msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: Free Culture by Lawrence Lessig\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-09-08 22:57+0300\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-09-10 23:02+0300\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2012-08-29 11:14+0200\n"
"Last-Translator: Petter Reinholdtsen <pere@hungry.com>\n"
"Language-Team: Norwegian Bokmål <i18n-nb@lister.ping.uio.no>\n"
msgid "First Amendment to"
msgstr "Første tillegg til"
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><
section><indexterm><primary>
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
msgid "copyright law"
msgstr "åndsverkslov"
msgid "efficient content distribution on"
msgstr "effektiv innholdsdistribusjon på"
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><
section><indexterm><primary>
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
msgid "peer-to-peer (p2p) file sharing"
msgstr "peer-to-peer(p2p)-fildeling"
msgid "copyright purpose established in"
msgstr "opphavsrett formål som er etablert i"
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "Progress Clause of"
msgstr "fremdrift-setningsdelen i"
msgid "constitutional tradition on"
msgstr "konstitusjonelle formålet med"
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><
section><indexterm><primary>
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "Progress Clause"
msgstr "handel-setningsdelen i"
"publication—is effectively free."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "copyright terms extended by"
msgstr "opphavsrett hensikt endret av"
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "term extensions in"
msgstr "sikt utvidelser i"
msgid "Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA) (1998)"
msgstr "Sonny bono opphavsrett begrepet filtypen handle (ctea) (1998)"
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "future patents vs. future copyrights in"
msgstr "fremtidige patenter vs. fremtidige opphavsrettigheter i"
msgid "patents"
msgstr "patenter"
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
msgid "in public domain"
msgstr "i allemannseie (public domain)"
msgid "CHAPTER THIRTEEN: Eldred"
msgstr "Kapittel tretten: Eldred"
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Eldred, Eric"
+msgstr "Eldred, Eric"
+
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Hawthorne, Nathaniel"
msgstr "Hawthorne, Nathaniel"
"explanatory text, would make this nineteenth-century author's work come "
"alive."
msgstr ""
-"<emphasis role='strong'>I 1995</emphasis> var en far frustrert over "
-"at hans døtre ikke syntes å like Hawthorne. Det var uten tvil mer enn "
-"en slik far, men i hvert fall en gjorde noe med det. Eric Eldred, en "
-"pensjonert dataprogrammerer som bodde i New Hampshire, bestemte seg "
-"for å putte Hawthorne på nettet. En elektronisk versjon, tenkte "
-"Eldred, med lenker til bilder og forklarende tekst, ville gjøre denne "
-"nittenhundretalls-forfatterens verk mer levende."
+"<emphasis role='strong'>I 1995</emphasis> var en far frustrert over at hans "
+"døtre ikke syntes å like Hawthorne. Det var uten tvil mer enn en slik far, "
+"men i hvert fall en gjorde noe med det. Eric Eldred, en pensjonert "
+"dataprogrammerer som bodde i New Hampshire, bestemte seg for å putte "
+"Hawthorne på nettet. En elektronisk versjon, tenkte Eldred, med lenker til "
+"bilder og forklarende tekst, ville gjøre denne nittenhundretalls-"
+"forfatterens verk mer levende."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+msgid "of public-domain literature"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+msgid "library of works derived from"
+msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"domain works by scanning these works and making them available for free."
msgstr ""
"Det virket ikke—i hvert fall ikke for hans døtre. De fant ikke "
-"Hawthorne noe mer interessant enn tidligere. Men Eldreds eksperiment "
-"ga opphavet til en hobby, og hobbyen hans ga opphav til et kall: "
-"Eldred ville lage et bibliotek over verk i det fri ved å scanne disse "
-"og gjøre dem gratis tilgjengelig."
+"Hawthorne noe mer interessant enn tidligere. Men Eldreds eksperiment ga "
+"opphavet til en hobby, og hobbyen hans ga opphav til et kall: Eldred ville "
+"lage et bibliotek over verk i det fri ved å scanne disse og gjøre dem gratis "
+"tilgjengelig."
#. PAGE BREAK 221
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
"transformed Hawthorne, and many others, into a form more accessible—"
"technically accessible—today."
msgstr ""
-"Biblioteket til Eldred var ikke bare en kopi av visse verk i det fri, "
-"selv om en kopi ville vært av stor verdi for folk rundt om i verden "
-"som ikke kan få tilgang til papirutgaver av disse verkene. I stedet "
-"laget Eldred avledede verk fra disse allemannseide verkene. På samme "
-"måte som Disney gjorde Grimm om til historier som var mer "
-"tilgjengelige i det tjuende århundret, formet Eldred om på Hawthorne "
-"og mange andre til noe mer tilgjengelig—teknisk "
-"tilgjengelig—i dag."
+"Biblioteket til Eldred var ikke bare en kopi av visse verk i det fri, selv "
+"om en kopi ville vært av stor verdi for folk rundt om i verden som ikke kan "
+"få tilgang til papirutgaver av disse verkene. I stedet laget Eldred "
+"avledede verk fra disse allemannseide verkene. På samme måte som Disney "
+"gjorde Grimm om til historier som var mer tilgjengelige i det tjuende "
+"århundret, formet Eldred om på Hawthorne og mange andre til noe mer "
+"tilgjengelig—teknisk tilgjengelig—i dag."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Scarlet Letter, The (Hawthorne)"
+msgstr "Scarlet Letter, The (Hawthorne)"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"Planet</citetitle>). These are all commercial publications of public domain "
"works."
msgstr ""
-"Eldreds frihet til å gjøre dette med Hawthornes verk kom fra samme "
-"kilde som Disneys. Hawthornes <citetitle>Scarlet Letter</citetitle> "
-"hadde falt i det fri i 1907. Alle hadde frihet til å ta det uten "
-"tillatelse fra boet etter Hawthorne eller noen andre. Noen, slik som "
-"Dover Press og Penguin Classics, tar verk som er falt i det fri og "
-"lager papirutgaver som de selger i bokhandler rundt om i landet. "
-"Andre, slik som Disney, tar disse historiene og gjør dem om til "
-"tegnefilmer. Noen ganger med suksess "
-"((<citetitle>Askepott</citetitle>) og noen ganger uten "
-"(<citetitle>Ringeren i Notre Dame</citetitle>, <citetitle>Treasure "
-"Planet</citetitle>). Disse er alle kommersielle publiseringer av verk "
-"i det fri."
+"Eldreds frihet til å gjøre dette med Hawthornes verk kom fra samme kilde som "
+"Disneys. Hawthornes <citetitle>Scarlet Letter</citetitle> hadde falt i det "
+"fri i 1907. Alle hadde frihet til å ta det uten tillatelse fra boet etter "
+"Hawthorne eller noen andre. Noen, slik som Dover Press og Penguin Classics, "
+"tar verk som er falt i det fri og lager papirutgaver som de selger i "
+"bokhandler rundt om i landet. Andre, slik som Disney, tar disse historiene "
+"og gjør dem om til tegnefilmer. Noen ganger med suksess "
+"((<citetitle>Askepott</citetitle>) og noen ganger uten (<citetitle>Ringeren "
+"i Notre Dame</citetitle>, <citetitle>Treasure Planet</citetitle>). Disse er "
+"alle kommersielle publiseringer av verk i det fri."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
msgid "pornography"
"dedicated to spreading culture generally.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id="
"\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-"Internettet skapte muligheten for ikke-kommersiell publisering av "
-"verk i det fri. Eldreds publisering er bare ett eksempel. Det finnes "
-"bokstavlig talt tusenvis andre. Hundretusenvis rundt om i verden har "
-"oppdaget denne platformen for å uttrykke seg og bruker den til å dele "
-"verk som, i følge loven, kan tas fritt. Dette har skapt det vi kan "
-"kalle den <quote>ikkekommersielle utgiverindustrien</quote>, hvilket "
-"før internettet var begrenset til folk med store ego eller med "
-"politiske eller sosiale kall. Men med internettet inkluderer det en "
-"lang rekke med individer og grupper som er dedikert til å spre kultur "
-"generelt.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"Internettet skapte muligheten for ikke-kommersiell publisering av verk i det "
+"fri. Eldreds publisering er bare ett eksempel. Det finnes bokstavlig talt "
+"tusenvis andre. Hundretusenvis rundt om i verden har oppdaget denne "
+"platformen for å uttrykke seg og bruker den til å dele verk som, i følge "
+"loven, kan tas fritt. Dette har skapt det vi kan kalle den "
+"<quote>ikkekommersielle utgiverindustrien</quote>, hvilket før internettet "
+"var begrenset til folk med store ego eller med politiske eller sosiale "
+"kall. Men med internettet inkluderer det en lang rekke med individer og "
+"grupper som er dedikert til å spre kultur generelt.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Frost, Robert"
+msgstr "Frost, Robert"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "New Hampshire (Frost)"
+msgstr "New Hampshire (Frost)"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"period, more than 1 million patents will pass into the public domain."
msgstr ""
"Som jeg sa, bor Eldred i New Hapshire. I 1998 skulle diktsamlingen "
-"<citetitle>New Hampshire</citetitle> av Robert Frost falle i det fri. "
-"Eldred ønsket å legge den samlingen til i hans fritt tilgjengelige "
-"bibliotek. Men kongressen kom i veien. Som jeg beskrev i kapittel "
-"<xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"property-i\"/>, "
-"utvidet kongressen for ellevte gang på førti år, vernetiden for "
-"eksisterende opphavsrett—denne gang med tjue år. Eldred ville "
-"ikke stå fritt til å legge inn verker nyere enn 1923 til sin samlig "
-"før 2019. Faktisk vil ikke et eneste opphavsrettsbeskyttet verk "
-"falle i det fri før det året (og ikke en gang da, hvis kongressen "
-"utvidet vernetiden igjen). Som kontrast ville mer enn en million "
-"patenter falle i det fri i samme periode."
+"<citetitle>New Hampshire</citetitle> av Robert Frost falle i det fri. Eldred "
+"ønsket å legge den samlingen til i hans fritt tilgjengelige bibliotek. Men "
+"kongressen kom i veien. Som jeg beskrev i kapittel <xref xrefstyle="
+"\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"property-i\"/>, utvidet kongressen for "
+"ellevte gang på førti år, vernetiden for eksisterende opphavsrett—"
+"denne gang med tjue år. Eldred ville ikke stå fritt til å legge inn verker "
+"nyere enn 1923 til sin samlig før 2019. Faktisk vil ikke et eneste "
+"opphavsrettsbeskyttet verk falle i det fri før det året (og ikke en gang da, "
+"hvis kongressen utvidet vernetiden igjen). Som kontrast ville mer enn en "
+"million patenter falle i det fri i samme periode."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Bono, Mary"
"Mary Bono, says, believed that <quote>copyrights should be forever.</"
"quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-"Dette var Sonny Bono utvidelse av opphavsrettsvernetid-loven (CTEA), "
-"lagt frem til minne om kongressrepresentant og tidligere musiker Sonny "
-"Bony, som i følge hans enke Mari Bony mente at <quote>opphavsreten bør "
-"vare evig</quote>.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"Dette var Sonny Bono utvidelse av opphavsrettsvernetid-loven (CTEA), lagt "
+"frem til minne om kongressrepresentant og tidligere musiker Sonny Bony, som "
+"i følge hans enke Mari Bony mente at <quote>opphavsreten bør vare evig</"
+"quote>.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+msgid "felony punishment for infringement of"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "NET (No Electronic Theft) Act (1998)"
+msgstr "NET(Nei til Elektronisk Tyveri)-loven (1998)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "No Electronic Theft (NET) Act (1998)"
+msgstr "Nei til Elektronisk Tyveri(NET)-loven (1998)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+msgid "felony punishments for"
+msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"dangerous strategy for a disabled programmer to undertake."
msgstr ""
"Eldred bestemte seg for å sloss mot denne loven. Han valgte først å "
-"bekjempe den gjennom sivil ulydighet. I en serie intervjuer "
-"annonserte Eldred at han kom til å publisere som planlagt, på tross av "
-"CTEA. Men på grunn av en annen lov som ble vedtatt i 1998, NET-loven "
-"(Nei til Elektronisk Tyveri), så ville det å publisere gjøre Eldred "
-"til en kriminell—uanset om noen protesteret eller ikke. Dette "
-"var en varlig strategi å gjennomføre for en handikappet programmerer."
+"bekjempe den gjennom sivil ulydighet. I en serie intervjuer annonserte "
+"Eldred at han kom til å publisere som planlagt, på tross av CTEA. Men på "
+"grunn av en annen lov som ble vedtatt i 1998, NET-loven (Nei til Elektronisk "
+"Tyveri), så ville det å publisere gjøre Eldred til en kriminell—uanset "
+"om noen protesteret eller ikke. Dette var en varlig strategi å gjennomføre "
+"for en handikappet programmerer."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#, mtrans, fuzzy
+msgid "constitutional powers of"
+msgstr "konstitusjonelle formålet med"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+msgid "Eldred case involvement of"
+msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"Progress Clause of the Constitution, it had always struck me as importantly "
"different. As you know, the Constitution says,"
msgstr ""
-"Det var her jeg ble involvert i Eldreds kamp. Jeg var en "
-"grunnlovsforsker hvis første lidenskap var grunnlovstolkning. Og selv "
-"om grunnlovskursene aldri fokuserer på <quote>fremme</quote>-delen av grunnloven, "
-"så har det at den er forskjellig fra resten alltid slått meg som "
-"viktig. Som du vet sier grunnloven følgende,"
+"Det var her jeg ble involvert i Eldreds kamp. Jeg var en grunnlovsforsker "
+"hvis første lidenskap var grunnlovstolkning. Og selv om grunnlovskursene "
+"aldri fokuserer på <quote>fremme</quote>-delen av grunnloven, så har det at "
+"den er forskjellig fra resten alltid slått meg som viktig. Som du vet sier "
+"grunnloven følgende,"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
msgid ""
"securing for limited Times to Authors … exclusive Right to their "
"… Writings. …"
msgstr ""
-"Kongressen har myndighet til å fremme utviklingen av "
-"vitenskapen…ved å gi forfattere, i et begrenset tidsrom, "
-"… eksklusive rettigheter til sine … skrifter. …"
+"Kongressen har myndighet til å fremme utviklingen av vitenskapen…ved "
+"å gi forfattere, i et begrenset tidsrom, … eksklusive rettigheter til "
+"sine … skrifter. …"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
"to pay a great deal of money to see their copyright terms extended. And so "
"Congress is quite happy to keep this gravy train going."
msgstr ""
-"Som akademiker var min første reaksjon å vende meg til bøkene. Jeg "
-"husker at jeg satt sent på kontoret og søkte gjennom nett-databaser "
-"for enhver seriøs vurdering av spørsmålet. Ingen hadde noen gang "
-"utfordret kongressens praksis med å utvide eksisterende perioder. Den "
-"feilen kan være deler av årsaken til at kongressen virket så ubekymret "
-"i sin praksis. Det, og daktumet at denne praksisen hadde blitt så "
-"lukrativ for konressen. Kongressen vet at opphavsrettseiere vil være "
-"villig til å betale mye penger for å se utvidelser i vernetiden for "
-"opphavsretten. Og dermed er kongressen ganske fornøyd med å fortsatt "
-"kunne få disse lettjente pengene."
+"Som akademiker var min første reaksjon å vende meg til bøkene. Jeg husker "
+"at jeg satt sent på kontoret og søkte gjennom nett-databaser for enhver "
+"seriøs vurdering av spørsmålet. Ingen hadde noen gang utfordret kongressens "
+"praksis med å utvide eksisterende perioder. Den feilen kan være deler av "
+"årsaken til at kongressen virket så ubekymret i sin praksis. Det, og "
+"daktumet at denne praksisen hadde blitt så lukrativ for konressen. "
+"Kongressen vet at opphavsrettseiere vil være villig til å betale mye penger "
+"for å se utvidelser i vernetiden for opphavsretten. Og dermed er kongressen "
+"ganske fornøyd med å fortsatt kunne få disse lettjente pengene."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
"of copyright, since no publisher would pay the estate any money if the poems "
"Frost wrote could be published by anyone for free."
msgstr ""
-"Hvis det ikke er åpenbart for deg, vurder følgnede: La oss si at du "
-"er en av de heldige få opphavsrettseierne hvis opphavsrett fortsetter "
-"å skaffe penger ett hundre år etter at den ble tildelt. Boet etter "
-"Robert Frost er et godt eksempel. Frost døde i 1963. Hans poesi "
-"forsetter å væræ svært verdifull. Dermed har boet etter Robert Frost "
-"store fordeler av en utvidelse av opphavsretten, siden ingen utgiver "
-"ville betale boet penger hvis diktene Frost skrev kunne gis gratis ut "
-"av enhver."
