msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: Free Culture by Lawrence Lessig\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2015-09-15 10:44+0200\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2015-09-17 00:07+0200\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2015-09-15 12:30+0000\n"
"Last-Translator: Petter Reinholdtsen <pere@hungry.com>\n"
"Language-Team: Norwegian Bokmål (http://www.transifex.com/pere/free-culture-"
"Posner ved USAs syvende ankekrets."
#. testing different ways to tag the cover page
-#. <imageobject remap="s" role="front">
-#. <imagedata fileref="images/cover_thumbnail.png" format="PNG" width="444" />
-#. </imageobject>
-#. <imageobject remap="xs" role="front-small">
-#. <imagedata fileref="images/cover_thumbnail.png" format="PNG" width="444" />
-#. </imageobject>
-#. <imageobject remap="cs" role="thumbnail">
-#. <imagedata fileref="images/cover_thumbnail.png" format="PNG" width="444" />
-#. </imageobject>
#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><mediaobject>
msgid ""
"<imageobject remap=\"lrg\" role=\"front-large\"> <imagedata fileref=\"images/"
-"cover.png\" format=\"PNG\" width=\"444\" /> </imageobject>"
+"cover-front-72dpi.png\" format=\"PNG\" width=\"444\" /> </imageobject> "
+"<imageobject remap=\"s\" role=\"front\"> <imagedata fileref=\"images/cover-"
+"front-10dpi.png\" format=\"PNG\" width=\"444\" /> </imageobject> "
+"<imageobject remap=\"xs\" role=\"front-small\"> <imagedata fileref=\"images/"
+"cover-front-10dpi.png\" format=\"PNG\" width=\"444\" /> </imageobject> "
+"<imageobject remap=\"cs\" role=\"thumbnail\"> <imagedata fileref=\"images/"
+"cover-front-10dpi.png\" format=\"PNG\" width=\"444\" /> </imageobject>"
msgstr ""
-"<imageobject remap=\"lrg\" role=\"front-large\"> <imagedata fileref=\"images/"
-"cover.png\" format=\"PNG\" width=\"444\" /> </imageobject>"
#. LCCN from
#. http://catalog.loc.gov/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?v3=1&DB=local&CMD=010a+2003063276&CNT=10+records+per+page
"a tool and empowered them to be able to both understand it and talk about it,"
"</quote> Barish explained. That tool succeeded in creating expression—"
"far more successfully and powerfully than could have been created using only "
-"text. <quote>If you had said to these students, `you have to do it in text,' "
-"they would've just thrown their hands up and gone and done something else,</"
-"quote> Barish described, in part, no doubt, because expressing themselves in "
-"text is not something these students can do well. Yet neither is text a form "
-"in which <emphasis>these</emphasis> ideas can be expressed well. The power "
-"of this message depended upon its connection to this form of expression."
+"text. <quote>If you had said to these students, <quote>you have to do it in "
+"text,</quote> they would've just thrown their hands up and gone and done "
+"something else,</quote> Barish described, in part, no doubt, because "
+"expressing themselves in text is not something these students can do well. "
+"Yet neither is text a form in which <emphasis>these</emphasis> ideas can be "
+"expressed well. The power of this message depended upon its connection to "
+"this form of expression."
msgstr ""
"Ved å bruke hva som helst av <quote>fritt tilgjengelig web-stoff de kunne "
"finne,</quote> og relativt enkle verktøy som gjorde det mulig for ungene å "
"The Napsters of those days, the <quote>independents,</quote> were companies "
"like Fox. And no less than today, these independents were vigorously "
"resisted. <quote>Shooting was disrupted by machinery stolen, and "
-"`accidents' resulting in loss of negatives, equipment, buildings and "
-"sometimes life and limb frequently occurred.</quote><placeholder type="
-"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> That led the independents to flee the East Coast. "
-"California was remote enough from Edison's reach that filmmakers there could "
-"pirate his inventions without fear of the law. And the leaders of Hollywood "
-"filmmaking, Fox most prominently, did just that."
+"<quote>accidents</quote> resulting in loss of negatives, equipment, "
+"buildings and sometimes life and limb frequently occurred.</"
+"quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> That led the independents to "
+"flee the East Coast. California was remote enough from Edison's reach that "
+"filmmakers there could pirate his inventions without fear of the law. And "
+"the leaders of Hollywood filmmaking, Fox most prominently, did just that."
msgstr ""
"Napsterne i de dager, de <quote>uavhengige,</quote> var selskaper som Fox. "
"Og ikke mindre enn i dag ble disse uavhengige intenst motarbeidet. "
"of sheet music.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In any case, the "
"innovators argued, the job of Congress was <quote>to consider first the "
"interest of [the public], whom they represent, and whose servants they are.</"
-"quote> <quote>All talk about `theft,'</quote> the general counsel of the "
-"American Graphophone Company wrote, <quote>is the merest claptrap, for there "
-"exists no property in ideas musical, literary or artistic, except as defined "
-"by statute.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>"
+"quote> <quote>All talk about <quote>theft,</quote></quote> the general "
+"counsel of the American Graphophone Company wrote, <quote>is the merest "
+"claptrap, for there exists no property in ideas musical, literary or "
+"artistic, except as defined by statute.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote"
+"\" id=\"1\"/>"
msgstr ""
"Disse argumentene høres omtrent ut som argumentene fra våre dager. Det samme "
"gjør argumentene fra den andre siden. Oppfinnerne som utviklet det "
msgid ""
"Yet soon thereafter, and before Congress was given an opportunity to enact "
"regulation, MTV was launched, and the industry had a record turnaround. "
-"<quote>In the end,</quote> Cap Gemini concludes, <quote>the `crisis' "
-"… was not the fault of the tapers—who did not [stop after MTV "
-"came into being]—but had to a large extent resulted from stagnation in "
-"musical innovation at the major labels.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote"
-"\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"<quote>In the end,</quote> Cap Gemini concludes, <quote>the <quote>crisis</"
+"quote> … was not the fault of the tapers—who did not [stop "
+"after MTV came into being]—but had to a large extent resulted from "
+"stagnation in musical innovation at the major labels.</quote><placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
"Ikke lenge etterpå, og før kongressen fikk muligheten til å innføre "
"reguleringer, ble MTV lansert, og industrien fikk et rekordoppsving. "
"MPAA president Jack Valenti became the studios' most vocal champion. Valenti "
"called VCRs <quote>tapeworms.</quote> He warned, <quote>When there are 20, "
"30, 40 million of these VCRs in the land, we will be invaded by millions of "
-"`tapeworms,' eating away at the very heart and essence of the most precious "
-"asset the copyright owner has, his copyright.</quote><placeholder type="
-"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> <quote>One does not have to be trained in "
-"sophisticated marketing and creative judgment,</quote> he told Congress, "
-"<quote>to understand the devastation on the after-theater marketplace caused "
-"by the hundreds of millions of tapings that will adversely impact on the "
-"future of the creative community in this country. It is simply a question of "
-"basic economics and plain common sense.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote"
-"\" id=\"1\"/> Indeed, as surveys would later show, 45 percent of VCR owners "
-"had movie libraries of ten videos or more<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id="
-"\"2\"/> — a use the Court would later hold was not <quote>fair.</"
-"quote> By <quote>allowing VCR owners to copy freely by the means of an "
-"exemption from copyright infringement without creating a mechanism to "
-"compensate copyright owners,</quote> Valenti testified, Congress would "
-"<quote>take from the owners the very essence of their property: the "
-"exclusive right to control who may use their work, that is, who may copy it "
-"and thereby profit from its reproduction.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote"
-"\" id=\"3\"/>"
+"<quote>tapeworms,</quote> eating away at the very heart and essence of the "
+"most precious asset the copyright owner has, his copyright.</"
+"quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> <quote>One does not have to "
+"be trained in sophisticated marketing and creative judgment,</quote> he told "
+"Congress, <quote>to understand the devastation on the after-theater "
+"marketplace caused by the hundreds of millions of tapings that will "
+"adversely impact on the future of the creative community in this country. It "
+"is simply a question of basic economics and plain common sense.</"
+"quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Indeed, as surveys would "
+"later show, 45 percent of VCR owners had movie libraries of ten videos or "
+"more<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> — a use the Court would "
+"later hold was not <quote>fair.</quote> By <quote>allowing VCR owners to "
+"copy freely by the means of an exemption from copyright infringement without "
+"creating a mechanism to compensate copyright owners,</quote> Valenti "
+"testified, Congress would <quote>take from the owners the very essence of "
+"their property: the exclusive right to control who may use their work, that "
+"is, who may copy it and thereby profit from its reproduction.</"
+"quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"3\"/>"
msgstr ""
"MPAA-presidenten Jack Valenti ble studioenes mest synlige forkjemper. "
"Valenti kalte videospillerne for <quote>båndormer</quote> (engelsk: "
"<quote>All this hand waving about balance and incentives,</quote> they say, "
"<quote>misses a fundamental point. Our content,</quote> the warriors insist, "
"<quote>is our <emphasis>property</emphasis>. Why should we wait for Congress "
-"to `rebalance' our property rights? Do you have to wait before calling the "
-"police when your car has been stolen? And why should Congress deliberate at "
-"all about the merits of this theft? Do we ask whether the car thief had a "
-"good use for the car before we arrest him?</quote>"
+"to <quote>rebalance</quote> our property rights? Do you have to wait before "
+"calling the police when your car has been stolen? And why should Congress "
+"deliberate at all about the merits of this theft? Do we ask whether the car "
+"thief had a good use for the car before we arrest him?</quote>"
msgstr ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>Men når noen</emphasis> begynner å snakke om "
"<quote>balanse,</quote> kommer opphavsrettskrigerne med et annet argument. "
msgid ""
"William W. Crosskey, <citetitle>Politics and the Constitution in the History "
"of the United States</citetitle> (London: Cambridge University Press, 1953), "
-"vol. 1, 485–86: <quote>extinguish[ing], by plain implication of `the "
-"supreme Law of the Land,' <emphasis>the perpetual rights which authors had, "
-"or were supposed by some to have, under the Common Law</emphasis></quote> "
-"(emphasis added). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"vol. 1, 485–86: <quote>extinguish[ing], by plain implication of "
+"<quote>the supreme Law of the Land,</quote> <emphasis>the perpetual rights "
+"which authors had, or were supposed by some to have, under the Common Law</"
+"emphasis></quote> (emphasis added). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id="
+"\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
"William W. Crosskey, <citetitle>Politics and the Constitution in the History "
"of the United States</citetitle> (London: Cambridge University Press, 1953), "
"he's just thick. Indeed, as they increasingly notice the things he can't do "
"(hear the sound of grass being stepped on, for example), they increasingly "
"try to control him. He, in turn, becomes increasingly frustrated. "
-"<quote>`You don't understand,' he cried, in a voice that was meant to be "
-"great and resolute, and which broke. `You are blind and I can see. Leave me "
-"alone!'</quote>"
+"<quote><quote>You don't understand,</quote> he cried, in a voice that was "
+"meant to be great and resolute, and which broke. <quote>You are blind and I "
+"can see. Leave me alone!</quote></quote>"
msgstr ""
"Ting blir ikke helt som han har planlagt. Han forsøker å forklare idéen om "
"syn til landsbyboerne. De forstår ikke. Han forteller dem at de er "
msgid ""
"The bill, modeled after California's tort reform model, was passed in the "
"House of Representatives but defeated in a Senate vote in July 2003. For an "
-"overview, see Tanya Albert, <quote>Measure Stalls in Senate: `We'll Be "
-"Back,' Say Tort Reformers,</quote> amednews.com, 28 July 2003, available at "
-"<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #38</ulink>, and "
-"<quote>Senate Turns Back Malpractice Caps,</quote> CBSNews.com, 9 July 2003, "
-"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #39</ulink>. "
-"President Bush has continued to urge tort reform in recent months. "
+"overview, see Tanya Albert, <quote>Measure Stalls in Senate: <quote>We'll Be "
+"Back,</quote> Say Tort Reformers,</quote> amednews.com, 28 July 2003, "
+"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #38</ulink>, "
+"and <quote>Senate Turns Back Malpractice Caps,</quote> CBSNews.com, 9 July "
+"2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #39</"
+"ulink>. President Bush has continued to urge tort reform in recent months. "
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
"id=\"1\"/>"
msgstr ""
"Lovforslaget, som var modellert etter Californias erstatningsrettsreform-"
"modell, ble vedtatt i Representantenes hus, men stoppet i Senatet i juli "
"2003. For en oversikt, se Tanya Albert, <quote>Measure Stalls in Senate: "
-"`We'll Be Back,' Say Tort Reformers,</quote> amednews.com, 28. juli 2003, "
-"tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #38</"
-"ulink>, og <quote>Senate Turns Back Malpractice Caps,</quote> CBSNews.com, "
-"9. juli 2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/"
-"\">link #39</ulink>. President Bush har fortsatt å argumentere for "
+"<quote>We'll Be Back,</quote> Say Tort Reformers,</quote> amednews.com, 28. "
+"juli 2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/"
+"\">link #38</ulink>, og <quote>Senate Turns Back Malpractice Caps,</quote> "
+"CBSNews.com, 9. juli 2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture."
+"cc/notes/\">link #39</ulink>. President Bush har fortsatt å argumentere for "
"erstatningsrettsreform de siste månedene. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id="
"\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
"See Frank Ahrens, <quote>RIAA's Lawsuits Meet Surprised Targets; Single "
"Mother in Calif., 12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. Among Defendants,</quote> "
"<citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, 10 September 2003, E1; Chris Cobbs, "
-"<quote>Worried Parents Pull Plug on File `Stealing'; With the Music Industry "
-"Cracking Down on File Swapping, Parents are Yanking Software from Home PCs "
-"to Avoid Being Sued,</quote> <citetitle>Orlando Sentinel Tribune</"
-"citetitle>, 30 August 2003, C1; Jefferson Graham, <quote>Recording Industry "
-"Sues Parents,</quote> <citetitle>USA Today</citetitle>, 15 September 2003, "
-"4D; John Schwartz, <quote>She Says She's No Music Pirate. No Snoop Fan, "
-"Either,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 25 September 2003, "
-"C1; Margo Varadi, <quote>Is Brianna a Criminal?</quote> <citetitle>Toronto "
-"Star</citetitle>, 18 September 2003, P7."
+"<quote>Worried Parents Pull Plug on File <quote>Stealing</quote>; With the "
+"Music Industry Cracking Down on File Swapping, Parents are Yanking Software "
+"from Home PCs to Avoid Being Sued,</quote> <citetitle>Orlando Sentinel "
+"Tribune</citetitle>, 30 August 2003, C1; Jefferson Graham, <quote>Recording "
+"Industry Sues Parents,</quote> <citetitle>USA Today</citetitle>, 15 "
+"September 2003, 4D; John Schwartz, <quote>She Says She's No Music Pirate. No "
+"Snoop Fan, Either,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 25 "
+"September 2003, C1; Margo Varadi, <quote>Is Brianna a Criminal?</quote> "
+"<citetitle>Toronto Star</citetitle>, 18 September 2003, P7."
msgstr ""
"Se Frank Ahrens, <quote>RIAA's Lawsuits Meet Surprised Targets; Single "
"Mother in Calif., 12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. Among Defendants,</quote> "
"<citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, 10. september 2003, E1; Chris Cobbs, "
-"<quote>Worried Parents Pull Plug on File `Stealing'; With the Music Industry "
-"Cracking Down on File Swapping, Parents are Yanking Software from Home PCs "
-"to Avoid Being Sued,</quote> <citetitle>Orlando Sentinel Tribune</"
-"citetitle>, 30. august 2003, C1; Jefferson Graham, <quote>Recording Industry "
-"Sues Parents,</quote> <citetitle>USA Today</citetitle>, 15. september 2003, "
-"4D; John Schwartz, <quote>She Says She's No Music Pirate. No Snoop Fan, "
-"Either,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 25. september 2003, "
-"C1; Margo Varadi, <quote>Is Brianna a Criminal?</quote> <citetitle>Toronto "
-"Star</citetitle>, 18. september 2003, P7."
+"<quote>Worried Parents Pull Plug on File <quote>Stealing</quote>; With the "
+"Music Industry Cracking Down on File Swapping, Parents are Yanking Software "
+"from Home PCs to Avoid Being Sued,</quote> <citetitle>Orlando Sentinel "
+"Tribune</citetitle>, 30. august 2003, C1; Jefferson Graham, <quote>Recording "
+"Industry Sues Parents,</quote> <citetitle>USA Today</citetitle>, 15. "
+"september 2003, 4D; John Schwartz, <quote>She Says She's No Music Pirate. No "
+"Snoop Fan, Either,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 25. "
+"september 2003, C1; Margo Varadi, <quote>Is Brianna a Criminal?</quote> "
+"<citetitle>Toronto Star</citetitle>, 18. september 2003, P7."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"quote> <citetitle>Boston Globe</citetitle>, 18 May 2003, City Weekly, 1; "
"Frank Ahrens, <quote>Four Students Sued over Music Sites; Industry Group "
"Targets File Sharing at Colleges,</quote> <citetitle>Washington Post</"
-"citetitle>, 4 April 2003, E1; Elizabeth Armstrong, <quote>Students `Rip, "
-"Mix, Burn' at Their Own Risk,</quote> <citetitle>Christian Science Monitor</"
-"citetitle>, 2 September 2003, 20; Robert Becker and Angela Rozas, "
-"<quote>Music Pirate Hunt Turns to Loyola; Two Students Names Are Handed "
-"Over; Lawsuit Possible,</quote> <citetitle>Chicago Tribune</citetitle>, 16 "
-"July 2003, 1C; Beth Cox, <quote>RIAA Trains Antipiracy Guns on Universities,"
-"</quote> <citetitle>Internet News</citetitle>, 30 January 2003, available at "
-"<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #48</ulink>; Benny "
-"Evangelista, <quote>Download Warning 101: Freshman Orientation This Fall to "
-"Include Record Industry Warnings Against File Sharing,</quote> "
-"<citetitle>San Francisco Chronicle</citetitle>, 11 August 2003, E11; "
-"<quote>Raid, Letters Are Weapons at Universities,</quote> <citetitle>USA "
-"Today</citetitle>, 26 September 2000, 3D."
