From: Petter Reinholdtsen Date: Wed, 16 Sep 2015 22:11:13 +0000 (+0200) Subject: Correct nested quotes in the docbook source and adjust po file for this. X-Git-Tag: edition-2015-10-10~66 X-Git-Url: https://pere.pagekite.me/gitweb/text-free-culture-lessig.git/commitdiff_plain/7604c5cac2980efa38630efba6fa10a07a4d620a Correct nested quotes in the docbook source and adjust po file for this. --- diff --git a/freeculture.nb.po b/freeculture.nb.po index 1a45c79..13b75ff 100644 --- a/freeculture.nb.po +++ b/freeculture.nb.po @@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: Free Culture by Lawrence Lessig\n" -"POT-Creation-Date: 2015-09-15 10:44+0200\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2015-09-17 00:07+0200\n" "PO-Revision-Date: 2015-09-15 12:30+0000\n" "Last-Translator: Petter Reinholdtsen \n" "Language-Team: Norwegian BokmÃ¥l (http://www.transifex.com/pere/free-culture-" @@ -164,22 +164,17 @@ msgstr "" "Posner ved USAs syvende ankekrets." #. testing different ways to tag the cover page -#. -#. -#. -#. -#. -#. -#. -#. -#. #. type: Content of: msgid "" " " +"cover-front-72dpi.png\" format=\"PNG\" width=\"444\" /> " +" " +" " +" " msgstr "" -" " #. LCCN from #. http://catalog.loc.gov/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?v3=1&DB=local&CMD=010a+2003063276&CNT=10+records+per+page @@ -4103,12 +4098,13 @@ msgid "" "a tool and empowered them to be able to both understand it and talk about it," " Barish explained. That tool succeeded in creating expression—" "far more successfully and powerfully than could have been created using only " -"text. If you had said to these students, `you have to do it in text,' " -"they would've just thrown their hands up and gone and done something else, Barish described, in part, no doubt, because expressing themselves in " -"text is not something these students can do well. Yet neither is text a form " -"in which these ideas can be expressed well. The power " -"of this message depended upon its connection to this form of expression." +"text. If you had said to these students, you have to do it in " +"text, they would've just thrown their hands up and gone and done " +"something else, Barish described, in part, no doubt, because " +"expressing themselves in text is not something these students can do well. " +"Yet neither is text a form in which these ideas can be " +"expressed well. The power of this message depended upon its connection to " +"this form of expression." msgstr "" "Ved Ã¥ bruke hva som helst av fritt tilgjengelig web-stoff de kunne " "finne, og relativt enkle verktøy som gjorde det mulig for ungene Ã¥ " @@ -5819,12 +5815,12 @@ msgid "" "The Napsters of those days, the independents, were companies " "like Fox. And no less than today, these independents were vigorously " "resisted. Shooting was disrupted by machinery stolen, and " -"`accidents' resulting in loss of negatives, equipment, buildings and " -"sometimes life and limb frequently occurred. That led the independents to flee the East Coast. " -"California was remote enough from Edison's reach that filmmakers there could " -"pirate his inventions without fear of the law. And the leaders of Hollywood " -"filmmaking, Fox most prominently, did just that." +"accidents resulting in loss of negatives, equipment, " +"buildings and sometimes life and limb frequently occurred. That led the independents to " +"flee the East Coast. California was remote enough from Edison's reach that " +"filmmakers there could pirate his inventions without fear of the law. And " +"the leaders of Hollywood filmmaking, Fox most prominently, did just that." msgstr "" "Napsterne i de dager, de uavhengige, var selskaper som Fox. " "Og ikke mindre enn i dag ble disse uavhengige intenst motarbeidet. " @@ -6094,10 +6090,11 @@ msgid "" "of sheet music. In any case, the " "innovators argued, the job of Congress was to consider first the " "interest of [the public], whom they represent, and whose servants they are. All talk about `theft,' the general counsel of the " -"American Graphophone Company wrote, is the merest claptrap, for there " -"exists no property in ideas musical, literary or artistic, except as defined " -"by statute." +"quote> All talk about theft, the general " +"counsel of the American Graphophone Company wrote, is the merest " +"claptrap, for there exists no property in ideas musical, literary or " +"artistic, except as defined by statute." msgstr "" "Disse argumentene høres omtrent ut som argumentene fra vÃ¥re dager. Det samme " "gjør argumentene fra den andre siden. Oppfinnerne som utviklet det " @@ -7649,11 +7646,11 @@ msgstr "U.S. Congress, Copyright and Home Copying, 4." msgid "" "Yet soon thereafter, and before Congress was given an opportunity to enact " "regulation, MTV was launched, and the industry had a record turnaround. " -"In the end, Cap Gemini concludes, the `crisis' " -"… was not the fault of the tapers—who did not [stop after MTV " -"came into being]—but had to a large extent resulted from stagnation in " -"musical innovation at the major labels." +"In the end, Cap Gemini concludes, the crisis … was not the fault of the tapers—who did not [stop " +"after MTV came into being]—but had to a large extent resulted from " +"stagnation in musical innovation at the major labels." msgstr "" "Ikke lenge etterpÃ¥, og før kongressen fikk muligheten til Ã¥ innføre " "reguleringer, ble MTV lansert, og industrien fikk et rekordoppsving. " @@ -8388,24 +8385,24 @@ msgid "" "MPAA president Jack Valenti became the studios' most vocal champion. Valenti " "called VCRs tapeworms. He warned, When there are 20, " "30, 40 million of these VCRs in the land, we will be invaded by millions of " -"`tapeworms,' eating away at the very heart and essence of the most precious " -"asset the copyright owner has, his copyright. One does not have to be trained in " -"sophisticated marketing and creative judgment, he told Congress, " -"to understand the devastation on the after-theater marketplace caused " -"by the hundreds of millions of tapings that will adversely impact on the " -"future of the creative community in this country. It is simply a question of " -"basic economics and plain common sense. Indeed, as surveys would later show, 45 percent of VCR owners " -"had movie libraries of ten videos or more — a use the Court would later hold was not fair. By allowing VCR owners to copy freely by the means of an " -"exemption from copyright infringement without creating a mechanism to " -"compensate copyright owners, Valenti testified, Congress would " -"take from the owners the very essence of their property: the " -"exclusive right to control who may use their work, that is, who may copy it " -"and thereby profit from its reproduction." +"tapeworms, eating away at the very heart and essence of the " +"most precious asset the copyright owner has, his copyright. One does not have to " +"be trained in sophisticated marketing and creative judgment, he told " +"Congress, to understand the devastation on the after-theater " +"marketplace caused by the hundreds of millions of tapings that will " +"adversely impact on the future of the creative community in this country. It " +"is simply a question of basic economics and plain common sense. Indeed, as surveys would " +"later show, 45 percent of VCR owners had movie libraries of ten videos or " +"more — a use the Court would " +"later hold was not fair. By allowing VCR owners to " +"copy freely by the means of an exemption from copyright infringement without " +"creating a mechanism to compensate copyright owners, Valenti " +"testified, Congress would take from the owners the very essence of " +"their property: the exclusive right to control who may use their work, that " +"is, who may copy it and thereby profit from its reproduction." msgstr "" "MPAA-presidenten Jack Valenti ble studioenes mest synlige forkjemper. " "Valenti kalte videospillerne for bÃ¥ndormer (engelsk: " @@ -8762,10 +8759,10 @@ msgid "" "All this hand waving about balance and incentives, they say, " "misses a fundamental point. Our content, the warriors insist, " "is our property. Why should we wait for Congress " -"to `rebalance' our property rights? Do you have to wait before calling the " -"police when your car has been stolen? And why should Congress deliberate at " -"all about the merits of this theft? Do we ask whether the car thief had a " -"good use for the car before we arrest him?" +"to rebalance our property rights? Do you have to wait before " +"calling the police when your car has been stolen? And why should Congress " +"deliberate at all about the merits of this theft? Do we ask whether the car " +"thief had a good use for the car before we arrest him?" msgstr "" "Men nÃ¥r noen begynner Ã¥ snakke om " "balanse, kommer opphavsrettskrigerne med et annet argument. " @@ -13425,10 +13422,11 @@ msgstr "Crosskey, William W." msgid "" "William W. Crosskey, Politics and the Constitution in the History " "of the United States (London: Cambridge University Press, 1953), " -"vol. 1, 485–86: extinguish[ing], by plain implication of `the " -"supreme Law of the Land,' the perpetual rights which authors had, " -"or were supposed by some to have, under the Common Law " -"(emphasis added). " +"vol. 1, 485–86: extinguish[ing], by plain implication of " +"the supreme Law of the Land, the perpetual rights " +"which authors had, or were supposed by some to have, under the Common Law (emphasis added). " msgstr "" "William W. Crosskey, Politics and the Constitution in the History " "of the United States (London: Cambridge University Press, 1953), " @@ -17405,9 +17403,9 @@ msgid "" "he's just thick. Indeed, as they increasingly notice the things he can't do " "(hear the sound of grass being stepped on, for example), they increasingly " "try to control him. He, in turn, becomes increasingly frustrated. " -"`You don't understand,' he cried, in a voice that was meant to be " -"great and resolute, and which broke. `You are blind and I can see. Leave me " -"alone!'" +"You don't understand, he cried, in a voice that was " +"meant to be great and resolute, and which broke. You are blind and I " +"can see. Leave me alone!" msgstr "" "Ting blir ikke helt som han har planlagt. Han forsøker Ã¥ forklare idéen om " "syn til landsbyboerne. De forstÃ¥r ikke. Han forteller dem at de er " @@ -18088,23 +18086,23 @@ msgstr "Bush, George W." msgid "" "The bill, modeled after California's tort reform model, was passed in the " "House of Representatives but defeated in a Senate vote in July 2003. For an " -"overview, see Tanya Albert, Measure Stalls in Senate: `We'll Be " -"Back,' Say Tort Reformers, amednews.com, 28 July 2003, available at " -"link #38, and " -"Senate Turns Back Malpractice Caps, CBSNews.com, 9 July 2003, " -"available at link #39. " -"President Bush has continued to urge tort reform in recent months. " +"overview, see Tanya Albert, Measure Stalls in Senate: We'll Be " +"Back, Say Tort Reformers, amednews.com, 28 July 2003, " +"available at link #38, " +"and Senate Turns Back Malpractice Caps, CBSNews.com, 9 July " +"2003, available at link #39. President Bush has continued to urge tort reform in recent months. " " " msgstr "" "Lovforslaget, som var modellert etter Californias erstatningsrettsreform-" "modell, ble vedtatt i Representantenes hus, men stoppet i Senatet i juli " "2003. For en oversikt, se Tanya Albert, Measure Stalls in Senate: " -"`We'll Be Back,' Say Tort Reformers, amednews.com, 28. juli 2003, " -"tilgjengelig fra link #38, og Senate Turns Back Malpractice Caps, CBSNews.com, " -"9. juli 2003, tilgjengelig fra link #39. President Bush har fortsatt Ã¥ argumentere for " +"We'll Be Back, Say Tort Reformers, amednews.com, 28. " +"juli 2003, tilgjengelig fra link #38, og Senate Turns Back Malpractice Caps, " +"CBSNews.com, 9. juli 2003, tilgjengelig fra link #39. President Bush har fortsatt Ã¥ argumentere for " "erstatningsrettsreform de siste mÃ¥nedene. " @@ -20221,28 +20219,28 @@ msgid "" "See Frank Ahrens, RIAA's Lawsuits Meet Surprised Targets; Single " "Mother in Calif., 12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. Among Defendants, " "Washington Post, 10 September 2003, E1; Chris Cobbs, " -"Worried Parents Pull Plug on File `Stealing'; With the Music Industry " -"Cracking Down on File Swapping, Parents are Yanking Software from Home PCs " -"to Avoid Being Sued, Orlando Sentinel Tribune, 30 August 2003, C1; Jefferson Graham, Recording Industry " -"Sues Parents, USA Today, 15 September 2003, " -"4D; John Schwartz, She Says She's No Music Pirate. No Snoop Fan, " -"Either, New York Times, 25 September 2003, " -"C1; Margo Varadi, Is Brianna a Criminal? Toronto " -"Star, 18 September 2003, P7." +"Worried Parents Pull Plug on File Stealing; With the " +"Music Industry Cracking Down on File Swapping, Parents are Yanking Software " +"from Home PCs to Avoid Being Sued, Orlando Sentinel " +"Tribune, 30 August 2003, C1; Jefferson Graham, Recording " +"Industry Sues Parents, USA Today, 15 " +"September 2003, 4D; John Schwartz, She Says She's No Music Pirate. No " +"Snoop Fan, Either, New York Times, 25 " +"September 2003, C1; Margo Varadi, Is Brianna a Criminal? " +"Toronto Star, 18 September 2003, P7." msgstr "" "Se Frank Ahrens, RIAA's Lawsuits Meet Surprised Targets; Single " "Mother in Calif., 12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. Among Defendants, " "Washington Post, 10. september 2003, E1; Chris Cobbs, " -"Worried Parents Pull Plug on File `Stealing'; With the Music Industry " -"Cracking Down on File Swapping, Parents are Yanking Software from Home PCs " -"to Avoid Being Sued, Orlando Sentinel Tribune, 30. august 2003, C1; Jefferson Graham, Recording Industry " -"Sues Parents, USA Today, 15. september 2003, " -"4D; John Schwartz, She Says She's No Music Pirate. No Snoop Fan, " -"Either, New York Times, 25. september 2003, " -"C1; Margo Varadi, Is Brianna a Criminal? Toronto " -"Star, 18. september 2003, P7." +"Worried Parents Pull Plug on File Stealing; With the " +"Music Industry Cracking Down on File Swapping, Parents are Yanking Software " +"from Home PCs to Avoid Being Sued, Orlando Sentinel " +"Tribune, 30. august 2003, C1; Jefferson Graham, Recording " +"Industry Sues Parents, USA Today, 15. " +"september 2003, 4D; John Schwartz, She Says She's No Music Pirate. No " +"Snoop Fan, Either, New York Times, 25. " +"september 2003, C1; Margo Varadi, Is Brianna a Criminal? " +"Toronto Star, 18. september 2003, P7." #. type: Content of:
msgid "" @@ -20302,32 +20300,34 @@ msgid "" "quote> Boston Globe, 18 May 2003, City Weekly, 1; " "Frank Ahrens, Four Students Sued over Music Sites; Industry Group " "Targets File Sharing at Colleges, Washington Post, 4 April 2003, E1; Elizabeth Armstrong, Students `Rip, " -"Mix, Burn' at Their Own Risk, Christian Science Monitor, 2 September 2003, 20; Robert Becker and Angela Rozas, " -"Music Pirate Hunt Turns to Loyola; Two Students Names Are Handed " -"Over; Lawsuit Possible, Chicago Tribune, 16 " -"July 2003, 1C; Beth Cox, RIAA Trains Antipiracy Guns on Universities," -" Internet News, 30 January 2003, available at " -"link #48; Benny " -"Evangelista, Download Warning 101: Freshman Orientation This Fall to " -"Include Record Industry Warnings Against File Sharing, " -"San Francisco Chronicle, 11 August 2003, E11; " -"Raid, Letters Are Weapons at Universities, USA " -"Today, 26 September 2000, 3D." +"citetitle>, 4 April 2003, E1; Elizabeth Armstrong, Students " +"Rip, Mix, Burn at Their Own Risk, " +"Christian Science Monitor, 2 September 2003, 20; " +"Robert Becker and Angela Rozas, Music Pirate Hunt Turns to Loyola; " +"Two Students Names Are Handed Over; Lawsuit Possible, " +"Chicago Tribune, 16 July 2003, 1C; Beth Cox, " +"RIAA Trains Antipiracy Guns on Universities, " +"Internet News, 30 January 2003, available at link #48; Benny Evangelista, " +"Download Warning 101: Freshman Orientation This Fall to Include " +"Record Industry Warnings Against File Sharing, San " +"Francisco Chronicle, 11 August 2003, E11; Raid, Letters " +"Are Weapons at Universities, USA Today, 26 " +"September 2000, 3D." msgstr "" "Se Jeff Adler, Cambridge: On Campus, Pirates Are Not Penitent, Boston Globe, 18. mai 2003, City Weekly, 1; " "Frank Ahrens, Four Students Sued over Music Sites; Industry Group " "Targets File Sharing at Colleges, Washington Post, 4. april 2003, E1; Elizabeth Armstrong, Students `Rip, " -"Mix, Burn' at Their Own Risk, Christian Science Monitor, 2. september 2003, 20; Robert Becker and Angela Rozas, " -"Music Pirate Hunt Turns to Loyola; Two Students Names Are Handed " -"Over; Lawsuit Possible, Chicago Tribune, 16. " -"juli 2003, 1C; Beth Cox, RIAA Trains Antipiracy Guns on Universities," -" Internet News, 30. januar 2003, tilgjengelig " -"fra link #48; Benny " +"citetitle>, 4. april 2003, E1; Elizabeth Armstrong, Students " +"Rip, Mix, Burn at Their Own Risk, " +"Christian Science Monitor, 2. september 2003, 20; " +"Robert Becker and Angela Rozas, Music Pirate Hunt Turns to Loyola; " +"Two Students Names Are Handed Over; Lawsuit Possible, " +"Chicago Tribune, 16. juli 2003, 1C; Beth Cox, " +"RIAA Trains Antipiracy Guns on Universities, " +"Internet News, 30. januar 2003, tilgjengelig fra " +"link #48; Benny " "Evangelista, Download Warning 101: Freshman Orientation This Fall to " "Include Record Industry Warnings Against File Sharing, " "San Francisco Chronicle, 11. august 2003, E11; " @@ -21015,8 +21015,9 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "Well, the adviser says, if you're confident that you " "will continue to get at least $100,000 a year from these copyrights, and you " -"use the `discount rate' that we use to evaluate estate investments (6 " -"percent), then this law would be worth $1,146,000 to the estate." +"use the discount rate that we use to evaluate estate " +"investments (6 percent), then this law would be worth $1,146,000 to the " +"estate." msgstr "" "Vel, sier rÃ¥dgiveren og fortsetter, hvis du er sikker " "pÃ¥ at du vil fortsette Ã¥ fÃ¥ minst 100 000 dollar i Ã¥ret for disse " @@ -21045,8 +21046,8 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: msgid "" "Absolutely, the adviser responds. It is worth it to " -"you to contribute up to the `present value' of the income you expect from " -"these copyrights. Which for us means over $1,000,000." +"you to contribute up to the present value of the income you " +"expect from these copyrights. Which for us means over $1,000,000." msgstr "" "Absolutt, svarer rÃ¥dgiveren. Det er verdt det hvis du " "bidrar med opp til dagens verdi av inntektene du forventer fra disse " @@ -22079,13 +22080,13 @@ msgstr "" #. f13. #. type: Content of: msgid "" -"Jason Schultz, The Myth of the 1976 Copyright `Chaos' Theory, " -"20 December 2002, available at link #54." +"Jason Schultz, The Myth of the 1976 Copyright Chaos " +"Theory, 20 December 2002, available at link #54." msgstr "" -"Jason Schultz, The Myth of the 1976 Copyright `Chaos' Theory, " -"20. desember 2002, tilgjengelig fra link #54." +"Jason Schultz, The Myth of the 1976 Copyright Chaos " +"Theory, 20. desember 2002, tilgjengelig fra link #54." #. type: Content of: msgid "" @@ -25187,24 +25188,24 @@ msgid "" "Jonathan Krim, The Quiet War over Open-Source, " "Washington Post, August 2003, E1, available at link #59; William New, " -"Global Group's Shift on `Open Source' Meeting Spurs Stir, " -"National Journal's Technology Daily, 19 August 2003, " -"available at link #60; " -"William New, U.S. Official Opposes `Open Source' Talks at WIPO, National Journal's Technology Daily, 19 August " -"2003, available at link #61." +"Global Group's Shift on Open Source Meeting Spurs Stir," +" National Journal's Technology Daily, 19 " +"August 2003, available at link " +"#60; William New, U.S. Official Opposes Open Source Talks at WIPO, National Journal's Technology " +"Daily, 19 August 2003, available at link #61." msgstr "" "Jonathan Krim, The Quiet War over Open-Source, " "Washington Post, august 2003, E1, tilgjengelig fra " "link #59; William New, " -"Global Group's Shift on `Open Source' Meeting Spurs Stir, " -"National Journal's Technology Daily, 19. august 2003, " -"tilgjengelig fra link #60; William New, U.S. Official Opposes `Open Source' Talks at " -"WIPO, National Journal's Technology Daily, " -"19. august 2003, tilgjengelig fra link #61." +"Global Group's Shift on Open Source Meeting Spurs Stir," +" National Journal's Technology Daily, 19. " +"august 2003, tilgjengelig fra link #60; William New, U.S. Official Opposes Open " +"Source Talks at WIPO, National Journal's " +"Technology Daily, 19. august 2003, tilgjengelig fra link #61." #. PAGE BREAK 270 #. type: Content of: diff --git a/freeculture.pot b/freeculture.pot index cd7bb59..af1d453 100644 --- a/freeculture.pot +++ b/freeculture.pot @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n" -"POT-Creation-Date: 2015-09-16 11:19+0200\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2015-09-17 00:07+0200\n" "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n" "Last-Translator: FULL NAME \n" "Language-Team: LANGUAGE \n" @@ -235,7 +235,7 @@ msgid "Pogue, David" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:261 freeculture.xml:6525 freeculture.xml:6656 freeculture.xml:6720 +#: freeculture.xml:261 freeculture.xml:6524 freeculture.xml:6655 freeculture.xml:6719 msgid "Code (Lessig)" msgstr "" @@ -476,7 +476,7 @@ msgid "land ownership, air traffic and" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:427 freeculture.xml:4690 freeculture.xml:13849 freeculture.xml:14980 +#: freeculture.xml:427 freeculture.xml:4693 freeculture.xml:13849 freeculture.xml:14980 msgid "property rights" msgstr "" @@ -547,7 +547,7 @@ msgid "Douglas, William O." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:467 freeculture.xml:4579 freeculture.xml:5181 freeculture.xml:8954 freeculture.xml:12292 freeculture.xml:12293 freeculture.xml:14363 +#: freeculture.xml:467 freeculture.xml:4581 freeculture.xml:5184 freeculture.xml:8954 freeculture.xml:12292 freeculture.xml:12293 freeculture.xml:14363 msgid "Supreme Court, U.S." msgstr "" @@ -657,12 +657,12 @@ msgid "Faraday, Michael" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:546 freeculture.xml:3372 freeculture.xml:4314 freeculture.xml:6875 freeculture.xml:8666 freeculture.xml:10255 freeculture.xml:10303 +#: freeculture.xml:546 freeculture.xml:3373 freeculture.xml:4316 freeculture.xml:6874 freeculture.xml:8666 freeculture.xml:10255 freeculture.xml:10303 msgid "radio" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:546 freeculture.xml:6875 +#: freeculture.xml:546 freeculture.xml:6874 msgid "FM spectrum of" msgstr "" @@ -732,7 +732,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:598 freeculture.xml:6878 freeculture.xml:14115 +#: freeculture.xml:598 freeculture.xml:6877 freeculture.xml:14115 msgid "RCA" msgstr "" @@ -791,7 +791,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:630 freeculture.xml:6874 +#: freeculture.xml:630 freeculture.xml:6873 msgid "FM radio" msgstr "" @@ -913,12 +913,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:723 freeculture.xml:1097 freeculture.xml:2315 freeculture.xml:2352 freeculture.xml:2365 freeculture.xml:2449 freeculture.xml:2483 freeculture.xml:2509 freeculture.xml:2760 freeculture.xml:4184 freeculture.xml:6758 freeculture.xml:7620 freeculture.xml:7688 freeculture.xml:7976 freeculture.xml:10254 freeculture.xml:13580 freeculture.xml:14146 freeculture.xml:14147 freeculture.xml:14221 freeculture.xml:14752 +#: freeculture.xml:723 freeculture.xml:1097 freeculture.xml:2315 freeculture.xml:2352 freeculture.xml:2365 freeculture.xml:2449 freeculture.xml:2483 freeculture.xml:2509 freeculture.xml:2760 freeculture.xml:4186 freeculture.xml:6757 freeculture.xml:7620 freeculture.xml:7688 freeculture.xml:7976 freeculture.xml:10254 freeculture.xml:13580 freeculture.xml:14146 freeculture.xml:14147 freeculture.xml:14221 freeculture.xml:14752 msgid "Internet" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:723 freeculture.xml:4730 freeculture.xml:13580 freeculture.xml:14146 +#: freeculture.xml:723 freeculture.xml:4733 freeculture.xml:13580 freeculture.xml:14146 msgid "development of" msgstr "" @@ -979,7 +979,7 @@ msgid "culture" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:761 freeculture.xml:810 freeculture.xml:1701 freeculture.xml:5288 freeculture.xml:6527 freeculture.xml:14186 +#: freeculture.xml:761 freeculture.xml:810 freeculture.xml:1701 freeculture.xml:5291 freeculture.xml:6526 freeculture.xml:14186 msgid "free culture" msgstr "" @@ -1023,7 +1023,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:787 freeculture.xml:2856 freeculture.xml:2857 freeculture.xml:2884 freeculture.xml:2885 freeculture.xml:2886 freeculture.xml:4259 freeculture.xml:7851 freeculture.xml:9710 freeculture.xml:9711 freeculture.xml:9988 freeculture.xml:9989 freeculture.xml:9990 freeculture.xml:10033 +#: freeculture.xml:787 freeculture.xml:2856 freeculture.xml:2857 freeculture.xml:2884 freeculture.xml:2885 freeculture.xml:2886 freeculture.xml:4261 freeculture.xml:7851 freeculture.xml:9710 freeculture.xml:9711 freeculture.xml:9988 freeculture.xml:9989 freeculture.xml:9990 freeculture.xml:10033 msgid "copyright infringement lawsuits" msgstr "" @@ -1158,7 +1158,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:877 freeculture.xml:4398 freeculture.xml:6299 freeculture.xml:7575 freeculture.xml:11221 freeculture.xml:13153 +#: freeculture.xml:877 freeculture.xml:4400 freeculture.xml:6298 freeculture.xml:7575 freeculture.xml:11221 freeculture.xml:13153 msgid "Valenti, Jack" msgstr "" @@ -1212,27 +1212,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:909 freeculture.xml:6910 freeculture.xml:7023 freeculture.xml:7024 freeculture.xml:7025 freeculture.xml:7074 freeculture.xml:7663 freeculture.xml:8952 freeculture.xml:11247 freeculture.xml:11549 freeculture.xml:12203 freeculture.xml:12364 +#: freeculture.xml:909 freeculture.xml:6909 freeculture.xml:7022 freeculture.xml:7023 freeculture.xml:7024 freeculture.xml:7073 freeculture.xml:7663 freeculture.xml:8952 freeculture.xml:11247 freeculture.xml:11549 freeculture.xml:12203 freeculture.xml:12364 msgid "Constitution, U.S." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:909 freeculture.xml:6910 freeculture.xml:7663 freeculture.xml:8952 +#: freeculture.xml:909 freeculture.xml:6909 freeculture.xml:7663 freeculture.xml:8952 msgid "First Amendment to" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:910 freeculture.xml:1075 freeculture.xml:1183 freeculture.xml:1209 freeculture.xml:1433 freeculture.xml:1554 freeculture.xml:1598 freeculture.xml:1712 freeculture.xml:3122 freeculture.xml:3217 freeculture.xml:4312 freeculture.xml:4313 freeculture.xml:4342 freeculture.xml:4730 freeculture.xml:4731 freeculture.xml:5332 freeculture.xml:6529 freeculture.xml:6977 freeculture.xml:7061 freeculture.xml:7062 freeculture.xml:7246 freeculture.xml:7346 freeculture.xml:7378 freeculture.xml:7408 freeculture.xml:7443 freeculture.xml:7557 freeculture.xml:7558 freeculture.xml:7619 freeculture.xml:7657 freeculture.xml:7757 freeculture.xml:7771 freeculture.xml:7830 freeculture.xml:7831 freeculture.xml:7929 freeculture.xml:9874 freeculture.xml:10227 freeculture.xml:11186 freeculture.xml:11232 +#: freeculture.xml:910 freeculture.xml:1075 freeculture.xml:1183 freeculture.xml:1209 freeculture.xml:1433 freeculture.xml:1554 freeculture.xml:1598 freeculture.xml:1712 freeculture.xml:3123 freeculture.xml:3218 freeculture.xml:4314 freeculture.xml:4315 freeculture.xml:4344 freeculture.xml:4733 freeculture.xml:4734 freeculture.xml:5335 freeculture.xml:6528 freeculture.xml:6976 freeculture.xml:7060 freeculture.xml:7061 freeculture.xml:7246 freeculture.xml:7346 freeculture.xml:7378 freeculture.xml:7408 freeculture.xml:7443 freeculture.xml:7557 freeculture.xml:7558 freeculture.xml:7619 freeculture.xml:7657 freeculture.xml:7757 freeculture.xml:7771 freeculture.xml:7830 freeculture.xml:7831 freeculture.xml:7929 freeculture.xml:9874 freeculture.xml:10227 freeculture.xml:11186 freeculture.xml:11232 msgid "copyright law" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:910 freeculture.xml:7061 +#: freeculture.xml:910 freeculture.xml:7060 msgid "as protection of creators" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:911 freeculture.xml:6911 freeculture.xml:7664 freeculture.xml:8953 +#: freeculture.xml:911 freeculture.xml:6910 freeculture.xml:7664 freeculture.xml:8953 msgid "First Amendment" msgstr "" @@ -1443,22 +1443,22 @@ msgid "Piracy" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1075 freeculture.xml:4731 +#: freeculture.xml:1075 freeculture.xml:4734 msgid "English" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1076 freeculture.xml:5141 +#: freeculture.xml:1076 freeculture.xml:5144 msgid "Mansfield, William Murray, Lord" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1077 freeculture.xml:3160 +#: freeculture.xml:1077 freeculture.xml:3161 msgid "music publishing" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1078 freeculture.xml:3214 +#: freeculture.xml:1078 freeculture.xml:3215 msgid "sheet music" msgstr "" @@ -1495,7 +1495,7 @@ msgid "efficient content distribution on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1098 freeculture.xml:3904 freeculture.xml:4261 freeculture.xml:6250 freeculture.xml:6759 freeculture.xml:11235 +#: freeculture.xml:1098 freeculture.xml:3905 freeculture.xml:4263 freeculture.xml:6249 freeculture.xml:6758 freeculture.xml:11235 msgid "peer-to-peer (p2p) file sharing" msgstr "" @@ -1578,7 +1578,7 @@ msgid "Girl Scouts" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1147 freeculture.xml:1148 freeculture.xml:7028 freeculture.xml:7132 freeculture.xml:7576 +#: freeculture.xml:1147 freeculture.xml:1148 freeculture.xml:7027 freeculture.xml:7131 freeculture.xml:7576 msgid "creative property" msgstr "" @@ -1649,12 +1649,12 @@ msgid "on republishing vs. transformation of original work" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1184 freeculture.xml:1185 freeculture.xml:1367 freeculture.xml:1525 freeculture.xml:3824 +#: freeculture.xml:1184 freeculture.xml:1185 freeculture.xml:1367 freeculture.xml:1525 freeculture.xml:3825 msgid "creativity" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1184 freeculture.xml:3824 freeculture.xml:3825 freeculture.xml:3832 freeculture.xml:9875 +#: freeculture.xml:1184 freeculture.xml:3825 freeculture.xml:3826 freeculture.xml:3833 freeculture.xml:9875 msgid "innovation" msgstr "" @@ -1767,7 +1767,7 @@ msgid "cartoon films" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1260 freeculture.xml:5336 freeculture.xml:5370 freeculture.xml:6087 freeculture.xml:6131 freeculture.xml:6249 +#: freeculture.xml:1260 freeculture.xml:5339 freeculture.xml:5373 freeculture.xml:6086 freeculture.xml:6130 freeculture.xml:6248 msgid "films" msgstr "" @@ -1798,7 +1798,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1270 freeculture.xml:1488 freeculture.xml:1542 freeculture.xml:1683 freeculture.xml:1929 freeculture.xml:4566 freeculture.xml:6267 freeculture.xml:7536 freeculture.xml:11127 freeculture.xml:11552 +#: freeculture.xml:1270 freeculture.xml:1488 freeculture.xml:1542 freeculture.xml:1683 freeculture.xml:1929 freeculture.xml:4568 freeculture.xml:6266 freeculture.xml:7536 freeculture.xml:11127 freeculture.xml:11552 msgid "Disney, Walt" msgstr "" @@ -1916,7 +1916,7 @@ msgid "piracy vs." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1339 freeculture.xml:1499 freeculture.xml:3012 freeculture.xml:3722 freeculture.xml:7445 freeculture.xml:7623 freeculture.xml:15446 +#: freeculture.xml:1339 freeculture.xml:1499 freeculture.xml:3012 freeculture.xml:3723 freeculture.xml:7445 freeculture.xml:7623 freeculture.xml:15446 msgid "piracy" msgstr "" @@ -1960,7 +1960,7 @@ msgid "by transforming previous works" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1368 freeculture.xml:6310 freeculture.xml:7829 +#: freeculture.xml:1368 freeculture.xml:6309 freeculture.xml:7829 msgid "Disney, Inc." msgstr "" @@ -2046,17 +2046,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1433 freeculture.xml:1434 freeculture.xml:4783 freeculture.xml:4784 freeculture.xml:4850 freeculture.xml:4888 freeculture.xml:4944 freeculture.xml:4990 freeculture.xml:5125 freeculture.xml:5219 freeculture.xml:6726 freeculture.xml:7026 freeculture.xml:7027 freeculture.xml:7030 freeculture.xml:7103 freeculture.xml:7129 freeculture.xml:7168 freeculture.xml:7292 freeculture.xml:7339 freeculture.xml:7376 freeculture.xml:7679 freeculture.xml:7850 freeculture.xml:11185 freeculture.xml:11209 freeculture.xml:11550 freeculture.xml:11551 freeculture.xml:14094 freeculture.xml:14128 +#: freeculture.xml:1433 freeculture.xml:1434 freeculture.xml:4786 freeculture.xml:4787 freeculture.xml:4853 freeculture.xml:4891 freeculture.xml:4947 freeculture.xml:4993 freeculture.xml:5128 freeculture.xml:5222 freeculture.xml:6725 freeculture.xml:7025 freeculture.xml:7026 freeculture.xml:7029 freeculture.xml:7102 freeculture.xml:7128 freeculture.xml:7168 freeculture.xml:7292 freeculture.xml:7339 freeculture.xml:7376 freeculture.xml:7679 freeculture.xml:7850 freeculture.xml:11185 freeculture.xml:11209 freeculture.xml:11550 freeculture.xml:11551 freeculture.xml:14094 freeculture.xml:14128 msgid "copyright" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1434 freeculture.xml:4783 freeculture.xml:4944 freeculture.xml:7027 freeculture.xml:7030 freeculture.xml:7129 freeculture.xml:11185 freeculture.xml:11551 +#: freeculture.xml:1434 freeculture.xml:4786 freeculture.xml:4947 freeculture.xml:7026 freeculture.xml:7029 freeculture.xml:7128 freeculture.xml:11185 freeculture.xml:11551 msgid "duration of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1435 freeculture.xml:1436 freeculture.xml:5220 freeculture.xml:7133 freeculture.xml:7257 freeculture.xml:8143 freeculture.xml:11119 freeculture.xml:13584 freeculture.xml:14380 freeculture.xml:14381 +#: freeculture.xml:1435 freeculture.xml:1436 freeculture.xml:5223 freeculture.xml:7132 freeculture.xml:7257 freeculture.xml:8143 freeculture.xml:11119 freeculture.xml:13584 freeculture.xml:14380 freeculture.xml:14381 msgid "public domain" msgstr "" @@ -2367,7 +2367,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1670 freeculture.xml:3033 freeculture.xml:4796 freeculture.xml:5055 freeculture.xml:7960 freeculture.xml:9097 +#: freeculture.xml:1670 freeculture.xml:3033 freeculture.xml:4799 freeculture.xml:5058 freeculture.xml:7960 freeculture.xml:9097 msgid "Vaidhyanathan, Siva" msgstr "" @@ -2449,7 +2449,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1738 freeculture.xml:4736 freeculture.xml:4868 freeculture.xml:4905 freeculture.xml:5235 +#: freeculture.xml:1738 freeculture.xml:4739 freeculture.xml:4871 freeculture.xml:4908 freeculture.xml:5238 msgid "Shakespeare, William" msgstr "" @@ -2516,7 +2516,7 @@ msgid "Daguerre, Louis" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1789 freeculture.xml:1944 freeculture.xml:1999 freeculture.xml:6837 +#: freeculture.xml:1789 freeculture.xml:1944 freeculture.xml:1999 freeculture.xml:6836 msgid "camera technology" msgstr "" @@ -2576,7 +2576,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1826 freeculture.xml:1981 freeculture.xml:6839 freeculture.xml:9676 +#: freeculture.xml:1826 freeculture.xml:1981 freeculture.xml:6838 freeculture.xml:9676 msgid "Kodak cameras" msgstr "" @@ -2818,7 +2818,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1982 freeculture.xml:3826 freeculture.xml:3848 freeculture.xml:3849 freeculture.xml:3905 freeculture.xml:4260 freeculture.xml:5815 freeculture.xml:10041 freeculture.xml:10950 +#: freeculture.xml:1982 freeculture.xml:3827 freeculture.xml:3849 freeculture.xml:3850 freeculture.xml:3906 freeculture.xml:4262 freeculture.xml:5814 freeculture.xml:10041 freeculture.xml:10950 msgid "Napster" msgstr "" @@ -2856,7 +2856,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2021 freeculture.xml:6838 +#: freeculture.xml:2021 freeculture.xml:6837 msgid "digital cameras" msgstr "" @@ -2954,22 +2954,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2075 freeculture.xml:2629 freeculture.xml:6834 freeculture.xml:7810 freeculture.xml:8919 freeculture.xml:8973 +#: freeculture.xml:2075 freeculture.xml:2629 freeculture.xml:6833 freeculture.xml:7810 freeculture.xml:8919 freeculture.xml:8973 msgid "advertising" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2076 freeculture.xml:6836 freeculture.xml:8920 +#: freeculture.xml:2076 freeculture.xml:6835 freeculture.xml:8920 msgid "commercials" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2077 freeculture.xml:6835 freeculture.xml:8921 freeculture.xml:8955 freeculture.xml:15444 +#: freeculture.xml:2077 freeculture.xml:6834 freeculture.xml:8921 freeculture.xml:8955 freeculture.xml:15444 msgid "television" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2077 freeculture.xml:6835 freeculture.xml:8921 +#: freeculture.xml:2077 freeculture.xml:6834 freeculture.xml:8921 msgid "advertising on" msgstr "" @@ -3121,7 +3121,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f31 #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2191 freeculture.xml:4097 freeculture.xml:5283 freeculture.xml:8806 +#: freeculture.xml:2191 freeculture.xml:4099 freeculture.xml:5286 freeculture.xml:8806 msgid "Ibid." msgstr "" @@ -3176,10 +3176,10 @@ msgid "" "understand it and talk about it, Barish explained. That tool " "succeeded in creating expression—far more successfully and powerfully " "than could have been created using only text. If you had said to " -"these students, `you have to do it in text,' they would've just thrown their " -"hands up and gone and done something else, Barish described, in " -"part, no doubt, because expressing themselves in text is not something these " -"students can do well. Yet neither is text a form in which " +"these students, you have to do it in text, they would've just " +"thrown their hands up and gone and done something else, Barish " +"described, in part, no doubt, because expressing themselves in text is not " +"something these students can do well. Yet neither is text a form in which " "these ideas can be expressed well. The power of this " "message depended upon its connection to this form of expression." msgstr "" @@ -3239,7 +3239,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2288 freeculture.xml:2350 freeculture.xml:6116 +#: freeculture.xml:2288 freeculture.xml:2350 freeculture.xml:6115 msgid "September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks of" msgstr "" @@ -3249,7 +3249,7 @@ msgid "World Trade Center" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2290 freeculture.xml:6036 +#: freeculture.xml:2290 freeculture.xml:6035 msgid "news coverage" msgstr "" @@ -3636,7 +3636,7 @@ msgid "CNN" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2535 freeculture.xml:2584 freeculture.xml:5978 +#: freeculture.xml:2535 freeculture.xml:2584 freeculture.xml:5977 msgid "Iraq war" msgstr "" @@ -3747,7 +3747,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2628 freeculture.xml:6825 +#: freeculture.xml:2628 freeculture.xml:6824 msgid "Brown, John Seely" msgstr "" @@ -3906,7 +3906,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2743 freeculture.xml:5979 freeculture.xml:6020 freeculture.xml:11629 freeculture.xml:11887 +#: freeculture.xml:2743 freeculture.xml:5978 freeculture.xml:6019 freeculture.xml:11629 freeculture.xml:11887 msgid "Kahle, Brewster" msgstr "" @@ -4011,7 +4011,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2798 freeculture.xml:3727 freeculture.xml:3729 freeculture.xml:3730 freeculture.xml:5567 freeculture.xml:8273 freeculture.xml:13683 freeculture.xml:13752 +#: freeculture.xml:2798 freeculture.xml:3728 freeculture.xml:3730 freeculture.xml:3731 freeculture.xml:5566 freeculture.xml:8273 freeculture.xml:13683 freeculture.xml:13752 msgid "Microsoft" msgstr "" @@ -4099,7 +4099,7 @@ msgid "against student file sharing" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2858 freeculture.xml:2956 freeculture.xml:3218 freeculture.xml:3347 freeculture.xml:4315 freeculture.xml:4316 freeculture.xml:4317 freeculture.xml:6251 freeculture.xml:9991 freeculture.xml:10405 freeculture.xml:10406 freeculture.xml:10407 freeculture.xml:10563 +#: freeculture.xml:2858 freeculture.xml:2956 freeculture.xml:3219 freeculture.xml:3348 freeculture.xml:4317 freeculture.xml:4318 freeculture.xml:4319 freeculture.xml:6250 freeculture.xml:9991 freeculture.xml:10405 freeculture.xml:10406 freeculture.xml:10407 freeculture.xml:10563 msgid "recording industry" msgstr "" @@ -4271,17 +4271,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2955 freeculture.xml:3348 freeculture.xml:4308 freeculture.xml:5576 freeculture.xml:5625 freeculture.xml:10300 freeculture.xml:10401 freeculture.xml:10562 freeculture.xml:10585 freeculture.xml:15343 freeculture.xml:15408 +#: freeculture.xml:2955 freeculture.xml:3349 freeculture.xml:4310 freeculture.xml:5575 freeculture.xml:5624 freeculture.xml:10300 freeculture.xml:10401 freeculture.xml:10562 freeculture.xml:10585 freeculture.xml:15343 freeculture.xml:15408 msgid "artists" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2955 freeculture.xml:3348 freeculture.xml:4308 freeculture.xml:10300 freeculture.xml:10401 freeculture.xml:10562 freeculture.xml:10585 freeculture.xml:15343 freeculture.xml:15408 +#: freeculture.xml:2955 freeculture.xml:3349 freeculture.xml:4310 freeculture.xml:10300 freeculture.xml:10401 freeculture.xml:10562 freeculture.xml:10585 freeculture.xml:15343 freeculture.xml:15408 msgid "recording industry payments to" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2956 freeculture.xml:4315 freeculture.xml:10405 freeculture.xml:10563 +#: freeculture.xml:2956 freeculture.xml:4317 freeculture.xml:10405 freeculture.xml:10563 msgid "artist remuneration in" msgstr "" @@ -4447,12 +4447,12 @@ msgid "General Film Company" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3063 freeculture.xml:3366 freeculture.xml:4548 freeculture.xml:10451 +#: freeculture.xml:3063 freeculture.xml:3367 freeculture.xml:4550 freeculture.xml:10451 msgid "Picker, Randal C." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3087 freeculture.xml:4547 freeculture.xml:10168 freeculture.xml:10281 +#: freeculture.xml:3087 freeculture.xml:4549 freeculture.xml:10168 freeculture.xml:10281 msgid "broadcast flag" msgstr "" @@ -4489,7 +4489,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3 #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3098 +#: freeculture.xml:3099 msgid "" "Marc Wanamaker, The First Studios, The Silents " "Majority, archived at independents, were companies " "like Fox. And no less than today, these independents were vigorously " "resisted. Shooting was disrupted by machinery stolen, and " -"`accidents' resulting in loss of negatives, equipment, buildings and " -"sometimes life and limb frequently occurred. That led the independents to flee the East " -"Coast. California was remote enough from Edison's reach that filmmakers " -"there could pirate his inventions without fear of the law. And the leaders " -"of Hollywood filmmaking, Fox most prominently, did just that." +"accidents resulting in loss of negatives, equipment, " +"buildings and sometimes life and limb frequently " +"occurred. That led the " +"independents to flee the East Coast. California was remote enough from " +"Edison's reach that filmmakers there could pirate his inventions without " +"fear of the law. And the leaders of Hollywood filmmaking, Fox most " +"prominently, did just that." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 68 #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3109 +#: freeculture.xml:3110 msgid "" "Of course, California grew quickly, and the effective enforcement of federal " "law eventually spread west. But because patents grant the patent holder a " @@ -4523,34 +4524,34 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3121 +#: freeculture.xml:3122 msgid "Recorded Music" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3122 freeculture.xml:4312 +#: freeculture.xml:3123 freeculture.xml:4314 msgid "on music recordings" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3124 +#: freeculture.xml:3125 msgid "" "The record industry was born of another kind of piracy, though to see how " "requires a bit of detail about the way the law regulates music." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3127 +#: freeculture.xml:3128 msgid "Fourneaux, Henri" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3128 +#: freeculture.xml:3129 msgid "Russel, Phil" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3130 +#: freeculture.xml:3131 msgid "" "At the time that Edison and Henri Fourneaux invented machines for " "reproducing music (Edison the phonograph, Fourneaux the player piano), the " @@ -4563,12 +4564,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3139 freeculture.xml:3281 +#: freeculture.xml:3140 freeculture.xml:3282 msgid "Beatles" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3141 +#: freeculture.xml:3142 msgid "" "But what if I wanted to record <quote>Happy Mose,</quote> using Edison's " "phonograph or Fourneaux's player piano? Here the law stumbled. It was clear " @@ -4588,12 +4589,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3159 freeculture.xml:3166 freeculture.xml:3183 +#: freeculture.xml:3160 freeculture.xml:3167 freeculture.xml:3184 msgid "Kittredge, Alfred" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3162 +#: freeculture.xml:3163 msgid "" "The composers (and publishers) were none too happy about this capacity to " "pirate. As South Dakota senator Alfred Kittredge put it, <placeholder " @@ -4601,7 +4602,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3177 +#: freeculture.xml:3178 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright: Hearings on S. 6330 " "and H.R. 19853 Before the (Joint) Committees on Patents, 59th Cong. 59, 1st " @@ -4613,7 +4614,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3170 +#: freeculture.xml:3171 msgid "" "Imagine the injustice of the thing. A composer writes a song or an opera. A " "publisher buys at great expense the rights to the same and copyrights " @@ -4624,13 +4625,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3188 +#: freeculture.xml:3189 msgid "Sousa, John Philip" msgstr "" #. f5 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3194 +#: freeculture.xml:3195 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 223 (statement of " "Nathan Burkan, attorney for the Music Publishers Association)." @@ -4638,7 +4639,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f6 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3200 +#: freeculture.xml:3201 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 226 (statement of " "Nathan Burkan, attorney for the Music Publishers Association)." @@ -4646,14 +4647,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f7 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3207 +#: freeculture.xml:3208 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 23 (statement of " "John Philip Sousa, composer)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3190 +#: freeculture.xml:3191 msgid "" "The innovators who developed the technology to record other people's works " "were <quote>sponging upon the toil, the work, the talent, and genius of " @@ -4666,43 +4667,43 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3212 +#: freeculture.xml:3213 msgid "American Graphophone Company" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3213 +#: freeculture.xml:3214 msgid "player pianos" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3215 freeculture.xml:3216 freeculture.xml:4310 freeculture.xml:4311 freeculture.xml:4396 freeculture.xml:4397 freeculture.xml:7037 freeculture.xml:7130 freeculture.xml:7244 freeculture.xml:7245 freeculture.xml:10402 freeculture.xml:10403 freeculture.xml:10404 freeculture.xml:11184 freeculture.xml:11246 freeculture.xml:11458 freeculture.xml:11533 freeculture.xml:12202 freeculture.xml:12291 freeculture.xml:12361 freeculture.xml:12363 +#: freeculture.xml:3216 freeculture.xml:3217 freeculture.xml:4312 freeculture.xml:4313 freeculture.xml:4398 freeculture.xml:4399 freeculture.xml:7036 freeculture.xml:7129 freeculture.xml:7244 freeculture.xml:7245 freeculture.xml:10402 freeculture.xml:10403 freeculture.xml:10404 freeculture.xml:11184 freeculture.xml:11246 freeculture.xml:11458 freeculture.xml:11533 freeculture.xml:12202 freeculture.xml:12291 freeculture.xml:12361 freeculture.xml:12363 msgid "Congress, U.S." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3215 freeculture.xml:4310 freeculture.xml:4396 freeculture.xml:7130 freeculture.xml:7244 freeculture.xml:10402 +#: freeculture.xml:3216 freeculture.xml:4312 freeculture.xml:4398 freeculture.xml:7129 freeculture.xml:7244 freeculture.xml:10402 msgid "on copyright laws" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3216 freeculture.xml:4311 freeculture.xml:10404 +#: freeculture.xml:3217 freeculture.xml:4313 freeculture.xml:10404 msgid "on recording industry" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3217 freeculture.xml:4313 freeculture.xml:10227 +#: freeculture.xml:3218 freeculture.xml:4315 freeculture.xml:10227 msgid "statutory licenses in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3218 +#: freeculture.xml:3219 msgid "statutory license system in" msgstr "" #. f8 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3228 +#: freeculture.xml:3229 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 283–84 " "(statement of Albert Walker, representative of the Auto-Music Perforating " @@ -4711,7 +4712,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f9 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3239 +#: freeculture.xml:3240 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 376 (prepared " "memorandum of Philip Mauro, general patent counsel of the American " @@ -4719,7 +4720,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3220 +#: freeculture.xml:3221 msgid "" "These arguments have familiar echoes in the wars of our day. So, too, do the " "arguments on the other side. The innovators who developed the player piano " @@ -4729,20 +4730,21 @@ msgid "" "of sheet music.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In any case, the " "innovators argued, the job of Congress was <quote>to consider first the " "interest of [the public], whom they represent, and whose servants they " -"are.</quote> <quote>All talk about `theft,'</quote> the general counsel of " -"the American Graphophone Company wrote, <quote>is the merest claptrap, for " -"there exists no property in ideas musical, literary or artistic, except as " -"defined by statute.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" +"are.</quote> <quote>All talk about <quote>theft,</quote></quote> the general " +"counsel of the American Graphophone Company wrote, <quote>is the merest " +"claptrap, for there exists no property in ideas musical, literary or " +"artistic, except as defined by statute.</quote><placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3244 +#: freeculture.xml:3245 msgid "cover songs" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 70 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3246 +#: freeculture.xml:3247 msgid "" "The law soon resolved this battle in favor of the composer " "<emphasis>and</emphasis> the recording artist. Congress amended the law to " @@ -4757,17 +4759,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3260 +#: freeculture.xml:3261 msgid "compulsory license" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3261 freeculture.xml:4318 freeculture.xml:10226 +#: freeculture.xml:3262 freeculture.xml:4320 freeculture.xml:10226 msgid "statutory licenses" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3263 +#: freeculture.xml:3264 msgid "" "American law ordinarily calls this a <quote>compulsory license,</quote> but " "I will refer to it as a <quote>statutory license.