+"Hvis det ikke er åpenbart for deg, vurder følgnede: La oss si at du er en av "
+"de heldige få opphavsrettseierne hvis opphavsrett fortsetter å skaffe penger "
+"ett hundre år etter at den ble tildelt. Boet etter Robert Frost er et godt "
+"eksempel. Frost døde i 1963. Hans poesi forsetter å væræ svært verdifull. "
+"Dermed har boet etter Robert Frost store fordeler av en utvidelse av "
+"opphavsretten, siden ingen utgiver ville betale boet penger hvis diktene "
+"Frost skrev kunne gis gratis ut av enhver."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"You sit on the board of the Robert Frost estate. Your financial adviser "
"comes to your board meeting with a very grim report:"
msgstr ""
-"Forestill deg så at boet etter Robert Frost tjener $100 000 hvert "
-"år fra tre av diktene til Frist. Og forestill deg så at disse diktene "
-"snart faller i det fri. Du sitter i styret for boet etter Robert "
-"Frost. Din økonomirådgiver kommer til styremøtet med en veldig dyster "
-"rapport:"
+"Forestill deg så at boet etter Robert Frost tjener $100 000 hvert år "
+"fra tre av diktene til Frist. Og forestill deg så at disse diktene snart "
+"faller i det fri. Du sitter i styret for boet etter Robert Frost. Din "
+"økonomirådgiver kommer til styremøtet med en veldig dyster rapport:"
#. PAGE BREAK 224
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
"longer be receiving the annual royalty check of $100,000 from the publishers "
"of those works.</quote>"
msgstr ""
-"<quote>Neste år</quote>, kunngjør rådgiveren, <quote>vil verkene A, B "
-"og C falle i det fri. Det betyr at etter neste år vil vi ikke lenger "
-"motta den årlige vederlags-sjekken på $100 000 fra utgiverne av "
-"disse verkene.</quote>"
+"<quote>Neste år</quote>, kunngjør rådgiveren, <quote>vil verkene A, B og C "
+"falle i det fri. Det betyr at etter neste år vil vi ikke lenger motta den "
+"årlige vederlags-sjekken på $100 000 fra utgiverne av disse verkene.</"
+"quote>"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"extend the terms of copyright by twenty years. That bill would be "
"extraordinarily valuable to us. So we should hope this bill passes.</quote>"
msgstr ""
-"<quote>Men det er et forslag i kongressen</quote>, forsetter hun, "
-"<quote>som kan endre dette. Noen kongressrepresentanter har lansert "
-"et lovforslag om å utvide vernetiden i opphavsretten med tjue år. Det "
-"forslaget vil være ekstremt verdifullt for oss. Så vi bør håpe at den "
-"loven blir vedtatt.</quote>"
+"<quote>Men det er et forslag i kongressen</quote>, forsetter hun, <quote>som "
+"kan endre dette. Noen kongressrepresentanter har lansert et lovforslag om å "
+"utvide vernetiden i opphavsretten med tjue år. Det forslaget vil være "
+"ekstremt verdifullt for oss. Så vi bør håpe at den loven blir vedtatt.</"
+"quote>"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"<quote>Hope?</quote> a fellow board member says. <quote>Can't we be doing "
"something about it?</quote>"
msgstr ""
-"<quote>Håpe?</quote>, sier en kollega i styret. <quote>Kan vi ikke "
-"gjøre mer enn det?</quote>"
+"<quote>Håpe?</quote>, sier en kollega i styret. <quote>Kan vi ikke gjøre "
+"mer enn det?</quote>"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"contribute to the campaigns of a number of representatives to try to assure "
"that they support the bill.</quote>"
msgstr ""
-"<quote>Vel, jo, selvfølgelig</quote>, svarer rådgiveren. <quote>Vi "
-"kan bidra til valgkampanjene til et antall representanter for å "
-"forsøke å sikre at de vil støtte lovforslaget.</quote>"
+"<quote>Vel, jo, selvfølgelig</quote>, svarer rådgiveren. <quote>Vi kan "
+"bidra til valgkampanjene til et antall representanter for å forsøke å sikre "
+"at de vil støtte lovforslaget.</quote>"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"if this extension were passed?</quote> you ask the adviser. <quote>How much "
"is it worth?</quote>"
msgstr ""
-"Du hater politikk. Du hater å bidra til valgkampanjer. Så du ønsker "
-"å vite hvorvidt denne motbydelige praksisen er verdt det. <quote>Hvor "
-"mye vil vi få hvis denne utvidelsen blir vedtatt?</quote> spør du "
-"rådgiveren. <quote>Hvor mye er det verdt?</quote>"
+"Du hater politikk. Du hater å bidra til valgkampanjer. Så du ønsker å vite "
+"hvorvidt denne motbydelige praksisen er verdt det. <quote>Hvor mye vil vi "
+"få hvis denne utvidelsen blir vedtatt?</quote> spør du rådgiveren. "
+"<quote>Hvor mye er det verdt?</quote>"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"use the `discount rate' that we use to evaluate estate investments (6 "
"percent), then this law would be worth $1,146,000 to the estate.</quote>"
msgstr ""
-"<quote>Vel</quote>, sier rådgiveren og fortsetter. <quote>Hvis du er "
-"sikker på at du vil fortsette å få minst $100 000 i året for "
-"disse opphavsrettene, og du bruker samme "
-"<quote>diskonteringssats</quote> som vi bruker for å vurdere "
-"eiendomsinvesteringer (6 prosent), så vil denne loven være verdt "
-"$1 146 000 til boet.</quote>"
+"<quote>Vel</quote>, sier rådgiveren og fortsetter. <quote>Hvis du er sikker "
+"på at du vil fortsette å få minst $100 000 i året for disse "
+"opphavsrettene, og du bruker samme <quote>diskonteringssats</quote> som vi "
+"bruker for å vurdere eiendomsinvesteringer (6 prosent), så vil denne loven "
+"være verdt $1 146 000 til boet.</quote>"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"You're a bit shocked by the number, but you quickly come to the correct "
"conclusion:"
msgstr ""
-"Du blir litt sjokkert over tallet, men du kommer raskt frem til "
-"riktig konklusjon:"
+"Du blir litt sjokkert over tallet, men du kommer raskt frem til riktig "
+"konklusjon:"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"you to contribute up to the `present value' of the income you expect from "
"these copyrights. Which for us means over $1,000,000.</quote>"
msgstr ""
-"<quote>Aboslutt</quote>, svarer rådgiveren. <quote>Det er verdt det "
-"hvis du bidrar med opp til dagens verdi av inntektene du forventer fra "
-"disse opphavsrettene. Hvilket for oss betyr over "
-"$1 000 000.</quote>"
+"<quote>Aboslutt</quote>, svarer rådgiveren. <quote>Det er verdt det hvis du "
+"bidrar med opp til dagens verdi av inntektene du forventer fra disse "
+"opphavsrettene. Hvilket for oss betyr over $1 000 000.</quote>"
#. PAGE BREAK 225
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
"expire, there is a massive amount of lobbying to get the copyright term "
"extended."
msgstr ""
-"Du tar raskt poenget—du som medlem av styret og, regner jeg "
-"med, du som leser. Hver gang opphavsretten holder på å løpe ut, har "
-"hver eneste mottaker i samme posisjon som boet etter Robert Frost det "
-"samme valget: Hvis de bidrar til å få en lov vedtatt som utvider "
-"opphavsretten så vil de ha stor nytte av den utvidelsen. Så hver "
-"eneste gang opphavsretten er i ferd med å løpe ut, så er det en massiv "
-"lobbyering for å få opphavsrettsvernetiden utvidet."
+"Du tar raskt poenget—du som medlem av styret og, regner jeg med, du "
+"som leser. Hver gang opphavsretten holder på å løpe ut, har hver eneste "
+"mottaker i samme posisjon som boet etter Robert Frost det samme valget: Hvis "
+"de bidrar til å få en lov vedtatt som utvider opphavsretten så vil de ha "
+"stor nytte av den utvidelsen. Så hver eneste gang opphavsretten er i ferd "
+"med å løpe ut, så er det en massiv lobbyering for å få "
+"opphavsrettsvernetiden utvidet."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"bought (albeit indirectly), there will be all the incentive in the world to "
"buy further extensions of copyright."
msgstr ""
-"Dermed har vi en kongressbasert evighetsmaskin: Så lenge lovgiving "
-"kan kjøpes (riktignok indirekte), så vil det være alle insentiver i "
-"verden for å kjøpe ytterligere utvidelser av opphavsretten."
+"Dermed har vi en kongressbasert evighetsmaskin: Så lenge lovgiving kan "
+"kjøpes (riktignok indirekte), så vil det være alle insentiver i verden for å "
+"kjøpe ytterligere utvidelser av opphavsretten."
#. f3.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
"id=\"1\"/> Disney is estimated to have contributed more than $800,000 to "
"reelection campaigns in the cycle.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/>"
msgstr ""
-"I lobbyeringen som førte til at Sonny Bono utvidelse av "
-"opphavsrettsvernetid-loven ble vedtatt ble denne "
-"<quote>teorien</quote> om insentiver bevist å være riktig. Ti av de "
-"tretten originale sponsorene til oven i overhuset mottok maksimalt "
-"bidrag fra Disneys politiske handlingskomite. I senatet mottok åtte "
-"av de tolv sponsorene bidrag.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> "
-"RIAA og MPAA er estimert å ha brukt mer enn $1,5 lobby-millioner i "
-"1998-valgperioden. De betalte ut mer enn $200 000 i "
-"kampanjebidrag.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Disney er "
-"estimert å ha bidratt med mer enn $800 000 i "
-"gjenvelgelseskampaner den perioden.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
-"id=\"2\"/>"
+"I lobbyeringen som førte til at Sonny Bono utvidelse av opphavsrettsvernetid-"
+"loven ble vedtatt ble denne <quote>teorien</quote> om insentiver bevist å "
+"være riktig. Ti av de tretten originale sponsorene til oven i overhuset "
+"mottok maksimalt bidrag fra Disneys politiske handlingskomite. I senatet "
+"mottok åtte av de tolv sponsorene bidrag.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id="
+"\"0\"/> RIAA og MPAA er estimert å ha brukt mer enn $1,5 lobby-millioner i "
+"1998-valgperioden. De betalte ut mer enn $200 000 i kampanjebidrag."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Disney er estimert å ha bidratt "
+"med mer enn $800 000 i gjenvelgelseskampaner den perioden.<placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/>"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
"hevdet mange tilfeller i domstol, og som hadde informert oss tidlig om en "
"første endring strategi; og endelig, tidligere advokat general charles stekt."
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#, mtrans, fuzzy
-msgid "constitutional powers of"
-msgstr "konstitusjonelle formålet med"
-
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
msgid "Commerce Clause of"
"been extending the term of existing copyrights. So, the government argued, "
"the Court should not now say that practice is unconstitutional."
msgstr ""
-"<emphasis role='strong'>Argumentet</emphasis> på regjerningens side kokte ned "
-"til dette: Kongressen har gjort det før, og bør få lov til å gjøre det "
+"<emphasis role='strong'>Argumentet</emphasis> på regjerningens side kokte "
+"ned til dette: Kongressen har gjort det før, og bør få lov til å gjøre det "
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-"grunnloven."
+"vernetiden til eksisterende opphavsrett. Derfor, argumenterte regjeringen, "
+"burde ikke retten nå si at praksisen var i strid med grunnloven."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"course, in 1962, Congress began extending existing terms regularly—"
"eleven times in forty years."
msgstr ""
-"Det var noe sant i regjeringens påstand, men ikke mye. Vi var helt "
-"klart enig i at kongressen hadde utvidet verntiden i 1831 og i 1909. "
-"Og i 1962, selvfølgelig, begynte kongressen regelmessig å utvide "
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+"Det var noe sant i regjeringens påstand, men ikke mye. Vi var helt klart "
+"enig i at kongressen hadde utvidet verntiden i 1831 og i 1909. Og i 1962, "
+"selvfølgelig, begynte kongressen regelmessig å utvide eksisterende "
+"vernetid—elleve ganger på førti år."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
"volunteered to help in the case. Such <quote>moots</quote> are basically "
"practice rounds, where wannabe justices fire questions at wannabe winners."
msgstr ""
-"<emphasis role='strong'>Muntlig argumentasjon</emphasis> var fastsatt "
-"til første uke i oktober. Jeg ankom D.C. to uker før dette. I løpet "
-"av disse to ukene ble jeg gang på gang <quote>opponert</quote> av "
-"advokater som hadde meldt seg frivillig til å hjelpe til i saken. "
-"Slike <quote>opponeringsøkter</quote> er i grunnen øvelsesrunder hvor "
-"de som vil være dommere fyrer av spørsmål mot de som vil vinne."
+"<emphasis role='strong'>Muntlig argumentasjon</emphasis> var fastsatt til "
+"første uke i oktober. Jeg ankom D.C. to uker før dette. I løpet av disse "
+"to ukene ble jeg gang på gang <quote>opponert</quote> av advokater som hadde "
+"meldt seg frivillig til å hjelpe til i saken. Slike <quote>opponeringsøkter</"
+"quote> er i grunnen øvelsesrunder hvor de som vil være dommere fyrer av "
+"spørsmål mot de som vil vinne."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"follow: Don't extend existing terms. The moots were an effective practice; I "
"found ways to take every question back to this central idea."
msgstr ""
-"Jeg var overbevist om at for å vinne, måtte jeg holde retten fokusert på "
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-"være noen grenser for myndigheten til å vedta vernetid. Å være enig "
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-"tilbake til den sentrale idéen."
+"Jeg var overbevist om at for å vinne, måtte jeg holde retten fokusert på et "
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+"regjeringen ville bety at vernetiden effektivt sett ville være uten "
+"begrensing. Å være enig med oss ville gi kongressen en klar linje å følge: "
+"Ikke utvid den eksisterende vernetiden. Opponeringsrundene var effektiv "
+"trening. Jeg fant måter å bringe hvert eneste spørsmål tilbake til den "
+"sentrale idéen."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"of the moot, he let his concern speak:"
msgstr ""
"En opponeringsrunde var foran advokatene hos Jones Day. Don Ayer var "
-"skeptikeren. Han hadde tjenestegjort i justisdepartementet under "
-"Reagen med riksadvokat Charles Fried. Han hadde presentert mange "
-"saker foran høyesterett. Og i sin oppsummering av opponeringsrunden "
-"kom han med sin bekymring:"
+"skeptikeren. Han hadde tjenestegjort i justisdepartementet under Reagen med "
+"riksadvokat Charles Fried. Han hadde presentert mange saker foran "
+"høyesterett. Og i sin oppsummering av opponeringsrunden kom han med sin "
+"bekymring:"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"harm—passionately get them to see the harm. For if they don't see "
"that, then we haven't any chance of winning.</quote>"
msgstr ""
-"<quote>Jeg er bare redd for at med mindre de virkelig ser skaden, så "
-"vil de ikke være villige til å bryte denne praksisen som regjeringen "
-"sier har vært konsistent praksis for to hundre år. Du må få dem til å "
-"se skaden—med ettertrykk få dem til å se skaden. Hvis de ikke "
-"ser den, så har vi ingen sjanse til å vinne.</quote>"
+"<quote>Jeg er bare redd for at med mindre de virkelig ser skaden, så vil de "
+"ikke være villige til å bryte denne praksisen som regjeringen sier har vært "
+"konsistent praksis for to hundre år. Du må få dem til å se skaden—med "
+"ettertrykk få dem til å se skaden. Hvis de ikke ser den, så har vi ingen "
+"sjanse til å vinne.</quote>"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
#, mtrans, fuzzy
"renounced that commitment. A better lawyer would have made them see "
"differently."
msgstr ""
-"Bildet som for alltid står inne i hodet mitt er det som ble utløst av "
-"et sitat fra <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>. At <quote>det "
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-"kultur. I den saken som jeg hadde ansvar for, ga høyesterett "
-"effektivt avkall på den forpliktelsen. En bedre advokat ville fått "
-"dem til å annerledes på det."
+"Bildet som for alltid står inne i hodet mitt er det som ble utløst av et "
+"sitat fra <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>. At <quote>det store "
+"eksperimentet</quote> vi kaller <quote>allemannseie</quote> er over? Når "
+"jeg kan ta lett på det, så tenker jeg <quote>Kjære, jeg krympet grunnloven</"
+"quote>. Men jeg klarer sjelden å ta lett på det. Vi hadde i grunnloven vår "
+"en forpliktelse til å frigjøre kultur. I den saken som jeg hadde ansvar "
+"for, ga høyesterett effektivt avkall på den forpliktelsen. En bedre advokat "
+"ville fått dem til å annerledes på det."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
msgid "CHAPTER FOURTEEN: Eldred II"
"there is no real difference between Democrats and Republicans on this issue. "
"Anyone can recognize the stupid harm of the present system."
msgstr ""
-"Reaksjonen på denne idéen var utrolig sterk. Steve Forbes gikk god "
-"for den i en leder, og jeg mottok et skred av epost og brev med "
-"støtte. Når du fokuserer temaet på tapt kreativitet, så ser folk at "
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+"i en leder, og jeg mottok et skred av epost og brev med støtte. Når du "
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+"demokrater og republikanere rundt dette temaet. Enhver kan gjenkjenne de "
+"idiotiske skadene som dagens ordning gir."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"or license their work. This system would lower these costs, by establishing "
"at least one registry where copyright owners could be identified."
msgstr ""
-"Faktisk ser mange de åpenbare fordelene med registreringskravet. For "
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+"Faktisk ser mange de åpenbare fordelene med registreringskravet. For en av "
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+"redusere disse kostnadene ved å etablere i hvert fall et register hvor "
+"opphavsrettseierene kan identifiseres."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Berlin Act (1908)"
"respect the dignity of the author. My right as a creator turns on my "
"creativity, not upon the special favor of the government."
msgstr ""
-"Som jeg beskrev i kapittel <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" "
-"linkend=\"property-i\"/> ble formaliteter fjernet fra "
-"opphavsrettsloven i 1976, da kongressen fulgte etter europeerne i å "
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+"\"property-i\"/> ble formaliteter fjernet fra opphavsrettsloven i 1976, da "
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+"opphavsretten ble innvilget.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> "
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+"skaper-rettigheter stammer fra min kreativitet, ikke noe som deles ut av "
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#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"starving widows, but also to lighten an unnecessary regulatory burden "
"imposed upon creators."
msgstr ""
-"Selv det ville dog fått motstand, på grunn av at registrering "
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+"Avviklingen av formaliteter ga ikke bare lovnad om å redde sultende enker, "
+"men også å redusere en unødvendig regulatorisk belastning som var påtvunget "
+"skapere."
#. PAGE BREAK 258
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
"that right against anyone who would steal the table, whether or not he has "
"informed the government of his ownership of the table."
msgstr ""
-"I tillegg til de praktiske klagene fra forfatterne i 1908, så var det "
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+"eierskap til bordet."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"formalities responds to the special physics of creative property, to assure "
"that it can be efficiently and fairly spread."
msgstr ""
-"Dette argumentet er riktig, men dets implikasjoner er misvisende. "
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#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"slight burden is placed on the property owner, but those burdens produce a "
"much better system of protection for property generally."
msgstr ""
-"For eksempel er det ingen som mener at landområder er annenklasses "
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#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"formalities. Complex, expensive, <emphasis>lawyer</emphasis> transactions "
"take their place. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-"Det er lignende spesielle fysiske egenskaper som gjør formaliteter "
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+"milliard steder uten at noe nødvendigvis peker tilbake til en bestemt eier. "
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+"<emphasis>advokat</emphasis>-transaksjoner trer inn i stedet. <placeholder "
+"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"would be presumptively controlled. After fourteen years, it would be "
"presumptively uncontrolled."
msgstr ""
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+"Etter fjorten år kunne en anta at det ikke var kontrollert."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"in a way that has never been seen before <emphasis>because there are no "
"formalities</emphasis>."
msgstr ""
-"Men nå når opphavsretten kan vare omtrent et århundre, så er den "
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"permission if they want to use your work. And you will get the benefit of an "
"extended copyright term."
msgstr ""
-"Eldred-loven var utformet for å svare på akkurat dette problemet. "
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#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"where anyone can copy it, or build archives with it, or create a movie based "
"on it. It should become free if it is not worth $1 to you."
msgstr ""
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+"dollar for deg."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"no longer had a commercial life, into the public domain within fifty years. "
"What do you think?"
msgstr ""
-"Det stemmer. Ekstraarbeidet er forferdelig. Systemet som finnes nå "
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+"verk, kommersielle verk som ikke lenger har et kommersielt liv, til å falle "
"i det fri etter femti år. Hva tror du?"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
"embarrassingly thin. More importantly, their thinness shows something clear "
"about what this debate is really about."
msgstr ""
-"Men på dette stadiet begynte lobbyister å bryte inn. Jack Valento og "
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+"var pinlig tynne. Enda viktigere er det at deres spinkelhet viser noe klart "
+"om hva denne debatten egentlig handler om."
#. PAGE BREAK 261
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
"the public domain. But what risk is that? If it is in the public domain, "
"then the film is a valid derivative use."
msgstr ""
-"MPAAs første argument var at kongressen <quote>bestemt hadde avvist "
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+"slags risiko er dette? Hvis den er falt i det fri, så er filmen gyldig "
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#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"likely to."
msgstr ""
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#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"interest's have the power to protect themselves against this new competitive "
"threat."
msgstr ""
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#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Når problemet er piratvirksomhet, så er det riktig at loven støtter "
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+"problemet er opphavsrettsvernetiden for Mikke Mus-ene i verden, så er det "
+"forsatt mulig å forstå hvorfor loven favoriserer Hollywood: De fleste "
+"kjenner ikke igjen grunner til å begrense vernetiden for opphavsretten. Det "
+"er dermed forsatt mulig å se god tro hos motstanden."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Kelly, Kevin"
"around the world. So when the warriors oppose a change like this, we should "
"ask one simple question:"
msgstr ""
-"Men når opphavsrettseiere motsetter seg et forslag som Eldred-loven, "
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+"krigerne motsetter seg en slik endring, så bør vi stille et enkelt spørsmål:"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid "What does this industry really want?"