+"citetitle>, 4 April 2003, E1; Elizabeth Armstrong, <quote>Students "
+"<quote>Rip, Mix, Burn</quote> at Their Own Risk,</quote> "
+"<citetitle>Christian Science Monitor</citetitle>, 2 September 2003, 20; "
+"Robert Becker and Angela Rozas, <quote>Music Pirate Hunt Turns to Loyola; "
+"Two Students Names Are Handed Over; Lawsuit Possible,</quote> "
+"<citetitle>Chicago Tribune</citetitle>, 16 July 2003, 1C; Beth Cox, "
+"<quote>RIAA Trains Antipiracy Guns on Universities,</quote> "
+"<citetitle>Internet News</citetitle>, 30 January 2003, available at <ulink "
+"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #48</ulink>; Benny Evangelista, "
+"<quote>Download Warning 101: Freshman Orientation This Fall to Include "
+"Record Industry Warnings Against File Sharing,</quote> <citetitle>San "
+"Francisco Chronicle</citetitle>, 11 August 2003, E11; <quote>Raid, Letters "
+"Are Weapons at Universities,</quote> <citetitle>USA Today</citetitle>, 26 "
+"September 2000, 3D."
msgstr ""
"Se Jeff Adler, <quote>Cambridge: On Campus, Pirates Are Not Penitent,</"
"quote> <citetitle>Boston Globe</citetitle>, 18. mai 2003, City Weekly, 1; "
"Frank Ahrens, <quote>Four Students Sued over Music Sites; Industry Group "
"Targets File Sharing at Colleges,</quote> <citetitle>Washington Post</"
-"citetitle>, 4. april 2003, E1; Elizabeth Armstrong, <quote>Students `Rip, "
-"Mix, Burn' at Their Own Risk,</quote> <citetitle>Christian Science Monitor</"
-"citetitle>, 2. september 2003, 20; Robert Becker and Angela Rozas, "
-"<quote>Music Pirate Hunt Turns to Loyola; Two Students Names Are Handed "
-"Over; Lawsuit Possible,</quote> <citetitle>Chicago Tribune</citetitle>, 16. "
-"juli 2003, 1C; Beth Cox, <quote>RIAA Trains Antipiracy Guns on Universities,"
-"</quote> <citetitle>Internet News</citetitle>, 30. januar 2003, tilgjengelig "
-"fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #48</ulink>; Benny "
+"citetitle>, 4. april 2003, E1; Elizabeth Armstrong, <quote>Students "
+"<quote>Rip, Mix, Burn</quote> at Their Own Risk,</quote> "
+"<citetitle>Christian Science Monitor</citetitle>, 2. september 2003, 20; "
+"Robert Becker and Angela Rozas, <quote>Music Pirate Hunt Turns to Loyola; "
+"Two Students Names Are Handed Over; Lawsuit Possible,</quote> "
+"<citetitle>Chicago Tribune</citetitle>, 16. juli 2003, 1C; Beth Cox, "
+"<quote>RIAA Trains Antipiracy Guns on Universities,</quote> "
+"<citetitle>Internet News</citetitle>, 30. januar 2003, tilgjengelig fra "
+"<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #48</ulink>; Benny "
"Evangelista, <quote>Download Warning 101: Freshman Orientation This Fall to "
"Include Record Industry Warnings Against File Sharing,</quote> "
"<citetitle>San Francisco Chronicle</citetitle>, 11. august 2003, E11; "
msgid ""
"<quote>Well,</quote> the adviser says, <quote>if you're confident that you "
"will continue to get at least $100,000 a year from these copyrights, and you "
-"use the `discount rate' that we use to evaluate estate investments (6 "
-"percent), then this law would be worth $1,146,000 to the estate.</quote>"
+"use the <quote>discount rate</quote> that we use to evaluate estate "
+"investments (6 percent), then this law would be worth $1,146,000 to the "
+"estate.</quote>"
msgstr ""
"<quote>Vel,</quote> sier rådgiveren og fortsetter, <quote>hvis du er sikker "
"på at du vil fortsette å få minst 100 000 dollar i året for disse "
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"<quote>Absolutely,</quote> the adviser responds. <quote>It is worth it to "
-"you to contribute up to the `present value' of the income you expect from "
-"these copyrights. Which for us means over $1,000,000.</quote>"
+"you to contribute up to the <quote>present value</quote> of the income you "
+"expect from these copyrights. Which for us means over $1,000,000.</quote>"
msgstr ""
"<quote>Absolutt,</quote> svarer rådgiveren. <quote>Det er verdt det hvis du "
"bidrar med opp til dagens verdi av inntektene du forventer fra disse "
#. f13.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
-"Jason Schultz, <quote>The Myth of the 1976 Copyright `Chaos' Theory,</quote> "
-"20 December 2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/"
-"\">link #54</ulink>."
+"Jason Schultz, <quote>The Myth of the 1976 Copyright <quote>Chaos</quote> "
+"Theory,</quote> 20 December 2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-"
+"culture.cc/notes/\">link #54</ulink>."
msgstr ""
-"Jason Schultz, <quote>The Myth of the 1976 Copyright `Chaos' Theory,</quote> "
-"20. desember 2002, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/"
-"notes/\">link #54</ulink>."
+"Jason Schultz, <quote>The Myth of the 1976 Copyright <quote>Chaos</quote> "
+"Theory,</quote> 20. desember 2002, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-"
+"culture.cc/notes/\">link #54</ulink>."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"Jonathan Krim, <quote>The Quiet War over Open-Source,</quote> "
"<citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, August 2003, E1, available at <ulink "
"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #59</ulink>; William New, "
-"<quote>Global Group's Shift on `Open Source' Meeting Spurs Stir,</quote> "
-"<citetitle>National Journal's Technology Daily</citetitle>, 19 August 2003, "
-"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #60</ulink>; "
-"William New, <quote>U.S. Official Opposes `Open Source' Talks at WIPO,</"
-"quote> <citetitle>National Journal's Technology Daily</citetitle>, 19 August "
-"2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #61</"
-"ulink>."
+"<quote>Global Group's Shift on <quote>Open Source</quote> Meeting Spurs Stir,"
+"</quote> <citetitle>National Journal's Technology Daily</citetitle>, 19 "
+"August 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
+"#60</ulink>; William New, <quote>U.S. Official Opposes <quote>Open Source</"
+"quote> Talks at WIPO,</quote> <citetitle>National Journal's Technology "
+"Daily</citetitle>, 19 August 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-"
+"culture.cc/notes/\">link #61</ulink>."
msgstr ""
"Jonathan Krim, <quote>The Quiet War over Open-Source,</quote> "
"<citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, august 2003, E1, tilgjengelig fra "
"<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #59</ulink>; William New, "
-"<quote>Global Group's Shift on `Open Source' Meeting Spurs Stir,</quote> "
-"<citetitle>National Journal's Technology Daily</citetitle>, 19. august 2003, "
-"tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #60</"
-"ulink>; William New, <quote>U.S. Official Opposes `Open Source' Talks at "
-"WIPO,</quote> <citetitle>National Journal's Technology Daily</citetitle>, "
-"19. august 2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/"
-"\">link #61</ulink>."
+"<quote>Global Group's Shift on <quote>Open Source</quote> Meeting Spurs Stir,"
+"</quote> <citetitle>National Journal's Technology Daily</citetitle>, 19. "
+"august 2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/"
+"\">link #60</ulink>; William New, <quote>U.S. Official Opposes <quote>Open "
+"Source</quote> Talks at WIPO,</quote> <citetitle>National Journal's "
+"Technology Daily</citetitle>, 19. august 2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url="
+"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #61</ulink>."
#. PAGE BREAK 270
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2015-09-16 11:19+0200\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2015-09-17 00:07+0200\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
"Last-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL@ADDRESS>\n"
"Language-Team: LANGUAGE <LL@li.org>\n"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:261 freeculture.xml:6525 freeculture.xml:6656 freeculture.xml:6720
+#: freeculture.xml:261 freeculture.xml:6524 freeculture.xml:6655 freeculture.xml:6719
msgid "Code (Lessig)"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:427 freeculture.xml:4690 freeculture.xml:13849 freeculture.xml:14980
+#: freeculture.xml:427 freeculture.xml:4693 freeculture.xml:13849 freeculture.xml:14980
msgid "property rights"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:467 freeculture.xml:4579 freeculture.xml:5181 freeculture.xml:8954 freeculture.xml:12292 freeculture.xml:12293 freeculture.xml:14363
+#: freeculture.xml:467 freeculture.xml:4581 freeculture.xml:5184 freeculture.xml:8954 freeculture.xml:12292 freeculture.xml:12293 freeculture.xml:14363
msgid "Supreme Court, U.S."
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:546 freeculture.xml:3372 freeculture.xml:4314 freeculture.xml:6875 freeculture.xml:8666 freeculture.xml:10255 freeculture.xml:10303
+#: freeculture.xml:546 freeculture.xml:3373 freeculture.xml:4316 freeculture.xml:6874 freeculture.xml:8666 freeculture.xml:10255 freeculture.xml:10303
msgid "radio"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:546 freeculture.xml:6875
+#: freeculture.xml:546 freeculture.xml:6874
msgid "FM spectrum of"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:598 freeculture.xml:6878 freeculture.xml:14115
+#: freeculture.xml:598 freeculture.xml:6877 freeculture.xml:14115
msgid "RCA"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:630 freeculture.xml:6874
+#: freeculture.xml:630 freeculture.xml:6873
msgid "FM radio"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:723 freeculture.xml:1097 freeculture.xml:2315 freeculture.xml:2352 freeculture.xml:2365 freeculture.xml:2449 freeculture.xml:2483 freeculture.xml:2509 freeculture.xml:2760 freeculture.xml:4184 freeculture.xml:6758 freeculture.xml:7620 freeculture.xml:7688 freeculture.xml:7976 freeculture.xml:10254 freeculture.xml:13580 freeculture.xml:14146 freeculture.xml:14147 freeculture.xml:14221 freeculture.xml:14752
+#: freeculture.xml:723 freeculture.xml:1097 freeculture.xml:2315 freeculture.xml:2352 freeculture.xml:2365 freeculture.xml:2449 freeculture.xml:2483 freeculture.xml:2509 freeculture.xml:2760 freeculture.xml:4186 freeculture.xml:6757 freeculture.xml:7620 freeculture.xml:7688 freeculture.xml:7976 freeculture.xml:10254 freeculture.xml:13580 freeculture.xml:14146 freeculture.xml:14147 freeculture.xml:14221 freeculture.xml:14752
msgid "Internet"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:723 freeculture.xml:4730 freeculture.xml:13580 freeculture.xml:14146
+#: freeculture.xml:723 freeculture.xml:4733 freeculture.xml:13580 freeculture.xml:14146
msgid "development of"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:761 freeculture.xml:810 freeculture.xml:1701 freeculture.xml:5288 freeculture.xml:6527 freeculture.xml:14186
+#: freeculture.xml:761 freeculture.xml:810 freeculture.xml:1701 freeculture.xml:5291 freeculture.xml:6526 freeculture.xml:14186
msgid "free culture"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:787 freeculture.xml:2856 freeculture.xml:2857 freeculture.xml:2884 freeculture.xml:2885 freeculture.xml:2886 freeculture.xml:4259 freeculture.xml:7851 freeculture.xml:9710 freeculture.xml:9711 freeculture.xml:9988 freeculture.xml:9989 freeculture.xml:9990 freeculture.xml:10033
+#: freeculture.xml:787 freeculture.xml:2856 freeculture.xml:2857 freeculture.xml:2884 freeculture.xml:2885 freeculture.xml:2886 freeculture.xml:4261 freeculture.xml:7851 freeculture.xml:9710 freeculture.xml:9711 freeculture.xml:9988 freeculture.xml:9989 freeculture.xml:9990 freeculture.xml:10033
msgid "copyright infringement lawsuits"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:877 freeculture.xml:4398 freeculture.xml:6299 freeculture.xml:7575 freeculture.xml:11221 freeculture.xml:13153
+#: freeculture.xml:877 freeculture.xml:4400 freeculture.xml:6298 freeculture.xml:7575 freeculture.xml:11221 freeculture.xml:13153
msgid "Valenti, Jack"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:909 freeculture.xml:6910 freeculture.xml:7023 freeculture.xml:7024 freeculture.xml:7025 freeculture.xml:7074 freeculture.xml:7663 freeculture.xml:8952 freeculture.xml:11247 freeculture.xml:11549 freeculture.xml:12203 freeculture.xml:12364
+#: freeculture.xml:909 freeculture.xml:6909 freeculture.xml:7022 freeculture.xml:7023 freeculture.xml:7024 freeculture.xml:7073 freeculture.xml:7663 freeculture.xml:8952 freeculture.xml:11247 freeculture.xml:11549 freeculture.xml:12203 freeculture.xml:12364
msgid "Constitution, U.S."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:909 freeculture.xml:6910 freeculture.xml:7663 freeculture.xml:8952
+#: freeculture.xml:909 freeculture.xml:6909 freeculture.xml:7663 freeculture.xml:8952
msgid "First Amendment to"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:910 freeculture.xml:1075 freeculture.xml:1183 freeculture.xml:1209 freeculture.xml:1433 freeculture.xml:1554 freeculture.xml:1598 freeculture.xml:1712 freeculture.xml:3122 freeculture.xml:3217 freeculture.xml:4312 freeculture.xml:4313 freeculture.xml:4342 freeculture.xml:4730 freeculture.xml:4731 freeculture.xml:5332 freeculture.xml:6529 freeculture.xml:6977 freeculture.xml:7061 freeculture.xml:7062 freeculture.xml:7246 freeculture.xml:7346 freeculture.xml:7378 freeculture.xml:7408 freeculture.xml:7443 freeculture.xml:7557 freeculture.xml:7558 freeculture.xml:7619 freeculture.xml:7657 freeculture.xml:7757 freeculture.xml:7771 freeculture.xml:7830 freeculture.xml:7831 freeculture.xml:7929 freeculture.xml:9874 freeculture.xml:10227 freeculture.xml:11186 freeculture.xml:11232
+#: freeculture.xml:910 freeculture.xml:1075 freeculture.xml:1183 freeculture.xml:1209 freeculture.xml:1433 freeculture.xml:1554 freeculture.xml:1598 freeculture.xml:1712 freeculture.xml:3123 freeculture.xml:3218 freeculture.xml:4314 freeculture.xml:4315 freeculture.xml:4344 freeculture.xml:4733 freeculture.xml:4734 freeculture.xml:5335 freeculture.xml:6528 freeculture.xml:6976 freeculture.xml:7060 freeculture.xml:7061 freeculture.xml:7246 freeculture.xml:7346 freeculture.xml:7378 freeculture.xml:7408 freeculture.xml:7443 freeculture.xml:7557 freeculture.xml:7558 freeculture.xml:7619 freeculture.xml:7657 freeculture.xml:7757 freeculture.xml:7771 freeculture.xml:7830 freeculture.xml:7831 freeculture.xml:7929 freeculture.xml:9874 freeculture.xml:10227 freeculture.xml:11186 freeculture.xml:11232
msgid "copyright law"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:910 freeculture.xml:7061
+#: freeculture.xml:910 freeculture.xml:7060
msgid "as protection of creators"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:911 freeculture.xml:6911 freeculture.xml:7664 freeculture.xml:8953
+#: freeculture.xml:911 freeculture.xml:6910 freeculture.xml:7664 freeculture.xml:8953
msgid "First Amendment"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1075 freeculture.xml:4731
+#: freeculture.xml:1075 freeculture.xml:4734
msgid "English"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1076 freeculture.xml:5141
+#: freeculture.xml:1076 freeculture.xml:5144
msgid "Mansfield, William Murray, Lord"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1077 freeculture.xml:3160
+#: freeculture.xml:1077 freeculture.xml:3161
msgid "music publishing"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1078 freeculture.xml:3214
+#: freeculture.xml:1078 freeculture.xml:3215
msgid "sheet music"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1098 freeculture.xml:3904 freeculture.xml:4261 freeculture.xml:6250 freeculture.xml:6759 freeculture.xml:11235
+#: freeculture.xml:1098 freeculture.xml:3905 freeculture.xml:4263 freeculture.xml:6249 freeculture.xml:6758 freeculture.xml:11235
msgid "peer-to-peer (p2p) file sharing"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1147 freeculture.xml:1148 freeculture.xml:7028 freeculture.xml:7132 freeculture.xml:7576
+#: freeculture.xml:1147 freeculture.xml:1148 freeculture.xml:7027 freeculture.xml:7131 freeculture.xml:7576
msgid "creative property"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><seealso>
-#: freeculture.xml:1184 freeculture.xml:1185 freeculture.xml:1367 freeculture.xml:1525 freeculture.xml:3824
+#: freeculture.xml:1184 freeculture.xml:1185 freeculture.xml:1367 freeculture.xml:1525 freeculture.xml:3825
msgid "creativity"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1184 freeculture.xml:3824 freeculture.xml:3825 freeculture.xml:3832 freeculture.xml:9875
+#: freeculture.xml:1184 freeculture.xml:3825 freeculture.xml:3826 freeculture.xml:3833 freeculture.xml:9875
msgid "innovation"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1260 freeculture.xml:5336 freeculture.xml:5370 freeculture.xml:6087 freeculture.xml:6131 freeculture.xml:6249
+#: freeculture.xml:1260 freeculture.xml:5339 freeculture.xml:5373 freeculture.xml:6086 freeculture.xml:6130 freeculture.xml:6248
msgid "films"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1270 freeculture.xml:1488 freeculture.xml:1542 freeculture.xml:1683 freeculture.xml:1929 freeculture.xml:4566 freeculture.xml:6267 freeculture.xml:7536 freeculture.xml:11127 freeculture.xml:11552
+#: freeculture.xml:1270 freeculture.xml:1488 freeculture.xml:1542 freeculture.xml:1683 freeculture.xml:1929 freeculture.xml:4568 freeculture.xml:6266 freeculture.xml:7536 freeculture.xml:11127 freeculture.xml:11552
msgid "Disney, Walt"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1339 freeculture.xml:1499 freeculture.xml:3012 freeculture.xml:3722 freeculture.xml:7445 freeculture.xml:7623 freeculture.xml:15446
+#: freeculture.xml:1339 freeculture.xml:1499 freeculture.xml:3012 freeculture.xml:3723 freeculture.xml:7445 freeculture.xml:7623 freeculture.xml:15446
msgid "piracy"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1368 freeculture.xml:6310 freeculture.xml:7829
+#: freeculture.xml:1368 freeculture.xml:6309 freeculture.xml:7829
msgid "Disney, Inc."
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1433 freeculture.xml:1434 freeculture.xml:4783 freeculture.xml:4784 freeculture.xml:4850 freeculture.xml:4888 freeculture.xml:4944 freeculture.xml:4990 freeculture.xml:5125 freeculture.xml:5219 freeculture.xml:6726 freeculture.xml:7026 freeculture.xml:7027 freeculture.xml:7030 freeculture.xml:7103 freeculture.xml:7129 freeculture.xml:7168 freeculture.xml:7292 freeculture.xml:7339 freeculture.xml:7376 freeculture.xml:7679 freeculture.xml:7850 freeculture.xml:11185 freeculture.xml:11209 freeculture.xml:11550 freeculture.xml:11551 freeculture.xml:14094 freeculture.xml:14128
+#: freeculture.xml:1433 freeculture.xml:1434 freeculture.xml:4786 freeculture.xml:4787 freeculture.xml:4853 freeculture.xml:4891 freeculture.xml:4947 freeculture.xml:4993 freeculture.xml:5128 freeculture.xml:5222 freeculture.xml:6725 freeculture.xml:7025 freeculture.xml:7026 freeculture.xml:7029 freeculture.xml:7102 freeculture.xml:7128 freeculture.xml:7168 freeculture.xml:7292 freeculture.xml:7339 freeculture.xml:7376 freeculture.xml:7679 freeculture.xml:7850 freeculture.xml:11185 freeculture.xml:11209 freeculture.xml:11550 freeculture.xml:11551 freeculture.xml:14094 freeculture.xml:14128
msgid "copyright"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1434 freeculture.xml:4783 freeculture.xml:4944 freeculture.xml:7027 freeculture.xml:7030 freeculture.xml:7129 freeculture.xml:11185 freeculture.xml:11551
+#: freeculture.xml:1434 freeculture.xml:4786 freeculture.xml:4947 freeculture.xml:7026 freeculture.xml:7029 freeculture.xml:7128 freeculture.xml:11185 freeculture.xml:11551
msgid "duration of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1435 freeculture.xml:1436 freeculture.xml:5220 freeculture.xml:7133 freeculture.xml:7257 freeculture.xml:8143 freeculture.xml:11119 freeculture.xml:13584 freeculture.xml:14380 freeculture.xml:14381
+#: freeculture.xml:1435 freeculture.xml:1436 freeculture.xml:5223 freeculture.xml:7132 freeculture.xml:7257 freeculture.xml:8143 freeculture.xml:11119 freeculture.xml:13584 freeculture.xml:14380 freeculture.xml:14381
msgid "public domain"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1670 freeculture.xml:3033 freeculture.xml:4796 freeculture.xml:5055 freeculture.xml:7960 freeculture.xml:9097
+#: freeculture.xml:1670 freeculture.xml:3033 freeculture.xml:4799 freeculture.xml:5058 freeculture.xml:7960 freeculture.xml:9097
msgid "Vaidhyanathan, Siva"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1738 freeculture.xml:4736 freeculture.xml:4868 freeculture.xml:4905 freeculture.xml:5235
+#: freeculture.xml:1738 freeculture.xml:4739 freeculture.xml:4871 freeculture.xml:4908 freeculture.xml:5238
msgid "Shakespeare, William"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1789 freeculture.xml:1944 freeculture.xml:1999 freeculture.xml:6837
+#: freeculture.xml:1789 freeculture.xml:1944 freeculture.xml:1999 freeculture.xml:6836
msgid "camera technology"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1826 freeculture.xml:1981 freeculture.xml:6839 freeculture.xml:9676
+#: freeculture.xml:1826 freeculture.xml:1981 freeculture.xml:6838 freeculture.xml:9676
msgid "Kodak cameras"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1982 freeculture.xml:3826 freeculture.xml:3848 freeculture.xml:3849 freeculture.xml:3905 freeculture.xml:4260 freeculture.xml:5815 freeculture.xml:10041 freeculture.xml:10950
+#: freeculture.xml:1982 freeculture.xml:3827 freeculture.xml:3849 freeculture.xml:3850 freeculture.xml:3906 freeculture.xml:4262 freeculture.xml:5814 freeculture.xml:10041 freeculture.xml:10950
msgid "Napster"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2021 freeculture.xml:6838
+#: freeculture.xml:2021 freeculture.xml:6837
msgid "digital cameras"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2075 freeculture.xml:2629 freeculture.xml:6834 freeculture.xml:7810 freeculture.xml:8919 freeculture.xml:8973
+#: freeculture.xml:2075 freeculture.xml:2629 freeculture.xml:6833 freeculture.xml:7810 freeculture.xml:8919 freeculture.xml:8973
msgid "advertising"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2076 freeculture.xml:6836 freeculture.xml:8920
+#: freeculture.xml:2076 freeculture.xml:6835 freeculture.xml:8920
msgid "commercials"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2077 freeculture.xml:6835 freeculture.xml:8921 freeculture.xml:8955 freeculture.xml:15444
+#: freeculture.xml:2077 freeculture.xml:6834 freeculture.xml:8921 freeculture.xml:8955 freeculture.xml:15444
msgid "television"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2077 freeculture.xml:6835 freeculture.xml:8921
+#: freeculture.xml:2077 freeculture.xml:6834 freeculture.xml:8921
msgid "advertising on"
msgstr ""
#. f31
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2191 freeculture.xml:4097 freeculture.xml:5283 freeculture.xml:8806
+#: freeculture.xml:2191 freeculture.xml:4099 freeculture.xml:5286 freeculture.xml:8806
msgid "Ibid."
