From: Petter Reinholdtsen Date: Mon, 3 Sep 2012 13:30:45 +0000 (+0200) Subject: Add several indexterm entries after comparing with the ones in http://www.jus.uio... X-Git-Tag: edition-2015-10-10~1388 X-Git-Url: https://pere.pagekite.me/gitweb/text-free-culture-lessig.git/commitdiff_plain/7d3a38b336a3418ec9b2514dda5920387b8e3888?ds=inline Add several indexterm entries after comparing with the ones in http://www.jus.uio.no/sisu/src/free_culture.lawrence_lessig.sst. --- diff --git a/freeculture.nb.po b/freeculture.nb.po index 77173f7..02c4594 100644 --- a/freeculture.nb.po +++ b/freeculture.nb.po @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: Free Culture by Lawrence Lessig\n" -"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-09-03 14:50+0300\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-09-03 15:27+0300\n" "PO-Revision-Date: 2012-08-29 11:14+0200\n" "Last-Translator: Petter Reinholdtsen \n" "Language-Team: Norwegian Bokmål \n" @@ -792,7 +792,7 @@ msgstr "" msgid "Douglas, William O." msgstr "Douglas, William O." -#. type: Content of:
+#. type: Content of:
msgid "Supreme Court, U.S." msgstr "Høyesterett, USA" @@ -2743,7 +2743,7 @@ msgstr "opphavsrett" msgid "duration of" msgstr "varighet til" -#. type: Content of: +#. type: Content of:
msgid "public domain" msgstr "allemannseie (public domain)" @@ -7118,11 +7118,11 @@ msgstr "" "kinesiske brukerne ikke til slutt kjøpe Microsoft. Uten piratvirksomheten " "ville dermed Microsoft tape." -#. type: Content of:
+#. type: Content of:
msgid "law" msgstr "loven" -#. type: Content of:
+#. type: Content of:
msgid "databases of case reports in" msgstr "databaser med saksrapporter om" @@ -11192,7 +11192,7 @@ msgstr "TV-arkiv" msgid "Vanderbilt University" msgstr "Vanderbilt University" -#. type: Content of: +#. type: Content of:
#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "libraries" msgstr "biblioteker" @@ -23347,16 +23347,16 @@ msgid "CONCLUSION" msgstr "Konklusjon" #. type: Content of: -msgid "antiretroviral drugs" -msgstr "antiretroviral medisin" +msgid "Africa, medications for HIV patients in" +msgstr "Afrika, medisinering for HIV-pasienter i" #. type: Content of: msgid "HIV/AIDS therapies" msgstr "HIV/AIDS-behandlinger" #. type: Content of: -msgid "Africa, medications for HIV patients in" -msgstr "Afrika, medisinering for HIV-pasienter i" +msgid "antiretroviral drugs" +msgstr "antiretroviral medisin" #. type: Content of: msgid "" @@ -25298,6 +25298,10 @@ msgstr "" "fri programvare ville overleve. Han beskyttet aktivt det som før hadde vært " "passivt garantert." +#. type: Content of:
+msgid "scientific journals" +msgstr "vitenskapelige tidsskrifter" + #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "Finally, consider a very recent example that more directly resonates with " @@ -25308,6 +25312,18 @@ msgstr "" "med historien i denne boken. Dette er overgangen for hvordan akademiske og " "vitenskapelige tidsskrifter blir produsert." +#. type: Content of:
+msgid "Lexis and Westlaw" +msgstr "Lexis and Westlaw"" + +#. type: Content of:
+msgid "journals in" +msgstr "tidsskrifter i" + +#. type: Content of:
+msgid "access to opinions of" +msgstr "" + #. PAGE BREAK 286 #. type: Content of:
msgid "" @@ -25337,6 +25353,14 @@ msgstr "" "kreve betaling fra sine brukerne for å gi tilgang til den samme " "høyesterettsdommen gjennom deres respektive tjenester." +#. type: Content of:
+msgid "access fees for material in" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of:
+msgid "license system for rebuilding of" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "There's nothing wrong in general with this, and indeed, the ability to " diff --git a/freeculture.pot b/freeculture.pot index 69d26f8..378cade 100644 --- a/freeculture.pot +++ b/freeculture.pot @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n" -"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-09-03 14:50+0300\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-09-03 15:27+0300\n" "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n" "Last-Translator: FULL NAME \n" "Language-Team: LANGUAGE \n" @@ -603,17 +603,17 @@ msgid "air traffic, land ownership vs." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:490 freeculture.xml:14412 +#: freeculture.xml:490 freeculture.xml:14421 msgid "land ownership, air traffic and" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:491 freeculture.xml:4677 freeculture.xml:14413 +#: freeculture.xml:491 freeculture.xml:4677 freeculture.xml:14422 msgid "property rights" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:491 freeculture.xml:14413 +#: freeculture.xml:491 freeculture.xml:14422 msgid "air traffic vs." msgstr "" @@ -678,8 +678,8 @@ msgstr "" msgid "Douglas, William O." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:531 freeculture.xml:4566 +#. type: Content of:
+#: freeculture.xml:531 freeculture.xml:4566 freeculture.xml:13812 msgid "Supreme Court, U.S." msgstr "" @@ -1369,7 +1369,7 @@ msgid "First Amendment" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:971 freeculture.xml:981 freeculture.xml:14811 +#: freeculture.xml:971 freeculture.xml:981 freeculture.xml:14820 msgid "Netanel, Neil Weinstock" msgstr "" @@ -2043,7 +2043,7 @@ msgid "piracy vs." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1396 freeculture.xml:1555 freeculture.xml:3054 freeculture.xml:3737 freeculture.xml:7342 freeculture.xml:14877 +#: freeculture.xml:1396 freeculture.xml:1555 freeculture.xml:3054 freeculture.xml:3737 freeculture.xml:7342 freeculture.xml:14886 msgid "piracy" msgstr "" @@ -2182,8 +2182,8 @@ msgstr "" msgid "duration of" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1491 freeculture.xml:1492 freeculture.xml:7822 freeculture.xml:13072 +#. type: Content of:
+#: freeculture.xml:1491 freeculture.xml:1492 freeculture.xml:7822 freeculture.xml:13072 freeculture.xml:13829 freeculture.xml:13830 msgid "public domain" msgstr "" @@ -3061,7 +3061,7 @@ msgid "commercials" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2127 freeculture.xml:14875 +#: freeculture.xml:2127 freeculture.xml:14884 msgid "television" msgstr "" @@ -4358,12 +4358,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2997 freeculture.xml:3366 freeculture.xml:4302 freeculture.xml:5447 freeculture.xml:5496 freeculture.xml:9913 freeculture.xml:10011 freeculture.xml:10180 freeculture.xml:14776 freeculture.xml:14841 +#: freeculture.xml:2997 freeculture.xml:3366 freeculture.xml:4302 freeculture.xml:5447 freeculture.xml:5496 freeculture.xml:9913 freeculture.xml:10011 freeculture.xml:10180 freeculture.xml:14785 freeculture.xml:14850 msgid "artists" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2997 freeculture.xml:3366 freeculture.xml:4302 freeculture.xml:9913 freeculture.xml:10011 freeculture.xml:10180 freeculture.xml:14776 freeculture.xml:14841 +#: freeculture.xml:2997 freeculture.xml:3366 freeculture.xml:4302 freeculture.xml:9913 freeculture.xml:10011 freeculture.xml:10180 freeculture.xml:14785 freeculture.xml:14850 msgid "recording industry payments to" msgstr "" @@ -4805,7 +4805,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3296 freeculture.xml:14472 +#: freeculture.xml:3296 freeculture.xml:14481 msgid "Grisham, John" msgstr "" @@ -5007,7 +5007,7 @@ msgid "Cable TV" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3443 freeculture.xml:4326 freeculture.xml:8313 freeculture.xml:8352 