"there will be no commercial use of content that doesn't require "
"<emphasis>their</emphasis> permission first."
msgstr ""
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#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"Their aim is not simply to protect what is theirs. <emphasis>Their aim is to "
"assure that all there is is what is theirs</emphasis>."
msgstr ""
-"Motstanden mot Eldred-loven avslører hvor ekstrem den andre siden er. "
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+"ikke bare å beskytte det som er deres. <emphasis>Deres mål er å sikre at "
+"alt som finnes er det som er deres.</emphasis>"
#. PAGE BREAK 263
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
"a public that now has the means to create with it and to share its own "
"creation."
msgstr ""
-"Det er ikke vanskelig å forstå hvorfor krigerne har dette synet. Det "
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+"fra allemannseiet knyttet til en befolkning som nå har mulighet til å skape "
+"med den og dele sine egne kreasjoner."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"owner and gain permission to build upon his work. The future will be "
"controlled by this dead (and often unfindable) hand of the past."
msgstr ""
-"Alt dette ser ut til å lett følge fra å ukritisk akseptere "
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+"å bygge på hans verk. Fremtiden vil bli kontrollert av denne døde (og ofte "
+"forsvunnede) hånd fra fortiden."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
msgid "CONCLUSION"
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-09-08 22:57+0300\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-09-10 23:02+0300\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
"Last-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL@ADDRESS>\n"
"Language-Team: LANGUAGE <LL@li.org>\n"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:399 freeculture.xml:13818
+#: freeculture.xml:399 freeculture.xml:13852
msgid "CodePink Women in Peace"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:400 freeculture.xml:421 freeculture.xml:13819
+#: freeculture.xml:400 freeculture.xml:421 freeculture.xml:13853
msgid "Safire, William"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:490 freeculture.xml:14842
+#: freeculture.xml:490 freeculture.xml:14876
msgid "land ownership, air traffic and"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:491 freeculture.xml:4709 freeculture.xml:13721 freeculture.xml:14843
+#: freeculture.xml:491 freeculture.xml:4709 freeculture.xml:13755 freeculture.xml:14877
msgid "property rights"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:491 freeculture.xml:14843
+#: freeculture.xml:491 freeculture.xml:14877
msgid "air traffic vs."
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:515 freeculture.xml:528 freeculture.xml:561 freeculture.xml:581 freeculture.xml:767 freeculture.xml:894 freeculture.xml:1021 freeculture.xml:1039 freeculture.xml:1087 freeculture.xml:9609 freeculture.xml:13137 freeculture.xml:13922
+#: freeculture.xml:515 freeculture.xml:528 freeculture.xml:561 freeculture.xml:581 freeculture.xml:767 freeculture.xml:894 freeculture.xml:1021 freeculture.xml:1039 freeculture.xml:1087 freeculture.xml:9609 freeculture.xml:13171 freeculture.xml:13956
msgid "Causby, Thomas Lee"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:516 freeculture.xml:529 freeculture.xml:562 freeculture.xml:582 freeculture.xml:768 freeculture.xml:895 freeculture.xml:1022 freeculture.xml:1040 freeculture.xml:1088 freeculture.xml:9610 freeculture.xml:13138 freeculture.xml:13923
+#: freeculture.xml:516 freeculture.xml:529 freeculture.xml:562 freeculture.xml:582 freeculture.xml:768 freeculture.xml:895 freeculture.xml:1022 freeculture.xml:1040 freeculture.xml:1088 freeculture.xml:9610 freeculture.xml:13172 freeculture.xml:13957
msgid "Causby, Tinie"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:531 freeculture.xml:4598 freeculture.xml:5200 freeculture.xml:14230
+#: freeculture.xml:531 freeculture.xml:4598 freeculture.xml:5200 freeculture.xml:14264
msgid "Supreme Court, U.S."
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:787 freeculture.xml:1160 freeculture.xml:2411 freeculture.xml:2423 freeculture.xml:2507 freeculture.xml:2541 freeculture.xml:2567 freeculture.xml:2817 freeculture.xml:6759 freeculture.xml:7615 freeculture.xml:7688 freeculture.xml:10214 freeculture.xml:13453 freeculture.xml:14013 freeculture.xml:14014 freeculture.xml:14088
+#: freeculture.xml:787 freeculture.xml:1160 freeculture.xml:2411 freeculture.xml:2423 freeculture.xml:2507 freeculture.xml:2541 freeculture.xml:2567 freeculture.xml:2817 freeculture.xml:6759 freeculture.xml:7615 freeculture.xml:7688 freeculture.xml:10214 freeculture.xml:13487 freeculture.xml:14047 freeculture.xml:14048 freeculture.xml:14122
msgid "Internet"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:787 freeculture.xml:4749 freeculture.xml:13453 freeculture.xml:14013
+#: freeculture.xml:787 freeculture.xml:4749 freeculture.xml:13487 freeculture.xml:14047
msgid "development of"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:873 freeculture.xml:1761 freeculture.xml:5307 freeculture.xml:6532 freeculture.xml:14053
+#: freeculture.xml:873 freeculture.xml:1761 freeculture.xml:5307 freeculture.xml:6532 freeculture.xml:14087
msgid "free culture"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:972 freeculture.xml:6910 freeculture.xml:7023 freeculture.xml:7024 freeculture.xml:7025 freeculture.xml:7070 freeculture.xml:7658 freeculture.xml:11458 freeculture.xml:12104
+#: freeculture.xml:972 freeculture.xml:6910 freeculture.xml:7023 freeculture.xml:7024 freeculture.xml:7025 freeculture.xml:7070 freeculture.xml:7658 freeculture.xml:11201 freeculture.xml:11492 freeculture.xml:12138
msgid "Constitution, U.S."
msgstr ""
msgid "First Amendment to"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><
section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:973 freeculture.xml:1138 freeculture.xml:1245 freeculture.xml:1270 freeculture.xml:1614 freeculture.xml:1658 freeculture.xml:1772 freeculture.xml:3175 freeculture.xml:3266 freeculture.xml:4338 freeculture.xml:4339 freeculture.xml:4749 freeculture.xml:4750 freeculture.xml:5351 freeculture.xml:6534 freeculture.xml:6977 freeculture.xml:7057 freeculture.xml:7058 freeculture.xml:7242 freeculture.xml:7341 freeculture.xml:7373 freeculture.xml:7403 freeculture.xml:7438 freeculture.xml:7552 freeculture.xml:7553 freeculture.xml:7614 freeculture.xml:7648 freeculture.xml:7753 freeculture.xml:7767 freeculture.xml:7826 freeculture.xml:7827 freeculture.xml:7925 freeculture.xml:9837 freeculture.xml:10188
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:973 freeculture.xml:1138 freeculture.xml:1245 freeculture.xml:1270 freeculture.xml:1614 freeculture.xml:1658 freeculture.xml:1772 freeculture.xml:3175 freeculture.xml:3266 freeculture.xml:4338 freeculture.xml:4339 freeculture.xml:4749 freeculture.xml:4750 freeculture.xml:5351 freeculture.xml:6534 freeculture.xml:6977 freeculture.xml:7057 freeculture.xml:7058 freeculture.xml:7242 freeculture.xml:7341 freeculture.xml:7373 freeculture.xml:7403 freeculture.xml:7438 freeculture.xml:7552 freeculture.xml:7553 freeculture.xml:7614 freeculture.xml:7648 freeculture.xml:7753 freeculture.xml:7767 freeculture.xml:7826 freeculture.xml:7827 freeculture.xml:7925 freeculture.xml:9837 freeculture.xml:10188 freeculture.xml:11141 freeculture.xml:11186
msgid "copyright law"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:975 freeculture.xml:985 freeculture.xml:15241
+#: freeculture.xml:975 freeculture.xml:985 freeculture.xml:15275
msgid "Netanel, Neil Weinstock"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1023 freeculture.xml:13369 freeculture.xml:13452 freeculture.xml:13622
+#: freeculture.xml:1023 freeculture.xml:13403 freeculture.xml:13486 freeculture.xml:13656
msgid "intellectual property rights"
msgstr ""
msgid "efficient content distribution on"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><
section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1161 freeculture.xml:6760
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:1161 freeculture.xml:6760 freeculture.xml:11189
msgid "peer-to-peer (p2p) file sharing"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1331 freeculture.xml:1548 freeculture.xml:1602 freeculture.xml:1743 freeculture.xml:1989 freeculture.xml:4585 freeculture.xml:6277 freeculture.xml:7531 freeculture.xml:11079 freeculture.xml:11461
+#: freeculture.xml:1331 freeculture.xml:1548 freeculture.xml:1602 freeculture.xml:1743 freeculture.xml:1989 freeculture.xml:4585 freeculture.xml:6277 freeculture.xml:7531 freeculture.xml:11082 freeculture.xml:11495
msgid "Disney, Walt"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1400 freeculture.xml:1559 freeculture.xml:3070 freeculture.xml:3769 freeculture.xml:7440 freeculture.xml:7618 freeculture.xml:15307
+#: freeculture.xml:1400 freeculture.xml:1559 freeculture.xml:3070 freeculture.xml:3769 freeculture.xml:7440 freeculture.xml:7618 freeculture.xml:15341
msgid "piracy"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1449 freeculture.xml:1744 freeculture.xml:11080
+#: freeculture.xml:1449 freeculture.xml:1744 freeculture.xml:11083
msgid "Grimm fairy tales"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1494 freeculture.xml:4802 freeculture.xml:4803 freeculture.xml:4869 freeculture.xml:4907 freeculture.xml:4963 freeculture.xml:5009 freeculture.xml:5144 freeculture.xml:5238 freeculture.xml:6728 freeculture.xml:7026 freeculture.xml:7027 freeculture.xml:7030 freeculture.xml:7099 freeculture.xml:7125 freeculture.xml:7164 freeculture.xml:7287 freeculture.xml:7334 freeculture.xml:7371 freeculture.xml:7679 freeculture.xml:7846 freeculture.xml:11459 freeculture.xml:11460
+#: freeculture.xml:1494 freeculture.xml:4802 freeculture.xml:4803 freeculture.xml:4869 freeculture.xml:4907 freeculture.xml:4963 freeculture.xml:5009 freeculture.xml:5144 freeculture.xml:5238 freeculture.xml:6728 freeculture.xml:7026 freeculture.xml:7027 freeculture.xml:7030 freeculture.xml:7099 freeculture.xml:7125 freeculture.xml:7164 freeculture.xml:7287 freeculture.xml:7334 freeculture.xml:7371 freeculture.xml:7679 freeculture.xml:7846 freeculture.xml:11140 freeculture.xml:11164 freeculture.xml:11493 freeculture.xml:11494
msgid "copyright"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1494 freeculture.xml:4802 freeculture.xml:4963 freeculture.xml:7027 freeculture.xml:7030 freeculture.xml:7125 freeculture.xml:11460
+#: freeculture.xml:1494 freeculture.xml:4802 freeculture.xml:4963 freeculture.xml:7027 freeculture.xml:7030 freeculture.xml:7125 freeculture.xml:11140 freeculture.xml:11494
msgid "duration of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1495 freeculture.xml:1496 freeculture.xml:5239 freeculture.xml:7129 freeculture.xml:7252 freeculture.xml:8137 freeculture.xml:13457 freeculture.xml:14247 freeculture.xml:14248
+#: freeculture.xml:1495 freeculture.xml:1496 freeculture.xml:5239 freeculture.xml:7129 freeculture.xml:7252 freeculture.xml:8137 freeculture.xml:11074 freeculture.xml:13491 freeculture.xml:14281 freeculture.xml:14282
msgid "public domain"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2137 freeculture.xml:6835 freeculture.xml:15305
+#: freeculture.xml:2137 freeculture.xml:6835 freeculture.xml:15339
msgid "television"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2856 freeculture.xml:3773 freeculture.xml:3775 freeculture.xml:3776 freeculture.xml:5586 freeculture.xml:8267 freeculture.xml:13556 freeculture.xml:13625
+#: freeculture.xml:2856 freeculture.xml:3773 freeculture.xml:3775 freeculture.xml:3776 freeculture.xml:5586 freeculture.xml:8267 freeculture.xml:13590 freeculture.xml:13659
msgid "Microsoft"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3013 freeculture.xml:3397 freeculture.xml:4334 freeculture.xml:5595 freeculture.xml:5644 freeculture.xml:10260 freeculture.xml:10358 freeculture.xml:10519 freeculture.xml:10542 freeculture.xml:15206 freeculture.xml:15271
+#: freeculture.xml:3013 freeculture.xml:3397 freeculture.xml:4334 freeculture.xml:5595 freeculture.xml:5644 freeculture.xml:10260 freeculture.xml:10358 freeculture.xml:10519 freeculture.xml:10542 freeculture.xml:15240 freeculture.xml:15305
msgid "artists"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3013 freeculture.xml:3397 freeculture.xml:4334 freeculture.xml:10260 freeculture.xml:10358 freeculture.xml:10519 freeculture.xml:10542 freeculture.xml:15206 freeculture.xml:15271
+#: freeculture.xml:3013 freeculture.xml:3397 freeculture.xml:4334 freeculture.xml:10260 freeculture.xml:10358 freeculture.xml:10519 freeculture.xml:10542 freeculture.xml:15240 freeculture.xml:15305
msgid "recording industry payments to"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3264 freeculture.xml:3265 freeculture.xml:4336 freeculture.xml:4337 freeculture.xml:4420 freeculture.xml:4421 freeculture.xml:7037 freeculture.xml:7126 freeculture.xml:7240 freeculture.xml:7241 freeculture.xml:10359 freeculture.xml:10360 freeculture.xml:10361 freeculture.xml:12103
+#: freeculture.xml:3264 freeculture.xml:3265 freeculture.xml:4336 freeculture.xml:4337 freeculture.xml:4420 freeculture.xml:4421 freeculture.xml:7037 freeculture.xml:7126 freeculture.xml:7240 freeculture.xml:7241 freeculture.xml:10359 freeculture.xml:10360 freeculture.xml:10361 freeculture.xml:11139 freeculture.xml:11200 freeculture.xml:12137
msgid "Congress, U.S."
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3319 freeculture.xml:14902
+#: freeculture.xml:3319 freeculture.xml:14936
msgid "Grisham, John"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3432 freeculture.xml:9433 freeculture.xml:9905 freeculture.xml:12951
+#: freeculture.xml:3432 freeculture.xml:9433 freeculture.xml:9905 freeculture.xml:12985
msgid "Lovett, Lyle"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3475 freeculture.xml:4358 freeculture.xml:8628 freeculture.xml:8667 freeculture.xml:15304
+#: freeculture.xml:3475 freeculture.xml:4358 freeculture.xml:8628 freeculture.xml:8667 freeculture.xml:15338
msgid "cable television"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3638 freeculture.xml:3718 freeculture.xml:3768 freeculture.xml:15306
+#: freeculture.xml:3638 freeculture.xml:3718 freeculture.xml:3768 freeculture.xml:15340
msgid "Asia, commercial piracy in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3639 freeculture.xml:4086 freeculture.xml:9906 freeculture.xml:10760 freeculture.xml:14697 freeculture.xml:15288
+#: freeculture.xml:3639 freeculture.xml:4086 freeculture.xml:9906 freeculture.xml:10760 freeculture.xml:14731 freeculture.xml:15322
msgid "CDs"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3712 freeculture.xml:13243 freeculture.xml:13734 freeculture.xml:13741
+#: freeculture.xml:3712 freeculture.xml:13277 freeculture.xml:13768 freeculture.xml:13775
msgid "Drahos, Peter"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3733 freeculture.xml:4007 freeculture.xml:15454
+#: freeculture.xml:3733 freeculture.xml:4007 freeculture.xml:15488
msgid "Liebowitz, Stan"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3769 freeculture.xml:15307
+#: freeculture.xml:3769 freeculture.xml:15341
msgid "in Asia"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3770 freeculture.xml:13554 freeculture.xml:14140
+#: freeculture.xml:3770 freeculture.xml:13588 freeculture.xml:14174
msgid "free software/open-source software (FS/OSS)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3771 freeculture.xml:3801 freeculture.xml:12035 freeculture.xml:13569 freeculture.xml:14196
+#: freeculture.xml:3771 freeculture.xml:3801 freeculture.xml:12069 freeculture.xml:13603 freeculture.xml:14230
msgid "GNU/Linux operating system"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3772 freeculture.xml:3802 freeculture.xml:12037 freeculture.xml:13570 freeculture.xml:14197
+#: freeculture.xml:3772 freeculture.xml:3802 freeculture.xml:12071 freeculture.xml:13604 freeculture.xml:14231
msgid "Linux operating system"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3790 freeculture.xml:4824 freeculture.xml:5048 freeculture.xml:6535 freeculture.xml:6611 freeculture.xml:6744 freeculture.xml:7155 freeculture.xml:14228
+#: freeculture.xml:3790 freeculture.xml:4824 freeculture.xml:5048 freeculture.xml:6535 freeculture.xml:6611 freeculture.xml:6744 freeculture.xml:7155 freeculture.xml:14262
msgid "law"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3790 freeculture.xml:14228
+#: freeculture.xml:3790 freeculture.xml:14262
msgid "databases of case reports in"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4024 freeculture.xml:4033 freeculture.xml:4390 freeculture.xml:8427 freeculture.xml:8456 freeculture.xml:10185 freeculture.xml:15014
+#: freeculture.xml:4024 freeculture.xml:4033 freeculture.xml:4390 freeculture.xml:8427 freeculture.xml:8456 freeculture.xml:10185 freeculture.xml:15048
msgid "cassette recording"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4024 freeculture.xml:4390 freeculture.xml:8427 freeculture.xml:8456 freeculture.xml:10185 freeculture.xml:10186 freeculture.xml:15014 freeculture.xml:15015
+#: freeculture.xml:4024 freeculture.xml:4390 freeculture.xml:8427 freeculture.xml:8456 freeculture.xml:10185 freeculture.xml:10186 freeculture.xml:15048 freeculture.xml:15049
msgid "VCRs"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4188 freeculture.xml:4196 freeculture.xml:4218 freeculture.xml:4240 freeculture.xml:4748 freeculture.xml:6205 freeculture.xml:6210 freeculture.xml:6262 freeculture.xml:7226 freeculture.xml:7227 freeculture.xml:7613 freeculture.xml:7687 freeculture.xml:7971 freeculture.xml:14400 freeculture.xml:15126 freeculture.xml:15127
+#: freeculture.xml:4188 freeculture.xml:4196 freeculture.xml:4218 freeculture.xml:4240 freeculture.xml:4748 freeculture.xml:6205 freeculture.xml:6210 freeculture.xml:6262 freeculture.xml:7226 freeculture.xml:7227 freeculture.xml:7613 freeculture.xml:7687 freeculture.xml:7971 freeculture.xml:14434 freeculture.xml:15160 freeculture.xml:15161
msgid "books"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4188 freeculture.xml:4196 freeculture.xml:7226 freeculture.xml:15127
+#: freeculture.xml:4188 freeculture.xml:4196 freeculture.xml:7226 freeculture.xml:15161
msgid "resales of"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4218 freeculture.xml:6205 freeculture.xml:6210 freeculture.xml:7227 freeculture.xml:15126
+#: freeculture.xml:4218 freeculture.xml:6205 freeculture.xml:6210 freeculture.xml:7227 freeculture.xml:15160
msgid "out of print"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4240 freeculture.xml:14400
+#: freeculture.xml:4240 freeculture.xml:14434
msgid "free on-line releases of"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4689 freeculture.xml:6496 freeculture.xml:14387
+#: freeculture.xml:4689 freeculture.xml:6496 freeculture.xml:14421
msgid "Jefferson, Thomas"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4752 freeculture.xml:13928
+#: freeculture.xml:4752 freeculture.xml:13962
msgid "United Kingdom"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5009 freeculture.xml:5144 freeculture.xml:5238
+#: freeculture.xml:5009 freeculture.xml:5144 freeculture.xml:5238 freeculture.xml:11164
msgid "in perpetuity"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5106 freeculture.xml:15550
+#: freeculture.xml:5106 freeculture.xml:15584
msgid "Rose, Mark"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5585 freeculture.xml:5645 freeculture.xml:5830 freeculture.xml:10517 freeculture.xml:14917
+#: freeculture.xml:5585 freeculture.xml:5645 freeculture.xml:5830 freeculture.xml:10517 freeculture.xml:14951
msgid "Alben, Alex"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5942 freeculture.xml:9267 freeculture.xml:11548 freeculture.xml:11793
+#: freeculture.xml:5942 freeculture.xml:9267 freeculture.xml:11582 freeculture.xml:11827
msgid "archives, digital"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6049 freeculture.xml:14099 freeculture.xml:14229 freeculture.xml:14265
+#: freeculture.xml:6049 freeculture.xml:11073 freeculture.xml:14133 freeculture.xml:14263 freeculture.xml:14299
msgid "libraries"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6873 freeculture.xml:15493
+#: freeculture.xml:6873 freeculture.xml:15527
msgid "Brezhnev, Leonid"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6876 freeculture.xml:13693
+#: freeculture.xml:6876 freeculture.xml:13727
msgid "Gates, Bill"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7024 freeculture.xml:11458
+#: freeculture.xml:7024 freeculture.xml:11492
msgid "copyright purpose established in"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7025
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#: freeculture.xml:7025 freeculture.xml:11201
msgid "Progress Clause of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7026 freeculture.xml:11459
+#: freeculture.xml:7026 freeculture.xml:11493
msgid "constitutional purpose of"
msgstr ""
msgid "constitutional tradition on"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><
section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7029
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:7029 freeculture.xml:11202
msgid "Progress Clause"
msgstr ""
"publication—is effectively free."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7241
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#: freeculture.xml:7241 freeculture.xml:11139
msgid "copyright terms extended by"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7242
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#: freeculture.xml:7242 freeculture.xml:11141
msgid "term extensions in"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7251 freeculture.xml:7286 freeculture.xml:15411
+#: freeculture.xml:7251 freeculture.xml:7286 freeculture.xml:11165 freeculture.xml:15445
msgid "Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA) (1998)"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7252
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#: freeculture.xml:7252 freeculture.xml:11145
msgid "future patents vs. future copyrights in"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7263 freeculture.xml:13198 freeculture.xml:13679
+#: freeculture.xml:7263 freeculture.xml:11144 freeculture.xml:11145 freeculture.xml:13232 freeculture.xml:13713
msgid "patents"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7263
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#: freeculture.xml:7263 freeculture.xml:11144
msgid "in public domain"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7288 freeculture.xml:13352
+#: freeculture.xml:7288 freeculture.xml:13386
msgid "corporations"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7807 freeculture.xml:15308
+#: freeculture.xml:7807 freeculture.xml:15342
msgid "film industry"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7815 freeculture.xml:7890 freeculture.xml:14054
+#: freeculture.xml:7815 freeculture.xml:7890 freeculture.xml:14088
msgid "browsing"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8054 freeculture.xml:9888 freeculture.xml:13508
+#: freeculture.xml:8054 freeculture.xml:9888 freeculture.xml:11203 freeculture.xml:11249 freeculture.xml:13542
msgid "Lessig, Lawrence"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10161 freeculture.xml:12036
+#: freeculture.xml:10161 freeculture.xml:12070
msgid "Intel"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10516 freeculture.xml:15287
+#: freeculture.xml:10516 freeculture.xml:15321
msgid "Real Networks"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
#: freeculture.xml:11062
+msgid "Eldred, Eric"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:11063
msgid "Hawthorne, Nathaniel"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11064
+#: freeculture.xml:11065
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>In 1995</emphasis>, a father was frustrated that his "
"daughters didn't seem to like Hawthorne. No doubt there was more than one "
"alive."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
#: freeculture.xml:11073
+msgid "of public-domain literature"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#: freeculture.xml:11074
+msgid "library of works derived from"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:11076
msgid ""
"It didn't work—at least for his daughters. They didn't find Hawthorne "
"any more interesting than before. But Eldred's experiment gave birth to a "
#. PAGE BREAK 221
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11082
+#: freeculture.xml:11085
msgid ""
"Eldred's library was not simply a copy of certain public domain works, "
"though even a copy would have been of great value to people across the world "
"accessible—technically accessible—today."