</quote> A statutory " @@ -4778,12 +4780,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3270 freeculture.xml:15039 +#: freeculture.xml:3271 freeculture.xml:15039 msgid "Grisham, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3272 +#: freeculture.xml:3273 msgid "" "This is an exception within the law of copyright. When John Grisham writes a " "novel, a publisher is free to publish that novel only if Grisham gives the " @@ -4795,7 +4797,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f10 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3297 +#: freeculture.xml:3298 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision: Hearings on S. 2499, S. 2900, H.R. 243, and " "H.R. 11794 Before the (Joint) Committee on Patents, 60th Cong., 1st sess., " @@ -4806,7 +4808,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3283 +#: freeculture.xml:3284 msgid "" "But the law governing recordings gives recording artists less. And thus, in " "effect, the law <emphasis>subsidizes</emphasis> the recording industry " @@ -4822,7 +4824,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3308 +#: freeculture.xml:3309 msgid "" "While the recording industry has been quite coy about this recently, " "historically it has been quite a supporter of the statutory license for " @@ -4831,7 +4833,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f11 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3330 +#: freeculture.xml:3331 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision: Report to Accompany H.R. 2512, House Committee on " "the Judiciary, 90th Cong., 1st sess., House Document no. 83, (8 March " @@ -4839,7 +4841,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3315 +#: freeculture.xml:3316 msgid "" "the record producers argued vigorously that the compulsory license system " "must be retained. They asserted that the record industry is a " @@ -4856,34 +4858,34 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3341 +#: freeculture.xml:3342 msgid "" "By limiting the rights musicians have, by partially pirating their creative " "work, the record producers, and the public, benefit." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:3346 freeculture.xml:4511 +#: freeculture.xml:3347 freeculture.xml:4513 msgid "Radio" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3347 freeculture.xml:4317 freeculture.xml:10406 +#: freeculture.xml:3348 freeculture.xml:4319 freeculture.xml:10406 msgid "radio broadcast and" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3350 +#: freeculture.xml:3351 msgid "Radio was also born of piracy." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3365 +#: freeculture.xml:3366 msgid "Hand, Learned" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3356 +#: freeculture.xml:3357 msgid "" "See 17 <citetitle>United States Code</citetitle>, sections 106 and 110. At " "the beginning, record companies printed <quote>Not Licensed for Radio " @@ -4900,7 +4902,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3353 +#: freeculture.xml:3354 msgid "" "When a radio station plays a record on the air, that constitutes a " "<quote>public performance</quote> of the composer's work.<placeholder " @@ -4911,18 +4913,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3372 freeculture.xml:4314 freeculture.xml:10303 +#: freeculture.xml:3373 freeculture.xml:4316 freeculture.xml:10303 msgid "music recordings played on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3384 freeculture.xml:9465 freeculture.xml:9944 freeculture.xml:13077 +#: freeculture.xml:3385 freeculture.xml:9465 freeculture.xml:9944 freeculture.xml:13077 msgid "Lovett, Lyle" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 72 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3374 +#: freeculture.xml:3375 msgid "" "But when the radio station plays a record, it is not only performing a copy " "of the <emphasis>composer's</emphasis> work. The radio station is also " @@ -4937,7 +4939,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3389 +#: freeculture.xml:3390 msgid "" "But it doesn't. Under the law governing radio performances, the radio " "station does not have to pay the recording artist. The radio station need " @@ -4947,12 +4949,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3396 freeculture.xml:3913 freeculture.xml:6546 freeculture.xml:6562 +#: freeculture.xml:3397 freeculture.xml:3914 freeculture.xml:6545 freeculture.xml:6561 msgid "Madonna" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3398 +#: freeculture.xml:3399 msgid "" "This difference can be huge. Imagine you compose a piece of music. Imagine " "it is your first. You own the exclusive right to authorize public " @@ -4961,7 +4963,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3404 +#: freeculture.xml:3405 msgid "" "Imagine she does sing your song, and imagine she likes it a lot. She then " "decides to make a recording of your song, and it becomes a top hit. Under " @@ -4973,7 +4975,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3417 +#: freeculture.xml:3418 msgid "" "No doubt, one might argue that, on balance, the recording artists " "benefit. On average, the promotion they get is worth more than the " @@ -4984,23 +4986,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:3427 freeculture.xml:4517 +#: freeculture.xml:3428 freeculture.xml:4519 msgid "Cable TV" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3428 freeculture.xml:4332 freeculture.xml:8638 freeculture.xml:8678 freeculture.xml:15443 +#: freeculture.xml:3429 freeculture.xml:4334 freeculture.xml:8638 freeculture.xml:8678 freeculture.xml:15443 msgid "cable television" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3430 +#: freeculture.xml:3431 msgid "Cable TV was also born of a kind of piracy." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 73 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3433 +#: freeculture.xml:3434 msgid "" "When cable entrepreneurs first started wiring communities with cable " "television in 1948, most refused to pay broadcasters for the content that " @@ -5012,22 +5014,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3443 +#: freeculture.xml:3444 msgid "Anello, Douglas" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3444 +#: freeculture.xml:3445 msgid "Burdick, Quentin" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3445 freeculture.xml:3456 +#: freeculture.xml:3446 freeculture.xml:3457 msgid "Hyde, Rosel H." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3451 +#: freeculture.xml:3452 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV: Hearing on S. 1006 Before the " "Subcommittee on Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights of the Senate Committee " @@ -5038,14 +5040,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f14 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3463 +#: freeculture.xml:3464 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 116 (statement of Douglas A. Anello, " "general counsel of the National Association of Broadcasters)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3447 +#: freeculture.xml:3448 msgid "" "Broadcasters and copyright owners were quick to attack this theft. Rosel " "Hyde, chairman of the FCC, viewed the practice as a kind of <quote>unfair " @@ -5060,14 +5062,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f15 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3474 +#: freeculture.xml:3475 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 126 (statement of Ernest W. Jennes, " "general counsel of the Association of Maximum Service Telecasters, Inc.)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3470 +#: freeculture.xml:3471 msgid "" "The extraordinary thing about the CATV business is that it is the only " "business I know of where the product that is being sold is not paid " @@ -5075,13 +5077,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3480 +#: freeculture.xml:3481 msgid "Again, the demand of the copyright holders seemed reasonable enough:" msgstr "" #. f16 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3489 +#: freeculture.xml:3490 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 169 (joint statement of Arthur B. Krim, " "president of United Artists Corp., and John Sinn, president of United " @@ -5089,7 +5091,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3484 +#: freeculture.xml:3485 msgid "" "All we are asking for is a very simple thing, that people who now take our " "property for nothing pay for it. We are trying to stop piracy and I don't " @@ -5098,12 +5100,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3495 freeculture.xml:3503 +#: freeculture.xml:3496 freeculture.xml:3504 msgid "Heston, Charlton" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3501 +#: freeculture.xml:3502 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 209 (statement of Charlton Heston, " "president of the Screen Actors Guild). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " @@ -5111,7 +5113,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3497 +#: freeculture.xml:3498 msgid "" "These were <quote>free-ride[rs],</quote> Screen Actor's Guild president " "Charlton Heston said, who were <quote>depriving actors of " @@ -5119,19 +5121,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3508 +#: freeculture.xml:3509 msgid "" "But again, there was another side to the debate. As Assistant Attorney " "General Edwin Zimmerman put it," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3524 freeculture.xml:3526 +#: freeculture.xml:3525 freeculture.xml:3527 msgid "Zimmerman, Edwin" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3522 +#: freeculture.xml:3523 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 216 (statement of Edwin M. Zimmerman, " "acting assistant attorney general). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " @@ -5139,7 +5141,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3513 +#: freeculture.xml:3514 msgid "" "Our point here is that unlike the problem of whether you have any copyright " "protection at all, the problem here is whether copyright holders who are " @@ -5151,14 +5153,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3530 +#: freeculture.xml:3531 msgid "" "Copyright owners took the cable companies to court. Twice the Supreme Court " "held that the cable companies owed the copyright owners nothing." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3534 +#: freeculture.xml:3535 msgid "" "It took Congress almost thirty years before it resolved the question of " "whether cable companies had to pay for the content they " @@ -5174,7 +5176,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f19 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3553 +#: freeculture.xml:3554 msgid "" "See, for example, National Music Publisher's Association, <citetitle>The " "Engine of Free Expression: Copyright on the Internet—The Myth of Free " @@ -5185,7 +5187,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3548 +#: freeculture.xml:3549 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>These separate stories</emphasis> sing a common " "theme. If <quote>piracy</quote> means using value from someone else's " @@ -5199,12 +5201,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:3570 +#: freeculture.xml:3571 msgid "Chapter Five: <quote>Piracy</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3572 +#: freeculture.xml:3573 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>There is piracy</emphasis> of copyrighted " "material. Lots of it. This piracy comes in many forms. The most significant " @@ -5216,7 +5218,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 76 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3580 +#: freeculture.xml:3581 msgid "" "But as well as copy-shop piracy, there is another kind of " "<quote>taking</quote> that is more directly related to the Internet. That " @@ -5228,28 +5230,28 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:3590 +#: freeculture.xml:3591 msgid "Piracy I" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3591 freeculture.xml:3671 freeculture.xml:3721 freeculture.xml:15445 +#: freeculture.xml:3592 freeculture.xml:3672 freeculture.xml:3722 freeculture.xml:15445 msgid "Asia, commercial piracy in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3592 freeculture.xml:4050 freeculture.xml:9945 freeculture.xml:10803 freeculture.xml:14834 freeculture.xml:15427 +#: freeculture.xml:3593 freeculture.xml:4052 freeculture.xml:9945 freeculture.xml:10803 freeculture.xml:14834 freeculture.xml:15427 msgid "CDs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3592 +#: freeculture.xml:3593 msgid "foreign piracy of" msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3600 +#: freeculture.xml:3601 msgid "" "See IFPI (International Federation of the Phonographic Industry), " "<citetitle>The Recording Industry Commercial Piracy Report 2003</citetitle>, " @@ -5259,7 +5261,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3594 +#: freeculture.xml:3595 msgid "" "All across the world, but especially in Asia and Eastern Europe, there are " "businesses that do nothing but take others people's copyrighted content, " @@ -5271,7 +5273,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3610 +#: freeculture.xml:3611 msgid "" "This is piracy plain and simple. Nothing in the argument of this book, nor " "in the argument that most people make when talking about the subject of this " @@ -5279,7 +5281,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3616 +#: freeculture.xml:3617 msgid "" "Which is not to say that excuses and justifications couldn't be made for " "it. We could, for example, remind ourselves that for the first one hundred " @@ -5291,7 +5293,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3625 +#: freeculture.xml:3626 msgid "" "That excuse isn't terribly strong. Technically, our law did not ban the " "taking of foreign works. It explicitly limited itself to American " @@ -5306,7 +5308,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 77 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3636 +#: freeculture.xml:3637 msgid "" "True, these local rules have, in effect, been imposed upon these " "countries. No country can be part of the world economy and choose not to " @@ -5315,17 +5317,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3664 +#: freeculture.xml:3665 msgid "agricultural patents" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3665 freeculture.xml:13370 freeculture.xml:13862 freeculture.xml:13869 +#: freeculture.xml:3666 freeculture.xml:13370 freeculture.xml:13862 freeculture.xml:13869 msgid "Drahos, Peter" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3649 +#: freeculture.xml:3650 msgid "" "See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, Information Feudalism: " "<citetitle>Who Owns the Knowledge Economy?</citetitle> (New York: The New " @@ -5345,7 +5347,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3644 +#: freeculture.xml:3645 msgid "" "If a country is to be treated as a sovereign, however, then its laws are its " "laws regardless of their source. The international law under which these " @@ -5357,12 +5359,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3686 freeculture.xml:3970 freeculture.xml:15593 +#: freeculture.xml:3687 freeculture.xml:3971 freeculture.xml:15593 msgid "Liebowitz, Stan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3679 +#: freeculture.xml:3680 msgid "" "For an analysis of the economic impact of copying technology, see Stan " "Liebowitz, <citetitle>Rethinking the Network Economy</citetitle> (New York: " @@ -5375,7 +5377,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3673 +#: freeculture.xml:3674 msgid "" "Alternatively, we could try to excuse this piracy by noting that in any " "case, it does no harm to the industry. The Chinese who get access to " @@ -5385,7 +5387,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3690 +#: freeculture.xml:3691 msgid "" "This is often true (though I have friends who have purchased many thousands " "of pirated DVDs who certainly have enough money to pay for the content they " @@ -5401,7 +5403,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 78 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3704 +#: freeculture.xml:3705 msgid "" "This argument is still very weak. However, although copyright is a property " "right of a very special sort, it <emphasis>is</emphasis> a property " @@ -5420,52 +5422,52 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3722 freeculture.xml:15446 +#: freeculture.xml:3723 freeculture.xml:15446 msgid "in Asia" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3723 +#: freeculture.xml:3724 msgid "open-source software" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3723 freeculture.xml:3724 freeculture.xml:13681 freeculture.xml:14273 +#: freeculture.xml:3724 freeculture.xml:3725 freeculture.xml:13681 freeculture.xml:14273 msgid "free software/open-source software (FS/OSS)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3725 freeculture.xml:3755 freeculture.xml:12133 freeculture.xml:13696 freeculture.xml:14329 +#: freeculture.xml:3726 freeculture.xml:3756 freeculture.xml:12133 freeculture.xml:13696 freeculture.xml:14329 msgid "GNU/Linux operating system" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3726 freeculture.xml:3756 freeculture.xml:12135 freeculture.xml:13697 freeculture.xml:14330 +#: freeculture.xml:3727 freeculture.xml:3757 freeculture.xml:12135 freeculture.xml:13697 freeculture.xml:14330 msgid "Linux operating system" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3727 +#: freeculture.xml:3728 msgid "competitive strategies of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3728 +#: freeculture.xml:3729 msgid "Windows" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3729 +#: freeculture.xml:3730 msgid "international software piracy of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3730 +#: freeculture.xml:3731 msgid "Windows operating system of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3732 +#: freeculture.xml:3733 msgid "" "Finally, we could try to excuse this piracy with the argument that the " "piracy actually helps the copyright owner. When the Chinese " @@ -5481,17 +5483,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3744 freeculture.xml:4805 freeculture.xml:5029 freeculture.xml:6530 freeculture.xml:6606 freeculture.xml:6743 freeculture.xml:7159 freeculture.xml:14361 +#: freeculture.xml:3745 freeculture.xml:4808 freeculture.xml:5032 freeculture.xml:6529 freeculture.xml:6605 freeculture.xml:6742 freeculture.xml:7159 freeculture.xml:14361 msgid "law" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3744 freeculture.xml:14361 +#: freeculture.xml:3745 freeculture.xml:14361 msgid "databases of case reports in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3746 +#: freeculture.xml:3747 msgid "" "This argument, too, is somewhat true. The addiction strategy is a good " "one. Many businesses practice it. Some thrive because of it. Law students, " @@ -5502,17 +5504,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3753 +#: freeculture.xml:3754 msgid "Netscape" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3754 +#: freeculture.xml:3755 msgid "Internet Explorer" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3758 +#: freeculture.xml:3759 msgid "" "Still, the argument is not terribly persuasive. We don't give the alcoholic " "a defense when he steals his first beer, merely because that will make it " @@ -5528,7 +5530,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 79 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3772 +#: freeculture.xml:3773 msgid "" "Thus, while I understand the pull of these justifications for piracy, and I " "certainly see the motivation, in my view, in the end, these efforts at " @@ -5540,7 +5542,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3782 +#: freeculture.xml:3783 msgid "" "But as the examples from the four chapters that introduced this part " "suggest, even if some piracy is plainly wrong, not all <quote>piracy</quote> " @@ -5553,7 +5555,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3791 +#: freeculture.xml:3792 msgid "" "This doesn't mean that there are no questions raised by the latest piracy " "concern, peer-to-peer file sharing. But it does mean that we need to " @@ -5562,7 +5564,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3797 +#: freeculture.xml:3798 msgid "" "For (1) like the original Hollywood, p2p sharing escapes an overly " "controlling industry; and (2) like the original recording industry, it " @@ -5571,20 +5573,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3803 +#: freeculture.xml:3804 msgid "" "These differences distinguish p2p sharing from true piracy. They should push " "us to find a way to protect artists while enabling this sharing to survive." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:3809 +#: freeculture.xml:3810 msgid "Piracy II" msgstr "" #. f4 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3814 +#: freeculture.xml:3815 msgid "" "<citetitle>Bach</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Longman</citetitle>, 98 " "Eng. Rep. 1274 (1777)." @@ -5592,7 +5594,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 80 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3811 +#: freeculture.xml:3812 msgid "" "The key to the <quote>piracy</quote> that the law aims to quash is a use " "that <quote>rob[s] the author of [his] profit.</quote><placeholder " @@ -5602,17 +5604,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3823 +#: freeculture.xml:3824 msgid "Fanning, Shawn" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3842 freeculture.xml:8876 +#: freeculture.xml:3843 freeculture.xml:8876 msgid "Christensen, Clayton M." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3832 +#: freeculture.xml:3833 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> See Clayton M. Christensen, " "<citetitle>The Innovator's Dilemma: The Revolutionary National Bestseller " @@ -5627,7 +5629,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3823 +#: freeculture.xml:3824 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " "id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder " @@ -5640,23 +5642,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3847 +#: freeculture.xml:3848 msgid "Kazaa" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3848 +#: freeculture.xml:3849 msgid "number of registrations on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3849 +#: freeculture.xml:3850 msgid "replacement of" msgstr "" #. f6 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3855 +#: freeculture.xml:3856 msgid "" "See Carolyn Lochhead, <quote>Silicon Valley Dream, Hollywood " "Nightmare,</quote> <citetitle>San Francisco Chronicle</citetitle>, 24 " @@ -5670,7 +5672,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3847 +#: freeculture.xml:3848 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " "id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> The result was " @@ -5688,7 +5690,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f7 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3878 +#: freeculture.xml:3879 msgid "" "See Ipsos-Insight, <citetitle>TEMPO: Keeping Pace with Online Music " "Distribution</citetitle> (September 2002), reporting that 28 percent of " @@ -5699,14 +5701,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f8 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3887 +#: freeculture.xml:3888 msgid "" "Amy Harmon, <quote>Industry Offers a Carrot in Online Music Fight,</quote> " "<citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 6 June 2003, A1." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3872 +#: freeculture.xml:3873 msgid "" "According to a number of estimates, a huge proportion of Americans have " "tasted file-sharing technology. A study by Ipsos-Insight in September 2002 " @@ -5722,7 +5724,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3896 +#: freeculture.xml:3897 msgid "" "Some of this enjoying involves copyright infringement. Some of it does " "not. And even among the part that is technically copyright infringement, " @@ -5733,18 +5735,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3904 +#: freeculture.xml:3905 msgid "four types of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3905 +#: freeculture.xml:3906 msgid "range of content on" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 81 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3908 +#: freeculture.xml:3909 msgid "" "File sharers share different kinds of content. We can divide these different " "kinds into four types." @@ -5752,7 +5754,7 @@ msgstr "" #. A. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3916 +#: freeculture.xml:3917 msgid "" "There are some who use sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing " "content. Thus, when a new Madonna CD is released, rather than buying the CD, " @@ -5765,7 +5767,7 @@ msgstr "" #. B. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3926 +#: freeculture.xml:3927 msgid "" "There are some who use sharing networks to sample music before purchasing " "it. Thus, a friend sends another friend an MP3 of an artist he's not heard " @@ -5778,7 +5780,7 @@ msgstr "" #. C. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3937 +#: freeculture.xml:3938 msgid "" "There are many who use sharing networks to get access to copyrighted content " "that is no longer sold or that they would not have purchased because the " @@ -5797,26 +5799,26 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 82 #. D. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3954 +#: freeculture.xml:3955 msgid "" "Finally, there are many who use sharing networks to get access to content " "that is not copyrighted or that the copyright owner wants to give away." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3961 +#: freeculture.xml:3962 msgid "How do these different types of sharing balance out?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3969 +#: freeculture.xml:3970 msgid "" "See Liebowitz, <citetitle>Rethinking the Network Economy</citetitle>, " "148–49. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3964 +#: freeculture.xml:3965 msgid "" "Let's start with some simple but important points. From the perspective of " "the law, only type D sharing is clearly legal. From the perspective of " @@ -5830,7 +5832,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3980 +#: freeculture.xml:3981 msgid "" "Whether on balance sharing is harmful depends importantly on how harmful " "type A sharing is. Just as Edison complained about Hollywood, composers " @@ -5841,22 +5843,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3987 freeculture.xml:3996 freeculture.xml:4365 freeculture.xml:8433 freeculture.xml:8462 freeculture.xml:10224 freeculture.xml:15151 +#: freeculture.xml:3988 freeculture.xml:3997 freeculture.xml:4367 freeculture.xml:8433 freeculture.xml:8462 freeculture.xml:10224 freeculture.xml:15151 msgid "cassette recording" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3987 freeculture.xml:4365 freeculture.xml:8433 freeculture.xml:8462 freeculture.xml:10224 freeculture.xml:10225 freeculture.xml:15151 freeculture.xml:15152 +#: freeculture.xml:3988 freeculture.xml:4367 freeculture.xml:8433 freeculture.xml:8462 freeculture.xml:10224 freeculture.xml:10225 freeculture.xml:15151 freeculture.xml:15152 msgid "VCRs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3997 freeculture.xml:4535 +#: freeculture.xml:3998 freeculture.xml:4537 msgid "DAT (digital audio tape)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3996 +#: freeculture.xml:3997 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " "id=\"1\"/> See Cap Gemini Ernst & Young, <citetitle>Technology Evolution " @@ -5874,7 +5876,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3989 +#: freeculture.xml:3990 msgid "" "While the numbers do suggest that sharing is harmful, how harmful is harder " "to reckon. It has long been the recording industry's practice to blame " @@ -5889,30 +5891,30 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4015 +#: freeculture.xml:4016 msgid "MTV" msgstr "" #. f11 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4025 +#: freeculture.xml:4027 msgid "U.S. Congress, <citetitle>Copyright and Home Copying</citetitle>, 4." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4017 +#: freeculture.xml:4018 msgid "" "Yet soon thereafter, and before Congress was given an opportunity to enact " "regulation, MTV was launched, and the industry had a record " "turnaround. <quote>In the end,</quote> Cap Gemini concludes, <quote>the " -"`crisis' … was not the fault of the tapers—who did not [stop " -"after MTV came into being]—but had to a large extent resulted from " -"stagnation in musical innovation at the major labels.</quote><placeholder " -"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"<quote>crisis</quote> … was not the fault of the tapers—who did " +"not [stop after MTV came into being]—but had to a large extent " +"resulted from stagnation in musical innovation at the major " +"labels.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4030 +#: freeculture.xml:4032 msgid "" "But just because the industry was wrong before does not mean it is wrong " "today. To evaluate the real threat that p2p sharing presents to the industry " @@ -5925,7 +5927,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4040 +#: freeculture.xml:4042 msgid "" "We start to answer this question by focusing on the net harm, from the " "standpoint of the industry as a whole, that sharing networks cause. The " @@ -5937,12 +5939,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4050 +#: freeculture.xml:4052 msgid "sales levels of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4052 +#: freeculture.xml:4054 msgid "" "Could that be true? Could the industry as a whole be gaining because of file " "sharing? Odd as that might sound, the data about CD sales actually suggest " @@ -5951,7 +5953,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4061 +#: freeculture.xml:4063 msgid "" "See Recording Industry Association of America, <citetitle>2002 Yearend " "Statistics</citetitle>, available at <ulink " @@ -5969,12 +5971,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4088 +#: freeculture.xml:4090 msgid "Black, Jane" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4085 +#: freeculture.xml:4087 msgid "" "Jane Black, <quote>Big Music's Broken Record,</quote> BusinessWeek online, " "13 February 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -5983,7 +5985,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4057 +#: freeculture.xml:4059 msgid "" "In 2002, the RIAA reported that CD sales had fallen by 8.9 percent, from 882 " "million to 803 million units; revenues fell 6.7 percent.<placeholder " @@ -6004,7 +6006,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 84 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4103 +#: freeculture.xml:4105 msgid "" "But let's assume the RIAA is right, and all of the decline in CD sales is " "because of Internet sharing. Here's the rub: In the same period that the " @@ -6015,7 +6017,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4111 +#: freeculture.xml:4113 msgid "" "There are too many different things happening at the same time to explain " "these numbers definitively, but one conclusion is unavoidable: The recording " @@ -6033,7 +6035,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4127 +#: freeculture.xml:4129 msgid "" "These are the harms—alleged and perhaps exaggerated but, let's assume, " "real. What of the benefits? File sharing may impose costs on the recording " @@ -6042,7 +6044,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f15 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4139 +#: freeculture.xml:4141 msgid "" "By one estimate, 75 percent of the music released by the major labels is no " "longer in print. See Online Entertainment and Copyright Law—Coming " @@ -6053,7 +6055,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4133 +#: freeculture.xml:4135 msgid "" "One benefit is type C sharing—making available content that is " "technically still under copyright but is no longer commercially available. " @@ -6067,22 +6069,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4152 freeculture.xml:4161 freeculture.xml:4182 freeculture.xml:4206 freeculture.xml:4729 freeculture.xml:6191 freeculture.xml:6196 freeculture.xml:6248 freeculture.xml:7230 freeculture.xml:7231 freeculture.xml:7618 freeculture.xml:7687 freeculture.xml:7975 freeculture.xml:14533 freeculture.xml:15263 freeculture.xml:15264 +#: freeculture.xml:4154 freeculture.xml:4163 freeculture.xml:4184 freeculture.xml:4208 freeculture.xml:4732 freeculture.xml:6190 freeculture.xml:6195 freeculture.xml:6247 freeculture.xml:7230 freeculture.xml:7231 freeculture.xml:7618 freeculture.xml:7687 freeculture.xml:7975 freeculture.xml:14533 freeculture.xml:15263 freeculture.xml:15264 msgid "books" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4152 freeculture.xml:4161 freeculture.xml:7230 freeculture.xml:15264 +#: freeculture.xml:4154 freeculture.xml:4163 freeculture.xml:7230 freeculture.xml:15264 msgid "resales of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4153 +#: freeculture.xml:4155 msgid "used record sales" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4161 +#: freeculture.xml:4163 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> While there are not good " "estimates of the number of used record stores in existence, in 2002, there " @@ -6096,7 +6098,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4155 +#: freeculture.xml:4157 msgid "" "In real space—long before the Internet—the market had a simple " "response to this problem: used book and record stores. There are thousands " @@ -6111,22 +6113,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4182 freeculture.xml:6191 freeculture.xml:6196 freeculture.xml:7231 freeculture.xml:15263 +#: freeculture.xml:4184 freeculture.xml:6190 freeculture.xml:6195 freeculture.xml:7231 freeculture.xml:15263 msgid "out of print" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4183 +#: freeculture.xml:4185 msgid "Bernstein, Leonard" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4184 freeculture.xml:7688 freeculture.xml:7976 +#: freeculture.xml:4186 freeculture.xml:7688 freeculture.xml:7976 msgid "books on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4186 +#: freeculture.xml:4188 msgid "" "Type C sharing, then, is very much like used book stores or used record " "stores. It is different, of course, because the person making the content " @@ -6142,7 +6144,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4199 +#: freeculture.xml:4201 msgid "" "It may well be, all things considered, that it would be better if the " "copyright owner got something from this trade. But just because it may well " @@ -6153,23 +6155,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4206 freeculture.xml:14533 +#: freeculture.xml:4208 freeculture.xml:14533 msgid "free on-line releases of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4207 +#: freeculture.xml:4209 msgid "Doctorow, Cory" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4208 +#: freeculture.xml:4210 msgid "Down and Out in the Magic Kingdom (Doctorow)" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 86 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4210 +#: freeculture.xml:4212 msgid "" "Finally, and perhaps most importantly, file-sharing networks enable type D " "sharing to occur—the sharing of content that copyright owners want to " @@ -6187,7 +6189,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4228 +#: freeculture.xml:4230 msgid "" "Likewise for work in the public domain: This sharing benefits society with " "no legal harm to authors at all. If efforts to solve the problem of type A " @@ -6196,7 +6198,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4234 +#: freeculture.xml:4236 msgid "" "The point throughout is this: While the recording industry understandably " "says, <quote>This is how much we've lost,</quote> we must also ask, " @@ -6206,7 +6208,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4242 +#: freeculture.xml:4244 msgid "" "For unlike the piracy I described in the first section of this chapter, much " "of the <quote>piracy</quote> that file sharing enables is plainly legal and " @@ -6222,30 +6224,30 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4256 +#: freeculture.xml:4258 msgid "" "<quote>But isn't the war just a war against illegal sharing? Isn't the " "target just what you call type A sharing?</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4259 +#: freeculture.xml:4261 msgid "zero tolerance in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4260 +#: freeculture.xml:4262 msgid "infringing material blocked by" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4261 +#: freeculture.xml:4263 msgid "infringement protections in" msgstr "" #. f17 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4275 +#: freeculture.xml:4277 msgid "" "See Transcript of Proceedings, In Re: Napster Copyright Litigation at 34- 35 " "(N.D. Cal., 11 July 2001), nos. MDL-00-1369 MHP, C 99-5183 MHP, available at " @@ -6256,7 +6258,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4263 +#: freeculture.xml:4265 msgid "" "You would think. And we should hope. But so far, it is not. The effect of " "the war purportedly on type A sharing alone has been felt far beyond that " @@ -6269,7 +6271,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4288 +#: freeculture.xml:4290 msgid "" "If 99.4 percent is not good enough, then this is a war on file-sharing " "technologies, not a war on copyright infringement. There is no way to assure " @@ -6283,7 +6285,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4300 +#: freeculture.xml:4302 msgid "" "Zero tolerance has not been our history. It has not produced the content " "industry that we know today. The history of American law has been a process " @@ -6295,22 +6297,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4309 +#: freeculture.xml:4311 msgid "composers, copyright protections of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4316 +#: freeculture.xml:4318 msgid "copyright protections in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4319 +#: freeculture.xml:4321 msgid "composer's rights vs. producers' rights in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4321 +#: freeculture.xml:4323 msgid "" "So, as we've seen, when <quote>mechanical reproduction</quote> threatened " "the interests of composers, Congress balanced the rights of composers " @@ -6324,7 +6326,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4334 +#: freeculture.xml:4336 msgid "" "Cable TV followed the pattern of record albums. When the courts rejected the " "claim that cable broadcasters had to pay for the content they rebroadcast, " @@ -6334,13 +6336,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4342 +#: freeculture.xml:4344 msgid "two central goals of" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 88 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4346 +#: freeculture.xml:4348 msgid "" "This compromise, like the compromise affecting records and player pianos, " "served two important goals—indeed, the two central goals of any " @@ -6358,22 +6360,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4364 +#: freeculture.xml:4366 msgid "Betamax" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4366 freeculture.xml:8202 freeculture.xml:8346 freeculture.xml:8411 freeculture.xml:8523 +#: freeculture.xml:4368 freeculture.xml:8202 freeculture.xml:8346 freeculture.xml:8411 freeculture.xml:8523 msgid "Sony" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4366 +#: freeculture.xml:4368 msgid "Betamax technology developed by" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4368 +#: freeculture.xml:4370 msgid "" "In the same year that Congress struck this balance, two major producers and " "distributors of film content filed a lawsuit against another technology, the " @@ -6390,7 +6392,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 89 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4382 +#: freeculture.xml:4384 msgid "" "There was something to Disney's and Universal's claim. Sony did decide to " "design its machine to make it very simple to record television shows. It " @@ -6406,13 +6408,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4397 freeculture.xml:4398 +#: freeculture.xml:4399 freeculture.xml:4400 msgid "on VCR technology" msgstr "" #. f18 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4407 +#: freeculture.xml:4409 msgid "" "Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders): Hearing on S. 1758 " "Before the Senate Committee on the Judiciary, 97th Cong., 1st and 2nd sess., " @@ -6422,13 +6424,13 @@ msgstr "" #. f19 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4419 +#: freeculture.xml:4421 msgid "Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders), 475." msgstr "" #. f20 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4424 +#: freeculture.xml:4426 msgid "" "<citetitle>Universal City Studios, Inc</citetitle>. v. <citetitle>Sony " "Corp. of America</citetitle>, 480 F. Supp. 429, (C.D. Cal., 1979)." @@ -6436,53 +6438,53 @@ msgstr "" #. f21 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4435 +#: freeculture.xml:4437 msgid "" "Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders), 485 (testimony of Jack " "Valenti)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4400 +#: freeculture.xml:4402 msgid "" "MPAA president Jack Valenti became the studios' most vocal champion. Valenti " "called VCRs <quote>tapeworms.</quote> He warned, <quote>When there are 20, " "30, 40 million of these VCRs in the land, we will be invaded by millions of " -"`tapeworms,' eating away at the very heart and essence of the most precious " -"asset the copyright owner has, his copyright.</quote><placeholder " -"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> <quote>One does not have to be trained in " -"sophisticated marketing and creative judgment,</quote> he told Congress, " -"<quote>to understand the devastation on the after-theater marketplace caused " -"by the hundreds of millions of tapings that will adversely impact on the " -"future of the creative community in this country. It is simply a question of " -"basic economics and plain common sense.</quote><placeholder " -"type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Indeed, as surveys would later show, 45 percent " -"of VCR owners had movie libraries of ten videos or more<placeholder " -"type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> — a use the Court would later hold was " -"not <quote>fair.</quote> By <quote>allowing VCR owners to copy freely by the " -"means of an exemption from copyright infringement without creating a " -"mechanism to compensate copyright owners,</quote> Valenti testified, " -"Congress would <quote>take from the owners the very essence of their " -"property: the exclusive right to control who may use their work, that is, " -"who may copy it and thereby profit from its " +"<quote>tapeworms,</quote> eating away at the very heart and essence of the " +"most precious asset the copyright owner has, his " +"copyright.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> <quote>One does " +"not have to be trained in sophisticated marketing and creative " +"judgment,</quote> he told Congress, <quote>to understand the devastation on " +"the after-theater marketplace caused by the hundreds of millions of tapings " +"that will adversely impact on the future of the creative community in this " +"country. It is simply a question of basic economics and plain common " +"sense.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Indeed, as surveys " +"would later show, 45 percent of VCR owners had movie libraries of ten videos " +"or more<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> — a use the Court " +"would later hold was not <quote>fair.</quote> By <quote>allowing VCR owners " +"to copy freely by the means of an exemption from copyright infringement " +"without creating a mechanism to compensate copyright owners,</quote> Valenti " +"testified, Congress would <quote>take from the owners the very essence of " +"their property: the exclusive right to control who may use their work, that " +"is, who may copy it and thereby profit from its " "reproduction.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"3\"/>" msgstr "" #. f22 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4454 +#: freeculture.xml:4456 msgid "" "<citetitle>Universal City Studios, Inc</citetitle>. v. <citetitle>Sony " "Corp. of America</citetitle>, 659 F. 2d 963 (9th Cir. 1981)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4457 +#: freeculture.xml:4459 msgid "Kozinski, Alex" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4442 +#: freeculture.xml:4444 msgid "" "It took eight years for this case to be resolved by the Supreme Court. In " "the interim, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, which includes Hollywood in " @@ -6499,7 +6501,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 90 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4461 +#: freeculture.xml:4463 msgid "" "But the Supreme Court reversed the decision of the Ninth Circuit. And in " "its reversal, the Court clearly articulated its understanding of when and " @@ -6508,14 +6510,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f23 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4480 +#: freeculture.xml:4482 msgid "" "<citetitle>Sony Corp. of America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal City " "Studios, Inc</citetitle>., 464 U.S. 417, 431 (1984)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4470 +#: freeculture.xml:4472 msgid "" "Sound policy, as well as history, supports our consistent deference to " "Congress when major technological innovations alter the market for " @@ -6526,7 +6528,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4486 +#: freeculture.xml:4488 msgid "" "Congress was asked to respond to the Supreme Court's decision. But as with " "the plea of recording artists about radio broadcasts, Congress ignored the " @@ -6536,77 +6538,77 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4497 +#: freeculture.xml:4499 msgid "CASE" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4498 +#: freeculture.xml:4500 msgid "WHOSE VALUE WAS <quote>PIRATED</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4499 +#: freeculture.xml:4501 msgid "RESPONSE OF THE COURTS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4500 +#: freeculture.xml:4502 msgid "RESPONSE OF CONGRESS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4505 +#: freeculture.xml:4507 msgid "Recordings" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4506 +#: freeculture.xml:4508 msgid "Composers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4507 freeculture.xml:4519 freeculture.xml:4525 +#: freeculture.xml:4509 freeculture.xml:4521 freeculture.xml:4527 msgid "No protection" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4508 freeculture.xml:4520 +#: freeculture.xml:4510 freeculture.xml:4522 msgid "Statutory license" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4512 +#: freeculture.xml:4514 msgid "Recording artists" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4513 +#: freeculture.xml:4515 msgid "N/A" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4514 freeculture.xml:4526 +#: freeculture.xml:4516 freeculture.xml:4528 msgid "Nothing" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4518 +#: freeculture.xml:4520 msgid "Broadcasters" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4523 +#: freeculture.xml:4525 msgid "VCR" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4524 +#: freeculture.xml:4526 msgid "Film creators" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4535 +#: freeculture.xml:4537 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> These are the most important " "instances in our history, but there are other cases as well. The technology " @@ -6624,7 +6626,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4533 +#: freeculture.xml:4535 msgid "" "In each case throughout our history, a new technology changed the way " "content was distributed.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In each " @@ -6634,7 +6636,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 91 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4555 +#: freeculture.xml:4557 msgid "" "In <emphasis>none</emphasis> of these cases did either the courts or " "Congress eliminate all free riding. In <emphasis>none</emphasis> of these " @@ -6648,7 +6650,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4568 +#: freeculture.xml:4570 msgid "" "When you think across these examples, and the other examples that make up " "the first four chapters of this section, this balance makes sense. Was Walt " @@ -6661,20 +6663,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4579 +#: freeculture.xml:4581 msgid "on balance of interests in copyright law" msgstr "" #. f25 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4586 +#: freeculture.xml:4588 msgid "" "<citetitle>Sony Corp. of America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal City " "Studios, Inc</citetitle>., 464 U.S. 417, (1984)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4581 +#: freeculture.xml:4583 msgid "" "We could answer yes to each of these questions, but our tradition has " "answered no. In our tradition, as the Supreme Court has stated, copyright " @@ -6688,7 +6690,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4597 +#: freeculture.xml:4599 msgid "" "We should be doing the same thing today. The technology of the Internet is " "changing quickly. The way people connect to the Internet (wires " @@ -6705,7 +6707,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f26 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4621 +#: freeculture.xml:4623 msgid "" "John Schwartz, <quote>New Economy: The Attack on Peer-to-Peer Software " "Echoes Past Efforts,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 22 " @@ -6713,7 +6715,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4613 +#: freeculture.xml:4615 msgid "" "This is especially true when a new technology enables a vastly superior mode " "of distribution. And this p2p has done. P2p technologies can be ideally " @@ -6725,21 +6727,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4626 +#: freeculture.xml:4628 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Yet when anyone</emphasis> begins to talk about " "<quote>balance,</quote> the copyright warriors raise a different " "argument. <quote>All this hand waving about balance and incentives,</quote> " "they say, <quote>misses a fundamental point. Our content,</quote> the " "warriors insist, <quote>is our <emphasis>property</emphasis>. Why should we " -"wait for Congress to `rebalance' our property rights? Do you have to wait " -"before calling the police when your car has been stolen? And why should " -"Congress deliberate at all about the merits of this theft? Do we ask whether " -"the car thief had a good use for the car before we arrest him?</quote>" +"wait for Congress to <quote>rebalance</quote> our property rights? Do you " +"have to wait before calling the police when your car has been stolen? And " +"why should Congress deliberate at all about the merits of this theft? Do we " +"ask whether the car thief had a good use for the car before we arrest " +"him?