msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-09-03 14:50+0300\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-09-03 15:27+0300\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
"Last-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL@ADDRESS>\n"
"Language-Team: LANGUAGE <LL@li.org>\n"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:490 freeculture.xml:14412
+#: freeculture.xml:490 freeculture.xml:14421
msgid "land ownership, air traffic and"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:491 freeculture.xml:4677 freeculture.xml:14413
+#: freeculture.xml:491 freeculture.xml:4677 freeculture.xml:14422
msgid "property rights"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:491 freeculture.xml:14413
+#: freeculture.xml:491 freeculture.xml:14422
msgid "air traffic vs."
msgstr ""
msgid "Douglas, William O."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:531 freeculture.xml:4566
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:531 freeculture.xml:4566 freeculture.xml:13812
msgid "Supreme Court, U.S."
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:971 freeculture.xml:981 freeculture.xml:14811
+#: freeculture.xml:971 freeculture.xml:981 freeculture.xml:14820
msgid "Netanel, Neil Weinstock"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1396 freeculture.xml:1555 freeculture.xml:3054 freeculture.xml:3737 freeculture.xml:7342 freeculture.xml:14877
+#: freeculture.xml:1396 freeculture.xml:1555 freeculture.xml:3054 freeculture.xml:3737 freeculture.xml:7342 freeculture.xml:14886
msgid "piracy"
msgstr ""
msgid "duration of"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1491 freeculture.xml:1492 freeculture.xml:7822 freeculture.xml:13072
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><
section><section><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:1491 freeculture.xml:1492 freeculture.xml:7822 freeculture.xml:13072 freeculture.xml:13829 freeculture.xml:13830
msgid "public domain"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2127 freeculture.xml:14875
+#: freeculture.xml:2127 freeculture.xml:14884
msgid "television"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2997 freeculture.xml:3366 freeculture.xml:4302 freeculture.xml:5447 freeculture.xml:5496 freeculture.xml:9913 freeculture.xml:10011 freeculture.xml:10180 freeculture.xml:14776 freeculture.xml:14841
+#: freeculture.xml:2997 freeculture.xml:3366 freeculture.xml:4302 freeculture.xml:5447 freeculture.xml:5496 freeculture.xml:9913 freeculture.xml:10011 freeculture.xml:10180 freeculture.xml:14785 freeculture.xml:14850
msgid "artists"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2997 freeculture.xml:3366 freeculture.xml:4302 freeculture.xml:9913 freeculture.xml:10011 freeculture.xml:10180 freeculture.xml:14776 freeculture.xml:14841
+#: freeculture.xml:2997 freeculture.xml:3366 freeculture.xml:4302 freeculture.xml:9913 freeculture.xml:10011 freeculture.xml:10180 freeculture.xml:14785 freeculture.xml:14850
msgid "recording industry payments to"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3296 freeculture.xml:14472
+#: freeculture.xml:3296 freeculture.xml:14481
msgid "Grisham, John"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3443 freeculture.xml:4326 freeculture.xml:8313 freeculture.xml:8352 freeculture.xml:14874
+#: freeculture.xml:3443 freeculture.xml:4326 freeculture.xml:8313 freeculture.xml:8352 freeculture.xml:14883
msgid "cable television"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3606 freeculture.xml:3686 freeculture.xml:3736 freeculture.xml:14876
+#: freeculture.xml:3606 freeculture.xml:3686 freeculture.xml:3736 freeculture.xml:14885
msgid "Asia, commercial piracy in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3607 freeculture.xml:4054 freeculture.xml:9582 freeculture.xml:10389 freeculture.xml:14267 freeculture.xml:14858
+#: freeculture.xml:3607 freeculture.xml:4054 freeculture.xml:9582 freeculture.xml:10389 freeculture.xml:14276 freeculture.xml:14867
msgid "CDs"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3701 freeculture.xml:3975 freeculture.xml:15024
+#: freeculture.xml:3701 freeculture.xml:3975 freeculture.xml:15033
msgid "Liebowitz, Stan"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3737 freeculture.xml:14877
+#: freeculture.xml:3737 freeculture.xml:14886
msgid "in Asia"
msgstr ""
"piracy, then, Microsoft would lose."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3758
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:3758 freeculture.xml:13810
msgid "law"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3758
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#: freeculture.xml:3758 freeculture.xml:13810
msgid "databases of case reports in"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3992 freeculture.xml:4001 freeculture.xml:4358 freeculture.xml:8112 freeculture.xml:8141 freeculture.xml:9843 freeculture.xml:14584
+#: freeculture.xml:3992 freeculture.xml:4001 freeculture.xml:4358 freeculture.xml:8112 freeculture.xml:8141 freeculture.xml:9843 freeculture.xml:14593