msgstr ""
"understand it and talk about it,</quote> Barish explained. That tool "
"succeeded in creating expression—far more successfully and powerfully "
"than could have been created using only text. <quote>If you had said to "
-"these students, `you have to do it in text,' they would've just thrown their "
-"hands up and gone and done something else,</quote> Barish described, in "
-"part, no doubt, because expressing themselves in text is not something these "
-"students can do well. Yet neither is text a form in which "
+"these students, <quote>you have to do it in text,</quote> they would've just "
+"thrown their hands up and gone and done something else,</quote> Barish "
+"described, in part, no doubt, because expressing themselves in text is not "
+"something these students can do well. Yet neither is text a form in which "
"<emphasis>these</emphasis> ideas can be expressed well. The power of this "
"message depended upon its connection to this form of expression."
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2288 freeculture.xml:2350 freeculture.xml:6116
+#: freeculture.xml:2288 freeculture.xml:2350 freeculture.xml:6115
msgid "September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks of"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2290 freeculture.xml:6036
+#: freeculture.xml:2290 freeculture.xml:6035
msgid "news coverage"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2535 freeculture.xml:2584 freeculture.xml:5978
+#: freeculture.xml:2535 freeculture.xml:2584 freeculture.xml:5977
msgid "Iraq war"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2628 freeculture.xml:6825
+#: freeculture.xml:2628 freeculture.xml:6824
msgid "Brown, John Seely"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2743 freeculture.xml:5979 freeculture.xml:6020 freeculture.xml:11629 freeculture.xml:11887
+#: freeculture.xml:2743 freeculture.xml:5978 freeculture.xml:6019 freeculture.xml:11629 freeculture.xml:11887
msgid "Kahle, Brewster"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2798 freeculture.xml:3727 freeculture.xml:3729 freeculture.xml:3730 freeculture.xml:5567 freeculture.xml:8273 freeculture.xml:13683 freeculture.xml:13752
+#: freeculture.xml:2798 freeculture.xml:3728 freeculture.xml:3730 freeculture.xml:3731 freeculture.xml:5566 freeculture.xml:8273 freeculture.xml:13683 freeculture.xml:13752
msgid "Microsoft"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2858 freeculture.xml:2956 freeculture.xml:3218 freeculture.xml:3347 freeculture.xml:4315 freeculture.xml:4316 freeculture.xml:4317 freeculture.xml:6251 freeculture.xml:9991 freeculture.xml:10405 freeculture.xml:10406 freeculture.xml:10407 freeculture.xml:10563
+#: freeculture.xml:2858 freeculture.xml:2956 freeculture.xml:3219 freeculture.xml:3348 freeculture.xml:4317 freeculture.xml:4318 freeculture.xml:4319 freeculture.xml:6250 freeculture.xml:9991 freeculture.xml:10405 freeculture.xml:10406 freeculture.xml:10407 freeculture.xml:10563
msgid "recording industry"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2955 freeculture.xml:3348 freeculture.xml:4308 freeculture.xml:5576 freeculture.xml:5625 freeculture.xml:10300 freeculture.xml:10401 freeculture.xml:10562 freeculture.xml:10585 freeculture.xml:15343 freeculture.xml:15408
+#: freeculture.xml:2955 freeculture.xml:3349 freeculture.xml:4310 freeculture.xml:5575 freeculture.xml:5624 freeculture.xml:10300 freeculture.xml:10401 freeculture.xml:10562 freeculture.xml:10585 freeculture.xml:15343 freeculture.xml:15408
msgid "artists"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2955 freeculture.xml:3348 freeculture.xml:4308 freeculture.xml:10300 freeculture.xml:10401 freeculture.xml:10562 freeculture.xml:10585 freeculture.xml:15343 freeculture.xml:15408
+#: freeculture.xml:2955 freeculture.xml:3349 freeculture.xml:4310 freeculture.xml:10300 freeculture.xml:10401 freeculture.xml:10562 freeculture.xml:10585 freeculture.xml:15343 freeculture.xml:15408
msgid "recording industry payments to"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2956 freeculture.xml:4315 freeculture.xml:10405 freeculture.xml:10563
+#: freeculture.xml:2956 freeculture.xml:4317 freeculture.xml:10405 freeculture.xml:10563
msgid "artist remuneration in"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3063 freeculture.xml:3366 freeculture.xml:4548 freeculture.xml:10451
+#: freeculture.xml:3063 freeculture.xml:3367 freeculture.xml:4550 freeculture.xml:10451
msgid "Picker, Randal C."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3087 freeculture.xml:4547 freeculture.xml:10168 freeculture.xml:10281
+#: freeculture.xml:3087 freeculture.xml:4549 freeculture.xml:10168 freeculture.xml:10281
msgid "broadcast flag"
msgstr ""
#. f3
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3098
+#: freeculture.xml:3099
msgid ""
"Marc Wanamaker, <quote>The First Studios,</quote> <citetitle>The Silents "
"Majority</citetitle>, archived at <ulink "
"The Napsters of those days, the <quote>independents,</quote> were companies "
"like Fox. And no less than today, these independents were vigorously "
"resisted. <quote>Shooting was disrupted by machinery stolen, and "
-"`accidents' resulting in loss of negatives, equipment, buildings and "
-"sometimes life and limb frequently occurred.</quote><placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> That led the independents to flee the East "
-"Coast. California was remote enough from Edison's reach that filmmakers "
-"there could pirate his inventions without fear of the law. And the leaders "
-"of Hollywood filmmaking, Fox most prominently, did just that."
+"<quote>accidents</quote> resulting in loss of negatives, equipment, "
+"buildings and sometimes life and limb frequently "
+"occurred.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> That led the "
+"independents to flee the East Coast. California was remote enough from "
+"Edison's reach that filmmakers there could pirate his inventions without "
+"fear of the law. And the leaders of Hollywood filmmaking, Fox most "
+"prominently, did just that."
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 68
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3109
+#: freeculture.xml:3110
msgid ""
"Of course, California grew quickly, and the effective enforcement of federal "
"law eventually spread west. But because patents grant the patent holder a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:3121
+#: freeculture.xml:3122
msgid "Recorded Music"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3122 freeculture.xml:4312
+#: freeculture.xml:3123 freeculture.xml:4314
msgid "on music recordings"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3124
+#: freeculture.xml:3125
msgid ""
"The record industry was born of another kind of piracy, though to see how "
"requires a bit of detail about the way the law regulates music."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3127
+#: freeculture.xml:3128
msgid "Fourneaux, Henri"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3128
+#: freeculture.xml:3129
msgid "Russel, Phil"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3130
+#: freeculture.xml:3131
msgid ""
"At the time that Edison and Henri Fourneaux invented machines for "
"reproducing music (Edison the phonograph, Fourneaux the player piano), the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3139 freeculture.xml:3281
+#: freeculture.xml:3140 freeculture.xml:3282
msgid "Beatles"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3141
+#: freeculture.xml:3142
msgid ""
"But what if I wanted to record <quote>Happy Mose,</quote> using Edison's "
"phonograph or Fourneaux's player piano? Here the law stumbled. It was clear "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3159 freeculture.xml:3166 freeculture.xml:3183
+#: freeculture.xml:3160 freeculture.xml:3167 freeculture.xml:3184
msgid "Kittredge, Alfred"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3162
+#: freeculture.xml:3163
msgid ""
"The composers (and publishers) were none too happy about this capacity to "
"pirate. As South Dakota senator Alfred Kittredge put it, <placeholder "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3177
+#: freeculture.xml:3178
msgid ""
"To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright: Hearings on S. 6330 "
"and H.R. 19853 Before the (Joint) Committees on Patents, 59th Cong. 59, 1st "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3170
+#: freeculture.xml:3171
msgid ""
"Imagine the injustice of the thing. A composer writes a song or an opera. A "
"publisher buys at great expense the rights to the same and copyrights "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3188
+#: freeculture.xml:3189
msgid "Sousa, John Philip"
msgstr ""
#. f5
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3194
+#: freeculture.xml:3195
msgid ""
"To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 223 (statement of "
"Nathan Burkan, attorney for the Music Publishers Association)."
#. f6
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3200
+#: freeculture.xml:3201
msgid ""
"To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 226 (statement of "
"Nathan Burkan, attorney for the Music Publishers Association)."
#. f7
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3207
+#: freeculture.xml:3208
msgid ""
"To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 23 (statement of "
"John Philip Sousa, composer)."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3190
+#: freeculture.xml:3191
msgid ""
"The innovators who developed the technology to record other people's works "
"were <quote>sponging upon the toil, the work, the talent, and genius of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3212
+#: freeculture.xml:3213
msgid "American Graphophone Company"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3213
+#: freeculture.xml:3214
msgid "player pianos"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3215 freeculture.xml:3216 freeculture.xml:4310 freeculture.xml:4311 freeculture.xml:4396 freeculture.xml:4397 freeculture.xml:7037 freeculture.xml:7130 freeculture.xml:7244 freeculture.xml:7245 freeculture.xml:10402 freeculture.xml:10403 freeculture.xml:10404 freeculture.xml:11184 freeculture.xml:11246 freeculture.xml:11458 freeculture.xml:11533 freeculture.xml:12202 freeculture.xml:12291 freeculture.xml:12361 freeculture.xml:12363
+#: freeculture.xml:3216 freeculture.xml:3217 freeculture.xml:4312 freeculture.xml:4313 freeculture.xml:4398 freeculture.xml:4399 freeculture.xml:7036 freeculture.xml:7129 freeculture.xml:7244 freeculture.xml:7245 freeculture.xml:10402 freeculture.xml:10403 freeculture.xml:10404 freeculture.xml:11184 freeculture.xml:11246 freeculture.xml:11458 freeculture.xml:11533 freeculture.xml:12202 freeculture.xml:12291 freeculture.xml:12361 freeculture.xml:12363
msgid "Congress, U.S."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3215 freeculture.xml:4310 freeculture.xml:4396 freeculture.xml:7130 freeculture.xml:7244 freeculture.xml:10402
+#: freeculture.xml:3216 freeculture.xml:4312 freeculture.xml:4398 freeculture.xml:7129 freeculture.xml:7244 freeculture.xml:10402
msgid "on copyright laws"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3216 freeculture.xml:4311 freeculture.xml:10404
+#: freeculture.xml:3217 freeculture.xml:4313 freeculture.xml:10404
msgid "on recording industry"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3217 freeculture.xml:4313 freeculture.xml:10227
+#: freeculture.xml:3218 freeculture.xml:4315 freeculture.xml:10227
msgid "statutory licenses in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3218
+#: freeculture.xml:3219
msgid "statutory license system in"
msgstr ""
#. f8
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3228
+#: freeculture.xml:3229
msgid ""
"To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 283–84 "
"(statement of Albert Walker, representative of the Auto-Music Perforating "
#. f9
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3239
+#: freeculture.xml:3240
msgid ""
"To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 376 (prepared "
"memorandum of Philip Mauro, general patent counsel of the American "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3220
+#: freeculture.xml:3221
msgid ""
"These arguments have familiar echoes in the wars of our day. So, too, do the "
"arguments on the other side. The innovators who developed the player piano "
"of sheet music.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In any case, the "
"innovators argued, the job of Congress was <quote>to consider first the "
"interest of [the public], whom they represent, and whose servants they "
-"are.</quote> <quote>All talk about `theft,'</quote> the general counsel of "
-"the American Graphophone Company wrote, <quote>is the merest claptrap, for "
-"there exists no property in ideas musical, literary or artistic, except as "
-"defined by statute.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>"
+"are.</quote> <quote>All talk about <quote>theft,</quote></quote> the general "
+"counsel of the American Graphophone Company wrote, <quote>is the merest "
+"claptrap, for there exists no property in ideas musical, literary or "
+"artistic, except as defined by statute.</quote><placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3244
+#: freeculture.xml:3245
msgid "cover songs"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 70
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3246
+#: freeculture.xml:3247
msgid ""
"The law soon resolved this battle in favor of the composer "
"<emphasis>and</emphasis> the recording artist. Congress amended the law to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3260
+#: freeculture.xml:3261
msgid "compulsory license"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3261 freeculture.xml:4318 freeculture.xml:10226
+#: freeculture.xml:3262 freeculture.xml:4320 freeculture.xml:10226
msgid "statutory licenses"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3263
+#: freeculture.xml:3264
msgid ""
"American law ordinarily calls this a <quote>compulsory license,</quote> but "
"I will refer to it as a <quote>statutory license.</quote> A statutory "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3270 freeculture.xml:15039
+#: freeculture.xml:3271 freeculture.xml:15039
msgid "Grisham, John"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3272
+#: freeculture.xml:3273
msgid ""
"This is an exception within the law of copyright. When John Grisham writes a "
"novel, a publisher is free to publish that novel only if Grisham gives the "
#. f10
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3297
+#: freeculture.xml:3298
msgid ""
"Copyright Law Revision: Hearings on S. 2499, S. 2900, H.R. 243, and "
"H.R. 11794 Before the (Joint) Committee on Patents, 60th Cong., 1st sess., "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3283
+#: freeculture.xml:3284
msgid ""
"But the law governing recordings gives recording artists less. And thus, in "
"effect, the law <emphasis>subsidizes</emphasis> the recording industry "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3308
+#: freeculture.xml:3309
msgid ""
"While the recording industry has been quite coy about this recently, "
"historically it has been quite a supporter of the statutory license for "
#. f11
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3330
+#: freeculture.xml:3331
msgid ""
"Copyright Law Revision: Report to Accompany H.R. 2512, House Committee on "
"the Judiciary, 90th Cong., 1st sess., House Document no. 83, (8 March "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3315
+#: freeculture.xml:3316
msgid ""
"the record producers argued vigorously that the compulsory license system "
"must be retained. They asserted that the record industry is a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3341
+#: freeculture.xml:3342
msgid ""
"By limiting the rights musicians have, by partially pirating their creative "
"work, the record producers, and the public, benefit."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:3346 freeculture.xml:4511
+#: freeculture.xml:3347 freeculture.xml:4513
msgid "Radio"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3347 freeculture.xml:4317 freeculture.xml:10406
+#: freeculture.xml:3348 freeculture.xml:4319 freeculture.xml:10406
msgid "radio broadcast and"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3350
+#: freeculture.xml:3351
msgid "Radio was also born of piracy."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3365
+#: freeculture.xml:3366
msgid "Hand, Learned"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3356
+#: freeculture.xml:3357
msgid ""
"See 17 <citetitle>United States Code</citetitle>, sections 106 and 110. At "
"the beginning, record companies printed <quote>Not Licensed for Radio "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3353
+#: freeculture.xml:3354
msgid ""
"When a radio station plays a record on the air, that constitutes a "
"<quote>public performance</quote> of the composer's work.<placeholder "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3372 freeculture.xml:4314 freeculture.xml:10303
+#: freeculture.xml:3373 freeculture.xml:4316 freeculture.xml:10303
msgid "music recordings played on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3384 freeculture.xml:9465 freeculture.xml:9944 freeculture.xml:13077
+#: freeculture.xml:3385 freeculture.xml:9465 freeculture.xml:9944 freeculture.xml:13077
msgid "Lovett, Lyle"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 72
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3374
+#: freeculture.xml:3375
msgid ""
"But when the radio station plays a record, it is not only performing a copy "
"of the <emphasis>composer's</emphasis> work. The radio station is also "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3389
+#: freeculture.xml:3390
msgid ""
"But it doesn't. Under the law governing radio performances, the radio "
"station does not have to pay the recording artist. The radio station need "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3396 freeculture.xml:3913 freeculture.xml:6546 freeculture.xml:6562
+#: freeculture.xml:3397 freeculture.xml:3914 freeculture.xml:6545 freeculture.xml:6561
msgid "Madonna"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3398
+#: freeculture.xml:3399
msgid ""
"This difference can be huge. Imagine you compose a piece of music. Imagine "
"it is your first. You own the exclusive right to authorize public "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3404
+#: freeculture.xml:3405
msgid ""
"Imagine she does sing your song, and imagine she likes it a lot. She then "
"decides to make a recording of your song, and it becomes a top hit. Under "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3417
+#: freeculture.xml:3418
msgid ""
"No doubt, one might argue that, on balance, the recording artists "
"benefit. On average, the promotion they get is worth more than the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:3427 freeculture.xml:4517
+#: freeculture.xml:3428 freeculture.xml:4519
msgid "Cable TV"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3428 freeculture.xml:4332 freeculture.xml:8638 freeculture.xml:8678 freeculture.xml:15443
+#: freeculture.xml:3429 freeculture.xml:4334 freeculture.xml:8638 freeculture.xml:8678 freeculture.xml:15443
msgid "cable television"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3430
+#: freeculture.xml:3431
msgid "Cable TV was also born of a kind of piracy."