freeculture.xml:14874 +#: freeculture.xml:3443 freeculture.xml:4326 freeculture.xml:8313 freeculture.xml:8352 freeculture.xml:14883 msgid "cable television" msgstr "" @@ -5251,12 +5251,12 @@ msgid "Piracy I" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3606 freeculture.xml:3686 freeculture.xml:3736 freeculture.xml:14876 +#: freeculture.xml:3606 freeculture.xml:3686 freeculture.xml:3736 freeculture.xml:14885 msgid "Asia, commercial piracy in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3607 freeculture.xml:4054 freeculture.xml:9582 freeculture.xml:10389 freeculture.xml:14267 freeculture.xml:14858 +#: freeculture.xml:3607 freeculture.xml:4054 freeculture.xml:9582 freeculture.xml:10389 freeculture.xml:14276 freeculture.xml:14867 msgid "CDs" msgstr "" @@ -5375,7 +5375,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3701 freeculture.xml:3975 freeculture.xml:15024 +#: freeculture.xml:3701 freeculture.xml:3975 freeculture.xml:15033 msgid "Liebowitz, Stan" msgstr "" @@ -5438,7 +5438,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3737 freeculture.xml:14877 +#: freeculture.xml:3737 freeculture.xml:14886 msgid "in Asia" msgstr "" @@ -5493,13 +5493,13 @@ msgid "" "piracy, then, Microsoft would lose." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3758 +#. type: Content of:
+#: freeculture.xml:3758 freeculture.xml:13810 msgid "law" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3758 +#. type: Content of:
+#: freeculture.xml:3758 freeculture.xml:13810 msgid "databases of case reports in" msgstr "" @@ -5830,12 +5830,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3992 freeculture.xml:4001 freeculture.xml:4358 freeculture.xml:8112 freeculture.xml:8141 freeculture.xml:9843 freeculture.xml:14584 +#: freeculture.xml:3992 freeculture.xml:4001 freeculture.xml:4358 freeculture.xml:8112 freeculture.xml:8141 freeculture.xml:9843 freeculture.xml:14593 msgid "cassette recording" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3992 freeculture.xml:4358 freeculture.xml:8112 freeculture.xml:8141 freeculture.xml:9843 freeculture.xml:9844 freeculture.xml:14584 freeculture.xml:14585 +#: freeculture.xml:3992 freeculture.xml:4358 freeculture.xml:8112 freeculture.xml:8141 freeculture.xml:9843 freeculture.xml:9844 freeculture.xml:14593 freeculture.xml:14594 msgid "VCRs" msgstr "" @@ -6050,12 +6050,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:4156 freeculture.xml:4164 freeculture.xml:4186 freeculture.xml:4208 freeculture.xml:4716 freeculture.xml:6057 freeculture.xml:6062 freeculture.xml:6114 freeculture.xml:6994 freeculture.xml:6995 freeculture.xml:7337 freeculture.xml:7406 freeculture.xml:7440 freeculture.xml:7656 freeculture.xml:13970 freeculture.xml:14696 freeculture.xml:14697 +#: freeculture.xml:4156 freeculture.xml:4164 freeculture.xml:4186 freeculture.xml:4208 freeculture.xml:4716 freeculture.xml:6057 freeculture.xml:6062 freeculture.xml:6114 freeculture.xml:6994 freeculture.xml:6995 freeculture.xml:7337 freeculture.xml:7406 freeculture.xml:7440 freeculture.xml:7656 freeculture.xml:13979 freeculture.xml:14705 freeculture.xml:14706 msgid "books" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:4156 freeculture.xml:4164 freeculture.xml:6995 freeculture.xml:14697 +#: freeculture.xml:4156 freeculture.xml:4164 freeculture.xml:6995 freeculture.xml:14706 msgid "resales of" msgstr "" @@ -6094,7 +6094,7 @@ msgid "Bernstein, Leonard" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:4186 freeculture.xml:6057 freeculture.xml:6062 freeculture.xml:6994 freeculture.xml:14696 +#: freeculture.xml:4186 freeculture.xml:6057 freeculture.xml:6062 freeculture.xml:6994 freeculture.xml:14705 msgid "out of print" msgstr "" @@ -6126,7 +6126,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:4208 freeculture.xml:13970 +#: freeculture.xml:4208 freeculture.xml:13979 msgid "free on-line releases of" msgstr "" @@ -6744,7 +6744,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:4657 freeculture.xml:6348 freeculture.xml:13957 +#: freeculture.xml:4657 freeculture.xml:6348 freeculture.xml:13966 msgid "Jefferson, Thomas" msgstr "" @@ -7278,7 +7278,7 @@ msgid "Erskine, Andrew" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:5032 freeculture.xml:15120 +#: freeculture.xml:5032 freeculture.xml:15129 msgid "Rose, Mark" msgstr "" @@ -7873,7 +7873,7 @@ msgid "Allen, Paul" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:5437 freeculture.xml:5497 freeculture.xml:5682 freeculture.xml:10158 freeculture.xml:14487 +#: freeculture.xml:5437 freeculture.xml:5497 freeculture.xml:5682 freeculture.xml:10158 freeculture.xml:14496 msgid "Alben, Alex" msgstr "" @@ -8524,8 +8524,8 @@ msgstr "" msgid "Vanderbilt University" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:5901 +#. type: Content of:
+#: freeculture.xml:5901 freeculture.xml:13811 msgid "libraries" msgstr "" @@ -9589,7 +9589,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:6691 freeculture.xml:15063 +#: freeculture.xml:6691 freeculture.xml:15072 msgid "Brezhnev, Leonid" msgstr "" @@ -14218,7 +14218,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10157 freeculture.xml:14857 +#: freeculture.xml:10157 freeculture.xml:14866 msgid "Real Networks" msgstr "" @@ -17655,7 +17655,7 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: #: freeculture.xml:12789 -msgid "antiretroviral drugs" +msgid "Africa, medications for HIV patients in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: @@ -17665,7 +17665,7 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: #: freeculture.xml:12791 -msgid "Africa, medications for HIV patients in" +msgid "antiretroviral drugs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: @@ -18028,7 +18028,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:13065 freeculture.xml:13807 +#: freeculture.xml:13065 freeculture.xml:13802 msgid "academic journals" msgstr "" @@ -18048,12 +18048,12 @@ msgid "IBM" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:13070 freeculture.xml:13858 +#: freeculture.xml:13070 freeculture.xml:13867 msgid "PLoS (Public Library of Science)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:13071 freeculture.xml:13859 +#: freeculture.xml:13071 freeculture.xml:13868 msgid "Public Library of Science (PLoS)" msgstr "" @@ -18197,7 +18197,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:13166 freeculture.xml:14855 +#: freeculture.xml:13166 freeculture.xml:14864 msgid "Apple Corporation" msgstr "" @@ -18704,7 +18704,7 @@ msgid "Brazil, free culture in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:13524 freeculture.xml:13887 +#: freeculture.xml:13524 freeculture.xml:13896 msgid "Creative Commons" msgstr "" @@ -19088,17 +19088,37 @@ msgid "" "passively guaranteed." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of:
+#. type: Content of:
#: freeculture.xml:13803 +msgid "scientific journals" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of:
+#: freeculture.xml:13805 msgid "" "Finally, consider a very recent example that more directly resonates with " "the story of this book. This is the shift in the way academic and scientific " "journals are produced." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of:
+#: freeculture.xml:13809 +msgid "Lexis and Westlaw" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of:
+#: freeculture.xml:13811 +msgid "journals in" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of:
+#: freeculture.xml:13812 +msgid "access to opinions of" +msgstr "" + #. PAGE BREAK 286 #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:13809 +#: freeculture.xml:13814 msgid "" "As digital technologies develop, it is becoming obvious to many that " "printing thousands of copies of journals every month and sending them to " @@ -19114,8 +19134,18 @@ msgid "" "opinion through their respective services." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of:
+#: freeculture.xml:13829 +msgid "access fees for material in" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of:
+#: freeculture.xml:13830 +msgid "license system for rebuilding of" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:13825 +#: freeculture.xml:13832 msgid "" "There's nothing wrong in general with this, and indeed, the ability to " "charge for access to even public domain materials is a good incentive for " @@ -19127,7 +19157,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:13834 +#: freeculture.xml:13843 msgid "" "But what if the only way to get access to social and scientific data was " "through proprietary services? What if no one had the ability to browse this " @@ -19135,7 +19165,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:13839 +#: freeculture.xml:13848 msgid "" "As many are beginning to notice, this is increasingly the reality with " "scientific journals. When these journals were distributed in paper form, " @@ -19150,7 +19180,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:13851 +#: freeculture.xml:13860 msgid "" "As journals become electronic, however, the publishers are demanding that " "libraries not give the general public access to the journals. This means " @@ -19161,7 +19191,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 287 #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:13861 +#: freeculture.xml:13870 msgid "" "This shrinking freedom has led many to take affirmative steps to restore the " "freedom that has been lost. The Public Library of Science (PLoS), for " @@ -19175,7 +19205,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:13874 +#: freeculture.xml:13883 msgid "" "This is one of many such efforts to restore a freedom taken for granted " "before, but now threatened by changing technology and markets. There's no " @@ -19186,24 +19216,24 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:13886 +#: freeculture.xml:13895 msgid "Rebuilding Free Culture: One Idea" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13889 +#: freeculture.xml:13898 msgid "" "The same strategy could be applied to culture, as a response to the " "increasing control effected through law and technology." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13892 +#: freeculture.xml:13901 msgid "Stanford University" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13894 +#: freeculture.xml:13903 msgid "" "Enter the Creative Commons. The Creative Commons is a nonprofit corporation " "established in Massachusetts, but with its home at Stanford University. Its " @@ -19217,7 +19247,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 288 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13905 +#: freeculture.xml:13914 msgid "" "<emphasis>Simple</emphasis>—which means without a middleman, or " "without a lawyer. By developing a free set of licenses that people can " @@ -19236,7 +19266,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13923 +#: freeculture.xml:13932 msgid "" "These freedoms are beyond the freedoms promised by fair use. Their precise " "contours depend upon the choices the creator makes. The creator can choose a " @@ -19250,7 +19280,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13934 +#: freeculture.xml:13943 msgid "" "These choices thus establish a range of freedoms beyond the default of " "copyright law. They also enable freedoms that go beyond traditional fair " @@ -19263,13 +19293,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13944 +#: freeculture.xml:13953 msgid "Garlick, Mia" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 289 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13946 +#: freeculture.xml:13955 msgid "" "This is just one project among many within the Creative Commons. And of " "course, Creative Commons is not the only organization pursuing such " @@ -19283,7 +19313,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13959 +#: freeculture.xml:13968 msgid "" "The aim is not to fight the <quote>All Rights Reserved</quote> sorts. The " "aim is to complement them. The problems that the law creates for us as a " @@ -19298,7 +19328,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13972 +#: freeculture.xml:13981 msgid "" "Why would creators participate in giving up total control? Some participate " "to better spread their content. Cory Doctorow, for example, is a science " @@ -19308,7 +19338,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13979 +#: freeculture.xml:13988 msgid "" "Why would a publisher ever agree to this? I suspect his publisher reasoned " "like this: There are two groups of people out there: (1) those who will buy " @@ -19322,7 +19352,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13991 +#: freeculture.xml:14000 msgid "" "Indeed, the experience of his publisher clearly supports that conclusion. " "The book's first printing was exhausted months before the publisher had " @@ -19330,18 +19360,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13996 +#: freeculture.xml:14005 msgid "Free for All (Wayner)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13997 +#: freeculture.xml:14006 msgid "Wayner, Peter" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 290 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13999 +#: freeculture.xml:14008 msgid "" "The idea that free content might increase the value of nonfree content was " "confirmed by the experience of another author. Peter Wayner, who wrote a " @@ -19353,23 +19383,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14010 +#: freeculture.xml:14019 msgid "Public Enemy" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14011 +#: freeculture.xml:14020 msgid "rap music" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14012 +#: freeculture.xml:14021 msgid "Leaphart, Walter" msgstr "" #. f2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14029 +#: freeculture.xml:14038 msgid "" "<citetitle>Willful Infringement: A Report from the Front Lines of the Real " "Culture Wars</citetitle> (2003), produced by Jed Horovitz, directed by Greg " @@ -19378,7 +19408,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14014 +#: freeculture.xml:14023 msgid "" "These are examples of using the Commons to better spread proprietary " "content. I believe that is a wonderful and common use of the Commons. There " @@ -19398,7 +19428,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14038 +#: freeculture.xml:14047 msgid "" "Finally, there are many who mark their content with a Creative Commons " "license just because they want to express to others the importance of " @@ -19413,7 +19443,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 291 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14050 +#: freeculture.xml:14059 msgid "" "In the first six months of the Creative Commons experiment, over 1 million " "objects were licensed with these free-culture licenses. The next step is " @@ -19424,7 +19454,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14060 +#: freeculture.xml:14069 msgid "" "These are first steps to rebuilding a public domain. They are not mere " "arguments; they are action. Building a public domain is the first step to " @@ -19435,7 +19465,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14068 +#: freeculture.xml:14077 msgid "" "Creative Commons is just one example of voluntary efforts by individuals and " "creators to change the mix of rights that now govern the creative field. The " @@ -19446,12 +19476,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14082 +#: freeculture.xml:14091 msgid "THEM, SOON" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14084 +#: freeculture.xml:14093 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>We will</emphasis> not reclaim a free culture by " "individual action alone. It will also take important reforms of laws. We " @@ -19461,7 +19491,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14091 +#: freeculture.xml:14100 msgid "" "In this chapter, I outline five kinds of changes: four that are general, and " "one that's specific to the most heated battle of the day, music. Each is a " @@ -19470,12 +19500,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14098 +#: freeculture.xml:14107 msgid "1. More Formalities" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14100 +#: freeculture.xml:14109 msgid "" "If you buy a house, you have to record the sale in a deed. If you buy land " "upon which to build a house, you have to record the purchase in a deed. If " @@ -19485,14 +19515,14 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 293 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14107 +#: freeculture.xml:14116 msgid "" "These are all formalities associated with property. They are requirements " "that we all must bear if we want our property to be protected." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14112 +#: freeculture.xml:14121 msgid "" "In contrast, under current copyright law, you automatically get a copyright, " "regardless of whether you comply with any formality. You don't have to " @@ -19501,12 +19531,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14118 +#: freeculture.xml:14127 msgid "Why?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14121 +#: freeculture.xml:14130 msgid "" "As I suggested in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"property-i\"/>, the motivation to abolish formalities was a good " @@ -19517,7 +19547,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14130 +#: freeculture.xml:14139 msgid "" "But the Internet changes all this. Formalities today need not be a " "burden. Rather, the world without formalities is the world that burdens " @@ -19532,7 +19562,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14144 +#: freeculture.xml:14153 msgid "" "The proposal I am advancing here would apply to American works only. " "Obviously, I believe it would be beneficial for the same idea to be adopted " @@ -19540,7 +19570,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14142 +#: freeculture.xml:14151 msgid "" "The law should therefore change this requirement<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>—but it should not change it by going back " @@ -19550,7 +19580,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14152 +#: freeculture.xml:14161 msgid "" "The important formalities are three: marking copyrighted work, registering " "copyrights, and renewing the claim to copyright. Traditionally, the first of " @@ -19561,12 +19591,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14164 +#: freeculture.xml:14173 msgid "REGISTRATION AND RENEWAL" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14166 +#: freeculture.xml:14175 msgid "" "Under the old system, a copyright owner had to file a registration with the " "Copyright Office to register or renew a copyright. When filing that " @@ -19581,7 +19611,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14179 +#: freeculture.xml:14188 msgid "" "Yet it is always astonishing to me that we, who come from a tradition of " "extraordinary innovation in governmental design, can no longer think " @@ -19593,7 +19623,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14188 +#: freeculture.xml:14197 msgid "" "In the context of registration, one obvious model is the Internet. There " "are at least 32 million Web sites registered around the world. Domain name " @@ -19606,7 +19636,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 295 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14198 +#: freeculture.xml:14207 msgid "" "We should adopt a similar model for the registration and renewal of " "copyrights. The Copyright Office may well serve as the central registry, but " @@ -19620,12 +19650,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14213 +#: freeculture.xml:14222 msgid "MARKING" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14215 +#: freeculture.xml:14224 msgid "" "It used to be that the failure to include a copyright notice on a creative " "work meant that the copyright was forfeited. That was a harsh punishment for " @@ -19637,7 +19667,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14225 +#: freeculture.xml:14234 msgid "" "The aim of marking is to signal to the public that this work is copyrighted " "and that the author wants to enforce his rights. The mark also makes it easy " @@ -19645,7 +19675,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14231 +#: freeculture.xml:14240 msgid "" "One of the problems the copyright system confronted early on was that " "different copyrighted works had to be differently marked. It wasn't clear " @@ -19659,7 +19689,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14248 +#: freeculture.xml:14257 msgid "" "There would be a complication with derivative works that I have not solved " "here. In my view, the law of derivatives creates a more complicated system " @@ -19668,7 +19698,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 296 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14241 +#: freeculture.xml:14250 msgid "" "Let's start with the last point. If a copyright owner allows his work to be " "published without a copyright notice, the consequence of that failure need " @@ -19684,7 +19714,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14261 +#: freeculture.xml:14270 msgid "" "That in turn raises the question about how work should best be marked. Here " "again, the system needs to adjust as the technologies evolve. The best way " @@ -19694,12 +19724,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14267 +#: freeculture.xml:14276 msgid "copyright marking of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14269 +#: freeculture.xml:14278 msgid "" "For example, if a recording industry association devises a method for " "marking CDs, it would propose that to the Copyright Office. The Copyright " @@ -19713,7 +19743,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14281 +#: freeculture.xml:14290 msgid "" "Finally, marking content clearly would simplify registration requirements. " "If photographs were marked by author and year, there would be little reason " @@ -19724,7 +19754,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14289 +#: freeculture.xml:14298 msgid "" "The objective of formalities is to make things clear. The existing system " "does nothing to make things clear. Indeed, it seems designed to make things " @@ -19732,7 +19762,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14294 +#: freeculture.xml:14303 msgid "" "If formalities such as registration were reinstated, one of the most " "difficult aspects of relying upon the public domain would be removed. It " @@ -19743,12 +19773,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14306 +#: freeculture.xml:14315 msgid "2. Shorter Terms" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14308 +#: freeculture.xml:14317 msgid "" "The term of copyright has gone from fourteen years to ninety-five years for " "corporate authors, and life of the author plus seventy years for natural " @@ -19757,7 +19787,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14321 +#: freeculture.xml:14330 msgid "" "<quote>A Radical Rethink,</quote> <citetitle>Economist</citetitle>, 366:8308 " "(25 January 2003): 15, available at <ulink " @@ -19765,7 +19795,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14313 +#: freeculture.xml:14322 msgid "" "In <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>, I proposed a " "seventy-five-year term, granted in five-year increments with a requirement " @@ -19778,7 +19808,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14328 +#: freeculture.xml:14337 msgid "" "I agree with those who believe that we need a radical change in copyright's " "term. But whether fourteen years or seventy-five, there are four principles " @@ -19787,7 +19817,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (1) #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14336 +#: freeculture.xml:14345 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it short:</emphasis> The term should be as long as necessary " "to give incentives to create, but no longer. If it were tied to very strong " @@ -19800,7 +19830,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (2) #. PAGE BREAK 298 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14345 +#: freeculture.xml:14354 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it simple:</emphasis> The line between the public domain and " "protected content must be kept clear. Lawyers like the fuzziness of " @@ -19814,13 +19844,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14357 +#: freeculture.xml:14366 msgid "veterans' pensions" msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14368 +#: freeculture.xml:14377 msgid "" "Department of Veterans Affairs, Veteran's Application for Compensation " "and/or Pension, VA Form 21-526 (OMB Approved No. 2900-0001), available at " @@ -19828,7 +19858,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14360 +#: freeculture.xml:14369 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it alive:</emphasis> Copyright should have to be renewed. " "Especially if the maximum term is long, the copyright owner should be " @@ -19843,7 +19873,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (4) #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14379 +#: freeculture.xml:14388 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it prospective:</emphasis> Whatever the term of copyright " "should be, the clearest lesson that economists teach is that a term once " @@ -19860,7 +19890,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14395 +#: freeculture.xml:14404 msgid "" "These changes together should produce an <emphasis>average</emphasis> " "copyright term that is much shorter than the current term. Until 1976, the " @@ -19868,7 +19898,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14401 +#: freeculture.xml:14410 msgid "" "No doubt the extremists will call these ideas <quote>radical.</quote> (After " "all, I call them <quote>extremists.</quote>) But again, the term I " @@ -19878,12 +19908,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14411 +#: freeculture.xml:14420 msgid "3. Free Use Vs. Fair Use" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14415 +#: freeculture.xml:14424 msgid "" "As I observed at the beginning of this book, property law originally granted " "property owners the right to control their property from the ground to the " @@ -19894,7 +19924,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14423 +#: freeculture.xml:14432 msgid "" "Our Constitution gives Congress the power to give authors <quote>exclusive " "right</quote> to <quote>their writings.</quote> Congress has given authors " @@ -19906,20 +19936,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14431 +#: freeculture.xml:14440 msgid "Kaplan, Benjamin" msgstr "" #. f5. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14437 +#: freeculture.xml:14446 msgid "" "Benjamin Kaplan, <citetitle>An Unhurried View of Copyright</citetitle> (New " "York: Columbia University Press, 1967), 32." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14433 +#: freeculture.xml:14442 msgid "" "Congress granted the beginnings of this right in 1870, when it expanded the " "exclusive right of copyright to include a right to control translations and " @@ -19931,12 +19961,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14450 +#: freeculture.xml:14459 msgid "Ibid., 56." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14446 +#: freeculture.xml:14455 msgid "" "So inured have we become to the extension of the monopoly to a large range " "of so-called derivative works, that we no longer sense the oddity of " @@ -19945,7 +19975,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14455 +#: freeculture.xml:14464 msgid "" "I think it's time to recognize that there are airplanes in this field and " "the expansiveness of these rights of derivative use no longer make " @@ -19955,7 +19985,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14462 +#: freeculture.xml:14471 msgid "" "<emphasis>Term:</emphasis> If Congress wants to grant a derivative right, " "then that right should be for a much shorter term. It makes sense to protect " @@ -19967,7 +19997,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14475 +#: freeculture.xml:14484 msgid "" "<emphasis>Scope:</emphasis> Likewise should the scope of derivative rights " "be narrowed. Again, there are some cases in which derivative rights are " @@ -19982,7 +20012,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14489 +#: freeculture.xml:14498 msgid "" "This was the point that Alben made when describing the making of the Clint " "Eastwood CD. While it makes sense to require negotiation for foreseeable " @@ -19992,12 +20022,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14505 +#: freeculture.xml:14514 msgid "Goldstein, Paul" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14503 +#: freeculture.xml:14512 msgid "" "Paul Goldstein, <citetitle>Copyright's Highway: From Gutenberg to the " "Celestial Jukebox</citetitle> (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), " @@ -20005,7 +20035,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14497 +#: freeculture.xml:14506 msgid "" "In each of these cases, the law should mark the uses that are protected, and " "the presumption should be that other uses are not protected. This is the " @@ -20015,7 +20045,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14511 +#: freeculture.xml:14520 msgid "" "Goldstein's analysis would make perfect sense if the cost of the legal " "system were small. But as we are currently seeing in the context of the " @@ -20026,7 +20056,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 301 