msgid "cassette recording"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3992 freeculture.xml:4358 freeculture.xml:8112 freeculture.xml:8141 freeculture.xml:9843 freeculture.xml:9844 freeculture.xml:14584 freeculture.xml:14585
+#: freeculture.xml:3992 freeculture.xml:4358 freeculture.xml:8112 freeculture.xml:8141 freeculture.xml:9843 freeculture.xml:9844 freeculture.xml:14593 freeculture.xml:14594
msgid "VCRs"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4156 freeculture.xml:4164 freeculture.xml:4186 freeculture.xml:4208 freeculture.xml:4716 freeculture.xml:6057 freeculture.xml:6062 freeculture.xml:6114 freeculture.xml:6994 freeculture.xml:6995 freeculture.xml:7337 freeculture.xml:7406 freeculture.xml:7440 freeculture.xml:7656 freeculture.xml:13970 freeculture.xml:14696 freeculture.xml:14697
+#: freeculture.xml:4156 freeculture.xml:4164 freeculture.xml:4186 freeculture.xml:4208 freeculture.xml:4716 freeculture.xml:6057 freeculture.xml:6062 freeculture.xml:6114 freeculture.xml:6994 freeculture.xml:6995 freeculture.xml:7337 freeculture.xml:7406 freeculture.xml:7440 freeculture.xml:7656 freeculture.xml:13979 freeculture.xml:14705 freeculture.xml:14706
msgid "books"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4156 freeculture.xml:4164 freeculture.xml:6995 freeculture.xml:14697
+#: freeculture.xml:4156 freeculture.xml:4164 freeculture.xml:6995 freeculture.xml:14706
msgid "resales of"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4186 freeculture.xml:6057 freeculture.xml:6062 freeculture.xml:6994 freeculture.xml:14696
+#: freeculture.xml:4186 freeculture.xml:6057 freeculture.xml:6062 freeculture.xml:6994 freeculture.xml:14705
msgid "out of print"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4208 freeculture.xml:13970
+#: freeculture.xml:4208 freeculture.xml:13979
msgid "free on-line releases of"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4657 freeculture.xml:6348 freeculture.xml:13957
+#: freeculture.xml:4657 freeculture.xml:6348 freeculture.xml:13966
msgid "Jefferson, Thomas"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5032 freeculture.xml:15120
+#: freeculture.xml:5032 freeculture.xml:15129
msgid "Rose, Mark"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5437 freeculture.xml:5497 freeculture.xml:5682 freeculture.xml:10158 freeculture.xml:14487
+#: freeculture.xml:5437 freeculture.xml:5497 freeculture.xml:5682 freeculture.xml:10158 freeculture.xml:14496
msgid "Alben, Alex"
msgstr ""
msgid "Vanderbilt University"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5901
+#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:5901 freeculture.xml:13811
msgid "libraries"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6691 freeculture.xml:15063
+#: freeculture.xml:6691 freeculture.xml:15072
msgid "Brezhnev, Leonid"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10157 freeculture.xml:14857
+#: freeculture.xml:10157 freeculture.xml:14866
msgid "Real Networks"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
#: freeculture.xml:12789
-msgid "antiretroviral drugs"
+msgid "Africa, medications for HIV patients in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
#: freeculture.xml:12791
-msgid "Africa, medications for HIV patients in"
+msgid "antiretroviral drugs"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13065 freeculture.xml:13807
+#: freeculture.xml:13065 freeculture.xml:13802
msgid "academic journals"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13070 freeculture.xml:13858
+#: freeculture.xml:13070 freeculture.xml:13867
msgid "PLoS (Public Library of Science)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13071 freeculture.xml:13859
+#: freeculture.xml:13071 freeculture.xml:13868
msgid "Public Library of Science (PLoS)"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13166 freeculture.xml:14855
+#: freeculture.xml:13166 freeculture.xml:14864
msgid "Apple Corporation"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13524 freeculture.xml:13887
+#: freeculture.xml:13524 freeculture.xml:13896
msgid "Creative Commons"
msgstr ""
"passively guaranteed."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
#: freeculture.xml:13803
+msgid "scientific journals"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:13805
msgid ""
"Finally, consider a very recent example that more directly resonates with "
"the story of this book. This is the shift in the way academic and scientific "
"journals are produced."
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:13809
+msgid "Lexis and Westlaw"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#: freeculture.xml:13811
+msgid "journals in"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#: freeculture.xml:13812
+msgid "access to opinions of"
+msgstr ""
+
#. PAGE BREAK 286
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13809
+#: freeculture.xml:13814
msgid ""
"As digital technologies develop, it is becoming obvious to many that "
"printing thousands of copies of journals every month and sending them to "
"opinion through their respective services."