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 73
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3433
+#: freeculture.xml:3434
msgid ""
"When cable entrepreneurs first started wiring communities with cable "
"television in 1948, most refused to pay broadcasters for the content that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3443
+#: freeculture.xml:3444
msgid "Anello, Douglas"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3444
+#: freeculture.xml:3445
msgid "Burdick, Quentin"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3445 freeculture.xml:3456
+#: freeculture.xml:3446 freeculture.xml:3457
msgid "Hyde, Rosel H."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3451
+#: freeculture.xml:3452
msgid ""
"Copyright Law Revision—CATV: Hearing on S. 1006 Before the "
"Subcommittee on Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights of the Senate Committee "
#. f14
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3463
+#: freeculture.xml:3464
msgid ""
"Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 116 (statement of Douglas A. Anello, "
"general counsel of the National Association of Broadcasters)."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3447
+#: freeculture.xml:3448
msgid ""
"Broadcasters and copyright owners were quick to attack this theft. Rosel "
"Hyde, chairman of the FCC, viewed the practice as a kind of <quote>unfair "
#. f15
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3474
+#: freeculture.xml:3475
msgid ""
"Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 126 (statement of Ernest W. Jennes, "
"general counsel of the Association of Maximum Service Telecasters, Inc.)."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3470
+#: freeculture.xml:3471
msgid ""
"The extraordinary thing about the CATV business is that it is the only "
"business I know of where the product that is being sold is not paid "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3480
+#: freeculture.xml:3481
msgid "Again, the demand of the copyright holders seemed reasonable enough:"
msgstr ""
#. f16
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3489
+#: freeculture.xml:3490
msgid ""
"Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 169 (joint statement of Arthur B. Krim, "
"president of United Artists Corp., and John Sinn, president of United "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3484
+#: freeculture.xml:3485
msgid ""
"All we are asking for is a very simple thing, that people who now take our "
"property for nothing pay for it. We are trying to stop piracy and I don't "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3495 freeculture.xml:3503
+#: freeculture.xml:3496 freeculture.xml:3504
msgid "Heston, Charlton"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3501
+#: freeculture.xml:3502
msgid ""
"Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 209 (statement of Charlton Heston, "
"president of the Screen Actors Guild). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3497
+#: freeculture.xml:3498
msgid ""
"These were <quote>free-ride[rs],</quote> Screen Actor's Guild president "
"Charlton Heston said, who were <quote>depriving actors of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3508
+#: freeculture.xml:3509
msgid ""
"But again, there was another side to the debate. As Assistant Attorney "
"General Edwin Zimmerman put it,"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3524 freeculture.xml:3526
+#: freeculture.xml:3525 freeculture.xml:3527
msgid "Zimmerman, Edwin"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3522
+#: freeculture.xml:3523
msgid ""
"Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 216 (statement of Edwin M. Zimmerman, "
"acting assistant attorney general). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3513
+#: freeculture.xml:3514
msgid ""
"Our point here is that unlike the problem of whether you have any copyright "
"protection at all, the problem here is whether copyright holders who are "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3530
+#: freeculture.xml:3531
msgid ""
"Copyright owners took the cable companies to court. Twice the Supreme Court "
"held that the cable companies owed the copyright owners nothing."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3534
+#: freeculture.xml:3535
msgid ""
"It took Congress almost thirty years before it resolved the question of "
"whether cable companies had to pay for the content they "
#. f19
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3553
+#: freeculture.xml:3554
msgid ""
"See, for example, National Music Publisher's Association, <citetitle>The "
"Engine of Free Expression: Copyright on the Internet—The Myth of Free "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3548
+#: freeculture.xml:3549
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>These separate stories</emphasis> sing a common "
"theme. If <quote>piracy</quote> means using value from someone else's "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:3570
+#: freeculture.xml:3571
msgid "Chapter Five: <quote>Piracy</quote>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3572
+#: freeculture.xml:3573
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>There is piracy</emphasis> of copyrighted "
"material. Lots of it. This piracy comes in many forms. The most significant "
#. PAGE BREAK 76
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3580
+#: freeculture.xml:3581
msgid ""
"But as well as copy-shop piracy, there is another kind of "
"<quote>taking</quote> that is more directly related to the Internet. That "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:3590
+#: freeculture.xml:3591
msgid "Piracy I"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3591 freeculture.xml:3671 freeculture.xml:3721 freeculture.xml:15445
+#: freeculture.xml:3592 freeculture.xml:3672 freeculture.xml:3722 freeculture.xml:15445
msgid "Asia, commercial piracy in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3592 freeculture.xml:4050 freeculture.xml:9945 freeculture.xml:10803 freeculture.xml:14834 freeculture.xml:15427
+#: freeculture.xml:3593 freeculture.xml:4052 freeculture.xml:9945 freeculture.xml:10803 freeculture.xml:14834 freeculture.xml:15427
msgid "CDs"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3592
+#: freeculture.xml:3593
msgid "foreign piracy of"
msgstr ""
#. f1
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3600
+#: freeculture.xml:3601
msgid ""
"See IFPI (International Federation of the Phonographic Industry), "
"<citetitle>The Recording Industry Commercial Piracy Report 2003</citetitle>, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3594
+#: freeculture.xml:3595
msgid ""
"All across the world, but especially in Asia and Eastern Europe, there are "
"businesses that do nothing but take others people's copyrighted content, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3610
+#: freeculture.xml:3611
msgid ""
"This is piracy plain and simple. Nothing in the argument of this book, nor "
"in the argument that most people make when talking about the subject of this "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3616
+#: freeculture.xml:3617
msgid ""
"Which is not to say that excuses and justifications couldn't be made for "
"it. We could, for example, remind ourselves that for the first one hundred "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3625
+#: freeculture.xml:3626
msgid ""
"That excuse isn't terribly strong. Technically, our law did not ban the "
"taking of foreign works. It explicitly limited itself to American "
#. PAGE BREAK 77
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3636
+#: freeculture.xml:3637
msgid ""
"True, these local rules have, in effect, been imposed upon these "
"countries. No country can be part of the world economy and choose not to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3664
+#: freeculture.xml:3665
msgid "agricultural patents"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3665 freeculture.xml:13370 freeculture.xml:13862 freeculture.xml:13869
+#: freeculture.xml:3666 freeculture.xml:13370 freeculture.xml:13862 freeculture.xml:13869
msgid "Drahos, Peter"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3649
+#: freeculture.xml:3650
msgid ""
"See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, Information Feudalism: "
"<citetitle>Who Owns the Knowledge Economy?</citetitle> (New York: The New "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3644
+#: freeculture.xml:3645
msgid ""
"If a country is to be treated as a sovereign, however, then its laws are its "
"laws regardless of their source. The international law under which these "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3686 freeculture.xml:3970 freeculture.xml:15593
+#: freeculture.xml:3687 freeculture.xml:3971 freeculture.xml:15593
msgid "Liebowitz, Stan"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3679
+#: freeculture.xml:3680
msgid ""
"For an analysis of the economic impact of copying technology, see Stan "
"Liebowitz, <citetitle>Rethinking the Network Economy</citetitle> (New York: "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3673
+#: freeculture.xml:3674
msgid ""
"Alternatively, we could try to excuse this piracy by noting that in any "
"case, it does no harm to the industry. The Chinese who get access to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3690
+#: freeculture.xml:3691
msgid ""
"This is often true (though I have friends who have purchased many thousands "
"of pirated DVDs who certainly have enough money to pay for the content they "
#. PAGE BREAK 78
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3704
+#: freeculture.xml:3705
msgid ""
"This argument is still very weak. However, although copyright is a property "
"right of a very special sort, it <emphasis>is</emphasis> a property "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3722 freeculture.xml:15446
+#: freeculture.xml:3723 freeculture.xml:15446
msgid "in Asia"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3723
+#: freeculture.xml:3724
msgid "open-source software"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3723 freeculture.xml:3724 freeculture.xml:13681 freeculture.xml:14273
+#: freeculture.xml:3724 freeculture.xml:3725 freeculture.xml:13681 freeculture.xml:14273
msgid "free software/open-source software (FS/OSS)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3725 freeculture.xml:3755 freeculture.xml:12133 freeculture.xml:13696 freeculture.xml:14329
+#: freeculture.xml:3726 freeculture.xml:3756 freeculture.xml:12133 freeculture.xml:13696 freeculture.xml:14329
msgid "GNU/Linux operating system"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3726 freeculture.xml:3756 freeculture.xml:12135 freeculture.xml:13697 freeculture.xml:14330
+#: freeculture.xml:3727 freeculture.xml:3757 freeculture.xml:12135 freeculture.xml:13697 freeculture.xml:14330
msgid "Linux operating system"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3727
+#: freeculture.xml:3728
msgid "competitive strategies of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3728
+#: freeculture.xml:3729
msgid "Windows"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3729
+#: freeculture.xml:3730
msgid "international software piracy of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3730
+#: freeculture.xml:3731
msgid "Windows operating system of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3732
+#: freeculture.xml:3733
msgid ""
"Finally, we could try to excuse this piracy with the argument that the "
"piracy actually helps the copyright owner. When the Chinese "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3744 freeculture.xml:4805 freeculture.xml:5029 freeculture.xml:6530 freeculture.xml:6606 freeculture.xml:6743 freeculture.xml:7159 freeculture.xml:14361
+#: freeculture.xml:3745 freeculture.xml:4808 freeculture.xml:5032 freeculture.xml:6529 freeculture.xml:6605 freeculture.xml:6742 freeculture.xml:7159 freeculture.xml:14361
msgid "law"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3744 freeculture.xml:14361
+#: freeculture.xml:3745 freeculture.xml:14361
msgid "databases of case reports in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3746
+#: freeculture.xml:3747
msgid ""
"This argument, too, is somewhat true. The addiction strategy is a good "
"one. Many businesses practice it. Some thrive because of it. Law students, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3753
+#: freeculture.xml:3754
msgid "Netscape"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3754
+#: freeculture.xml:3755
msgid "Internet Explorer"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3758
+#: freeculture.xml:3759
msgid ""
"Still, the argument is not terribly persuasive. We don't give the alcoholic "
"a defense when he steals his first beer, merely because that will make it "
#. PAGE BREAK 79
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3772
+#: freeculture.xml:3773
msgid ""
"Thus, while I understand the pull of these justifications for piracy, and I "
"certainly see the motivation, in my view, in the end, these efforts at "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3782
+#: freeculture.xml:3783
msgid ""
"But as the examples from the four chapters that introduced this part "
"suggest, even if some piracy is plainly wrong, not all <quote>piracy</quote> "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3791
+#: freeculture.xml:3792
msgid ""
"This doesn't mean that there are no questions raised by the latest piracy "
"concern, peer-to-peer file sharing. But it does mean that we need to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3797
+#: freeculture.xml:3798
msgid ""
"For (1) like the original Hollywood, p2p sharing escapes an overly "
"controlling industry; and (2) like the original recording industry, it "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3803
+#: freeculture.xml:3804
msgid ""
"These differences distinguish p2p sharing from true piracy. They should push "
"us to find a way to protect artists while enabling this sharing to survive."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:3809
+#: freeculture.xml:3810
msgid "Piracy II"
msgstr ""
#. f4
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3814
+#: freeculture.xml:3815
msgid ""
"<citetitle>Bach</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Longman</citetitle>, 98 "
"Eng. Rep. 1274 (1777)."
#. PAGE BREAK 80
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3811
+#: freeculture.xml:3812
msgid ""
"The key to the <quote>piracy</quote> that the law aims to quash is a use "
"that <quote>rob[s] the author of [his] profit.</quote><placeholder "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3823
+#: freeculture.xml:3824
msgid "Fanning, Shawn"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3842 freeculture.xml:8876
+#: freeculture.xml:3843 freeculture.xml:8876
msgid "Christensen, Clayton M."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3832
+#: freeculture.xml:3833
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> See Clayton M. Christensen, "
"<citetitle>The Innovator's Dilemma: The Revolutionary National Bestseller "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3823
+#: freeculture.xml:3824
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
"id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3847
+#: freeculture.xml:3848
msgid "Kazaa"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3848
+#: freeculture.xml:3849
msgid "number of registrations on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3849
+#: freeculture.xml:3850
msgid "replacement of"
msgstr ""
#. f6
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3855
+#: freeculture.xml:3856
msgid ""
"See Carolyn Lochhead, <quote>Silicon Valley Dream, Hollywood "
"Nightmare,</quote> <citetitle>San Francisco Chronicle</citetitle>, 24 "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3847
+#: freeculture.xml:3848
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
"id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> The result was "
#. f7
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3878
+#: freeculture.xml:3879
msgid ""
"See Ipsos-Insight, <citetitle>TEMPO: Keeping Pace with Online Music "
"Distribution</citetitle> (September 2002), reporting that 28 percent of "
#. f8
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3887
+#: freeculture.xml:3888
msgid ""
"Amy Harmon, <quote>Industry Offers a Carrot in Online Music Fight,</quote> "
"<citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 6 June 2003, A1."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3872
+#: freeculture.xml:3873
msgid ""
"According to a number of estimates, a huge proportion of Americans have "
"tasted file-sharing technology. A study by Ipsos-Insight in September 2002 "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3896
+#: freeculture.xml:3897
msgid ""
"Some of this enjoying involves copyright infringement. Some of it does "
"not. And even among the part that is technically copyright infringement, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3904
+#: freeculture.xml:3905
msgid "four types of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3905
+#: freeculture.xml:3906
msgid "range of content on"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 81
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3908
+#: freeculture.xml:3909
msgid ""
"File sharers share different kinds of content. We can divide these different "
"kinds into four types."
#. A.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3916
+#: freeculture.xml:3917
msgid ""
"There are some who use sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing "
"content. Thus, when a new Madonna CD is released, rather than buying the CD, "
#. B.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3926
+#: freeculture.xml:3927
msgid ""
"There are some who use sharing networks to sample music before purchasing "
"it. Thus, a friend sends another friend an MP3 of an artist he's not heard "
#. C.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3937
+#: freeculture.xml:3938
msgid ""
"There are many who use sharing networks to get access to copyrighted content "
"that is no longer sold or that they would not have purchased because the "
#. PAGE BREAK 82
#. D.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3954
+#: freeculture.xml:3955
msgid ""
"Finally, there are many who use sharing networks to get access to content "
"that is not copyrighted or that the copyright owner wants to give away."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3961
+#: freeculture.xml:3962
msgid "How do these different types of sharing balance out?"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3969
+#: freeculture.xml:3970
msgid ""
"See Liebowitz, <citetitle>Rethinking the Network Economy</citetitle>, "
"148–49. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3964
+#: freeculture.xml:3965
msgid ""
"Let's start with some simple but important points. From the perspective of "
"the law, only type D sharing is clearly legal. From the perspective of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3980
+#: freeculture.xml:3981
msgid ""
"Whether on balance sharing is harmful depends importantly on how harmful "
"type A sharing is. Just as Edison complained about Hollywood, composers "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3987 freeculture.xml:3996 freeculture.xml:4365 freeculture.xml:8433 freeculture.xml:8462 freeculture.xml:10224 freeculture.xml:15151
+#: freeculture.xml:3988 freeculture.xml:3997 freeculture.xml:4367 freeculture.xml:8433 freeculture.xml:8462 freeculture.xml:10224 freeculture.xml:15151
msgid "cassette recording"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3987 freeculture.xml:4365 freeculture.xml:8433 freeculture.xml:8462 freeculture.xml:10224 freeculture.xml:10225 freeculture.xml:15151 freeculture.xml:15152
+#: freeculture.xml:3988 freeculture.xml:4367 freeculture.xml:8433 freeculture.xml:8462 freeculture.xml:10224 freeculture.xml:10225 freeculture.xml:15151 freeculture.xml:15152
msgid "VCRs"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3997 freeculture.xml:4535
+#: freeculture.xml:3998 freeculture.xml:4537
msgid "DAT (digital audio tape)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3996
+#: freeculture.xml:3997
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
"id=\"1\"/> See Cap Gemini Ernst & Young, <citetitle>Technology Evolution "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3989
+#: freeculture.xml:3990
msgid ""
"While the numbers do suggest that sharing is harmful, how harmful is harder "
"to reckon. It has long been the recording industry's practice to blame "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4015
+#: freeculture.xml:4016
msgid "MTV"
msgstr ""
#. f11
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4025
+#: freeculture.xml:4027
msgid "U.S. Congress, <citetitle>Copyright and Home Copying</citetitle>, 4."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4017
+#: freeculture.xml:4018
msgid ""
"Yet soon thereafter, and before Congress was given an opportunity to enact "
"regulation, MTV was launched, and the industry had a record "
"turnaround. <quote>In the end,</quote> Cap Gemini concludes, <quote>the "
-"`crisis' … was not the fault of the tapers—who did not [stop "
-"after MTV came into being]—but had to a large extent resulted from "
-"stagnation in musical innovation at the major labels.</quote><placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"<quote>crisis</quote> … was not the fault of the tapers—who did "
+"not [stop after MTV came into being]—but had to a large extent "
+"resulted from stagnation in musical innovation at the major "
+"labels.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4030
+#: freeculture.xml:4032
msgid ""
"But just because the industry was wrong before does not mean it is wrong "
"today. To evaluate the real threat that p2p sharing presents to the industry "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4040
+#: freeculture.xml:4042
msgid ""
"We start to answer this question by focusing on the net harm, from the "
"standpoint of the industry as a whole, that sharing networks cause. The "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4050
+#: freeculture.xml:4052
msgid "sales levels of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4052
+#: freeculture.xml:4054
msgid ""
"Could that be true? Could the industry as a whole be gaining because of file "
"sharing? Odd as that might sound, the data about CD sales actually suggest "
#. f12
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4061
+#: freeculture.xml:4063
msgid ""
"See Recording Industry Association of America, <citetitle>2002 Yearend "
"Statistics</citetitle>, available at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4088
+#: freeculture.xml:4090
msgid "Black, Jane"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4085
+#: freeculture.xml:4087
msgid ""
"Jane Black, <quote>Big Music's Broken Record,</quote> BusinessWeek online, "
"13 February 2003, available at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4057
+#: freeculture.xml:4059
msgid ""
"In 2002, the RIAA reported that CD sales had fallen by 8.9 percent, from 882 "
"million to 803 million units; revenues fell 6.7 percent.<placeholder "
#. PAGE BREAK 84
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4103
+#: freeculture.xml:4105
msgid ""
"But let's assume the RIAA is right, and all of the decline in CD sales is "
"because of Internet sharing. Here's the rub: In the same period that the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4111
+#: freeculture.xml:4113
msgid ""
"There are too many different things happening at the same time to explain "
"these numbers definitively, but one conclusion is unavoidable: The recording "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4127
+#: freeculture.xml:4129
msgid ""
"These are the harms—alleged and perhaps exaggerated but, let's assume, "
"real. What of the benefits? File sharing may impose costs on the recording "
#. f15
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4139
+#: freeculture.xml:4141
msgid ""
"By one estimate, 75 percent of the music released by the major labels is no "
"longer in print. See Online Entertainment and Copyright Law—Coming "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4133
+#: freeculture.xml:4135
msgid ""
"One benefit is type C sharing—making available content that is "
"technically still under copyright but is no longer commercially available. "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4152 freeculture.xml:4161 freeculture.xml:4182 freeculture.xml:4206 freeculture.xml:4729 freeculture.xml:6191 freeculture.xml:6196 freeculture.xml:6248 freeculture.xml:7230 freeculture.xml:7231 freeculture.xml:7618 freeculture.xml:7687 freeculture.xml:7975 freeculture.xml:14533 freeculture.xml:15263 freeculture.xml:15264
+#: freeculture.xml:4154 freeculture.xml:4163 freeculture.xml:4184 freeculture.xml:4208 freeculture.xml:4732 freeculture.xml:6190 freeculture.xml:6195 freeculture.xml:6247 freeculture.xml:7230 freeculture.xml:7231 freeculture.xml:7618 freeculture.xml:7687 freeculture.xml:7975 freeculture.xml:14533 freeculture.xml:15263 freeculture.xml:15264
msgid "books"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4152 freeculture.xml:4161 freeculture.xml:7230 freeculture.xml:15264
+#: freeculture.xml:4154 freeculture.xml:4163 freeculture.xml:7230 freeculture.xml:15264
msgid "resales of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4153
+#: freeculture.xml:4155
msgid "used record sales"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4161
+#: freeculture.xml:4163
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> While there are not good "
"estimates of the number of used record stores in existence, in 2002, there "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4155
+#: freeculture.xml:4157
msgid ""
"In real space—long before the Internet—the market had a simple "
"response to this problem: used book and record stores. There are thousands "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4182 freeculture.xml:6191 freeculture.xml:6196 freeculture.xml:7231 freeculture.xml:15263
+#: freeculture.xml:4184 freeculture.xml:6190 freeculture.xml:6195 freeculture.xml:7231 freeculture.xml:15263
msgid "out of print"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4183
+#: freeculture.xml:4185
msgid "Bernstein, Leonard"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4184 freeculture.xml:7688 freeculture.xml:7976
+#: freeculture.xml:4186 freeculture.xml:7688 freeculture.xml:7976
msgid "books on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4186
+#: freeculture.xml:4188
msgid ""
"Type C sharing, then, is very much like used book stores or used record "
"stores. It is different, of course, because the person making the content "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4199
+#: freeculture.xml:4201
msgid ""
"It may well be, all things considered, that it would be better if the "
"copyright owner got something from this trade. But just because it may well "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4206 freeculture.xml:14533
+#: freeculture.xml:4208 freeculture.xml:14533
msgid "free on-line releases of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4207
+#: freeculture.xml:4209
msgid "Doctorow, Cory"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4208
+#: freeculture.xml:4210
msgid "Down and Out in the Magic Kingdom (Doctorow)"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 86
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4210
+#: freeculture.xml:4212
msgid ""
"Finally, and perhaps most importantly, file-sharing networks enable type D "
"sharing to occur—the sharing of content that copyright owners want to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4228
+#: freeculture.xml:4230
msgid ""
"Likewise for work in the public domain: This sharing benefits society with "
"no legal harm to authors at all. If efforts to solve the problem of type A "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4234
+#: freeculture.xml:4236
msgid ""
"The point throughout is this: While the recording industry understandably "
"says, <quote>This is how much we've lost,</quote> we must also ask, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4242
+#: freeculture.xml:4244
msgid ""
"For unlike the piracy I described in the first section of this chapter, much "
"of the <quote>piracy</quote> that file sharing enables is plainly legal and "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4256
+#: freeculture.xml:4258
msgid ""
"<quote>But isn't the war just a war against illegal sharing? Isn't the "
"target just what you call type A sharing?</quote>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4259
+#: freeculture.xml:4261
msgid "zero tolerance in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4260
+#: freeculture.xml:4262
msgid "infringing material blocked by"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4261
+#: freeculture.xml:4263
msgid "infringement protections in"
msgstr ""
#. f17
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4275
+#: freeculture.xml:4277
msgid ""
"See Transcript of Proceedings, In Re: Napster Copyright Litigation at 34- 35 "
"(N.D. Cal., 11 July 2001), nos. MDL-00-1369 MHP, C 99-5183 MHP, available at "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4263
+#: freeculture.xml:4265
msgid ""
"You would think. And we should hope. But so far, it is not. The effect of "
"the war purportedly on type A sharing alone has been felt far beyond that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4288
+#: freeculture.xml:4290
msgid ""
"If 99.4 percent is not good enough, then this is a war on file-sharing "
"technologies, not a war on copyright infringement. There is no way to assure "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4300
+#: freeculture.xml:4302
msgid ""
"Zero tolerance has not been our history. It has not produced the content "
"industry that we know today. The history of American law has been a process "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4309
+#: freeculture.xml:4311
msgid "composers, copyright protections of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4316
+#: freeculture.xml:4318
msgid "copyright protections in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4319
+#: freeculture.xml:4321
msgid "composer's rights vs. producers' rights in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4321
+#: freeculture.xml:4323
msgid ""
"So, as we've seen, when <quote>mechanical reproduction</quote> threatened "
"the interests of composers, Congress balanced the rights of composers "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4334
+#: freeculture.xml:4336
msgid ""
"Cable TV followed the pattern of record albums. When the courts rejected the "
"claim that cable broadcasters had to pay for the content they rebroadcast, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4342
+#: freeculture.xml:4344
msgid "two central goals of"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 88
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4346
+#: freeculture.xml:4348
msgid ""
"This compromise, like the compromise affecting records and player pianos, "
"served two important goals—indeed, the two central goals of any "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4364
+#: freeculture.xml:4366
msgid "Betamax"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4366 freeculture.xml:8202 freeculture.xml:8346 freeculture.xml:8411 freeculture.xml:8523
+#: freeculture.xml:4368 freeculture.xml:8202 freeculture.xml:8346 freeculture.xml:8411 freeculture.xml:8523
msgid "Sony"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4366
+#: freeculture.xml:4368
msgid "Betamax technology developed by"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4368
+#: freeculture.xml:4370
msgid ""
"In the same year that Congress struck this balance, two major producers and "
"distributors of film content filed a lawsuit against another technology, the "
#. PAGE BREAK 89
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4382
+#: freeculture.xml:4384
msgid ""
"There was something to Disney's and Universal's claim. Sony did decide to "
"design its machine to make it very simple to record television shows. It "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4397 freeculture.xml:4398
+#: freeculture.xml:4399 freeculture.xml:4400
msgid "on VCR technology"
msgstr ""
#. f18
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4407
+#: freeculture.xml:4409
msgid ""
"Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders): Hearing on S. 1758 "
"Before the Senate Committee on the Judiciary, 97th Cong., 1st and 2nd sess., "
#. f19
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4419
+#: freeculture.xml:4421
msgid "Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders), 475."
