote> In the clause granting Congress the " @@ -8038,7 +8118,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5990 +#: freeculture.xml:6040 msgid "" "The Constitution thus on its face states that these two forms of property " "are not to be accorded the same rights. They are plainly to be treated " @@ -8049,7 +8129,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5999 +#: freeculture.xml:6049 msgid "" "Arguing for a change in our Constitution is not necessarily wrong. There " "was much in our original Constitution that was plainly wrong. The " @@ -8063,7 +8143,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6011 +#: freeculture.xml:6061 msgid "" "Instead, my argument is that because Jefferson did it, we should at least " "try to understand <emphasis>why</emphasis>. Why did the framers, fanatical " @@ -8073,7 +8153,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6019 +#: freeculture.xml:6069 msgid "" "To answer this question, we need to get some perspective on the history of " "these <quote>creative property</quote> rights, and the control that they " @@ -8089,7 +8169,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 132 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6034 +#: freeculture.xml:6084 msgid "" "To answer these questions, we need a more general way to talk about how " "property is protected. More precisely, we need a more general way than the " @@ -8101,19 +8181,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6043 +#: freeculture.xml:6093 msgid "" "How four different modalities of regulation interact to support or weaken " "the right or regulation." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6044 freeculture.xml:6221 freeculture.xml:6525 +#: freeculture.xml:6094 freeculture.xml:6280 freeculture.xml:6586 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1331.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6047 +#: freeculture.xml:6097 msgid "" "At the center of this picture is a regulated dot: the individual or group " "that is the target of regulation, or the holder of a right. (In each case " @@ -8129,8 +8209,13 @@ msgid "" "by the state. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:6113 freeculture.xml:6174 freeculture.xml:6283 +msgid "norms, regulatory influence of" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6064 +#: freeculture.xml:6115 msgid "" "Norms are a different kind of constraint. They, too, punish an individual " "for violating a rule. But the punishment of a norm is imposed by a " @@ -8142,8 +8227,13 @@ msgid "" "the severity of the rule, but the source of the enforcement." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:6125 freeculture.xml:6173 freeculture.xml:6263 freeculture.xml:6282 freeculture.xml:9216 freeculture.xml:9414 +msgid "market constraints" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6075 +#: freeculture.xml:6127 msgid "" "The market is a third type of constraint. Its constraint is effected through " "conditions: You can do X if you pay Y; you'll be paid M if you do N. These " @@ -8154,8 +8244,13 @@ msgid "" "simultaneous constraint upon how an individual or group might behave." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:6136 freeculture.xml:6172 freeculture.xml:6221 freeculture.xml:6262 +msgid "architecture, constraint effected through" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6085 +#: freeculture.xml:6138 msgid "" "Finally, and for the moment, perhaps, most mysteriously, " "<quote>architecture</quote>—the physical world as one finds " @@ -8174,7 +8269,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 134 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6102 +#: freeculture.xml:6155 msgid "" "So the first point about these four modalities of regulation is obvious: " "They interact. Restrictions imposed by one might be reinforced by " @@ -8182,7 +8277,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6108 +#: freeculture.xml:6161 msgid "" "The second point follows directly: If we want to understand the effective " "freedom that anyone has at a given moment to do any particular thing, we " @@ -8194,12 +8289,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6117 +#: freeculture.xml:6170 msgid "driving speed, constraints on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6120 +#: freeculture.xml:6176 msgid "" "So, for example, consider the <quote>freedom</quote> to drive a car at a " "high speed. That freedom is in part restricted by laws: speed limits that " @@ -8216,7 +8311,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6138 +#: freeculture.xml:6194 msgid "" "By describing the way law affects the other three modalities, I don't mean " "to suggest that the other three don't affect law. Obviously, they do. Law's " @@ -8230,7 +8325,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 135 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6134 +#: freeculture.xml:6190 msgid "" "The final point about this simple model should also be fairly clear: While " "these four modalities are analytically independent, law has a special role " @@ -8247,27 +8342,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6162 +#: freeculture.xml:6218 msgid "Law has a special role in affecting the three." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6163 +#: freeculture.xml:6219 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1361.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6203 +#: freeculture.xml:6260 msgid "Americans with Disabilities Act (1990)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6204 +#: freeculture.xml:6261 msgid "Commons, John R." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6174 +#: freeculture.xml:6231 msgid "" "Some people object to this way of talking about <quote>liberty.</quote> They " "object because their focus when considering the constraints that exist at " @@ -8296,11 +8391,13 @@ msgid "" "change existing conditions changes the liberty of a particular group. The " "effect of those interventions should be accounted for in order to understand " "the effective liberty that each of these groups might face. <placeholder " -"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"3\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6166 +#: freeculture.xml:6223 msgid "" "These constraints can thus change, and they can be changed. To understand " "the effective protection of liberty or protection of property at any " @@ -8311,12 +8408,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6208 +#: freeculture.xml:6267 msgid "Why Hollywood Is Right" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6210 +#: freeculture.xml:6269 msgid "" "The most obvious point that this model reveals is just why, or just how, " "Hollywood is right. The copyright warriors have rallied Congress and the " @@ -8325,18 +8422,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6216 +#: freeculture.xml:6275 msgid "Let's say this is the picture of copyright's regulation before the Internet:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6220 freeculture.xml:6524 +#: freeculture.xml:6279 freeculture.xml:6585 msgid "Copyright's regulation before the Internet." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 136 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6225 +#: freeculture.xml:6286 msgid "" "There is balance between law, norms, market, and architecture. The law " "limits the ability to copy and share content, by imposing penalties on those " @@ -8350,7 +8447,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6237 +#: freeculture.xml:6298 msgid "" "Enter the Internet, or, more precisely, technologies such as MP3s and p2p " "sharing. Now the constraint of architecture changes dramatically, as does " @@ -8362,7 +8459,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 137 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6245 +#: freeculture.xml:6306 msgid "" "Thus the sense of, and justification for, the warriors' response. " "Technology has changed, the warriors say, and the effect of this change, " @@ -8373,17 +8470,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6255 +#: freeculture.xml:6316 msgid "effective state of anarchy after the Internet." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6256 +#: freeculture.xml:6317 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1381.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6259 +#: freeculture.xml:6320 msgid "" "Neither this analysis nor the conclusions that follow are new to the " "warriors. Indeed, in a <quote>White Paper</quote> prepared by the Commerce " @@ -8398,7 +8495,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 138 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6271 +#: freeculture.xml:6332 msgid "" "This mixed strategy is just what copyright needed—if it was to " "preserve the particular balance that existed before the change induced by " @@ -8415,7 +8512,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6288 +#: freeculture.xml:6349 msgid "" "Thus, there's nothing wrong or surprising in the content industry's campaign " "to protect itself from the harmful consequences of a technological " @@ -8426,13 +8523,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6295 +#: freeculture.xml:6356 msgid "railroad industry" msgstr "" #. f5 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6306 +#: freeculture.xml:6367 msgid "" "See Geoffrey Smith, <quote>Film vs. Digital: Can Kodak Build a " "Bridge?</quote> BusinessWeek online, 2 August 1999, available at <ulink " @@ -8444,7 +8541,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6298 +#: freeculture.xml:6359 msgid "" "But just because a particular interest asks for government support, it " "doesn't follow that support should be granted. And just because technology " @@ -8467,19 +8564,19 @@ msgstr "" #. f6 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6338 +#: freeculture.xml:6399 msgid "" "Fred Warshofsky, <citetitle>The Patent Wars</citetitle> (New York: Wiley, " "1994), 170–71." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6347 freeculture.xml:12830 +#: freeculture.xml:6408 freeculture.xml:12922 msgid "Gates, Bill" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6328 +#: freeculture.xml:6389 msgid "" "The obvious answer to these obviously rhetorical questions is no. In a free " "society, with a free market, supported by free enterprise and free trade, " @@ -8498,7 +8595,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6350 +#: freeculture.xml:6411 msgid "" "Thus, while it is understandable for industries threatened with new " "technologies that change the way they do business to look to the government " @@ -8510,7 +8607,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6360 +#: freeculture.xml:6421 msgid "" "In the context of laws regulating speech—which include, obviously, " "copyright law—that duty is even stronger. When the industry " @@ -8527,7 +8624,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 140 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6374 +#: freeculture.xml:6435 msgid "" "My argument just now, however, has nothing to do with whether the changes " "that are being pushed by the copyright warriors are " @@ -8538,22 +8635,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6383 +#: freeculture.xml:6444 msgid "Here's the metaphor that will capture the argument to follow." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6386 +#: freeculture.xml:6447 msgid "DDT" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6394 +#: freeculture.xml:6455 msgid "Müller, Paul Hermann" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6389 +#: freeculture.xml:6450 msgid "" "In 1873, the chemical DDT was first synthesized. In 1948, Swiss chemist Paul " "Hermann Müller won the Nobel Prize for his work demonstrating the " @@ -8563,7 +8660,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6397 +#: freeculture.xml:6458 msgid "" "No one doubts that killing disease-carrying pests or increasing crop " "production is a good thing. No one doubts that the work of Müller was " @@ -8571,17 +8668,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6401 freeculture.xml:6407 +#: freeculture.xml:6462 freeculture.xml:6468 msgid "Carson, Rachel" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6408 +#: freeculture.xml:6469 msgid "Silent Sprint (Carson)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6403 +#: freeculture.xml:6464 msgid "" "But in 1962, Rachel Carson published <citetitle>Silent Spring</citetitle>, " "which argued that DDT, whatever its primary benefits, was also having " @@ -8591,7 +8688,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6411 +#: freeculture.xml:6472 msgid "" "No one set out to destroy the environment. Paul Müller certainly did not aim " "to harm any birds. But the effort to solve one set of problems produced " @@ -8604,7 +8701,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f7 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6424 +#: freeculture.xml:6485 msgid "" "See, for example, James Boyle, <quote>A Politics of Intellectual Property: " "Environmentalism for the Net?</quote> <citetitle>Duke Law " @@ -8613,7 +8710,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 141 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6420 +#: freeculture.xml:6481 msgid "" "It is to this image precisely that Duke University law professor James Boyle " "appeals when he argues that we need an <quote>environmentalism</quote> for " @@ -8631,7 +8728,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6441 +#: freeculture.xml:6502 msgid "" "My argument, in the balance of this chapter, tries to map exactly this " "effect. No doubt the technology of the Internet has had a dramatic effect on " @@ -8645,19 +8742,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6452 +#: freeculture.xml:6513 msgid "" "In a line: To kill a gnat, we are spraying DDT with consequences for free " "culture that will be far more devastating than that this gnat will be lost." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6459 +#: freeculture.xml:6520 msgid "Beginnings" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6461 +#: freeculture.xml:6522 msgid "" "America copied English copyright law. Actually, we copied and improved " "English copyright law. Our Constitution makes the purpose of <quote>creative " @@ -8666,7 +8763,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6467 +#: freeculture.xml:6528 msgid "" "The power to establish <quote>creative property</quote> rights is granted to " "Congress in a way that, for our Constitution, at least, is very odd. Article " @@ -8675,7 +8772,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 142 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6472 +#: freeculture.xml:6533 msgid "" "Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, " "by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right " @@ -8689,7 +8786,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6485 +#: freeculture.xml:6546 msgid "" "The Progress Clause expressly limits the term of copyrights. As we saw in " "chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"founders\"/>, the " @@ -8702,7 +8799,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6495 +#: freeculture.xml:6556 msgid "" "The design of the Progress Clause reflects something about the " "Constitution's design in general. To avoid a problem, the framers built " @@ -8719,7 +8816,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6510 +#: freeculture.xml:6571 msgid "" "I doubt the framers would recognize the regulation we call " "<quote>copyright</quote> today. The scope of that regulation is far beyond " @@ -8730,7 +8827,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 143 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6517 +#: freeculture.xml:6578 msgid "" "Some of these changes come from the law: some in light of changes in " "technology, and some in light of changes in technology given a particular " @@ -8738,38 +8835,38 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6528 +#: freeculture.xml:6589 msgid "We will end here:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6531 +#: freeculture.xml:6592 msgid "<quote>Copyright</quote> today." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6532 +#: freeculture.xml:6593 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1442.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 144 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6535 +#: freeculture.xml:6596 msgid "Let me explain how." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6540 +#: freeculture.xml:6601 msgid "Law: Duration" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6556 +#: freeculture.xml:6617 msgid "Crosskey, William W." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6550 +#: freeculture.xml:6611 msgid "" "William W. Crosskey, <citetitle>Politics and the Constitution in the History " "of the United States</citetitle> (London: Cambridge University Press, 1953), " @@ -8780,7 +8877,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6542 +#: freeculture.xml:6603 msgid "" "When the first Congress enacted laws to protect creative property, it faced " "the same uncertainty about the status of creative property that the English " @@ -8796,7 +8893,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6566 +#: freeculture.xml:6627 msgid "" "That uncertainty ended after Congress passed legislation granting " "copyrights. Because federal law overrides any contrary state law, federal " @@ -8807,7 +8904,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6574 +#: freeculture.xml:6635 msgid "" "In 1790, Congress enacted the first copyright law. It created a federal " "copyright and secured that copyright for fourteen years. If the author was " @@ -8818,7 +8915,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f9 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6589 +#: freeculture.xml:6650 msgid "" "Although 13,000 titles were published in the United States from 1790 to " "1799, only 556 copyright registrations were filed; John Tebbel, <citetitle>A " @@ -8837,7 +8934,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6581 +#: freeculture.xml:6642 msgid "" "While there were many works created in the United States in the first ten " "years of the Republic, only 5 percent of the works were actually registered " @@ -8850,7 +8947,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 145 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6605 +#: freeculture.xml:6666 msgid "" "This system of renewal was a crucial part of the American system of " "copyright. It assured that the maximum terms of copyright would be granted " @@ -8861,7 +8958,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f10 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6620 +#: freeculture.xml:6681 msgid "" "Few copyright holders ever chose to renew their copyrights. For instance, of " "the 25,006 copyrights registered in 1883, only 894 were renewed in 1910. For " @@ -8875,7 +8972,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6614 +#: freeculture.xml:6675 msgid "" "Fourteen years may not seem long to us, but for the vast majority of " "copyright owners at that time, it was long enough: Only a small minority of " @@ -8886,12 +8983,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f11 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6635 +#: freeculture.xml:6696 msgid "See Ringer, ch. 9, n. 2." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6631 +#: freeculture.xml:6692 msgid "" "Even today, this structure would make sense. Most creative work has an " "actual commercial life of just a couple of years. Most books fall out of " @@ -8904,7 +9001,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6643 +#: freeculture.xml:6704 msgid "" "In the first hundred years of the Republic, the term of copyright was " "changed once. In 1831, the term was increased from a maximum of 28 years to " @@ -8915,7 +9012,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6651 +#: freeculture.xml:6712 msgid "" "Then, beginning in 1962, Congress started a practice that has defined " "copyright law since. Eleven times in the last forty years, Congress has " @@ -8929,7 +9026,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 146 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6661 +#: freeculture.xml:6722 msgid "" "The effect of these extensions is simply to toll, or delay, the passing of " "works into the public domain. This latest extension means that the public " @@ -8941,7 +9038,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6672 +#: freeculture.xml:6733 msgid "" "The effect of these extensions has been exacerbated by another, " "little-noticed change in the copyright law. Remember I said that the framers " @@ -8953,7 +9050,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6682 +#: freeculture.xml:6743 msgid "" "The United States abandoned this sensible system in 1976. For all works " "created after 1978, there was only one copyright term—the maximum " @@ -8965,7 +9062,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6692 +#: freeculture.xml:6753 msgid "" "This change meant that American law no longer had an automatic way to assure " "that works that were no longer exploited passed into the public domain. And " @@ -8977,7 +9074,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6709 +#: freeculture.xml:6770 msgid "" "These statistics are understated. Between the years 1910 and 1962 (the first " "year the renewal term was extended), the average term was never more than " @@ -8986,7 +9083,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6701 +#: freeculture.xml:6762 msgid "" "The effect of these changes on the average duration of copyright is " "dramatic. In 1973, more than 85 percent of copyright owners failed to renew " @@ -8998,12 +9095,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6718 +#: freeculture.xml:6779 msgid "Law: Scope" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6720 +#: freeculture.xml:6781 msgid "" "The <quote>scope</quote> of a copyright is the range of rights granted by " "the law. The scope of American copyright has changed dramatically. Those " @@ -9012,7 +9109,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6726 +#: freeculture.xml:6787 msgid "" "In 1790, that scope was very narrow. Copyright covered only <quote>maps, " "charts, and books.</quote> That means it didn't cover, for example, music or " @@ -9028,7 +9125,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6739 +#: freeculture.xml:6800 msgid "" "This, too, has changed dramatically. While the contours of copyright today " "are extremely hard to describe simply, in general terms, the right covers " @@ -9046,7 +9143,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 148 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6754 +#: freeculture.xml:6815 msgid "" "At the same time that the scope of copyright has expanded, procedural " "limitations on the right have been relaxed. I've already described the " @@ -9061,7 +9158,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6768 +#: freeculture.xml:6829 msgid "" "The reason for the registration requirement was the sensible understanding " "that for most works, no copyright was required. Again, in the first ten " @@ -9077,7 +9174,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6782 +#: freeculture.xml:6843 msgid "" "All of these <quote>formalities</quote> were abolished in the American " "system when we decided to follow European copyright law. There is no " @@ -9088,13 +9185,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6790 +#: freeculture.xml:6851 msgid "Consider a practical example to understand the scope of these differences." msgstr "" #. f13 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6801 +#: freeculture.xml:6862 msgid "" "See Thomas Bender and David Sampliner, <quote>Poets, Pirates, and the " "Creation of American Literature,</quote> 29 <citetitle>New York University " @@ -9104,7 +9201,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6794 +#: freeculture.xml:6855 msgid "" "If, in 1790, you wrote a book and you were one of the 5 percent who actually " "copyrighted that book, then the copyright law protected you against another " @@ -9118,7 +9215,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 149 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6813 +#: freeculture.xml:6874 msgid "" "The act left other creators totally unregulated. If I copied your poem by " "hand, over and over again, as a way to learn it by heart, my act was totally " @@ -9129,7 +9226,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6822 +#: freeculture.xml:6883 msgid "" "Today the story is very different: If you write a book, your book is " "automatically protected. Indeed, not just your book. Every e-mail, every " @@ -9140,7 +9237,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6831 +#: freeculture.xml:6892 msgid "" "That protection gives you the right (subject to a narrow range of fair use " "exceptions) to control how others copy the work, whether they copy it to " @@ -9148,7 +9245,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6836 +#: freeculture.xml:6897 msgid "" "That much is the obvious part. Any system of copyright would control " "competing publishing. But there's a second part to the copyright of today " @@ -9163,7 +9260,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6850 +#: freeculture.xml:6911 msgid "" "It is this derivative right that would seem most bizarre to our framers, " "though it has become second nature to us. Initially, this expansion was " @@ -9175,7 +9272,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6872 +#: freeculture.xml:6933 msgid "" "Jonathan Zittrain, <quote>The Copyright Cage,</quote> <citetitle>Legal " "Affairs</citetitle>, July/August 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -9184,7 +9281,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6862 +#: freeculture.xml:6923 msgid "" "In preventing that joke, the law created an astonishing power within a free " "culture—at least, it's astonishing when you understand that the law " @@ -9199,12 +9296,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6894 +#: freeculture.xml:6955 msgid "Rubenfeld, Jeb" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6887 +#: freeculture.xml:6948 msgid "" "Professor Rubenfeld has presented a powerful constitutional argument about " "the difference that copyright law should draw (from the perspective of the " @@ -9216,7 +9313,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6882 +#: freeculture.xml:6943 msgid "" "Yet copyright law treats these two different wrongs in the same way. I can " "go to court and get an injunction against your pirating my book. I can go to " @@ -9226,7 +9323,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6899 +#: freeculture.xml:6960 msgid "" "This again may seem right to you. If I wrote a book, then why should you be " "able to write a movie that takes my story and makes money from it without " @@ -9236,7 +9333,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6907 +#: freeculture.xml:6968 msgid "" "These are good arguments, and, in general, my point is not that the " "derivative right is unjustified. My aim just now is much narrower: simply to " @@ -9245,13 +9342,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6914 +#: freeculture.xml:6975 msgid "Law and Architecture: Reach" msgstr "" #. f16 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6921 +#: freeculture.xml:6982 msgid "" "This is a simplification of the law, but not much of one. The law certainly " "regulates more than <quote>copies</quote>—a public performance of a " @@ -9265,7 +9362,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6916 +#: freeculture.xml:6977 msgid "" "Whereas originally the law regulated only publishers, the change in " "copyright's scope means that the law today regulates publishers, users, and " @@ -9276,7 +9373,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 151 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6933 +#: freeculture.xml:6994 msgid "" "<quote>Copies.</quote> That certainly sounds like the obvious thing for " "<emphasis>copy</emphasis>right law to regulate. But as with Jack Valenti's " @@ -9292,7 +9389,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f17 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6951 +#: freeculture.xml:7012 msgid "" "Thus, my argument is not that in each place that copyright law extends, we " "should repeal it. It is instead that we should have a good argument for its " @@ -9301,7 +9398,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6946 +#: freeculture.xml:7007 msgid "" "This is perhaps the central claim of this book, so let me take this very " "slowly so that the point is not easily missed. My claim is that the Internet " @@ -9313,25 +9410,25 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6962 +#: freeculture.xml:7023 msgid "" "We can see this point abstractly by beginning with this largely empty " "circle." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6966 +#: freeculture.xml:7027 msgid "All potential uses of a book." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6967 +#: freeculture.xml:7028 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1521.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 152 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6971 +#: freeculture.xml:7032 msgid "" "Think about a book in real space, and imagine this circle to represent all " "its potential <emphasis>uses</emphasis>. Most of these uses are unregulated " @@ -9346,17 +9443,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6984 +#: freeculture.xml:7045 msgid "Examples of unregulated uses of a book." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6985 +#: freeculture.xml:7046 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1531.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6988 +#: freeculture.xml:7049 msgid "" "Obviously, however, some uses of a copyrighted book are regulated by " "copyright law. Republishing the book, for example, makes a copy. It is " @@ -9367,26 +9464,26 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6996 +#: freeculture.xml:7057 msgid "" "Finally, there is a tiny sliver of otherwise regulated copying uses that " "remain unregulated because the law considers these <quote>fair uses.</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7001 +#: freeculture.xml:7062 msgid "" "Republishing stands at the core of this circle of possible uses of a " "copyrighted work." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7002 +#: freeculture.xml:7063 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1541.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7005 +#: freeculture.xml:7066 msgid "" "These are uses that themselves involve copying, but which the law treats as " "unregulated because public policy demands that they remain unregulated. You " @@ -9399,30 +9496,30 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7015 +#: freeculture.xml:7076 msgid "Unregulated copying considered <quote>fair uses.</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7016 +#: freeculture.xml:7077 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1542.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7020 +#: freeculture.xml:7081 msgid "" "Uses that before were presumptively unregulated are now presumptively " "regulated." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7021 +#: freeculture.xml:7082 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1551.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 154 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7025 +#: freeculture.xml:7086 msgid "" "In real space, then, the possible uses of a book are divided into three " "sorts: (1) unregulated uses, (2) regulated uses, and (3) regulated uses that " @@ -9432,7 +9529,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f18 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7033 +#: freeculture.xml:7094 msgid "" "I don't mean <quote>nature</quote> in the sense that it couldn't be " "different, but rather that its present instantiation entails a copy. Optical " @@ -9442,7 +9539,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7030 +#: freeculture.xml:7091 msgid "" "Enter the Internet—a distributed, digital network where every use of a " "copyrighted work produces a copy.