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#: freeculture.xml:13829
+msgid "access fees for material in"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#: freeculture.xml:13830
+msgid "license system for rebuilding of"
+msgstr ""
+
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13825
+#: freeculture.xml:13832
msgid ""
"There's nothing wrong in general with this, and indeed, the ability to "
"charge for access to even public domain materials is a good incentive for "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13834
+#: freeculture.xml:13843
msgid ""
"But what if the only way to get access to social and scientific data was "
"through proprietary services? What if no one had the ability to browse this "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13839
+#: freeculture.xml:13848
msgid ""
"As many are beginning to notice, this is increasingly the reality with "
"scientific journals. When these journals were distributed in paper form, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13851
+#: freeculture.xml:13860
msgid ""
"As journals become electronic, however, the publishers are demanding that "
"libraries not give the general public access to the journals. This means "
#. PAGE BREAK 287
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13861
+#: freeculture.xml:13870
msgid ""
"This shrinking freedom has led many to take affirmative steps to restore the "
"freedom that has been lost. The Public Library of Science (PLoS), for "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13874
+#: freeculture.xml:13883
msgid ""
"This is one of many such efforts to restore a freedom taken for granted "
"before, but now threatened by changing technology and markets. There's no "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:13886
+#: freeculture.xml:13895
msgid "Rebuilding Free Culture: One Idea"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13889
+#: freeculture.xml:13898
msgid ""
"The same strategy could be applied to culture, as a response to the "
"increasing control effected through law and technology."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13892
+#: freeculture.xml:13901
msgid "Stanford University"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13894
+#: freeculture.xml:13903
msgid ""
"Enter the Creative Commons. The Creative Commons is a nonprofit corporation "
"established in Massachusetts, but with its home at Stanford University. Its "
#. PAGE BREAK 288
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13905
+#: freeculture.xml:13914
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Simple</emphasis>—which means without a middleman, or "
"without a lawyer. By developing a free set of licenses that people can "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13923
+#: freeculture.xml:13932
msgid ""
"These freedoms are beyond the freedoms promised by fair use. Their precise "
"contours depend upon the choices the creator makes. The creator can choose a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13934
+#: freeculture.xml:13943
msgid ""
"These choices thus establish a range of freedoms beyond the default of "
"copyright law. They also enable freedoms that go beyond traditional fair "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13944
+#: freeculture.xml:13953
msgid "Garlick, Mia"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 289
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13946
+#: freeculture.xml:13955
msgid ""
"This is just one project among many within the Creative Commons. And of "
"course, Creative Commons is not the only organization pursuing such "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13959
+#: freeculture.xml:13968
msgid ""
"The aim is not to fight the <quote>All Rights Reserved</quote> sorts. The "
"aim is to complement them. The problems that the law creates for us as a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13972
+#: freeculture.xml:13981
msgid ""
"Why would creators participate in giving up total control? Some participate "
"to better spread their content. Cory Doctorow, for example, is a science "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13979
+#: freeculture.xml:13988
msgid ""
"Why would a publisher ever agree to this? I suspect his publisher reasoned "
"like this: There are two groups of people out there: (1) those who will buy "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13991
+#: freeculture.xml:14000
msgid ""
"Indeed, the experience of his publisher clearly supports that conclusion. "
"The book's first printing was exhausted months before the publisher had "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13996
+#: freeculture.xml:14005
msgid "Free for All (Wayner)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13997
+#: freeculture.xml:14006
msgid "Wayner, Peter"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 290
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13999
+#: freeculture.xml:14008
msgid ""
"The idea that free content might increase the value of nonfree content was "
"confirmed by the experience of another author. Peter Wayner, who wrote a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14010
+#: freeculture.xml:14019
msgid "Public Enemy"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14011
+#: freeculture.xml:14020
msgid "rap music"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14012
+#: freeculture.xml:14021
msgid "Leaphart, Walter"
msgstr ""
#. f2.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14029
+#: freeculture.xml:14038
msgid ""
"<citetitle>Willful Infringement: A Report from the Front Lines of the Real "
"Culture Wars</citetitle> (2003), produced by Jed Horovitz, directed by Greg "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14014
+#: freeculture.xml:14023
msgid ""
"These are examples of using the Commons to better spread proprietary "
"content. I believe that is a wonderful and common use of the Commons. There "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14038
+#: freeculture.xml:14047
msgid ""
"Finally, there are many who mark their content with a Creative Commons "
"license just because they want to express to others the importance of "
#. PAGE BREAK 291