msgstr ""
#. f20
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4424
+#: freeculture.xml:4426
msgid ""
"<citetitle>Universal City Studios, Inc</citetitle>. v. <citetitle>Sony "
"Corp. of America</citetitle>, 480 F. Supp. 429, (C.D. Cal., 1979)."
#. f21
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4435
+#: freeculture.xml:4437
msgid ""
"Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders), 485 (testimony of Jack "
"Valenti)."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4400
+#: freeculture.xml:4402
msgid ""
"MPAA president Jack Valenti became the studios' most vocal champion. Valenti "
"called VCRs <quote>tapeworms.</quote> He warned, <quote>When there are 20, "
"30, 40 million of these VCRs in the land, we will be invaded by millions of "
-"`tapeworms,' eating away at the very heart and essence of the most precious "
-"asset the copyright owner has, his copyright.</quote><placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> <quote>One does not have to be trained in "
-"sophisticated marketing and creative judgment,</quote> he told Congress, "
-"<quote>to understand the devastation on the after-theater marketplace caused "
-"by the hundreds of millions of tapings that will adversely impact on the "
-"future of the creative community in this country. It is simply a question of "
-"basic economics and plain common sense.</quote><placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Indeed, as surveys would later show, 45 percent "
-"of VCR owners had movie libraries of ten videos or more<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> — a use the Court would later hold was "
-"not <quote>fair.</quote> By <quote>allowing VCR owners to copy freely by the "
-"means of an exemption from copyright infringement without creating a "
-"mechanism to compensate copyright owners,</quote> Valenti testified, "
-"Congress would <quote>take from the owners the very essence of their "
-"property: the exclusive right to control who may use their work, that is, "
-"who may copy it and thereby profit from its "
+"<quote>tapeworms,</quote> eating away at the very heart and essence of the "
+"most precious asset the copyright owner has, his "
+"copyright.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> <quote>One does "
+"not have to be trained in sophisticated marketing and creative "
+"judgment,</quote> he told Congress, <quote>to understand the devastation on "
+"the after-theater marketplace caused by the hundreds of millions of tapings "
+"that will adversely impact on the future of the creative community in this "
+"country. It is simply a question of basic economics and plain common "
+"sense.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Indeed, as surveys "
+"would later show, 45 percent of VCR owners had movie libraries of ten videos "
+"or more<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> — a use the Court "
+"would later hold was not <quote>fair.</quote> By <quote>allowing VCR owners "
+"to copy freely by the means of an exemption from copyright infringement "
+"without creating a mechanism to compensate copyright owners,</quote> Valenti "
+"testified, Congress would <quote>take from the owners the very essence of "
+"their property: the exclusive right to control who may use their work, that "
+"is, who may copy it and thereby profit from its "
"reproduction.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"3\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. f22
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4454
+#: freeculture.xml:4456
msgid ""
"<citetitle>Universal City Studios, Inc</citetitle>. v. <citetitle>Sony "
"Corp. of America</citetitle>, 659 F. 2d 963 (9th Cir. 1981)."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4457
+#: freeculture.xml:4459
msgid "Kozinski, Alex"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4442
+#: freeculture.xml:4444
msgid ""
"It took eight years for this case to be resolved by the Supreme Court. In "
"the interim, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, which includes Hollywood in "
#. PAGE BREAK 90
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4461
+#: freeculture.xml:4463
msgid ""
"But the Supreme Court reversed the decision of the Ninth Circuit. And in "
"its reversal, the Court clearly articulated its understanding of when and "
#. f23
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4480
+#: freeculture.xml:4482
msgid ""
"<citetitle>Sony Corp. of America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal City "
"Studios, Inc</citetitle>., 464 U.S. 417, 431 (1984)."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4470
+#: freeculture.xml:4472
msgid ""
"Sound policy, as well as history, supports our consistent deference to "
"Congress when major technological innovations alter the market for "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4486
+#: freeculture.xml:4488
msgid ""
"Congress was asked to respond to the Supreme Court's decision. But as with "
"the plea of recording artists about radio broadcasts, Congress ignored the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4497
+#: freeculture.xml:4499
msgid "CASE"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4498
+#: freeculture.xml:4500
msgid "WHOSE VALUE WAS <quote>PIRATED</quote>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4499
+#: freeculture.xml:4501
msgid "RESPONSE OF THE COURTS"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4500
+#: freeculture.xml:4502
msgid "RESPONSE OF CONGRESS"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4505
+#: freeculture.xml:4507
msgid "Recordings"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4506
+#: freeculture.xml:4508
msgid "Composers"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4507 freeculture.xml:4519 freeculture.xml:4525
+#: freeculture.xml:4509 freeculture.xml:4521 freeculture.xml:4527
msgid "No protection"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4508 freeculture.xml:4520
+#: freeculture.xml:4510 freeculture.xml:4522
msgid "Statutory license"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4512
+#: freeculture.xml:4514
msgid "Recording artists"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4513
+#: freeculture.xml:4515
msgid "N/A"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4514 freeculture.xml:4526
+#: freeculture.xml:4516 freeculture.xml:4528
msgid "Nothing"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4518
+#: freeculture.xml:4520
msgid "Broadcasters"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4523
+#: freeculture.xml:4525
msgid "VCR"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4524
+#: freeculture.xml:4526
msgid "Film creators"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4535
+#: freeculture.xml:4537
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> These are the most important "
"instances in our history, but there are other cases as well. The technology "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4533
+#: freeculture.xml:4535
msgid ""
"In each case throughout our history, a new technology changed the way "
"content was distributed.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In each "
#. PAGE BREAK 91
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4555
+#: freeculture.xml:4557
msgid ""
"In <emphasis>none</emphasis> of these cases did either the courts or "
"Congress eliminate all free riding. In <emphasis>none</emphasis> of these "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4568
+#: freeculture.xml:4570
msgid ""
"When you think across these examples, and the other examples that make up "
"the first four chapters of this section, this balance makes sense. Was Walt "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4579
+#: freeculture.xml:4581
msgid "on balance of interests in copyright law"
msgstr ""
#. f25
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4586
+#: freeculture.xml:4588
msgid ""
"<citetitle>Sony Corp. of America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal City "
"Studios, Inc</citetitle>., 464 U.S. 417, (1984)."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4581
+#: freeculture.xml:4583
msgid ""
"We could answer yes to each of these questions, but our tradition has "
"answered no. In our tradition, as the Supreme Court has stated, copyright "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4597
+#: freeculture.xml:4599
msgid ""
"We should be doing the same thing today. The technology of the Internet is "
"changing quickly. The way people connect to the Internet (wires "
#. f26
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4621
+#: freeculture.xml:4623
msgid ""
"John Schwartz, <quote>New Economy: The Attack on Peer-to-Peer Software "
"Echoes Past Efforts,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 22 "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4613
+#: freeculture.xml:4615
msgid ""
"This is especially true when a new technology enables a vastly superior mode "
"of distribution. And this p2p has done. P2p technologies can be ideally "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4626
+#: freeculture.xml:4628
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>Yet when anyone</emphasis> begins to talk about "
"<quote>balance,</quote> the copyright warriors raise a different "
"argument. <quote>All this hand waving about balance and incentives,</quote> "
"they say, <quote>misses a fundamental point. Our content,</quote> the "
"warriors insist, <quote>is our <emphasis>property</emphasis>. Why should we "
-"wait for Congress to `rebalance' our property rights? Do you have to wait "
-"before calling the police when your car has been stolen? And why should "
-"Congress deliberate at all about the merits of this theft? Do we ask whether "
-"the car thief had a good use for the car before we arrest him?</quote>"
+"wait for Congress to <quote>rebalance</quote> our property rights? Do you "
+"have to wait before calling the police when your car has been stolen? And "
+"why should Congress deliberate at all about the merits of this theft? Do we "
+"ask whether the car thief had a good use for the car before we arrest "
+"him?</quote>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4638
+#: freeculture.xml:4641
msgid ""
"<quote>It is <emphasis>our property</emphasis>,</quote> the warriors "
"insist. <quote>And it should be protected just as any other property is "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:4647
+#: freeculture.xml:4650
msgid "<quote>Property</quote>"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 94
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4652
+#: freeculture.xml:4655
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>The copyright warriors</emphasis> are right: A "
"copyright is a kind of property. It can be owned and sold, and the law "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4659
+#: freeculture.xml:4662
msgid ""
"But in ordinary language, to call a copyright a <quote>property</quote> "
"right is a bit misleading, for the property of copyright is an odd kind of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4670 freeculture.xml:6489 freeculture.xml:14520
+#: freeculture.xml:4673 freeculture.xml:6488 freeculture.xml:14520
msgid "Jefferson, Thomas"
msgstr ""
#. f1
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4685
+#: freeculture.xml:4688
msgid ""
"Letter from Thomas Jefferson to Isaac McPherson (13 August 1813) in "
"<citetitle>The Writings of Thomas Jefferson</citetitle>, vol. 6 (Andrew "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4672
+#: freeculture.xml:4675
msgid ""
"The point is not just about the thingness of picnic tables versus ideas, "
"though that's an important difference. The point instead is that in the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4690
+#: freeculture.xml:4693
msgid "intangibility of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4692
+#: freeculture.xml:4695
msgid ""
"The exceptions to free use are ideas and expressions within the reach of the "
"law of patent and copyright, and a few other domains that I won't discuss "
#. f2
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4705
+#: freeculture.xml:4708
msgid ""
"As the legal realists taught American law, all property rights are "
"intangible. A property right is simply a right that an individual has "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4700
+#: freeculture.xml:4703
msgid ""
"But how, and to what extent, and in what form—the details, in other "
"words—matter. To get a good sense of how this practice of turning the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4715
+#: freeculture.xml:4718
msgid ""
"My strategy in doing this will be the same as my strategy in the preceding "
"part. I offer four stories to help put the idea of <quote>copyright material "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:4728
+#: freeculture.xml:4731
msgid "Chapter Six: Founders"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4729
+#: freeculture.xml:4732
msgid "English copyright law developed for"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4732
+#: freeculture.xml:4735
msgid "England, copyright laws developed in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4733 freeculture.xml:14057
+#: freeculture.xml:4736 freeculture.xml:14057
msgid "United Kingdom"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4733
+#: freeculture.xml:4736
msgid "history of copyright law in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4734 freeculture.xml:4904
+#: freeculture.xml:4737 freeculture.xml:4907
msgid "Branagh, Kenneth"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4735
+#: freeculture.xml:4738
msgid "Henry V"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4737 freeculture.xml:4869
+#: freeculture.xml:4740 freeculture.xml:4872
msgid "Romeo and Juliet (Shakespeare)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4739
+#: freeculture.xml:4742
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>William Shakespeare</emphasis> wrote "
"<citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> in 1595. The play was first "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4750 freeculture.xml:4834 freeculture.xml:4943 freeculture.xml:5076
+#: freeculture.xml:4753 freeculture.xml:4837 freeculture.xml:4946 freeculture.xml:5079
msgid "Conger"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4751
+#: freeculture.xml:4754
msgid "Tonson, Jacob"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4757
+#: freeculture.xml:4760
msgid "Jonson, Ben"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4758
+#: freeculture.xml:4761
msgid "Dryden, John"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4757
+#: freeculture.xml:4760
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
"id=\"1\"/> Jacob Tonson is typically remembered for his associations with "
#. f2
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4770
+#: freeculture.xml:4773
msgid ""
"Lyman Ray Patterson, <citetitle>Copyright in Historical "
"Perspective</citetitle> (Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 1968), "
#. PAGE BREAK 97
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4753
+#: freeculture.xml:4756
msgid ""
"In 1774, almost 180 years after <citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> was "
"written, the <quote>copy-right</quote> for the work was still thought by "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4782 freeculture.xml:4835 freeculture.xml:4975 freeculture.xml:5156 freeculture.xml:5312
+#: freeculture.xml:4785 freeculture.xml:4838 freeculture.xml:4978 freeculture.xml:5159 freeculture.xml:5315
msgid "British Parliament"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4784 freeculture.xml:7168
+#: freeculture.xml:4787 freeculture.xml:7168
msgid "renewability of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4785 freeculture.xml:4837 freeculture.xml:4881 freeculture.xml:4988 freeculture.xml:5075 freeculture.xml:7158
+#: freeculture.xml:4788 freeculture.xml:4840 freeculture.xml:4884 freeculture.xml:4991 freeculture.xml:5078 freeculture.xml:7158
msgid "Statute of Anne (1710)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4796
+#: freeculture.xml:4799
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> As Siva Vaidhyanathan nicely "
"argues, it is erroneous to call this a <quote>copyright law.</quote> See "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4787
+#: freeculture.xml:4790
msgid ""
"Now, there's something puzzling about the year 1774 to anyone who knows a "
"little about copyright law. The better-known year in the history of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4805 freeculture.xml:5029
+#: freeculture.xml:4808 freeculture.xml:5032
msgid "common vs. positive"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4806 freeculture.xml:5030
+#: freeculture.xml:4809 freeculture.xml:5033
msgid "positive law"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4807
+#: freeculture.xml:4810
msgid "Licensing Act (1662)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4809
+#: freeculture.xml:4812
msgid ""
"The reason is that the English hadn't yet agreed on what a "
"<quote>copyright</quote> was—indeed, no one had. At the time the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4820 freeculture.xml:5028 freeculture.xml:5099 freeculture.xml:5199
+#: freeculture.xml:4823 freeculture.xml:5031 freeculture.xml:5102 freeculture.xml:5202
msgid "common law"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4822
+#: freeculture.xml:4825
msgid ""
"There was no <emphasis>positive</emphasis> law, but that didn't mean that "
"there was no law. The Anglo-American legal tradition looks to both the words "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4836 freeculture.xml:5065 freeculture.xml:5173 freeculture.xml:5251
+#: freeculture.xml:4839 freeculture.xml:5068 freeculture.xml:5176 freeculture.xml:5254
msgid "Scottish publishers"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 98
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4839
+#: freeculture.xml:4842
msgid ""
"This question was important to the publishers, or "
"<quote>booksellers,</quote> as they were called, because there was growing "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4850
+#: freeculture.xml:4853
msgid "as narrow monopoly right"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4852
+#: freeculture.xml:4855
msgid ""
"The Statute of Anne granted the author or <quote>proprietor</quote> of a "
"book an exclusive right to print that book. In an important limitation, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4862
+#: freeculture.xml:4865
msgid ""
"Now, the thing to puzzle about for a moment is this: Why would Parliament "
"limit the exclusive right? Not why would they limit it to the particular "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4871
+#: freeculture.xml:4874
msgid ""
"For the booksellers, and the authors whom they represented, had a very "
"strong claim. Take <citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> as an example: "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4883
+#: freeculture.xml:4886
msgid ""
"The answer comes in two parts. We first need to see something special about "
"the notion of <quote>copyright</quote> that existed at the time of the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4888 freeculture.xml:7679 freeculture.xml:7850
+#: freeculture.xml:4891 freeculture.xml:7679 freeculture.xml:7850
msgid "usage restrictions attached to"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 99
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4890
+#: freeculture.xml:4893
msgid ""
"First, about copyright. In the last three hundred years, we have come to "