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:11095
+msgid "Scarlet Letter, The (Hawthorne)"
+msgstr ""
+
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11093
+#: freeculture.xml:11097
msgid ""
"Eldred's freedom to do this with Hawthorne's work grew from the same source "
"as Disney's. Hawthorne's <citetitle>Scarlet Letter</citetitle> had passed "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11118 freeculture.xml:12135
+#: freeculture.xml:11122 freeculture.xml:12169
msgid "pornography"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11118
+#: freeculture.xml:11122
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> There's a parallel here with "
"pornography that is a bit hard to describe, but it's a strong one. One "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11107
+#: freeculture.xml:11111
msgid ""
"The Internet created the possibility of noncommercial publications of public "
"domain works. Eldred's is just one example. There are literally thousands of "
"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:11142
+msgid "Frost, Robert"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:11143
+msgid "New Hampshire (Frost)"
+msgstr ""
+
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11136
+#: freeculture.xml:11147
msgid ""
"As I said, Eldred lives in New Hampshire. In 1998, Robert Frost's collection "
"of poems <citetitle>New Hampshire</citetitle> was slated to pass into the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11149 freeculture.xml:11159
+#: freeculture.xml:11162 freeculture.xml:11174
msgid "Bono, Mary"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11150 freeculture.xml:11160
+#: freeculture.xml:11163 freeculture.xml:11175
msgid "Bono, Sonny"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11159
+#: freeculture.xml:11174
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
"id=\"1\"/> The full text is: <quote>Sonny [Bono] wanted the term of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11154
+#: freeculture.xml:11169
msgid ""
"This was the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA), enacted in "
"memory of the congressman and former musician Sonny Bono, who, his widow, "
"forever.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#: freeculture.xml:11186
+msgid "felony punishment for infringement of"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:11187
+msgid "NET (No Electronic Theft) Act (1998)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:11188
+msgid "No Electronic Theft (NET) Act (1998)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#: freeculture.xml:11189
+msgid "felony punishments for"
+msgstr ""
+
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11172
+#: freeculture.xml:11191
msgid ""
"Eldred decided to fight this law. He first resolved to fight it through "
"civil disobedience. In a series of interviews, Eldred announced that he "
"dangerous strategy for a disabled programmer to undertake."
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#: freeculture.xml:11200 freeculture.xml:12137
+msgid "constitutional powers of"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#: freeculture.xml:11203 freeculture.xml:11249
+msgid "Eldred case involvement of"
+msgstr ""
+
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11181
+#: freeculture.xml:11205
msgid ""
"It was here that I became involved in Eldred's battle. I was a "
"constitutional scholar whose first passion was constitutional "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11192
+#: freeculture.xml:11216
msgid ""
"Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science … by "
"securing for limited Times to Authors … exclusive Right to their "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11198
+#: freeculture.xml:11223
msgid ""
"As I've described, this clause is unique within the power-granting clause of "
"Article I, section 8 of our Constitution. Every other clause granting power "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11207 freeculture.xml:12697
+#: freeculture.xml:11235 freeculture.xml:12731
msgid "Jaszi, Peter"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 223
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11209
+#: freeculture.xml:11237
msgid ""
"In the past forty years, Congress has gotten into the practice of extending "
"existing terms of copyright protection. What puzzled me about this was, if "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11220
+#: freeculture.xml:11251
msgid ""
"As an academic, my first response was to hit the books. I remember sitting "
"late at the office, scouring on-line databases for any serious consideration "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11231
+#: freeculture.xml:11262
msgid ""
"For this is the core of the corruption in our present system of "
"government. <quote>Corruption</quote> not in the sense that representatives "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11240
+#: freeculture.xml:11271
msgid ""
"If that's not obvious to you, consider the following: Say you're one of the "
"very few lucky copyright owners whose copyright continues to make money one "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11250
+#: freeculture.xml:11281
msgid ""
"So imagine the Robert Frost estate is earning $100,000 a year from three of "
"Frost's poems. And imagine the copyright for those poems is about to "
#. PAGE BREAK 224
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11257
+#: freeculture.xml:11288
msgid ""
"<quote>Next year,</quote> the adviser announces, <quote>our copyrights in "
"works A, B, and C will expire. That means that after next year, we will no "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11265
+#: freeculture.xml:11296
msgid ""
"<quote>There's a proposal in Congress, however,</quote> she continues, "
"<quote>that could change this. A few congressmen are floating a bill to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11271
+#: freeculture.xml:11302
msgid ""
"<quote>Hope?</quote> a fellow board member says. <quote>Can't we be doing "
"something about it?</quote>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11275
+#: freeculture.xml:11306
msgid ""
"<quote>Well, obviously, yes,</quote> the adviser responds. <quote>We could "
"contribute to the campaigns of a number of representatives to try to assure "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11280
+#: freeculture.xml:11311
msgid ""
"You hate politics. You hate contributing to campaigns. So you want to know "
"whether this disgusting practice is worth it. <quote>How much would we get "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11286
+#: freeculture.xml:11317
msgid ""
"<quote>Well,</quote> the adviser says, <quote>if you're confident that you "
"will continue to get at least $100,000 a year from these copyrights, and you "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11292
+#: freeculture.xml:11323
msgid ""
"You're a bit shocked by the number, but you quickly come to the correct "
"conclusion:"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11296
+#: freeculture.xml:11327
msgid ""
"<quote>So you're saying it would be worth it for us to pay more than "
"$1,000,000 in campaign contributions if we were confident those "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11302
+#: freeculture.xml:11333
msgid ""
"<quote>Absolutely,</quote> the adviser responds. <quote>It is worth it to "
"you to contribute up to the `present value' of the income you expect from "
#. PAGE BREAK 225
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11308
+#: freeculture.xml:11339
msgid ""
"You quickly get the point—you as the member of the board and, I trust, "
"you the reader. Each time copyrights are about to expire, every beneficiary "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11319
+#: freeculture.xml:11350
msgid ""
"Thus a congressional perpetual motion machine: So long as legislation can be "
"bought (albeit indirectly), there will be all the incentive in the world to "
#. f3.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11331
+#: freeculture.xml:11362
msgid ""
"Associated Press, <quote>Disney Lobbying for Copyright Extension No Mickey "
"Mouse Effort; Congress OKs Bill Granting Creators 20 More Years,</quote> "
#. f4.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11338
+#: freeculture.xml:11369
msgid ""
"See Nick Brown, <quote>Fair Use No More?: Copyright in the Information "
"Age,</quote> available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
#. f5.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11346
+#: freeculture.xml:11377
msgid ""
"Alan K. Ota, <quote>Disney in Washington: The Mouse That Roars,</quote> "
"<citetitle>Congressional Quarterly This Week</citetitle>, 8 August 1990, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11324
+#: freeculture.xml:11355
msgid ""
"In the lobbying that led to the passage of the Sonny Bono Copyright Term "
"Extension Act, this <quote>theory</quote> about incentives was proved "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11353
+#: freeculture.xml:11384
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>Constitutional law</emphasis> is not oblivious to "
"the obvious. Or at least, it need not be. So when I was considering Eldred's "
#. PAGE BREAK 226
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11365
+#: freeculture.xml:11399
msgid ""
"It was also my judgment that <emphasis>this</emphasis> Supreme Court would "
"not allow Congress to extend existing terms. As anyone close to the Supreme "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11378
+#: freeculture.xml:11412
msgid ""
"Since 1937, the Supreme Court had interpreted Congress's granted powers very "
"broadly; so, while the Constitution grants Congress the power to regulate "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11388
+#: freeculture.xml:11422
msgid ""
"As the economy grew, this standard increasingly meant that there was no "
"limit to Congress's power to regulate, since just about every activity, when "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11394 freeculture.xml:12184
+#: freeculture.xml:11428 freeculture.xml:12218
msgid "Rehnquist, William H."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11396
+#: freeculture.xml:11430
msgid ""
"The Supreme Court, under Chief Justice Rehnquist's command, changed that in "
"<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>. The "
#. f6.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11411
+#: freeculture.xml:11445
msgid ""
"<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>, 514 "
"U.S. 549, 564 (1995)."
#. f7.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11418
+#: freeculture.xml:11452
msgid ""
"<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Morrison</citetitle>, 529 "
"U.S. 598 (2000)."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11409
+#: freeculture.xml:11443
msgid ""
"<quote>We pause to consider the implications of the government's "
"arguments,</quote> the Chief Justice wrote.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
#. f8.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11425
+#: freeculture.xml:11459
msgid ""
"If it is a principle about enumerated powers, then the principle carries "
"from one enumerated power to another. The animating point in the context of "
#. PAGE BREAK 227
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11422
+#: freeculture.xml:11456
msgid ""
"If a principle were at work here, then it should apply to the Progress "
"Clause as much as the Commerce Clause.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11446
+#: freeculture.xml:11480
msgid ""
"<emphasis>If</emphasis>, that is, the principle announced in "
"<citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> stood for a principle. Many believed the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11463
+#: freeculture.xml:11497
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>Now let's pause</emphasis> for a moment to make sure "
"we understand what the argument in <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> was not "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11480
+#: freeculture.xml:11514
msgid "Nashville Songwriters Association"
msgstr ""
#. f9.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11488
+#: freeculture.xml:11522
msgid ""
"Brief of the Nashville Songwriters Association, "
"<citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 537 U.S. "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11482
+#: freeculture.xml:11516
msgid ""
"Some people view the public domain with contempt. In their brief before the "
"Supreme Court, the Nashville Songwriters Association wrote that the public "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11498
+#: freeculture.xml:11532
msgid ""
"As we've seen, our constitutional system requires limits on copyright as a "
"way to assure that copyright holders do not too heavily influence the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11510
+#: freeculture.xml:11544
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>It is valuable</emphasis> copyrights that are "
"responsible for terms being extended. Mickey Mouse and <quote>Rhapsody in "
#. f10.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11528
+#: freeculture.xml:11562
msgid ""
"The figure of 2 percent is an extrapolation from the study by the "
"Congressional Research Service, in light of the estimated renewal "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11522
+#: freeculture.xml:11556
msgid ""
"If you look at the work created in the first twenty years (1923 to 1942) "
"affected by the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act, 2 percent of that "
#. PAGE BREAK 229
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11537
+#: freeculture.xml:11571
msgid ""
"Think practically about the consequence of this extension—practically, "
"as a businessperson, and not as a lawyer eager for more legal work. In 1930, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11550
+#: freeculture.xml:11584
msgid ""
"Well, first, you'd have to determine which of the 9,873 books were still "
"under copyright. That requires going to a library (these data are not "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11558
+#: freeculture.xml:11592
msgid ""
"Then for the books still under copyright, you would need to locate the "
"current copyright owners. How would you do that?"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11562
+#: freeculture.xml:11596
msgid ""
"Most people think that there must be a list of these copyright owners "
"somewhere. Practical people think this way. How could there be thousands and "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11569
+#: freeculture.xml:11603
msgid ""
"But there is no list. There may be a name from 1930, and then in 1959, of "
"the person who registered the copyright. But just think practically about "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11578
+#: freeculture.xml:11612
msgid ""
"<quote>But there isn't a list of who owns property generally,</quote> the "
"apologists for the system respond. <quote>Why should there be a list of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11583
+#: freeculture.xml:11617
msgid ""
"Well, actually, if you think about it, there <emphasis>are</emphasis> plenty "
"of lists of who owns what property. Think about deeds on houses, or titles "
#. PAGE BREAK 230
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11592
+#: freeculture.xml:11626
msgid ""
"So: You walk down a street and see a house. You can know who owns the house "
"by looking it up in the courthouse registry. If you see a car, there is "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11607
+#: freeculture.xml:11641
msgid ""
"Compare this story to intangible property. You go into a library. The "
"library owns the books. But who owns the copyrights? As I've already "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11619
+#: freeculture.xml:11653
msgid ""
"The consequence with respect to old books is that they won't be digitized, "
"and hence will simply rot away on shelves. But the consequence for other "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11624
+#: freeculture.xml:11658
msgid "Agee, Michael"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11625 freeculture.xml:12060
+#: freeculture.xml:11659 freeculture.xml:12094
msgid "Hal Roach Studios"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11626
+#: freeculture.xml:11660
msgid "Laurel and Hardy Films"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11627
+#: freeculture.xml:11661
msgid "Lucky Dog, The"
msgstr ""
#. f11.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11640
+#: freeculture.xml:11674
msgid ""
"See David G. Savage, <quote>High Court Scene of Showdown on Copyright "
"Law,</quote> <citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 6 October 2002; David "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11629
+#: freeculture.xml:11663
msgid ""
"Consider the story of Michael Agee, chairman of Hal Roach Studios, which "
"owns the copyrights for the Laurel and Hardy films. Agee is a direct "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11647
+#: freeculture.xml:11681
msgid ""
"Yet Agee opposed the CTEA. His reasons demonstrate a rare virtue in this "
"culture: selflessness. He argued in a brief before the Supreme Court that "
#. PAGE BREAK 231
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11653
+#: freeculture.xml:11687
msgid ""
"His argument is straightforward. A tiny fraction of this work has any "
"continuing commercial value. The rest—to the extent it survives at "
#. f12.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11671
+#: freeculture.xml:11705
msgid ""
"Brief of Hal Roach Studios and Michael Agee as Amicus Curiae Supporting the "
"Petitoners, <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11664
+#: freeculture.xml:11698
msgid ""
"We can't know the benefits, but we do know a lot about the costs. For most "
"of the history of film, the costs of restoring film were very high; digital "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11681
+#: freeculture.xml:11715
msgid ""
"Restoration technology is not the only cost, nor the most important. "
"Lawyers, too, are a cost, and increasingly, a very important one. In "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11689
+#: freeculture.xml:11723
msgid ""
"Or more accurately, <emphasis>owners</emphasis>. As we've seen, there isn't "
"only a single copyright associated with a film; there are many. There isn't "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11697
+#: freeculture.xml:11731
msgid ""
"<quote>But can't you just restore the film, distribute it, and then pay the "
"copyright owner when she shows up?</quote> Sure, if you want to commit a "
#. PAGE BREAK 232
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11708
+#: freeculture.xml:11742
msgid ""
"For some films, the benefit of releasing the film may well exceed these "
"costs. But for the vast majority of them, there is no way the benefit would "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11719
+#: freeculture.xml:11753
msgid ""
"But by the time the copyright for these films expires, the film will have "
"expired. These films were produced on nitrate-based stock, and nitrate stock "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11727
+#: freeculture.xml:11761
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>Of all the</emphasis> creative work produced by "
"humans anywhere, a tiny fraction has continuing commercial value. For that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11735
+#: freeculture.xml:11769
msgid ""
"But even for that tiny fraction, the actual time during which the creative "
"work has a commercial life is extremely short. As I've indicated, most books "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11745
+#: freeculture.xml:11779
msgid ""
"Yet that doesn't mean the life of the creative work ends. We don't keep "
"libraries of books in order to compete with Barnes & Noble, and we don't "
#. PAGE BREAK 233
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11758
+#: freeculture.xml:11792
msgid ""
"Copyrights in this context do not drive an engine of free expression. In "
"this context, there is no need for an exclusive right. Copyrights in this "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11765
+#: freeculture.xml:11799
msgid ""
"Yet, for most of our history, they also did little harm. For most of our "
"history, when a work ended its commercial life, there was no "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11776
+#: freeculture.xml:11810
msgid ""
"The same was effectively true of film. Because the costs of restoring a "
"film—the real economic costs, not the lawyer costs—were so high, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11785
+#: freeculture.xml:11819
msgid ""
"In other words, though copyright has been relatively short for most of our "
"history, long copyrights wouldn't have mattered for the works that lost "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11791
+#: freeculture.xml:11825
msgid "But this situation has now changed."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11795
+#: freeculture.xml:11829
msgid ""
"One crucially important consequence of the emergence of digital technologies "
"is to enable the archive that Brewster Kahle dreams of. Digital "
#. PAGE BREAK 234
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11808
+#: freeculture.xml:11842
msgid ""
"And now copyright law does get in the way. Every step of producing this "
"digital archive of our culture infringes on the exclusive right of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11818
+#: freeculture.xml:11852
msgid ""
"Here is the core of the harm that comes from extending terms: Now that "
"technology enables us to rebuild the library of Alexandria, the law gets in "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11829
+#: freeculture.xml:11863
msgid ""
"You may well ask, <quote>But if digital technologies lower the costs for "
"Brewster Kahle, then they will lower the costs for Random House, too. So "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11835
+#: freeculture.xml:11869
msgid ""
"Maybe. Someday. But there is absolutely no evidence to suggest that "
"publishers would be as complete as libraries. If Barnes & Noble offered "
#. f13.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11859
+#: freeculture.xml:11893
msgid ""
"Jason Schultz, <quote>The Myth of the 1976 Copyright `Chaos' Theory,</quote> "
"20 December 2002, available at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11847
+#: freeculture.xml:11881
msgid ""
"I would be the first to agree that it should do as much as it can: We should "
"rely upon the market as much as possible to spread and enable culture. My "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11866
+#: freeculture.xml:11900
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>In January 1999</emphasis>, we filed a lawsuit on "
"Eric Eldred's behalf in federal district court in Washington, D.C., asking "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11875
+#: freeculture.xml:11909
msgid ""
"The district court dismissed our claims without even hearing an argument. A "
"panel of the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit also dismissed our "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11882
+#: freeculture.xml:11916
msgid ""
"Judge David Sentelle said the CTEA violated the requirement that copyrights "
"be for <quote>limited Times</quote> only. His argument was as elegant as it "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11893
+#: freeculture.xml:11927
msgid ""
"We asked the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit as a whole to hear the "
"case. Cases are ordinarily heard in panels of three, except for important "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11898
+#: freeculture.xml:11932
msgid "Tatel, David"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 236
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11900
+#: freeculture.xml:11934
msgid ""
"The Court of Appeals rejected our request to hear the case en banc. This "
"time, Judge Sentelle was joined by the most liberal member of the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11909
+#: freeculture.xml:11943
msgid ""
"It was here that most expected Eldred v. Ashcroft would die, for the Supreme "
"Court rarely reviews any decision by a court of appeals. (It hears about one "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11916
+#: freeculture.xml:11950
msgid ""
"But in February 2002, the Supreme Court surprised the world by granting our "
"petition to review the D.C. Circuit opinion. Argument was set for October of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11922
+#: freeculture.xml:11956
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>It is over</emphasis> a year later as I write these "
"words. It is still astonishingly hard. If you know anything at all about "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11933
+#: freeculture.xml:11967
msgid ""
"But my client and these friends were wrong. This case could have been "
"won. It should have been won. And no matter how hard I try to retell this "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11938 freeculture.xml:11952
+#: freeculture.xml:11972 freeculture.xml:11986
msgid "Steward, Geoffrey"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 237
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11940
+#: freeculture.xml:11974
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>The mistake</emphasis> was made early, though it "
"became obvious only at the very end. Our case had been supported from the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11950 freeculture.xml:12313 freeculture.xml:12329 freeculture.xml:12426 freeculture.xml:12646 freeculture.xml:12677 freeculture.xml:12775
+#: freeculture.xml:11984 freeculture.xml:12347 freeculture.xml:12363 freeculture.xml:12460 freeculture.xml:12680 freeculture.xml:12711 freeculture.xml:12809
msgid "Ayer, Don"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11951
+#: freeculture.xml:11985
msgid "Bromberg, Dan"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11954
+#: freeculture.xml:11988
msgid ""
"There were three key lawyers on the case from Jones Day. Geoff Stewart was "
"the first, but then Dan Bromberg and Don Ayer became quite "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11964
+#: freeculture.xml:11998
msgid ""
"I hate this view of the law. Of course I thought the Sonny Bono Act was a "
"dramatic harm to free speech and free culture. Of course I still think it "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11985
+#: freeculture.xml:12019
msgid ""
"In any case, I thought, the Court must already see the danger and the harm "
"caused by this sort of law. Why else would they grant review? There was no "
#. PAGE BREAK 238
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11993
+#: freeculture.xml:12027
msgid ""
"There was one way, however, in which I felt politics would matter and in "
"which I thought a response was appropriate. I was convinced that the Court "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12011 freeculture.xml:12038