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14050
+#: freeculture.xml:14059
msgid ""
"In the first six months of the Creative Commons experiment, over 1 million "
"objects were licensed with these free-culture licenses. The next step is "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14060
+#: freeculture.xml:14069
msgid ""
"These are first steps to rebuilding a public domain. They are not mere "
"arguments; they are action. Building a public domain is the first step to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14068
+#: freeculture.xml:14077
msgid ""
"Creative Commons is just one example of voluntary efforts by individuals and "
"creators to change the mix of rights that now govern the creative field. The "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14082
+#: freeculture.xml:14091
msgid "THEM, SOON"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14084
+#: freeculture.xml:14093
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>We will</emphasis> not reclaim a free culture by "
"individual action alone. It will also take important reforms of laws. We "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14091
+#: freeculture.xml:14100
msgid ""
"In this chapter, I outline five kinds of changes: four that are general, and "
"one that's specific to the most heated battle of the day, music. Each is a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14098
+#: freeculture.xml:14107
msgid "1. More Formalities"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14100
+#: freeculture.xml:14109
msgid ""
"If you buy a house, you have to record the sale in a deed. If you buy land "
"upon which to build a house, you have to record the purchase in a deed. If "
#. PAGE BREAK 293
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14107
+#: freeculture.xml:14116
msgid ""
"These are all formalities associated with property. They are requirements "
"that we all must bear if we want our property to be protected."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14112
+#: freeculture.xml:14121
msgid ""
"In contrast, under current copyright law, you automatically get a copyright, "
"regardless of whether you comply with any formality. You don't have to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14118
+#: freeculture.xml:14127
msgid "Why?"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14121
+#: freeculture.xml:14130
msgid ""
"As I suggested in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" "
"linkend=\"property-i\"/>, the motivation to abolish formalities was a good "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14130
+#: freeculture.xml:14139
msgid ""
"But the Internet changes all this. Formalities today need not be a "
"burden. Rather, the world without formalities is the world that burdens "
#. f1.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14144
+#: freeculture.xml:14153
msgid ""
"The proposal I am advancing here would apply to American works only. "
"Obviously, I believe it would be beneficial for the same idea to be adopted "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14142
+#: freeculture.xml:14151
msgid ""
"The law should therefore change this requirement<placeholder "
"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>—but it should not change it by going back "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14152
+#: freeculture.xml:14161
msgid ""
"The important formalities are three: marking copyrighted work, registering "
"copyrights, and renewing the claim to copyright. Traditionally, the first of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14164
+#: freeculture.xml:14173
msgid "REGISTRATION AND RENEWAL"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14166
+#: freeculture.xml:14175
msgid ""
"Under the old system, a copyright owner had to file a registration with the "
"Copyright Office to register or renew a copyright. When filing that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14179
+#: freeculture.xml:14188
msgid ""
"Yet it is always astonishing to me that we, who come from a tradition of "
"extraordinary innovation in governmental design, can no longer think "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14188
+#: freeculture.xml:14197
msgid ""
"In the context of registration, one obvious model is the Internet. There "
"are at least 32 million Web sites registered around the world. Domain name "
#. PAGE BREAK 295
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14198
+#: freeculture.xml:14207
msgid ""
"We should adopt a similar model for the registration and renewal of "
"copyrights. The Copyright Office may well serve as the central registry, but "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14213
+#: freeculture.xml:14222
msgid "MARKING"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14215
+#: freeculture.xml:14224
msgid ""
"It used to be that the failure to include a copyright notice on a creative "
"work meant that the copyright was forfeited. That was a harsh punishment for "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14225
+#: freeculture.xml:14234
msgid ""
"The aim of marking is to signal to the public that this work is copyrighted "
"and that the author wants to enforce his rights. The mark also makes it easy "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14231
+#: freeculture.xml:14240
msgid ""
"One of the problems the copyright system confronted early on was that "
"different copyrighted works had to be differently marked. It wasn't clear "
#. f2.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14248
+#: freeculture.xml:14257
msgid ""
"There would be a complication with derivative works that I have not solved "
"here. In my view, the law of derivatives creates a more complicated system "
#. PAGE BREAK 296
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14241
+#: freeculture.xml:14250
msgid ""
"Let's start with the last point. If a copyright owner allows his work to be "
"published without a copyright notice, the consequence of that failure need "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14261
+#: freeculture.xml:14270
msgid ""
"That in turn raises the question about how work should best be marked. Here "