"apply the concept of <quote>copyright</quote> ever more broadly. But in "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4907
+#: freeculture.xml:4910
msgid ""
"So, for example, even if the copyright to Shakespeare's works were "
"perpetual, all that would have meant under the original meaning of the term "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4916
+#: freeculture.xml:4919
msgid "Henry VIII, King of England"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4917
+#: freeculture.xml:4920
msgid "monopoly, copyright as"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4918
+#: freeculture.xml:4921
msgid "Statute of Monopolies (1656)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4920
+#: freeculture.xml:4923
msgid ""
"Even that limited right was viewed with skepticism by the British. They had "
"had a long and ugly experience with <quote>exclusive rights,</quote> "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4933
+#: freeculture.xml:4936
msgid ""
"Thus the <quote>copy-right,</quote> when viewed as a monopoly right, was "
"naturally viewed as a right that should be limited. (However convincing the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4941 freeculture.xml:5234
+#: freeculture.xml:4944 freeculture.xml:5237
msgid "Milton, John"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4942
+#: freeculture.xml:4945
msgid "booksellers, English"
msgstr ""
#. f4
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4961
+#: freeculture.xml:4964
msgid ""
"Philip Wittenberg, <citetitle>The Protection and Marketing of Literary "
"Property</citetitle> (New York: J. Messner, Inc., 1937), 31."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4946
+#: freeculture.xml:4949
msgid ""
"Second, about booksellers. It wasn't just that the copyright was a "
"monopoly. It was also that it was a monopoly held by the booksellers. "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4965
+#: freeculture.xml:4968
msgid "Enlightenment"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4966
+#: freeculture.xml:4969
msgid "knowledge, freedom of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4968
+#: freeculture.xml:4971
msgid ""
"Many believed the power the booksellers exercised over the spread of "
"knowledge was harming that spread, just at the time the Enlightenment was "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4977
+#: freeculture.xml:4980
msgid ""
"To balance this power, Parliament decided to increase competition among "
"booksellers, and the simplest way to do that was to spread the wealth of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4990 freeculture.xml:5125 freeculture.xml:5219 freeculture.xml:11209
+#: freeculture.xml:4993 freeculture.xml:5128 freeculture.xml:5222 freeculture.xml:11209
msgid "in perpetuity"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4992
+#: freeculture.xml:4995
msgid ""
"When 1731 (1710 + 21) came along, however, the booksellers were getting "
"anxious. They saw the consequences of more competition, and like every "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5001
+#: freeculture.xml:5004
msgid ""
"Parliament rejected their requests. As one pamphleteer put it, in words that "
"echo today,"
#. f5
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5016
+#: freeculture.xml:5019
msgid ""
"A Letter to a Member of Parliament concerning the Bill now depending in the "
"House of Commons, for making more effectual an Act in the Eighth Year of the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5006
+#: freeculture.xml:5009
msgid ""
"I see no Reason for granting a further Term now, which will not hold as well "
"for granting it again and again, as often as the Old ones Expire; so that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5032
+#: freeculture.xml:5035
msgid ""
"Having failed in Parliament, the publishers turned to the courts in a series "
"of cases. Their argument was simple and direct: The Statute of Anne gave "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5054 freeculture.xml:5064 freeculture.xml:5107
+#: freeculture.xml:5057 freeculture.xml:5067 freeculture.xml:5110
msgid "Patterson, Raymond"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5054
+#: freeculture.xml:5057
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
"id=\"1\"/> Lyman Ray Patterson, <quote>Free Speech, Copyright, and Fair "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5048
+#: freeculture.xml:5051
msgid ""
"This was a clever argument, and one that had the support of some of the "
"leading jurists of the day. It also displayed extraordinary chutzpah. Until "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5063 freeculture.xml:5172
+#: freeculture.xml:5066 freeculture.xml:5175
msgid "Donaldson, Alexander"
msgstr ""
#. f7
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5071
+#: freeculture.xml:5074
msgid ""
"For a compelling account, see David Saunders, <citetitle>Authorship and "
"Copyright</citetitle> (London: Routledge, 1992), 62–69."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5067
+#: freeculture.xml:5070
msgid ""
"The booksellers' argument was not accepted without a fight. The hero of "
"this fight was a Scottish bookseller named Alexander Donaldson.<placeholder "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5077
+#: freeculture.xml:5080
msgid "Boswell, James"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5078
+#: freeculture.xml:5081
msgid "Erskine, Andrew"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5087 freeculture.xml:15690
+#: freeculture.xml:5090 freeculture.xml:15690
msgid "Rose, Mark"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5085
+#: freeculture.xml:5088
msgid ""
"Mark Rose, <citetitle>Authors and Owners</citetitle> (Cambridge: Harvard "
"University Press, 1993), 92. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
#. f9
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5096
+#: freeculture.xml:5099
msgid "Ibid., 93."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5080
+#: freeculture.xml:5083
msgid ""
"Donaldson was an outsider to the London Conger. He began his career in "
"Edinburgh in 1750. The focus of his business was inexpensive reprints "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5107
+#: freeculture.xml:5110
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Lyman Ray Patterson, "
"<citetitle>Copyright in Historical Perspective</citetitle>, 167 (quoting "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5101
+#: freeculture.xml:5104
msgid ""
"When the London booksellers tried to shut down Donaldson's shop in Scotland, "
"he responded by moving his shop to London, where he sold inexpensive "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5116
+#: freeculture.xml:5119
msgid "Millar v. Taylor"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5118
+#: freeculture.xml:5121
msgid ""
"The London booksellers quickly brought suit to block <quote>piracy</quote> "
"like Donaldson's. A number of actions were successful against the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5124 freeculture.xml:5178
+#: freeculture.xml:5127 freeculture.xml:5181
msgid "Thomson, James"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5126
+#: freeculture.xml:5129
msgid "Seasons, The (Thomson)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5127
+#: freeculture.xml:5130
msgid "Taylor, Robert"
msgstr ""
#. f11
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5136
+#: freeculture.xml:5139
msgid ""
"Howard B. Abrams, <quote>The Historic Foundation of American Copyright Law: "
"Exploding the Myth of Common Law Copyright,</quote> <citetitle>Wayne Law "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5129
+#: freeculture.xml:5132
msgid ""
"Millar was a bookseller who in 1729 had purchased the rights to James "
"Thomson's poem <quote>The Seasons.</quote> Millar complied with the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5143
+#: freeculture.xml:5146
msgid ""
"Astonishingly to modern lawyers, one of the greatest judges in English "
"history, Lord Mansfield, agreed with the booksellers. Whatever protection "
#. PAGE BREAK 103
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5158
+#: freeculture.xml:5161
msgid ""
"Considered as a matter of abstract justice—reasoning as if justice "
"were just a matter of logical deduction from first "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5175
+#: freeculture.xml:5178
msgid ""
"The fight to defend the limits of the Statute of Anne was not to end there, "
"however, and it is here that Donaldson enters the mix."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5179
+#: freeculture.xml:5182
msgid "Beckett, Thomas"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5180 freeculture.xml:5287
+#: freeculture.xml:5183 freeculture.xml:5290
msgid "House of Lords"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5181
+#: freeculture.xml:5184
msgid "House of Lords vs."
msgstr ""
#. f12
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5187
+#: freeculture.xml:5190
msgid "Ibid., 1156."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5183
+#: freeculture.xml:5186
msgid ""
"Millar died soon after his victory, so his case was not appealed. His estate "
"sold Thomson's poems to a syndicate of printers that included Thomas "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5198
+#: freeculture.xml:5201
msgid "Donaldson v. Beckett"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5201
+#: freeculture.xml:5204
msgid ""
"As few legal cases ever do, <citetitle>Donaldson</citetitle> "
"v. <citetitle>Beckett</citetitle> drew an enormous amount of attention "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5212
+#: freeculture.xml:5215
msgid ""
"The House of Lords was an odd institution. Legal questions were presented to "
"the House and voted upon first by the <quote>law lords,</quote> members of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5220 freeculture.xml:5288
+#: freeculture.xml:5223 freeculture.xml:5291
msgid "English legal establishment of"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 104
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5222
+#: freeculture.xml:5225
msgid ""
"The reports about the law lords' votes are mixed. On some counts, it looks "
"as if perpetual copyright prevailed. But there is no ambiguity about how the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5231
+#: freeculture.xml:5234
msgid "Bacon, Francis"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5232
+#: freeculture.xml:5235
msgid "Bunyan, John"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5233
+#: freeculture.xml:5236
msgid "Johnson, Samuel"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5237
+#: freeculture.xml:5240
msgid ""
"<quote>The public domain.</quote> Before the case of "
"<citetitle>Donaldson</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Beckett</citetitle>, there "
#. f13
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5263
+#: freeculture.xml:5266
msgid "Rose, 97."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5253
+#: freeculture.xml:5256
msgid ""
"It is hard for us to imagine, but this decision by the House of Lords fueled "
"an extraordinarily popular and political reaction. In Scotland, where most "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5268
+#: freeculture.xml:5271
msgid ""
"In London, however, at least among publishers, the reaction was equally "
"strong in the opposite direction. The <citetitle>Morning "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5274
+#: freeculture.xml:5277
msgid ""
"By the above decision … near 200,000 pounds worth of what was "
"honestly purchased at public sale, and which was yesterday thought property "
#. PAGE BREAK 105
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5291
+#: freeculture.xml:5294
msgid ""
"<quote>Ruined</quote> is a bit of an exaggeration. But it is not an "
"exaggeration to say that the change was profound. The decision of the House "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5314
+#: freeculture.xml:5317
msgid ""
"At least, this was the rule in a world where the Parliament is antimonopoly, "
"resistant to the protectionist pleas of publishers. In a world where the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:5331
+#: freeculture.xml:5334
msgid "Chapter Seven: Recorders"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5332 freeculture.xml:7657 freeculture.xml:7771 freeculture.xml:7830
+#: freeculture.xml:5335 freeculture.xml:7657 freeculture.xml:7771 freeculture.xml:7830
msgid "fair use and"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5333
+#: freeculture.xml:5336
msgid "documentary film"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5334
+#: freeculture.xml:5337
msgid "Else, Jon"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5335 freeculture.xml:5482 freeculture.xml:7656 freeculture.xml:7689 freeculture.xml:7770 freeculture.xml:7832
+#: freeculture.xml:5338 freeculture.xml:5481 freeculture.xml:7656 freeculture.xml:7689 freeculture.xml:7770 freeculture.xml:7832
msgid "fair use"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5335
+#: freeculture.xml:5338
msgid "in documentary film"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5336
+#: freeculture.xml:5339
msgid "fair use of copyrighted material in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5338
+#: freeculture.xml:5341
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>Jon Else</emphasis> is a filmmaker. He is best known "
"for his documentaries and has been very successful in spreading his art. He "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5345
+#: freeculture.xml:5348
msgid ""
"Else worked on a documentary that I was involved in. At a break, he told me "
"a story about the freedom to create with film in America today."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5349 freeculture.xml:5415
+#: freeculture.xml:5352 freeculture.xml:5416
msgid "Wagner, Richard"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5350 freeculture.xml:5429
+#: freeculture.xml:5353 freeculture.xml:5430
msgid "San Francisco Opera"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5352
+#: freeculture.xml:5355
msgid ""
"In 1990, Else was working on a documentary about Wagner's Ring Cycle. The "
"focus was stagehands at the San Francisco Opera. Stagehands are a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5359
+#: freeculture.xml:5362
msgid "Simpsons, The"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 107
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5361
+#: freeculture.xml:5364
msgid ""
"During one of the performances, Else was shooting some stagehands playing "
"checkers. In one corner of the room was a television set. Playing on the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5370
+#: freeculture.xml:5373
msgid "multiple copyrights associated with"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5372
+#: freeculture.xml:5375
msgid ""
"Years later, when he finally got funding to complete the film, Else "
"attempted to clear the rights for those few seconds of <citetitle>The "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5378
+#: freeculture.xml:5381
msgid "Gracie Films"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5379 freeculture.xml:5440 freeculture.xml:5504
+#: freeculture.xml:5382 freeculture.xml:5503
msgid "Groening, Matt"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5381
+#: freeculture.xml:5384
msgid ""
"Else called <citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle> creator Matt Groening's office "
"to get permission. Groening approved the shot. The shot was a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5387 freeculture.xml:5439 freeculture.xml:5503
+#: freeculture.xml:5390 freeculture.xml:5502
msgid "Fox (film company)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5389
+#: freeculture.xml:5392
msgid ""
"Gracie Films was okay with it, too, but they, like Groening, wanted to be "
"careful. So they told Else to contact Fox, Gracie's parent company. Else "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5397
+#: freeculture.xml:5400
msgid ""
"Then, as Else told me, <quote>two things happened. First we discovered "
"… that Matt Groening doesn't own his own creation—or at least "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5406
+#: freeculture.xml:5407
msgid "Herrera, Rebecca"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5408
+#: freeculture.xml:5409
msgid ""
"Else was certain there was a mistake. He worked his way up to someone he "
"thought was a vice president for licensing, Rebecca Herrera. He explained "
#. PAGE BREAK 108
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5417
+#: freeculture.xml:5418
msgid ""
"<quote>I wanted to make sure I had my facts straight,</quote> he told "
"me. <quote>Yes, you have your facts straight,</quote> she said. It would "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5430
+#: freeculture.xml:5431
msgid "Day After Trinity, The"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5432
+#: freeculture.xml:5433
msgid ""
"Else didn't have the money to buy the right to replay what was playing on "
"the television backstage at the San Francisco Opera. To reproduce this "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5442
+#: freeculture.xml:5441
msgid ""
"There's no doubt that someone, whether Matt Groening or Fox, owns the "
"copyright to <citetitle>The Simpsons</citetitle>. That copyright is their "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5453
+#: freeculture.xml:5452
msgid ""
"For example, <quote>public performance</quote> is a use of <citetitle>The "
"Simpsons</citetitle> that the copyright owner gets to control. If you take a "
#. f1
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5465
+#: freeculture.xml:5464
msgid ""
"For an excellent argument that such use is <quote>fair use,</quote> but that "
"lawyers don't permit recognition that it is <quote>fair use,</quote> see "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5462
+#: freeculture.xml:5461
msgid ""
"But when lawyers hear this story about Jon Else and Fox, their first thought "
"is <quote>fair use.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Else's "
#. PAGE BREAK 109
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5479
+#: freeculture.xml:5478
msgid ""
"So I asked Else why he didn't just rely upon <quote>fair use.</quote> Here's "
"his reply:"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5482 freeculture.xml:7832
+#: freeculture.xml:5481 freeculture.xml:7832
msgid "legal intimidation tactics against"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5484
+#: freeculture.xml:5483
msgid ""
"The <citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle> fiasco was for me a great lesson in the "
"gulf between what lawyers find irrelevant in some abstract sense, and what "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5493
+#: freeculture.xml:5492
msgid "Errors and Omissions insurance"
msgstr ""
#. 1.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5496
+#: freeculture.xml:5495
msgid ""
"Before our films can be broadcast, the network requires that we buy Errors "
"and Omissions insurance. The carriers require a detailed <quote>visual cue "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5505
+#: freeculture.xml:5504
msgid "Lucas, George"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5506
+#: freeculture.xml:5505
msgid "<citetitle>Star Wars</citetitle>"
msgstr ""
#. 2.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5509
+#: freeculture.xml:5508
msgid ""
"I probably never should have asked Matt Groening in the first place. But I "
"knew (at least from folklore) that Fox had a history of tracking down and "
#. 3.