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14518 +#: freeculture.xml:14527 msgid "" "The law could remedy this problem either by removing protection beyond the " "part explicitly drawn or by granting reuse rights upon certain statutory " @@ -20036,12 +20066,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14528 +#: freeculture.xml:14537 msgid "4. Liberate the Music—Again" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14530 +#: freeculture.xml:14539 msgid "" "The battle that got this whole war going was about music, so it wouldn't be " "fair to end this book without addressing the issue that is, to most people, " @@ -20051,7 +20081,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14537 +#: freeculture.xml:14546 msgid "" "The appeal of file-sharing music was the crack cocaine of the Internet's " "growth. It drove demand for access to the Internet more powerfully than any " @@ -20062,7 +20092,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14546 +#: freeculture.xml:14555 msgid "" "The aim of copyright, with respect to content in general and music in " "particular, is to create the incentives for music to be composed, performed, " @@ -20072,7 +20102,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14553 +#: freeculture.xml:14562 msgid "" "File-sharing networks complicate this model by enabling the spread of " "content for which the performer has not been paid. But of course, that's not " @@ -20083,7 +20113,7 @@ msgstr "" #. A. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14562 +#: freeculture.xml:14571 msgid "" "There are some who are using sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing " "CDs." @@ -20091,7 +20121,7 @@ msgstr "" #. B. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14567 +#: freeculture.xml:14576 msgid "" "There are also some who are using sharing networks to sample, on the way to " "purchasing CDs." @@ -20100,7 +20130,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 302 #. C. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14573 +#: freeculture.xml:14582 msgid "" "There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content " "that is no longer sold but is still under copyright or that would have been " @@ -20109,7 +20139,7 @@ msgstr "" #. D. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14579 +#: freeculture.xml:14588 msgid "" "There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content " "that is not copyrighted or to get access that the copyright owner plainly " @@ -20117,7 +20147,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14587 +#: freeculture.xml:14596 msgid "" "Any reform of the law needs to keep these different uses in focus. It must " "avoid burdening type D even if it aims to eliminate type A. The eagerness " @@ -20128,7 +20158,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14595 +#: freeculture.xml:14604 msgid "" "As I said in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"piracy\"/>, the actual harm caused by sharing is controversial. " @@ -20138,7 +20168,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14603 +#: freeculture.xml:14612 msgid "" "Nonetheless, there is a crucial fact about the current technological context " "that we must keep in mind if we are to understand how the law should " @@ -20146,7 +20176,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14608 +#: freeculture.xml:14617 msgid "" "Today, file sharing is addictive. In ten years, it won't be. It is addictive " "today because it is the easiest way to gain access to a broad range of " @@ -20161,7 +20191,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 303 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14620 +#: freeculture.xml:14629 msgid "" "But it will become a reality, and that means the way we get access to the " "Internet today is a technology in transition. Policy makers should not make " @@ -20177,13 +20207,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14634 +#: freeculture.xml:14643 msgid "cell phones, music streamed over" msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14654 +#: freeculture.xml:14663 msgid "" "See, for example, <quote>Music Media Watch,</quote> The J@pan " "Inc. Newsletter, 3 April 2002, available at <ulink " @@ -20191,7 +20221,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14636 +#: freeculture.xml:14645 msgid "" "In that world, it will be extremely easy to connect to services that give " "you access to content on the fly—such as Internet radio, content that " @@ -20213,7 +20243,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 304 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14661 +#: freeculture.xml:14670 msgid "" "This point about the future is meant to suggest a perspective on the " "present: It is emphatically temporary. The <quote>problem</quote> with file " @@ -20229,7 +20259,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14677 +#: freeculture.xml:14686 msgid "" "The answer begins with recognizing that there are different " "<quote>problems</quote> here to solve. Let's start with type D " @@ -20243,7 +20273,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14688 +#: freeculture.xml:14697 msgid "" "Type C content raises a different <quote>problem.</quote> This is content " "that was, at one time, published and is no longer available. It may be " @@ -20255,7 +20285,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14699 +#: freeculture.xml:14708 msgid "" "Again, the model here is the used book store. Once a book goes out of print, " "it may still be available in libraries and used book stores. But libraries " @@ -20268,7 +20298,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14709 +#: freeculture.xml:14718 msgid "" "The model of used book stores suggests that the law could simply deem " "out-of-print music fair game. If the publisher does not make copies of the " @@ -20281,7 +20311,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 305 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14720 +#: freeculture.xml:14729 msgid "" "Alternatively, the law could create a statutory license that would ensure " "that artists get something from the trade of their work. For example, if the " @@ -20293,7 +20323,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14730 +#: freeculture.xml:14739 msgid "" "This system would also create an incentive for publishers to keep works " "available commercially. Works that are available commercially would not be " @@ -20306,7 +20336,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14740 +#: freeculture.xml:14749 msgid "" "The hard case is content of types A and B, and again, this case is hard only " "because the extent of the problem will change over time, as the technologies " @@ -20317,14 +20347,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14748 +#: freeculture.xml:14757 msgid "" "So here's a solution that will at first seem very strange to both sides in " "this war, but which upon reflection, I suggest, should make some sense." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14752 +#: freeculture.xml:14761 msgid "" "Stripped of the rhetoric about the sanctity of property, the basic claim of " "the content industry is this: A new technology (the Internet) has harmed a " @@ -20338,7 +20368,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 306 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14763 +#: freeculture.xml:14772 msgid "" "I love the Internet, and so I don't like likening it to tobacco or " "asbestos. But the analogy is a fair one from the perspective of the law. " @@ -20349,17 +20379,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14770 freeculture.xml:14812 +#: freeculture.xml:14779 freeculture.xml:14821 msgid "Promises to Keep (Fisher)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14810 +#: freeculture.xml:14819 msgid "Fisher, William" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14776 +#: freeculture.xml:14785 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> William Fisher, " "<citetitle>Digital Music: Problems and Possibilities</citetitle> (last " @@ -20401,7 +20431,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14772 +#: freeculture.xml:14781 msgid "" "The idea would be a modification of a proposal that has been floated by " "Harvard law professor William Fisher.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -20416,7 +20446,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14826 +#: freeculture.xml:14835 msgid "" "Fisher's proposal is careful and comprehensive. It raises a million " "questions, most of which he answers well in his upcoming book, " @@ -20434,7 +20464,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 307 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14843 +#: freeculture.xml:14852 msgid "" "Fisher would balk at the idea of allowing the system to lapse. His aim is " "not just to ensure that artists are paid, but also to ensure that the system " @@ -20447,17 +20477,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14856 +#: freeculture.xml:14865 msgid "MusicStore" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14858 +#: freeculture.xml:14867 msgid "prices of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14860 +#: freeculture.xml:14869 msgid "" "No doubt it would be difficult to calculate the proper measure of " "<quote>harm</quote> to an industry. But the difficulty of making that " @@ -20475,22 +20505,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14875 +#: freeculture.xml:14884 msgid "cable vs. broadcast" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14878 +#: freeculture.xml:14887 msgid "film industry" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14878 +#: freeculture.xml:14887 msgid "luxury theatres vs. video piracy in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14880 +#: freeculture.xml:14889 msgid "" "This competition has already occurred against the background of " "<quote>free</quote> music from p2p systems. As the sellers of cable " @@ -20506,7 +20536,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14892 +#: freeculture.xml:14901 msgid "" "This regime of competition, with a backstop to assure that artists don't " "lose, would facilitate a great deal of innovation in the delivery of " @@ -20517,13 +20547,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14901 +#: freeculture.xml:14910 msgid "In summary, then, my proposal is this:" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 308 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14906 +#: freeculture.xml:14915 msgid "" "The Internet is in transition. We should not be regulating a technology in " "transition. We should instead be regulating to minimize the harm to " @@ -20532,19 +20562,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14913 +#: freeculture.xml:14922 msgid "We can minimize that harm while maximizing the benefit to innovation by" msgstr "" #. 1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14919 +#: freeculture.xml:14928 msgid "guaranteeing the right to engage in type D sharing;" msgstr "" #. 2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14923 +#: freeculture.xml:14932 msgid "" "permitting noncommercial type C sharing without liability, and commercial " "type C sharing at a low and fixed rate set by statute;" @@ -20552,14 +20582,14 @@ msgstr "" #. 3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14929 +#: freeculture.xml:14938 msgid "" "while in this transition, taxing and compensating for type A sharing, to the " "extent actual harm is demonstrated." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14934 +#: freeculture.xml:14943 msgid "" "But what if <quote>piracy</quote> doesn't disappear? What if there is a " "competitive market providing content at a low cost, but a significant number " @@ -20568,7 +20598,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14940 +#: freeculture.xml:14949 msgid "" "Yes, it should. But, again, what it should do depends upon how the facts " "develop. These changes may not eliminate type A sharing. But the real issue " @@ -20585,7 +20615,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 309 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14954 +#: freeculture.xml:14963 msgid "" "But we're a long way away from whittling the problem down to this subset of " "type A sharers. And our focus until we're there should not be on finding " @@ -20595,12 +20625,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14965 +#: freeculture.xml:14974 msgid "5. Fire Lots of Lawyers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14967 +#: freeculture.xml:14976 msgid "" "I'm a lawyer. I make lawyers for a living. I believe in the law. I believe " "in the law of copyright. Indeed, I have devoted my life to working in law, " @@ -20609,7 +20639,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14973 +#: freeculture.xml:14982 msgid "" "Yet much of this book has been a criticism of lawyers, or the role lawyers " "have played in this debate. The law speaks to ideals, but it is my view that " @@ -20619,23 +20649,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14980 +#: freeculture.xml:14989 msgid "Nimmer, Melville" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14981 +#: freeculture.xml:14990 msgid "Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA) (1998)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14981 +#: freeculture.xml:14990 msgid "Supreme Court challenge of" msgstr "" #. f10. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14992 +#: freeculture.xml:15001 msgid "" "Lawrence Lessig, <quote>Copyright's First Amendment</quote> (Melville " "B. Nimmer Memorial Lecture), <citetitle>UCLA Law Review</citetitle> 48 " @@ -20643,7 +20673,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14983 +#: freeculture.xml:14992 msgid "" "The evidence of this bending is compelling. I'm attacked as a " "<quote>radical</quote> by many within the profession, yet the positions that " @@ -20656,7 +20686,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14998 +#: freeculture.xml:15007 msgid "" "However, my criticism of the role that lawyers have played in this debate is " "not just about a professional bias. It is more importantly about our failure " @@ -20664,7 +20694,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15008 +#: freeculture.xml:15017 msgid "" "A good example is the work of Professor Stan Liebowitz. Liebowitz is to be " "commended for his careful review of data about infringement, leading him to " @@ -20684,7 +20714,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15003 +#: freeculture.xml:15012 msgid "" "Economists are supposed to be good at reckoning costs and benefits. But " "more often than not, economists, with no clue about how the legal system " @@ -20696,7 +20726,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 