"again, the system needs to adjust as the technologies evolve. The best way "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14267
+#: freeculture.xml:14276
msgid "copyright marking of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14269
+#: freeculture.xml:14278
msgid ""
"For example, if a recording industry association devises a method for "
"marking CDs, it would propose that to the Copyright Office. The Copyright "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14281
+#: freeculture.xml:14290
msgid ""
"Finally, marking content clearly would simplify registration requirements. "
"If photographs were marked by author and year, there would be little reason "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14289
+#: freeculture.xml:14298
msgid ""
"The objective of formalities is to make things clear. The existing system "
"does nothing to make things clear. Indeed, it seems designed to make things "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14294
+#: freeculture.xml:14303
msgid ""
"If formalities such as registration were reinstated, one of the most "
"difficult aspects of relying upon the public domain would be removed. It "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14306
+#: freeculture.xml:14315
msgid "2. Shorter Terms"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14308
+#: freeculture.xml:14317
msgid ""
"The term of copyright has gone from fourteen years to ninety-five years for "
"corporate authors, and life of the author plus seventy years for natural "
#. f3.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14321
+#: freeculture.xml:14330
msgid ""
"<quote>A Radical Rethink,</quote> <citetitle>Economist</citetitle>, 366:8308 "
"(25 January 2003): 15, available at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14313
+#: freeculture.xml:14322
msgid ""
"In <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>, I proposed a "
"seventy-five-year term, granted in five-year increments with a requirement "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14328
+#: freeculture.xml:14337
msgid ""
"I agree with those who believe that we need a radical change in copyright's "
"term. But whether fourteen years or seventy-five, there are four principles "
#. (1)
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14336
+#: freeculture.xml:14345
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Keep it short:</emphasis> The term should be as long as necessary "
"to give incentives to create, but no longer. If it were tied to very strong "
#. (2)
#. PAGE BREAK 298
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14345
+#: freeculture.xml:14354
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Keep it simple:</emphasis> The line between the public domain and "
"protected content must be kept clear. Lawyers like the fuzziness of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14357
+#: freeculture.xml:14366
msgid "veterans' pensions"
msgstr ""
#. f4.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14368
+#: freeculture.xml:14377
msgid ""
"Department of Veterans Affairs, Veteran's Application for Compensation "
"and/or Pension, VA Form 21-526 (OMB Approved No. 2900-0001), available at "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14360
+#: freeculture.xml:14369
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Keep it alive:</emphasis> Copyright should have to be renewed. "
"Especially if the maximum term is long, the copyright owner should be "
#. (4)
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14379
+#: freeculture.xml:14388
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Keep it prospective:</emphasis> Whatever the term of copyright "
"should be, the clearest lesson that economists teach is that a term once "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14395
+#: freeculture.xml:14404
msgid ""
"These changes together should produce an <emphasis>average</emphasis> "
"copyright term that is much shorter than the current term. Until 1976, the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14401
+#: freeculture.xml:14410
msgid ""
"No doubt the extremists will call these ideas <quote>radical.</quote> (After "
"all, I call them <quote>extremists.</quote>) But again, the term I "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14411
+#: freeculture.xml:14420
msgid "3. Free Use Vs. Fair Use"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14415
+#: freeculture.xml:14424
msgid ""
"As I observed at the beginning of this book, property law originally granted "
"property owners the right to control their property from the ground to the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14423
+#: freeculture.xml:14432
msgid ""
"Our Constitution gives Congress the power to give authors <quote>exclusive "
"right</quote> to <quote>their writings.</quote> Congress has given authors "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14431
+#: freeculture.xml:14440
msgid "Kaplan, Benjamin"
msgstr ""
#. f5.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14437
+#: freeculture.xml:14446
msgid ""
"Benjamin Kaplan, <citetitle>An Unhurried View of Copyright</citetitle> (New "
"York: Columbia University Press, 1967), 32."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14433
+#: freeculture.xml:14442
msgid ""
"Congress granted the beginnings of this right in 1870, when it expanded the "
"exclusive right of copyright to include a right to control translations and "
#. f6.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14450
+#: freeculture.xml:14459
msgid "Ibid., 56."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14446
+#: freeculture.xml:14455
msgid ""
"So inured have we become to the extension of the monopoly to a large range "
"of so-called derivative works, that we no longer sense the oddity of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14455
+#: freeculture.xml:14464
msgid ""
"I think it's time to recognize that there are airplanes in this field and "
"the expansiveness of these rights of derivative use no longer make "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14462
+#: freeculture.xml:14471
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Term:</emphasis> If Congress wants to grant a derivative right, "