+#: freeculture.xml:12045 freeculture.xml:12072
msgid "Eagle Forum"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12012
+#: freeculture.xml:12046
msgid "Schlafly, Phyllis"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12014
+#: freeculture.xml:12048
msgid ""
"The first step happened all by itself. Phyllis Schlafly's organization, "
"Eagle Forum, had been an opponent of the CTEA from the very beginning. "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12028
+#: freeculture.xml:12062
msgid ""
"In the Court of Appeals, Eagle Forum was eager to file a brief supporting "
"our position. Their brief made the argument that became the core claim in "
#. PAGE BREAK 239
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12040
+#: freeculture.xml:12074
msgid ""
"In the Supreme Court, the briefs on our side were about as diverse as it "
"gets. They included an extraordinary historical brief by the Free Software "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12052
+#: freeculture.xml:12086
msgid "American Association of Law Libraries"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12053
+#: freeculture.xml:12087
msgid "National Writers Union"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12055
+#: freeculture.xml:12089
msgid ""
"Those briefs framed a legal argument. Then to support the legal argument, "
"there were a number of powerful briefs by libraries and archives, including "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12062
+#: freeculture.xml:12096
msgid ""
"But two briefs captured the policy argument best. One made the argument I've "
"already described: A brief by Hal Roach Studios argued that unless the law "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12068
+#: freeculture.xml:12102
msgid "Akerlof, George"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12069
+#: freeculture.xml:12103
msgid "Arrow, Kenneth"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12070
+#: freeculture.xml:12104
msgid "Buchanan, James"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12071
+#: freeculture.xml:12105
msgid "Coase, Ronald"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12072
+#: freeculture.xml:12106
msgid "Friedman, Milton"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12074
+#: freeculture.xml:12108
msgid ""
"This economists' brief was signed by seventeen economists, including five "
"Nobel Prize winners, including Ronald Coase, James Buchanan, Milton "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12084 freeculture.xml:12102 freeculture.xml:12315 freeculture.xml:12678
+#: freeculture.xml:12118 freeculture.xml:12136 freeculture.xml:12349 freeculture.xml:12712
msgid "Fried, Charles"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12085
+#: freeculture.xml:12119
msgid "Morrison, Alan"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12086
+#: freeculture.xml:12120
msgid "Public Citizen"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12087 freeculture.xml:12314 freeculture.xml:13463
+#: freeculture.xml:12121 freeculture.xml:12348 freeculture.xml:13497
msgid "Reagan, Ronald"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 240
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12089
+#: freeculture.xml:12123
msgid ""
"The same effort at balance was reflected in the legal team we gathered to "
"write our briefs in the case. The Jones Day lawyers had been with us from "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12103
-msgid "constitutional powers of"
-msgstr ""
-
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12104
+#: freeculture.xml:12138
msgid "Commerce Clause of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12106
+#: freeculture.xml:12140
msgid ""
"Fried was a special victory for our side. Every other former solicitor "
"general was hired by the other side to defend Congress's power to give media "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12118
+#: freeculture.xml:12152
msgid ""
"The government, in defending the statute, had its collection of friends, as "
"well. Significantly, however, none of these <quote>friends</quote> included "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12125
+#: freeculture.xml:12159
msgid ""
"The media companies were not surprising. They had the most to gain from the "
"law. The congressmen were not surprising either—they were defending "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12133
+#: freeculture.xml:12167
msgid "Gershwin, George"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12134
+#: freeculture.xml:12168
msgid "Porgy and Bess"
msgstr ""
#. f14.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12144
+#: freeculture.xml:12178
msgid ""
"Brief of Amici Dr. Seuss Enterprise et al., <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> "
"v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 537 U.S. (2003) (No. 01-618), 19."
#. f15.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12152
+#: freeculture.xml:12186
msgid ""
"Dinitia Smith, <quote>Immortal Words, Immortal Royalties? Even Mickey Mouse "
"Joins the Fray,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 28 March "
#. PAGE BREAK 241
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12137
+#: freeculture.xml:12171
msgid ""
"Dr. Seuss's representatives, for example, argued that it was better for the "
"Dr. Seuss estate to control what happened to Dr. Seuss's work— better "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12161
+#: freeculture.xml:12195
msgid ""
"This argument made clear a theme that is rarely noticed in this debate. "
"When Congress decides to extend the term of existing copyrights, Congress is "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12173
+#: freeculture.xml:12207
msgid ""
"We argued as much in a final brief. Not only would upholding the CTEA mean "
"that there was no limit to the power of Congress to extend "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12180
+#: freeculture.xml:12214
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>Between February</emphasis> and October, there was "
"little I did beyond preparing for this case. Early on, as I said, I set the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12185 freeculture.xml:12371
+#: freeculture.xml:12219 freeculture.xml:12405
msgid "O'Connor, Sandra Day"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12187
+#: freeculture.xml:12221
msgid ""
"The Supreme Court was divided into two important camps. One camp we called "
"<quote>the Conservatives.</quote> The other we called <quote>the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12196 freeculture.xml:12221 freeculture.xml:12573 freeculture.xml:12585
+#: freeculture.xml:12230 freeculture.xml:12255 freeculture.xml:12607 freeculture.xml:12619
msgid "Breyer, Stephen"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12197 freeculture.xml:12537
+#: freeculture.xml:12231 freeculture.xml:12571
msgid "Ginsburg, Ruth Bader"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 242
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12199
+#: freeculture.xml:12233
msgid ""
"The Rest were the four Justices who had strongly opposed limits on "
"Congress's power. These four—Justice Stevens, Justice Souter, Justice "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12211
+#: freeculture.xml:12245
msgid ""
"In particular, the least likely was Justice Ginsburg's. In addition to her "
"general view about deference to Congress (except where issues of gender are "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12223
+#: freeculture.xml:12257
msgid ""
"Close behind Justice Ginsburg were two justices whom we also viewed as "
"unlikely allies, though possible surprises. Justice Souter strongly favored "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12232
+#: freeculture.xml:12266
msgid ""
"The only vote we could be confident about was that of Justice "
"Stevens. History will record Justice Stevens as one of the greatest judges "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12240
+#: freeculture.xml:12274
msgid ""
"This analysis of <quote>the Rest</quote> showed most clearly where our focus "
"had to be: on the Conservatives. To win this case, we had to crack open "
#. PAGE BREAK 243
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12250
+#: freeculture.xml:12284
msgid ""
"This then was the core of our strategy—a strategy for which I am "
"responsible. We would get the Court to see that just as with the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12264
+#: freeculture.xml:12298
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>The argument</emphasis> on the government's side "
"came down to this: Congress has done it before. It should be allowed to do "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12272
+#: freeculture.xml:12306
msgid ""
"There was some truth to the government's claim, but not much. We certainly "
"agreed that Congress had extended existing terms in 1831 and in 1909. And of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12279
+#: freeculture.xml:12313
msgid ""
"But this <quote>consistency</quote> should be kept in perspective. Congress "
"extended existing terms once in the first hundred years of the Republic. It "
#. PAGE BREAK 244
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12294
+#: freeculture.xml:12328
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>Oral argument</emphasis> was scheduled for the first "
"week in October. I arrived in D.C. two weeks before the argument. During "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12304
+#: freeculture.xml:12338
msgid ""
"I was convinced that to win, I had to keep the Court focused on a single "
"point: that if this extension is permitted, then there is no limit to the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12317
+#: freeculture.xml:12351
msgid ""
"One moot was before the lawyers at Jones Day. Don Ayer was the skeptic. He "
"had served in the Reagan Justice Department with Solicitor General Charles "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12323
+#: freeculture.xml:12357
msgid ""
"<quote>I'm just afraid that unless they really see the harm, they won't be "
"willing to upset this practice that the government says has been a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12331
+#: freeculture.xml:12365
msgid ""
"He may have argued many cases before this Court, I thought, but he didn't "
"understand its soul. As a clerk, I had seen the Justices do the right "
#. PAGE BREAK 245
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12341
+#: freeculture.xml:12375
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>The night before</emphasis> the argument, a line of "
"people began to form in front of the Supreme Court. The case had become a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12351
+#: freeculture.xml:12385
msgid ""
"Not everyone has to wait in line. People who know the Justices can ask for "
"seats they control. (I asked Justice Scalia's chambers for seats for my "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12366
+#: freeculture.xml:12400
msgid ""
"When the Chief Justice called me to begin my argument, I began where I "
"intended to stay: on the question of the limits on Congress's power. This "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12373
+#: freeculture.xml:12407
msgid ""
"Justice O'Connor stopped me within one minute of my opening. The history "
"was bothering her."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12378
+#: freeculture.xml:12412
msgid ""
"justice o'connor: Congress has extended the term so often through the years, "
"and if you are right, don't we run the risk of upsetting previous extensions "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12385
+#: freeculture.xml:12419
msgid ""
"She was quite willing to concede <quote>that this flies directly in the face "
"of what the framers had in mind.</quote> But my response again and again was "
#. PAGE BREAK 246
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12391
+#: freeculture.xml:12425
msgid ""
"mr. lessig: Well, if it flies in the face of what the framers had in mind, "
"then the question is, is there a way of interpreting their words that gives "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12399
+#: freeculture.xml:12433
msgid ""
"There were two points in this argument when I should have seen where the "
"Court was going. The first was a question by Justice Kennedy, who observed,"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12405
+#: freeculture.xml:12439
msgid ""
"justice kennedy: Well, I suppose implicit in the argument that the '76 act, "
"too, should have been declared void, and that we might leave it alone "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12413
+#: freeculture.xml:12447
msgid ""
"Here follows my clear mistake. Like a professor correcting a student, I "
"answered,"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12419
+#: freeculture.xml:12453
msgid ""
"mr. lessig: Justice, we are not making an empirical claim at all. Nothing "
"in our Copyright Clause claim hangs upon the empirical assertion about "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12428
+#: freeculture.xml:12462
msgid ""
"That was a correct answer, but it wasn't the right answer. The right answer "
"was instead that there was an obvious and profound harm. Any number of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12435
+#: freeculture.xml:12469
msgid ""
"The second came from the Chief, for whom the whole case had been "
"crafted. For the Chief Justice had crafted the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> "
#. PAGE BREAK 247
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12440
+#: freeculture.xml:12474
msgid ""
"It was clear a second into his question that he wasn't at all sympathetic. "
"To him, we were a bunch of anarchists. As he asked:"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12447
+#: freeculture.xml:12481
msgid ""
"chief justice: Well, but you want more than that. You want the right to copy "
"verbatim other people's books, don't you?"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12451
+#: freeculture.xml:12485
msgid ""
"mr. lessig: We want the right to copy verbatim works that should be in the "
"public domain and would be in the public domain but for a statute that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12459
+#: freeculture.xml:12493
msgid "Olson, Theodore B."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12461
+#: freeculture.xml:12495
msgid ""
"Things went better for us when the government gave its argument; for now the "
"Court picked up on the core of our claim. As Justice Scalia asked Solicitor "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12467
+#: freeculture.xml:12501
msgid ""
"justice scalia: You say that the functional equivalent of an unlimited time "
"would be a violation [of the Constitution], but that's precisely the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12475
+#: freeculture.xml:12509
msgid ""
"When Olson was finished, it was my turn to give a closing rebuttal. Olson's "
"flailing had revived my anger. But my anger still was directed to the "
#. PAGE BREAK 248
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12488
+#: freeculture.xml:12522
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>As I left</emphasis> the court that day, I knew "
"there were a hundred points I wished I could remake. There were a hundred "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12497
+#: freeculture.xml:12531
msgid ""
"The government had been asked over and over again, what is the limit? Over "
"and over again, it had answered there is no limit. This was precisely the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12512
+#: freeculture.xml:12546
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>The morning</emphasis> of January 15, 2003, I was "
"five minutes late to the office and missed the 7:00 A.M. call from the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12520
+#: freeculture.xml:12554
msgid ""
"A few seconds later, the opinions arrived by e-mail. I took the phone off "
"the hook, posted an announcement to our blog, and sat down to see where I "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12525
+#: freeculture.xml:12559
msgid ""
"My <emphasis>reasoning</emphasis>. Here was a case that pitted all the money "
"in the world against <emphasis>reasoning</emphasis>. And here was the last "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12531
+#: freeculture.xml:12565
msgid ""
"I first scoured the opinion, looking for how the Court would distinguish the "
"principle in this case from the principle in "
#. PAGE BREAK 249
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12541
+#: freeculture.xml:12575
msgid ""
"Justice Ginsburg simply ignored the enumerated powers argument. Consistent "
"with her view that Congress's power was not limited generally, she had found "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12546
+#: freeculture.xml:12580
msgid ""
"Her opinion was perfectly reasonable—for her, and for Justice "
"Souter. Neither believes in <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>. It would be too "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12552
+#: freeculture.xml:12586
msgid ""
"But as I realized what had happened, I couldn't quite believe what I was "
"reading. I had said there was no way this Court could reconcile limited "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12563
+#: freeculture.xml:12597
msgid ""
"Yet by what right did they get to choose which of the framers' values they "
"would respect? By what right did they—the silent five—get to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12575
+#: freeculture.xml:12609
msgid ""
"Justices Breyer and Stevens wrote very strong dissents. Stevens's opinion "
"was crafted internal to the law: He argued that the tradition of "
#. PAGE BREAK 250
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12588
+#: freeculture.xml:12622
msgid ""
"Justice Breyer's opinion, perhaps the best opinion he has ever written, was "
"external to the Constitution. He argued that the term of copyrights has "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12599
+#: freeculture.xml:12633
msgid ""
"These two justices understood all the arguments we had made. But because "
"neither believed in the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> case, neither was "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12606
+#: freeculture.xml:12640
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>Defeat brings depression</emphasis>. They say it is "
"a sign of health when depression gives way to anger. My anger came quickly, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12611
+#: freeculture.xml:12645
msgid "originalism"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12613
+#: freeculture.xml:12647
msgid ""
"It was first anger with the five <quote>Conservatives.</quote> It would have "
"been one thing for them to have explained why the principle of "
#. PAGE BREAK 251
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12626
+#: freeculture.xml:12660
msgid ""
"Here, they had joined an opinion that never once tried to explain what the "
"framers had meant by crafting the Progress Clause as they did; they joined "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12641
+#: freeculture.xml:12675
msgid ""
"My anger with the Conservatives quickly yielded to anger with myself. For I "
"had let a view of the law that I liked interfere with a view of the law as "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12648
+#: freeculture.xml:12682
msgid ""
"Most lawyers, and most law professors, have little patience for idealism "
"about courts in general and this Supreme Court in particular. Most have a "
#. PAGE BREAK 252
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12659
+#: freeculture.xml:12693
msgid ""
"As I read back over the transcript from that argument in October, I can see "
"a hundred places where the answers could have taken the conversation in "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12680
+#: freeculture.xml:12714
msgid ""
"Would it have been different if I had argued it differently? Would it have "
"been different if Don Ayer had argued it? Or Charles Fried? Or Kathleen "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12685
+#: freeculture.xml:12719
msgid ""
"My friends huddled around me to insist it would not. The Court was not "
"ready, my friends insisted. This was a loss that was destined. It would take "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12691
+#: freeculture.xml:12725
msgid ""
"Maybe, but I doubt it. These Justices have no financial interest in doing "
"anything except the right thing. They are not lobbied. They have little "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12699
+#: freeculture.xml:12733
msgid ""
"And even if I couldn't, then that doesn't excuse what happened in "
"January. For at the start of this case, one of America's leading "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12706
+#: freeculture.xml:12740
msgid ""
"After the argument and after the decision, Peter said to me, and publicly, "
"that he was wrong. But if indeed that Court could not have been persuaded, "
#. PAGE BREAK 253
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12715
+#: freeculture.xml:12749
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>While the reaction</emphasis> to the Sonny Bono Act "
"itself was almost unanimously negative, the reaction to the Court's decision "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12730
+#: freeculture.xml:12764
msgid ""
"In effect, the Supreme Court's decision makes it likely that we are seeing "
"the beginning of the end of public domain and the birth of copyright "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12744 freeculture.xml:12749
+#: freeculture.xml:12778 freeculture.xml:12783
msgid "Bolling, Ruben"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12739
+#: freeculture.xml:12773
msgid ""
"The best responses were in the cartoons. There was a gaggle of hilarious "
"images—of Mickey in jail and the like. The best, from my view of the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:12747
+#: freeculture.xml:12781
msgid "Tom the Dancing Bug cartoon"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:12748
+#: freeculture.xml:12782
msgid ""
"<graphic fileref=\"images/18.png\"></graphic> <placeholder "
"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12752
+#: freeculture.xml:12786
msgid ""
"The image that will always stick in my head is that evoked by the quote from "
"<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle>. That <quote>grand "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:12763
+#: freeculture.xml:12797
msgid "CHAPTER FOURTEEN: Eldred II"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12765
+#: freeculture.xml:12799
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>The day</emphasis> <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> was "
"decided, fate would have it that I was to travel to Washington, D.C. (The "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12777
+#: freeculture.xml:12811
msgid ""
"It was an act of contrition. During the whole of the flight from San "
"Francisco to Washington, I had heard over and over again in my head the same "
#. PAGE BREAK 256
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12787
+#: freeculture.xml:12821
msgid ""
"<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle> published the piece. In it, I "
"proposed a simple fix: Fifty years after a work has been published, the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12795
+#: freeculture.xml:12829
msgid ""
"We called this the Eldred Act, but that was just to give it a name. Eric "
"Eldred was kind enough to let his name be used once again, but as he said "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12800
+#: freeculture.xml:12834
msgid ""
"Or another two names. For depending upon your perspective, this is either "
"the <quote>Public Domain Enhancement Act</quote> or the <quote>Copyright "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12808 freeculture.xml:13009
+#: freeculture.xml:12842 freeculture.xml:13043
msgid "Forbes, Steve"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12810
+#: freeculture.xml:12844
msgid ""
"The reaction to this idea was amazingly strong. Steve Forbes endorsed it in "
"an editorial. I received an avalanche of e-mail and letters expressing "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12822
+#: freeculture.xml:12856
msgid ""
"Indeed, many recognized the obvious benefit of the registration "
"requirement. For one of the hardest things about the current system for "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12832
+#: freeculture.xml:12866
msgid "Berlin Act (1908)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12833 freeculture.xml:12874
+#: freeculture.xml:12867 freeculture.xml:12908
msgid "Berne Convention (1908)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12841
+#: freeculture.xml:12875
msgid "German copyright law"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12841
+#: freeculture.xml:12875
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Until the 1908 Berlin Act of the "
"Berne Convention, national copyright legislation sometimes made protection "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12836
+#: freeculture.xml:12870
msgid ""
"As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" "
"linkend=\"property-i\"/>, formalities in copyright law were removed in 1976, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12868
+#: freeculture.xml:12902
msgid ""
"That's great rhetoric. It sounds wonderfully romantic. But it is absurd "
"copyright policy. It is absurd especially for authors, because a world "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12876
+#: freeculture.xml:12910
msgid ""
"The fight against formalities achieved its first real victory in Berlin in "
"1908. International copyright lawyers amended the Berne Convention in 1908, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12886
+#: freeculture.xml:12920
msgid ""
"These complaints were real and sensible. And the strictness of the "
"formalities, especially in the United States, was absurd. The law should "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12894
+#: freeculture.xml:12928
msgid ""
"Even that would have been resisted, however, because registration in the "
"nineteenth and twentieth centuries was still expensive. It was also a "
#. PAGE BREAK 258
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12902
+#: freeculture.xml:12936
msgid ""
"In addition to the practical complaint of authors in 1908, there was a moral "
"claim as well. There was no reason that creative property should be a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12914
+#: freeculture.xml:12948
msgid ""
"This argument is correct, but its implications are misleading. For the "
"argument in favor of formalities does not depend upon creative property "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12923
+#: freeculture.xml:12957
msgid ""
"No one thinks, for example, that land is second-class property just because "
"you have to register a deed with a court if your sale of land is to be "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12939