</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4638 +#: freeculture.xml:4641 msgid "" "<quote>It is <emphasis>our property</emphasis>,</quote> the warriors " "insist. <quote>And it should be protected just as any other property is " @@ -6747,13 +6750,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><title> -#: freeculture.xml:4647 +#: freeculture.xml:4650 msgid "<quote>Property</quote>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 94 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4652 +#: freeculture.xml:4655 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>The copyright warriors</emphasis> are right: A " "copyright is a kind of property. It can be owned and sold, and the law " @@ -6763,7 +6766,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4659 +#: freeculture.xml:4662 msgid "" "But in ordinary language, to call a copyright a <quote>property</quote> " "right is a bit misleading, for the property of copyright is an odd kind of " @@ -6777,13 +6780,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4670 freeculture.xml:6489 freeculture.xml:14520 +#: freeculture.xml:4673 freeculture.xml:6488 freeculture.xml:14520 msgid "Jefferson, Thomas" msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4685 +#: freeculture.xml:4688 msgid "" "Letter from Thomas Jefferson to Isaac McPherson (13 August 1813) in " "<citetitle>The Writings of Thomas Jefferson</citetitle>, vol. 6 (Andrew " @@ -6791,7 +6794,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4672 +#: freeculture.xml:4675 msgid "" "The point is not just about the thingness of picnic tables versus ideas, " "though that's an important difference. The point instead is that in the " @@ -6807,12 +6810,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4690 +#: freeculture.xml:4693 msgid "intangibility of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4692 +#: freeculture.xml:4695 msgid "" "The exceptions to free use are ideas and expressions within the reach of the " "law of patent and copyright, and a few other domains that I won't discuss " @@ -6822,7 +6825,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4705 +#: freeculture.xml:4708 msgid "" "As the legal realists taught American law, all property rights are " "intangible. A property right is simply a right that an individual has " @@ -6834,7 +6837,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4700 +#: freeculture.xml:4703 msgid "" "But how, and to what extent, and in what form—the details, in other " "words—matter. To get a good sense of how this practice of turning the " @@ -6844,7 +6847,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4715 +#: freeculture.xml:4718 msgid "" "My strategy in doing this will be the same as my strategy in the preceding " "part. I offer four stories to help put the idea of <quote>copyright material " @@ -6857,47 +6860,47 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:4728 +#: freeculture.xml:4731 msgid "Chapter Six: Founders" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4729 +#: freeculture.xml:4732 msgid "English copyright law developed for" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4732 +#: freeculture.xml:4735 msgid "England, copyright laws developed in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4733 freeculture.xml:14057 +#: freeculture.xml:4736 freeculture.xml:14057 msgid "United Kingdom" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4733 +#: freeculture.xml:4736 msgid "history of copyright law in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4734 freeculture.xml:4904 +#: freeculture.xml:4737 freeculture.xml:4907 msgid "Branagh, Kenneth" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4735 +#: freeculture.xml:4738 msgid "Henry V" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4737 freeculture.xml:4869 +#: freeculture.xml:4740 freeculture.xml:4872 msgid "Romeo and Juliet (Shakespeare)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4739 +#: freeculture.xml:4742 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>William Shakespeare</emphasis> wrote " "<citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> in 1595. The play was first " @@ -6911,27 +6914,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4750 freeculture.xml:4834 freeculture.xml:4943 freeculture.xml:5076 +#: freeculture.xml:4753 freeculture.xml:4837 freeculture.xml:4946 freeculture.xml:5079 msgid "Conger" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4751 +#: freeculture.xml:4754 msgid "Tonson, Jacob" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4757 +#: freeculture.xml:4760 msgid "Jonson, Ben" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4758 +#: freeculture.xml:4761 msgid "Dryden, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4757 +#: freeculture.xml:4760 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " "id=\"1\"/> Jacob Tonson is typically remembered for his associations with " @@ -6946,7 +6949,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4770 +#: freeculture.xml:4773 msgid "" "Lyman Ray Patterson, <citetitle>Copyright in Historical " "Perspective</citetitle> (Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 1968), " @@ -6955,7 +6958,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 97 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4753 +#: freeculture.xml:4756 msgid "" "In 1774, almost 180 years after <citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> was " "written, the <quote>copy-right</quote> for the work was still thought by " @@ -6971,22 +6974,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4782 freeculture.xml:4835 freeculture.xml:4975 freeculture.xml:5156 freeculture.xml:5312 +#: freeculture.xml:4785 freeculture.xml:4838 freeculture.xml:4978 freeculture.xml:5159 freeculture.xml:5315 msgid "British Parliament" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4784 freeculture.xml:7168 +#: freeculture.xml:4787 freeculture.xml:7168 msgid "renewability of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4785 freeculture.xml:4837 freeculture.xml:4881 freeculture.xml:4988 freeculture.xml:5075 freeculture.xml:7158 +#: freeculture.xml:4788 freeculture.xml:4840 freeculture.xml:4884 freeculture.xml:4991 freeculture.xml:5078 freeculture.xml:7158 msgid "Statute of Anne (1710)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4796 +#: freeculture.xml:4799 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> As Siva Vaidhyanathan nicely " "argues, it is erroneous to call this a <quote>copyright law.</quote> See " @@ -6994,7 +6997,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4787 +#: freeculture.xml:4790 msgid "" "Now, there's something puzzling about the year 1774 to anyone who knows a " "little about copyright law. The better-known year in the history of " @@ -7009,22 +7012,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4805 freeculture.xml:5029 +#: freeculture.xml:4808 freeculture.xml:5032 msgid "common vs. positive" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4806 freeculture.xml:5030 +#: freeculture.xml:4809 freeculture.xml:5033 msgid "positive law" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4807 +#: freeculture.xml:4810 msgid "Licensing Act (1662)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4809 +#: freeculture.xml:4812 msgid "" "The reason is that the English hadn't yet agreed on what a " "<quote>copyright</quote> was—indeed, no one had. At the time the " @@ -7037,12 +7040,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4820 freeculture.xml:5028 freeculture.xml:5099 freeculture.xml:5199 +#: freeculture.xml:4823 freeculture.xml:5031 freeculture.xml:5102 freeculture.xml:5202 msgid "common law" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4822 +#: freeculture.xml:4825 msgid "" "There was no <emphasis>positive</emphasis> law, but that didn't mean that " "there was no law. The Anglo-American legal tradition looks to both the words " @@ -7057,13 +7060,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4836 freeculture.xml:5065 freeculture.xml:5173 freeculture.xml:5251 +#: freeculture.xml:4839 freeculture.xml:5068 freeculture.xml:5176 freeculture.xml:5254 msgid "Scottish publishers" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 98 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4839 +#: freeculture.xml:4842 msgid "" "This question was important to the publishers, or " "<quote>booksellers,</quote> as they were called, because there was growing " @@ -7075,12 +7078,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4850 +#: freeculture.xml:4853 msgid "as narrow monopoly right" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4852 +#: freeculture.xml:4855 msgid "" "The Statute of Anne granted the author or <quote>proprietor</quote> of a " "book an exclusive right to print that book. In an important limitation, " @@ -7091,7 +7094,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4862 +#: freeculture.xml:4865 msgid "" "Now, the thing to puzzle about for a moment is this: Why would Parliament " "limit the exclusive right? Not why would they limit it to the particular " @@ -7100,7 +7103,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4871 +#: freeculture.xml:4874 msgid "" "For the booksellers, and the authors whom they represented, had a very " "strong claim. Take <citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> as an example: " @@ -7114,7 +7117,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4883 +#: freeculture.xml:4886 msgid "" "The answer comes in two parts. We first need to see something special about " "the notion of <quote>copyright</quote> that existed at the time of the " @@ -7123,13 +7126,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4888 freeculture.xml:7679 freeculture.xml:7850 +#: freeculture.xml:4891 freeculture.xml:7679 freeculture.xml:7850 msgid "usage restrictions attached to" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 99 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4890 +#: freeculture.xml:4893 msgid "" "First, about copyright. In the last three hundred years, we have come to " "apply the concept of <quote>copyright</quote> ever more broadly. But in " @@ -7145,7 +7148,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4907 +#: freeculture.xml:4910 msgid "" "So, for example, even if the copyright to Shakespeare's works were " "perpetual, all that would have meant under the original meaning of the term " @@ -7158,22 +7161,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4916 +#: freeculture.xml:4919 msgid "Henry VIII, King of England" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4917 +#: freeculture.xml:4920 msgid "monopoly, copyright as" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4918 +#: freeculture.xml:4921 msgid "Statute of Monopolies (1656)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4920 +#: freeculture.xml:4923 msgid "" "Even that limited right was viewed with skepticism by the British. They had " "had a long and ugly experience with <quote>exclusive rights,</quote> " @@ -7188,7 +7191,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4933 +#: freeculture.xml:4936 msgid "" "Thus the <quote>copy-right,</quote> when viewed as a monopoly right, was " "naturally viewed as a right that should be limited. (However convincing the " @@ -7200,25 +7203,25 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4941 freeculture.xml:5234 +#: freeculture.xml:4944 freeculture.xml:5237 msgid "Milton, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4942 +#: freeculture.xml:4945 msgid "booksellers, English" msgstr "" #. f4 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4961 +#: freeculture.xml:4964 msgid "" "Philip Wittenberg, <citetitle>The Protection and Marketing of Literary " "Property</citetitle> (New York: J. Messner, Inc., 1937), 31." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4946 +#: freeculture.xml:4949 msgid "" "Second, about booksellers. It wasn't just that the copyright was a " "monopoly. It was also that it was a monopoly held by the booksellers. " @@ -7234,17 +7237,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4965 +#: freeculture.xml:4968 msgid "Enlightenment" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4966 +#: freeculture.xml:4969 msgid "knowledge, freedom of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4968 +#: freeculture.xml:4971 msgid "" "Many believed the power the booksellers exercised over the spread of " "knowledge was harming that spread, just at the time the Enlightenment was " @@ -7254,7 +7257,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4977 +#: freeculture.xml:4980 msgid "" "To balance this power, Parliament decided to increase competition among " "booksellers, and the simplest way to do that was to spread the wealth of " @@ -7268,12 +7271,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4990 freeculture.xml:5125 freeculture.xml:5219 freeculture.xml:11209 +#: freeculture.xml:4993 freeculture.xml:5128 freeculture.xml:5222 freeculture.xml:11209 msgid "in perpetuity" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4992 +#: freeculture.xml:4995 msgid "" "When 1731 (1710 + 21) came along, however, the booksellers were getting " "anxious. They saw the consequences of more competition, and like every " @@ -7285,7 +7288,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5001 +#: freeculture.xml:5004 msgid "" "Parliament rejected their requests. As one pamphleteer put it, in words that " "echo today," @@ -7293,7 +7296,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f5 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5016 +#: freeculture.xml:5019 msgid "" "A Letter to a Member of Parliament concerning the Bill now depending in the " "House of Commons, for making more effectual an Act in the Eighth Year of the " @@ -7305,7 +7308,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5006 +#: freeculture.xml:5009 msgid "" "I see no Reason for granting a further Term now, which will not hold as well " "for granting it again and again, as often as the Old ones Expire; so that " @@ -7317,7 +7320,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5032 +#: freeculture.xml:5035 msgid "" "Having failed in Parliament, the publishers turned to the courts in a series " "of cases. Their argument was simple and direct: The Statute of Anne gave " @@ -7334,12 +7337,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5054 freeculture.xml:5064 freeculture.xml:5107 +#: freeculture.xml:5057 freeculture.xml:5067 freeculture.xml:5110 msgid "Patterson, Raymond" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5054 +#: freeculture.xml:5057 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " "id=\"1\"/> Lyman Ray Patterson, <quote>Free Speech, Copyright, and Fair " @@ -7348,7 +7351,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5048 +#: freeculture.xml:5051 msgid "" "This was a clever argument, and one that had the support of some of the " "leading jurists of the day. It also displayed extraordinary chutzpah. Until " @@ -7360,20 +7363,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5063 freeculture.xml:5172 +#: freeculture.xml:5066 freeculture.xml:5175 msgid "Donaldson, Alexander" msgstr "" #. f7 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5071 +#: freeculture.xml:5074 msgid "" "For a compelling account, see David Saunders, <citetitle>Authorship and " "Copyright</citetitle> (London: Routledge, 1992), 62–69." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5067 +#: freeculture.xml:5070 msgid "" "The booksellers' argument was not accepted without a fight. The hero of " "this fight was a Scottish bookseller named Alexander Donaldson.<placeholder " @@ -7381,22 +7384,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5077 +#: freeculture.xml:5080 msgid "Boswell, James" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5078 +#: freeculture.xml:5081 msgid "Erskine, Andrew" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5087 freeculture.xml:15690 +#: freeculture.xml:5090 freeculture.xml:15690 msgid "Rose, Mark" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5085 +#: freeculture.xml:5088 msgid "" "Mark Rose, <citetitle>Authors and Owners</citetitle> (Cambridge: Harvard " "University Press, 1993), 92. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" @@ -7404,12 +7407,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f9 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5096 +#: freeculture.xml:5099 msgid "Ibid., 93." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5080 +#: freeculture.xml:5083 msgid "" "Donaldson was an outsider to the London Conger. He began his career in " "Edinburgh in 1750. The focus of his business was inexpensive reprints " @@ -7423,7 +7426,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5107 +#: freeculture.xml:5110 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Lyman Ray Patterson, " "<citetitle>Copyright in Historical Perspective</citetitle>, 167 (quoting " @@ -7431,7 +7434,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5101 +#: freeculture.xml:5104 msgid "" "When the London booksellers tried to shut down Donaldson's shop in Scotland, " "he responded by moving his shop to London, where he sold inexpensive " @@ -7443,12 +7446,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5116 +#: freeculture.xml:5119 msgid "Millar v. Taylor" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5118 +#: freeculture.xml:5121 msgid "" "The London booksellers quickly brought suit to block <quote>piracy</quote> " "like Donaldson's. A number of actions were successful against the " @@ -7457,23 +7460,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5124 freeculture.xml:5178 +#: freeculture.xml:5127 freeculture.xml:5181 msgid "Thomson, James" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5126 +#: freeculture.xml:5129 msgid "Seasons, The (Thomson)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5127 +#: freeculture.xml:5130 msgid "Taylor, Robert" msgstr "" #. f11 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5136 +#: freeculture.xml:5139 msgid "" "Howard B. Abrams, <quote>The Historic Foundation of American Copyright Law: " "Exploding the Myth of Common Law Copyright,</quote> <citetitle>Wayne Law " @@ -7481,7 +7484,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5129 +#: freeculture.xml:5132 msgid "" "Millar was a bookseller who in 1729 had purchased the rights to James " "Thomson's poem <quote>The Seasons.</quote> Millar complied with the " @@ -7493,7 +7496,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5143 +#: freeculture.xml:5146 msgid "" "Astonishingly to modern lawyers, one of the greatest judges in English " "history, Lord Mansfield, agreed with the booksellers. Whatever protection " @@ -7508,7 +7511,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 103 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5158 +#: freeculture.xml:5161 msgid "" "Considered as a matter of abstract justice—reasoning as if justice " "were just a matter of logical deduction from first " @@ -7523,35 +7526,35 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5175 +#: freeculture.xml:5178 msgid "" "The fight to defend the limits of the Statute of Anne was not to end there, " "however, and it is here that Donaldson enters the mix." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5179 +#: freeculture.xml:5182 msgid "Beckett, Thomas" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5180 freeculture.xml:5287 +#: freeculture.xml:5183 freeculture.xml:5290 msgid "House of Lords" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5181 +#: freeculture.xml:5184 msgid "House of Lords vs." msgstr "" #. f12 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5187 +#: freeculture.xml:5190 msgid "Ibid., 1156." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5183 +#: freeculture.xml:5186 msgid "" "Millar died soon after his victory, so his case was not appealed. His estate " "sold Thomson's poems to a syndicate of printers that included Thomas " @@ -7565,12 +7568,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5198 +#: freeculture.xml:5201 msgid "Donaldson v. Beckett" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5201 +#: freeculture.xml:5204 msgid "" "As few legal cases ever do, <citetitle>Donaldson</citetitle> " "v. <citetitle>Beckett</citetitle> drew an enormous amount of attention " @@ -7583,7 +7586,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5212 +#: freeculture.xml:5215 msgid "" "The House of Lords was an odd institution. Legal questions were presented to " "the House and voted upon first by the <quote>law lords,</quote> members of " @@ -7593,13 +7596,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5220 freeculture.xml:5288 +#: freeculture.xml:5223 freeculture.xml:5291 msgid "English legal establishment of" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 104 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5222 +#: freeculture.xml:5225 msgid "" "The reports about the law lords' votes are mixed. On some counts, it looks " "as if perpetual copyright prevailed. But there is no ambiguity about how the " @@ -7611,22 +7614,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5231 +#: freeculture.xml:5234 msgid "Bacon, Francis" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5232 +#: freeculture.xml:5235 msgid "Bunyan, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5233 +#: freeculture.xml:5236 msgid "Johnson, Samuel" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5237 +#: freeculture.xml:5240 msgid "" "<quote>The public domain.</quote> Before the case of " "<citetitle>Donaldson</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Beckett</citetitle>, there " @@ -7640,12 +7643,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f13 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5263 +#: freeculture.xml:5266 msgid "Rose, 97." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5253 +#: freeculture.xml:5256 msgid "" "It is hard for us to imagine, but this decision by the House of Lords fueled " "an extraordinarily popular and political reaction. In Scotland, where most " @@ -7660,7 +7663,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5268 +#: freeculture.xml:5271 msgid "" "In London, however, at least among publishers, the reaction was equally " "strong in the opposite direction. The <citetitle>Morning " @@ -7668,7 +7671,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5274 +#: freeculture.xml:5277 msgid "" "By the above decision … near 200,000 pounds worth of what was " "honestly purchased at public sale, and which was yesterday thought property " @@ -7682,7 +7685,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 105 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5291 +#: freeculture.xml:5294 msgid "" "<quote>Ruined</quote> is a bit of an exaggeration. But it is not an " "exaggeration to say that the change was profound. The decision of the House " @@ -7705,7 +7708,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5314 +#: freeculture.xml:5317 msgid "" "At least, this was the rule in a world where the Parliament is antimonopoly, " "resistant to the protectionist pleas of publishers. In a world where the " @@ -7713,42 +7716,42 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:5331 +#: freeculture.xml:5334 msgid "Chapter Seven: Recorders" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5332 freeculture.xml:7657 freeculture.xml:7771 freeculture.xml:7830 +#: freeculture.xml:5335 freeculture.xml:7657 freeculture.xml:7771 freeculture.xml:7830 msgid "fair use and" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5333 +#: freeculture.xml:5336 msgid "documentary film" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5334 +#: freeculture.xml:5337 msgid "Else, Jon" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5335 freeculture.xml:5482 freeculture.xml:7656 freeculture.xml:7689 freeculture.xml:7770 freeculture.xml:7832 +#: freeculture.xml:5338 freeculture.xml:5481 freeculture.xml:7656 freeculture.xml:7689 freeculture.xml:7770 freeculture.xml:7832 msgid "fair use" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5335 +#: freeculture.xml:5338 msgid "in documentary film" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5336 +#: freeculture.xml:5339 msgid "fair use of copyrighted material in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5338 +#: freeculture.xml:5341 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Jon Else</emphasis> is a filmmaker. He is best known " "for his documentaries and has been very successful in spreading his art. He " @@ -7758,24 +7761,24 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5345 +#: freeculture.xml:5348 msgid "" "Else worked on a documentary that I was involved in. At a break, he told me " "a story about the freedom to create with film in America today." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5349 freeculture.xml:5415 +#: freeculture.xml:5352 freeculture.xml:5416 msgid "Wagner, Richard" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5350 freeculture.xml:5429 +#: freeculture.xml:5353 freeculture.xml:5430 msgid "San Francisco Opera" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5352 +#: freeculture.xml:5355 msgid "" "In 1990, Else was working on a documentary about Wagner's Ring Cycle. The " "focus was stagehands at the San Francisco Opera. Stagehands are a " @@ -7785,13 +7788,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5359 +#: freeculture.xml:5362 msgid "Simpsons, The" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 107 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5361 +#: freeculture.xml:5364 msgid "" "During one of the performances, Else was shooting some stagehands playing " "checkers. In one corner of the room was a television set. Playing on the " @@ -7802,12 +7805,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5370 +#: freeculture.xml:5373 msgid "multiple copyrights associated with" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5372 +#: freeculture.xml:5375 msgid "" "Years later, when he finally got funding to complete the film, Else " "attempted to clear the rights for those few seconds of <citetitle>The " @@ -7818,17 +7821,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5378 +#: freeculture.xml:5381 msgid "Gracie Films" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5379 freeculture.xml:5440 freeculture.xml:5504 +#: freeculture.xml:5382 freeculture.xml:5503 msgid "Groening, Matt" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5381 +#: freeculture.xml:5384 msgid "" "Else called <citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle> creator Matt Groening's office " "to get permission. Groening approved the shot. The shot was a " @@ -7838,12 +7841,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5387 freeculture.xml:5439 freeculture.xml:5503 +#: freeculture.xml:5390 freeculture.xml:5502 msgid "Fox (film company)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5389 +#: freeculture.xml:5392 msgid "" "Gracie Films was okay with it, too, but they, like Groening, wanted to be " "careful. So they told Else to contact Fox, Gracie's parent company. Else " @@ -7853,7 +7856,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5397 +#: freeculture.xml:5400 msgid "" "Then, as Else told me, <quote>two things happened. First we discovered " "… that Matt Groening doesn't own his own creation—or at least " @@ -7864,12 +7867,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5406 +#: freeculture.xml:5407 msgid "Herrera, Rebecca" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5408 +#: freeculture.xml:5409 msgid "" "Else was certain there was a mistake. He worked his way up to someone he " "thought was a vice president for licensing, Rebecca Herrera. He explained " @@ -7881,7 +7884,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 108 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5417 +#: freeculture.xml:5418 msgid "" "<quote>I wanted to make sure I had my facts straight,</quote> he told " "me. <quote>Yes, you have your facts straight,</quote> she said. It would " @@ -7893,12 +7896,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5430 +#: freeculture.xml:5431 msgid "Day After Trinity, The" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5432 +#: freeculture.xml:5433 msgid "" "Else didn't have the money to buy the right to replay what was playing on " "the television backstage at the San Francisco Opera. To reproduce this " @@ -7909,7 +7912,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5442 +#: freeculture.xml:5441 msgid "" "There's no doubt that someone, whether Matt Groening or Fox, owns the " "copyright to <citetitle>The Simpsons</citetitle>. That copyright is their " @@ -7923,7 +7926,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5453 +#: freeculture.xml:5452 msgid "" "For example, <quote>public performance</quote> is a use of <citetitle>The " "Simpsons</citetitle> that the copyright owner gets to control. If you take a " @@ -7936,7 +7939,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5465 +#: freeculture.xml:5464 msgid "" "For an excellent argument that such use is <quote>fair use,</quote> but that " "lawyers don't permit recognition that it is <quote>fair use,</quote> see " @@ -7946,7 +7949,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5462 +#: freeculture.xml:5461 msgid "" "But when lawyers hear this story about Jon Else and Fox, their first thought " "is <quote>fair use.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Else's " @@ -7958,19 +7961,19 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 109 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5479 +#: freeculture.xml:5478 msgid "" "So I asked Else why he didn't just rely upon <quote>fair use.</quote> Here's " "his reply:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5482 freeculture.xml:7832 +#: freeculture.xml:5481 freeculture.xml:7832 msgid "legal intimidation tactics against" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5484 +#: freeculture.xml:5483 msgid "" "The <citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle> fiasco was for me a great lesson in the " "gulf between what lawyers find irrelevant in some abstract sense, and what " @@ -7981,13 +7984,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5493 +#: freeculture.xml:5492 msgid "Errors and Omissions insurance" msgstr "" #. 1. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5496 +#: freeculture.xml:5495 msgid "" "Before our films can be broadcast, the network requires that we buy Errors " "and Omissions insurance. The carriers require a detailed <quote>visual cue " @@ -7997,18 +8000,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5505 +#: freeculture.xml:5504 msgid "Lucas, George" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5506 +#: freeculture.xml:5505 msgid "<citetitle>Star Wars</citetitle>" msgstr "" #. 2. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5509 +#: freeculture.xml:5508 msgid "" "I probably never should have asked Matt Groening in the first place. But I " "knew (at least from folklore) that Fox had a history of tracking down and " @@ -8024,7 +8027,7 @@ msgstr "" #. 3. #. PAGE BREAK 110 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5521 +#: freeculture.xml:5520 msgid "" "I did, in fact, speak with one of your colleagues at Stanford Law School " "… who confirmed that it was fair use. He also confirmed that Fox " @@ -8035,14 +8038,14 @@ msgstr "" #. 4. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5533 +#: freeculture.xml:5532 msgid "" "The question of fair use usually comes up at the end of the project, when we " "are up against a release deadline and out of money." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5541 +#: freeculture.xml:5540 msgid "" "In theory, fair use means you need no permission. The theory therefore " "supports free culture and insulates against a permission culture. But in " @@ -8053,7 +8056,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5549 +#: freeculture.xml:5548 msgid "" "This practice shows just how far the law has come from its " "eighteenth-century roots. The law was born as a shield to protect " @@ -8062,22 +8065,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:5564 +#: freeculture.xml:5563 msgid "Chapter Eight: Transformers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5565 +#: freeculture.xml:5564 msgid "Allen, Paul" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5566 freeculture.xml:5626 freeculture.xml:5811 freeculture.xml:10560 freeculture.xml:15054 +#: freeculture.xml:5565 freeculture.xml:5625 freeculture.xml:5810 freeculture.xml:10560 freeculture.xml:15054 msgid "Alben, Alex" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5569 +#: freeculture.xml:5568 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>In 1993</emphasis>, Alex Alben was a lawyer working " "at Starwave, Inc. Starwave was an innovative company founded by Microsoft " @@ -8087,17 +8090,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5576 +#: freeculture.xml:5575 msgid "retrospective compilations on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5577 +#: freeculture.xml:5576 msgid "CD-ROMs, film clips used in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5579 +#: freeculture.xml:5578 msgid "" "Alben had a special interest in new technology. He was intrigued by the " "emerging market for CD-ROM technology—not to distribute film, but to " @@ -8109,7 +8112,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5589 +#: freeculture.xml:5588 msgid "" "At that time, Eastwood had made more than fifty films, as an actor and as a " "director. Alben began with a series of interviews with Eastwood, asking him " @@ -8119,7 +8122,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 112 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5596 +#: freeculture.xml:5595 msgid "" "That alone would not have made a very interesting product, so Starwave " "wanted to add content from the movies in Eastwood's career: posters, " @@ -8129,7 +8132,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5603 +#: freeculture.xml:5602 msgid "" "Then Alben and his team decided to include actual film clips. <quote>Our " "goal was that we were going to have a clip from every one of Eastwood's " @@ -8140,19 +8143,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5611 +#: freeculture.xml:5610 msgid "" "Alben brought the idea to Michael Slade, the CEO of Starwave. Slade asked, " "<quote>Well, what will it take?</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5625 +#: freeculture.xml:5624 msgid "publicity rights on images of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5621 +#: freeculture.xml:5620 msgid "" "Technically, the rights that Alben had to clear were mainly those of " "publicity—rights an artist has to control the commercial exploitation " @@ -8162,7 +8165,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5615 +#: freeculture.xml:5614 msgid "" "Alben replied, <quote>Well, we're going to have to clear rights from " "everyone who appears in these films, and the music and everything else that " @@ -8171,7 +8174,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5630 +#: freeculture.xml:5629 msgid "" "The problem was that neither Alben nor Slade had any idea what clearing " "those rights would mean. Every actor in each of the films could have a claim " @@ -8181,7 +8184,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5637 +#: freeculture.xml:5636 msgid "" "I asked Alben how he dealt with the problem. With an obvious pride in his " "resourcefulness that obscured the obvious bizarreness of his tale, Alben " @@ -8189,7 +8192,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5643 +#: freeculture.xml:5642 msgid "" "So we very mechanically went about looking up the film clips. We made some " "artistic decisions about what film clips to include—of course we were " @@ -8201,7 +8204,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 113 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5652 +#: freeculture.xml:5651 msgid "" "We decided that it would be fair if we offered them the dayplayer rate for " "the right to reuse that performance. We're talking about a clip of less than " @@ -8214,12 +8217,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5663 +#: freeculture.xml:5662 msgid "Sutherland, Donald" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5665 +#: freeculture.xml:5664 msgid "" "Some actors were glad to help—Donald Sutherland, for example, followed " "up himself to be sure that the rights had been cleared. Others were " @@ -8232,14 +8235,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5676 +#: freeculture.xml:5675 msgid "" "It was one <emphasis>year</emphasis> later—<quote>and even then we " "weren't sure whether we were totally in the clear.</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5680 +#: freeculture.xml:5679 msgid "" "Alben is proud of his work. The project was the first of its kind and the " "only time he knew of that a team had undertaken such a massive project for " @@ -8247,7 +8250,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5686 +#: freeculture.xml:5685 msgid "" "Everyone thought it would be too hard. Everyone just threw up their hands " "and said, <quote>Oh, my gosh, a film, it's so many copyrights, there's the " @@ -8260,20 +8263,20 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 114 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5698 +#: freeculture.xml:5697 msgid "" "And no doubt, the product itself was exceptionally good. Eastwood loved it, " "and it sold very well." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5701 +#: freeculture.xml:5700 msgid "Drucker, Peter" msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5709 +#: freeculture.xml:5708 msgid "" "U.S. Department of Commerce Office of Acquisition Management, " "<citetitle>Seven Steps to Performance-Based Services " @@ -8282,7 +8285,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5703 +#: freeculture.xml:5702 msgid "" "But I pressed Alben about how weird it seems that it would have to take a " "year's work simply to clear rights. No doubt Alben had done this " @@ -8293,7 +8296,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5717 +#: freeculture.xml:5716 msgid "" "For, as he acknowledged, <quote>very few … have the time and " "resources, and the will to do this,</quote> and thus, very few such works " @@ -8303,7 +8306,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5725 +#: freeculture.xml:5724 msgid "" "I don't think so. When an actor renders a performance in a movie, he or she " "gets paid very well. … And then when 30 seconds of that performance " @@ -8312,7 +8315,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5733 +#: freeculture.xml:5732 msgid "" "Or at least, is this <emphasis>how</emphasis> the artist should be " "compensated? Would it make sense, I asked, for there to be some kind of " @@ -8325,7 +8328,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 115 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5744 +#: freeculture.xml:5743 msgid "" "Absolutely. I think that if there were some fair-licensing " "mechanism—where you weren't subject to hold-ups and you weren't " @@ -8346,7 +8349,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5764 +#: freeculture.xml:5763 msgid "" "Alben worked for a big company. His company was backed by some of the " "richest investors in the world. He therefore had authority and access that " @@ -8356,7 +8359,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5773 +#: freeculture.xml:5772 msgid "" "These costs are the burdens of a kind of regulation. Put on a Republican hat " "for a moment, and get angry for a bit. The government defines the scope of " @@ -8371,7 +8374,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 116 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5786 +#: freeculture.xml:5785 msgid "" "I've seen the flash of recognition when people get this point, but only a " "few times. The first was at a conference of federal judges in California. " @@ -8382,7 +8385,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5796 +#: freeculture.xml:5795 msgid "" "The video was a brilliant collage of film from every period in the twentieth " "century, all framed around the idea of a <citetitle>60 Minutes</citetitle> " @@ -8391,12 +8394,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5801 +#: freeculture.xml:5800 msgid "Nimmer, David" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5803 +#: freeculture.xml:5802 msgid "" "When the lights came up, I looked over to my copanelist, David Nimmer, " "perhaps the leading copyright scholar and practitioner in the nation. He had " @@ -8407,27 +8410,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5812 +#: freeculture.xml:5811 msgid "Boies, David" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5813 +#: freeculture.xml:5812 msgid "Court of Appeals" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5813 +#: freeculture.xml:5812 msgid "Ninth Circuit" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5814 +#: freeculture.xml:5813 msgid "Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5811 +#: freeculture.xml:5810 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " "id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder " @@ -8447,7 +8450,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5831 +#: freeculture.xml:5830 msgid "" "We live in a <quote>cut and paste</quote> culture enabled by " "technology. Anyone building a presentation knows the extraordinary freedom " @@ -8457,13 +8460,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5837 +#: freeculture.xml:5836 msgid "Camp Chaos" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 117 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5839 +#: freeculture.xml:5838 msgid "" "But presentations are just a tiny beginning. Using the Internet and its " "archives, musicians are able to string together mixes of sound never before " @@ -8476,7 +8479,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5850 +#: freeculture.xml:5849 msgid "" "All of these creations are technically illegal. Even if the creators wanted " "to be <quote>legal,</quote> the cost of complying with the law is impossibly " @@ -8486,7 +8489,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5857 +#: freeculture.xml:5856 msgid "" "To some, these stories suggest a solution: Let's alter the mix of rights so " "that people are free to build upon our culture. Free to add or mix as they " @@ -8503,7 +8506,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5872 +#: freeculture.xml:5871 msgid "" "Who could possibly object to this? And what reason would there be for " "objecting? We're talking about work that is not now being made; which if " @@ -8513,7 +8516,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 118 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5878 +#: freeculture.xml:5877 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>In February 2003</emphasis>, DreamWorks studios " "announced an agreement with Mike Myers, the comic genius of " @@ -8527,7 +8530,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5891 +#: freeculture.xml:5890 msgid "" "The announcement called this <quote>film sampling.</quote> As Myers " "explained, <quote>Film Sampling is an exciting way to put an original spin " @@ -8539,7 +8542,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5900 +#: freeculture.xml:5899 msgid "" "Spielberg is right. Film sampling by Myers will be brilliant. But if you " "don't think about it, you might miss the truly astonishing point about this " @@ -8552,7 +8555,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5910 +#: freeculture.xml:5909 msgid "" "This privilege becomes reserved for two sorts of reasons. The first " "continues the story of the last chapter: the vagueness of <quote>fair " @@ -8568,22 +8571,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:5925 +#: freeculture.xml:5924 msgid "Chapter Nine: Collectors" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5926 freeculture.xml:9295 freeculture.xml:11642 freeculture.xml:11888 +#: freeculture.xml:5925 freeculture.xml:9295 freeculture.xml:11642 freeculture.xml:11888 msgid "archives, digital" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5927 freeculture.xml:8576 +#: freeculture.xml:5926 freeculture.xml:8576 msgid "bots" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5929 +#: freeculture.xml:5928 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>In April 1996</emphasis>, millions of " "<quote>bots</quote>—computer codes designed to <quote>spider,</quote> " @@ -8596,12 +8599,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5939 freeculture.xml:5970 freeculture.xml:6034 +#: freeculture.xml:5938 freeculture.xml:5969 freeculture.xml:6033 msgid "Way Back Machine" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5941 +#: freeculture.xml:5940 msgid "" "By October 2001, the bots had collected more than five years of copies. And " "at a small announcement in Berkeley, California, the archive that these " @@ -8612,12 +8615,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5948 +#: freeculture.xml:5947 msgid "Orwell, George" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5950 +#: freeculture.xml:5949 msgid "" "This is the thing about the Internet that Orwell would have appreciated. In " "the dystopia described in <citetitle>1984</citetitle>, old newspapers were " @@ -8627,7 +8630,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 120 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5958 +#: freeculture.xml:5957 msgid "" "Thousands of workers constantly reedited the past, meaning there was no way " "ever to know whether the story you were reading today was the story that was " @@ -8635,7 +8638,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5963 +#: freeculture.xml:5962 msgid "" "It's the same with the Internet. If you go to a Web page today, there's no " "way for you to know whether the content you are reading is the same as the " @@ -8645,12 +8648,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5980 +#: freeculture.xml:5979 msgid "White House press releases" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5978 +#: freeculture.xml:5977 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " "id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> The temptations " @@ -8662,7 +8665,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5972 +#: freeculture.xml:5971 msgid "" "Until the Way Back Machine, at least. With the Way Back Machine, and the " "Internet Archive underlying it, you can see what the Internet was. You have " @@ -8672,12 +8675,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5988 +#: freeculture.xml:5987 msgid "history, records of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5990 +#: freeculture.xml:5989 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>We take it</emphasis> for granted that we can go " "back to see what we remember reading. Think about newspapers. If you wanted " @@ -8690,7 +8693,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6001 +#: freeculture.xml:6000 msgid "" "It is said that those who fail to remember history are doomed to repeat " "it. That's not quite correct. We <emphasis>all</emphasis> forget " @@ -8703,7 +8706,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 121 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6010 +#: freeculture.xml:6009 msgid "" "The Internet was an exception to this presumption. Until the Internet " "Archive, there was no way to go back. The Internet was the quintessentially " @@ -8715,7 +8718,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6022 +#: freeculture.xml:6021 msgid "" "Brewster Kahle is the founder of the Internet Archive. He was a very " "successful Internet entrepreneur after he was a successful computer " @@ -8728,32 +8731,32 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6031 freeculture.xml:6086 freeculture.xml:10545 +#: freeculture.xml:6030 freeculture.xml:6085 freeculture.xml:10545 msgid "Library of Congress" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6032 +#: freeculture.xml:6031 msgid "Television Archive" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6033 +#: freeculture.xml:6032 msgid "Vanderbilt University" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6035 freeculture.xml:11118 freeculture.xml:14232 freeculture.xml:14362 freeculture.xml:14398 +#: freeculture.xml:6034 freeculture.xml:11118 freeculture.xml:14232 freeculture.xml:14362 freeculture.xml:14398 msgid "libraries" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6035 +#: freeculture.xml:6034 msgid "archival function of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6038 +#: freeculture.xml:6037 msgid "" "The Way Back Machine is the largest archive of human knowledge in human " "history. At the end of 2002, it held <quote>two hundred and thirty terabytes " @@ -8773,18 +8776,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6055 +#: freeculture.xml:6054 msgid "Quayle, Dan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6056 +#: freeculture.xml:6055 msgid "60 Minutes" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 122 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6058 +#: freeculture.xml:6057 msgid "" "Do you remember when Dan Quayle was interacting with Murphy Brown? Remember " "that back and forth surreal experience of a politician interacting with a " @@ -8796,17 +8799,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6069 freeculture.xml:8679 +#: freeculture.xml:6068 freeculture.xml:8679 msgid "newspapers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6069 +#: freeculture.xml:6068 msgid "archives of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6071 +#: freeculture.xml:6070 msgid "" "Why is that? Why is it that the part of our culture that is recorded in " "newspapers remains perpetually accessible, while the part that is recorded " @@ -8817,7 +8820,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6079 +#: freeculture.xml:6078 msgid "" "In part, this is because of the law. Early in American copyright law, " "copyright owners were required to deposit copies of their work in " @@ -8827,13 +8830,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6087 freeculture.xml:6131 +#: freeculture.xml:6086 freeculture.xml:6130 msgid "archive of" msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6098 +#: freeculture.xml:6097 msgid "" "Doug Herrick, <quote>Toward a National Film Collection: Motion Pictures at " "the Library of Congress,</quote> <citetitle>Film Library " @@ -8843,7 +8846,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6089 +#: freeculture.xml:6088 msgid "" "These rules applied to film as well. But in 1915, the Library of Congress " "made an exception for film. Film could be copyrighted so long as such " @@ -8856,7 +8859,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6106 +#: freeculture.xml:6105 msgid "" "The same is generally true about television. Television broadcasts were " "originally not copyrighted—there was no way to capture the broadcasts, " @@ -8871,7 +8874,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 123 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6118 +#: freeculture.xml:6117 msgid "" "Kahle was eager to correct this. Before September 11, 2001, he and his " "allies had started capturing television. They selected twenty stations from " @@ -8883,37 +8886,37 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6128 +#: freeculture.xml:6127 msgid "Movie Archive" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6129 +#: freeculture.xml:6128 msgid "archive.org" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6129 freeculture.xml:6132 +#: freeculture.xml:6128 freeculture.xml:6131 msgid "Internet Archive" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6133 +#: freeculture.xml:6132 msgid "Duck and Cover film" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6134 +#: freeculture.xml:6133 msgid "ephemeral films" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6135 +#: freeculture.xml:6134 msgid "Prelinger, Rick" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6137 +#: freeculture.xml:6136 msgid "" "Kahle had the same idea with film. Working with Rick Prelinger, whose " "archive of film includes close to 45,000 <quote>ephemeral films</quote> " @@ -8933,7 +8936,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6155 +#: freeculture.xml:6154 msgid "" "Here again, Kahle is providing access to a part of our culture that we " "otherwise could not get easily, if at all. It is yet another part of what " @@ -8943,7 +8946,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6163 +#: freeculture.xml:6162 msgid "" "The key here is access, not price. Kahle wants to enable free access to this " "content, but he also wants to enable others to sell access to it. His aim is " @@ -8954,7 +8957,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 124 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6171 +#: freeculture.xml:6170 msgid "" "For here is an idea that we should more clearly recognize. Every bit of " "creative property goes through different <quote>lives.