"then that right should be for a much shorter term. It makes sense to protect "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14475
+#: freeculture.xml:14484
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Scope:</emphasis> Likewise should the scope of derivative rights "
"be narrowed. Again, there are some cases in which derivative rights are "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14489
+#: freeculture.xml:14498
msgid ""
"This was the point that Alben made when describing the making of the Clint "
"Eastwood CD. While it makes sense to require negotiation for foreseeable "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14505
+#: freeculture.xml:14514
msgid "Goldstein, Paul"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14503
+#: freeculture.xml:14512
msgid ""
"Paul Goldstein, <citetitle>Copyright's Highway: From Gutenberg to the "
"Celestial Jukebox</citetitle> (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14497
+#: freeculture.xml:14506
msgid ""
"In each of these cases, the law should mark the uses that are protected, and "
"the presumption should be that other uses are not protected. This is the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14511
+#: freeculture.xml:14520
msgid ""
"Goldstein's analysis would make perfect sense if the cost of the legal "
"system were small. But as we are currently seeing in the context of the "
#. PAGE BREAK 301
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14518
+#: freeculture.xml:14527
msgid ""
"The law could remedy this problem either by removing protection beyond the "
"part explicitly drawn or by granting reuse rights upon certain statutory "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14528
+#: freeculture.xml:14537
msgid "4. Liberate the Music—Again"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14530
+#: freeculture.xml:14539
msgid ""
"The battle that got this whole war going was about music, so it wouldn't be "
"fair to end this book without addressing the issue that is, to most people, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14537
+#: freeculture.xml:14546
msgid ""
"The appeal of file-sharing music was the crack cocaine of the Internet's "
"growth. It drove demand for access to the Internet more powerfully than any "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14546
+#: freeculture.xml:14555
msgid ""
"The aim of copyright, with respect to content in general and music in "
"particular, is to create the incentives for music to be composed, performed, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14553
+#: freeculture.xml:14562
msgid ""
"File-sharing networks complicate this model by enabling the spread of "
"content for which the performer has not been paid. But of course, that's not "
#. A.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14562
+#: freeculture.xml:14571
msgid ""
"There are some who are using sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing "
"CDs."
#. B.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14567
+#: freeculture.xml:14576
msgid ""
"There are also some who are using sharing networks to sample, on the way to "
"purchasing CDs."
#. PAGE BREAK 302
#. C.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14573
+#: freeculture.xml:14582
msgid ""
"There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content "
"that is no longer sold but is still under copyright or that would have been "
#. D.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14579
+#: freeculture.xml:14588
msgid ""
"There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content "
"that is not copyrighted or to get access that the copyright owner plainly "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14587
+#: freeculture.xml:14596
msgid ""
"Any reform of the law needs to keep these different uses in focus. It must "
"avoid burdening type D even if it aims to eliminate type A. The eagerness "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14595
+#: freeculture.xml:14604
msgid ""
"As I said in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" "
"linkend=\"piracy\"/>, the actual harm caused by sharing is controversial. "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14603
+#: freeculture.xml:14612
msgid ""
"Nonetheless, there is a crucial fact about the current technological context "
"that we must keep in mind if we are to understand how the law should "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14608
+#: freeculture.xml:14617
msgid ""
"Today, file sharing is addictive. In ten years, it won't be. It is addictive "
"today because it is the easiest way to gain access to a broad range of "
#. PAGE BREAK 303
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14620
+#: freeculture.xml:14629
msgid ""
"But it will become a reality, and that means the way we get access to the "
"Internet today is a technology in transition. Policy makers should not make "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14634
+#: freeculture.xml:14643
msgid "cell phones, music streamed over"
msgstr ""
#. f8.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14654
+#: freeculture.xml:14663
msgid ""
"See, for example, <quote>Music Media Watch,</quote> The J@pan "
"Inc. Newsletter, 3 April 2002, available at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14636
+#: freeculture.xml:14645
msgid ""
"In that world, it will be extremely easy to connect to services that give "
"you access to content on the fly—such as Internet radio, content that "
#. PAGE BREAK 304
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14661
+#: freeculture.xml:14670
msgid ""
"This point about the future is meant to suggest a perspective on the "
"present: It is emphatically temporary. The <quote>problem</quote> with file "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14677
+#: freeculture.xml:14686
msgid ""
"The answer begins with recognizing that there are different "
"<quote>problems</quote> here to solve. Let's start with type D "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14688
+#: freeculture.xml:14697
msgid ""
"Type C content raises a different <quote>problem.</quote> This is content "