+#: freeculture.xml:12973
msgid ""
"It is similarly special physics that makes formalities important in "
"copyright law. Unlike a carpenter's table, there's nothing in nature that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12954
+#: freeculture.xml:12988
msgid ""
"This was the understanding of the problem with the Sonny Bono Act that we "
"tried to demonstrate to the Court. This was the part it didn't "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12964
+#: freeculture.xml:12998
msgid ""
"But now that copyrights can be just about a century long, the inability to "
"know what is protected and what is not protected becomes a huge and obvious "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12973
+#: freeculture.xml:13007
msgid ""
"The Eldred Act was designed to respond to exactly this problem. If it is "
"worth $1 to you, then register your work and you can get the longer "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12980
+#: freeculture.xml:13014
msgid ""
"If it isn't worth it to you to register to get the benefit of an extended "
"term, then it shouldn't be worth it for the government to defend your "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12987
+#: freeculture.xml:13021
msgid ""
"Some worry about the burden on authors. Won't the burden of registering the "
"work mean that the $1 is really misleading? Isn't the hassle worth more than "
#. PAGE BREAK 260
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12993
+#: freeculture.xml:13027
msgid ""
"It is. The hassle is terrible. The system that exists now is awful. I "
"completely agree that the Copyright Office has done a terrible job (no doubt "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13011
+#: freeculture.xml:13045
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>When Steve Forbes</emphasis> endorsed the idea, some "
"in Washington began to pay attention. Many people contacted me pointing to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13017
+#: freeculture.xml:13051
msgid "Lofgren, Zoe"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13019
+#: freeculture.xml:13053
msgid ""
"One representative, Zoe Lofgren of California, went so far as to get the "
"bill drafted. The draft solved any problem with international law. It "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13028
+#: freeculture.xml:13062
msgid ""
"But at this stage, the lobbyists began to intervene. Jack Valenti and the "
"MPAA general counsel came to the congresswoman's office to give the view of "
#. PAGE BREAK 261
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13036
+#: freeculture.xml:13070
msgid ""
"The MPAA argued first that Congress had <quote>firmly rejected the central "
"concept in the proposed bill</quote>—that copyrights be renewed. That "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13057
+#: freeculture.xml:13091
msgid ""
"Finally, the MPAA argued that existing law enabled copyright owners to do "
"this if they wanted. But the whole point is that there are thousands of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13065
+#: freeculture.xml:13099
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>At the beginning</emphasis> of this book, I told two "
"stories about the law reacting to changes in technology. In the one, common "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13075
+#: freeculture.xml:13109
msgid ""
"I used these two cases as a way to frame the war that this book has been "
"about. For here, too, a new technology is forcing the law to react. And "
#. PAGE BREAK 262
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13084
+#: freeculture.xml:13118
msgid ""
"When the issue is piracy, it is right for the law to back the copyright "
"owners. The commercial piracy that I described is wrong and harmful, and the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13094
+#: freeculture.xml:13128
msgid "Kelly, Kevin"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13096
+#: freeculture.xml:13130
msgid ""
"But when the copyright owners oppose a proposal such as the Eldred Act, "
"then, finally, there is an example that lays bare the naked selfinterest "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13106
+#: freeculture.xml:13140
msgid "What does this industry really want?"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13109
+#: freeculture.xml:13143
msgid ""
"With very little effort, the warriors could protect their content. So the "
"effort to block something like the Eldred Act is not really about protecting "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13120
+#: freeculture.xml:13154
msgid ""
"The opposition to the Eldred Act reveals how extreme the other side is. The "
"most powerful and sexy and well loved of lobbies really has as its aim not "
#. PAGE BREAK 263
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13128
+#: freeculture.xml:13162
msgid ""
"It is not hard to understand why the warriors take this view. It is not hard "
"to see why it would benefit them if the competition of the public domain "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13140
+#: freeculture.xml:13174
msgid ""
"What is hard to understand is why the public takes this view. It is as if "
"the law made airplanes trespassers. The MPAA stands with the Causbys and "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13147
+#: freeculture.xml:13181
msgid ""
"All this seems to follow easily from this untroubled acceptance of the "
"<quote>property</quote> in intellectual property. Common sense supports it, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:13159
+#: freeculture.xml:13193
msgid "CONCLUSION"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13160
+#: freeculture.xml:13194
msgid "Africa, medications for HIV patients in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13161
+#: freeculture.xml:13195
msgid "AIDS medications"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13162
+#: freeculture.xml:13196
msgid "antiretroviral drugs"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13163
+#: freeculture.xml:13197
msgid "developing countries, foreign patent costs in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13164 freeculture.xml:13677
+#: freeculture.xml:13198 freeculture.xml:13711
msgid "drugs"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13164 freeculture.xml:13677
+#: freeculture.xml:13198 freeculture.xml:13711
msgid "pharmaceutical"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13165
+#: freeculture.xml:13199
msgid "HIV/AIDS therapies"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13167
+#: freeculture.xml:13201
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>There are more</emphasis> than 35 million people "
"with the AIDS virus worldwide. Twenty-five million of them live in "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13174
+#: freeculture.xml:13208
msgid ""
"There is no cure for AIDS, but there are drugs to slow its progression. "
"These antiretroviral therapies are still experimental, but they have already "
#. f1.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13189
+#: freeculture.xml:13223
msgid ""
"Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, <quote>Final Report: Integrating "
"Intellectual Property Rights and Development Policy</quote> (London, 2002), "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13182
+#: freeculture.xml:13216
msgid ""
"These drugs are expensive. When they were first introduced in the United "
"States, they cost between $10,000 and $15,000 per person per year. Today, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13198 freeculture.xml:13679
+#: freeculture.xml:13232 freeculture.xml:13713
msgid "on pharmaceuticals"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13199
+#: freeculture.xml:13233
msgid "pharmaceutical patents"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 265
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13202
+#: freeculture.xml:13236
msgid ""
"These prices are not high because the ingredients of the drugs are "
"expensive. These prices are high because the drugs are protected by "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13210
+#: freeculture.xml:13244
msgid ""
"There are many who are skeptical of patents, especially drug patents. I am "
"not. Indeed, of all the areas of research that might be supported by "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13221
+#: freeculture.xml:13255
msgid ""
"But it is one thing to support patents, even drug patents. It is another "
"thing to determine how best to deal with a crisis. And as African leaders "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13227
+#: freeculture.xml:13261
msgid "international law"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13228
+#: freeculture.xml:13262
msgid "parallel importation"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13229
+#: freeculture.xml:13263
msgid "South Africa, Republic of, pharmaceutical imports by"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13242 freeculture.xml:13735
+#: freeculture.xml:13276 freeculture.xml:13769
msgid "Braithwaite, John"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13240
+#: freeculture.xml:13274
msgid ""
"See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism: "
"Who Owns the Knowledge Economy?</citetitle> (New York: The New Press, 2003), "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13231
+#: freeculture.xml:13265
msgid ""
"In 1997, South Africa tried one tack. It passed a law to allow the "
"importation of patented medicines that had been produced or sold in another "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13246
+#: freeculture.xml:13280
msgid "United States Trade Representative (USTR)"
msgstr ""
#. f3.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13254
+#: freeculture.xml:13288
msgid ""
"International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent "
"Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a "
#. f4.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13281
+#: freeculture.xml:13315
msgid ""
"International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent "
"Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13248
+#: freeculture.xml:13282
msgid ""
"However, the United States government opposed the bill. Indeed, more than "
"opposed. As the International Intellectual Property Association "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13288
+#: freeculture.xml:13322
msgid ""
"We should place the intervention by the United States in context. No doubt "
"patents are not the most important reason that Africans don't have access to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13298
+#: freeculture.xml:13332
msgid ""
"By stopping the flow of HIV treatment into Africa, the United States "
"government was not saving drugs for United States citizens. This is not "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13306
+#: freeculture.xml:13340
msgid ""
"Nor was the intervention by the United States going to protect the profits "
"of United States drug companies—at least, not substantially. It was "
#. f5.
#. PAGE BREAK 333
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13321
+#: freeculture.xml:13355
msgid ""
"See Sabin Russell, <quote>New Crusade to Lower AIDS Drug Costs: Africa's "
"Needs at Odds with Firms' Profit Motive,</quote> <citetitle>San Francisco "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13315
+#: freeculture.xml:13349
msgid ""
"Instead, the argument in favor of restricting this flow of information, "
"which was needed to save the lives of millions, was an argument about the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13343
+#: freeculture.xml:13377
msgid ""
"Now just step back for a moment. There will be a time thirty years from now "
"when our children look back at us and ask, how could we have let this "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13352
+#: freeculture.xml:13386
msgid "in pharmaceutical industry"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13354
+#: freeculture.xml:13388
msgid ""
"Some blame the drug companies. I don't. They are corporations. Their "
"managers are ordered by law to make money for the corporation. They push a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13362
+#: freeculture.xml:13396
msgid ""
"The corruption is our own politicians' failure of integrity. For the drug "
"companies would love—they say, and I believe them—to sell their "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13369
+#: freeculture.xml:13403
msgid "of drug patents"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 268
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13371
+#: freeculture.xml:13405
msgid ""
"A different problem, however, could not be overcome. This is the fear of the "
"grandstanding politician who would call the presidents of the drug companies "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13393
+#: freeculture.xml:13427
msgid ""
"So when the common sense of your child confronts you, what will you say? "
"When the common sense of a generation finally revolts against what we have "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13399
+#: freeculture.xml:13433
msgid ""
"A sensible patent policy could endorse and strongly support the patent "
"system without having to reach everyone everywhere in exactly the same "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13414
+#: freeculture.xml:13448
msgid ""
"But we as a culture have lost this sense of balance. We have lost the "
"critical eye that helps us see the difference between truth and extremism. "
#. PAGE BREAK 269
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13423
+#: freeculture.xml:13457
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>A simple idea</emphasis> blinds us, and under the "
"cover of darkness, much happens that most of us would reject if any of us "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13437
+#: freeculture.xml:13471
msgid ""
"So far, common sense sleeps. There is no revolt. Common sense does not yet "
"see what there could be to revolt about. The extremism that now dominates "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13450 freeculture.xml:14220
+#: freeculture.xml:13484 freeculture.xml:14254
msgid "academic journals"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13451 freeculture.xml:13464
+#: freeculture.xml:13485 freeculture.xml:13498
msgid "biomedical research"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13452 freeculture.xml:13622
+#: freeculture.xml:13486 freeculture.xml:13656
msgid "international organization on issues of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13454 freeculture.xml:13571 freeculture.xml:14139
+#: freeculture.xml:13488 freeculture.xml:13605 freeculture.xml:14173
msgid "IBM"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13455 freeculture.xml:14286
+#: freeculture.xml:13489 freeculture.xml:14320
msgid "PLoS (Public Library of Science)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13456 freeculture.xml:14287
+#: freeculture.xml:13490 freeculture.xml:14321
msgid "Public Library of Science (PLoS)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13457
+#: freeculture.xml:13491
msgid "public projects in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13458
+#: freeculture.xml:13492
msgid "single nucleotied polymorphisms (SNPs)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13459
+#: freeculture.xml:13493
msgid "Wellcome Trust"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13460 freeculture.xml:13623
+#: freeculture.xml:13494 freeculture.xml:13657
msgid "World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13461
+#: freeculture.xml:13495
msgid "World Wide Web"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13462
+#: freeculture.xml:13496
msgid "Global Positioning System"
msgstr ""
#. f6.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13469
+#: freeculture.xml:13503
msgid ""
"Jonathan Krim, <quote>The Quiet War over Open-Source,</quote> "
"<citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, August 2003, E1, available at <ulink "
#. PAGE BREAK 270
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13466
+#: freeculture.xml:13500
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>In August 2003</emphasis>, a fight broke out in the "
"United States about a decision by the World Intellectual Property "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13502
+#: freeculture.xml:13536
msgid ""
"The aim of the meeting was to consider this wide range of projects from one "
"common perspective: that none of these projects relied upon intellectual "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13508
+#: freeculture.xml:13542
msgid "in international debate on intellectual property"
msgstr ""
#. f7.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13511
+#: freeculture.xml:13545
msgid ""
"I should disclose that I was one of the people who asked WIPO for the "
"meeting."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13510
+#: freeculture.xml:13544
msgid ""
"From the perspective of this book, then, the conference was "
"ideal.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The projects within its "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13520 freeculture.xml:13676
+#: freeculture.xml:13554 freeculture.xml:13710
msgid "World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS)"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 271
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13522
+#: freeculture.xml:13556
msgid ""
"Indeed, I was once publicly scolded for not recognizing this fact about "
"WIPO. In February 2003, I delivered a keynote address to a preparatory "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13546
+#: freeculture.xml:13580
msgid ""
"So whether or not WSIS can discuss balance in intellectual property, I had "
"thought it was taken for granted that WIPO could and should. And thus the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13555 freeculture.xml:15285
+#: freeculture.xml:13589 freeculture.xml:15319
msgid "Apple Corporation"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13556
+#: freeculture.xml:13590
msgid "on free software"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13558
+#: freeculture.xml:13592
msgid ""
"But there is one project within that list that is highly controversial, at "
"least among lobbyists. That project is <quote>open source and free "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13568
+#: freeculture.xml:13602
msgid "<quote>copyleft</quote> licenses"
msgstr ""
#. f8.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13584
+#: freeculture.xml:13618
msgid ""
"Microsoft's position about free and open source software is more "
"sophisticated. As it has repeatedly asserted, it has no problem with "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13573
+#: freeculture.xml:13607
msgid ""
"I don't mean to enter that debate here. It is important only to make clear "
"that the distinction is not between commercial and noncommercial "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13602
+#: freeculture.xml:13636
msgid "General Public License (GPL)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13603
+#: freeculture.xml:13637
msgid "GPL (General Public License)"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 272
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13605
+#: freeculture.xml:13639
msgid ""
"More important for our purposes, to support <quote>open source and free "
"software</quote> is not to oppose copyright. <quote>Open source and free "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13624
+#: freeculture.xml:13658
msgid "Krim, Jonathan"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13625
+#: freeculture.xml:13659
msgid "WIPO meeting opposed by"
msgstr ""
#. f9.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13635
+#: freeculture.xml:13669
msgid ""
"Krim, <quote>The Quiet War over Open-Source,</quote> available at <ulink "
"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #64</ulink>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13627
+#: freeculture.xml:13661
msgid ""
"It is therefore understandable that as a proprietary software developer, "
"Microsoft would oppose this WIPO meeting, and understandable that it would "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13641
+#: freeculture.xml:13675
msgid ""
"I don't blame Microsoft for doing what it can to advance its own interests, "
"consistent with the law. And lobbying governments is plainly consistent with "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13649 freeculture.xml:13707
+#: freeculture.xml:13683 freeculture.xml:13741
msgid "Boland, Lois"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13651
+#: freeculture.xml:13685
msgid ""
"What was surprising was the United States government's reason for opposing "
"the meeting. Again, as reported by Krim, Lois Boland, acting director of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13662
+#: freeculture.xml:13696
msgid "These statements are astonishing on a number of levels."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13667
+#: freeculture.xml:13701
msgid ""
"First, they are just flat wrong. As I described, most open source and free "
"software relies fundamentally upon the intellectual property right called "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13678
+#: freeculture.xml:13712
msgid "generic drugs"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13681
+#: freeculture.xml:13715
msgid ""
"Second, who ever said that WIPO's exclusive aim was to "
"<quote>promote</quote> intellectual property maximally? As I had been "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13695
+#: freeculture.xml:13729
msgid ""
"Third, even if one believed that the purpose of WIPO was to maximize "
"intellectual property rights, in our tradition, intellectual property rights "
#. PAGE BREAK 274
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13709
+#: freeculture.xml:13743
msgid ""
"When Ms. Boland says that there is something wrong with a meeting "
"<quote>which has as its purpose to disclaim or waive such rights,</quote> "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13720
+#: freeculture.xml:13754
msgid "feudal system"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13721
+#: freeculture.xml:13755
msgid "feudal system of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13723
+#: freeculture.xml:13757
msgid ""
"There is a history of just such a property system that is well known in the "
"Anglo-American tradition. It is called <quote>feudalism.</quote> Under "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13740
+#: freeculture.xml:13774
msgid ""
"See Drahos with Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism</citetitle>, "
"210–20. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13737
+#: freeculture.xml:13771
msgid ""
"As Peter Drahos and John Braithwaite relate, this is precisely the choice we "
"are now making about intellectual property.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13751
+#: freeculture.xml:13785
msgid ""
"When this battle broke, I blogged it. A spirited debate within the comment "
"section ensued. Ms. Boland had a number of supporters who tried to show why "
#. PAGE BREAK 275
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13760
+#: freeculture.xml:13794
msgid ""
"George, you misunderstand Lessig: He's only talking about the world as it "
"should be (<quote>the goal of WIPO, and the goal of any government, should "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13772
+#: freeculture.xml:13806
msgid ""
"I missed the irony the first time I read it. I read it quickly and thought "
"the poster was supporting the idea that seeking balance was what our "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13783
+#: freeculture.xml:13817
msgid ""
"Obviously, however, the poster was not supporting that idea. Instead, the "
"poster was ridiculing the very idea that in the real world, the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13791
+#: freeculture.xml:13825
msgid ""
"I understand criticism of academic utopianism. I think utopianism is silly, "
"too, and I'd be the first to poke fun at the absurdly unrealistic ideals of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13797
+#: freeculture.xml:13831
msgid ""
"But when it has become silly to suppose that the role of our government "
"should be to <quote>seek balance,</quote> then count me with the silly, for "
#. PAGE BREAK 276
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13808
+#: freeculture.xml:13842
msgid ""
"It might be crazy to expect a high government official to speak the "
"truth. It might be crazy to believe that government policy will be something "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13816
+#: freeculture.xml:13850
msgid "If this is crazy, then let there be more crazies. Soon."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13820
+#: freeculture.xml:13854
msgid "Turner, Ted"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13822
+#: freeculture.xml:13856
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>There are moments</emphasis> of hope in this "
"struggle. And moments that surprise. When the FCC was considering relaxing "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13833
+#: freeculture.xml:13867
msgid ""
"This activism did not stop the FCC, but soon after, a broad coalition in the "
"Senate voted to reverse the FCC decision. The hostile hearings leading up to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13841
+#: freeculture.xml:13875
msgid ""
"But even this movement misses an important piece of the puzzle. Largeness "
"as such is not bad. Freedom is not threatened just because some become very "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13848
+#: freeculture.xml:13882
msgid ""
"The danger in media concentration comes not from the concentration, but "
"instead from the feudalism that this concentration, tied to the change in "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13858
+#: freeculture.xml:13892
msgid ""
"It is therefore significant that so many would rally to demand competition "
"and increased diversity. Still, if the rally is understood as being about "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13865
+#: freeculture.xml:13899
msgid ""
"It would be something new, and something very important, if an equal number "
"could be rallied to fight the increasing extremism built within the idea of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13873
+#: freeculture.xml:13907
msgid ""
"If we were Achilles, this would be our heel. This would be the place of our "
"tragedy."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13876
+#: freeculture.xml:13910
msgid "Dylan, Bob"
msgstr ""
#. f11.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13882
+#: freeculture.xml:13916
msgid ""
"John Borland, <quote>RIAA Sues 261 File Swappers,</quote> CNET News.com, "
"September 2003, available at <ulink "
#. f12.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13900
+#: freeculture.xml:13934
msgid ""
"Jon Wiederhorn, <quote>Eminem Gets Sued … by a Little Old "
"Lady,</quote> mtv.com, 17 September 2003, available at <ulink "
#. f13.