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " @@ -9459,7 +9556,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 155 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7051 +#: freeculture.xml:7112 msgid "" "So let's be very specific to make this general point clear. Before the " "Internet, if you purchased a book and read it ten times, there would be no " @@ -9472,7 +9569,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7063 +#: freeculture.xml:7124 msgid "" "But the same book as an e-book is effectively governed by a different set of " "rules. Now if the copyright owner says you may read the book only once or " @@ -9486,7 +9583,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7075 +#: freeculture.xml:7136 msgid "" "There are some people who think this makes perfect sense. My aim just now is " "not to argue about whether it makes sense or not. My aim is only to make " @@ -9495,7 +9592,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7081 +#: freeculture.xml:7142 msgid "" "First, making category 1 disappear is not anything any policy maker ever " "intended. Congress did not think through the collapse of the presumptively " @@ -9506,7 +9603,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7089 +#: freeculture.xml:7150 msgid "" "Second, this shift is especially troubling in the context of transformative " "uses of creative content. Again, we can all understand the wrong in " @@ -9521,7 +9618,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 156 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7101 +#: freeculture.xml:7162 msgid "" "Third, this shift from category 1 to category 2 puts an extraordinary burden " "on category 3 (<quote>fair use</quote>) that fair use never before had to " @@ -9535,7 +9632,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7115 +#: freeculture.xml:7176 msgid "" "This point about fair use is totally ignored, even by advocates for free " "culture. We have been cornered into arguing that our rights depend upon fair " @@ -9547,7 +9644,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7128 +#: freeculture.xml:7189 msgid "" "The case of Video Pipeline is a good example. Video Pipeline was in the " "business of making <quote>trailer</quote> advertisements for movies " @@ -9557,7 +9654,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7135 +#: freeculture.xml:7196 msgid "" "The company did this for about fifteen years. Then, in 1997, it began to " "think about the Internet as another way to distribute these previews. The " @@ -9570,7 +9667,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 157 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7144 +#: freeculture.xml:7205 msgid "" "In 1998, Video Pipeline informed Disney and other film distributors that it " "intended to distribute the trailers through the Internet (rather than " @@ -9586,7 +9683,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7159 +#: freeculture.xml:7220 msgid "" "Disney countersued—for $100 million in damages. Those damages were " "predicated upon a claim that Video Pipeline had <quote>willfully " @@ -9599,7 +9696,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7169 +#: freeculture.xml:7230 msgid "" "Disney has the right to control its property, of course. But the video " "stores that were selling Disney's films also had some sort of right to be " @@ -9611,7 +9708,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7179 +#: freeculture.xml:7240 msgid "" "Now, you might think this is a close case, and I think the courts would " "consider it a close case. My point here is to map the change that gives " @@ -9628,7 +9725,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 158 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7194 +#: freeculture.xml:7255 msgid "" "No doubt, a potential is not yet an abuse, and so the potential for control " "is not yet the abuse of control. Barnes & Noble has the right to say you " @@ -9645,7 +9742,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7209 +#: freeculture.xml:7270 msgid "" "Again, my aim so far is simply to map the changes that this changed " "architecture enables. Enabling technology to enforce the control of " @@ -9656,12 +9753,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7218 +#: freeculture.xml:7279 msgid "Architecture and Law: Force" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7220 +#: freeculture.xml:7281 msgid "" "The disappearance of unregulated uses would be change enough, but a second " "important change brought about by the Internet magnifies its " @@ -9670,7 +9767,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7226 +#: freeculture.xml:7287 msgid "" "In the world before digital technology, it was generally the law that " "controlled whether and how someone was regulated by copyright law. The law, " @@ -9680,18 +9777,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7233 +#: freeculture.xml:7294 msgid "Casablanca" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7235 freeculture.xml:7414 +#: freeculture.xml:7296 freeculture.xml:7475 msgid "Marx Brothers" msgstr "" #. f19 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7249 +#: freeculture.xml:7310 msgid "" "See David Lange, <quote>Recognizing the Public Domain,</quote> " "<citetitle>Law and Contemporary Problems</citetitle> 44 (1981): " @@ -9699,7 +9796,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7241 +#: freeculture.xml:7302 msgid "" "There's a famous story about a battle between the Marx Brothers and Warner " "Brothers. The Marxes intended to make a parody of " @@ -9710,7 +9807,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7258 +#: freeculture.xml:7319 msgid "" "Ibid. See also Vaidhyanathan, <citetitle>Copyrights and " "Copywrongs</citetitle>, 1–3. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " @@ -9718,7 +9815,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7254 +#: freeculture.xml:7315 msgid "" "This led the Marx Brothers to respond in kind. They warned Warner Brothers " "that the Marx Brothers <quote>were brothers long before you " @@ -9730,7 +9827,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7268 +#: freeculture.xml:7329 msgid "" "An absurd and hollow threat, of course, because Warner Brothers, like the " "Marx Brothers, knew that no court would ever enforce such a silly " @@ -9739,7 +9836,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7274 +#: freeculture.xml:7335 msgid "" "On the Internet, however, there is no check on silly rules, because on the " "Internet, increasingly, rules are enforced not by a human but by a machine: " @@ -9751,17 +9848,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7287 +#: freeculture.xml:7348 msgid "Adobe eBook Reader" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7290 +#: freeculture.xml:7351 msgid "Consider the life of my Adobe eBook Reader." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7293 +#: freeculture.xml:7354 msgid "" "An e-book is a book delivered in electronic form. An Adobe eBook is not a " "book that Adobe has published; Adobe simply produces the software that " @@ -9770,13 +9867,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7300 +#: freeculture.xml:7361 msgid "On the next page is a picture of an old version of my Adobe eBook Reader." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 160 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7304 +#: freeculture.xml:7365 msgid "" "As you can see, I have a small collection of e-books within this e-book " "library. Some of these books reproduce content that is in the public domain: " @@ -9789,35 +9886,35 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7317 +#: freeculture.xml:7378 msgid "Picture of an old version of Adobe eBook Reader" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7318 +#: freeculture.xml:7379 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1611.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7321 +#: freeculture.xml:7382 msgid "" "If you click on the Permissions button, you'll see a list of the permissions " "that the publisher purports to grant with this book." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7325 +#: freeculture.xml:7386 msgid "List of the permissions that the publisher purports to grant." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7326 +#: freeculture.xml:7387 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1612.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 161 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7330 +#: freeculture.xml:7391 msgid "" "According to my eBook Reader, I have the permission to copy to the clipboard " "of the computer ten text selections every ten days. (So far, I've copied no " @@ -9828,17 +9925,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7340 +#: freeculture.xml:7401 msgid "Aristotle" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7341 +#: freeculture.xml:7402 msgid "<citetitle>Politics</citetitle>, (Aristotle)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7338 +#: freeculture.xml:7399 msgid "" "Here's the e-book for another work in the public domain (including the " "translation): Aristotle's <citetitle>Politics</citetitle>. <placeholder " @@ -9846,57 +9943,57 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7344 +#: freeculture.xml:7405 msgid "E-book of Aristotle;s <quote>Politics</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7345 +#: freeculture.xml:7406 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1621.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7348 +#: freeculture.xml:7409 msgid "" "According to its permissions, no printing or copying is permitted at " "all. But fortunately, you can use the Read Aloud button to hear the book." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7353 +#: freeculture.xml:7414 msgid "List of the permissions for Aristotle;s <quote>Politics</quote>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7354 +#: freeculture.xml:7415 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1622.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7357 +#: freeculture.xml:7418 msgid "" "Finally (and most embarrassingly), here are the permissions for the original " "e-book version of my last book, <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7363 +#: freeculture.xml:7424 msgid "List of the permissions for <quote>The Future of Ideas</quote>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7364 +#: freeculture.xml:7425 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1631.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7367 +#: freeculture.xml:7428 msgid "No copying, no printing, and don't you dare try to listen to this book!" msgstr "" #. f21 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7377 +#: freeculture.xml:7438 msgid "" "In principle, a contract might impose a requirement on me. I might, for " "example, buy a book from you that includes a contract that says I will read " @@ -9907,7 +10004,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7370 +#: freeculture.xml:7431 msgid "" "Now, the Adobe eBook Reader calls these controls " "<quote>permissions</quote>— as if the publisher has the power to " @@ -9922,7 +10019,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7392 +#: freeculture.xml:7453 msgid "" "The control comes instead from the code—from the technology within " "which the e-book <quote>lives.</quote> Though the e-book says that these are " @@ -9941,7 +10038,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7410 +#: freeculture.xml:7471 msgid "" "These are <emphasis>controls</emphasis>, not permissions. Imagine a world " "where the Marx Brothers sold word processing software that, when you tried " @@ -9950,7 +10047,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7417 +#: freeculture.xml:7478 msgid "" "This is the future of copyright law: not so much copyright " "<emphasis>law</emphasis> as copyright <emphasis>code</emphasis>. The " @@ -9962,7 +10059,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7426 +#: freeculture.xml:7487 msgid "" "How significant is this? Isn't it always possible to get around the controls " "built into the technology? Software used to be sold with technologies that " @@ -9972,19 +10069,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7433 +#: freeculture.xml:7494 msgid "" "We've only scratched the surface of this story. Return to the Adobe eBook " "Reader." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7443 +#: freeculture.xml:7504 msgid "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (Carroll)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7437 +#: freeculture.xml:7498 msgid "" "Early in the life of the Adobe eBook Reader, Adobe suffered a public " "relations nightmare. Among the books that you could download for free on the " @@ -9995,17 +10092,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7446 +#: freeculture.xml:7507 msgid "List of the permissions for <quote>Alice's Adventures in Wonderland</quote>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7448 +#: freeculture.xml:7509 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1641.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7452 +#: freeculture.xml:7513 msgid "" "Here was a public domain children's book that you were not allowed to copy, " "not allowed to lend, not allowed to give, and, as the " @@ -10014,7 +10111,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7457 +#: freeculture.xml:7518 msgid "" "The public relations nightmare attached to that final permission. For the " "text did not say that you were not permitted to use the Read Aloud button; " @@ -10025,7 +10122,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7465 +#: freeculture.xml:7526 msgid "" "Adobe responded quickly that it was absurd to think that it was trying to " "restrict the right to read a book aloud. Obviously it was only restricting " @@ -10040,7 +10137,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7478 +#: freeculture.xml:7539 msgid "" "The point is not to blame Adobe. Indeed, Adobe is among the most innovative " "companies developing strategies to balance open access to content with " @@ -10050,34 +10147,34 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7487 +#: freeculture.xml:7548 msgid "" "To see the point in a particularly absurd context, consider a favorite story " "of mine that makes the same point." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7491 freeculture.xml:7640 freeculture.xml:7711 freeculture.xml:7817 +#: freeculture.xml:7552 freeculture.xml:7701 freeculture.xml:7772 freeculture.xml:7878 msgid "Aibo robotic dog" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7494 freeculture.xml:7643 freeculture.xml:7712 freeculture.xml:7818 +#: freeculture.xml:7555 freeculture.xml:7704 freeculture.xml:7773 freeculture.xml:7879 msgid "robotic dog" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7497 freeculture.xml:7646 freeculture.xml:7714 freeculture.xml:7820 +#: freeculture.xml:7558 freeculture.xml:7707 freeculture.xml:7775 freeculture.xml:7881 msgid "Sony" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7498 freeculture.xml:7647 freeculture.xml:7715 freeculture.xml:7821 +#: freeculture.xml:7559 freeculture.xml:7708 freeculture.xml:7776 freeculture.xml:7882 msgid "Aibo robotic dog produced by" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7501 +#: freeculture.xml:7562 msgid "" "Consider the robotic dog made by Sony named <quote>Aibo.</quote> The Aibo " "learns tricks, cuddles, and follows you around. It eats only electricity and " @@ -10085,7 +10182,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7506 +#: freeculture.xml:7567 msgid "" "The Aibo is expensive and popular. Fans from around the world have set up " "clubs to trade stories. One fan in particular set up a Web site to enable " @@ -10096,7 +10193,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7515 +#: freeculture.xml:7576 msgid "" "<quote>Teach</quote> here has a special meaning. Aibos are just cute " "computers. You teach a computer how to do something by programming it " @@ -10107,7 +10204,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7523 +#: freeculture.xml:7584 msgid "" "If you're not a programmer or don't know many programmers, the word " "<citetitle>hack</citetitle> has a particularly unfriendly " @@ -10123,7 +10220,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7537 +#: freeculture.xml:7598 msgid "" "Some hacks are easy. Some are unbelievably hard. Hackers as a community like " "to challenge themselves and others with increasingly difficult " @@ -10133,7 +10230,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7544 +#: freeculture.xml:7605 msgid "" "The Aibo fan was displaying a bit of both when he hacked the program and " "offered to the world a bit of code that would enable the Aibo to dance " @@ -10144,7 +10241,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 166 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7554 +#: freeculture.xml:7615 msgid "" "I've told this story in many contexts, both inside and outside the United " "States. Once I was asked by a puzzled member of the audience, is it " @@ -10159,7 +10256,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7570 +#: freeculture.xml:7631 msgid "" "Let's put the dog to sleep for a minute, and turn to a pony show— not " "literally a pony show, but rather a paper that a Princeton academic named Ed " @@ -10173,12 +10270,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7593 freeculture.xml:10068 +#: freeculture.xml:7654 freeculture.xml:10151 msgid "Electronic Frontier Foundation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7583 +#: freeculture.xml:7644 msgid "" "See Pamela Samuelson, <quote>Anticircumvention Rules: Threat to " "Science,</quote> <citetitle>Science</citetitle> 293 (2001): 2028; Brendan " @@ -10197,7 +10294,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7581 +#: freeculture.xml:7642 msgid "" "But Felten's bravery was really tested in April 2001.<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> He and a group of colleagues were working on a " @@ -10207,7 +10304,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7601 +#: freeculture.xml:7662 msgid "" "The SDMI coalition had as its goal a technology to enable content owners to " "exercise much better control over their content than the Internet, as it " @@ -10219,7 +10316,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7611 +#: freeculture.xml:7672 msgid "" "When SDMI thought it was close to a standard, it set up a competition. In " "exchange for providing contestants with the code to an SDMI-encrypted bit of " @@ -10229,7 +10326,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 167 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7618 +#: freeculture.xml:7679 msgid "" "Felten and his team figured out the encryption system quickly. He and the " "team saw the weakness of this system as a type: Many encryption systems " @@ -10238,7 +10335,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7624 +#: freeculture.xml:7685 msgid "" "Let's review just what Felten was doing. Again, this is the United " "States. We have a principle of free speech. We have this principle not just " @@ -10249,7 +10346,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7632 +#: freeculture.xml:7693 msgid "" "What Felten and his colleagues were doing was publishing a paper describing " "the weakness in a technology. They were not spreading free music, or " @@ -10259,7 +10356,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7650 +#: freeculture.xml:7711 msgid "" "What links these two, aibopet.com and Felten, is the letters they then " "received. Aibopet.com received a letter from Sony about the aibopet.com " @@ -10267,7 +10364,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7657 +#: freeculture.xml:7718 msgid "" "Your site contains information providing the means to circumvent AIBO-ware's " "copy protection protocol constituting a violation of the anti-circumvention " @@ -10275,7 +10372,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7666 +#: freeculture.xml:7727 msgid "" "And though an academic paper describing the weakness in a system of " "encryption should also be perfectly legal, Felten received a letter from an " @@ -10284,7 +10381,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 168 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7672 +#: freeculture.xml:7733 msgid "" "Any disclosure of information gained from participating in the Public " "Challenge would be outside the scope of activities permitted by the " @@ -10293,7 +10390,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7680 +#: freeculture.xml:7741 msgid "" "In both cases, this weirdly Orwellian law was invoked to control the spread " "of information. The Digital Millennium Copyright Act made spreading such " @@ -10301,7 +10398,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7685 +#: freeculture.xml:7746 msgid "" "The DMCA was enacted as a response to copyright owners' first fear about " "cyberspace. The fear was that copyright control was effectively dead; the " @@ -10314,7 +10411,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7696 +#: freeculture.xml:7757 msgid "" "The DMCA was a bit of law intended to back up the protection of this code " "designed to protect copyrighted material. It was, we could say, " @@ -10324,7 +10421,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7703 +#: freeculture.xml:7764 msgid "" "But the DMCA was not designed merely to protect copyrighted works to the " "extent copyright law protected them. Its protection, that is, did not end at " @@ -10336,7 +10433,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 169 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7718 +#: freeculture.xml:7779 msgid "" "Aibopet.com and Felten make the point. The Aibo hack circumvented a " "copyright protection system for the purpose of enabling the dog to dance " @@ -10350,7 +10447,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7730 +#: freeculture.xml:7791 msgid "" "The threat against Felten was more attenuated, but it followed the same line " "of reasoning. By publishing a paper describing how a copyright protection " @@ -10361,17 +10458,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7737 freeculture.xml:7770 +#: freeculture.xml:7798 freeculture.xml:7831 msgid "Rogers, Fred" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7747 freeculture.xml:7783 freeculture.xml:7815 +#: freeculture.xml:7808 freeculture.xml:7844 freeculture.xml:7876 msgid "Conrad, Paul" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7739 +#: freeculture.xml:7800 msgid "" "The bizarreness of these arguments is captured in a cartoon drawn in 1981 by " "Paul Conrad. At that time, a court in California had held that the VCR could " @@ -10384,7 +10481,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7766 +#: freeculture.xml:7827 msgid "" "<citetitle>Sony Corporation of America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal " "City Studios, Inc</citetitle>., 464 U.S. 417, 455 fn. 27 (1984). Rogers " @@ -10395,7 +10492,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7751 +#: freeculture.xml:7812 msgid "" "Some public stations, as well as commercial stations, program the " "<quote>Neighborhood</quote> at hours when some children cannot use it. I " @@ -10415,7 +10512,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 170 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7776 +#: freeculture.xml:7837 msgid "" "Even though there were uses that were legal, because there were some uses " "that were illegal, the court held the companies producing the VCR " @@ -10423,19 +10520,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7781 +#: freeculture.xml:7842 msgid "" "This led Conrad to draw the cartoon below, which we can adopt to the DMCA. " "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7786 +#: freeculture.xml:7847 msgid "No argument I have can top this picture, but let me try to get close." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7789 +#: freeculture.xml:7850 msgid "" "The anticircumvention provisions of the DMCA target copyright circumvention " "technologies. Circumvention technologies can be used for different " @@ -10447,7 +10544,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 171 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7797 +#: freeculture.xml:7858 msgid "" "A handgun can be used to shoot a police officer or a child. Most would agree " "such a use is bad. Or a handgun can be used for target practice or to " @@ -10456,17 +10553,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7805 +#: freeculture.xml:7866 msgid "VCR/handgun cartoon." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7806 +#: freeculture.xml:7867 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1711.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7809 +#: freeculture.xml:7870 msgid "" "The obvious point of Conrad's cartoon is the weirdness of a world where guns " "are legal, despite the harm they can do, while VCRs (and circumvention " @@ -10478,7 +10575,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7824 +#: freeculture.xml:7885 msgid "" "The Aibo and RIAA examples demonstrate how copyright owners are changing the " "balance that copyright law grants. Using code, copyright owners restrict " @@ -10489,7 +10586,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7832 +#: freeculture.xml:7893 msgid "" "This is how <emphasis>code</emphasis> becomes <emphasis>law</emphasis>. The " "controls built into the technology of copy and access protection become " @@ -10503,7 +10600,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7844 +#: freeculture.xml:7905 msgid "" "There is one final aspect of the interaction between architecture and law " "that contributes to the force of copyright's regulation. This is the ease " @@ -10518,7 +10615,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f24 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7863 +#: freeculture.xml:7924 msgid "" "For an early and prescient analysis, see Rebecca Tushnet, <quote>Legal " "Fictions, Copyright, Fan Fiction, and a New Common Law,</quote> " @@ -10527,7 +10624,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7857 +#: freeculture.xml:7918 msgid "" "For example, imagine you were part of a <citetitle>Star Trek</citetitle> fan " "club. You gathered every month to share trivia, and maybe to enact a kind of " @@ -10537,7 +10634,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7869 +#: freeculture.xml:7930 msgid "" "Before the Internet, this was, in effect, a totally unregulated activity. " "No matter what happened inside your club room, you would never be interfered " @@ -10547,7 +10644,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7876 +#: freeculture.xml:7937 msgid "" "But if you moved your club onto the Internet, and made it generally " "available for others to join, the story would be very different. Bots " @@ -10560,7 +10657,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7886 +#: freeculture.xml:7947 msgid "" "This change in the effective force of the law is caused by a change in the " "ease with which the law can be enforced. That change too shifts the law's " @@ -10571,13 +10668,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7895 +#: freeculture.xml:7956 msgid "Market: Concentration" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 173 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7897 +#: freeculture.xml:7958 msgid "" "So copyright's duration has increased dramatically—tripled in the past " "thirty years. And copyright's scope has increased as well—from " @@ -10595,7 +10692,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7915 +#: freeculture.xml:7976 msgid "" "Still, in my view, all of these changes would not matter much if it weren't " "for one more change that we must also consider. This is a change that is in " @@ -10605,7 +10702,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7922 +#: freeculture.xml:7983 msgid "" "This is the change in the concentration and integration of the media. In " "the past twenty years, the nature of media ownership has undergone a radical " @@ -10618,13 +10715,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7933 +#: freeculture.xml:7994 msgid "These changes are of two sorts: the scope of concentration, and its nature." msgstr "" #. f25 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7941 +#: freeculture.xml:8002 msgid "" "FCC Oversight: Hearing Before the Senate Commerce, Science and " "Transportation Committee, 108th Cong., 1st sess. (22 May 2003) (statement " @@ -10633,7 +10730,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f26 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7948 +#: freeculture.xml:8009 msgid "" "Lynette Holloway, <quote>Despite a Marketing Blitz, CD Sales Continue to " "Slide,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 23 December 2002." @@ -10641,39 +10738,39 @@ msgstr "" #. f27 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7954 +#: freeculture.xml:8015 msgid "" "Molly Ivins, <quote>Media Consolidation Must Be Stopped,</quote> " "<citetitle>Charleston Gazette</citetitle>, 31 May 2003." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7957 +#: freeculture.xml:8018 msgid "BMG" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7958 freeculture.xml:9302 +#: freeculture.xml:8019 freeculture.xml:9367 msgid "EMI" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7959 +#: freeculture.xml:8020 msgid "McCain, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7960 freeculture.xml:9303 +#: freeculture.xml:8021 freeculture.xml:9368 msgid "Universal Music Group" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7961 +#: freeculture.xml:8022 msgid "Warner Music Group" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7937 +#: freeculture.xml:7998 msgid "" "Changes in scope are the easier ones to describe. As Senator John McCain " "summarized the data produced in the FCC's review of media ownership, " @@ -10691,7 +10788,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 174 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7964 +#: freeculture.xml:8025 msgid "" "The story with radio is even more dramatic. Before deregulation, the " "nation's largest radio broadcasting conglomerate owned fewer than " @@ -10704,7 +10801,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7975 +#: freeculture.xml:8036 msgid "" "Newspaper ownership is becoming more concentrated as well. Today, there are " "six hundred fewer daily newspapers in the United States than there were " @@ -10718,12 +10815,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7989 freeculture.xml:8006 +#: freeculture.xml:8050 freeculture.xml:8067 msgid "Fallows, James" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7986 +#: freeculture.xml:8047 msgid "" "Concentration in size alone is one thing. The more invidious change is in " "the nature of that concentration. As author James Fallows put it in a recent " @@ -10731,7 +10828,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8004 +#: freeculture.xml:8065 msgid "" "James Fallows, <quote>The Age of Murdoch,</quote> <citetitle>Atlantic " "Monthly</citetitle> (September 2003): 89. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " @@ -10739,7 +10836,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7993 +#: freeculture.xml:8054 msgid "" "Murdoch's companies now constitute a production system unmatched in its " "integration. They supply content—Fox movies … Fox TV shows " @@ -10754,7 +10851,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8011 +#: freeculture.xml:8072 msgid "" "The pattern with Murdoch is the pattern of modern media. Not just large " "companies owning many radio stations, but a few companies owning as many " @@ -10763,18 +10860,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8017 +#: freeculture.xml:8078 msgid "Pattern of modern media ownership." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:8018 +#: freeculture.xml:8079 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1761.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 175 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8022 +#: freeculture.xml:8083 msgid "" "Does this concentration matter? Will it affect what is made, or what is " "distributed? Or is it merely a more efficient way to produce and distribute " @@ -10782,7 +10879,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8027 +#: freeculture.xml:8088 msgid "" "My view was that concentration wouldn't matter. I thought it was nothing " "more than a more efficient financial structure. But now, after reading and " @@ -10791,24 +10888,24 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8033 +#: freeculture.xml:8094 msgid "" "Here's a representative story that begins to suggest how this integration " "may matter." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8036 +#: freeculture.xml:8097 msgid "Lear, Norman" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8038 freeculture.xml:8101 +#: freeculture.xml:8099 freeculture.xml:8162 msgid "All in the Family" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8040 +#: freeculture.xml:8101 msgid "" "In 1969, Norman Lear created a pilot for <citetitle>All in the " "Family</citetitle>. He took the pilot to ABC. The network didn't like it. It " @@ -10819,7 +10916,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f29 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8052 +#: freeculture.xml:8113 msgid "" "Leonard Hill, <quote>The Axis of Access,</quote> remarks before Weidenbaum " "Center Forum, <quote>Entertainment Economics: The Movie Industry,</quote> " @@ -10830,7 +10927,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8047 +#: freeculture.xml:8108 msgid "" "Rather than comply, Lear simply took the show elsewhere. CBS was happy to " "have the series; ABC could not stop Lear from walking. The copyrights that " @@ -10840,7 +10937,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 176 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8063 +#: freeculture.xml:8124 msgid "" "The network did not control those copyrights because the law forbade the " "networks from controlling the content they syndicated. The law required a " @@ -10852,7 +10949,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f30 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8082 +#: freeculture.xml:8143 msgid "" "NewsCorp./DirecTV Merger and Media Consolidation: Hearings on Media " "Ownership Before the Senate Commerce Committee, 108th Cong., 1st " @@ -10864,7 +10961,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8072 +#: freeculture.xml:8133 msgid "" "In 1994, the FCC abandoned the rules that required this independence. After " "that change, the networks quickly changed the balance. In 1985, there were " @@ -10883,7 +10980,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8103 +#: freeculture.xml:8164 msgid "" "Today, another Norman Lear with another <citetitle>All in the " "Family</citetitle> would find that he had the choice either to make the show " @@ -10892,17 +10989,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8112 +#: freeculture.xml:8173 msgid "Diller, Barry" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8113 +#: freeculture.xml:8174 msgid "Moyers, Bill" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8109 +#: freeculture.xml:8170 msgid "" "While the number of channels has increased dramatically, the ownership of " "those channels has narrowed to an ever smaller and smaller few. As Barry " @@ -10912,7 +11009,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f32 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8126 +#: freeculture.xml:8187 msgid "" "<quote>Barry Diller Takes on Media Deregulation,</quote> <citetitle>Now with " "Bill Moyers</citetitle>, Bill Moyers, 25 April 2003, edited transcript " @@ -10920,7 +11017,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8117 +#: freeculture.xml:8178 msgid "" "Well, if you have companies that produce, that finance, that air on their " "channel and then distribute worldwide everything that goes through their " @@ -10931,7 +11028,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8133 +#: freeculture.xml:8194 msgid "" "This narrowing has an effect on what is produced. The product of such large " "and concentrated networks is increasingly homogenous. Increasingly " @@ -10945,13 +11042,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8144 +#: freeculture.xml:8205 msgid "Clark, Kim B." msgstr "" #. f33 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8153 +#: freeculture.xml:8214 msgid "" "Clayton M. Christensen, <citetitle>The Innovator's Dilemma: The " "Revolutionary National Bestseller that Changed the Way We Do " @@ -10967,7 +11064,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8146 +#: freeculture.xml:8207 msgid "" "Economics itself offers a parallel that explains why this integration " "affects creativity. Clay Christensen has written about the " @@ -10982,7 +11079,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8170 +#: freeculture.xml:8231 msgid "" "I don't think we know enough about the economics of the media market to say " "with certainty what concentration and integration will do. The efficiencies " @@ -10990,14 +11087,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8176 +#: freeculture.xml:8237 msgid "" "But there is a quintessentially obvious example that does strongly suggest " "the concern." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8180 +#: freeculture.xml:8241 msgid "" "In addition to the copyright wars, we're in the middle of the drug " "wars. Government policy is strongly directed against the drug cartels; " @@ -11006,7 +11103,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 178 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8185 +#: freeculture.xml:8246 msgid "" "Let me hereby disqualify myself from any possible appointment to any " "position in government by saying I believe this war is a profound mistake. I " @@ -11024,7 +11121,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8204 +#: freeculture.xml:8265 msgid "" "You may not be convinced. That's fine. We live in a democracy, and it is " "through votes that we are to choose policy. But to do that, we depend " @@ -11032,7 +11129,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8213 +#: freeculture.xml:8274 msgid "" "Beginning in 1998, the Office of National Drug Control Policy launched a " "media campaign as part of the <quote>war on drugs.</quote> The campaign " @@ -11047,14 +11144,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8225 +#: freeculture.xml:8286 msgid "" "Fair enough. It's a good ad. Not terribly misleading. It delivers its " "message well. It's a fair and reasonable message." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8229 +#: freeculture.xml:8290 msgid "" "But let's say you think it is a wrong message, and you'd like to run a " "countercommercial. Say you want to run a series of ads that try to " @@ -11064,7 +11161,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 179 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8235 +#: freeculture.xml:8296 msgid "" "Well, obviously, these ads cost lots of money. Assume you raise the " "money. Assume a group of concerned citizens donates all the money in the " @@ -11073,32 +11170,32 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8277 +#: freeculture.xml:8338 msgid "Comcast" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8278 +#: freeculture.xml:8339 msgid "Marijuana Policy Project" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8279 +#: freeculture.xml:8340 msgid "NBC" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8280 +#: freeculture.xml:8341 msgid "WJOA" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8281 +#: freeculture.xml:8342 msgid "WRC" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8252 +#: freeculture.xml:8313 msgid "" "The Marijuana Policy Project, in February 2003, sought to place ads that " "directly responded to the Nick and Norm series on stations within the " @@ -11132,7 +11229,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8242 +#: freeculture.xml:8303 msgid "" "No. You cannot. Television stations have a general policy of avoiding " "<quote>controversial</quote> ads. Ads sponsored by the government are deemed " @@ -11146,7 +11243,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8286 +#: freeculture.xml:8347 msgid "" "I'd be happy to defend the networks' rights, as well—if we lived in a " "media market that was truly diverse. But concentration in the media throws " @@ -11159,12 +11256,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8299 +#: freeculture.xml:8360 msgid "Together" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8301 +#: freeculture.xml:8362 msgid "" "There is something innocent and obvious about the claim of the copyright " "warriors that the government should <quote>protect my property.</quote> In " @@ -11174,7 +11271,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 180 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8307 +#: freeculture.xml:8368 msgid "" "But when we see how dramatically this <quote>property</quote> has " "changed— when we recognize how it might now interact with both " @@ -11189,7 +11286,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8323 +#: freeculture.xml:8384 msgid "" "Not starkly. Or absolutely. My point is not that we should abolish copyright " "or go back to the eighteenth century. That would be a total mistake, " @@ -11198,7 +11295,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8329 +#: freeculture.xml:8390 msgid "" "But there is a space between zero and one, Internet culture " "notwithstanding. And these massive shifts in the effective power of " @@ -11212,7 +11309,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8341 +#: freeculture.xml:8402 msgid "" "Copyright law has not been a rock of Gibraltar. It's not a set of constant " "commitments that, for some mysterious reason, teenagers and geeks now " @@ -11227,7 +11324,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 181 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8353 +#: freeculture.xml:8414 msgid "" "For the single point that is lost in this war on pirates is a point that we " "see only after surveying the range of these changes. When you add together " @@ -11238,7 +11335,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8377 +#: freeculture.xml:8438 msgid "" "Siva Vaidhyanathan captures a similar point in his <quote>four " "surrenders</quote> of copyright law in the digital age. See Vaidhyanathan, " @@ -11246,7 +11343,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8362 +#: freeculture.xml:8423 msgid "" "Not when copyrights were perpetual, for when copyrights were perpetual, they " "affected only that precise creative work. Not when only publishers had the " @@ -11264,12 +11361,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8383 +#: freeculture.xml:8444 msgid "This has been a long chapter. Its point can now be briefly stated." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8386 +#: freeculture.xml:8447 msgid "" "At the start of this book, I distinguished between commercial and " "noncommercial culture. In the course of this chapter, I have distinguished " @@ -11279,38 +11376,38 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8398 freeculture.xml:8435 +#: freeculture.xml:8459 freeculture.xml:8496 msgid "PUBLISH" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8399 freeculture.xml:8436 freeculture.xml:8474 freeculture.xml:8506 +#: freeculture.xml:8460 freeculture.xml:8497 freeculture.xml:8535 freeculture.xml:8567 msgid "TRANSFORM" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8404 freeculture.xml:8441 freeculture.xml:8479 freeculture.xml:8511 +#: freeculture.xml:8465 freeculture.xml:8502 freeculture.xml:8540 freeculture.xml:8572 msgid "Commercial" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8405 freeculture.xml:8442 freeculture.xml:8443 freeculture.xml:8480 freeculture.xml:8481 freeculture.xml:8512 freeculture.xml:8513 freeculture.xml:8517 freeculture.xml:8518 +#: freeculture.xml:8466 freeculture.xml:8503 freeculture.xml:8504 freeculture.xml:8541 freeculture.xml:8542 freeculture.xml:8573 freeculture.xml:8574 freeculture.xml:8578 freeculture.xml:8579 msgid "©" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8406 freeculture.xml:8410 freeculture.xml:8411 freeculture.xml:8447 freeculture.xml:8448 freeculture.xml:8486 +#: freeculture.xml:8467 freeculture.xml:8471 freeculture.xml:8472 freeculture.xml:8508 freeculture.xml:8509 freeculture.xml:8547 msgid "Free" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8409 freeculture.xml:8446 freeculture.xml:8484 freeculture.xml:8516 +#: freeculture.xml:8470 freeculture.xml:8507 freeculture.xml:8545 freeculture.xml:8577 msgid "Noncommercial" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 182 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8418 +#: freeculture.xml:8479 msgid "" "The act of publishing a map, chart, and book was regulated by copyright " "law. Nothing else was. Transformations were free. And as copyright attached " @@ -11320,12 +11417,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8427 +#: freeculture.xml:8488 msgid "By the end of the nineteenth century, the law had changed to this:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8455 +#: freeculture.xml:8516 msgid "" "Derivative works were now regulated by copyright law—if published, " "which again, given the economics of publishing at the time, means if offered " @@ -11334,7 +11431,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8461 +#: freeculture.xml:8522 msgid "" "In 1909 the law changed to regulate copies, not publishing, and after this " "change, the scope of the law was tied to technology. As the technology of " @@ -11344,17 +11441,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8473 freeculture.xml:8505 +#: freeculture.xml:8534 freeculture.xml:8566 msgid "COPY" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8485 +#: freeculture.xml:8546 msgid "©/Free" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8493 +#: freeculture.xml:8554 msgid "" "The law was interpreted to reach noncommercial copying through, say, copy " "machines, but still much of copying outside of the commercial market " @@ -11365,7 +11462,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 183 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8525 +#: freeculture.xml:8586 msgid "" "Every realm is governed by copyright law, whereas before most creativity was " "not. The law now regulates the full range of creativity— commercial or " @@ -11374,7 +11471,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8533 +#: freeculture.xml:8594 msgid "" "Obviously, copyright law is not the enemy. The enemy is regulation that does " "no good. So the question that we should be asking just now is whether " @@ -11383,7 +11480,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8539 +#: freeculture.xml:8600 msgid "" "I have no doubt that it does good in regulating commercial copying. But I " "also have no doubt that it does more harm than good when regulating (as it " @@ -11397,12 +11494,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8563 +#: freeculture.xml:8624 msgid "legal realist movement" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8557 +#: freeculture.xml:8618 msgid "" "It was the single most important contribution of the legal realist movement " "to demonstrate that all property rights are always crafted to balance public " @@ -11413,7 +11510,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8551 +#: freeculture.xml:8612 msgid "" "The issue is therefore not simply whether copyright is property. Of course " "copyright is a kind of <quote>property,</quote> and of course, as with any " @@ -11431,7 +11528,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 184 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8575 +#: freeculture.xml:8637 msgid "" "We achieved that free culture because our law respected important limits on " "the scope of the interests protected by <quote>property.</quote> The very " @@ -11450,7 +11547,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8594 +#: freeculture.xml:8656 msgid "" "Free culture is increasingly the casualty in this war on piracy. In response " "to a real, if not yet quantified, threat that the technologies of the " @@ -11465,33 +11562,33 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8611 +#: freeculture.xml:8673 msgid "PUZZLES" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8615 +#: freeculture.xml:8677 msgid "CHAPTER ELEVEN: Chimera" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8617 +#: freeculture.xml:8679 msgid "chimeras" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8620 +#: freeculture.xml:8682 msgid "Wells, H. G." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8623 +#: freeculture.xml:8685 msgid "<quote>Country of the Blind, The</quote> (Wells)" msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8631 +#: freeculture.xml:8693 msgid "" "H. G. Wells, <quote>The Country of the Blind</quote> (1904, 1911). See " "H. G. Wells, <citetitle>The Country of the Blind and Other " @@ -11500,7 +11597,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8627 +#: freeculture.xml:8689 msgid "" "In a well-known short story by H. G. Wells, a mountain climber named Nunez " "trips (literally, down an ice slope) into an unknown and isolated valley in " @@ -11514,7 +11611,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8643 +#: freeculture.xml:8705 msgid "" "Things don't go quite as he planned. He tries to explain the idea of sight " "to the villagers. They don't understand. He tells them they are " @@ -11529,7 +11626,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 187 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8655 +#: freeculture.xml:8717 msgid "" "The villagers don't leave him alone. Nor do they see (so to speak) the " "virtue of his special power. Not even the ultimate target of his affection, " @@ -11543,7 +11640,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8666 +#: freeculture.xml:8728 msgid "" "When Nunez announces his desire to marry his <quote>mysteriously " "delighted</quote> love, the father and the village object. <quote>You see, " @@ -11553,14 +11650,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8672 +#: freeculture.xml:8734 msgid "" "After a careful examination, the doctor gives his opinion. <quote>His brain " "is affected,</quote> he reports." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8676 +#: freeculture.xml:8738 msgid "" "<quote>What affects it?</quote> the father asks. <quote>Those queer things " "that are called the eyes … are diseased … in such a way as to " @@ -11568,7 +11665,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8681 +#: freeculture.xml:8743 msgid "" "The doctor continues: <quote>I think I may say with reasonable certainty " "that in order to cure him completely, all that we need to do is a simple and " @@ -11578,7 +11675,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 188 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8687 +#: freeculture.xml:8749 msgid "" "<quote>Thank Heaven for science!</quote> says the father to the doctor. They " "inform Nunez of this condition necessary for him to be allowed his bride. " @@ -11593,7 +11690,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8704 +#: freeculture.xml:8766 msgid "" "Before I had read about chimeras, I would have said they were impossible. A " "single person can't have two sets of DNA. The very idea of DNA is that it is " @@ -11604,7 +11701,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8712 +#: freeculture.xml:8774 msgid "" "The more I work to understand the current struggle over copyright and " "culture, which I've sometimes called unfairly, and sometimes not unfairly " @@ -11621,7 +11718,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8726 +#: freeculture.xml:8788 msgid "" "But the description is also false in part. For when my p2p server is on a " "p2p network through which anyone can get access to my music, then sure, my " @@ -11634,7 +11731,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8735 +#: freeculture.xml:8797 msgid "" "Likewise, when the other side says, <quote>File sharing is just like walking " "into a Tower Records and taking a CD off the shelf and walking out with " @@ -11646,7 +11743,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 189 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8746 +#: freeculture.xml:8808 msgid "" "But it is not quite stealing from Tower. After all, when I take a CD from " "Tower Records, Tower has one less CD to sell. And when I take a CD from " @@ -11658,7 +11755,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8756 +#: freeculture.xml:8818 msgid "" "The point is not that it is as neither side describes. The point is that it " "is both—both as the RIAA describes it and as Kazaa describes it. It is " @@ -11668,17 +11765,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8802 +#: freeculture.xml:8864 msgid "Conyers, John, Jr." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8803 freeculture.xml:9507 +#: freeculture.xml:8865 freeculture.xml:9573 msgid "Berman, Howard L." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8772 +#: freeculture.xml:8834 msgid "" "For an excellent summary, see the report prepared by GartnerG2 and the " "Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard Law School, " @@ -11713,7 +11810,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8763 +#: freeculture.xml:8825 msgid "" "We could respond by simply pretending that it is not a chimera. We could, " "with the RIAA, decide that every act of file sharing should be a felony. We " @@ -11726,7 +11823,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8809 +#: freeculture.xml:8871 msgid "" "Alternatively, we could respond to file sharing the way many kids act as " "though we've responded. We could totally legalize it. Let there be no " @@ -11736,7 +11833,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8816 +#: freeculture.xml:8878 msgid "" "Either response is possible. I think either would be a mistake. Rather than " "embrace one of these two extremes, we should embrace something that " @@ -11750,7 +11847,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 190 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8828 +#: freeculture.xml:8890 msgid "" "Yet zero tolerance is increasingly our government's policy. In the middle of " "the chaos that the Internet has created, an extraordinary land grab is " @@ -11761,7 +11858,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8836 +#: freeculture.xml:8898 msgid "" "I'm not talking about the opportunities for kids to <quote>steal</quote> " "music. My focus instead is the commercial and cultural innovation that this " @@ -11775,14 +11872,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8849 +#: freeculture.xml:8911 msgid "" "eMusic opposes music piracy. We are a distributor of copyrighted material, " "and we want to protect those rights." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8853 +#: freeculture.xml:8915 msgid "" "But building a technology fortress that locks in the clout of the major " "labels is by no means the only way to protect copyright interests, nor is it " @@ -11793,7 +11890,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8870 +#: freeculture.xml:8932 msgid "" "WIPO and the DMCA One Year Later: Assessing Consumer Access to Digital " "Entertainment on the Internet and Other Media: Hearing Before the " @@ -11804,7 +11901,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8860 +#: freeculture.xml:8922 msgid "" "This is a critical point. The choices that industry sectors make with " "respect to these systems will in many ways directly shape the market for " @@ -11817,12 +11914,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8884 freeculture.xml:9235 +#: freeculture.xml:8946 freeculture.xml:9300 msgid "Vivendi Universal" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8881 +#: freeculture.xml:8943 msgid "" "In April 2001, eMusic.com was purchased by Vivendi Universal, one of " "<quote>the major labels.</quote> Its position on these matters has now " @@ -11830,7 +11927,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8887 +#: freeculture.xml:8949 msgid "" "Reversing our tradition of tolerance now will not merely quash piracy. It " "will sacrifice values that are important to this culture, and will kill " @@ -11838,12 +11935,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8895 +#: freeculture.xml:8957 msgid "CHAPTER TWELVE: Harms" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8897 +#: freeculture.xml:8959 msgid "" "To fight <quote>piracy,</quote> to protect <quote>property,</quote> the " "content industry has launched a war. Lobbying and lots of campaign " @@ -11853,7 +11950,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8904 +#: freeculture.xml:8966 msgid "" "My aim so far has been to describe the consequences of this war, in " "particular, the consequences for <quote>free culture.</quote> But my aim now " @@ -11862,7 +11959,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8910 +#: freeculture.xml:8972 msgid "" "In my view, it is not. There is no good reason why this time, for the first " "time, the law should defend the old against the new, just when the power of " @@ -11871,7 +11968,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8918 +#: freeculture.xml:8980 msgid "" "Yet <quote>common sense</quote> does not see it this way. Common sense is " "still on the side of the Causbys and the content industry. The extreme " @@ -11881,7 +11978,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 193 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8925 +#: freeculture.xml:8988 msgid "" "There will be many consequences of continuing this war. I want to describe " "just three. All three might be said to be unintended. I am quite confident " @@ -11891,12 +11988,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8932 +#: freeculture.xml:8995 msgid "Constraining Creators" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8934 +#: freeculture.xml:8997 msgid "" "In the next ten years we will see an explosion of digital technologies. " "These technologies will enable almost anyone to capture and share " @@ -11913,7 +12010,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8949 +#: freeculture.xml:9012 msgid "" "This digital <quote>capturing and sharing</quote> is in part an extension of " "the capturing and sharing that has always been integral to our culture, and " @@ -11928,7 +12025,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 194 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8960 +#: freeculture.xml:9023 msgid "" "Technology has thus given us an opportunity to do something with culture " "that has only ever been possible for individuals in small groups, isolated " @@ -11938,7 +12035,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8970 +#: freeculture.xml:9033 msgid "" "Yet all this is possible only if the activity is presumptively legal. In the " "current regime of legal regulation, it is not. Forget file sharing for a " @@ -11952,12 +12049,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8998 freeculture.xml:9019 +#: freeculture.xml:9061 freeculture.xml:9082 msgid "Worldcom" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8993 +#: freeculture.xml:9056 msgid "" "See Lynne W. Jeter, <citetitle>Disconnected: Deceit and Betrayal at " "WorldCom</citetitle> (Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, 2003), 176, 204; " @@ -11968,12 +12065,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9014 +#: freeculture.xml:9077 msgid "Bush, George W." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9005 +#: freeculture.xml:9068 msgid "" "The bill, modeled after California's tort reform model, was passed in the " "House of Representatives but defeated in a Senate vote in July 2003. For an " @@ -11987,7 +12084,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8981 +#: freeculture.xml:9044 msgid "" "That presumption will increasingly chill creativity, as the examples of " "extreme penalties for vague infringements continue to proliferate. It is " @@ -12007,9 +12104,14 @@ msgid "" "negligently butchering a patient? <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:9084 +msgid "art, underground" +msgstr "" + #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9041 +#: freeculture.xml:9105 msgid "" "See Danit Lidor, <quote>Artists Just Wanna Be Free,</quote> " "<citetitle>Wired</citetitle>, 7 July 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -12019,7 +12121,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9022 +#: freeculture.xml:9086 msgid "" "The consequence of this legal uncertainty, tied to these extremely high " "penalties, is that an extraordinary amount of creativity will either never " @@ -12039,7 +12141,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9051 +#: freeculture.xml:9115 msgid "" "Part of the reason for this fear of illegality has to do with the changing " "law. I described that change in detail in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: " @@ -12053,7 +12155,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9063 +#: freeculture.xml:9127 msgid "" "Never in our history has a painter had to worry about whether his painting " "infringed on someone else's work; but the modern-day painter, using the " @@ -12067,7 +12169,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9074 +#: freeculture.xml:9138 msgid "" "Lawyers rarely see this because lawyers are rarely empirical. As I described " "in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"recorders\"/>, " @@ -12078,7 +12180,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 196 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9085 +#: freeculture.xml:9149 msgid "" "But fair use in America simply means the right to hire a lawyer to defend " "your right to create. And as lawyers love to forget, our system for " @@ -12091,7 +12193,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9095 +#: freeculture.xml:9159 msgid "" "Judges and lawyers can tell themselves that fair use provides adequate " "<quote>breathing room</quote> between regulation by the law and the access " @@ -12104,7 +12206,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9106 +#: freeculture.xml:9170 msgid "" "For in a world that threatens $150,000 for a single willful infringement of " "a copyright, and which demands tens of thousands of dollars to even defend " @@ -12117,13 +12219,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9117 +#: freeculture.xml:9181 msgid "As Jed Horovitz, the businessman behind Video Pipeline, said to me," msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 197 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9121 +#: freeculture.xml:9185 msgid "" "We're losing [creative] opportunities right and left. Creative people are " "being forced not to express themselves. Thoughts are not being " @@ -12136,12 +12238,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:9134 +#: freeculture.xml:9198 msgid "Constraining Innovators" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9136 +#: freeculture.xml:9200 msgid "" "The story of the last section was a crunchy-lefty story—creativity " "quashed, artists who can't speak, yada yada yada. Maybe that doesn't get you " @@ -12152,7 +12254,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9144 +#: freeculture.xml:9208 msgid "" "But there's an aspect of this story that is not lefty in any sense. Indeed, " "it is an aspect that could be written by the most extreme promarket " @@ -12164,7 +12266,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9153 +#: freeculture.xml:9218 msgid "" "The charge I've been making about the regulation of culture is the same " "charge free marketers make about regulating markets. Everyone, of course, " @@ -12179,13 +12281,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9165 freeculture.xml:9273 +#: freeculture.xml:9230 freeculture.xml:9338 msgid "Barry, Hank" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 198 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9167 +#: freeculture.xml:9232 msgid "" "This is the single most dramatic effect of the shift in regulatory strategy " "that I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " @@ -12200,7 +12302,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9180 +#: freeculture.xml:9245 msgid "" "Consider one example to make the point, a story whose beginning I told in " "<citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle> and which has progressed in a way " @@ -12208,12 +12310,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9184 +#: freeculture.xml:9249 msgid "Roberts, Michael" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9186 +#: freeculture.xml:9251 msgid "" "In 1997, Michael Roberts launched a company called MP3.com. MP3.com was " "keen to remake the music business. Their goal was not just to facilitate new " @@ -12224,7 +12326,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9194 +#: freeculture.xml:9259 msgid "" "To make this system work, however, MP3.com needed a reliable way to " "recommend music to its users. The idea behind this alternative was to " @@ -12234,7 +12336,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9202 +#: freeculture.xml:9267 msgid "" "This idea required a simple way to gather data about user preferences. " "MP3.com came up with an extraordinarily clever way to gather this preference " @@ -12249,7 +12351,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 199 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9214 +#: freeculture.xml:9279 msgid "" "No doubt some could use this system to illegally copy content. But that " "opportunity existed with or without MP3.com. The aim of the my.mp3.com " @@ -12259,7 +12361,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9223 +#: freeculture.xml:9288 msgid "" "To make this system function, however, MP3.com needed to copy 50,000 CDs to " "a server. (In principle, it could have been the user who uploaded the music, " @@ -12273,7 +12375,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9238 +#: freeculture.xml:9303 msgid "" "Nine days after MP3.com launched its service, the five major labels, headed " "by the RIAA, brought a lawsuit against MP3.com. MP3.com settled with four of " @@ -12285,12 +12387,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9248 +#: freeculture.xml:9313 msgid "That part of the story I have told before. Now consider its conclusion." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9251 +#: freeculture.xml:9316 msgid "" "After Vivendi purchased MP3.com, Vivendi turned around and filed a " "malpractice lawsuit against the lawyers who had advised it that they had a " @@ -12303,7 +12405,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 200 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9261 +#: freeculture.xml:9326 msgid "" "The clear purpose of this lawsuit (which was settled for an unspecified " "amount shortly after the story was no longer covered in the press) was to " @@ -12315,18 +12417,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9272 +#: freeculture.xml:9337 msgid "Hummer, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9274 +#: freeculture.xml:9339 msgid "Hummer Winblad" msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9282 +#: freeculture.xml:9347 msgid "" "See Joseph Menn, <quote>Universal, EMI Sue Napster Investor,</quote> " "<citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 23 April 2003. For a parallel " @@ -12339,7 +12441,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9276 +#: freeculture.xml:9341 msgid "" "This strategy is not just limited to the lawyers. In April 2003, Universal " "and EMI brought a lawsuit against Hummer Winblad, the venture capital firm " @@ -12360,17 +12462,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9306 +#: freeculture.xml:9371 msgid "BMW" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9321 +#: freeculture.xml:9386 msgid "Needleman, Rafe" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9317 +#: freeculture.xml:9382 msgid "" "Rafe Needleman, <quote>Driving in Cars with MP3s,</quote> " "<citetitle>Business 2.0</citetitle>, 16 June 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -12380,7 +12482,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9308 +#: freeculture.xml:9373 msgid "" "I asked why, with all the storage capacity and computer power in the car, " "there was no way to play MP3 files. I was told that BMW engineers in Germany " @@ -12392,7 +12494,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9326 +#: freeculture.xml:9391 msgid "" "This is the world of the mafia—filled with <quote>your money or your " "life</quote> offers, governed in the end not by courts but by the threats " @@ -12404,7 +12506,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 201 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9336 +#: freeculture.xml:9401 msgid "" "The point is not that businesses should have a right to start illegal " "enterprises. The point is the definition of <quote>illegal.</quote> The law " @@ -12420,7 +12522,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9350 +#: freeculture.xml:9416 msgid "" "The point is directly parallel to the crunchy-lefty point about fair " "use. Whatever the <quote>real</quote> law is, realism about the effect of " @@ -12435,7 +12537,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 202 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9362 +#: freeculture.xml:9428 msgid "" "The building of a permission culture, rather than a free culture, is the " "first important way in which the changes I have described will burden " @@ -12458,7 +12560,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9384 +#: freeculture.xml:9450 msgid "" "The motivation for this response is obvious. The Internet enables the " "efficient spread of content. That efficiency is a feature of the Internet's " @@ -12472,7 +12574,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9398 +#: freeculture.xml:9464 msgid "" "<quote>Copyright and Digital Media in a Post-Napster World,</quote> " "GartnerG2 and the Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard Law " @@ -12482,12 +12584,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f7. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9411 +#: freeculture.xml:9477 msgid "GartnerG2, 26–27." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9394 +#: freeculture.xml:9460 msgid "" "The examples of this form of legislation are many. At the urging of the " "content industry, some in Congress have threatened legislation that would " @@ -12505,7 +12607,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 203 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9415 +#: freeculture.xml:9481 msgid "" "In one sense, these solutions seem sensible. If the problem is the code, why " "not regulate the code to remove the problem. But any regulation of technical " @@ -12516,19 +12618,19 @@ msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9429 +#: freeculture.xml:9495 msgid "" "See David McGuire, <quote>Tech Execs Square Off Over Piracy,</quote> " "Newsbytes, February 2002 (Entertainment)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9435 freeculture.xml:11254 +#: freeculture.xml:9501 freeculture.xml:11342 msgid "Intel" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9425 +#: freeculture.xml:9491 msgid "" "In March 2002, a broad coalition of technology companies, led by Intel, " "tried to get Congress to see the harm that such legislation would " @@ -12539,7 +12641,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9438 +#: freeculture.xml:9504 msgid "" "There is one more obvious way in which this war has harmed " "innovation—again, a story that will be quite familiar to the free " @@ -12547,7 +12649,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9443 +#: freeculture.xml:9509 msgid "" "Copyright may be property, but like all property, it is also a form of " "regulation. It is a regulation that benefits some and harms others. When " @@ -12556,14 +12658,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9455 +#: freeculture.xml:9521 msgid "" "Jessica Litman, <citetitle>Digital Copyright</citetitle> (Amherst, N.Y.: " "Prometheus Books, 2001). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9449 +#: freeculture.xml:9515 msgid "" "As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"property-i\"/>, despite this feature of copyright as regulation, " @@ -12577,7 +12679,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9466 +#: freeculture.xml:9532 msgid "" "But that pattern of deference to new technologies has now changed with the " "rise of the Internet. Rather than striking a balance between the claims of a " @@ -12588,7 +12690,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f10. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9475 +#: freeculture.xml:9541 msgid "" "The only circuit court exception is found in <citetitle>Recording Industry " "Association of America (RIAA)</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Diamond Multimedia " @@ -12606,12 +12708,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9508 +#: freeculture.xml:9574 msgid "Hollings, Fritz" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9493 +#: freeculture.xml:9559 msgid "" "For example, in July 2002, Representative Howard Berman introduced the " "Peer-to-Peer Piracy Prevention Act (H.R. 5211), which would immunize " @@ -12630,7 +12732,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9473 +#: freeculture.xml:9539 msgid "" "The response by the courts has been fairly universal.<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It has been mirrored in the responses " @@ -12641,7 +12743,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9516 +#: freeculture.xml:9586 msgid "" "As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"pirates\"/>, when a radio station plays a song, the recording " @@ -12655,7 +12757,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9528 +#: freeculture.xml:9598 msgid "" "The reasoning behind this balance struck by Congress makes some sense. The " "justification was that radio was a kind of advertising. The recording artist " @@ -12668,7 +12770,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9539 +#: freeculture.xml:9609 msgid "" "Enter Internet radio. Like regular radio, Internet radio is a technology to " "stream content from a broadcaster to a listener. The broadcast travels " @@ -12679,7 +12781,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9548 +#: freeculture.xml:9618 msgid "" "This feature of the architecture of Internet radio means that there are " "potentially an unlimited number of radio stations that a user could tune in " @@ -12695,7 +12797,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 205 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9563 +#: freeculture.xml:9634 msgid "" "Internet radio is thus to radio what FM was to AM. It is an improvement " "potentially vastly more significant than the FM improvement over AM, since " @@ -12707,12 +12809,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f12. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9587 +#: freeculture.xml:9658 msgid "Lessing, 239." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9573 +#: freeculture.xml:9644 msgid "" "An almost unlimited number of FM stations was possible in the shortwaves, " "thus ending the unnatural restrictions imposed on radio in the crowded " @@ -12730,12 +12832,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f13. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9597 +#: freeculture.xml:9668 msgid "Ibid., 229." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9592 +#: freeculture.xml:9663 msgid "" "This potential for FM radio was never realized—not because Armstrong " "was wrong about the technology, but because he underestimated the power of " @@ -12745,7 +12847,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9602 +#: freeculture.xml:9673 msgid "" "Now the very same claim could be made about Internet radio. For again, there " "is no technical limitation that could restrict the number of Internet radio " @@ -12756,7 +12858,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 206 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9610 +#: freeculture.xml:9685 msgid "" "But here the power of the lobbyists is reversed. Internet radio is a new " "industry. The recording artists, on the other hand, have a very powerful " @@ -12771,12 +12873,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9649 +#: freeculture.xml:9724 msgid "CARP (Copyright Arbitration Royalty Panel)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9632 +#: freeculture.xml:9707 msgid "" "This example was derived from fees set by the original Copyright Arbitration " "Royalty Panel (CARP) proceedings, and is drawn from an example offered by " @@ -12798,7 +12900,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9625 +#: freeculture.xml:9700 msgid "" "This financial burden is not slight. As Harvard law professor William Fisher " "estimates, if an Internet radio station distributed adfree popular music to " @@ -12809,7 +12911,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9656 +#: freeculture.xml:9732 msgid "" "The burden is not financial only. Under the original rules that were " "proposed, an Internet radio station (but not a terrestrial radio station) " @@ -12818,57 +12920,57 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9664 +#: freeculture.xml:9740 msgid "name of the service;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9667 +#: freeculture.xml:9743 msgid "channel of the program (AM/FM stations use station ID);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9670 +#: freeculture.xml:9746 msgid "type of program (archived/looped/live);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9673 +#: freeculture.xml:9749 msgid "date of transmission;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9676 +#: freeculture.xml:9752 msgid "time of transmission;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9679 +#: freeculture.xml:9755 msgid "time zone of origination of transmission;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9682 +#: freeculture.xml:9758 msgid "numeric designation of the place of the sound recording within the program;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9685 +#: freeculture.xml:9761 msgid "duration of transmission (to nearest second);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9688 +#: freeculture.xml:9764 msgid "sound recording title;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9691 +#: freeculture.xml:9767 msgid "ISRC code of the recording;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9694 +#: freeculture.xml:9770 msgid "" "release year of the album per copyright notice and in the case of " "compilation albums, the release year of the album and copy- right date of " @@ -12876,77 +12978,77 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9697 +#: freeculture.xml:9773 msgid "featured recording artist;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9700 +#: freeculture.xml:9776 msgid "retail album title;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9703 +#: freeculture.xml:9779 msgid "recording label;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9706 +#: freeculture.xml:9782 msgid "UPC code of the retail album;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9709 +#: freeculture.xml:9785 msgid "catalog number;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9712 +#: freeculture.xml:9788 msgid "copyright owner information;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9715 +#: freeculture.xml:9791 msgid "musical genre of the channel or program (station format);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9718 +#: freeculture.xml:9794 msgid "name of the service or entity;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9721 +#: freeculture.xml:9797 msgid "channel or program;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9724 +#: freeculture.xml:9800 msgid "date and time that the user logged in (in the user's time zone);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9727 +#: freeculture.xml:9803 msgid "date and time that the user logged out (in the user's time zone);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9730 +#: freeculture.xml:9806 msgid "time zone where the signal was received (user);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9733 +#: freeculture.xml:9809 msgid "unique user identifier;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9736 +#: freeculture.xml:9812 msgid "the country in which the user received the transmissions." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9741 +#: freeculture.xml:9817 msgid "" "The Librarian of Congress eventually suspended these reporting requirements, " "pending further study. And he also changed the original rates set by the " @@ -12957,7 +13059,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9749 +#: freeculture.xml:9825 msgid "" "Why? What justifies this difference? Was there any study of the economic " "consequences from Internet radio that would justify these differences? Was " @@ -12965,12 +13067,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9754 freeculture.xml:14349 +#: freeculture.xml:9829 freeculture.xml:14456 msgid "Real Networks" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9756 +#: freeculture.xml:9834 msgid "" "In a rare bit of candor, one RIAA expert admitted what seemed obvious to " "everyone at the time. As Alex Alben, vice president for Public Policy at " @@ -12979,7 +13081,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 208 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9762 +#: freeculture.xml:9840 msgid "" "The RIAA, which was representing the record labels, presented some testimony " "about what they thought a willing buyer would pay to a willing seller, and " @@ -12993,7 +13095,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9777 +#: freeculture.xml:9859 msgid "" "And the RIAA experts said, <quote>Well, we don't really model this as an " "industry with thousands of webcasters, <emphasis>we think it should be an " @@ -13002,7 +13104,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9785 +#: freeculture.xml:9868 msgid "" "Translation: The aim is to use the law to eliminate competition, so that " "this platform of potentially immense competition, which would cause the " @@ -13013,12 +13115,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:9795 +#: freeculture.xml:9878 msgid "Corrupting Citizens" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9797 +#: freeculture.xml:9880 msgid "" "Overregulation stifles creativity. It smothers innovation. It gives " "dinosaurs a veto over the future. It wastes the extraordinary opportunity " @@ -13026,7 +13128,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9803 +#: freeculture.xml:9886 msgid "" "In addition to these important harms, there is one more that was important " "to our forebears, but seems forgotten today. Overregulation corrupts " @@ -13035,7 +13137,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f15. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9812 +#: freeculture.xml:9895 msgid "" "Mike Graziano and Lee Rainie, <quote>The Music Downloading Deluge,</quote> " "Pew Internet and American Life Project (24 April 2001), available at <ulink " @@ -13046,7 +13148,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 209 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9808 +#: freeculture.xml:9891 msgid "" "The war that is being waged today is a war of prohibition. As with every war " "of prohibition, it is targeted against the behavior of a very large number " @@ -13064,7 +13166,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f16. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9846 +#: freeculture.xml:9929 msgid "" "Alex Pham, <quote>The Labels Strike Back: N.Y. Girl Settles RIAA " "Case,</quote> <citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 10 September 2003, " @@ -13072,7 +13174,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9833 +#: freeculture.xml:9916 msgid "" "The content industry's tactics exploit the failings of the American legal " "system. When the RIAA brought suit against Jesse Jordan, it knew that in " @@ -13095,7 +13197,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f17. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9868 +#: freeculture.xml:9951 msgid "" "Jeffrey A. Miron and Jeffrey Zwiebel, <quote>Alcohol Consumption During " "Prohibition,</quote> <citetitle>American Economic Review</citetitle> 81, " @@ -13104,7 +13206,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f18. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9876 +#: freeculture.xml:9959 msgid "" "National Drug Control Policy: Hearing Before the House Government Reform " "Committee, 108th Cong., 1st sess. (5 March 2003) (statement of John " @@ -13113,7 +13215,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f19. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9886 +#: freeculture.xml:9969 msgid "" "See James Andreoni, Brian Erard, and Jonathon Feinstein, <quote>Tax " "Compliance,</quote> <citetitle>Journal of Economic Literature</citetitle> 36 " @@ -13121,12 +13223,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9893 +#: freeculture.xml:9976 msgid "alcohol prohibition" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9858 +#: freeculture.xml:9941 msgid "" "Wars of prohibition are nothing new in America. This one is just something " "more extreme than anything we've seen before. We experimented with alcohol " @@ -13150,12 +13252,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9911 +#: freeculture.xml:9994 msgid "law schools" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9896 +#: freeculture.xml:9979 msgid "" "This state of affairs is not without consequence. It is a particularly " "salient issue for teachers like me, whose job it is to teach law students " @@ -13175,7 +13277,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9914 +#: freeculture.xml:9997 msgid "" "The response to this general illegality is either to enforce the law more " "severely or to change the law. We, as a society, have to learn how to make " @@ -13189,7 +13291,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 211 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9927 +#: freeculture.xml:10010 msgid "" "My point is not the idiotic one: Just because people violate a law, we " "should therefore repeal it. Obviously, we could reduce murder statistics " @@ -13199,7 +13301,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9934 +#: freeculture.xml:10017 msgid "" "My point is instead one that democracies understood for generations, but " "that we recently have learned to forget. The rule of law depends upon people " @@ -13216,7 +13318,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9948 +#: freeculture.xml:10031 msgid "" "When at least forty-three million citizens download content from the " "Internet, and when they use tools to combine that content in ways " @@ -13230,13 +13332,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9960 +#: freeculture.xml:10043 msgid "This abstract point can be made more clear with a particular example." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 212 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9963 +#: freeculture.xml:10046 msgid "" "We all own CDs. Many of us still own phonograph records. These pieces of " "plastic encode music that in a certain sense we have bought. The law " @@ -13247,7 +13349,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9974 +#: freeculture.xml:10057 msgid "" "But as the MP3 craze has demonstrated, there is another use of phonograph " "records that is effectively free. Because these recordings were made without " @@ -13259,12 +13361,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9982 +#: freeculture.xml:10065 msgid "Adromeda" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9984 +#: freeculture.xml:10067 msgid "" "This <quote>use</quote> of my records is certainly valuable. I have begun a " "large process at home of ripping all of my and my wife's CDs, and storing " @@ -13278,7 +13380,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9995 +#: freeculture.xml:10078 msgid "" "This use is enabled by unprotected media—either CDs or records. But " "unprotected media also enable file sharing. File sharing threatens (or so " @@ -13291,7 +13393,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 213 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10005 +#: freeculture.xml:10088 msgid "" "If these technologies took off, then the building of large archives of your " "own music would become quite difficult. You might hang in hacker circles, " @@ -13305,7 +13407,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10019 +#: freeculture.xml:10102 msgid "" "If the only way to assure that artists get paid were the elimination of the " "ability to freely move content, then these technologies to interfere with " @@ -13317,7 +13419,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10028 +#: freeculture.xml:10111 msgid "" "My point just now is not to prove that there is such a system. I offer a " "version of such a system in the last chapter of this book. For now, the only " @@ -13330,7 +13432,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10039 +#: freeculture.xml:10122 msgid "" "I believe there is a way to assure that artists are paid without turning " "forty-three million Americans into felons. But the salient feature of this " @@ -13342,7 +13444,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10048 +#: freeculture.xml:10131 msgid "" "Except that this generation's buggy manufacturers have already saddled " "Congress, and are riding the law to protect themselves against this new form " @@ -13351,7 +13453,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10054 +#: freeculture.xml:10137 msgid "" "It is understandable why they choose as they do. It is not understandable " "why we as a democracy continue to choose as we do. Jack Valenti is charming; " @@ -13366,19 +13468,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10073 freeculture.xml:10182 +#: freeculture.xml:10156 freeculture.xml:10265 msgid "von Lohmann, Fred" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10071 +#: freeculture.xml:10154 msgid "" "<quote>If you can treat someone as a putative lawbreaker,</quote> von " "Lohmann explains, <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10077 +#: freeculture.xml:10160 msgid "" "then all of a sudden a lot of basic civil liberty protections evaporate to " "one degree or another. … If you're a copyright infringer, how can you " @@ -13392,7 +13494,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10089 +#: freeculture.xml:10172 msgid "" "And the consequence of this transformation of the American public into " "criminals is that it becomes trivial, as a matter of due process, to " @@ -13400,7 +13502,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10094 +#: freeculture.xml:10177 msgid "" "Users of the Internet began to see this generally in 2003 as the RIAA " "launched its campaign to force Internet service providers to turn over the " @@ -13412,7 +13514,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f20. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10112 +#: freeculture.xml:10195 msgid "" "See Frank Ahrens, <quote>RIAA's Lawsuits Meet Surprised Targets; Single " "Mother in Calif., 12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. Among Defendants,</quote> " @@ -13429,7 +13531,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10103 +#: freeculture.xml:10186 msgid "" "The RIAA then expanded this campaign, by announcing a general strategy to " "sue individual users of the Internet who are alleged to have downloaded " @@ -13443,7 +13545,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f21. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10130 +#: freeculture.xml:10213 msgid "" "See <quote>Revealed: How RIAA Tracks Downloaders: Music Industry Discloses " "Some Methods Used,</quote> CNN.com, available at <ulink " @@ -13451,7 +13553,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10126 +#: freeculture.xml:10209 msgid "" "Even this understates the espionage that is being waged by the RIAA. A " "report from CNN late last summer described a strategy the RIAA had adopted " @@ -13463,7 +13565,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f22. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10151 +#: freeculture.xml:10234 msgid "" "See Jeff Adler, <quote>Cambridge: On Campus, Pirates Are Not " "Penitent,</quote> <citetitle>Boston Globe</citetitle>, 18 May 2003, City " @@ -13486,7 +13588,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10139 +#: freeculture.xml:10222 msgid "" "So imagine the following not-implausible scenario: Imagine a friend gives a " "CD to your daughter—a collection of songs just like the cassettes you " @@ -13503,7 +13605,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10170 +#: freeculture.xml:10253 msgid "" "Now, of course, she'll have the right to defend herself. You can hire a " "lawyer for her (at $300 per hour, if you're lucky), and she can plead that " @@ -13517,7 +13619,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10186 +#: freeculture.xml:10269 msgid "" "So when we're talking about numbers like forty to sixty million Americans " "that are essentially copyright infringers, you create a situation where the " @@ -13538,7 +13640,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10206 +#: freeculture.xml:10289 msgid "" "When forty to sixty million Americans are considered " "<quote>criminals</quote> under the law, and when the law could achieve the " @@ -13549,12 +13651,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><title> -#: freeculture.xml:10219 +#: freeculture.xml:10302 msgid "BALANCES" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10224 +#: freeculture.xml:10307 msgid "" "So here's the picture: You're standing at the side of the road. Your car is " "on fire. You are angry and upset because in part you helped start the " @@ -13563,7 +13665,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10230 +#: freeculture.xml:10313 msgid "" "As you ponder the mess, someone else comes along. In a panic, she grabs the " "bucket. Before you have a chance to tell her to stop—or before she " @@ -13573,7 +13675,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10238 +#: freeculture.xml:10321 msgid "" "A war about copyright rages all around—and we're all focusing on the " "wrong thing. No doubt, current technologies threaten existing businesses. " @@ -13585,7 +13687,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 219 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10247 +#: freeculture.xml:10330 msgid "" "Yet policy makers are not willing to leave this fire to itself. Primed with " "plenty of lobbyists' money, they are keen to intervene to eliminate the " @@ -13595,7 +13697,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10255 +#: freeculture.xml:10338 msgid "" "Somehow we have to find a way to turn attention to this more important and " "fundamental issue. Somehow we have to find a way to avoid pouring gasoline " @@ -13603,7 +13705,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10260 +#: freeculture.xml:10343 msgid "" "We have not found that way yet. Instead, we seem trapped in a simpler, " "binary view. However much many people push to frame this debate more " @@ -13612,7 +13714,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10266 +#: freeculture.xml:10349 msgid "" "This challenge has been my life these last few years. It has also been my " "failure. In the two chapters that follow, I describe one small brace of " @@ -13621,17 +13723,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:10276 +#: freeculture.xml:10359 msgid "CHAPTER THIRTEEN: Eldred" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10278 +#: freeculture.xml:10361 msgid "Hawthorne, Nathaniel" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10281 +#: freeculture.xml:10364 msgid "" "In 1995, a father was frustrated that his daughters didn't seem to like " "Hawthorne. No doubt there was more than one such father, but at least one " @@ -13642,7 +13744,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10290 +#: freeculture.xml:10373 msgid "" "It didn't work—at least for his daughters. They didn't find Hawthorne " "any more interesting than before. But Eldred's experiment gave birth to a " @@ -13652,7 +13754,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 221 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10297 +#: freeculture.xml:10380 msgid "" "Eldred's library was not simply a copy of certain public domain works, " "though even a copy would have been of great value to people across the world " @@ -13664,7 +13766,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10308 +#: freeculture.xml:10391 msgid "" "Eldred's freedom to do this with Hawthorne's work grew from the same source " "as Disney's. Hawthorne's <citetitle>Scarlet Letter</citetitle> had passed " @@ -13681,7 +13783,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10332 +#: freeculture.xml:10415 msgid "" "There's a parallel here with pornography that is a bit hard to describe, but " "it's a strong one. One phenomenon that the Internet created was a world of " @@ -13699,7 +13801,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10321 +#: freeculture.xml:10404 msgid "" "The Internet created the possibility of noncommercial publications of public " "domain works. Eldred's is just one example. There are literally thousands of " @@ -13714,7 +13816,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10349 +#: freeculture.xml:10432 msgid "" "As I said, Eldred lives in New Hampshire. In 1998, Robert Frost's collection " "of poems <citetitle>New Hampshire</citetitle> was slated to pass into the " @@ -13731,7 +13833,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10370 +#: freeculture.xml:10453 msgid "" "The full text is: <quote>Sonny [Bono] wanted the term of copyright " "protection to last forever. I am informed by staff that such a change would " @@ -13743,7 +13845,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10365 +#: freeculture.xml:10448 msgid "" "This was the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA), enacted in " "memory of the congressman and former musician Sonny Bono, who, his widow, " @@ -13752,7 +13854,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10381 +#: freeculture.xml:10464 msgid "" "Eldred decided to fight this law. He first resolved to fight it through " "civil disobedience. In a series of interviews, Eldred announced that he " @@ -13763,7 +13865,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10390 +#: freeculture.xml:10473 msgid "" "It was here that I became involved in Eldred's battle. I was a " "constitutional scholar whose first passion was constitutional " @@ -13773,7 +13875,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10401 +#: freeculture.xml:10484 msgid "" "Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science … by " "securing for limited Times to Authors … exclusive Right to their " @@ -13781,7 +13883,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10407 +#: freeculture.xml:10490 msgid "" "As I've described, this clause is unique within the power-granting clause of " "Article I, section 8 of our Constitution. Every other clause granting power " @@ -13795,12 +13897,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10426 freeculture.xml:11886 +#: freeculture.xml:10509 freeculture.xml:11978 msgid "Jaszi, Peter" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10417 +#: freeculture.xml:10500 msgid "" "In the past forty years, Congress has gotten into the practice of extending " "existing terms of copyright protection. What puzzled me about this was, if " @@ -13814,7 +13916,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10429 +#: freeculture.xml:10512 msgid "" "As an academic, my first response was to hit the books. I remember sitting " "late at the office, scouring on-line databases for any serious consideration " @@ -13827,7 +13929,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10440 +#: freeculture.xml:10523 msgid "" "For this is the core of the corruption in our present system of " "government. <quote>Corruption</quote> not in the sense that representatives " @@ -13839,7 +13941,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10449 +#: freeculture.xml:10532 msgid "" "If that's not obvious to you, consider the following: Say you're one of the " "very few lucky copyright owners whose copyright continues to make money one " @@ -13851,7 +13953,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10459 +#: freeculture.xml:10542 msgid "" "So imagine the Robert Frost estate is earning $100,000 a year from three of " "Frost's poems. And imagine the copyright for those poems is about to " @@ -13861,7 +13963,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 224 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10466 +#: freeculture.xml:10549 msgid "" "<quote>Next year,</quote> the adviser announces, <quote>our copyrights in " "works A, B, and C will expire. That means that after next year, we will no " @@ -13870,7 +13972,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10474 +#: freeculture.xml:10557 msgid "" "<quote>There's a proposal in Congress, however,</quote> she continues, " "<quote>that could change this. A few congressmen are floating a bill to " @@ -13879,14 +13981,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10480 +#: freeculture.xml:10563 msgid "" "<quote>Hope?