</quote> In its first " @@ -8966,7 +8969,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6183 +#: freeculture.xml:6182 msgid "" "After the commercial life of creative property has ended, our tradition has " "always supported a second life as well. A newspaper delivers the news every " @@ -8977,7 +8980,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6196 +#: freeculture.xml:6195 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Dave Barns, <quote>Fledgling " "Career in Antique Books: Woodstock Landlord, Bar Owner Starts a New Chapter " @@ -8989,7 +8992,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6193 +#: freeculture.xml:6192 msgid "" "The same has always been true about books. A book goes out of print very " "quickly (the average today is after about a year<placeholder " @@ -9001,7 +9004,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6211 +#: freeculture.xml:6210 msgid "" "Yet increasingly, any assumption about a stable second life for creative " "property does not hold true with the most important components of popular " @@ -9015,7 +9018,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 125 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6222 +#: freeculture.xml:6221 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>For most of</emphasis> the twentieth century, it was " "economics that made this so. It would have been insanely expensive to " @@ -9028,7 +9031,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6234 +#: freeculture.xml:6233 msgid "" "Perhaps the single most important feature of the digital revolution is that " "for the first time since the Library of Alexandria, it is feasible to " @@ -9039,7 +9042,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6242 +#: freeculture.xml:6241 msgid "" "The scale of this potential archive is something we've never imagined " "before. The Brewster Kahles of our history have dreamed about it; but we are " @@ -9048,17 +9051,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6248 freeculture.xml:6249 freeculture.xml:6252 +#: freeculture.xml:6247 freeculture.xml:6248 freeculture.xml:6251 msgid "total number of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6250 freeculture.xml:6251 freeculture.xml:6252 +#: freeculture.xml:6249 freeculture.xml:6250 freeculture.xml:6251 msgid "music recordings" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6254 +#: freeculture.xml:6253 msgid "" "It looks like there's about two to three million recordings of music. " "Ever. There are about a hundred thousand theatrical releases of movies, " @@ -9075,7 +9078,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 126 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6269 +#: freeculture.xml:6268 msgid "" "Kahle is not the only librarian. The Internet Archive is not the only " "archive. But Kahle and the Internet Archive suggest what the future of " @@ -9091,7 +9094,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6284 +#: freeculture.xml:6283 msgid "" "Technologists have thus removed the economic costs of building such an " "archive. But lawyers' costs remain. For as much as we might like to call " @@ -9103,27 +9106,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6296 +#: freeculture.xml:6295 msgid "Chapter Ten: <quote>Property</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6297 +#: freeculture.xml:6296 msgid "Johnson, Lyndon" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6298 freeculture.xml:10301 +#: freeculture.xml:6297 freeculture.xml:10301 msgid "Kennedy, John F." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6299 +#: freeculture.xml:6298 msgid "background of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6301 +#: freeculture.xml:6300 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Jack Valenti</emphasis> has been the president of " "the Motion Picture Association of America since 1966. He first came to " @@ -9135,37 +9138,37 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6311 +#: freeculture.xml:6310 msgid "MGM" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6312 +#: freeculture.xml:6311 msgid "Paramount Pictures" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6313 +#: freeculture.xml:6312 msgid "Twentieth Century Fox" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6314 +#: freeculture.xml:6313 msgid "Sony Pictures Entertainment" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6315 +#: freeculture.xml:6314 msgid "Universal Pictures" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6316 freeculture.xml:7941 freeculture.xml:8114 +#: freeculture.xml:6315 freeculture.xml:7941 freeculture.xml:8114 msgid "Warner Brothers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6318 +#: freeculture.xml:6317 msgid "" "The MPAA is the American branch of the international Motion Picture " "Association. It was formed in 1922 as a trade association whose goal was to " @@ -9180,7 +9183,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 128 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6331 +#: freeculture.xml:6330 msgid "" "Valenti is only the third president of the MPAA. No president before him has " "had as much influence over that organization, or over Washington. As a " @@ -9194,7 +9197,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6343 +#: freeculture.xml:6342 msgid "" "In defending artistic liberty and the freedom of speech that our culture " "depends upon, the MPAA has done important good. In crafting the MPAA rating " @@ -9206,13 +9209,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6352 +#: freeculture.xml:6351 msgid "In 1982, Valenti's testimony to Congress captured the strategy perfectly:" msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6366 +#: freeculture.xml:6365 msgid "" "Home Recording of Copyrighted Works: Hearings on H.R. 4783, H.R. 4794, " "H.R. 4808, H.R. 5250, H.R. 5488, and H.R. 5705 Before the Subcommittee on " @@ -9222,7 +9225,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6357 +#: freeculture.xml:6356 msgid "" "No matter the lengthy arguments made, no matter the charges and the " "counter-charges, no matter the tumult and the shouting, reasonable men and " @@ -9236,7 +9239,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 129 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6376 +#: freeculture.xml:6375 msgid "" "The strategy of this rhetoric, like the strategy of most of Valenti's " "rhetoric, is brilliant and simple and brilliant because simple. The " @@ -9248,7 +9251,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6387 +#: freeculture.xml:6386 msgid "" "This claim has an obvious and powerful intuitive pull. It is stated with " "such clarity as to make the idea as obvious as the notion that we use " @@ -9264,7 +9267,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6403 +#: freeculture.xml:6402 msgid "" "Lawyers speak of <quote>property</quote> not as an absolute thing, but as a " "bundle of rights that are sometimes associated with a particular " @@ -9277,7 +9280,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6400 +#: freeculture.xml:6399 msgid "" "While <quote>creative property</quote> is certainly <quote>property</quote> " "in a nerdy and precise sense that lawyers are trained to " @@ -9290,7 +9293,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6418 +#: freeculture.xml:6417 msgid "" "Valenti knows this. But he speaks for an industry that cares squat for our " "tradition and the values it represents. He speaks for an industry that is " @@ -9301,7 +9304,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 130 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6426 +#: freeculture.xml:6425 msgid "" "I have two purposes in this chapter. The first is to convince you that, " "historically, Valenti's claim is absolutely wrong. The second is to convince " @@ -9315,7 +9318,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6441 +#: freeculture.xml:6440 msgid "" "Organizations such as the MPAA, whose board includes the most powerful of " "the old guard, have little interest, their rhetoric notwithstanding, in " @@ -9327,7 +9330,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6450 +#: freeculture.xml:6449 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>To get</emphasis> just a hint that there is " "something fundamentally wrong in Valenti's argument, we need look no further " @@ -9335,7 +9338,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6455 +#: freeculture.xml:6454 msgid "" "The framers of our Constitution loved <quote>property.</quote> Indeed, so " "strongly did they love property that they built into the Constitution an " @@ -9350,7 +9353,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 131 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6466 +#: freeculture.xml:6465 msgid "" "Yet the very same Constitution speaks very differently about what Valenti " "calls <quote>creative property.</quote> In the clause granting Congress the " @@ -9367,7 +9370,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6481 +#: freeculture.xml:6480 msgid "" "The Constitution thus on its face states that these two forms of property " "are not to be accorded the same rights. They are plainly to be treated " @@ -9378,7 +9381,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6491 +#: freeculture.xml:6490 msgid "" "Arguing for a change in our Constitution is not necessarily wrong. There " "was much in our original Constitution that was plainly wrong. The " @@ -9392,7 +9395,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6503 +#: freeculture.xml:6502 msgid "" "Instead, my argument is that because Jefferson did it, we should at least " "try to understand <emphasis>why</emphasis>. Why did the framers, fanatical " @@ -9402,7 +9405,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6513 +#: freeculture.xml:6512 msgid "" "To answer this question, we need to get some perspective on the history of " "these <quote>creative property</quote> rights, and the control that they " @@ -9417,38 +9420,38 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6526 freeculture.xml:8060 freeculture.xml:9927 freeculture.xml:11249 freeculture.xml:11295 freeculture.xml:13635 +#: freeculture.xml:6525 freeculture.xml:8060 freeculture.xml:9927 freeculture.xml:11249 freeculture.xml:11295 freeculture.xml:13635 msgid "Lessig, Lawrence" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6527 +#: freeculture.xml:6526 msgid "four modalities of constraint on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6528 freeculture.xml:6789 freeculture.xml:9876 freeculture.xml:9993 +#: freeculture.xml:6527 freeculture.xml:6788 freeculture.xml:9876 freeculture.xml:9993 msgid "regulation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6528 +#: freeculture.xml:6527 msgid "four modalities of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6529 +#: freeculture.xml:6528 msgid "as ex post regulation modality" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6530 freeculture.xml:6606 freeculture.xml:6743 +#: freeculture.xml:6529 freeculture.xml:6605 freeculture.xml:6742 msgid "as constraint modality" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 132 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6534 +#: freeculture.xml:6533 msgid "" "To answer these questions, we need a more general way to talk about how " "property is protected. More precisely, we need a more general way than the " @@ -9460,14 +9463,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6544 freeculture.xml:6739 freeculture.xml:7113 +#: freeculture.xml:6543 freeculture.xml:6738 freeculture.xml:7112 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/1331.svg\" align=\"center\" " "width=\"45%\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6548 +#: freeculture.xml:6547 msgid "" "At the center of this picture is a regulated dot: the individual or group " "that is the target of regulation, or the holder of a right. (In each case " @@ -9484,12 +9487,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6564 freeculture.xml:6626 freeculture.xml:6744 +#: freeculture.xml:6563 freeculture.xml:6625 freeculture.xml:6743 msgid "norms, regulatory influence of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6566 +#: freeculture.xml:6565 msgid "" "Norms are a different kind of constraint. They, too, punish an individual " "for violating a rule. But the punishment of a norm is imposed by a " @@ -9502,12 +9505,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6576 freeculture.xml:6625 freeculture.xml:6719 freeculture.xml:6760 freeculture.xml:9885 freeculture.xml:10119 +#: freeculture.xml:6575 freeculture.xml:6624 freeculture.xml:6718 freeculture.xml:6759 freeculture.xml:9885 freeculture.xml:10119 msgid "market constraints" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6578 +#: freeculture.xml:6577 msgid "" "The market is a third type of constraint. Its constraint is effected through " "conditions: You can do X if you pay Y; you'll be paid M if you do N. These " @@ -9519,12 +9522,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6587 freeculture.xml:6624 freeculture.xml:6677 freeculture.xml:6718 freeculture.xml:6742 +#: freeculture.xml:6586 freeculture.xml:6623 freeculture.xml:6676 freeculture.xml:6717 freeculture.xml:6741 msgid "architecture, constraint effected through" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6589 +#: freeculture.xml:6588 msgid "" "Finally, and for the moment, perhaps, most mysteriously, " "<quote>architecture</quote>—the physical world as one finds " @@ -9543,7 +9546,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 134 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6610 +#: freeculture.xml:6609 msgid "" "So the first point about these four modalities of regulation is obvious: " "They interact. Restrictions imposed by one might be reinforced by " @@ -9551,7 +9554,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6616 +#: freeculture.xml:6615 msgid "" "The second point follows directly: If we want to understand the effective " "freedom that anyone has at a given moment to do any particular thing, we " @@ -9563,17 +9566,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6627 +#: freeculture.xml:6626 msgid "driving speed, constraints on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6628 +#: freeculture.xml:6627 msgid "speeding, constraints on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6630 +#: freeculture.xml:6629 msgid "" "So, for example, consider the <quote>freedom</quote> to drive a car at a " "high speed. That freedom is in part restricted by laws: speed limits that " @@ -9589,7 +9592,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6648 +#: freeculture.xml:6647 msgid "" "By describing the way law affects the other three modalities, I don't mean " "to suggest that the other three don't affect law. Obviously, they do. Law's " @@ -9604,7 +9607,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 135 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6644 +#: freeculture.xml:6643 msgid "" "The final point about this simple model should also be fairly clear: While " "these four modalities are analytically independent, law has a special role " @@ -9621,24 +9624,24 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6674 +#: freeculture.xml:6673 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/1361.svg\" align=\"center\" " "width=\"45%\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6716 +#: freeculture.xml:6715 msgid "Americans with Disabilities Act (1990)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6717 +#: freeculture.xml:6716 msgid "Commons, John R." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6687 +#: freeculture.xml:6686 msgid "" "Some people object to this way of talking about <quote>liberty.</quote> They " "object because their focus when considering the constraints that exist at " @@ -9673,7 +9676,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6679 +#: freeculture.xml:6678 msgid "" "These constraints can thus change, and they can be changed. To understand " "the effective protection of liberty or protection of property at any " @@ -9684,17 +9687,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6725 +#: freeculture.xml:6724 msgid "Why Hollywood Is Right" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6726 freeculture.xml:7103 +#: freeculture.xml:6725 freeculture.xml:7102 msgid "four regulatory modalities on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6728 +#: freeculture.xml:6727 msgid "" "The most obvious point that this model reveals is just why, or just how, " "Hollywood is right. The copyright warriors have rallied Congress and the " @@ -9703,13 +9706,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6734 +#: freeculture.xml:6733 msgid "Let's say this is the picture of copyright's regulation before the Internet:" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 136 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6747 +#: freeculture.xml:6746 msgid "" "There is balance between law, norms, market, and architecture. The law " "limits the ability to copy and share content, by imposing penalties on those " @@ -9723,22 +9726,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6758 +#: freeculture.xml:6757 msgid "copyright regulatory balance lost with" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6759 +#: freeculture.xml:6758 msgid "regulatory balance lost in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6761 +#: freeculture.xml:6760 msgid "MP3s" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6763 +#: freeculture.xml:6762 msgid "" "Enter the Internet, or, more precisely, technologies such as MP3s and p2p " "sharing. Now the constraint of architecture changes dramatically, as does " @@ -9749,18 +9752,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6772 freeculture.xml:7621 freeculture.xml:7930 +#: freeculture.xml:6771 freeculture.xml:7621 freeculture.xml:7930 msgid "technology" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6772 +#: freeculture.xml:6771 msgid "established industries threatened by changes in" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 137 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6774 +#: freeculture.xml:6773 msgid "" "Thus the sense of, and justification for, the warriors' response. " "Technology has changed, the warriors say, and the effect of this change, " @@ -9771,24 +9774,24 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6785 +#: freeculture.xml:6784 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/1381.svg\" align=\"center\" " "width=\"45%\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6788 +#: freeculture.xml:6787 msgid "Commerce, U.S. Department of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6789 freeculture.xml:9876 +#: freeculture.xml:6788 freeculture.xml:9876 msgid "as establishment protectionism" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6791 +#: freeculture.xml:6790 msgid "" "Neither this analysis nor the conclusions that follow are new to the " "warriors. Indeed, in a <quote>White Paper</quote> prepared by the Commerce " @@ -9802,18 +9805,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6804 freeculture.xml:6944 +#: freeculture.xml:6803 freeculture.xml:6943 msgid "farming" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6805 +#: freeculture.xml:6804 msgid "steel industry" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 138 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6807 +#: freeculture.xml:6806 msgid "" "This mixed strategy is just what copyright needed—if it was to " "preserve the particular balance that existed before the change induced by " @@ -9830,7 +9833,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6827 +#: freeculture.xml:6826 msgid "" "Thus, there's nothing wrong or surprising in the content industry's campaign " "to protect itself from the harmful consequences of a technological " @@ -9841,18 +9844,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6840 +#: freeculture.xml:6839 msgid "railroad industry" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6841 +#: freeculture.xml:6840 msgid "remote channel changers" msgstr "" #. f5 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6851 +#: freeculture.xml:6850 msgid "" "See Geoffrey Smith, <quote>Film vs. Digital: Can Kodak Build a " "Bridge?</quote> BusinessWeek online, 2 August 1999, available at <ulink " @@ -9864,7 +9867,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6843 +#: freeculture.xml:6842 msgid "" "But just because a particular interest asks for government support, it " "doesn't follow that support should be granted. And just because technology " @@ -9886,35 +9889,35 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6872 +#: freeculture.xml:6871 msgid "free market, technological changes in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6873 freeculture.xml:15632 +#: freeculture.xml:6872 freeculture.xml:15632 msgid "Brezhnev, Leonid" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6876 freeculture.xml:13821 +#: freeculture.xml:6875 freeculture.xml:13821 msgid "Gates, Bill" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6877 freeculture.xml:7895 +#: freeculture.xml:6876 freeculture.xml:7895 msgid "market competition" msgstr "" #. f6 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6890 +#: freeculture.xml:6889 msgid "" "Fred Warshofsky, <citetitle>The Patent Wars</citetitle> (New York: Wiley, " "1994), 170–71." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6880 +#: freeculture.xml:6879 msgid "" "The obvious answer to these obviously rhetorical questions is no. In a free " "society, with a free market, supported by free enterprise and free trade, " @@ -9932,7 +9935,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6901 +#: freeculture.xml:6900 msgid "" "Thus, while it is understandable for industries threatened with new " "technologies that change the way they do business to look to the government " @@ -9944,17 +9947,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6912 +#: freeculture.xml:6911 msgid "speech, freedom of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6912 +#: freeculture.xml:6911 msgid "constitutional guarantee of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6914 +#: freeculture.xml:6913 msgid "" "In the context of laws regulating speech—which include, obviously, " "copyright law—that duty is even stronger. When the industry " @@ -9971,7 +9974,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 140 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6930 +#: freeculture.xml:6929 msgid "" "My argument just now, however, has nothing to do with whether the changes " "that are being pushed by the copyright warriors are " @@ -9982,27 +9985,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6939 +#: freeculture.xml:6938 msgid "Here's the metaphor that will capture the argument to follow." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6941 +#: freeculture.xml:6940 msgid "Müller, Paul Hermann" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6942 +#: freeculture.xml:6941 msgid "DDT" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6943 +#: freeculture.xml:6942 msgid "insecticide, environmental consequences of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6946 +#: freeculture.xml:6945 msgid "" "In 1873, the chemical DDT was first synthesized. In 1948, Swiss chemist Paul " "Hermann Müller won the Nobel Prize for his work demonstrating the " @@ -10012,7 +10015,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6953 +#: freeculture.xml:6952 msgid "" "No one doubts that killing disease-carrying pests or increasing crop " "production is a good thing. No one doubts that the work of Müller was " @@ -10020,22 +10023,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6957 +#: freeculture.xml:6956 msgid "Carson, Rachel" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6958 +#: freeculture.xml:6957 msgid "Silent Spring (Carson)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6959 +#: freeculture.xml:6958 msgid "environmentalism" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6961 +#: freeculture.xml:6960 msgid "" "But in 1962, Rachel Carson published <citetitle>Silent Spring</citetitle>, " "which argued that DDT, whatever its primary benefits, was also having " @@ -10044,7 +10047,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6967 +#: freeculture.xml:6966 msgid "" "No one set out to destroy the environment. Paul Müller certainly did not aim " "to harm any birds. But the effort to solve one set of problems produced " @@ -10056,18 +10059,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6976 +#: freeculture.xml:6975 msgid "Boyle, James" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6977 +#: freeculture.xml:6976 msgid "innovative freedom balanced with fair compensation in" msgstr "" #. f7 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6983 +#: freeculture.xml:6982 msgid "" "See, for example, James Boyle, <quote>A Politics of Intellectual Property: " "Environmentalism for the Net?