#. PAGE BREAK 334
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13907
+#: freeculture.xml:13941
msgid ""
"Kenji Hall, Associated Press, <quote>Japanese Book May Be Inspiration for "
"Dylan Songs,</quote> Kansascity.com, 9 July 2003, available at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13878
+#: freeculture.xml:13912
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>As I write</emphasis> these final words, the news is "
"filled with stories about the RIAA lawsuits against almost three hundred "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13924
+#: freeculture.xml:13958
msgid "BBC"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13925
+#: freeculture.xml:13959
msgid "Brazil, free culture in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13926 freeculture.xml:14317
+#: freeculture.xml:13960 freeculture.xml:14351
msgid "Creative Commons"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13927
+#: freeculture.xml:13961
msgid "Gil, Gilberto"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13928
+#: freeculture.xml:13962
msgid "public creative archive in"
msgstr ""
#. f14.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13933
+#: freeculture.xml:13967
msgid ""
"<quote>BBC Plans to Open Up Its Archive to the Public,</quote> BBC press "
"release, 24 August 2003, available at <ulink "
#. f15.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13942
+#: freeculture.xml:13976
msgid ""
"<quote>Creative Commons and Brazil,</quote> Creative Commons Weblog, 6 "
"August 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
#. PAGE BREAK 278
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13930
+#: freeculture.xml:13964
msgid ""
"Yet on the other side of the Atlantic, the BBC has just announced that it "
"will build a <quote>Creative Archive,</quote> from which British citizens "
#. PAGE BREAK 279
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13956
+#: freeculture.xml:13990
msgid ""
"Common sense must revolt. It must act to free culture. Soon, if this "
"potential is ever to be realized."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:13964
+#: freeculture.xml:13998
msgid "AFTERWORD"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 280
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13968
+#: freeculture.xml:14002
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>At least some</emphasis> who have read this far will "
"agree with me that something must be done to change where we are "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13973
+#: freeculture.xml:14007
msgid ""
"I divide this map into two parts: that which anyone can do now, and that "
"which requires the help of lawmakers. If there is one lesson that we can "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13979
+#: freeculture.xml:14013
msgid ""
"That means this movement must begin in the streets. It must recruit a "
"significant number of parents, teachers, librarians, creators, authors, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13986
+#: freeculture.xml:14020
msgid ""
"Once this movement has its effect in the streets, it has some hope of having "
"an effect in Washington. We are still a democracy. What people think "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:13995
+#: freeculture.xml:14029
msgid "US, NOW"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13997
+#: freeculture.xml:14031
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>Common sense</emphasis> is with the copyright "
"warriors because the debate so far has been framed at the extremes—as "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14004
+#: freeculture.xml:14038
msgid ""
"The mistake here is the error of the excluded middle. There are extremes in "
"this debate, but the extremes are not all that there is. There are those who "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14014
+#: freeculture.xml:14048
msgid "initial free character of"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 282
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14016
+#: freeculture.xml:14050
msgid ""
"When the Internet was first born, its initial architecture effectively "
"tilted in the <quote>no rights reserved</quote> direction. Content could be "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14028
+#: freeculture.xml:14062
msgid ""
"This initial character produced a reaction (opposite, but not quite equal) "
"by copyright owners. That reaction has been the topic of this book. Through "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14044
+#: freeculture.xml:14078
msgid ""
"What's needed is a way to say something in the middle—neither "
"<quote>all rights reserved</quote> nor <quote>no rights reserved</quote> but "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14052
+#: freeculture.xml:14086
msgid "Rebuilding Freedoms Previously Presumed: Examples"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14053
+#: freeculture.xml:14087
msgid "restoration efforts on previous aspects of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14055
+#: freeculture.xml:14089
msgid "privacy rights"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14057
+#: freeculture.xml:14091
msgid ""
"If you step back from the battle I've been describing here, you will "
"recognize this problem from other contexts. Think about privacy. Before the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14067
+#: freeculture.xml:14101
msgid "What made it assured?"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14071
+#: freeculture.xml:14105
msgid ""
"Well, if we think in terms of the modalities I described in chapter <xref "
"xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"property-i\"/>, your privacy was "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14086
+#: freeculture.xml:14120
msgid "Amazon"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14087
+#: freeculture.xml:14121
msgid "cookies, Internet"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14088
+#: freeculture.xml:14122
msgid "privacy protection on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14090
+#: freeculture.xml:14124
msgid ""
"Enter the Internet, where the cost of tracking browsing in particular has "
"become quite tiny. If you're a customer at Amazon, then as you browse the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14099
+#: freeculture.xml:14133
msgid "privacy rights in use of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14101
+#: freeculture.xml:14135
msgid ""
"Amazon, of course, is not the problem. But we might begin to worry about "
"libraries. If you're one of those crazy lefties who thinks that people "
#. f1.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14119
+#: freeculture.xml:14153
msgid ""
"See, for example, Marc Rotenberg, <quote>Fair Information Practices and the "
"Architecture of Privacy (What Larry Doesn't Get),</quote> "
#. PAGE BREAK 284
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14113
+#: freeculture.xml:14147
msgid ""
"It is this reality that explains the push of many to define "
"<quote>privacy</quote> on the Internet. It is the recognition that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14138
+#: freeculture.xml:14172
msgid "Data General"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14142
+#: freeculture.xml:14176
msgid ""
"A similar story could be told about the birth of the free software "
"movement. When computers with software were first made available "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14149
+#: freeculture.xml:14183
msgid "Stallman, Richard"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14151
+#: freeculture.xml:14185
msgid ""
"That was the world Richard Stallman was born into, and while he was a "
"researcher at MIT, he grew to love the community that developed when one was "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14159
+#: freeculture.xml:14193
msgid ""
"In an academic setting, at least, that's not a terribly radical idea. In a "
"math department, anyone would be free to tinker with a proof that someone "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14170
+#: freeculture.xml:14204
msgid "proprietary code"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14172
+#: freeculture.xml:14206
msgid ""
"No one answered that question. Instead, the architecture of revenue for "
"computing changed. As it became possible to import programs from one system "
#. PAGE BREAK 285
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14181
+#: freeculture.xml:14215
msgid ""
"Thus, the practice of proprietary code began to spread, and by the early "
"1980s, Stallman found himself surrounded by proprietary code. The world of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14190
+#: freeculture.xml:14224
msgid "Torvalds, Linus"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14192
+#: freeculture.xml:14226
msgid ""
"Therefore, in 1984, Stallman began a project to build a free operating "
"system, so that at least a strain of free software would survive. That was "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14200
+#: freeculture.xml:14234
msgid ""
"Stallman's technique was to use copyright law to build a world of software "
"that must be kept free. Software licensed under the Free Software "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14211
+#: freeculture.xml:14245
msgid ""
"Stallman was thus doing for software what privacy advocates now do for "
"privacy. He was seeking a way to rebuild a kind of freedom that was taken "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14221
+#: freeculture.xml:14255
msgid "scientific journals"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14223
+#: freeculture.xml:14257
msgid ""
"Finally, consider a very recent example that more directly resonates with "
"the story of this book. This is the shift in the way academic and scientific "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14227
+#: freeculture.xml:14261
msgid "Lexis and Westlaw"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14229 freeculture.xml:14265
+#: freeculture.xml:14263 freeculture.xml:14299
msgid "journals in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14230
+#: freeculture.xml:14264
msgid "access to opinions of"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 286
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14232
+#: freeculture.xml:14266
msgid ""
"As digital technologies develop, it is becoming obvious to many that "
"printing thousands of copies of journals every month and sending them to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14247
+#: freeculture.xml:14281
msgid "access fees for material in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14248
+#: freeculture.xml:14282
msgid "license system for rebuilding of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14250
+#: freeculture.xml:14284
msgid ""
"There's nothing wrong in general with this, and indeed, the ability to "
"charge for access to even public domain materials is a good incentive for "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14261
+#: freeculture.xml:14295
msgid ""
"But what if the only way to get access to social and scientific data was "
"through proprietary services? What if no one had the ability to browse this "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14267
+#: freeculture.xml:14301
msgid ""
"As many are beginning to notice, this is increasingly the reality with "
"scientific journals. When these journals were distributed in paper form, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14279
+#: freeculture.xml:14313
msgid ""
"As journals become electronic, however, the publishers are demanding that "
"libraries not give the general public access to the journals. This means "
#. PAGE BREAK 287
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14289
+#: freeculture.xml:14323
msgid ""
"This shrinking freedom has led many to take affirmative steps to restore the "
"freedom that has been lost. The Public Library of Science (PLoS), for "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14303
+#: freeculture.xml:14337
msgid ""
"This is one of many such efforts to restore a freedom taken for granted "
"before, but now threatened by changing technology and markets. There's no "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14316
+#: freeculture.xml:14350
msgid "Rebuilding Free Culture: One Idea"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14319
+#: freeculture.xml:14353
msgid ""
"The same strategy could be applied to culture, as a response to the "
"increasing control effected through law and technology."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14322
+#: freeculture.xml:14356
msgid "Stanford University"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14324
+#: freeculture.xml:14358
msgid ""
"Enter the Creative Commons. The Creative Commons is a nonprofit corporation "
"established in Massachusetts, but with its home at Stanford University. Its "
#. PAGE BREAK 288
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14335
+#: freeculture.xml:14369
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Simple</emphasis>—which means without a middleman, or "
"without a lawyer. By developing a free set of licenses that people can "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14353
+#: freeculture.xml:14387
msgid ""
"These freedoms are beyond the freedoms promised by fair use. Their precise "
"contours depend upon the choices the creator makes. The creator can choose a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14364
+#: freeculture.xml:14398
msgid ""
"These choices thus establish a range of freedoms beyond the default of "
"copyright law. They also enable freedoms that go beyond traditional fair "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14374
+#: freeculture.xml:14408
msgid "Garlick, Mia"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 289
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14376
+#: freeculture.xml:14410
msgid ""
"This is just one project among many within the Creative Commons. And of "
"course, Creative Commons is not the only organization pursuing such "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14389
+#: freeculture.xml:14423
msgid ""
"The aim is not to fight the <quote>All Rights Reserved</quote> sorts. The "
"aim is to complement them. The problems that the law creates for us as a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14402
+#: freeculture.xml:14436
msgid ""
"Why would creators participate in giving up total control? Some participate "
"to better spread their content. Cory Doctorow, for example, is a science "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14409
+#: freeculture.xml:14443
msgid ""
"Why would a publisher ever agree to this? I suspect his publisher reasoned "
"like this: There are two groups of people out there: (1) those who will buy "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14421
+#: freeculture.xml:14455
msgid ""
"Indeed, the experience of his publisher clearly supports that conclusion. "
"The book's first printing was exhausted months before the publisher had "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14426
+#: freeculture.xml:14460
msgid "Free for All (Wayner)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14427
+#: freeculture.xml:14461
msgid "Wayner, Peter"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 290
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14429
+#: freeculture.xml:14463
msgid ""
"The idea that free content might increase the value of nonfree content was "
"confirmed by the experience of another author. Peter Wayner, who wrote a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14440
+#: freeculture.xml:14474
msgid "Public Enemy"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14441
+#: freeculture.xml:14475
msgid "rap music"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14442
+#: freeculture.xml:14476
msgid "Leaphart, Walter"
msgstr ""
#. f2.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14459
+#: freeculture.xml:14493
msgid ""
"<citetitle>Willful Infringement: A Report from the Front Lines of the Real "
"Culture Wars</citetitle> (2003), produced by Jed Horovitz, directed by Greg "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14444
+#: freeculture.xml:14478
msgid ""
"These are examples of using the Commons to better spread proprietary "
"content. I believe that is a wonderful and common use of the Commons. There "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14468
+#: freeculture.xml:14502
msgid ""
"Finally, there are many who mark their content with a Creative Commons "
"license just because they want to express to others the importance of "
#. PAGE BREAK 291
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14480
+#: freeculture.xml:14514
msgid ""
"In the first six months of the Creative Commons experiment, over 1 million "
"objects were licensed with these free-culture licenses. The next step is "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14490
+#: freeculture.xml:14524
msgid ""
"These are first steps to rebuilding a public domain. They are not mere "
"arguments; they are action. Building a public domain is the first step to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14498
+#: freeculture.xml:14532
msgid ""
"Creative Commons is just one example of voluntary efforts by individuals and "
"creators to change the mix of rights that now govern the creative field. The "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14512
+#: freeculture.xml:14546
msgid "THEM, SOON"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14514
+#: freeculture.xml:14548
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>We will</emphasis> not reclaim a free culture by "
"individual action alone. It will also take important reforms of laws. We "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14521
+#: freeculture.xml:14555
msgid ""
"In this chapter, I outline five kinds of changes: four that are general, and "
"one that's specific to the most heated battle of the day, music. Each is a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14528
+#: freeculture.xml:14562
msgid "1. More Formalities"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14530
+#: freeculture.xml:14564
msgid ""
"If you buy a house, you have to record the sale in a deed. If you buy land "
"upon which to build a house, you have to record the purchase in a deed. If "
#. PAGE BREAK 293
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14537
+#: freeculture.xml:14571
msgid ""
"These are all formalities associated with property. They are requirements "
"that we all must bear if we want our property to be protected."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14542
+#: freeculture.xml:14576
msgid ""
"In contrast, under current copyright law, you automatically get a copyright, "
"regardless of whether you comply with any formality. You don't have to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14548
+#: freeculture.xml:14582
msgid "Why?"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14551
+#: freeculture.xml:14585
msgid ""
"As I suggested in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" "
"linkend=\"property-i\"/>, the motivation to abolish formalities was a good "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14560
+#: freeculture.xml:14594
msgid ""
"But the Internet changes all this. Formalities today need not be a "
"burden. Rather, the world without formalities is the world that burdens "
#. f1.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14574
+#: freeculture.xml:14608
msgid ""
"The proposal I am advancing here would apply to American works only. "
"Obviously, I believe it would be beneficial for the same idea to be adopted "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14572
+#: freeculture.xml:14606
msgid ""
"The law should therefore change this requirement<placeholder "
"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>—but it should not change it by going back "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14582
+#: freeculture.xml:14616
msgid ""
"The important formalities are three: marking copyrighted work, registering "
"copyrights, and renewing the claim to copyright. Traditionally, the first of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14594
+#: freeculture.xml:14628
msgid "REGISTRATION AND RENEWAL"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14596
+#: freeculture.xml:14630
msgid ""
"Under the old system, a copyright owner had to file a registration with the "
"Copyright Office to register or renew a copyright. When filing that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14609
+#: freeculture.xml:14643
msgid ""
"Yet it is always astonishing to me that we, who come from a tradition of "
"extraordinary innovation in governmental design, can no longer think "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14618
+#: freeculture.xml:14652
msgid ""
"In the context of registration, one obvious model is the Internet. There "
"are at least 32 million Web sites registered around the world. Domain name "
#. PAGE BREAK 295
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14628
+#: freeculture.xml:14662
msgid ""
"We should adopt a similar model for the registration and renewal of "
"copyrights. The Copyright Office may well serve as the central registry, but "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14643
+#: freeculture.xml:14677
msgid "MARKING"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14645
+#: freeculture.xml:14679
msgid ""
"It used to be that the failure to include a copyright notice on a creative "
"work meant that the copyright was forfeited. That was a harsh punishment for "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14655
+#: freeculture.xml:14689
msgid ""
"The aim of marking is to signal to the public that this work is copyrighted "
"and that the author wants to enforce his rights. The mark also makes it easy "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14661
+#: freeculture.xml:14695
msgid ""
"One of the problems the copyright system confronted early on was that "
"different copyrighted works had to be differently marked. It wasn't clear "
#. f2.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14678
+#: freeculture.xml:14712
msgid ""
"There would be a complication with derivative works that I have not solved "
"here. In my view, the law of derivatives creates a more complicated system "
#. PAGE BREAK 296
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14671
+#: freeculture.xml:14705
msgid ""
"Let's start with the last point. If a copyright owner allows his work to be "
"published without a copyright notice, the consequence of that failure need "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14691
+#: freeculture.xml:14725
msgid ""
"That in turn raises the question about how work should best be marked. Here "
"again, the system needs to adjust as the technologies evolve. The best way "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14697
+#: freeculture.xml:14731
msgid "copyright marking of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14699
+#: freeculture.xml:14733
msgid ""
"For example, if a recording industry association devises a method for "
"marking CDs, it would propose that to the Copyright Office. The Copyright "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14711
+#: freeculture.xml:14745
msgid ""
"Finally, marking content clearly would simplify registration requirements. "
"If photographs were marked by author and year, there would be little reason "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14719
+#: freeculture.xml:14753
msgid ""
"The objective of formalities is to make things clear. The existing system "