</quote> a fellow board member says. <quote>Can't we be doing " "something about it?</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10484 +#: freeculture.xml:10567 msgid "" "<quote>Well, obviously, yes,</quote> the adviser responds. <quote>We could " "contribute to the campaigns of a number of representatives to try to assure " @@ -13894,7 +13996,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10489 +#: freeculture.xml:10572 msgid "" "You hate politics. You hate contributing to campaigns. So you want to know " "whether this disgusting practice is worth it. <quote>How much would we get " @@ -13903,7 +14005,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10495 +#: freeculture.xml:10578 msgid "" "<quote>Well,</quote> the adviser says, <quote>if you're confident that you " "will continue to get at least $100,000 a year from these copyrights, and you " @@ -13912,14 +14014,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10501 +#: freeculture.xml:10584 msgid "" "You're a bit shocked by the number, but you quickly come to the correct " "conclusion:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10505 +#: freeculture.xml:10588 msgid "" "<quote>So you're saying it would be worth it for us to pay more than " "$1,000,000 in campaign contributions if we were confident those " @@ -13927,7 +14029,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10511 +#: freeculture.xml:10594 msgid "" "<quote>Absolutely,</quote> the adviser responds. <quote>It is worth it to " "you to contribute up to the `present value' of the income you expect from " @@ -13936,7 +14038,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 225 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10517 +#: freeculture.xml:10600 msgid "" "You quickly get the point—you as the member of the board and, I trust, " "you the reader. Each time copyrights are about to expire, every beneficiary " @@ -13948,7 +14050,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10528 +#: freeculture.xml:10611 msgid "" "Thus a congressional perpetual motion machine: So long as legislation can be " "bought (albeit indirectly), there will be all the incentive in the world to " @@ -13957,7 +14059,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10540 +#: freeculture.xml:10623 msgid "" "Associated Press, <quote>Disney Lobbying for Copyright Extension No Mickey " "Mouse Effort; Congress OKs Bill Granting Creators 20 More Years,</quote> " @@ -13966,7 +14068,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10547 +#: freeculture.xml:10630 msgid "" "See Nick Brown, <quote>Fair Use No More?: Copyright in the Information " "Age,</quote> available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -13975,7 +14077,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f5. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10555 +#: freeculture.xml:10638 msgid "" "Alan K. Ota, <quote>Disney in Washington: The Mouse That Roars,</quote> " "<citetitle>Congressional Quarterly This Week</citetitle>, 8 August 1990, " @@ -13983,7 +14085,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10533 +#: freeculture.xml:10616 msgid "" "In the lobbying that led to the passage of the Sonny Bono Copyright Term " "Extension Act, this <quote>theory</quote> about incentives was proved " @@ -13998,7 +14100,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10562 +#: freeculture.xml:10645 msgid "" "Constitutional law is not oblivious to the obvious. Or at least, it need not " "be. So when I was considering Eldred's complaint, this reality about the " @@ -14012,7 +14114,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 226 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10575 +#: freeculture.xml:10658 msgid "" "It was also my judgment that <emphasis>this</emphasis> Supreme Court would " "not allow Congress to extend existing terms. As anyone close to the Supreme " @@ -14024,7 +14126,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10588 +#: freeculture.xml:10671 msgid "" "Since 1937, the Supreme Court had interpreted Congress's granted powers very " "broadly; so, while the Constitution grants Congress the power to regulate " @@ -14034,7 +14136,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10598 +#: freeculture.xml:10681 msgid "" "As the economy grew, this standard increasingly meant that there was no " "limit to Congress's power to regulate, since just about every activity, when " @@ -14044,12 +14146,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10604 freeculture.xml:11383 +#: freeculture.xml:10687 freeculture.xml:11471 msgid "Rehnquist, William H." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10606 +#: freeculture.xml:10689 msgid "" "The Supreme Court, under Chief Justice Rehnquist's command, changed that in " "<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>. The " @@ -14065,7 +14167,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10621 +#: freeculture.xml:10704 msgid "" "<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>, 514 " "U.S. 549, 564 (1995)." @@ -14073,14 +14175,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f7. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10628 +#: freeculture.xml:10711 msgid "" "<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Morrison</citetitle>, 529 " "U.S. 598 (2000)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10619 +#: freeculture.xml:10702 msgid "" "<quote>We pause to consider the implications of the government's " "arguments,</quote> the Chief Justice wrote.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -14093,7 +14195,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10635 +#: freeculture.xml:10718 msgid "" "If it is a principle about enumerated powers, then the principle carries " "from one enumerated power to another. The animating point in the context of " @@ -14108,7 +14210,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 227 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10632 +#: freeculture.xml:10715 msgid "" "If a principle were at work here, then it should apply to the Progress " "Clause as much as the Commerce Clause.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -14122,7 +14224,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10656 +#: freeculture.xml:10739 msgid "" "<emphasis>If</emphasis>, that is, the principle announced in " "<citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> stood for a principle. Many believed the " @@ -14138,7 +14240,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10669 +#: freeculture.xml:10752 msgid "" "Now let's pause for a moment to make sure we understand what the argument in " "<citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> was not about. By insisting on the " @@ -14158,7 +14260,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f9. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10692 +#: freeculture.xml:10775 msgid "" "Brief of the Nashville Songwriters Association, " "<citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 537 U.S. " @@ -14167,12 +14269,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10700 +#: freeculture.xml:10783 msgid "Nashville Songwriters Association" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10686 +#: freeculture.xml:10769 msgid "" "Some people view the public domain with contempt. In their brief before the " "Supreme Court, the Nashville Songwriters Association wrote that the public " @@ -14184,7 +14286,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10703 +#: freeculture.xml:10786 msgid "" "As we've seen, our constitutional system requires limits on copyright as a " "way to assure that copyright holders do not too heavily influence the " @@ -14196,7 +14298,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10715 +#: freeculture.xml:10798 msgid "" "It is valuable copyrights that are responsible for terms being extended. " "Mickey Mouse and <quote>Rhapsody in Blue.</quote> These works are too " @@ -14210,7 +14312,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f10. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10736 +#: freeculture.xml:10819 msgid "" "The figure of 2 percent is an extrapolation from the study by the " "Congressional Research Service, in light of the estimated renewal " @@ -14220,7 +14322,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10730 +#: freeculture.xml:10813 msgid "" "If you look at the work created in the first twenty years (1923 to 1942) " "affected by the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act, 2 percent of that " @@ -14232,7 +14334,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 229 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10745 +#: freeculture.xml:10828 msgid "" "Think practically about the consequence of this extension—practically, " "as a businessperson, and not as a lawyer eager for more legal work. In 1930, " @@ -14243,7 +14345,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10757 +#: freeculture.xml:10841 msgid "" "Well, first, you'd have to determine which of the 9,873 books were still " "under copyright. That requires going to a library (these data are not " @@ -14254,14 +14356,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10765 +#: freeculture.xml:10849 msgid "" "Then for the books still under copyright, you would need to locate the " "current copyright owners. How would you do that?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10769 +#: freeculture.xml:10853 msgid "" "Most people think that there must be a list of these copyright owners " "somewhere. Practical people think this way. How could there be thousands and " @@ -14269,7 +14371,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10776 +#: freeculture.xml:10860 msgid "" "But there is no list. There may be a name from 1930, and then in 1959, of " "the person who registered the copyright. But just think practically about " @@ -14279,7 +14381,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10785 +#: freeculture.xml:10869 msgid "" "<quote>But there isn't a list of who owns property generally,</quote> the " "apologists for the system respond. <quote>Why should there be a list of " @@ -14287,7 +14389,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10790 +#: freeculture.xml:10874 msgid "" "Well, actually, if you think about it, there <emphasis>are</emphasis> plenty " "of lists of who owns what property. Think about deeds on houses, or titles " @@ -14299,7 +14401,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 230 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10799 +#: freeculture.xml:10883 msgid "" "So: You walk down a street and see a house. You can know who owns the house " "by looking it up in the courthouse registry. If you see a car, there is " @@ -14313,7 +14415,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10814 +#: freeculture.xml:10898 msgid "" "Compare this story to intangible property. You go into a library. The " "library owns the books. But who owns the copyrights? As I've already " @@ -14327,7 +14429,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10826 +#: freeculture.xml:10910 msgid "" "The consequence with respect to old books is that they won't be digitized, " "and hence will simply rot away on shelves. But the consequence for other " @@ -14335,23 +14437,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10832 +#: freeculture.xml:10916 msgid "Agee, Michael" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10834 freeculture.xml:11266 +#: freeculture.xml:10918 freeculture.xml:11354 msgid "Hal Roach Studios" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10835 +#: freeculture.xml:10919 msgid "Laurel and Hardy Films" msgstr "" #. f11. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10848 +#: freeculture.xml:10932 msgid "" "See David G. Savage, <quote>High Court Scene of Showdown on Copyright " "Law,</quote> <citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 6 October 2002; David " @@ -14361,12 +14463,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10854 +#: freeculture.xml:10938 msgid "Lucky Dog, The" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10837 +#: freeculture.xml:10921 msgid "" "Consider the story of Michael Agee, chairman of Hal Roach Studios, which " "owns the copyrights for the Laurel and Hardy films. Agee is a direct " @@ -14382,7 +14484,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10857 +#: freeculture.xml:10941 msgid "" "Yet Agee opposed the CTEA. His reasons demonstrate a rare virtue in this " "culture: selflessness. He argued in a brief before the Supreme Court that " @@ -14392,7 +14494,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 231 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10863 +#: freeculture.xml:10947 msgid "" "His argument is straightforward. A tiny fraction of this work has any " "continuing commercial value. The rest—to the extent it survives at " @@ -14404,7 +14506,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10881 +#: freeculture.xml:10965 msgid "" "Brief of Hal Roach Studios and Michael Agee as Amicus Curiae Supporting the " "Petitoners, <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> " @@ -14416,7 +14518,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10874 +#: freeculture.xml:10958 msgid "" "We can't know the benefits, but we do know a lot about the costs. For most " "of the history of film, the costs of restoring film were very high; digital " @@ -14427,7 +14529,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10891 +#: freeculture.xml:10975 msgid "" "Restoration technology is not the only cost, nor the most important. " "Lawyers, too, are a cost, and increasingly, a very important one. In " @@ -14437,7 +14539,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10899 +#: freeculture.xml:10983 msgid "" "Or more accurately, <emphasis>owners</emphasis>. As we've seen, there isn't " "only a single copyright associated with a film; there are many. There isn't " @@ -14448,7 +14550,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10907 +#: freeculture.xml:10991 msgid "" "<quote>But can't you just restore the film, distribute it, and then pay the " "copyright owner when she shows up?</quote> Sure, if you want to commit a " @@ -14463,7 +14565,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 232 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10918 +#: freeculture.xml:11002 msgid "" "For some films, the benefit of releasing the film may well exceed these " "costs. But for the vast majority of them, there is no way the benefit would " @@ -14473,7 +14575,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10929 +#: freeculture.xml:11013 msgid "" "But by the time the copyright for these films expires, the film will have " "expired. These films were produced on nitrate-based stock, and nitrate stock " @@ -14482,7 +14584,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10937 +#: freeculture.xml:11021 msgid "" "Of all the creative work produced by humans anywhere, a tiny fraction has " "continuing commercial value. For that tiny fraction, the copyright is a " @@ -14493,7 +14595,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10946 +#: freeculture.xml:11030 msgid "" "But even for that tiny fraction, the actual time during which the creative " "work has a commercial life is extremely short. As I've indicated, most books " @@ -14504,7 +14606,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10956 +#: freeculture.xml:11040 msgid "" "Yet that doesn't mean the life of the creative work ends. We don't keep " "libraries of books in order to compete with Barnes & Noble, and we don't " @@ -14518,7 +14620,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 233 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10969 +#: freeculture.xml:11053 msgid "" "Copyrights in this context do not drive an engine of free expression. In " "this context, there is no need for an exclusive right. Copyrights in this " @@ -14526,7 +14628,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10976 +#: freeculture.xml:11060 msgid "" "Yet, for most of our history, they also did little harm. For most of our " "history, when a work ended its commercial life, there was no " @@ -14539,7 +14641,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10987 +#: freeculture.xml:11071 msgid "" "The same was effectively true of film. Because the costs of restoring a " "film—the real economic costs, not the lawyer costs—were so high, " @@ -14550,7 +14652,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10996 +#: freeculture.xml:11080 msgid "" "In other words, though copyright has been relatively short for most of our " "history, long copyrights wouldn't have mattered for the works that lost " @@ -14559,12 +14661,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11002 +#: freeculture.xml:11086 msgid "But this situation has now changed." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11005 +#: freeculture.xml:11092 msgid "" "One crucially important consequence of the emergence of digital technologies " "is to enable the archive that Brewster Kahle dreams of. Digital " @@ -14579,7 +14681,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 234 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11018 +#: freeculture.xml:11105 msgid "" "And now copyright law does get in the way. Every step of producing this " "digital archive of our culture infringes on the exclusive right of " @@ -14592,7 +14694,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11028 +#: freeculture.xml:11115 msgid "" "Here is the core of the harm that comes from extending terms: Now that " "technology enables us to rebuild the library of Alexandria, the law gets in " @@ -14606,7 +14708,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11039 +#: freeculture.xml:11126 msgid "" "You may well ask, <quote>But if digital technologies lower the costs for " "Brewster Kahle, then they will lower the costs for Random House, too. So " @@ -14615,7 +14717,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11045 +#: freeculture.xml:11132 msgid "" "Maybe. Someday. But there is absolutely no evidence to suggest that " "publishers would be as complete as libraries. If Barnes & Noble offered " @@ -14630,7 +14732,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f13. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11068 +#: freeculture.xml:11156 msgid "" "Jason Schultz, <quote>The Myth of the 1976 Copyright `Chaos' Theory,</quote> " "20 December 2002, available at <ulink " @@ -14638,7 +14740,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11056 +#: freeculture.xml:11144 msgid "" "I would be the first to agree that it should do as much as it can: We should " "rely upon the market as much as possible to spread and enable culture. My " @@ -14652,7 +14754,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11075 +#: freeculture.xml:11163 msgid "" "In January 1999, we filed a lawsuit on Eric Eldred's behalf in federal " "district court in Washington, D.C., asking the court to declare the Sonny " @@ -14663,7 +14765,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11083 +#: freeculture.xml:11171 msgid "" "The district court dismissed our claims without even hearing an argument. A " "panel of the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit also dismissed our " @@ -14673,7 +14775,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11090 +#: freeculture.xml:11178 msgid "" "Judge David Sentelle said the CTEA violated the requirement that copyrights " "be for <quote>limited Times</quote> only. His argument was as elegant as it " @@ -14687,7 +14789,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11101 +#: freeculture.xml:11189 msgid "" "We asked the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit as a whole to hear the " "case. Cases are ordinarily heard in panels of three, except for important " @@ -14697,7 +14799,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 236 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11107 +#: freeculture.xml:11195 msgid "" "The Court of Appeals rejected our request to hear the case en banc. This " "time, Judge Sentelle was joined by the most liberal member of the " @@ -14707,7 +14809,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11116 +#: freeculture.xml:11204 msgid "" "It was here that most expected Eldred v. Ashcroft would die, for the Supreme " "Court rarely reviews any decision by a court of appeals. (It hears about one " @@ -14717,7 +14819,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11123 +#: freeculture.xml:11211 msgid "" "But in February 2002, the Supreme Court surprised the world by granting our " "petition to review the D.C. Circuit opinion. Argument was set for October of " @@ -14725,7 +14827,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11129 +#: freeculture.xml:11217 msgid "" "It is over a year later as I write these words. It is still astonishingly " "hard. If you know anything at all about this story, you know that we lost " @@ -14738,7 +14840,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11139 +#: freeculture.xml:11227 msgid "" "But my client and these friends were wrong. This case could have been " "won. It should have been won. And no matter how hard I try to retell this " @@ -14746,13 +14848,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11144 freeculture.xml:11158 +#: freeculture.xml:11232 freeculture.xml:11246 msgid "Steward, Geoffrey" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 237 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11146 +#: freeculture.xml:11234 msgid "" "The mistake was made early, though it became obvious only at the very " "end. Our case had been supported from the very beginning by an extraordinary " @@ -14764,17 +14866,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11156 freeculture.xml:11506 freeculture.xml:11522 freeculture.xml:11615 freeculture.xml:11829 freeculture.xml:11860 freeculture.xml:11953 +#: freeculture.xml:11244 freeculture.xml:11595 freeculture.xml:11611 freeculture.xml:11705 freeculture.xml:11921 freeculture.xml:11952 freeculture.xml:12045 msgid "Ayer, Don" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11157 +#: freeculture.xml:11245 msgid "Bromberg, Dan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11160 +#: freeculture.xml:11248 msgid "" "There were three key lawyers on the case from Jones Day. Geoff Stewart was " "the first, but then Dan Bromberg and Don Ayer became quite " @@ -14787,7 +14889,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11170 +#: freeculture.xml:11258 msgid "" "I hate this view of the law. Of course I thought the Sonny Bono Act was a " "dramatic harm to free speech and free culture. Of course I still think it " @@ -14809,7 +14911,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11191 +#: freeculture.xml:11279 msgid "" "In any case, I thought, the Court must already see the danger and the harm " "caused by this sort of law. Why else would they grant review? There was no " @@ -14820,7 +14922,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 238 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11199 +#: freeculture.xml:11287 msgid "" "There was one way, however, in which I felt politics would matter and in " "which I thought a response was appropriate. I was convinced that the Court " @@ -14839,17 +14941,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11230 freeculture.xml:11256 +#: freeculture.xml:11318 freeculture.xml:11344 msgid "Eagle Forum" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11231 +#: freeculture.xml:11319 msgid "Schlafly, Phyllis" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11218 +#: freeculture.xml:11306 msgid "" "The first step happened all by itself. Phyllis Schlafly's organization, " "Eagle Forum, had been an opponent of the CTEA from the very beginning. " @@ -14867,7 +14969,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11234 +#: freeculture.xml:11322 msgid "" "In the Court of Appeals, Eagle Forum was eager to file a brief supporting " "our position. Their brief made the argument that became the core claim in " @@ -14877,7 +14979,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11242 +#: freeculture.xml:11330 msgid "" "In the Supreme Court, the briefs on our side were about as diverse as it " "gets. They included an extraordinary historical brief by the Free Software " @@ -14893,17 +14995,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11263 +#: freeculture.xml:11351 msgid "American Association of Law Libraries" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11264 +#: freeculture.xml:11352 msgid "National Writers Union" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11259 +#: freeculture.xml:11347 msgid "" "Those briefs framed a legal argument. Then to support the legal argument, " "there were a number of powerful briefs by libraries and archives, including " @@ -14913,7 +15015,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11268 +#: freeculture.xml:11356 msgid "" "But two briefs captured the policy argument best. One made the argument I've " "already described: A brief by Hal Roach Studios argued that unless the law " @@ -14922,32 +15024,32 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11274 +#: freeculture.xml:11362 msgid "Akerlof, George" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11275 +#: freeculture.xml:11363 msgid "Arrow, Kenneth" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11276 +#: freeculture.xml:11364 msgid "Buchanan, James" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11277 +#: freeculture.xml:11365 msgid "Coase, Ronald" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11278 +#: freeculture.xml:11366 msgid "Friedman, Milton" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11280 +#: freeculture.xml:11368 msgid "" "This economists' brief was signed by seventeen economists, including five " "Nobel Prize winners, including Ronald Coase, James Buchanan, Milton " @@ -14961,27 +15063,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11303 freeculture.xml:11319 freeculture.xml:11513 freeculture.xml:11865 +#: freeculture.xml:11391 freeculture.xml:11407 freeculture.xml:11602 freeculture.xml:11957 msgid "Fried, Charles" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11304 +#: freeculture.xml:11392 msgid "Morrison, Alan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11305 +#: freeculture.xml:11393 msgid "Public Citizen" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11306 freeculture.xml:11507 freeculture.xml:12611 +#: freeculture.xml:11394 freeculture.xml:11596 freeculture.xml:12703 msgid "Reagan, Ronald" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11291 +#: freeculture.xml:11379 msgid "" "The same effort at balance was reflected in the legal team we gathered to " "write our briefs in the case. The Jones Day lawyers had been with us from " @@ -14998,7 +15100,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11309 +#: freeculture.xml:11397 msgid "" "Fried was a special victory for our side. Every other former solicitor " "general was hired by the other side to defend Congress's power to give media " @@ -15013,7 +15115,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11322 +#: freeculture.xml:11410 msgid "" "The government, in defending the statute, had its collection of friends, as " "well. Significantly, however, none of these <quote>friends</quote> included " @@ -15023,7 +15125,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11329 +#: freeculture.xml:11417 msgid "" "The media companies were not surprising. They had the most to gain from the " "law. The congressmen were not surprising either—they were defending " @@ -15035,7 +15137,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f14. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11345 +#: freeculture.xml:11433 msgid "" "Brief of Amici Dr. Seuss Enterprise et al., <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> " "v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 537 U.S. (2003) (No. 01-618), 19." @@ -15043,7 +15145,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f15. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11353 +#: freeculture.xml:11441 msgid "" "Dinitia Smith, <quote>Immortal Words, Immortal Royalties? Even Mickey Mouse " "Joins the Fray,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 28 March " @@ -15051,12 +15153,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11360 +#: freeculture.xml:11448 msgid "Gershwin, George" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11338 +#: freeculture.xml:11426 msgid "" "Dr. Seuss's representatives, for example, argued that it was better for the " "Dr. Seuss estate to control what happened to Dr. Seuss's work— better " @@ -15073,7 +15175,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11363 +#: freeculture.xml:11451 msgid "" "This argument made clear a theme that is rarely noticed in this debate. " "When Congress decides to extend the term of existing copyrights, Congress is " @@ -15088,7 +15190,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11375 +#: freeculture.xml:11463 msgid "" "We argued as much in a final brief. Not only would upholding the CTEA mean " "that there was no limit to the power of Congress to extend " @@ -15099,8 +15201,13 @@ msgid "" "case. Early on, as I said, I set the strategy." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:11472 freeculture.xml:11650 +msgid "O'Connor, Sandra Day" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11385 +#: freeculture.xml:11474 msgid "" "The Supreme Court was divided into two important camps. One camp we called " "<quote>the Conservatives.</quote> The other we called <quote>the " @@ -15113,13 +15220,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11394 freeculture.xml:11418 freeculture.xml:11758 freeculture.xml:11770 +#: freeculture.xml:11483 freeculture.xml:11507 freeculture.xml:11849 freeculture.xml:11861 msgid "Breyer, Stephen" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 242 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11396 +#: freeculture.xml:11485 msgid "" "The Rest were the four Justices who had strongly opposed limits on " "Congress's power. These four—Justice Stevens, Justice Souter, Justice " @@ -15132,7 +15239,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11408 +#: freeculture.xml:11497 msgid "" "In particular, the least likely was Justice Ginsburg's. In addition to her " "general view about deference to Congress (except where issues of gender are " @@ -15145,7 +15252,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11420 +#: freeculture.xml:11509 msgid "" "Close behind Justice Ginsburg were two justices whom we also viewed as " "unlikely allies, though possible surprises. Justice Souter strongly favored " @@ -15155,7 +15262,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11428 +#: freeculture.xml:11517 msgid "" "The only vote we could be confident about was that of Justice " "Stevens. History will record Justice Stevens as one of the greatest judges " @@ -15166,7 +15273,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11436 +#: freeculture.xml:11525 msgid "" "This analysis of <quote>the Rest</quote> showed most clearly where our focus " "had to be: on the Conservatives. To win this case, we had to crack open " @@ -15179,7 +15286,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 243 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11446 +#: freeculture.xml:11535 msgid "" "This then was the core of our strategy—a strategy for which I am " "responsible. We would get the Court to see that just as with the " @@ -15194,7 +15301,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11460 +#: freeculture.xml:11549 msgid "" "The argument on the government's side came down to this: Congress has done " "it before. It should be allowed to do it again. The government claimed that " @@ -15204,7 +15311,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11467 +#: freeculture.xml:11556 msgid "" "There was some truth to the government's claim, but not much. We certainly " "agreed that Congress had extended existing terms in 1831 and in 1909. And of " @@ -15214,7 +15321,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 244 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11474 +#: freeculture.xml:11563 msgid "" "But this <quote>consistency</quote> should be kept in perspective. Congress " "extended existing terms once in the first hundred years of the Republic. It " @@ -15232,7 +15339,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11497 +#: freeculture.xml:11586 msgid "" "I was convinced that to win, I had to keep the Court focused on a single " "point: that if this extension is permitted, then there is no limit to the " @@ -15243,7 +15350,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11509 +#: freeculture.xml:11598 msgid "" "One moot was before the lawyers at Jones Day. Don Ayer was the skeptic. He " "had served in the Reagan Justice Department with Solicitor General Charles " @@ -15253,7 +15360,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11516 +#: freeculture.xml:11605 msgid "" "<quote>I'm just afraid that unless they really see the harm, they won't be " "willing to upset this practice that the government says has been a " @@ -15264,7 +15371,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 245 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11524 +#: freeculture.xml:11613 msgid "" "He may have argued many cases before this Court, I thought, but he didn't " "understand its soul. As a clerk, I had seen the Justices do the right " @@ -15282,7 +15389,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11541 +#: freeculture.xml:11630 msgid "" "Not everyone has to wait in line. People who know the Justices can ask for " "seats they control. (I asked Justice Scalia's chambers for seats for my " @@ -15298,7 +15405,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11556 +#: freeculture.xml:11645 msgid "" "When the Chief Justice called me to begin my argument, I began where I " "intended to stay: on the question of the limits on Congress's power. This " @@ -15307,14 +15414,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11562 +#: freeculture.xml:11652 msgid "" "Justice O'Connor stopped me within one minute of my opening. The history " "was bothering her." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11567 +#: freeculture.xml:11657 msgid "" "justice o'connor: Congress has extended the term so often through the years, " "and if you are right, don't we run the risk of upsetting previous extensions " @@ -15323,7 +15430,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11574 +#: freeculture.xml:11664 msgid "" "She was quite willing to concede <quote>that this flies directly in the face " "of what the framers had in mind.</quote> But my response again and again was " @@ -15332,7 +15439,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 246 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11580 +#: freeculture.xml:11670 msgid "" "mr. lessig: Well, if it flies in the face of what the framers had in mind, " "then the question is, is there a way of interpreting their words that gives " @@ -15340,14 +15447,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11588 +#: freeculture.xml:11678 msgid "" "There were two points in this argument when I should have seen where the " "Court was going. The first was a question by Justice Kennedy, who observed," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11594 +#: freeculture.xml:11684 msgid "" "justice kennedy: Well, I suppose implicit in the argument that the '76 act, " "too, should have been declared void, and that we might leave it alone " @@ -15357,14 +15464,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11602 +#: freeculture.xml:11692 msgid "" "Here follows my clear mistake. Like a professor correcting a student, I " "answered," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11608 +#: freeculture.xml:11698 msgid "" "mr. lessig: Justice, we are not making an empirical claim at all. Nothing " "in our Copyright Clause claim hangs upon the empirical assertion about " @@ -15374,7 +15481,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11617 +#: freeculture.xml:11707 msgid "" "That was a correct answer, but it wasn't the right answer. The right answer " "was instead that there was an obvious and profound harm. Any number of " @@ -15384,7 +15491,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11624 +#: freeculture.xml:11714 msgid "" "The second came from the Chief, for whom the whole case had been " "crafted. For the Chief Justice had crafted the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> " @@ -15393,21 +15500,21 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 247 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11629 +#: freeculture.xml:11719 msgid "" "It was clear a second into his question that he wasn't at all sympathetic. " "To him, we were a bunch of anarchists. As he asked:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11636 +#: freeculture.xml:11726 msgid "" "chief justice: Well, but you want more than that. You want the right to copy " "verbatim other people's books, don't you?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11640 +#: freeculture.xml:11730 msgid "" "mr. lessig: We want the right to copy verbatim works that should be in the " "public domain and would be in the public domain but for a statute that " @@ -15415,8 +15522,13 @@ msgid "" "proper reading of the limits built into the Copyright Clause." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:11738 +msgid "Olson, Theodore B." +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11649 +#: freeculture.xml:11740 msgid "" "Things went better for us when the government gave its argument; for now the " "Court picked up on the core of our claim. As Justice Scalia asked Solicitor " @@ -15424,7 +15536,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11655 +#: freeculture.xml:11746 msgid "" "justice scalia: You say that the functional equivalent of an unlimited time " "would be a violation [of the Constitution], but that's precisely the " @@ -15433,7 +15545,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11663 +#: freeculture.xml:11754 msgid "" "When Olson was finished, it was my turn to give a closing rebuttal. Olson's " "flailing had revived my anger. But my anger still was directed to the " @@ -15449,7 +15561,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 248 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11676 +#: freeculture.xml:11767 msgid "" "As I left the court that day, I knew there were a hundred points I wished I " "could remake. There were a hundred questions I wished I had answered " @@ -15457,7 +15569,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11684 +#: freeculture.xml:11775 msgid "" "The government had been asked over and over again, what is the limit? Over " "and over again, it had answered there is no limit. This was precisely the " @@ -15474,7 +15586,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11699 +#: freeculture.xml:11790 msgid "" "The morning of January 15, 2003, I was five minutes late to the office and " "missed the 7:00 A.M. call from the Supreme Court clerk. Listening to the " @@ -15484,7 +15596,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11706 +#: freeculture.xml:11797 msgid "" "A few seconds later, the opinions arrived by e-mail. I took the phone off " "the hook, posted an announcement to our blog, and sat down to see where I " @@ -15492,7 +15604,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11711 +#: freeculture.xml:11802 msgid "" "My <emphasis>reasoning</emphasis>. Here was a case that pitted all the money " "in the world against <emphasis>reasoning</emphasis>. And here was the last " @@ -15500,7 +15612,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11717 +#: freeculture.xml:11808 msgid "" "I first scoured the opinion, looking for how the Court would distinguish the " "principle in this case from the principle in " @@ -15511,7 +15623,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 249 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11726 +#: freeculture.xml:11817 msgid "" "Justice Ginsburg simply ignored the enumerated powers argument. Consistent " "with her view that Congress's power was not limited generally, she had found " @@ -15519,7 +15631,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11731 +#: freeculture.xml:11822 msgid "" "Her opinion was perfectly reasonable—for her, and for Justice " "Souter. Neither believes in <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>. It would be too " @@ -15528,7 +15640,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11737 +#: freeculture.xml:11828 msgid "" "But as I realized what had happened, I couldn't quite believe what I was " "reading. I had said there was no way this Court could reconcile limited " @@ -15542,7 +15654,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11748 +#: freeculture.xml:11839 msgid "" "Yet by what right did they get to choose which of the framers' values they " "would respect? By what right did they—the silent five—get to " @@ -15555,7 +15667,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11760 +#: freeculture.xml:11851 msgid "" "Justices Breyer and Stevens wrote very strong dissents. Stevens's opinion " "was crafted internal to the law: He argued that the tradition of " @@ -15570,7 +15682,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 250 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11773 +#: freeculture.xml:11864 msgid "" "Justice Breyer's opinion, perhaps the best opinion he has ever written, was " "external to the Constitution. He argued that the term of copyrights has " @@ -15584,7 +15696,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11784 +#: freeculture.xml:11875 msgid "" "These two justices understood all the arguments we had made. But because " "neither believed in the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> case, neither was " @@ -15595,15 +15707,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11791 +#: freeculture.xml:11882 msgid "" "Defeat brings depression. They say it is a sign of health when depression " "gives way to anger. My anger came quickly, but it didn't cure the " "depression. This anger was of two sorts." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:11886 +msgid "originalism" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11796 +#: freeculture.xml:11888 msgid "" "It was first anger with the five <quote>Conservatives.</quote> It would have " "been one thing for them to have explained why the principle of " @@ -15621,7 +15738,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 251 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11809 +#: freeculture.xml:11901 msgid "" "Here, they had joined an opinion that never once tried to explain what the " "framers had meant by crafting the Progress Clause as they did; they joined " @@ -15636,7 +15753,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11824 +#: freeculture.xml:11916 msgid "" "My anger with the Conservatives quickly yielded to anger with myself. For I " "had let a view of the law that I liked interfere with a view of the law as " @@ -15644,7 +15761,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11831 +#: freeculture.xml:11923 msgid "" "Most lawyers, and most law professors, have little patience for idealism " "about courts in general and this Supreme Court in particular. Most have a " @@ -15659,7 +15776,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 252 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11842 +#: freeculture.xml:11934 msgid "" "As I read back over the transcript from that argument in October, I can see " "a hundred places where the answers could have taken the conversation in " @@ -15678,7 +15795,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11862 +#: freeculture.xml:11954 msgid "" "Would it have been different if I had argued it differently? Would it have " "been different if Don Ayer had argued it? Or Charles Fried? Or Kathleen " @@ -15686,7 +15803,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11868 +#: freeculture.xml:11960 msgid "" "My friends huddled around me to insist it would not. The Court was not " "ready, my friends insisted. This was a loss that was destined. It would take " @@ -15695,7 +15812,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11874 +#: freeculture.xml:11966 msgid "" "Maybe, but I doubt it. These Justices have no financial interest in doing " "anything except the right thing. They are not lobbied. They have little " @@ -15705,7 +15822,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11881 +#: freeculture.xml:11973 msgid "" "And even if I couldn't, then that doesn't excuse what happened in " "January. For at the start of this case, one of America's leading " @@ -15717,7 +15834,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 253 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11889 +#: freeculture.xml:11981 msgid "" "After the argument and after the decision, Peter said to me, and publicly, " "that he was wrong. But if indeed that Court could not have been persuaded, " @@ -15737,7 +15854,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11910 +#: freeculture.xml:12002 msgid "" "In effect, the Supreme Court's decision makes it likely that we are seeing " "the beginning of the end of public domain and the birth of copyright " @@ -15748,12 +15865,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11924 freeculture.xml:11929 +#: freeculture.xml:12016 freeculture.xml:12021 msgid "Bolling, Ruben" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11919 +#: freeculture.xml:12011 msgid "" "The best responses were in the cartoons. There was a gaggle of hilarious " "images—of Mickey in jail and the like. The best, from my view of the " @@ -15764,19 +15881,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:11927 +#: freeculture.xml:12019 msgid "Tom the Dancing Bug cartoon" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:11928 +#: freeculture.xml:12020 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/18.png\"></graphic> <placeholder " "type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11932 +#: freeculture.xml:12024 msgid "" "The image that will always stick in my head is that evoked by the quote from " "<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle>. That <quote>grand " @@ -15789,12 +15906,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:11943 +#: freeculture.xml:12035 msgid "CHAPTER FOURTEEN: Eldred II" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11945 +#: freeculture.xml:12037 msgid "" "The day <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> was decided, fate would have it that I " "was to travel to Washington, D.C. (The day the rehearing petition in " @@ -15806,7 +15923,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11955 +#: freeculture.xml:12047 msgid "" "It was an act of contrition. During the whole of the flight from San " "Francisco to Washington, I had heard over and over again in my head the same " @@ -15820,7 +15937,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 256 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11965 +#: freeculture.xml:12057 msgid "" "<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle> published the piece. In it, I " "proposed a simple fix: Fifty years after a work has been published, the " @@ -15830,7 +15947,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11973 +#: freeculture.xml:12065 msgid "" "We called this the Eldred Act, but that was just to give it a name. Eric " "Eldred was kind enough to let his name be used once again, but as he said " @@ -15838,7 +15955,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11978 +#: freeculture.xml:12070 msgid "" "Or another two names. For depending upon your perspective, this is either " "the <quote>Public Domain Enhancement Act</quote> or the <quote>Copyright " @@ -15850,12 +15967,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11986 freeculture.xml:12186 +#: freeculture.xml:12078 freeculture.xml:12278 msgid "Forbes, Steve" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11988 +#: freeculture.xml:12080 msgid "" "The reaction to this idea was amazingly strong. Steve Forbes endorsed it in " "an editorial. I received an avalanche of e-mail and letters expressing " @@ -15869,7 +15986,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12000 +#: freeculture.xml:12092 msgid "" "Indeed, many recognized the obvious benefit of the registration " "requirement. For one of the hardest things about the current system for " @@ -15882,18 +15999,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12010 +#: freeculture.xml:12102 msgid "Berlin Act (1908)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12011 freeculture.xml:12051 +#: freeculture.xml:12103 freeculture.xml:12143 msgid "Berne Convention (1908)" msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12019 +#: freeculture.xml:12111 msgid "" "Until the 1908 Berlin Act of the Berne Convention, national copyright " "legislation sometimes made protection depend upon compliance with " @@ -15915,7 +16032,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12014 +#: freeculture.xml:12106 msgid "" "As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"property-i\"/>, formalities in copyright law were removed in 1976, " @@ -15930,7 +16047,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12045 +#: freeculture.xml:12137 msgid "" "That's great rhetoric. It sounds wonderfully romantic. But it is absurd " "copyright policy. It is absurd especially for authors, because a world " @@ -15940,7 +16057,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12053 +#: freeculture.xml:12145 msgid "" "The fight against formalities achieved its first real victory in Berlin in " "1908. International copyright lawyers amended the Berne Convention in 1908, " @@ -15953,7 +16070,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12063 +#: freeculture.xml:12155 msgid "" "These complaints were real and sensible. And the strictness of the " "formalities, especially in the United States, was absurd. The law should " @@ -15964,7 +16081,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12071 +#: freeculture.xml:12163 msgid "" "Even that would have been resisted, however, because registration in the " "nineteenth and twentieth centuries was still expensive. It was also a " @@ -15975,7 +16092,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 258 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12079 +#: freeculture.xml:12171 msgid "" "In addition to the practical complaint of authors in 1908, there was a moral " "claim as well. There was no reason that creative property should be a " @@ -15987,7 +16104,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12091 +#: freeculture.xml:12183 msgid "" "This argument is correct, but its implications are misleading. For the " "argument in favor of formalities does not depend upon creative property " @@ -15998,7 +16115,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12100 +#: freeculture.xml:12192 msgid "" "No one thinks, for example, that land is second-class property just because " "you have to register a deed with a court if your sale of land is to be " @@ -16016,7 +16133,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12116 +#: freeculture.xml:12208 msgid "" "It is similarly special physics that makes formalities important in " "copyright law. Unlike a carpenter's table, there's nothing in nature that " @@ -16031,7 +16148,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12131 +#: freeculture.xml:12223 msgid "" "This was the understanding of the problem with the Sonny Bono Act that we " "tried to demonstrate to the Court. This was the part it didn't " @@ -16044,7 +16161,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12141 +#: freeculture.xml:12233 msgid "" "But now that copyrights can be just about a century long, the inability to " "know what is protected and what is not protected becomes a huge and obvious " @@ -16056,7 +16173,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12150 +#: freeculture.xml:12242 msgid "" "The Eldred Act was designed to respond to exactly this problem. If it is " "worth $1 to you, then register your work and you can get the longer " @@ -16066,7 +16183,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12157 +#: freeculture.xml:12249 msgid "" "If it isn't worth it to you to register to get the benefit of an extended " "term, then it shouldn't be worth it for the government to defend your " @@ -16076,7 +16193,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12164 +#: freeculture.xml:12256 msgid "" "Some worry about the burden on authors. Won't the burden of registering the " "work mean that the $1 is really misleading? Isn't the hassle worth more than " @@ -16085,7 +16202,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 260 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12170 +#: freeculture.xml:12262 msgid "" "It is. The hassle is terrible. The system that exists now is awful. I " "completely agree that the Copyright Office has done a terrible job (no doubt " @@ -16103,7 +16220,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12188 +#: freeculture.xml:12280 msgid "" "When Steve Forbes endorsed the idea, some in Washington began to pay " "attention. Many people contacted me pointing to representatives who might be " @@ -16112,12 +16229,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12201 +#: freeculture.xml:12293 msgid "Lofgren, Zoe" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12194 +#: freeculture.xml:12286 msgid "" "One representative, Zoe Lofgren of California, went so far as to get the " "bill drafted. The draft solved any problem with international law. It " @@ -16129,7 +16246,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12204 +#: freeculture.xml:12296 msgid "" "But at this stage, the lobbyists began to intervene. Jack Valenti and the " "MPAA general counsel came to the congresswoman's office to give the view of " @@ -16141,7 +16258,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 261 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12212 +#: freeculture.xml:12304 msgid "" "The MPAA argued first that Congress had <quote>firmly rejected the central " "concept in the proposed bill</quote>—that copyrights be renewed. That " @@ -16163,7 +16280,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12233 +#: freeculture.xml:12325 msgid "" "Finally, the MPAA argued that existing law enabled copyright owners to do " "this if they wanted. But the whole point is that there are thousands of " @@ -16174,7 +16291,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12241 +#: freeculture.xml:12333 msgid "" "At the beginning of this book, I told two stories about the law reacting to " "changes in technology. In the one, common sense prevailed. In the other, " @@ -16186,7 +16303,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12251 +#: freeculture.xml:12343 msgid "" "I used these two cases as a way to frame the war that this book has been " "about. For here, too, a new technology is forcing the law to react. And " @@ -16196,7 +16313,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 262 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12260 +#: freeculture.xml:12352 msgid "" "When the issue is piracy, it is right for the law to back the copyright " "owners. The commercial piracy that I described is wrong and harmful, and the " @@ -16210,12 +16327,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12279 +#: freeculture.xml:12371 msgid "Kelly, Kevin" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12271 +#: freeculture.xml:12363 msgid "" "But when the copyright owners oppose a proposal such as the Eldred Act, " "then, finally, there is an example that lays bare the naked selfinterest " @@ -16228,12 +16345,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12282 +#: freeculture.xml:12374 msgid "What does this industry really want?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12285 +#: freeculture.xml:12377 msgid "" "With very little effort, the warriors could protect their content. So the " "effort to block something like the Eldred Act is not really about protecting " @@ -16246,7 +16363,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12296 +#: freeculture.xml:12388 msgid "" "The opposition to the Eldred Act reveals how extreme the other side is. The " "most powerful and sexy and well loved of lobbies really has as its aim not " @@ -16257,7 +16374,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 263 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12304 +#: freeculture.xml:12396 msgid "" "It is not hard to understand why the warriors take this view. It is not hard " "to see why it would benefit them if the competition of the public domain " @@ -16268,7 +16385,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12316 +#: freeculture.xml:12408 msgid "" "What is hard to understand is why the public takes this view. It is as if " "the law made airplanes trespassers. The MPAA stands with the Causbys and " @@ -16278,7 +16395,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12323 +#: freeculture.xml:12415 msgid "" "All this seems to follow easily from this untroubled acceptance of the " "<quote>property</quote> in intellectual property. Common sense supports it, " @@ -16290,27 +16407,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:12335 +#: freeculture.xml:12427 msgid "CONCLUSION" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12337 +#: freeculture.xml:12429 msgid "antiretroviral drugs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12340 +#: freeculture.xml:12432 msgid "HIV/AIDS therapies" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12343 +#: freeculture.xml:12435 msgid "Africa, medications for HIV patients in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12346 +#: freeculture.xml:12438 msgid "" "There are more than 35 million people with the AIDS virus " "worldwide. Twenty-five million of them live in sub-Saharan Africa. " @@ -16320,7 +16437,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12353 +#: freeculture.xml:12445 msgid "" "There is no cure for AIDS, but there are drugs to slow its progression. " "These antiretroviral therapies are still experimental, but they have already " @@ -16331,7 +16448,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12368 +#: freeculture.xml:12460 msgid "" "Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, <quote>Final Report: Integrating " "Intellectual Property Rights and Development Policy</quote> (London, 2002), " @@ -16342,7 +16459,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12361 +#: freeculture.xml:12453 msgid "" "These drugs are expensive. When they were first introduced in the United " "States, they cost between $10,000 and $15,000 per person per year. Today, " @@ -16355,7 +16472,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 265 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12379 +#: freeculture.xml:12471 msgid "" "These prices are not high because the ingredients of the drugs are " "expensive. These prices are high because the drugs are protected by " @@ -16366,7 +16483,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12387 +#: freeculture.xml:12479 msgid "" "There are many who are skeptical of patents, especially drug patents. I am " "not. Indeed, of all the areas of research that might be supported by " @@ -16379,7 +16496,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12398 +#: freeculture.xml:12490 msgid "" "But it is one thing to support patents, even drug patents. It is another " "thing to determine how best to deal with a crisis. And as African leaders " @@ -16389,12 +16506,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12416 freeculture.xml:12857 +#: freeculture.xml:12508 freeculture.xml:12949 msgid "Braithwaite, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12414 +#: freeculture.xml:12506 msgid "" "See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism: " "Who Owns the Knowledge Economy?