#. PAGE BREAK 110
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5521
+#: freeculture.xml:5520
msgid ""
"I did, in fact, speak with one of your colleagues at Stanford Law School "
"… who confirmed that it was fair use. He also confirmed that Fox "
#. 4.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5533
+#: freeculture.xml:5532
msgid ""
"The question of fair use usually comes up at the end of the project, when we "
"are up against a release deadline and out of money."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5541
+#: freeculture.xml:5540
msgid ""
"In theory, fair use means you need no permission. The theory therefore "
"supports free culture and insulates against a permission culture. But in "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5549
+#: freeculture.xml:5548
msgid ""
"This practice shows just how far the law has come from its "
"eighteenth-century roots. The law was born as a shield to protect "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:5564
+#: freeculture.xml:5563
msgid "Chapter Eight: Transformers"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5565
+#: freeculture.xml:5564
msgid "Allen, Paul"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5566 freeculture.xml:5626 freeculture.xml:5811 freeculture.xml:10560 freeculture.xml:15054
+#: freeculture.xml:5565 freeculture.xml:5625 freeculture.xml:5810 freeculture.xml:10560 freeculture.xml:15054
msgid "Alben, Alex"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5569
+#: freeculture.xml:5568
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>In 1993</emphasis>, Alex Alben was a lawyer working "
"at Starwave, Inc. Starwave was an innovative company founded by Microsoft "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5576
+#: freeculture.xml:5575
msgid "retrospective compilations on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5577
+#: freeculture.xml:5576
msgid "CD-ROMs, film clips used in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5579
+#: freeculture.xml:5578
msgid ""
"Alben had a special interest in new technology. He was intrigued by the "
"emerging market for CD-ROM technology—not to distribute film, but to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5589
+#: freeculture.xml:5588
msgid ""
"At that time, Eastwood had made more than fifty films, as an actor and as a "
"director. Alben began with a series of interviews with Eastwood, asking him "
#. PAGE BREAK 112
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5596
+#: freeculture.xml:5595
msgid ""
"That alone would not have made a very interesting product, so Starwave "
"wanted to add content from the movies in Eastwood's career: posters, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5603
+#: freeculture.xml:5602
msgid ""
"Then Alben and his team decided to include actual film clips. <quote>Our "
"goal was that we were going to have a clip from every one of Eastwood's "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5611
+#: freeculture.xml:5610
msgid ""
"Alben brought the idea to Michael Slade, the CEO of Starwave. Slade asked, "
"<quote>Well, what will it take?</quote>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5625
+#: freeculture.xml:5624
msgid "publicity rights on images of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5621
+#: freeculture.xml:5620
msgid ""
"Technically, the rights that Alben had to clear were mainly those of "
"publicity—rights an artist has to control the commercial exploitation "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5615
+#: freeculture.xml:5614
msgid ""
"Alben replied, <quote>Well, we're going to have to clear rights from "
"everyone who appears in these films, and the music and everything else that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5630
+#: freeculture.xml:5629
msgid ""
"The problem was that neither Alben nor Slade had any idea what clearing "
"those rights would mean. Every actor in each of the films could have a claim "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5637
+#: freeculture.xml:5636
msgid ""
"I asked Alben how he dealt with the problem. With an obvious pride in his "
"resourcefulness that obscured the obvious bizarreness of his tale, Alben "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5643
+#: freeculture.xml:5642
msgid ""
"So we very mechanically went about looking up the film clips. We made some "
"artistic decisions about what film clips to include—of course we were "
#. PAGE BREAK 113
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5652
+#: freeculture.xml:5651
msgid ""
"We decided that it would be fair if we offered them the dayplayer rate for "
"the right to reuse that performance. We're talking about a clip of less than "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5663
+#: freeculture.xml:5662
msgid "Sutherland, Donald"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5665
+#: freeculture.xml:5664
msgid ""
"Some actors were glad to help—Donald Sutherland, for example, followed "
"up himself to be sure that the rights had been cleared. Others were "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5676
+#: freeculture.xml:5675
msgid ""
"It was one <emphasis>year</emphasis> later—<quote>and even then we "
"weren't sure whether we were totally in the clear.</quote>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5680
+#: freeculture.xml:5679
msgid ""
"Alben is proud of his work. The project was the first of its kind and the "
"only time he knew of that a team had undertaken such a massive project for "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5686
+#: freeculture.xml:5685
msgid ""
"Everyone thought it would be too hard. Everyone just threw up their hands "
"and said, <quote>Oh, my gosh, a film, it's so many copyrights, there's the "
#. PAGE BREAK 114
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5698
+#: freeculture.xml:5697
msgid ""
"And no doubt, the product itself was exceptionally good. Eastwood loved it, "
"and it sold very well."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5701
+#: freeculture.xml:5700
msgid "Drucker, Peter"
msgstr ""
#. f2
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5709
+#: freeculture.xml:5708
msgid ""
"U.S. Department of Commerce Office of Acquisition Management, "
"<citetitle>Seven Steps to Performance-Based Services "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5703
+#: freeculture.xml:5702
msgid ""
"But I pressed Alben about how weird it seems that it would have to take a "
"year's work simply to clear rights. No doubt Alben had done this "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5717
+#: freeculture.xml:5716
msgid ""
"For, as he acknowledged, <quote>very few … have the time and "
"resources, and the will to do this,</quote> and thus, very few such works "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5725
+#: freeculture.xml:5724
msgid ""
"I don't think so. When an actor renders a performance in a movie, he or she "
"gets paid very well. … And then when 30 seconds of that performance "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5733
+#: freeculture.xml:5732
msgid ""
"Or at least, is this <emphasis>how</emphasis> the artist should be "
"compensated? Would it make sense, I asked, for there to be some kind of "
#. PAGE BREAK 115
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5744
+#: freeculture.xml:5743
msgid ""
"Absolutely. I think that if there were some fair-licensing "
"mechanism—where you weren't subject to hold-ups and you weren't "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5764
+#: freeculture.xml:5763
msgid ""
"Alben worked for a big company. His company was backed by some of the "
"richest investors in the world. He therefore had authority and access that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5773
+#: freeculture.xml:5772
msgid ""
"These costs are the burdens of a kind of regulation. Put on a Republican hat "
"for a moment, and get angry for a bit. The government defines the scope of "
#. PAGE BREAK 116
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5786
+#: freeculture.xml:5785
msgid ""
"I've seen the flash of recognition when people get this point, but only a "
"few times. The first was at a conference of federal judges in California. "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5796
+#: freeculture.xml:5795
msgid ""
"The video was a brilliant collage of film from every period in the twentieth "
"century, all framed around the idea of a <citetitle>60 Minutes</citetitle> "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5801
+#: freeculture.xml:5800
msgid "Nimmer, David"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5803
+#: freeculture.xml:5802
msgid ""
"When the lights came up, I looked over to my copanelist, David Nimmer, "
"perhaps the leading copyright scholar and practitioner in the nation. He had "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5812
+#: freeculture.xml:5811
msgid "Boies, David"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5813
+#: freeculture.xml:5812
msgid "Court of Appeals"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5813
+#: freeculture.xml:5812
msgid "Ninth Circuit"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5814
+#: freeculture.xml:5813
msgid "Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5811
+#: freeculture.xml:5810
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
"id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5831
+#: freeculture.xml:5830
msgid ""
"We live in a <quote>cut and paste</quote> culture enabled by "
"technology. Anyone building a presentation knows the extraordinary freedom "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5837
+#: freeculture.xml:5836
msgid "Camp Chaos"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 117
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5839
+#: freeculture.xml:5838
msgid ""
"But presentations are just a tiny beginning. Using the Internet and its "
"archives, musicians are able to string together mixes of sound never before "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5850
+#: freeculture.xml:5849
msgid ""
"All of these creations are technically illegal. Even if the creators wanted "
"to be <quote>legal,</quote> the cost of complying with the law is impossibly "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5857
+#: freeculture.xml:5856
msgid ""
"To some, these stories suggest a solution: Let's alter the mix of rights so "
"that people are free to build upon our culture. Free to add or mix as they "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5872
+#: freeculture.xml:5871
msgid ""
"Who could possibly object to this? And what reason would there be for "
"objecting? We're talking about work that is not now being made; which if "
#. PAGE BREAK 118
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5878
+#: freeculture.xml:5877
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>In February 2003</emphasis>, DreamWorks studios "
"announced an agreement with Mike Myers, the comic genius of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5891
+#: freeculture.xml:5890
msgid ""
"The announcement called this <quote>film sampling.</quote> As Myers "
"explained, <quote>Film Sampling is an exciting way to put an original spin "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5900
+#: freeculture.xml:5899
msgid ""
"Spielberg is right. Film sampling by Myers will be brilliant. But if you "
"don't think about it, you might miss the truly astonishing point about this "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5910
+#: freeculture.xml:5909
msgid ""
"This privilege becomes reserved for two sorts of reasons. The first "
"continues the story of the last chapter: the vagueness of <quote>fair "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:5925
+#: freeculture.xml:5924
msgid "Chapter Nine: Collectors"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5926 freeculture.xml:9295 freeculture.xml:11642 freeculture.xml:11888
+#: freeculture.xml:5925 freeculture.xml:9295 freeculture.xml:11642 freeculture.xml:11888
msgid "archives, digital"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5927 freeculture.xml:8576
+#: freeculture.xml:5926 freeculture.xml:8576
msgid "bots"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5929
+#: freeculture.xml:5928
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>In April 1996</emphasis>, millions of "
"<quote>bots</quote>—computer codes designed to <quote>spider,</quote> "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5939 freeculture.xml:5970 freeculture.xml:6034
+#: freeculture.xml:5938 freeculture.xml:5969 freeculture.xml:6033
msgid "Way Back Machine"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5941
+#: freeculture.xml:5940
msgid ""
"By October 2001, the bots had collected more than five years of copies. And "
"at a small announcement in Berkeley, California, the archive that these "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5948
+#: freeculture.xml:5947
msgid "Orwell, George"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5950
+#: freeculture.xml:5949
msgid ""
"This is the thing about the Internet that Orwell would have appreciated. In "
"the dystopia described in <citetitle>1984</citetitle>, old newspapers were "
#. PAGE BREAK 120
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5958
+#: freeculture.xml:5957
msgid ""
"Thousands of workers constantly reedited the past, meaning there was no way "
"ever to know whether the story you were reading today was the story that was "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5963
+#: freeculture.xml:5962
msgid ""
"It's the same with the Internet. If you go to a Web page today, there's no "
"way for you to know whether the content you are reading is the same as the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5980
+#: freeculture.xml:5979
msgid "White House press releases"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5978
+#: freeculture.xml:5977
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
"id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> The temptations "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5972
+#: freeculture.xml:5971
msgid ""
"Until the Way Back Machine, at least. With the Way Back Machine, and the "
"Internet Archive underlying it, you can see what the Internet was. You have "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5988
+#: freeculture.xml:5987
msgid "history, records of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5990
+#: freeculture.xml:5989
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>We take it</emphasis> for granted that we can go "
"back to see what we remember reading. Think about newspapers. If you wanted "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6001
+#: freeculture.xml:6000
msgid ""
"It is said that those who fail to remember history are doomed to repeat "
"it. That's not quite correct. We <emphasis>all</emphasis> forget "
#. PAGE BREAK 121
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6010
+#: freeculture.xml:6009
msgid ""
"The Internet was an exception to this presumption. Until the Internet "
"Archive, there was no way to go back. The Internet was the quintessentially "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6022
+#: freeculture.xml:6021
msgid ""
"Brewster Kahle is the founder of the Internet Archive. He was a very "
"successful Internet entrepreneur after he was a successful computer "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6031 freeculture.xml:6086 freeculture.xml:10545
+#: freeculture.xml:6030 freeculture.xml:6085 freeculture.xml:10545
msgid "Library of Congress"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6032
+#: freeculture.xml:6031
msgid "Television Archive"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6033
+#: freeculture.xml:6032
msgid "Vanderbilt University"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6035 freeculture.xml:11118 freeculture.xml:14232 freeculture.xml:14362 freeculture.xml:14398
+#: freeculture.xml:6034 freeculture.xml:11118 freeculture.xml:14232 freeculture.xml:14362 freeculture.xml:14398
msgid "libraries"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6035
+#: freeculture.xml:6034
msgid "archival function of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6038
+#: freeculture.xml:6037
msgid ""
"The Way Back Machine is the largest archive of human knowledge in human "
"history. At the end of 2002, it held <quote>two hundred and thirty terabytes "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6055
+#: freeculture.xml:6054
msgid "Quayle, Dan"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6056
+#: freeculture.xml:6055
msgid "60 Minutes"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 122
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6058
+#: freeculture.xml:6057
msgid ""
"Do you remember when Dan Quayle was interacting with Murphy Brown? Remember "
"that back and forth surreal experience of a politician interacting with a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6069 freeculture.xml:8679
+#: freeculture.xml:6068 freeculture.xml:8679
msgid "newspapers"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6069
+#: freeculture.xml:6068
msgid "archives of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6071
+#: freeculture.xml:6070
msgid ""
"Why is that? Why is it that the part of our culture that is recorded in "
"newspapers remains perpetually accessible, while the part that is recorded "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6079
+#: freeculture.xml:6078
msgid ""
"In part, this is because of the law. Early in American copyright law, "
"copyright owners were required to deposit copies of their work in "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6087 freeculture.xml:6131
+#: freeculture.xml:6086 freeculture.xml:6130
msgid "archive of"
msgstr ""
#. f2
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6098
+#: freeculture.xml:6097
msgid ""
"Doug Herrick, <quote>Toward a National Film Collection: Motion Pictures at "
"the Library of Congress,</quote> <citetitle>Film Library "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6089
+#: freeculture.xml:6088
msgid ""
"These rules applied to film as well. But in 1915, the Library of Congress "
"made an exception for film. Film could be copyrighted so long as such "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6106
+#: freeculture.xml:6105
msgid ""
"The same is generally true about television. Television broadcasts were "
"originally not copyrighted—there was no way to capture the broadcasts, "
#. PAGE BREAK 123
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6118
+#: freeculture.xml:6117
msgid ""
"Kahle was eager to correct this. Before September 11, 2001, he and his "
"allies had started capturing television. They selected twenty stations from "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6128
+#: freeculture.xml:6127
msgid "Movie Archive"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6129
+#: freeculture.xml:6128
msgid "archive.org"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6129 freeculture.xml:6132
+#: freeculture.xml:6128 freeculture.xml:6131
msgid "Internet Archive"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6133
+#: freeculture.xml:6132
msgid "Duck and Cover film"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6134
+#: freeculture.xml:6133
msgid "ephemeral films"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6135
+#: freeculture.xml:6134
msgid "Prelinger, Rick"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6137
+#: freeculture.xml:6136
msgid ""
"Kahle had the same idea with film. Working with Rick Prelinger, whose "
"archive of film includes close to 45,000 <quote>ephemeral films</quote> "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6155
+#: freeculture.xml:6154
msgid ""
"Here again, Kahle is providing access to a part of our culture that we "
"otherwise could not get easily, if at all. It is yet another part of what "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6163
+#: freeculture.xml:6162
msgid ""
"The key here is access, not price. Kahle wants to enable free access to this "
"content, but he also wants to enable others to sell access to it. His aim is "
#. PAGE BREAK 124
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6171
+#: freeculture.xml:6170
msgid ""
"For here is an idea that we should more clearly recognize. Every bit of "
"creative property goes through different <quote>lives.</quote> In its first "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6183
+#: freeculture.xml:6182
msgid ""
"After the commercial life of creative property has ended, our tradition has "
"always supported a second life as well. A newspaper delivers the news every "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6196
+#: freeculture.xml:6195
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Dave Barns, <quote>Fledgling "
"Career in Antique Books: Woodstock Landlord, Bar Owner Starts a New Chapter "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6193
+#: freeculture.xml:6192
msgid ""
"The same has always been true about books. A book goes out of print very "
"quickly (the average today is after about a year<placeholder "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6211
+#: freeculture.xml:6210
msgid ""
"Yet increasingly, any assumption about a stable second life for creative "
"property does not hold true with the most important components of popular "
#. PAGE BREAK 125
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6222
+#: freeculture.xml:6221
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>For most of</emphasis> the twentieth century, it was "
"economics that made this so. It would have been insanely expensive to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6234
+#: freeculture.xml:6233
msgid ""
"Perhaps the single most important feature of the digital revolution is that "
"for the first time since the Library of Alexandria, it is feasible to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6242
+#: freeculture.xml:6241
msgid ""
"The scale of this potential archive is something we've never imagined "
"before. The Brewster Kahles of our history have dreamed about it; but we are "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6248 freeculture.xml:6249 freeculture.xml:6252
+#: freeculture.xml:6247 freeculture.xml:6248 freeculture.xml:6251
msgid "total number of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6250 freeculture.xml:6251 freeculture.xml:6252
+#: freeculture.xml:6249 freeculture.xml:6250 freeculture.xml:6251
msgid "music recordings"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6254
+#: freeculture.xml:6253
msgid ""
"It looks like there's about two to three million recordings of music. "
"Ever. There are about a hundred thousand theatrical releases of movies, "
#. PAGE BREAK 126
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6269
+#: freeculture.xml:6268
msgid ""
"Kahle is not the only librarian. The Internet Archive is not the only "
"archive. But Kahle and the Internet Archive suggest what the future of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6284
+#: freeculture.xml:6283
msgid ""
"Technologists have thus removed the economic costs of building such an "
"archive. But lawyers' costs remain. For as much as we might like to call "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:6296
+#: freeculture.xml:6295
msgid "Chapter Ten: <quote>Property</quote>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6297
+#: freeculture.xml:6296
msgid "Johnson, Lyndon"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6298 freeculture.xml:10301
+#: freeculture.xml:6297 freeculture.xml:10301
msgid "Kennedy, John F."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6299
+#: freeculture.xml:6298
msgid "background of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6301
+#: freeculture.xml:6300
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>Jack Valenti</emphasis> has been the president of "
"the Motion Picture Association of America since 1966. He first came to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6311
+#: freeculture.xml:6310
msgid "MGM"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6312
+#: freeculture.xml:6311
msgid "Paramount Pictures"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6313
+#: freeculture.xml:6312
msgid "Twentieth Century Fox"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6314
+#: freeculture.xml:6313
msgid "Sony Pictures Entertainment"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6315
+#: freeculture.xml:6314
msgid "Universal Pictures"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6316 freeculture.xml:7941 freeculture.xml:8114
+#: freeculture.xml:6315 freeculture.xml:7941 freeculture.xml:8114
msgid "Warner Brothers"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6318
+#: freeculture.xml:6317
msgid ""
"The MPAA is the American branch of the international Motion Picture "
"Association. It was formed in 1922 as a trade association whose goal was to "
#. PAGE BREAK 128
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6331
+#: freeculture.xml:6330
msgid ""
"Valenti is only the third president of the MPAA. No president before him has "
"had as much influence over that organization, or over Washington. As a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6343
+#: freeculture.xml:6342
msgid ""
"In defending artistic liberty and the freedom of speech that our culture "
"depends upon, the MPAA has done important good. In crafting the MPAA rating "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6352
+#: freeculture.xml:6351
msgid "In 1982, Valenti's testimony to Congress captured the strategy perfectly:"
msgstr ""
#. f1
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6366
+#: freeculture.xml:6365
msgid ""
"Home Recording of Copyrighted Works: Hearings on H.R. 4783, H.R. 4794, "
"H.R. 4808, H.R. 5250, H.R. 5488, and H.R. 5705 Before the Subcommittee on "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6357
+#: freeculture.xml:6356
msgid ""
"No matter the lengthy arguments made, no matter the charges and the "
"counter-charges, no matter the tumult and the shouting, reasonable men and "
#. PAGE BREAK 129
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6376
+#: freeculture.xml:6375
msgid ""
"The strategy of this rhetoric, like the strategy of most of Valenti's "
"rhetoric, is brilliant and simple and brilliant because simple. The "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6387
+#: freeculture.xml:6386
msgid ""
"This claim has an obvious and powerful intuitive pull. It is stated with "
"such clarity as to make the idea as obvious as the notion that we use "
#. f2
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6403
+#: freeculture.xml:6402
msgid ""
"Lawyers speak of <quote>property</quote> not as an absolute thing, but as a "
"bundle of rights that are sometimes associated with a particular "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6400
+#: freeculture.xml:6399
msgid ""
"While <quote>creative property</quote> is certainly <quote>property</quote> "
"in a nerdy and precise sense that lawyers are trained to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6418
+#: freeculture.xml:6417
msgid ""
"Valenti knows this. But he speaks for an industry that cares squat for our "
"tradition and the values it represents. He speaks for an industry that is "
#. PAGE BREAK 130
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6426
+#: freeculture.xml:6425
msgid ""
"I have two purposes in this chapter. The first is to convince you that, "
"historically, Valenti's claim is absolutely wrong. The second is to convince "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6441
+#: freeculture.xml:6440
msgid ""
"Organizations such as the MPAA, whose board includes the most powerful of "
"the old guard, have little interest, their rhetoric notwithstanding, in "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6450
+#: freeculture.xml:6449
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>To get</emphasis> just a hint that there is "
"something fundamentally wrong in Valenti's argument, we need look no further "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6455
+#: freeculture.xml:6454
msgid ""
"The framers of our Constitution loved <quote>property.</quote> Indeed, so "