"does nothing to make things clear. Indeed, it seems designed to make things "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14724
+#: freeculture.xml:14758
msgid ""
"If formalities such as registration were reinstated, one of the most "
"difficult aspects of relying upon the public domain would be removed. It "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14736
+#: freeculture.xml:14770
msgid "2. Shorter Terms"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14738
+#: freeculture.xml:14772
msgid ""
"The term of copyright has gone from fourteen years to ninety-five years for "
"corporate authors, and life of the author plus seventy years for natural "
#. f3.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14751
+#: freeculture.xml:14785
msgid ""
"<quote>A Radical Rethink,</quote> <citetitle>Economist</citetitle>, 366:8308 "
"(25 January 2003): 15, available at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14743
+#: freeculture.xml:14777
msgid ""
"In <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>, I proposed a "
"seventy-five-year term, granted in five-year increments with a requirement "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14758
+#: freeculture.xml:14792
msgid ""
"I agree with those who believe that we need a radical change in copyright's "
"term. But whether fourteen years or seventy-five, there are four principles "
#. (1)
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14766
+#: freeculture.xml:14800
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Keep it short:</emphasis> The term should be as long as necessary "
"to give incentives to create, but no longer. If it were tied to very strong "
#. (2)
#. PAGE BREAK 298
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14775
+#: freeculture.xml:14809
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Keep it simple:</emphasis> The line between the public domain and "
"protected content must be kept clear. Lawyers like the fuzziness of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14787
+#: freeculture.xml:14821
msgid "veterans' pensions"
msgstr ""
#. f4.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14798
+#: freeculture.xml:14832
msgid ""
"Department of Veterans Affairs, Veteran's Application for Compensation "
"and/or Pension, VA Form 21-526 (OMB Approved No. 2900-0001), available at "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14790
+#: freeculture.xml:14824
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Keep it alive:</emphasis> Copyright should have to be renewed. "
"Especially if the maximum term is long, the copyright owner should be "
#. (4)
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14809
+#: freeculture.xml:14843
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Keep it prospective:</emphasis> Whatever the term of copyright "
"should be, the clearest lesson that economists teach is that a term once "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14825
+#: freeculture.xml:14859
msgid ""
"These changes together should produce an <emphasis>average</emphasis> "
"copyright term that is much shorter than the current term. Until 1976, the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14831
+#: freeculture.xml:14865
msgid ""
"No doubt the extremists will call these ideas <quote>radical.</quote> (After "
"all, I call them <quote>extremists.</quote>) But again, the term I "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14841
+#: freeculture.xml:14875
msgid "3. Free Use Vs. Fair Use"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14845
+#: freeculture.xml:14879
msgid ""
"As I observed at the beginning of this book, property law originally granted "
"property owners the right to control their property from the ground to the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14853
+#: freeculture.xml:14887
msgid ""
"Our Constitution gives Congress the power to give authors <quote>exclusive "
"right</quote> to <quote>their writings.</quote> Congress has given authors "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14861
+#: freeculture.xml:14895
msgid "Kaplan, Benjamin"
msgstr ""
#. f5.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14867
+#: freeculture.xml:14901
msgid ""
"Benjamin Kaplan, <citetitle>An Unhurried View of Copyright</citetitle> (New "
"York: Columbia University Press, 1967), 32."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14863
+#: freeculture.xml:14897
msgid ""
"Congress granted the beginnings of this right in 1870, when it expanded the "
"exclusive right of copyright to include a right to control translations and "
#. f6.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14880
+#: freeculture.xml:14914
msgid "Ibid., 56."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14876
+#: freeculture.xml:14910
msgid ""
"So inured have we become to the extension of the monopoly to a large range "
"of so-called derivative works, that we no longer sense the oddity of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14885
+#: freeculture.xml:14919
msgid ""
"I think it's time to recognize that there are airplanes in this field and "
"the expansiveness of these rights of derivative use no longer make "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14892
+#: freeculture.xml:14926
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Term:</emphasis> If Congress wants to grant a derivative right, "
"then that right should be for a much shorter term. It makes sense to protect "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14905
+#: freeculture.xml:14939
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Scope:</emphasis> Likewise should the scope of derivative rights "
"be narrowed. Again, there are some cases in which derivative rights are "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14919
+#: freeculture.xml:14953
msgid ""
"This was the point that Alben made when describing the making of the Clint "
"Eastwood CD. While it makes sense to require negotiation for foreseeable "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14935
+#: freeculture.xml:14969
msgid "Goldstein, Paul"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14933
+#: freeculture.xml:14967
msgid ""
"Paul Goldstein, <citetitle>Copyright's Highway: From Gutenberg to the "
"Celestial Jukebox</citetitle> (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14927
+#: freeculture.xml:14961
msgid ""
"In each of these cases, the law should mark the uses that are protected, and "
"the presumption should be that other uses are not protected. This is the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14941
+#: freeculture.xml:14975
msgid ""
"Goldstein's analysis would make perfect sense if the cost of the legal "
"system were small. But as we are currently seeing in the context of the "
#. PAGE BREAK 301
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14948
+#: freeculture.xml:14982
msgid ""
"The law could remedy this problem either by removing protection beyond the "
"part explicitly drawn or by granting reuse rights upon certain statutory "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14958
+#: freeculture.xml:14992
msgid "4. Liberate the Music—Again"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14960
+#: freeculture.xml:14994
msgid ""
"The battle that got this whole war going was about music, so it wouldn't be "
"fair to end this book without addressing the issue that is, to most people, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14967
+#: freeculture.xml:15001
msgid ""
"The appeal of file-sharing music was the crack cocaine of the Internet's "
"growth. It drove demand for access to the Internet more powerfully than any "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14976
+#: freeculture.xml:15010
msgid ""
"The aim of copyright, with respect to content in general and music in "
"particular, is to create the incentives for music to be composed, performed, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14983
+#: freeculture.xml:15017
msgid ""
"File-sharing networks complicate this model by enabling the spread of "
"content for which the performer has not been paid. But of course, that's not "
#. A.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14992
+#: freeculture.xml:15026
msgid ""
"There are some who are using sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing "
"CDs."
#. B.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14997
+#: freeculture.xml:15031
msgid ""
"There are also some who are using sharing networks to sample, on the way to "
"purchasing CDs."
#. PAGE BREAK 302
#. C.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15003
+#: freeculture.xml:15037
msgid ""
"There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content "
"that is no longer sold but is still under copyright or that would have been "
#. D.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15009
+#: freeculture.xml:15043
msgid ""
"There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content "
"that is not copyrighted or to get access that the copyright owner plainly "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15017
+#: freeculture.xml:15051
msgid ""
"Any reform of the law needs to keep these different uses in focus. It must "
"avoid burdening type D even if it aims to eliminate type A. The eagerness "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15025
+#: freeculture.xml:15059
msgid ""
"As I said in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" "
"linkend=\"piracy\"/>, the actual harm caused by sharing is controversial. "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15033
+#: freeculture.xml:15067
msgid ""
"Nonetheless, there is a crucial fact about the current technological context "
"that we must keep in mind if we are to understand how the law should "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15038
+#: freeculture.xml:15072
msgid ""
"Today, file sharing is addictive. In ten years, it won't be. It is addictive "
"today because it is the easiest way to gain access to a broad range of "
#. PAGE BREAK 303
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15050
+#: freeculture.xml:15084
msgid ""
"But it will become a reality, and that means the way we get access to the "
"Internet today is a technology in transition. Policy makers should not make "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:15064
+#: freeculture.xml:15098
msgid "cell phones, music streamed over"
msgstr ""
#. f8.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15084
+#: freeculture.xml:15118
msgid ""
"See, for example, <quote>Music Media Watch,</quote> The J@pan "
"Inc. Newsletter, 3 April 2002, available at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15066
+#: freeculture.xml:15100
msgid ""
"In that world, it will be extremely easy to connect to services that give "
"you access to content on the fly—such as Internet radio, content that "
#. PAGE BREAK 304
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15091
+#: freeculture.xml:15125
msgid ""
"This point about the future is meant to suggest a perspective on the "
"present: It is emphatically temporary. The <quote>problem</quote> with file "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15107
+#: freeculture.xml:15141
msgid ""
"The answer begins with recognizing that there are different "
"<quote>problems</quote> here to solve. Let's start with type D "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15118
+#: freeculture.xml:15152
msgid ""
"Type C content raises a different <quote>problem.</quote> This is content "
"that was, at one time, published and is no longer available. It may be "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15129
+#: freeculture.xml:15163
msgid ""
"Again, the model here is the used book store. Once a book goes out of print, "
"it may still be available in libraries and used book stores. But libraries "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15139
+#: freeculture.xml:15173
msgid ""
"The model of used book stores suggests that the law could simply deem "
"out-of-print music fair game. If the publisher does not make copies of the "
#. PAGE BREAK 305
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15150
+#: freeculture.xml:15184
msgid ""
"Alternatively, the law could create a statutory license that would ensure "
"that artists get something from the trade of their work. For example, if the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15160
+#: freeculture.xml:15194
msgid ""
"This system would also create an incentive for publishers to keep works "
"available commercially. Works that are available commercially would not be "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15170
+#: freeculture.xml:15204
msgid ""
"The hard case is content of types A and B, and again, this case is hard only "
"because the extent of the problem will change over time, as the technologies "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15178
+#: freeculture.xml:15212
msgid ""
"So here's a solution that will at first seem very strange to both sides in "
"this war, but which upon reflection, I suggest, should make some sense."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15182
+#: freeculture.xml:15216
msgid ""
"Stripped of the rhetoric about the sanctity of property, the basic claim of "
"the content industry is this: A new technology (the Internet) has harmed a "
#. PAGE BREAK 306
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15193
+#: freeculture.xml:15227
msgid ""
"I love the Internet, and so I don't like likening it to tobacco or "
"asbestos. But the analogy is a fair one from the perspective of the law. "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:15200 freeculture.xml:15242
+#: freeculture.xml:15234 freeculture.xml:15276
msgid "Promises to Keep (Fisher)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:15240
+#: freeculture.xml:15274
msgid "Fisher, William"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15206
+#: freeculture.xml:15240
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> William Fisher, "
"<citetitle>Digital Music: Problems and Possibilities</citetitle> (last "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15202
+#: freeculture.xml:15236
msgid ""
"The idea would be a modification of a proposal that has been floated by "
"Harvard law professor William Fisher.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15256
+#: freeculture.xml:15290
msgid ""
"Fisher's proposal is careful and comprehensive. It raises a million "
"questions, most of which he answers well in his upcoming book, "
#. PAGE BREAK 307
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15273
+#: freeculture.xml:15307
msgid ""
"Fisher would balk at the idea of allowing the system to lapse. His aim is "
"not just to ensure that artists are paid, but also to ensure that the system "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:15286
+#: freeculture.xml:15320
msgid "MusicStore"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:15288
+#: freeculture.xml:15322
msgid "prices of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15290
+#: freeculture.xml:15324
msgid ""
"No doubt it would be difficult to calculate the proper measure of "
"<quote>harm</quote> to an industry. But the difficulty of making that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:15305
+#: freeculture.xml:15339
msgid "cable vs. broadcast"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:15308
+#: freeculture.xml:15342
msgid "luxury theatres vs. video piracy in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15310
+#: freeculture.xml:15344
msgid ""
"This competition has already occurred against the background of "
"<quote>free</quote> music from p2p systems. As the sellers of cable "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15322
+#: freeculture.xml:15356
msgid ""
"This regime of competition, with a backstop to assure that artists don't "
"lose, would facilitate a great deal of innovation in the delivery of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15331
+#: freeculture.xml:15365
msgid "In summary, then, my proposal is this:"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 308
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15336
+#: freeculture.xml:15370
msgid ""
"The Internet is in transition. We should not be regulating a technology in "
"transition. We should instead be regulating to minimize the harm to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15343
+#: freeculture.xml:15377
msgid "We can minimize that harm while maximizing the benefit to innovation by"
msgstr ""
#. 1.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15349
+#: freeculture.xml:15383
msgid "guaranteeing the right to engage in type D sharing;"
msgstr ""
#. 2.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15353
+#: freeculture.xml:15387
msgid ""
"permitting noncommercial type C sharing without liability, and commercial "
"type C sharing at a low and fixed rate set by statute;"
#. 3.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15359
+#: freeculture.xml:15393
msgid ""
"while in this transition, taxing and compensating for type A sharing, to the "
"extent actual harm is demonstrated."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15364
+#: freeculture.xml:15398
msgid ""
"But what if <quote>piracy</quote> doesn't disappear? What if there is a "
"competitive market providing content at a low cost, but a significant number "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15370
+#: freeculture.xml:15404
msgid ""
"Yes, it should. But, again, what it should do depends upon how the facts "
"develop. These changes may not eliminate type A sharing. But the real issue "
#. PAGE BREAK 309
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15384
+#: freeculture.xml:15418
msgid ""
"But we're a long way away from whittling the problem down to this subset of "
"type A sharers. And our focus until we're there should not be on finding "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:15395
+#: freeculture.xml:15429
msgid "5. Fire Lots of Lawyers"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15397
+#: freeculture.xml:15431
msgid ""
"I'm a lawyer. I make lawyers for a living. I believe in the law. I believe "
"in the law of copyright. Indeed, I have devoted my life to working in law, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15403
+#: freeculture.xml:15437
msgid ""
"Yet much of this book has been a criticism of lawyers, or the role lawyers "
"have played in this debate. The law speaks to ideals, but it is my view that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:15410
+#: freeculture.xml:15444
msgid "Nimmer, Melville"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:15411
+#: freeculture.xml:15445
msgid "Supreme Court challenge of"
msgstr ""
#. f10.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15422
+#: freeculture.xml:15456
msgid ""
"Lawrence Lessig, <quote>Copyright's First Amendment</quote> (Melville "
"B. Nimmer Memorial Lecture), <citetitle>UCLA Law Review</citetitle> 48 "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15413
+#: freeculture.xml:15447
msgid ""
"The evidence of this bending is compelling. I'm attacked as a "
"<quote>radical</quote> by many within the profession, yet the positions that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15428
+#: freeculture.xml:15462
msgid ""
"However, my criticism of the role that lawyers have played in this debate is "
"not just about a professional bias. It is more importantly about our failure "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15438
+#: freeculture.xml:15472
msgid ""
"A good example is the work of Professor Stan Liebowitz. Liebowitz is to be "
"commended for his careful review of data about infringement, leading him to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15433
+#: freeculture.xml:15467
msgid ""
"Economists are supposed to be good at reckoning costs and benefits. But "
"more often than not, economists, with no clue about how the legal system "
#. PAGE BREAK 310
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15462
+#: freeculture.xml:15496
msgid ""
"But the legal system doesn't work. Or more accurately, it doesn't work for "
"anyone except those with the most resources. Not because the system is "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15470
+#: freeculture.xml:15504
msgid ""
"These costs distort free culture in many ways. A lawyer's time is billed at "
"the largest firms at more than $400 per hour. How much time should such a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15480
+#: freeculture.xml:15514
msgid ""
"The costliness and clumsiness and randomness of this system mock our "
"tradition. And lawyers, as well as academics, should consider it their duty "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15488
+#: freeculture.xml:15522
msgid ""
"But until that reform is complete, we as a society should keep the law away "
"from areas that we know it will only harm. And that is precisely what the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15495
+#: freeculture.xml:15529
msgid ""
"Think about the amazing things your kid could do or make with digital "
"technology—the film, the music, the Web page, the blog. Or think about "
#. PAGE BREAK 311
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15504
+#: freeculture.xml:15538
msgid ""
"The law should regulate in certain areas of culture—but it should "
"regulate culture only where that regulation does good. Yet lawyers rarely "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15513
+#: freeculture.xml:15547
msgid ""
"We should ask, <quote>Why?</quote> Show me why your regulation of culture is "
"needed. Show me how it does good. And until you can show me both, keep your "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:15522
+#: freeculture.xml:15556
msgid "NOTES"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15524
+#: freeculture.xml:15558
msgid ""
"Throughout this text, there are references to links on the World Wide "
"Web. As anyone who has tried to use the Web knows, these links can be highly "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:15543
+#: freeculture.xml:15577
msgid "ACKNOWLEDGMENTS"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15545
+#: freeculture.xml:15579
msgid ""
"This book is the product of a long and as yet unsuccessful struggle that "
"began when I read of Eric Eldred's war to keep books free. Eldred's work "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15552
+#: freeculture.xml:15586
msgid ""
"I received guidance in various places from friends and academics, including "
"Glenn Brown, Peter DiCola, Jennifer Mnookin, Richard Posner, Mark Rose, and "
#. PAGE BREAK 337
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15565
+#: freeculture.xml:15599
msgid ""
"Yuko Noguchi helped me to understand the laws of Japan as well as its "
"culture. I am thankful to her, and to the many in Japan who helped me "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15576
+#: freeculture.xml:15610
msgid ""
"These are the traditional sorts of help that academics regularly draw "
"upon. But in addition to them, the Internet has made it possible to receive "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15596
+#: freeculture.xml:15630
msgid ""
"Richard Stallman and Michael Carroll each read the whole book in draft, and "
"each provided extremely helpful correction and advice. Michael helped me to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15605
+#: freeculture.xml:15639
msgid ""
"Finally, and forever, I am thankful to Bettina, who has always insisted that "
"there would be unending happiness away from these battles, and who has "
projects / text-free-culture-lessig.git / commitdiff