</citetitle> (New York: The New Press, 2003), " @@ -16403,7 +16520,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12405 +#: freeculture.xml:12497 msgid "" "In 1997, South Africa tried one tack. It passed a law to allow the " "importation of patented medicines that had been produced or sold in another " @@ -16416,7 +16533,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12427 +#: freeculture.xml:12519 msgid "" "International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent " "Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a " @@ -16431,7 +16548,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12454 +#: freeculture.xml:12546 msgid "" "International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent " "Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a " @@ -16440,7 +16557,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12421 +#: freeculture.xml:12513 msgid "" "However, the United States government opposed the bill. Indeed, more than " "opposed. As the International Intellectual Property Association " @@ -16463,7 +16580,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12460 +#: freeculture.xml:12552 msgid "" "We should place the intervention by the United States in context. No doubt " "patents are not the most important reason that Africans don't have access to " @@ -16475,7 +16592,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12470 +#: freeculture.xml:12562 msgid "" "By stopping the flow of HIV treatment into Africa, the United States " "government was not saving drugs for United States citizens. This is not " @@ -16486,7 +16603,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12478 +#: freeculture.xml:12570 msgid "" "Nor was the intervention by the United States going to protect the profits " "of United States drug companies—at least, not substantially. It was " @@ -16500,7 +16617,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f5. #. PAGE BREAK 333 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12493 +#: freeculture.xml:12585 msgid "" "See Sabin Russell, <quote>New Crusade to Lower AIDS Drug Costs: Africa's " "Needs at Odds with Firms' Profit Motive,</quote> <citetitle>San Francisco " @@ -16518,7 +16635,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12487 +#: freeculture.xml:12579 msgid "" "Instead, the argument in favor of restricting this flow of information, " "which was needed to save the lives of millions, was an argument about the " @@ -16530,7 +16647,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12514 +#: freeculture.xml:12606 msgid "" "Now just step back for a moment. There will be a time thirty years from now " "when our children look back at us and ask, how could we have let this " @@ -16543,7 +16660,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12524 +#: freeculture.xml:12616 msgid "" "Some blame the drug companies. I don't. They are corporations. Their " "managers are ordered by law to make money for the corporation. They push a " @@ -16554,7 +16671,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12532 +#: freeculture.xml:12624 msgid "" "The corruption is our own politicians' failure of integrity. For the drug " "companies would love—they say, and I believe them—to sell their " @@ -16566,7 +16683,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 268 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12540 +#: freeculture.xml:12632 msgid "" "A different problem, however, could not be overcome. This is the fear of the " "grandstanding politician who would call the presidents of the drug companies " @@ -16583,7 +16700,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12555 +#: freeculture.xml:12647 msgid "" "So when the common sense of your child confronts you, what will you say? " "When the common sense of a generation finally revolts against what we have " @@ -16591,7 +16708,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12561 +#: freeculture.xml:12653 msgid "" "A sensible patent policy could endorse and strongly support the patent " "system without having to reach everyone everywhere in exactly the same " @@ -16605,7 +16722,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12573 +#: freeculture.xml:12665 msgid "" "But we as a culture have lost this sense of balance. We have lost the " "critical eye that helps us see the difference between truth and extremism. " @@ -16617,7 +16734,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 269 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12584 +#: freeculture.xml:12676 msgid "" "A simple idea blinds us, and under the cover of darkness, much happens that " "most of us would reject if any of us looked. So uncritically do we accept " @@ -16631,7 +16748,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12598 +#: freeculture.xml:12690 msgid "" "So far, common sense sleeps. There is no revolt. Common sense does not yet " "see what there could be to revolt about. The extremism that now dominates " @@ -16649,7 +16766,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12616 +#: freeculture.xml:12708 msgid "" "Jonathan Krim, <quote>The Quiet War over Open-Source,</quote> " "<citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, August 2003, E1, available at <ulink " @@ -16664,22 +16781,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12644 freeculture.xml:13317 +#: freeculture.xml:12736 freeculture.xml:13409 msgid "academic journals" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12645 freeculture.xml:12735 freeculture.xml:13243 +#: freeculture.xml:12737 freeculture.xml:12827 freeculture.xml:13335 msgid "IBM" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12646 freeculture.xml:13381 +#: freeculture.xml:12738 freeculture.xml:13473 msgid "PLoS (Public Library of Science)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12613 +#: freeculture.xml:12705 msgid "" "In August 2003, a fight broke out in the United States about a decision by " "the World Intellectual Property Organization to cancel a " @@ -16705,7 +16822,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12649 +#: freeculture.xml:12741 msgid "" "The aim of the meeting was to consider this wide range of projects from one " "common perspective: that none of these projects relied upon intellectual " @@ -16716,14 +16833,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f7. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12657 +#: freeculture.xml:12749 msgid "" "I should disclose that I was one of the people who asked WIPO for the " "meeting." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12656 +#: freeculture.xml:12748 msgid "" "From the perspective of this book, then, the conference was " "ideal.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The projects within its " @@ -16735,7 +16852,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 271 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12667 +#: freeculture.xml:12759 msgid "" "Indeed, I was once publicly scolded for not recognizing this fact about " "WIPO. In February 2003, I delivered a keynote address to a preparatory " @@ -16759,7 +16876,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12691 +#: freeculture.xml:12783 msgid "" "So whether or not WSIS can discuss balance in intellectual property, I had " "thought it was taken for granted that WIPO could and should. And thus the " @@ -16768,7 +16885,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12697 +#: freeculture.xml:12789 msgid "" "But there is one project within that list that is highly controversial, at " "least among lobbyists. That project is <quote>open source and free " @@ -16783,7 +16900,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12719 +#: freeculture.xml:12811 msgid "" "Microsoft's position about free and open source software is more " "sophisticated. As it has repeatedly asserted, it has no problem with " @@ -16804,12 +16921,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12736 +#: freeculture.xml:12828 msgid "<quote>copyleft</quote> licenses" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12708 +#: freeculture.xml:12800 msgid "" "I don't mean to enter that debate here. It is important only to make clear " "that the distinction is not between commercial and noncommercial " @@ -16828,7 +16945,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 272 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12741 +#: freeculture.xml:12833 msgid "" "More important for our purposes, to support <quote>open source and free " "software</quote> is not to oppose copyright. <quote>Open source and free " @@ -16847,19 +16964,19 @@ msgstr "" #. f9. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12767 +#: freeculture.xml:12859 msgid "" "Krim, <quote>The Quiet War over Open-Source,</quote> available at <ulink " "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #64</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12771 +#: freeculture.xml:12863 msgid "Krim, Jonathan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12759 +#: freeculture.xml:12851 msgid "" "It is therefore understandable that as a proprietary software developer, " "Microsoft would oppose this WIPO meeting, and understandable that it would " @@ -16872,7 +16989,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12774 +#: freeculture.xml:12866 msgid "" "I don't blame Microsoft for doing what it can to advance its own interests, " "consistent with the law. And lobbying governments is plainly consistent with " @@ -16882,7 +16999,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12782 +#: freeculture.xml:12874 msgid "" "What was surprising was the United States government's reason for opposing " "the meeting. Again, as reported by Krim, Lois Boland, acting director of " @@ -16894,12 +17011,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12792 +#: freeculture.xml:12884 msgid "These statements are astonishing on a number of levels." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12796 +#: freeculture.xml:12888 msgid "" "First, they are just flat wrong. As I described, most open source and free " "software relies fundamentally upon the intellectual property right called " @@ -16912,7 +17029,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12806 +#: freeculture.xml:12898 msgid "" "Second, who ever said that WIPO's exclusive aim was to " "<quote>promote</quote> intellectual property maximally? As I had been " @@ -16928,7 +17045,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12819 +#: freeculture.xml:12911 msgid "" "Third, even if one believed that the purpose of WIPO was to maximize " "intellectual property rights, in our tradition, intellectual property rights " @@ -16945,7 +17062,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 274 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12833 +#: freeculture.xml:12925 msgid "" "When Ms. Boland says that there is something wrong with a meeting " "<quote>which has as its purpose to disclaim or waive such rights,</quote> " @@ -16959,7 +17076,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12845 +#: freeculture.xml:12937 msgid "" "There is a history of just such a property system that is well known in the " "Anglo-American tradition. It is called <quote>feudalism.</quote> Under " @@ -16973,14 +17090,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12862 +#: freeculture.xml:12954 msgid "" "See Drahos with Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism</citetitle>, " "210–20. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12859 +#: freeculture.xml:12951 msgid "" "As Peter Drahos and John Braithwaite relate, this is precisely the choice we " "are now making about intellectual property.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -16991,7 +17108,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12871 +#: freeculture.xml:12963 msgid "" "When this battle broke, I blogged it. A spirited debate within the comment " "section ensued. Ms. Boland had a number of supporters who tried to show why " @@ -17001,7 +17118,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 275 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12878 +#: freeculture.xml:12970 msgid "" "George, you misunderstand Lessig: He's only talking about the world as it " "should be (<quote>the goal of WIPO, and the goal of any government, should " @@ -17014,7 +17131,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12890 +#: freeculture.xml:12982 msgid "" "I missed the irony the first time I read it. I read it quickly and thought " "the poster was supporting the idea that seeking balance was what our " @@ -17027,7 +17144,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12900 +#: freeculture.xml:12992 msgid "" "Obviously, however, the poster was not supporting that idea. Instead, the " "poster was ridiculing the very idea that in the real world, the " @@ -17039,7 +17156,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12908 +#: freeculture.xml:13000 msgid "" "I understand criticism of academic utopianism. I think utopianism is silly, " "too, and I'd be the first to poke fun at the absurdly unrealistic ideals of " @@ -17047,7 +17164,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12914 +#: freeculture.xml:13006 msgid "" "But when it has become silly to suppose that the role of our government " "should be to <quote>seek balance,</quote> then count me with the silly, for " @@ -17062,7 +17179,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 276 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12925 +#: freeculture.xml:13017 msgid "" "It might be crazy to expect a high government official to speak the " "truth. It might be crazy to believe that government policy will be something " @@ -17072,12 +17189,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12944 +#: freeculture.xml:13036 msgid "Turner, Ted" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12934 +#: freeculture.xml:13026 msgid "" "If this is crazy, then let there be more crazies. Soon. There are moments " "of hope in this struggle. And moments that surprise. When the FCC was " @@ -17092,7 +17209,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12948 +#: freeculture.xml:13040 msgid "" "This activism did not stop the FCC, but soon after, a broad coalition in the " "Senate voted to reverse the FCC decision. The hostile hearings leading up to " @@ -17102,7 +17219,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12956 +#: freeculture.xml:13048 msgid "" "But even this movement misses an important piece of the puzzle. Largeness " "as such is not bad. Freedom is not threatened just because some become very " @@ -17112,7 +17229,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12963 +#: freeculture.xml:13055 msgid "" "The danger in media concentration comes not from the concentration, but " "instead from the feudalism that this concentration, tied to the change in " @@ -17124,7 +17241,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12973 +#: freeculture.xml:13065 msgid "" "It is therefore significant that so many would rally to demand competition " "and increased diversity. Still, if the rally is understood as being about " @@ -17134,7 +17251,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12980 +#: freeculture.xml:13072 msgid "" "It would be something new, and something very important, if an equal number " "could be rallied to fight the increasing extremism built within the idea of " @@ -17145,20 +17262,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12988 +#: freeculture.xml:13080 msgid "" "If we were Achilles, this would be our heel. This would be the place of our " "tragedy." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12991 +#: freeculture.xml:13083 msgid "Dylan, Bob" msgstr "" #. f11. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12996 +#: freeculture.xml:13088 msgid "" "John Borland, <quote>RIAA Sues 261 File Swappers,</quote> CNET News.com, " "September 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -17177,7 +17294,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13014 +#: freeculture.xml:13106 msgid "" "Jon Wiederhorn, <quote>Eminem Gets Sued … by a Little Old " "Lady,</quote> mtv.com, 17 September 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -17187,7 +17304,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f13. #. PAGE BREAK 334 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13021 +#: freeculture.xml:13113 msgid "" "Kenji Hall, Associated Press, <quote>Japanese Book May Be Inspiration for " "Dylan Songs,</quote> Kansascity.com, 9 July 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -17195,7 +17312,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12993 +#: freeculture.xml:13085 msgid "" "As I write these final words, the news is filled with stories about the RIAA " "lawsuits against almost three hundred individuals.<placeholder " @@ -17215,18 +17332,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13038 freeculture.xml:13398 +#: freeculture.xml:13130 freeculture.xml:13490 msgid "Creative Commons" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13039 +#: freeculture.xml:13131 msgid "Gil, Gilberto" msgstr "" #. f14. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13044 +#: freeculture.xml:13136 msgid "" "<quote>BBC Plans to Open Up Its Archive to the Public,</quote> BBC press " "release, 24 August 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -17235,7 +17352,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f15. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13053 +#: freeculture.xml:13145 msgid "" "<quote>Creative Commons and Brazil,</quote> Creative Commons Weblog, 6 " "August 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -17244,7 +17361,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 278 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13041 +#: freeculture.xml:13133 msgid "" "Yet on the other side of the Atlantic, the BBC has just announced that it " "will build a <quote>Creative Archive,</quote> from which British citizens " @@ -17263,20 +17380,20 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 279 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13067 +#: freeculture.xml:13159 msgid "" "Common sense must revolt. It must act to free culture. Soon, if this " "potential is ever to be realized." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13075 +#: freeculture.xml:13167 msgid "AFTERWORD" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 280 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13079 +#: freeculture.xml:13171 msgid "" "At least some who have read this far will agree with me that something must " "be done to change where we are heading. The balance of this book maps what " @@ -17284,7 +17401,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13084 +#: freeculture.xml:13176 msgid "" "I divide this map into two parts: that which anyone can do now, and that " "which requires the help of lawmakers. If there is one lesson that we can " @@ -17293,7 +17410,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13090 +#: freeculture.xml:13182 msgid "" "That means this movement must begin in the streets. It must recruit a " "significant number of parents, teachers, librarians, creators, authors, " @@ -17302,7 +17419,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13097 +#: freeculture.xml:13189 msgid "" "Once this movement has its effect in the streets, it has some hope of having " "an effect in Washington. We are still a democracy. What people think " @@ -17312,12 +17429,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13106 +#: freeculture.xml:13198 msgid "US, NOW" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13108 +#: freeculture.xml:13200 msgid "" "Common sense is with the copyright warriors because the debate so far has " "been framed at the extremes—as a grand either/or: either property or " @@ -17326,7 +17443,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13114 +#: freeculture.xml:13206 msgid "" "The mistake here is the error of the excluded middle. There are extremes in " "this debate, but the extremes are not all that there is. There are those who " @@ -17340,7 +17457,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 282 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13124 +#: freeculture.xml:13216 msgid "" "When the Internet was first born, its initial architecture effectively " "tilted in the <quote>no rights reserved</quote> direction. Content could be " @@ -17352,7 +17469,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13136 +#: freeculture.xml:13228 msgid "" "This initial character produced a reaction (opposite, but not quite equal) " "by copyright owners. That reaction has been the topic of this book. Through " @@ -17369,7 +17486,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13150 +#: freeculture.xml:13242 msgid "" "What's needed is a way to say something in the middle—neither " "<quote>all rights reserved</quote> nor <quote>no rights reserved</quote> but " @@ -17380,12 +17497,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13159 +#: freeculture.xml:13251 msgid "Rebuilding Freedoms Previously Presumed: Examples" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13161 +#: freeculture.xml:13253 msgid "" "If you step back from the battle I've been describing here, you will " "recognize this problem from other contexts. Think about privacy. Before the " @@ -17397,12 +17514,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13171 +#: freeculture.xml:13263 msgid "What made it assured?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13175 +#: freeculture.xml:13267 msgid "" "Well, if we think in terms of the modalities I described in chapter <xref " "xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"property-i\"/>, your privacy was " @@ -17420,17 +17537,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13190 +#: freeculture.xml:13282 msgid "Amazon" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13200 +#: freeculture.xml:13292 msgid "cookies, Internet" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13192 +#: freeculture.xml:13284 msgid "" "Enter the Internet, where the cost of tracking browsing in particular has " "become quite tiny. If you're a customer at Amazon, then as you browse the " @@ -17444,7 +17561,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13203 +#: freeculture.xml:13295 msgid "" "Amazon, of course, is not the problem. But we might begin to worry about " "libraries. If you're one of those crazy lefties who thinks that people " @@ -17457,7 +17574,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13219 +#: freeculture.xml:13311 msgid "" "See, for example, Marc Rotenberg, <quote>Fair Information Practices and the " "Architecture of Privacy (What Larry Doesn't Get),</quote> " @@ -17472,7 +17589,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 284 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13213 +#: freeculture.xml:13305 msgid "" "It is this reality that explains the push of many to define " "<quote>privacy</quote> on the Internet. It is the recognition that " @@ -17486,7 +17603,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13237 +#: freeculture.xml:13329 msgid "" "A similar story could be told about the birth of the free software " "movement. When computers with software were first made available " @@ -17498,12 +17615,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13245 +#: freeculture.xml:13337 msgid "Stallman, Richard" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13247 +#: freeculture.xml:13339 msgid "" "That was the world Richard Stallman was born into, and while he was a " "researcher at MIT, he grew to love the community that developed when one was " @@ -17513,7 +17630,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13255 +#: freeculture.xml:13347 msgid "" "In an academic setting, at least, that's not a terribly radical idea. In a " "math department, anyone would be free to tinker with a proof that someone " @@ -17527,7 +17644,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13267 +#: freeculture.xml:13359 msgid "" "No one answered that question. Instead, the architecture of revenue for " "computing changed. As it became possible to import programs from one system " @@ -17540,7 +17657,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 285 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13276 +#: freeculture.xml:13368 msgid "" "Thus, the practice of proprietary code began to spread, and by the early " "1980s, Stallman found himself surrounded by proprietary code. The world of " @@ -17550,7 +17667,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13285 +#: freeculture.xml:13377 msgid "" "Therefore, in 1984, Stallman began a project to build a free operating " "system, so that at least a strain of free software would survive. That was " @@ -17561,7 +17678,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13293 +#: freeculture.xml:13385 msgid "" "Stallman's technique was to use copyright law to build a world of software " "that must be kept free. Software licensed under the Free Software " @@ -17574,7 +17691,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13304 +#: freeculture.xml:13396 msgid "" "Stallman was thus doing for software what privacy advocates now do for " "privacy. He was seeking a way to rebuild a kind of freedom that was taken " @@ -17585,7 +17702,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13312 +#: freeculture.xml:13404 msgid "" "Finally, consider a very recent example that more directly resonates with " "the story of this book. This is the shift in the way academic and scientific " @@ -17594,7 +17711,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 286 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13320 +#: freeculture.xml:13412 msgid "" "As digital technologies develop, it is becoming obvious to many that " "printing thousands of copies of journals every month and sending them to " @@ -17611,7 +17728,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13336 +#: freeculture.xml:13428 msgid "" "There's nothing wrong in general with this, and indeed, the ability to " "charge for access to even public domain materials is a good incentive for " @@ -17623,7 +17740,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13345 +#: freeculture.xml:13437 msgid "" "But what if the only way to get access to social and scientific data was " "through proprietary services? What if no one had the ability to browse this " @@ -17631,7 +17748,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13350 +#: freeculture.xml:13442 msgid "" "As many are beginning to notice, this is increasingly the reality with " "scientific journals. When these journals were distributed in paper form, " @@ -17646,7 +17763,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13362 +#: freeculture.xml:13454 msgid "" "As journals become electronic, however, the publishers are demanding that " "libraries not give the general public access to the journals. This means " @@ -17656,7 +17773,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13370 +#: freeculture.xml:13462 msgid "" "This shrinking freedom has led many to take affirmative steps to restore the " "freedom that has been lost. The Public Library of Science (PLoS), for " @@ -17671,7 +17788,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13384 +#: freeculture.xml:13476 msgid "" "This is one of many such efforts to restore a freedom taken for granted " "before, but now threatened by changing technology and markets. There's no " @@ -17682,19 +17799,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13396 +#: freeculture.xml:13488 msgid "Rebuilding Free Culture: One Idea" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13401 +#: freeculture.xml:13493 msgid "" "The same strategy could be applied to culture, as a response to the " "increasing control effected through law and technology." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13405 +#: freeculture.xml:13497 msgid "" "Enter the Creative Commons. The Creative Commons is a nonprofit corporation " "established in Massachusetts, but with its home at Stanford University. Its " @@ -17708,7 +17825,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 288 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13416 +#: freeculture.xml:13508 msgid "" "<emphasis>Simple</emphasis>—which means without a middleman, or " "without a lawyer. By developing a free set of licenses that people can " @@ -17727,7 +17844,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13434 +#: freeculture.xml:13526 msgid "" "These freedoms are beyond the freedoms promised by fair use. Their precise " "contours depend upon the choices the creator makes. The creator can choose a " @@ -17741,7 +17858,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13445 +#: freeculture.xml:13537 msgid "" "These choices thus establish a range of freedoms beyond the default of " "copyright law. They also enable freedoms that go beyond traditional fair " @@ -17754,12 +17871,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13466 +#: freeculture.xml:13558 msgid "Garlick, Mia" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13456 +#: freeculture.xml:13548 msgid "" "This is just one project among many within the Creative Commons. And of " "course, Creative Commons is not the only organization pursuing such " @@ -17773,7 +17890,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13469 +#: freeculture.xml:13561 msgid "" "The aim is not to fight the <quote>All Rights Reserved</quote> sorts. The " "aim is to complement them. The problems that the law creates for us as a " @@ -17788,7 +17905,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13481 +#: freeculture.xml:13573 msgid "" "Why would creators participate in giving up total control? Some participate " "to better spread their content. Cory Doctorow, for example, is a science " @@ -17798,7 +17915,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13488 +#: freeculture.xml:13580 msgid "" "Why would a publisher ever agree to this? I suspect his publisher reasoned " "like this: There are two groups of people out there: (1) those who will buy " @@ -17812,7 +17929,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13500 +#: freeculture.xml:13592 msgid "" "Indeed, the experience of his publisher clearly supports that conclusion. " "The book's first printing was exhausted months before the publisher had " @@ -17820,17 +17937,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13515 +#: freeculture.xml:13607 msgid "Free for All (Wayner)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13516 +#: freeculture.xml:13608 msgid "Wayner, Peter" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13506 +#: freeculture.xml:13598 msgid "" "The idea that free content might increase the value of nonfree content was " "confirmed by the experience of another author. Peter Wayner, who wrote a " @@ -17844,18 +17961,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13518 +#: freeculture.xml:13610 msgid "Public Enemy" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13519 +#: freeculture.xml:13611 msgid "rap music" msgstr "" #. f2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13536 +#: freeculture.xml:13628 msgid "" "<citetitle>Willful Infringement: A Report from the Front Lines of the Real " "Culture Wars</citetitle> (2003), produced by Jed Horovitz, directed by Greg " @@ -17864,12 +17981,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13543 +#: freeculture.xml:13635 msgid "Leaphart, Walter" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13521 +#: freeculture.xml:13613 msgid "" "These are examples of using the Commons to better spread proprietary " "content. I believe that is a wonderful and common use of the Commons. There " @@ -17890,7 +18007,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13546 +#: freeculture.xml:13638 msgid "" "Finally, there are many who mark their content with a Creative Commons " "license just because they want to express to others the importance of " @@ -17905,7 +18022,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 291 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13558 +#: freeculture.xml:13650 msgid "" "In the first six months of the Creative Commons experiment, over 1 million " "objects were licensed with these free-culture licenses. The next step is " @@ -17916,7 +18033,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13568 +#: freeculture.xml:13660 msgid "" "These are first steps to rebuilding a public domain. They are not mere " "arguments; they are action. Building a public domain is the first step to " @@ -17927,7 +18044,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13576 +#: freeculture.xml:13668 msgid "" "Creative Commons is just one example of voluntary efforts by individuals and " "creators to change the mix of rights that now govern the creative field. The " @@ -17938,12 +18055,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13590 +#: freeculture.xml:13682 msgid "THEM, SOON" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13592 +#: freeculture.xml:13684 msgid "" "We will not reclaim a free culture by individual action alone. It will also " "take important reforms of laws. We have a long way to go before the " @@ -17953,7 +18070,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13599 +#: freeculture.xml:13691 msgid "" "In this chapter, I outline five kinds of changes: four that are general, and " "one that's specific to the most heated battle of the day, music. Each is a " @@ -17962,12 +18079,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13606 +#: freeculture.xml:13698 msgid "1. More Formalities" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13608 +#: freeculture.xml:13700 msgid "" "If you buy a house, you have to record the sale in a deed. If you buy land " "upon which to build a house, you have to record the purchase in a deed. If " @@ -17977,14 +18094,14 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 293 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13615 +#: freeculture.xml:13707 msgid "" "These are all formalities associated with property. They are requirements " "that we all must bear if we want our property to be protected." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13620 +#: freeculture.xml:13712 msgid "" "In contrast, under current copyright law, you automatically get a copyright, " "regardless of whether you comply with any formality. You don't have to " @@ -17993,12 +18110,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13626 +#: freeculture.xml:13718 msgid "Why?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13629 +#: freeculture.xml:13721 msgid "" "As I suggested in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"property-i\"/>, the motivation to abolish formalities was a good " @@ -18009,7 +18126,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13638 +#: freeculture.xml:13730 msgid "" "But the Internet changes all this. Formalities today need not be a " "burden. Rather, the world without formalities is the world that burdens " @@ -18024,7 +18141,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13652 +#: freeculture.xml:13744 msgid "" "The proposal I am advancing here would apply to American works only. " "Obviously, I believe it would be beneficial for the same idea to be adopted " @@ -18032,7 +18149,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13650 +#: freeculture.xml:13742 msgid "" "The law should therefore change this requirement<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>—but it should not change it by going back " @@ -18042,7 +18159,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13660 +#: freeculture.xml:13752 msgid "" "The important formalities are three: marking copyrighted work, registering " "copyrights, and renewing the claim to copyright. Traditionally, the first of " @@ -18053,12 +18170,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13672 +#: freeculture.xml:13764 msgid "REGISTRATION AND RENEWAL" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13674 +#: freeculture.xml:13766 msgid "" "Under the old system, a copyright owner had to file a registration with the " "Copyright Office to register or renew a copyright. When filing that " @@ -18073,7 +18190,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13687 +#: freeculture.xml:13779 msgid "" "Yet it is always astonishing to me that we, who come from a tradition of " "extraordinary innovation in governmental design, can no longer think " @@ -18085,7 +18202,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13696 +#: freeculture.xml:13788 msgid "" "In the context of registration, one obvious model is the Internet. There " "are at least 32 million Web sites registered around the world. Domain name " @@ -18098,7 +18215,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 295 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13706 +#: freeculture.xml:13798 msgid "" "We should adopt a similar model for the registration and renewal of " "copyrights. The Copyright Office may well serve as the central registry, but " @@ -18112,12 +18229,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13721 +#: freeculture.xml:13813 msgid "MARKING" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13723 +#: freeculture.xml:13815 msgid "" "It used to be that the failure to include a copyright notice on a creative " "work meant that the copyright was forfeited. That was a harsh punishment for " @@ -18129,7 +18246,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13733 +#: freeculture.xml:13825 msgid "" "The aim of marking is to signal to the public that this work is copyrighted " "and that the author wants to enforce his rights. The mark also makes it easy " @@ -18137,7 +18254,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13739 +#: freeculture.xml:13831 msgid "" "One of the problems the copyright system confronted early on was that " "different copyrighted works had to be differently marked. It wasn't clear " @@ -18151,7 +18268,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13756 +#: freeculture.xml:13848 msgid "" "There would be a complication with derivative works that I have not solved " "here. In my view, the law of derivatives creates a more complicated system " @@ -18160,7 +18277,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 296 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13749 +#: freeculture.xml:13841 msgid "" "Let's start with the last point. If a copyright owner allows his work to be " "published without a copyright notice, the consequence of that failure need " @@ -18176,7 +18293,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13769 +#: freeculture.xml:13861 msgid "" "That in turn raises the question about how work should best be marked. Here " "again, the system needs to adjust as the technologies evolve. The best way " @@ -18186,7 +18303,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13776 +#: freeculture.xml:13868 msgid "" "For example, if a recording industry association devises a method for " "marking CDs, it would propose that to the Copyright Office. The Copyright " @@ -18200,7 +18317,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13788 +#: freeculture.xml:13880 msgid "" "Finally, marking content clearly would simplify registration requirements. " "If photographs were marked by author and year, there would be little reason " @@ -18211,7 +18328,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13796 +#: freeculture.xml:13888 msgid "" "The objective of formalities is to make things clear. The existing system " "does nothing to make things clear. Indeed, it seems designed to make things " @@ -18219,7 +18336,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13801 +#: freeculture.xml:13893 msgid "" "If formalities such as registration were reinstated, one of the most " "difficult aspects of relying upon the public domain would be removed. It " @@ -18230,12 +18347,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13813 +#: freeculture.xml:13905 msgid "2. Shorter Terms" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13815 +#: freeculture.xml:13907 msgid "" "The term of copyright has gone from fourteen years to ninety-five years for " "corporate authors, and life of the author plus seventy years for natural " @@ -18244,7 +18361,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13828 +#: freeculture.xml:13920 msgid "" "<quote>A Radical Rethink,</quote> <citetitle>Economist</citetitle>, 366:8308 " "(25 January 2003): 15, available at <ulink " @@ -18252,7 +18369,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13820 +#: freeculture.xml:13912 msgid "" "In <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>, I proposed a " "seventy-five-year term, granted in five-year increments with a requirement " @@ -18265,7 +18382,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13835 +#: freeculture.xml:13927 msgid "" "I agree with those who believe that we need a radical change in copyright's " "term. But whether fourteen years or seventy-five, there are four principles " @@ -18274,7 +18391,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (1) #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13843 +#: freeculture.xml:13935 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it short:</emphasis> The term should be as long as necessary " "to give incentives to create, but no longer. If it were tied to very strong " @@ -18287,7 +18404,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (2) #. PAGE BREAK 298 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13852 +#: freeculture.xml:13944 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it simple:</emphasis> The line between the public domain and " "protected content must be kept clear. Lawyers like the fuzziness of " @@ -18302,7 +18419,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13873 +#: freeculture.xml:13965 msgid "" "Department of Veterans Affairs, Veteran's Application for Compensation " "and/or Pension, VA Form 21-526 (OMB Approved No. 2900-0001), available at " @@ -18310,12 +18427,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13881 +#: freeculture.xml:13973 msgid "veterans' pensions" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13865 +#: freeculture.xml:13957 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it alive:</emphasis> Copyright should have to be renewed. " "Especially if the maximum term is long, the copyright owner should be " @@ -18330,7 +18447,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (4) #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13885 +#: freeculture.xml:13977 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it prospective:</emphasis> Whatever the term of copyright " "should be, the clearest lesson that economists teach is that a term once " @@ -18347,7 +18464,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13901 +#: freeculture.xml:13993 msgid "" "These changes together should produce an <emphasis>average</emphasis> " "copyright term that is much shorter than the current term. Until 1976, the " @@ -18355,7 +18472,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13907 +#: freeculture.xml:13999 msgid "" "No doubt the extremists will call these ideas <quote>radical.</quote> (After " "all, I call them <quote>extremists.</quote>) But again, the term I " @@ -18365,12 +18482,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13917 +#: freeculture.xml:14009 msgid "3. Free Use Vs. Fair Use" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13919 +#: freeculture.xml:14016 msgid "" "As I observed at the beginning of this book, property law originally granted " "property owners the right to control their property from the ground to the " @@ -18381,7 +18498,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13927 +#: freeculture.xml:14024 msgid "" "Our Constitution gives Congress the power to give authors <quote>exclusive " "right</quote> to <quote>their writings.</quote> Congress has given authors " @@ -18394,19 +18511,19 @@ msgstr "" #. f5. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13940 +#: freeculture.xml:14037 msgid "" "Benjamin Kaplan, <citetitle>An Unhurried View of Copyright</citetitle> (New " "York: Columbia University Press, 1967), 32." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13946 +#: freeculture.xml:14043 msgid "Kaplan, Benjamin" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13936 +#: freeculture.xml:14033 msgid "" "Congress granted the beginnings of this right in 1870, when it expanded the " "exclusive right of copyright to include a right to control translations and " @@ -18418,12 +18535,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13954 +#: freeculture.xml:14051 msgid "Ibid., 56." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13950 +#: freeculture.xml:14047 msgid "" "So inured have we become to the extension of the monopoly to a large range " "of so-called derivative works, that we no longer sense the oddity of " @@ -18432,7 +18549,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13959 +#: freeculture.xml:14056 msgid "" "I think it's time to recognize that there are airplanes in this field and " "the expansiveness of these rights of derivative use no longer make " @@ -18442,7 +18559,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13966 +#: freeculture.xml:14063 msgid "" "<emphasis>Term:</emphasis> If Congress wants to grant a derivative right, " "then that right should be for a much shorter term. It makes sense to protect " @@ -18454,7 +18571,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13979 +#: freeculture.xml:14076 msgid "" "<emphasis>Scope:</emphasis> Likewise should the scope of derivative rights " "be narrowed. Again, there are some cases in which derivative rights are " @@ -18469,7 +18586,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13992 +#: freeculture.xml:14090 msgid "" "This was the point that Alben made when describing the making of the Clint " "Eastwood CD. While it makes sense to require negotiation for foreseeable " @@ -18479,12 +18596,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14008 +#: freeculture.xml:14106 msgid "Goldstein, Paul" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14006 +#: freeculture.xml:14104 msgid "" "Paul Goldstein, <citetitle>Copyright's Highway: From Gutenberg to the " "Celestial Jukebox</citetitle> (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), " @@ -18492,7 +18609,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14000 +#: freeculture.xml:14098 msgid "" "In each of these cases, the law should mark the uses that are protected, and " "the presumption should be that other uses are not protected. This is the " @@ -18502,7 +18619,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14014 +#: freeculture.xml:14112 msgid "" "Goldstein's analysis would make perfect sense if the cost of the legal " "system were small. But as we are currently seeing in the context of the " @@ -18513,7 +18630,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 301 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14021 +#: freeculture.xml:14119 msgid "" "The law could remedy this problem either by removing protection beyond the " "part explicitly drawn or by granting reuse rights upon certain statutory " @@ -18523,12 +18640,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14031 +#: freeculture.xml:14129 msgid "4. Liberate the Music—Again" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14033 +#: freeculture.xml:14131 msgid "" "The battle that got this whole war going was about music, so it wouldn't be " "fair to end this book without addressing the issue that is, to most people, " @@ -18538,7 +18655,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14040 +#: freeculture.xml:14138 msgid "" "The appeal of file-sharing music was the crack cocaine of the Internet's " "growth. It drove demand for access to the Internet more powerfully than any " @@ -18549,7 +18666,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14049 +#: freeculture.xml:14147 msgid "" "The aim of copyright, with respect to content in general and music in " "particular, is to create the incentives for music to be composed, performed, " @@ -18559,7 +18676,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14056 +#: freeculture.xml:14154 msgid "" "File-sharing networks complicate this model by enabling the spread of " "content for which the performer has not been paid. But of course, that's not " @@ -18570,7 +18687,7 @@ msgstr "" #. A. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14065 +#: freeculture.xml:14163 msgid "" "There are some who are using sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing " "CDs." @@ -18578,7 +18695,7 @@ msgstr "" #. B. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14070 +#: freeculture.xml:14168 msgid "" "There are also some who are using sharing networks to sample, on the way to " "purchasing CDs." @@ -18587,7 +18704,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 302 #. C. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14076 +#: freeculture.xml:14174 msgid "" "There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content " "that is no longer sold but is still under copyright or that would have been " @@ -18596,7 +18713,7 @@ msgstr "" #. D. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14082 +#: freeculture.xml:14180 msgid "" "There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content " "that is not copyrighted or to get access that the copyright owner plainly " @@ -18604,7 +18721,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14088 +#: freeculture.xml:14186 msgid "" "Any reform of the law needs to keep these different uses in focus. It must " "avoid burdening type D even if it aims to eliminate type A. The eagerness " @@ -18615,7 +18732,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14096 +#: freeculture.xml:14194 msgid "" "As I said in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"piracy\"/>, the actual harm caused by sharing is controversial. " @@ -18625,7 +18742,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14104 +#: freeculture.xml:14202 msgid "" "Nonetheless, there is a crucial fact about the current technological context " "that we must keep in mind if we are to understand how the law should " @@ -18633,7 +18750,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14109 +#: freeculture.xml:14207 msgid "" "Today, file sharing is addictive. In ten years, it won't be. It is addictive " "today because it is the easiest way to gain access to a broad range of " @@ -18648,7 +18765,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 303 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14121 +#: freeculture.xml:14219 msgid "" "But it will become a reality, and that means the way we get access to the " "Internet today is a technology in transition. Policy makers should not make " @@ -18665,7 +18782,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14154 +#: freeculture.xml:14252 msgid "" "See, for example, <quote>Music Media Watch,</quote> The J@pan " "Inc. Newsletter, 3 April 2002, available at <ulink " @@ -18673,7 +18790,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14136 +#: freeculture.xml:14234 msgid "" "In that world, it will be extremely easy to connect to services that give " "you access to content on the fly—such as Internet radio, content that " @@ -18695,7 +18812,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 304 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14161 +#: freeculture.xml:14259 msgid "" "This point about the future is meant to suggest a perspective on the " "present: It is emphatically temporary. The <quote>problem</quote> with file " @@ -18711,7 +18828,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14177 +#: freeculture.xml:14275 msgid "" "The answer begins with recognizing that there are different " "<quote>problems</quote> here to solve. Let's start with type D " @@ -18725,7 +18842,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14188 +#: freeculture.xml:14286 msgid "" "Type C content raises a different <quote>problem.</quote> This is content " "that was, at one time, published and is no longer available. It may be " @@ -18737,7 +18854,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14197 +#: freeculture.xml:14295 msgid "" "Again, the model here is the used book store. Once a book goes out of print, " "it may still be available in libraries and used book stores. But libraries " @@ -18750,7 +18867,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14207 +#: freeculture.xml:14305 msgid "" "The model of used book stores suggests that the law could simply deem " "out-of-print music fair game. If the publisher does not make copies of the " @@ -18763,7 +18880,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 305 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14218 +#: freeculture.xml:14316 msgid "" "Alternatively, the law could create a statutory license that would ensure " "that artists get something from the trade of their work. For example, if the " @@ -18775,7 +18892,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14228 +#: freeculture.xml:14326 msgid "" "This system would also create an incentive for publishers to keep works " "available commercially. Works that are available commercially would not be " @@ -18788,7 +18905,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14238 +#: freeculture.xml:14336 msgid "" "The hard case is content of types A and B, and again, this case is hard only " "because the extent of the problem will change over time, as the technologies " @@ -18799,14 +18916,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14246 +#: freeculture.xml:14344 msgid "" "So here's a solution that will at first seem very strange to both sides in " "this war, but which upon reflection, I suggest, should make some sense." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14250 +#: freeculture.xml:14348 msgid "" "Stripped of the rhetoric about the sanctity of property, the basic claim of " "the content industry is this: A new technology (the Internet) has harmed a " @@ -18820,7 +18937,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 306 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14261 +#: freeculture.xml:14359 msgid "" "I love the Internet, and so I don't like likening it to tobacco or " "asbestos. But the analogy is a fair one from the perspective of the law. " @@ -18831,22 +18948,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14306 +#: freeculture.xml:14408 msgid "Fisher, William" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14308 freeculture.xml:14334 +#: freeculture.xml:14410 freeculture.xml:14437 msgid "Promises to Keep (Fisher)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14273 +#: freeculture.xml:14371 msgid "" -"William Fisher, <citetitle>Digital Music: Problems and " -"Possibilities</citetitle> (last revised: 10 October 2000), available at " -"<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #77</ulink>; William " -"Fisher, <citetitle>Promises to Keep: Technology, Law, and the Future of " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> William Fisher, " +"<citetitle>Digital Music: Problems and Possibilities</citetitle> (last " +"revised: 10 October 2000), available at <ulink " +"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #77</ulink>; William Fisher, " +"<citetitle>Promises to Keep: Technology, Law, and the Future of " "Entertainment</citetitle> (forthcoming) (Stanford: Stanford University " "Press, 2004), ch. 6, available at <ulink " "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #78</ulink>. Professor Netanel " @@ -18877,12 +18995,12 @@ msgid "" "more popular artists would get more than the less popular. As is typical " "with Stallman, his proposal predates the current debate by about a " "decade. See <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #85</ulink>. " -"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " -"id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>" +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14269 +#: freeculture.xml:14367 msgid "" "The idea would be a modification of a proposal that has been floated by " "Harvard law professor William Fisher.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -18897,7 +19015,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14321 +#: freeculture.xml:14424 msgid "" "Fisher's proposal is careful and comprehensive. It raises a million " "questions, most of which he answers well in his upcoming book, " @@ -18916,7 +19034,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 307 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14337 +#: freeculture.xml:14444 msgid "" "Fisher would balk at the idea of allowing the system to lapse. His aim is " "not just to ensure that artists are paid, but also to ensure that the system " @@ -18929,7 +19047,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14351 +#: freeculture.xml:14458 msgid "" "No doubt it would be difficult to calculate the proper measure of " "<quote>harm</quote> to an industry. But the difficulty of making that " @@ -18947,7 +19065,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14366 +#: freeculture.xml:14474 msgid "" "This competition has already occurred against the background of " "<quote>free</quote> music from p2p systems. As the sellers of cable " @@ -18963,7 +19081,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14378 +#: freeculture.xml:14486 msgid "" "This regime of competition, with a backstop to assure that artists don't " "lose, would facilitate a great deal of innovation in the delivery of " @@ -18974,13 +19092,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14387 +#: freeculture.xml:14495 msgid "In summary, then, my proposal is this:" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 308 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14392 +#: freeculture.xml:14500 msgid "" "The Internet is in transition. We should not be regulating a technology in " "transition. We should instead be regulating to minimize the harm to " @@ -18989,19 +19107,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14399 +#: freeculture.xml:14507 msgid "We can minimize that harm while maximizing the benefit to innovation by" msgstr "" #. 1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14405 +#: freeculture.xml:14513 msgid "guaranteeing the right to engage in type D sharing;" msgstr "" #. 2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14409 +#: freeculture.xml:14517 msgid "" "permitting noncommercial type C sharing without liability, and commercial " "type C sharing at a low and fixed rate set by statute;" @@ -19009,14 +19127,14 @@ msgstr "" #. 3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14415 +#: freeculture.xml:14523 msgid "" "while in this transition, taxing and compensating for type A sharing, to the " "extent actual harm is demonstrated." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14420 +#: freeculture.xml:14528 msgid "" "But what if <quote>piracy</quote> doesn't disappear? What if there is a " "competitive market providing content at a low cost, but a significant number " @@ -19025,7 +19143,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14426 +#: freeculture.xml:14534 msgid "" "Yes, it should. But, again, what it should do depends upon how the facts " "develop. These changes may not eliminate type A sharing. But the real issue " @@ -19042,7 +19160,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 309 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14440 +#: freeculture.xml:14548 msgid "" "But we're a long way away from whittling the problem down to this subset of " "type A sharers. And our focus until we're there should not be on finding " @@ -19052,12 +19170,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14451 +#: freeculture.xml:14559 msgid "5. Fire Lots of Lawyers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14453 +#: freeculture.xml:14561 msgid "" "I'm a lawyer. I make lawyers for a living. I believe in the law. I believe " "in the law of copyright. Indeed, I have devoted my life to working in law, " @@ -19066,7 +19184,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14459 +#: freeculture.xml:14567 msgid "" "Yet much of this book has been a criticism of lawyers, or the role lawyers " "have played in this debate. The law speaks to ideals, but it is my view that " @@ -19077,7 +19195,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f10. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14476 +#: freeculture.xml:14584 msgid "" "Lawrence Lessig, <quote>Copyright's First Amendment</quote> (Melville " "B. Nimmer Memorial Lecture), <citetitle>UCLA Law Review</citetitle> 48 " @@ -19085,7 +19203,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14467 +#: freeculture.xml:14575 msgid "" "The evidence of this bending is compelling. I'm attacked as a " "<quote>radical</quote> by many within the profession, yet the positions that " @@ -19098,7 +19216,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14482 +#: freeculture.xml:14590 msgid "" "However, my criticism of the role that lawyers have played in this debate is " "not just about a professional bias. It is more importantly about our failure " @@ -19106,7 +19224,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14492 +#: freeculture.xml:14600 msgid "" "A good example is the work of Professor Stan Liebowitz. Liebowitz is to be " "commended for his careful review of data about infringement, leading him to " @@ -19126,7 +19244,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14487 +#: freeculture.xml:14595 msgid "" "Economists are supposed to be good at reckoning costs and benefits. But " "more often than not, economists, with no clue about how the legal system " @@ -19138,7 +19256,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 310 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14516 +#: freeculture.xml:14624 msgid "" "But the legal system doesn't work. Or more accurately, it doesn't work for " "anyone except those with the most resources. Not because the system is " @@ -19148,7 +19266,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14524 +#: freeculture.xml:14632 msgid "" "These costs distort free culture in many ways. A lawyer's time is billed at " "the largest firms at more than $400 per hour. How much time should such a " @@ -19161,7 +19279,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14534 +#: freeculture.xml:14642 msgid "" "The costliness and clumsiness and randomness of this system mock our " "tradition. And lawyers, as well as academics, should consider it their duty " @@ -19172,7 +19290,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14542 +#: freeculture.xml:14650 msgid "" "But until that reform is complete, we as a society should keep the law away " "from areas that we know it will only harm. And that is precisely what the " @@ -19180,7 +19298,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14548 +#: freeculture.xml:14656 msgid "" "Think about the amazing things your kid could do or make with digital " "technology—the film, the music, the Web page, the blog. Or think about " @@ -19193,7 +19311,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 311 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14557 +#: freeculture.xml:14665 msgid "" "The law should regulate in certain areas of culture—but it should " "regulate culture only where that regulation does good. Yet lawyers rarely " @@ -19203,7 +19321,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14566 +#: freeculture.xml:14674 msgid "" "We should ask, <quote>Why?</quote> Show me why your regulation of culture is " "needed. Show me how it does good. And until you can show me both, keep your " @@ -19211,12 +19329,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14575 +#: freeculture.xml:14683 msgid "NOTES" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14577 +#: freeculture.xml:14685 msgid "" "Throughout this text, there are references to links on the World Wide " "Web. As anyone who has tried to use the Web knows, these links can be highly " @@ -19230,12 +19348,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14592 +#: freeculture.xml:14700 msgid "ACKNOWLEDGMENTS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14594 +#: freeculture.xml:14702 msgid "" "This book is the product of a long and as yet unsuccessful struggle that " "began when I read of Eric Eldred's war to keep books free. Eldred's work " @@ -19244,7 +19362,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14601 +#: freeculture.xml:14709 msgid "" "I received guidance in various places from friends and academics, including " "Glenn Brown, Peter DiCola, Jennifer Mnookin, Richard Posner, Mark Rose, and " @@ -19260,7 +19378,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 337 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14614 +#: freeculture.xml:14722 msgid "" "Yuko Noguchi helped me to understand the laws of Japan as well as its " "culture. I am thankful to her, and to the many in Japan who helped me " @@ -19273,7 +19391,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14625 +#: freeculture.xml:14733 msgid "" "These are the traditional sorts of help that academics regularly draw " "upon. But in addition to them, the Internet has made it possible to receive " @@ -19295,7 +19413,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14645 +#: freeculture.xml:14753 msgid "" "Richard Stallman and Michael Carroll each read the whole book in draft, and " "each provided extremely helpful correction and advice. Michael helped me to " @@ -19306,7 +19424,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14654 +#: freeculture.xml:14762 msgid "" "Finally, and forever, I am thankful to Bettina, who has always insisted that " "there would be unending happiness away from these battles, and who has "