"that was, at one time, published and is no longer available. It may be "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14699
+#: freeculture.xml:14708
msgid ""
"Again, the model here is the used book store. Once a book goes out of print, "
"it may still be available in libraries and used book stores. But libraries "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14709
+#: freeculture.xml:14718
msgid ""
"The model of used book stores suggests that the law could simply deem "
"out-of-print music fair game. If the publisher does not make copies of the "
#. PAGE BREAK 305
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14720
+#: freeculture.xml:14729
msgid ""
"Alternatively, the law could create a statutory license that would ensure "
"that artists get something from the trade of their work. For example, if the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14730
+#: freeculture.xml:14739
msgid ""
"This system would also create an incentive for publishers to keep works "
"available commercially. Works that are available commercially would not be "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14740
+#: freeculture.xml:14749
msgid ""
"The hard case is content of types A and B, and again, this case is hard only "
"because the extent of the problem will change over time, as the technologies "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14748
+#: freeculture.xml:14757
msgid ""
"So here's a solution that will at first seem very strange to both sides in "
"this war, but which upon reflection, I suggest, should make some sense."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14752
+#: freeculture.xml:14761
msgid ""
"Stripped of the rhetoric about the sanctity of property, the basic claim of "
"the content industry is this: A new technology (the Internet) has harmed a "
#. PAGE BREAK 306
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14763
+#: freeculture.xml:14772
msgid ""
"I love the Internet, and so I don't like likening it to tobacco or "
"asbestos. But the analogy is a fair one from the perspective of the law. "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14770 freeculture.xml:14812
+#: freeculture.xml:14779 freeculture.xml:14821
msgid "Promises to Keep (Fisher)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14810
+#: freeculture.xml:14819
msgid "Fisher, William"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14776
+#: freeculture.xml:14785
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> William Fisher, "
"<citetitle>Digital Music: Problems and Possibilities</citetitle> (last "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14772
+#: freeculture.xml:14781
msgid ""
"The idea would be a modification of a proposal that has been floated by "
"Harvard law professor William Fisher.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14826
+#: freeculture.xml:14835
msgid ""
"Fisher's proposal is careful and comprehensive. It raises a million "
"questions, most of which he answers well in his upcoming book, "
#. PAGE BREAK 307
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14843
+#: freeculture.xml:14852
msgid ""
"Fisher would balk at the idea of allowing the system to lapse. His aim is "
"not just to ensure that artists are paid, but also to ensure that the system "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14856
+#: freeculture.xml:14865
msgid "MusicStore"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14858
+#: freeculture.xml:14867
msgid "prices of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14860
+#: freeculture.xml:14869
msgid ""
"No doubt it would be difficult to calculate the proper measure of "
"<quote>harm</quote> to an industry. But the difficulty of making that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14875
+#: freeculture.xml:14884
msgid "cable vs. broadcast"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14878
+#: freeculture.xml:14887
msgid "film industry"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14878
+#: freeculture.xml:14887
msgid "luxury theatres vs. video piracy in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14880
+#: freeculture.xml:14889
msgid ""
"This competition has already occurred against the background of "
"<quote>free</quote> music from p2p systems. As the sellers of cable "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14892
+#: freeculture.xml:14901
msgid ""
"This regime of competition, with a backstop to assure that artists don't "
"lose, would facilitate a great deal of innovation in the delivery of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14901
+#: freeculture.xml:14910
msgid "In summary, then, my proposal is this:"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 308
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14906
+#: freeculture.xml:14915
msgid ""
"The Internet is in transition. We should not be regulating a technology in "
"transition. We should instead be regulating to minimize the harm to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14913
+#: freeculture.xml:14922
msgid "We can minimize that harm while maximizing the benefit to innovation by"
msgstr ""
#. 1.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14919
+#: freeculture.xml:14928
msgid "guaranteeing the right to engage in type D sharing;"
msgstr ""
#. 2.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14923
+#: freeculture.xml:14932
msgid ""
"permitting noncommercial type C sharing without liability, and commercial "
"type C sharing at a low and fixed rate set by statute;"
#. 3.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14929
+#: freeculture.xml:14938
msgid ""
"while in this transition, taxing and compensating for type A sharing, to the "
"extent actual harm is demonstrated."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14934
+#: freeculture.xml:14943
msgid ""
"But what if <quote>piracy</quote> doesn't disappear? What if there is a "
"competitive market providing content at a low cost, but a significant number "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14940
+#: freeculture.xml:14949
msgid ""
"Yes, it should. But, again, what it should do depends upon how the facts "
"develop. These changes may not eliminate type A sharing. But the real issue "
#. PAGE BREAK 309