"strongly did they love property that they built into the Constitution an "
#. PAGE BREAK 131
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6466
+#: freeculture.xml:6465
msgid ""
"Yet the very same Constitution speaks very differently about what Valenti "
"calls <quote>creative property.</quote> In the clause granting Congress the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6481
+#: freeculture.xml:6480
msgid ""
"The Constitution thus on its face states that these two forms of property "
"are not to be accorded the same rights. They are plainly to be treated "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6491
+#: freeculture.xml:6490
msgid ""
"Arguing for a change in our Constitution is not necessarily wrong. There "
"was much in our original Constitution that was plainly wrong. The "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6503
+#: freeculture.xml:6502
msgid ""
"Instead, my argument is that because Jefferson did it, we should at least "
"try to understand <emphasis>why</emphasis>. Why did the framers, fanatical "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6513
+#: freeculture.xml:6512
msgid ""
"To answer this question, we need to get some perspective on the history of "
"these <quote>creative property</quote> rights, and the control that they "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6526 freeculture.xml:8060 freeculture.xml:9927 freeculture.xml:11249 freeculture.xml:11295 freeculture.xml:13635
+#: freeculture.xml:6525 freeculture.xml:8060 freeculture.xml:9927 freeculture.xml:11249 freeculture.xml:11295 freeculture.xml:13635
msgid "Lessig, Lawrence"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6527
+#: freeculture.xml:6526
msgid "four modalities of constraint on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6528 freeculture.xml:6789 freeculture.xml:9876 freeculture.xml:9993
+#: freeculture.xml:6527 freeculture.xml:6788 freeculture.xml:9876 freeculture.xml:9993
msgid "regulation"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6528
+#: freeculture.xml:6527
msgid "four modalities of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6529
+#: freeculture.xml:6528
msgid "as ex post regulation modality"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6530 freeculture.xml:6606 freeculture.xml:6743
+#: freeculture.xml:6529 freeculture.xml:6605 freeculture.xml:6742
msgid "as constraint modality"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 132
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6534
+#: freeculture.xml:6533
msgid ""
"To answer these questions, we need a more general way to talk about how "
"property is protected. More precisely, we need a more general way than the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:6544 freeculture.xml:6739 freeculture.xml:7113
+#: freeculture.xml:6543 freeculture.xml:6738 freeculture.xml:7112
msgid ""
"<graphic fileref=\"images/1331.svg\" align=\"center\" "
"width=\"45%\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6548
+#: freeculture.xml:6547
msgid ""
"At the center of this picture is a regulated dot: the individual or group "
"that is the target of regulation, or the holder of a right. (In each case "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6564 freeculture.xml:6626 freeculture.xml:6744
+#: freeculture.xml:6563 freeculture.xml:6625 freeculture.xml:6743
msgid "norms, regulatory influence of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6566
+#: freeculture.xml:6565
msgid ""
"Norms are a different kind of constraint. They, too, punish an individual "
"for violating a rule. But the punishment of a norm is imposed by a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6576 freeculture.xml:6625 freeculture.xml:6719 freeculture.xml:6760 freeculture.xml:9885 freeculture.xml:10119
+#: freeculture.xml:6575 freeculture.xml:6624 freeculture.xml:6718 freeculture.xml:6759 freeculture.xml:9885 freeculture.xml:10119
msgid "market constraints"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6578
+#: freeculture.xml:6577
msgid ""
"The market is a third type of constraint. Its constraint is effected through "
"conditions: You can do X if you pay Y; you'll be paid M if you do N. These "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6587 freeculture.xml:6624 freeculture.xml:6677 freeculture.xml:6718 freeculture.xml:6742
+#: freeculture.xml:6586 freeculture.xml:6623 freeculture.xml:6676 freeculture.xml:6717 freeculture.xml:6741
msgid "architecture, constraint effected through"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6589
+#: freeculture.xml:6588
msgid ""
"Finally, and for the moment, perhaps, most mysteriously, "
"<quote>architecture</quote>—the physical world as one finds "
#. PAGE BREAK 134
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6610
+#: freeculture.xml:6609
msgid ""
"So the first point about these four modalities of regulation is obvious: "
"They interact. Restrictions imposed by one might be reinforced by "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6616
+#: freeculture.xml:6615
msgid ""
"The second point follows directly: If we want to understand the effective "
"freedom that anyone has at a given moment to do any particular thing, we "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6627
+#: freeculture.xml:6626
msgid "driving speed, constraints on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6628
+#: freeculture.xml:6627
msgid "speeding, constraints on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6630
+#: freeculture.xml:6629
msgid ""
"So, for example, consider the <quote>freedom</quote> to drive a car at a "
"high speed. That freedom is in part restricted by laws: speed limits that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6648
+#: freeculture.xml:6647
msgid ""
"By describing the way law affects the other three modalities, I don't mean "
"to suggest that the other three don't affect law. Obviously, they do. Law's "
#. PAGE BREAK 135
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6644
+#: freeculture.xml:6643
msgid ""
"The final point about this simple model should also be fairly clear: While "
"these four modalities are analytically independent, law has a special role "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:6674
+#: freeculture.xml:6673
msgid ""
"<graphic fileref=\"images/1361.svg\" align=\"center\" "
"width=\"45%\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6716
+#: freeculture.xml:6715
msgid "Americans with Disabilities Act (1990)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6717
+#: freeculture.xml:6716
msgid "Commons, John R."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6687
+#: freeculture.xml:6686
msgid ""
"Some people object to this way of talking about <quote>liberty.</quote> They "
"object because their focus when considering the constraints that exist at "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6679
+#: freeculture.xml:6678
msgid ""
"These constraints can thus change, and they can be changed. To understand "
"the effective protection of liberty or protection of property at any "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:6725
+#: freeculture.xml:6724
msgid "Why Hollywood Is Right"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6726 freeculture.xml:7103
+#: freeculture.xml:6725 freeculture.xml:7102
msgid "four regulatory modalities on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6728
+#: freeculture.xml:6727
msgid ""
"The most obvious point that this model reveals is just why, or just how, "
"Hollywood is right. The copyright warriors have rallied Congress and the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6734
+#: freeculture.xml:6733
msgid "Let's say this is the picture of copyright's regulation before the Internet:"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 136
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6747
+#: freeculture.xml:6746
msgid ""
"There is balance between law, norms, market, and architecture. The law "
"limits the ability to copy and share content, by imposing penalties on those "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6758
+#: freeculture.xml:6757
msgid "copyright regulatory balance lost with"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6759
+#: freeculture.xml:6758
msgid "regulatory balance lost in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6761
+#: freeculture.xml:6760
msgid "MP3s"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6763
+#: freeculture.xml:6762
msgid ""
"Enter the Internet, or, more precisely, technologies such as MP3s and p2p "
"sharing. Now the constraint of architecture changes dramatically, as does "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6772 freeculture.xml:7621 freeculture.xml:7930
+#: freeculture.xml:6771 freeculture.xml:7621 freeculture.xml:7930
msgid "technology"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6772
+#: freeculture.xml:6771
msgid "established industries threatened by changes in"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 137
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6774
+#: freeculture.xml:6773
msgid ""
"Thus the sense of, and justification for, the warriors' response. "
"Technology has changed, the warriors say, and the effect of this change, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:6785
+#: freeculture.xml:6784
msgid ""
"<graphic fileref=\"images/1381.svg\" align=\"center\" "
"width=\"45%\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6788
+#: freeculture.xml:6787
msgid "Commerce, U.S. Department of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6789 freeculture.xml:9876
+#: freeculture.xml:6788 freeculture.xml:9876
msgid "as establishment protectionism"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6791
+#: freeculture.xml:6790
msgid ""
"Neither this analysis nor the conclusions that follow are new to the "
"warriors. Indeed, in a <quote>White Paper</quote> prepared by the Commerce "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6804 freeculture.xml:6944
+#: freeculture.xml:6803 freeculture.xml:6943
msgid "farming"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6805
+#: freeculture.xml:6804
msgid "steel industry"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 138
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6807
+#: freeculture.xml:6806
msgid ""
"This mixed strategy is just what copyright needed—if it was to "
"preserve the particular balance that existed before the change induced by "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6827
+#: freeculture.xml:6826
msgid ""
"Thus, there's nothing wrong or surprising in the content industry's campaign "
"to protect itself from the harmful consequences of a technological "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6840
+#: freeculture.xml:6839
msgid "railroad industry"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6841
+#: freeculture.xml:6840
msgid "remote channel changers"
msgstr ""
#. f5
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6851
+#: freeculture.xml:6850
msgid ""
"See Geoffrey Smith, <quote>Film vs. Digital: Can Kodak Build a "
"Bridge?</quote> BusinessWeek online, 2 August 1999, available at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6843
+#: freeculture.xml:6842
msgid ""
"But just because a particular interest asks for government support, it "
"doesn't follow that support should be granted. And just because technology "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6872
+#: freeculture.xml:6871
msgid "free market, technological changes in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6873 freeculture.xml:15632
+#: freeculture.xml:6872 freeculture.xml:15632
msgid "Brezhnev, Leonid"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6876 freeculture.xml:13821
+#: freeculture.xml:6875 freeculture.xml:13821
msgid "Gates, Bill"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6877 freeculture.xml:7895
+#: freeculture.xml:6876 freeculture.xml:7895
msgid "market competition"
msgstr ""
#. f6
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6890
+#: freeculture.xml:6889
msgid ""
"Fred Warshofsky, <citetitle>The Patent Wars</citetitle> (New York: Wiley, "
"1994), 170–71."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6880
+#: freeculture.xml:6879
msgid ""
"The obvious answer to these obviously rhetorical questions is no. In a free "
"society, with a free market, supported by free enterprise and free trade, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6901
+#: freeculture.xml:6900
msgid ""
"Thus, while it is understandable for industries threatened with new "
"technologies that change the way they do business to look to the government "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6912
+#: freeculture.xml:6911
msgid "speech, freedom of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6912
+#: freeculture.xml:6911
msgid "constitutional guarantee of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6914
+#: freeculture.xml:6913
msgid ""
"In the context of laws regulating speech—which include, obviously, "
"copyright law—that duty is even stronger. When the industry "
#. PAGE BREAK 140
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6930
+#: freeculture.xml:6929
msgid ""
"My argument just now, however, has nothing to do with whether the changes "
"that are being pushed by the copyright warriors are "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6939
+#: freeculture.xml:6938
msgid "Here's the metaphor that will capture the argument to follow."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6941
+#: freeculture.xml:6940
msgid "Müller, Paul Hermann"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6942
+#: freeculture.xml:6941
msgid "DDT"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6943
+#: freeculture.xml:6942
msgid "insecticide, environmental consequences of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6946
+#: freeculture.xml:6945
msgid ""
"In 1873, the chemical DDT was first synthesized. In 1948, Swiss chemist Paul "
"Hermann Müller won the Nobel Prize for his work demonstrating the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6953
+#: freeculture.xml:6952
msgid ""
"No one doubts that killing disease-carrying pests or increasing crop "
"production is a good thing. No one doubts that the work of Müller was "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6957
+#: freeculture.xml:6956
msgid "Carson, Rachel"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6958
+#: freeculture.xml:6957
msgid "Silent Spring (Carson)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6959
+#: freeculture.xml:6958
msgid "environmentalism"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6961
+#: freeculture.xml:6960
msgid ""
"But in 1962, Rachel Carson published <citetitle>Silent Spring</citetitle>, "
"which argued that DDT, whatever its primary benefits, was also having "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6967
+#: freeculture.xml:6966
msgid ""
"No one set out to destroy the environment. Paul Müller certainly did not aim "
"to harm any birds. But the effort to solve one set of problems produced "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6976
+#: freeculture.xml:6975
msgid "Boyle, James"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6977
+#: freeculture.xml:6976
msgid "innovative freedom balanced with fair compensation in"
msgstr ""
#. f7
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6983
+#: freeculture.xml:6982
msgid ""
"See, for example, James Boyle, <quote>A Politics of Intellectual Property: "
"Environmentalism for the Net?</quote> <citetitle>Duke Law "
#. PAGE BREAK 141
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6979
+#: freeculture.xml:6978
msgid ""
"It is to this image precisely that Duke University law professor James Boyle "
"appeals when he argues that we need an <quote>environmentalism</quote> for "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7001
+#: freeculture.xml:7000
msgid ""
"My argument, in the balance of this chapter, tries to map exactly this "
"effect. No doubt the technology of the Internet has had a dramatic effect on "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7013
+#: freeculture.xml:7012
msgid ""
"In a line: To kill a gnat, we are spraying DDT with consequences for free "
"culture that will be far more devastating than that this gnat will be lost."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7022
+#: freeculture.xml:7021
msgid "Beginnings"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7023
+#: freeculture.xml:7022
msgid "on creative property"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7024 freeculture.xml:11549
+#: freeculture.xml:7023 freeculture.xml:11549
msgid "copyright purpose established in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7025 freeculture.xml:11247 freeculture.xml:12364
+#: freeculture.xml:7024 freeculture.xml:11247 freeculture.xml:12364
msgid "Progress Clause of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7026 freeculture.xml:11550
+#: freeculture.xml:7025 freeculture.xml:11550
msgid "constitutional purpose of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7028
+#: freeculture.xml:7027
msgid "constitutional tradition on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7029 freeculture.xml:11248 freeculture.xml:12362
+#: freeculture.xml:7028 freeculture.xml:11248 freeculture.xml:12362
msgid "Progress Clause"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7032
+#: freeculture.xml:7031
msgid ""
"America copied English copyright law. Actually, we copied and improved "
"English copyright law. Our Constitution makes the purpose of <quote>creative "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7037 freeculture.xml:12361
+#: freeculture.xml:7036 freeculture.xml:12361
msgid "in constitutional Progress Clause"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7039
+#: freeculture.xml:7038
msgid ""
"The power to establish <quote>creative property</quote> rights is granted to "
"Congress in a way that, for our Constitution, at least, is very odd. Article "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7045
+#: freeculture.xml:7044
msgid ""
"Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, "
"by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7053
+#: freeculture.xml:7052
msgid ""
"We can call this the <quote>Progress Clause,</quote> for notice what this "
"clause does not say. It does not say Congress has the power to grant "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7062
+#: freeculture.xml:7061
msgid "history of American"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7064
+#: freeculture.xml:7063
msgid ""
"The Progress Clause expressly limits the term of copyrights. As we saw in "
"chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"founders\"/>, the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7073
+#: freeculture.xml:7072
msgid "Senate, U.S."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7074
+#: freeculture.xml:7073
msgid "structural checks and balances of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7075
+#: freeculture.xml:7074
msgid "electoral college"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7077
+#: freeculture.xml:7076
msgid ""
"The design of the Progress Clause reflects something about the "
"Constitution's design in general. To avoid a problem, the framers built "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7094
+#: freeculture.xml:7093
msgid ""
"I doubt the framers would recognize the regulation we call "
"<quote>copyright</quote> today. The scope of that regulation is far beyond "
#. PAGE BREAK 143
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7105
+#: freeculture.xml:7104
msgid ""
"Some of these changes come from the law: some in light of changes in "
"technology, and some in light of changes in technology given a particular "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7116
+#: freeculture.xml:7115
msgid "We will end here:"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7120
+#: freeculture.xml:7119
msgid ""
"<graphic fileref=\"images/1442.svg\" align=\"center\" "
"width=\"45%\"></graphic>"
#. PAGE BREAK 144
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7123
+#: freeculture.xml:7122
msgid "Let me explain how."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7128
+#: freeculture.xml:7127
msgid "Law: Duration"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7131 freeculture.xml:7424
+#: freeculture.xml:7130 freeculture.xml:7424
msgid "Copyright Act (1790)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7132
+#: freeculture.xml:7131
msgid "common law protections of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7133
+#: freeculture.xml:7132
msgid "balance of U.S. content in"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7143
+#: freeculture.xml:7142
msgid ""
"William W. Crosskey, <citetitle>Politics and the Constitution in the History "
"of the United States</citetitle> (London: Cambridge University Press, 1953), "
-"vol. 1, 485–86: <quote>extinguish[ing], by plain implication of `the "
-"supreme Law of the Land,' <emphasis>the perpetual rights which authors had, "
-"or were supposed by some to have, under the Common Law</emphasis></quote> "
-"(emphasis added). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"vol. 1, 485–86: <quote>extinguish[ing], by plain implication of "
+"<quote>the supreme Law of the Land,</quote> <emphasis>the perpetual rights "
+"which authors had, or were supposed by some to have, under the Common "
+"Law</emphasis></quote> (emphasis added). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
+"id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7135
+#: freeculture.xml:7134
msgid ""
"When the first Congress enacted laws to protect creative property, it faced "
"the same uncertainty about the status of creative property that the English "
"<citetitle>blind</citetitle>. They think he's just thick. Indeed, as they "
"increasingly notice the things he can't do (hear the sound of grass being "
"stepped on, for example), they increasingly try to control him. He, in turn, "
-"becomes increasingly frustrated. <quote>`You don't understand,' he cried, in "
-"a voice that was meant to be great and resolute, and which broke. `You are "
-"blind and I can see. Leave me alone!'</quote>"
+"becomes increasingly frustrated. <quote><quote>You don't understand,</quote> "
+"he cried, in a voice that was meant to be great and resolute, and which "
+"broke. <quote>You are blind and I can see. Leave me alone!</quote></quote>"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 187
msgid ""
"The bill, modeled after California's tort reform model, was passed in the "
"House of Representatives but defeated in a Senate vote in July 2003. For an "
-"overview, see Tanya Albert, <quote>Measure Stalls in Senate: `We'll Be "
-"Back,' Say Tort Reformers,</quote> amednews.com, 28 July 2003, available at "
-"<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #38</ulink>, and "
-"<quote>Senate Turns Back Malpractice Caps,</quote> CBSNews.com, 9 July 2003, "
-"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
+"overview, see Tanya Albert, <quote>Measure Stalls in Senate: <quote>We'll Be "
+"Back,</quote> Say Tort Reformers,</quote> amednews.com, 28 July 2003, "
+"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #38</ulink>, "
+"and <quote>Senate Turns Back Malpractice Caps,</quote> CBSNews.com, 9 July "
+"
2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
"#39</ulink>. President Bush has continued to urge tort reform in recent "
"months. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder "
"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
"See Frank Ahrens, <quote>RIAA's Lawsuits Meet Surprised Targets; Single "
"Mother in Calif., 12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. Among Defendants,</quote> "
"<citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, 10 September 2003, E1; Chris Cobbs, "
-"<quote>Worried Parents Pull Plug on File `Stealing'; With the Music Industry "
-"Cracking Down on File Swapping, Parents are Yanking Software from Home PCs "
-"to Avoid Being Sued,</quote> <citetitle>Orlando Sentinel "
+"<quote>Worried Parents Pull Plug on File <quote>Stealing</quote>; With the "
+"Music Industry Cracking Down on File Swapping, Parents are Yanking Software "
+"from Home PCs to Avoid Being Sued,</quote> <citetitle>Orlando Sentinel "
"Tribune</citetitle>, 30 August 2003, C1; Jefferson Graham, <quote>Recording "
"Industry Sues Parents,</quote> <citetitle>USA Today</citetitle>, 15 "
"September 2003, 4D; John Schwartz, <quote>She Says She's No Music Pirate. No "
"Weekly, 1; Frank Ahrens, <quote>Four Students Sued over Music Sites; "
"Industry Group Targets File Sharing at Colleges,</quote> "
"<citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, 4 April 2003, E1; Elizabeth "
-"Armstrong, <quote>Students `Rip, Mix, Burn' at Their Own Risk,</quote> "
-"<citetitle>Christian Science Monitor</citetitle>, 2 September 2003, 20; "
-"Robert Becker and Angela Rozas, <quote>Music Pirate Hunt Turns to Loyola; "
-"Two Students Names Are Handed Over; Lawsuit Possible,</quote> "
+"Armstrong, <quote>Students <quote>Rip, Mix, Burn</quote> at Their Own "
+"Risk,</quote> <citetitle>Christian Science Monitor</citetitle>, 2 September "
+"2003, 20; Robert Becker and Angela Rozas, <quote>Music Pirate Hunt Turns to "
+"Loyola; Two Students Names Are Handed Over; Lawsuit Possible,</quote> "
"<citetitle>Chicago Tribune</citetitle>, 16 July 2003, 1C; Beth Cox, "
"<quote>RIAA Trains Antipiracy Guns on Universities,</quote> "
"<citetitle>Internet News</citetitle>, 30 January 2003, available at <ulink "
msgid ""
"<quote>Well,</quote> the adviser says, <quote>if you're confident that you "
"will continue to get at least $100,000 a year from these copyrights, and you "
-"use the `discount rate' that we use to evaluate estate investments (6 "
-"percent), then this law would be worth $1,146,000 to the estate.</quote>"
+"use the <quote>discount rate</quote> that we use to evaluate estate "
+"investments (6 percent), then this law would be worth $1,146,000 to the "
+"estate.</quote>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
#: freeculture.xml:11379
msgid ""
"<quote>Absolutely,</quote> the adviser responds. <quote>It is worth it to "
-"you to contribute up to the `present value' of the income you expect from "
-"these copyrights. Which for us means over $1,000,000.</quote>"
+"you to contribute up to the <quote>present value</quote> of the income you "
+"expect from these copyrights. Which for us means over $1,000,000.</quote>"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 225
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
#: freeculture.xml:11955
msgid ""
-"Jason Schultz, <quote>The Myth of the 1976 Copyright `Chaos' Theory,</quote> "
-"20 December 2002, available at <ulink "
+"Jason Schultz, <quote>The Myth of the 1976 Copyright <quote>Chaos</quote> "
+"
Theory,</quote> 20 December 2002, available at <ulink "
"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #54</ulink>."
msgstr ""
"Jonathan Krim, <quote>The Quiet War over Open-Source,</quote> "
"<citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, August 2003, E1, available at <ulink "
"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #59</ulink>; William New, "
-"<quote>Global Group's Shift on `Open Source' Meeting Spurs Stir,</quote> "
-"<citetitle>National Journal's Technology Daily</citetitle>, 19 August 2003, "
-"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #60</ulink>; "
-"William New, <quote>U.S. Official Opposes `Open Source' Talks at "
-"WIPO,</quote> <citetitle>National Journal's Technology Daily</citetitle>, 19 "
+"<quote>Global Group's Shift on <quote>Open Source</quote> Meeting Spurs "
+"Stir,</quote> <citetitle>National Journal's Technology Daily</citetitle>, 19 "
"August 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
-"#61</ulink>."
+"#60</ulink>; William New, <quote>U.S. Official Opposes <quote>Open "
+"Source</quote> Talks at WIPO,</quote> <citetitle>National Journal's "
+"Technology Daily</citetitle>, 19 August 2003, available at <ulink "
+"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #61</ulink>."
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 270
projects / text-free-culture-lessig.git / commitdiff