</quote> <citetitle>Duke Law " @@ -10076,7 +10079,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 141 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6979 +#: freeculture.xml:6978 msgid "" "It is to this image precisely that Duke University law professor James Boyle " "appeals when he argues that we need an <quote>environmentalism</quote> for " @@ -10094,7 +10097,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7001 +#: freeculture.xml:7000 msgid "" "My argument, in the balance of this chapter, tries to map exactly this " "effect. No doubt the technology of the Internet has had a dramatic effect on " @@ -10108,49 +10111,49 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7013 +#: freeculture.xml:7012 msgid "" "In a line: To kill a gnat, we are spraying DDT with consequences for free " "culture that will be far more devastating than that this gnat will be lost." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7022 +#: freeculture.xml:7021 msgid "Beginnings" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7023 +#: freeculture.xml:7022 msgid "on creative property" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7024 freeculture.xml:11549 +#: freeculture.xml:7023 freeculture.xml:11549 msgid "copyright purpose established in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7025 freeculture.xml:11247 freeculture.xml:12364 +#: freeculture.xml:7024 freeculture.xml:11247 freeculture.xml:12364 msgid "Progress Clause of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7026 freeculture.xml:11550 +#: freeculture.xml:7025 freeculture.xml:11550 msgid "constitutional purpose of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7028 +#: freeculture.xml:7027 msgid "constitutional tradition on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7029 freeculture.xml:11248 freeculture.xml:12362 +#: freeculture.xml:7028 freeculture.xml:11248 freeculture.xml:12362 msgid "Progress Clause" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7032 +#: freeculture.xml:7031 msgid "" "America copied English copyright law. Actually, we copied and improved " "English copyright law. Our Constitution makes the purpose of <quote>creative " @@ -10159,12 +10162,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7037 freeculture.xml:12361 +#: freeculture.xml:7036 freeculture.xml:12361 msgid "in constitutional Progress Clause" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7039 +#: freeculture.xml:7038 msgid "" "The power to establish <quote>creative property</quote> rights is granted to " "Congress in a way that, for our Constitution, at least, is very odd. Article " @@ -10172,7 +10175,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7045 +#: freeculture.xml:7044 msgid "" "Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, " "by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right " @@ -10180,7 +10183,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7053 +#: freeculture.xml:7052 msgid "" "We can call this the <quote>Progress Clause,</quote> for notice what this " "clause does not say. It does not say Congress has the power to grant " @@ -10191,12 +10194,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7062 +#: freeculture.xml:7061 msgid "history of American" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7064 +#: freeculture.xml:7063 msgid "" "The Progress Clause expressly limits the term of copyrights. As we saw in " "chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"founders\"/>, the " @@ -10209,22 +10212,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7073 +#: freeculture.xml:7072 msgid "Senate, U.S." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7074 +#: freeculture.xml:7073 msgid "structural checks and balances of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7075 +#: freeculture.xml:7074 msgid "electoral college" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7077 +#: freeculture.xml:7076 msgid "" "The design of the Progress Clause reflects something about the " "Constitution's design in general. To avoid a problem, the framers built " @@ -10241,7 +10244,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7094 +#: freeculture.xml:7093 msgid "" "I doubt the framers would recognize the regulation we call " "<quote>copyright</quote> today. The scope of that regulation is far beyond " @@ -10252,7 +10255,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 143 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7105 +#: freeculture.xml:7104 msgid "" "Some of these changes come from the law: some in light of changes in " "technology, and some in light of changes in technology given a particular " @@ -10260,12 +10263,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7116 +#: freeculture.xml:7115 msgid "We will end here:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7120 +#: freeculture.xml:7119 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/1442.svg\" align=\"center\" " "width=\"45%\"></graphic>" @@ -10273,27 +10276,27 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 144 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7123 +#: freeculture.xml:7122 msgid "Let me explain how." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7128 +#: freeculture.xml:7127 msgid "Law: Duration" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7131 freeculture.xml:7424 +#: freeculture.xml:7130 freeculture.xml:7424 msgid "Copyright Act (1790)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7132 +#: freeculture.xml:7131 msgid "common law protections of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7133 +#: freeculture.xml:7132 msgid "balance of U.S. content in" msgstr "" @@ -10303,18 +10306,19 @@ msgid "Crosskey, William W." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7143 +#: freeculture.xml:7142 msgid "" "William W. Crosskey, <citetitle>Politics and the Constitution in the History " "of the United States</citetitle> (London: Cambridge University Press, 1953), " -"vol. 1, 485–86: <quote>extinguish[ing], by plain implication of `the " -"supreme Law of the Land,' <emphasis>the perpetual rights which authors had, " -"or were supposed by some to have, under the Common Law</emphasis></quote> " -"(emphasis added). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"vol. 1, 485–86: <quote>extinguish[ing], by plain implication of " +"<quote>the supreme Law of the Land,</quote> <emphasis>the perpetual rights " +"which authors had, or were supposed by some to have, under the Common " +"Law</emphasis></quote> (emphasis added). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7135 +#: freeculture.xml:7134 msgid "" "When the first Congress enacted laws to protect creative property, it faced " "the same uncertainty about the status of creative property that the English " @@ -13256,9 +13260,9 @@ msgid "" "<citetitle>blind</citetitle>. They think he's just thick. Indeed, as they " "increasingly notice the things he can't do (hear the sound of grass being " "stepped on, for example), they increasingly try to control him. He, in turn, " -"becomes increasingly frustrated. <quote>`You don't understand,' he cried, in " -"a voice that was meant to be great and resolute, and which broke. `You are " -"blind and I can see. Leave me alone!'</quote>" +"becomes increasingly frustrated. <quote><quote>You don't understand,</quote> " +"he cried, in a voice that was meant to be great and resolute, and which " +"broke. <quote>You are blind and I can see. Leave me alone!</quote></quote>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 187 @@ -13739,11 +13743,11 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "The bill, modeled after California's tort reform model, was passed in the " "House of Representatives but defeated in a Senate vote in July 2003. For an " -"overview, see Tanya Albert, <quote>Measure Stalls in Senate: `We'll Be " -"Back,' Say Tort Reformers,</quote> amednews.com, 28 July 2003, available at " -"<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #38</ulink>, and " -"<quote>Senate Turns Back Malpractice Caps,</quote> CBSNews.com, 9 July 2003, " -"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " +"overview, see Tanya Albert, <quote>Measure Stalls in Senate: <quote>We'll Be " +"Back,</quote> Say Tort Reformers,</quote> amednews.com, 28 July 2003, " +"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #38</ulink>, " +"and <quote>Senate Turns Back Malpractice Caps,</quote> CBSNews.com, 9 July " +"2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " "#39</ulink>. President Bush has continued to urge tort reform in recent " "months. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder " "type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" @@ -15300,9 +15304,9 @@ msgid "" "See Frank Ahrens, <quote>RIAA's Lawsuits Meet Surprised Targets; Single " "Mother in Calif., 12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. Among Defendants,</quote> " "<citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, 10 September 2003, E1; Chris Cobbs, " -"<quote>Worried Parents Pull Plug on File `Stealing'; With the Music Industry " -"Cracking Down on File Swapping, Parents are Yanking Software from Home PCs " -"to Avoid Being Sued,</quote> <citetitle>Orlando Sentinel " +"<quote>Worried Parents Pull Plug on File <quote>Stealing</quote>; With the " +"Music Industry Cracking Down on File Swapping, Parents are Yanking Software " +"from Home PCs to Avoid Being Sued,</quote> <citetitle>Orlando Sentinel " "Tribune</citetitle>, 30 August 2003, C1; Jefferson Graham, <quote>Recording " "Industry Sues Parents,</quote> <citetitle>USA Today</citetitle>, 15 " "September 2003, 4D; John Schwartz, <quote>She Says She's No Music Pirate. No " @@ -15358,10 +15362,10 @@ msgid "" "Weekly, 1; Frank Ahrens, <quote>Four Students Sued over Music Sites; " "Industry Group Targets File Sharing at Colleges,</quote> " "<citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, 4 April 2003, E1; Elizabeth " -"Armstrong, <quote>Students `Rip, Mix, Burn' at Their Own Risk,</quote> " -"<citetitle>Christian Science Monitor</citetitle>, 2 September 2003, 20; " -"Robert Becker and Angela Rozas, <quote>Music Pirate Hunt Turns to Loyola; " -"Two Students Names Are Handed Over; Lawsuit Possible,</quote> " +"Armstrong, <quote>Students <quote>Rip, Mix, Burn</quote> at Their Own " +"Risk,</quote> <citetitle>Christian Science Monitor</citetitle>, 2 September " +"2003, 20; Robert Becker and Angela Rozas, <quote>Music Pirate Hunt Turns to " +"Loyola; Two Students Names Are Handed Over; Lawsuit Possible,</quote> " "<citetitle>Chicago Tribune</citetitle>, 16 July 2003, 1C; Beth Cox, " "<quote>RIAA Trains Antipiracy Guns on Universities,</quote> " "<citetitle>Internet News</citetitle>, 30 January 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -15880,8 +15884,9 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "<quote>Well,</quote> the adviser says, <quote>if you're confident that you " "will continue to get at least $100,000 a year from these copyrights, and you " -"use the `discount rate' that we use to evaluate estate investments (6 " -"percent), then this law would be worth $1,146,000 to the estate.</quote>" +"use the <quote>discount rate</quote> that we use to evaluate estate " +"investments (6 percent), then this law would be worth $1,146,000 to the " +"estate.</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> @@ -15903,8 +15908,8 @@ msgstr "" #: freeculture.xml:11379 msgid "" "<quote>Absolutely,</quote> the adviser responds. <quote>It is worth it to " -"you to contribute up to the `present value' of the income you expect from " -"these copyrights. Which for us means over $1,000,000.</quote>" +"you to contribute up to the <quote>present value</quote> of the income you " +"expect from these copyrights. Which for us means over $1,000,000.</quote>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 225 @@ -16631,8 +16636,8 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> #: freeculture.xml:11955 msgid "" -"Jason Schultz, <quote>The Myth of the 1976 Copyright `Chaos' Theory,</quote> " -"20 December 2002, available at <ulink " +"Jason Schultz, <quote>The Myth of the 1976 Copyright <quote>Chaos</quote> " +"Theory,</quote> 20 December 2002, available at <ulink " "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #54</ulink>." msgstr "" @@ -18874,13 +18879,13 @@ msgid "" "Jonathan Krim, <quote>The Quiet War over Open-Source,</quote> " "<citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, August 2003, E1, available at <ulink " "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #59</ulink>; William New, " -"<quote>Global Group's Shift on `Open Source' Meeting Spurs Stir,</quote> " -"<citetitle>National Journal's Technology Daily</citetitle>, 19 August 2003, " -"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #60</ulink>; " -"William New, <quote>U.S. Official Opposes `Open Source' Talks at " -"WIPO,</quote> <citetitle>National Journal's Technology Daily</citetitle>, 19 " +"<quote>Global Group's Shift on <quote>Open Source</quote> Meeting Spurs " +"Stir,</quote> <citetitle>National Journal's Technology Daily</citetitle>, 19 " "August 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " -"#61</ulink>." +"#60</ulink>; William New, <quote>U.S. Official Opposes <quote>Open " +"Source</quote> Talks at WIPO,</quote> <citetitle>National Journal's " +"Technology Daily</citetitle>, 19 August 2003, available at <ulink " +"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #61</ulink>." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 270 diff --git a/freeculture.xml b/freeculture.xml index 14748f7..bcbeb08 100644 --- a/freeculture.xml +++ b/freeculture.xml @@ -2222,8 +2222,8 @@ close to the lives of these students. The project <quote>gave them a tool and empowered them to be able to both understand it and talk about it,</quote> Barish explained. That tool succeeded in creating expression—far more successfully and powerfully than could have -been created using only text. <quote>If you had said to these students, `you -have to do it in text,' they would've just thrown their hands up and +been created using only text. <quote>If you had said to these students, <quote>you +have to do it in text,</quote> they would've just thrown their hands up and gone and done something else,</quote> Barish described, in part, no doubt, because expressing themselves in text is not something these students can do well. Yet neither is text a form in which @@ -3089,11 +3089,12 @@ Working Paper No. 159. </para> </blockquote> <para> -The Napsters of those days, the <quote>independents,</quote> were companies like -Fox. And no less than today, these independents were vigorously -resisted. <quote>Shooting was disrupted by machinery stolen, and -`accidents' resulting in loss of negatives, equipment, buildings and -sometimes life and limb frequently occurred.</quote><footnote><para> +The Napsters of those days, the <quote>independents,</quote> were +companies like Fox. And no less than today, these independents were +vigorously resisted. <quote>Shooting was disrupted by machinery +stolen, and <quote>accidents</quote> resulting in loss of negatives, +equipment, buildings and sometimes life and limb frequently +occurred.</quote><footnote><para> <!-- f3 --> Marc Wanamaker, <quote>The First Studios,</quote> <citetitle>The Silents Majority</citetitle>, archived at <ulink url="http://free-culture.cc/notes/">link #12</ulink>. @@ -3231,7 +3232,7 @@ Perforating Company of New York). </para></footnote> In any case, the innovators argued, the job of Congress was <quote>to consider first the interest of [the public], whom they represent, and whose servants they are.</quote> <quote>All talk about -`theft,'</quote> the general counsel of the American Graphophone Company +<quote>theft,</quote></quote> the general counsel of the American Graphophone Company wrote, <quote>is the merest claptrap, for there exists no property in ideas musical, literary or artistic, except as defined by statute.</quote><footnote><para> @@ -4014,10 +4015,11 @@ regulating technology was the answer. </para> <indexterm><primary>MTV</primary></indexterm> <para> -Yet soon thereafter, and before Congress was given an opportunity -to enact regulation, MTV was launched, and the industry had a record -turnaround. <quote>In the end,</quote> Cap Gemini concludes, <quote>the `crisis' … was -not the fault of the tapers—who did not [stop after MTV came into +Yet soon thereafter, and before Congress was given an opportunity to +enact regulation, MTV was launched, and the industry had a record +turnaround. <quote>In the end,</quote> Cap Gemini concludes, +<quote>the <quote>crisis</quote> … was not the fault of the +tapers—who did not [stop after MTV came into <!-- PAGE BREAK 83 --> being]—but had to a large extent resulted from stagnation in musical innovation at the major labels.</quote><footnote><para> @@ -4398,11 +4400,11 @@ for the architecture it chose. <indexterm id='idxvalentijackonvcrtechnology' class='startofrange'><primary>Valenti, Jack</primary><secondary>on VCR technology</secondary></indexterm> <para> MPAA president Jack Valenti became the studios' most vocal -champion. Valenti called VCRs <quote>tapeworms.</quote> He warned, <quote>When there are -20, 30, 40 million of these VCRs in the land, we will be invaded by -millions of `tapeworms,' eating away at the very heart and essence of -the most precious asset the copyright owner has, his -copyright.</quote><footnote><para> +champion. Valenti called VCRs <quote>tapeworms.</quote> He warned, +<quote>When there are 20, 30, 40 million of these VCRs in the land, we +will be invaded by millions of <quote>tapeworms,</quote> eating away +at the very heart and essence of the most precious asset the copyright +owner has, his copyright.</quote><footnote><para> <!-- f18 --> Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders): Hearing on S. 1758 Before the Senate Committee on the Judiciary, 97th Cong., 1st @@ -4629,10 +4631,11 @@ argument. <quote>All this hand waving about balance and incentives,</quote> they say, <quote>misses a fundamental point. Our content,</quote> the warriors insist, <quote>is our <emphasis>property</emphasis>. Why should we wait for Congress to -`rebalance' our property rights? Do you have to wait before calling -the police when your car has been stolen? And why should Congress -deliberate at all about the merits of this theft? Do we ask whether -the car thief had a good use for the car before we arrest him?</quote> +<quote>rebalance</quote> our property rights? Do you have to wait +before calling the police when your car has been stolen? And why +should Congress deliberate at all about the merits of this theft? Do +we ask whether the car thief had a good use for the car before we +arrest him?</quote> </para> <para> <quote>It is <emphasis>our property</emphasis>,</quote> the warriors @@ -7136,12 +7139,13 @@ supplemented common law rights that already protected creative authorship.<footnote> <para> <!-- f8 --> -William W. Crosskey, <citetitle>Politics and the Constitution in the History of -the United States</citetitle> (London: Cambridge University Press, 1953), vol. 1, -485–86: <quote>extinguish[ing], by plain implication of `the supreme -Law of the Land,' <emphasis>the perpetual rights which authors had, or -were supposed by some to have, under the Common Law</emphasis></quote> -(emphasis added). +William W. Crosskey, <citetitle>Politics and the Constitution in the +History of the United States</citetitle> (London: Cambridge University +Press, 1953), vol. 1, 485–86: <quote>extinguish[ing], by plain +implication of <quote>the supreme Law of the Land,</quote> +<emphasis>the perpetual rights which authors had, or were supposed by +some to have, under the Common Law</emphasis></quote> (emphasis +added). <indexterm><primary>Crosskey, William W.</primary></indexterm> </para></footnote> This meant that there was no guaranteed public domain in the United @@ -9362,10 +9366,10 @@ sight to the villagers. They don't understand. He tells them they are <quote>blind.</quote> They don't have the word <citetitle>blind</citetitle>. They think he's just thick. Indeed, as they increasingly notice the things he can't do (hear the sound of grass being stepped on, for example), they increasingly try -to control him. He, in turn, becomes increasingly frustrated. <quote>`You -don't understand,' he cried, in a voice that was meant to be great and -resolute, and which broke. `You are blind and I can see. Leave me -alone!'</quote> +to control him. He, in turn, becomes increasingly frustrated. <quote><quote>You +don't understand,</quote> he cried, in a voice that was meant to be great and +resolute, and which broke. <quote>You are blind and I can see. Leave me +alone!</quote></quote> </para> <para> <!-- PAGE BREAK 187 --> @@ -9736,7 +9740,7 @@ suffering.<footnote> <!-- f2. --> The bill, modeled after California's tort reform model, was passed in the House of Representatives but defeated in a Senate vote in July 2003. For -an overview, see Tanya Albert, <quote>Measure Stalls in Senate: `We'll Be Back,' +an overview, see Tanya Albert, <quote>Measure Stalls in Senate: <quote>We'll Be Back,</quote> Say Tort Reformers,</quote> amednews.com, 28 July 2003, available at <ulink url="http://free-culture.cc/notes/">link #38</ulink>, and <quote>Senate Turns Back Malpractice Caps,</quote> CBSNews.com, 9 July 2003, @@ -10933,7 +10937,7 @@ Jesse Jordan.<footnote><para> See Frank Ahrens, <quote>RIAA's Lawsuits Meet Surprised Targets; Single Mother in Calif., 12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. Among Defendants,</quote> <citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, 10 September 2003, E1; Chris Cobbs, <quote>Worried Parents -Pull Plug on File `Stealing'; With the Music Industry Cracking Down on +Pull Plug on File <quote>Stealing</quote>; With the Music Industry Cracking Down on File Swapping, Parents are Yanking Software from Home PCs to Avoid Being Sued,</quote> <citetitle>Orlando Sentinel Tribune</citetitle>, 30 August 2003, C1; Jefferson Graham, <quote>Recording Industry Sues Parents,</quote> <citetitle>USA Today</citetitle>, 15 September @@ -10974,7 +10978,7 @@ See Jeff Adler, <quote>Cambridge: On Campus, Pirates Are Not Penitent,</quote> <citetitle>Boston Globe</citetitle>, 18 May 2003, City Weekly, 1; Frank Ahrens, <quote>Four Students Sued over Music Sites; Industry Group Targets File Sharing at Colleges,</quote> <citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, 4 April 2003, E1; Elizabeth Armstrong, -<quote>Students `Rip, Mix, Burn' at Their Own Risk,</quote> <citetitle>Christian Science +<quote>Students <quote>Rip, Mix, Burn</quote> at Their Own Risk,</quote> <citetitle>Christian Science Monitor</citetitle>, 2 September 2003, 20; Robert Becker and Angela Rozas, <quote>Music Pirate Hunt Turns to Loyola; Two Students Names Are Handed Over; Lawsuit Possible,</quote> <citetitle>Chicago Tribune</citetitle>, 16 July 2003, 1C; Beth Cox, <quote>RIAA @@ -11358,7 +11362,7 @@ much is it worth?</quote> <para> <quote>Well,</quote> the adviser says, <quote>if you're confident that you will continue to get at least $100,000 a year from these copyrights, and you use the -`discount rate' that we use to evaluate estate investments (6 percent), +<quote>discount rate</quote> that we use to evaluate estate investments (6 percent), then this law would be worth $1,146,000 to the estate.</quote> </para> <para> @@ -11374,7 +11378,7 @@ would assure that the bill was passed?</quote> <para> <quote>Absolutely,</quote> the adviser responds. <quote>It is worth it to you to contribute -up to the `present value' of the income you expect from these +up to the <quote>present value</quote> of the income you expect from these copyrights. Which for us means over $1,000,000.</quote> </para> <para> @@ -11948,8 +11952,8 @@ culture, 94 percent of the films, books, and music produced between commercial market, if access is a value, then 6 percent is a failure to provide that value.<footnote><para> <!-- f13. --> -Jason Schultz, <quote>The Myth of the 1976 Copyright `Chaos' Theory,</quote> 20 -December 2002, available at +Jason Schultz, <quote>The Myth of the 1976 Copyright +<quote>Chaos</quote> Theory,</quote> 20 December 2002, available at <ulink url="http://free-culture.cc/notes/">link #54</ulink>. </para></footnote> @@ -13592,10 +13596,10 @@ Property Organization to cancel a meeting.<footnote><para> <!-- f6. --> Jonathan Krim, <quote>The Quiet War over Open-Source,</quote> <citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, August 2003, E1, available at <ulink url="http://free-culture.cc/notes/">link #59</ulink>; William New, <quote>Global Group's -Shift on `Open Source' Meeting Spurs Stir,</quote> <citetitle>National Journal's Technology +Shift on <quote>Open Source</quote> Meeting Spurs Stir,</quote> <citetitle>National Journal's Technology Daily</citetitle>, 19 August 2003, available at <ulink url="http://free-culture.cc/notes/">link #60</ulink>; William New, <quote>U.S. Official -Opposes `Open Source' Talks at WIPO,</quote> <citetitle>National Journal's Technology +Opposes <quote>Open Source</quote> Talks at WIPO,</quote> <citetitle>National Journal's Technology Daily</citetitle>, 19 August 2003, available at <ulink url="http://free-culture.cc/notes/">link #61</ulink>. </para></footnote>