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14954
+#: freeculture.xml:14963
msgid ""
"But we're a long way away from whittling the problem down to this subset of "
"type A sharers. And our focus until we're there should not be on finding "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14965
+#: freeculture.xml:14974
msgid "5. Fire Lots of Lawyers"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14967
+#: freeculture.xml:14976
msgid ""
"I'm a lawyer. I make lawyers for a living. I believe in the law. I believe "
"in the law of copyright. Indeed, I have devoted my life to working in law, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14973
+#: freeculture.xml:14982
msgid ""
"Yet much of this book has been a criticism of lawyers, or the role lawyers "
"have played in this debate. The law speaks to ideals, but it is my view that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14980
+#: freeculture.xml:14989
msgid "Nimmer, Melville"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14981
+#: freeculture.xml:14990
msgid "Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA) (1998)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14981
+#: freeculture.xml:14990
msgid "Supreme Court challenge of"
msgstr ""
#. f10.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14992
+#: freeculture.xml:15001
msgid ""
"Lawrence Lessig, <quote>Copyright's First Amendment</quote> (Melville "
"B. Nimmer Memorial Lecture), <citetitle>UCLA Law Review</citetitle> 48 "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14983
+#: freeculture.xml:14992
msgid ""
"The evidence of this bending is compelling. I'm attacked as a "
"<quote>radical</quote> by many within the profession, yet the positions that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14998
+#: freeculture.xml:15007
msgid ""
"However, my criticism of the role that lawyers have played in this debate is "
"not just about a professional bias. It is more importantly about our failure "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15008
+#: freeculture.xml:15017
msgid ""
"A good example is the work of Professor Stan Liebowitz. Liebowitz is to be "
"commended for his careful review of data about infringement, leading him to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15003
+#: freeculture.xml:15012
msgid ""
"Economists are supposed to be good at reckoning costs and benefits. But "
"more often than not, economists, with no clue about how the legal system "
#. PAGE BREAK 310
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15032
+#: freeculture.xml:15041
msgid ""
"But the legal system doesn't work. Or more accurately, it doesn't work for "
"anyone except those with the most resources. Not because the system is "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15040
+#: freeculture.xml:15049
msgid ""
"These costs distort free culture in many ways. A lawyer's time is billed at "
"the largest firms at more than $400 per hour. How much time should such a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15050
+#: freeculture.xml:15059
msgid ""
"The costliness and clumsiness and randomness of this system mock our "
"tradition. And lawyers, as well as academics, should consider it their duty "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15058
+#: freeculture.xml:15067
msgid ""
"But until that reform is complete, we as a society should keep the law away "
"from areas that we know it will only harm. And that is precisely what the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15065
+#: freeculture.xml:15074
msgid ""
"Think about the amazing things your kid could do or make with digital "
"technology—the film, the music, the Web page, the blog. Or think about "
#. PAGE BREAK 311
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15074
+#: freeculture.xml:15083
msgid ""
"The law should regulate in certain areas of culture—but it should "
"regulate culture only where that regulation does good. Yet lawyers rarely "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15083
+#: freeculture.xml:15092
msgid ""
"We should ask, <quote>Why?</quote> Show me why your regulation of culture is "
"needed. Show me how it does good. And until you can show me both, keep your "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:15092
+#: freeculture.xml:15101
msgid "NOTES"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15094
+#: freeculture.xml:15103
msgid ""
"Throughout this text, there are references to links on the World Wide "
"Web. As anyone who has tried to use the Web knows, these links can be highly "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:15113
+#: freeculture.xml:15122
msgid "ACKNOWLEDGMENTS"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15115
+#: freeculture.xml:15124
msgid ""
"This book is the product of a long and as yet unsuccessful struggle that "
"began when I read of Eric Eldred's war to keep books free. Eldred's work "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15122
+#: freeculture.xml:15131
msgid ""
"I received guidance in various places from friends and academics, including "
"Glenn Brown, Peter DiCola, Jennifer Mnookin, Richard Posner, Mark Rose, and "
#. PAGE BREAK 337
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15135
+#: freeculture.xml:15144
msgid ""
"Yuko Noguchi helped me to understand the laws of Japan as well as its "
"culture. I am thankful to her, and to the many in Japan who helped me "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15146
+#: freeculture.xml:15155
msgid ""
"These are the traditional sorts of help that academics regularly draw "
"upon. But in addition to them, the Internet has made it possible to receive "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15166
+#: freeculture.xml:15175
msgid ""
"Richard Stallman and Michael Carroll each read the whole book in draft, and "
"each provided extremely helpful correction and advice. Michael helped me to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15175
+#: freeculture.xml:15184
msgid ""
"Finally, and forever, I am thankful to Bettina, who has always insisted that "
"there would be unending happiness away from these battles, and who has "
projects / text-free-culture-lessig.git / commitdiff