310 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15032 +#: freeculture.xml:15041 msgid "" "But the legal system doesn't work. Or more accurately, it doesn't work for " "anyone except those with the most resources. Not because the system is " @@ -20706,7 +20736,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15040 +#: freeculture.xml:15049 msgid "" "These costs distort free culture in many ways. A lawyer's time is billed at " "the largest firms at more than $400 per hour. How much time should such a " @@ -20719,7 +20749,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15050 +#: freeculture.xml:15059 msgid "" "The costliness and clumsiness and randomness of this system mock our " "tradition. And lawyers, as well as academics, should consider it their duty " @@ -20730,7 +20760,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15058 +#: freeculture.xml:15067 msgid "" "But until that reform is complete, we as a society should keep the law away " "from areas that we know it will only harm. And that is precisely what the " @@ -20738,7 +20768,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15065 +#: freeculture.xml:15074 msgid "" "Think about the amazing things your kid could do or make with digital " "technology—the film, the music, the Web page, the blog. Or think about " @@ -20751,7 +20781,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 311 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15074 +#: freeculture.xml:15083 msgid "" "The law should regulate in certain areas of culture—but it should " "regulate culture only where that regulation does good. Yet lawyers rarely " @@ -20761,7 +20791,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15083 +#: freeculture.xml:15092 msgid "" "We should ask, <quote>Why?</quote> Show me why your regulation of culture is " "needed. Show me how it does good. And until you can show me both, keep your " @@ -20769,12 +20799,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:15092 +#: freeculture.xml:15101 msgid "NOTES" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15094 +#: freeculture.xml:15103 msgid "" "Throughout this text, there are references to links on the World Wide " "Web. As anyone who has tried to use the Web knows, these links can be highly " @@ -20788,12 +20818,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:15113 +#: freeculture.xml:15122 msgid "ACKNOWLEDGMENTS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15115 +#: freeculture.xml:15124 msgid "" "This book is the product of a long and as yet unsuccessful struggle that " "began when I read of Eric Eldred's war to keep books free. Eldred's work " @@ -20802,7 +20832,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15122 +#: freeculture.xml:15131 msgid "" "I received guidance in various places from friends and academics, including " "Glenn Brown, Peter DiCola, Jennifer Mnookin, Richard Posner, Mark Rose, and " @@ -20818,7 +20848,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 337 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15135 +#: freeculture.xml:15144 msgid "" "Yuko Noguchi helped me to understand the laws of Japan as well as its " "culture. I am thankful to her, and to the many in Japan who helped me " @@ -20831,7 +20861,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15146 +#: freeculture.xml:15155 msgid "" "These are the traditional sorts of help that academics regularly draw " "upon. But in addition to them, the Internet has made it possible to receive " @@ -20853,7 +20883,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15166 +#: freeculture.xml:15175 msgid "" "Richard Stallman and Michael Carroll each read the whole book in draft, and " "each provided extremely helpful correction and advice. Michael helped me to " @@ -20864,7 +20894,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15175 +#: freeculture.xml:15184 msgid "" "Finally, and forever, I am thankful to Bettina, who has always insisted that " "there would be unending happiness away from these battles, and who has " diff --git a/freeculture.xml b/freeculture.xml index 771cd12..defce76 100644 --- a/freeculture.xml +++ b/freeculture.xml @@ -13799,12 +13799,17 @@ that bind copyrighted code, Stallman was affirmatively reclaiming a space where free software would survive. He was actively protecting what before had been passively guaranteed. </para> +<indexterm id='idxacademicjournals' class='startofrange'><primary>academic journals</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm id='idxscientificjournals' class='startofrange'><primary>scientific journals</primary></indexterm> <para> Finally, consider a very recent example that more directly resonates with the story of this book. This is the shift in the way academic and scientific journals are produced. </para> -<indexterm id='idxacademicjournals' class='startofrange'><primary>academic journals</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm id='idxlexisandwestlaw' class='startofrange'><primary>Lexis and Westlaw</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm id='idxlawdatabasesofcasereportsin' class='startofrange'><primary>law</primary><secondary>databases of case reports in</secondary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>libraries</primary><secondary>journals in</secondary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>Supreme Court, U.S.</primary><secondary>access to opinions of</secondary></indexterm> <para> As digital technologies develop, it is becoming obvious to many that printing thousands of copies of journals every month and sending them @@ -13821,6 +13826,8 @@ and Westlaw are also free to charge users for the privilege of gaining access to that Supreme Court opinion through their respective services. </para> +<indexterm><primary>public domain</primary><secondary>access fees for material in</secondary></indexterm> +<indexterm id='idxpublicdomainlicensesystemforrebuildingof' class='startofrange'><primary>public domain</primary><secondary>license system for rebuilding of</secondary></indexterm> <para> There's nothing wrong in general with this, and indeed, the ability to charge for access to even public domain materials is a good incentive @@ -13830,6 +13837,8 @@ to flourish. And if there's nothing wrong with selling the public domain, then there could be nothing wrong, in principle, with selling access to material that is not in the public domain. </para> +<indexterm startref='idxlexisandwestlaw' class='endofrange'/> +<indexterm startref='idxlawdatabasesofcasereportsin' class='endofrange'/> <para> But what if the only way to get access to social and scientific data was through proprietary services? What if no one had the ability to @@ -13880,10 +13889,11 @@ presumptively a good—especially when it helps spread knowledge and science. </para> <indexterm startref='idxacademicjournals' class='endofrange'/> +<indexterm startref='idxscientificjournals' class='endofrange'/> </section> <section id="oneidea"> <title>Rebuilding Free Culture: One Idea -Creative Commons +Creative Commons The same strategy could be applied to culture, as a response to the increasing control effected through law and technology. @@ -14072,8 +14082,8 @@ make it easier for authors and creators to exercise their rights more flexibly and cheaply. That difference, we believe, will enable creativity to spread more easily. - - + +