msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-07-29 22:28+0300\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-07-30 09:21+0300\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
"Last-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL@ADDRESS>\n"
"Language-Team: LANGUAGE <LL@li.org>\n"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:24 freeculture.xml:112
+#: freeculture.xml:24 freeculture.xml:119
msgid ""
"HOW BIG MEDIA USES TECHNOLOGY AND THE LAW TO LOCK DOWN CULTURE AND CONTROL "
"CREATIVITY"
msgid "<copyright> <year>2004</year> <holder>Lawrence Lessig</holder> </copyright>"
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><legalnotice><para><figure><title>
+#: freeculture.xml:46
+msgid "Creative Commons, Some rights reserved"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><legalnotice><para><figure>
+#: freeculture.xml:47
+msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/cc.png\"></graphic>"
+msgstr ""
+
#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><legalnotice><para>
#: freeculture.xml:45
+msgid "<placeholder type=\"figure\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><legalnotice><para>
+#: freeculture.xml:52
msgid ""
"This version of <citetitle>Free Culture</citetitle> is licensed under a "
"Creative Commons license. This license permits non-commercial use of this "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><abstract><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:54
+#: freeculture.xml:61
msgid "ABOUT THE AUTHOR"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><abstract><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:56
+#: freeculture.xml:63
msgid ""
"LAWRENCE LESSIG (<ulink "
"url=\"http://www.lessig.org\">http://www.lessig.org</ulink>), professor of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:80
+#: freeculture.xml:87
msgid "You can buy a copy of this book by clicking on one of the links below:"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:83
+#: freeculture.xml:90
msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.amazon.com/\">Amazon</ulink>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:84
+#: freeculture.xml:91
msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.barnesandnoble.com/\">B&N</ulink>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:85
+#: freeculture.xml:92
msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.penguin.com/\">Penguin</ulink>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:92
+#: freeculture.xml:99
msgid "ALSO BY LAWRENCE LESSIG"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:95
+#: freeculture.xml:102
msgid "The Future of Ideas: The Fate of the Commons in a Connected World"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:98
+#: freeculture.xml:105
msgid "Code: And Other Laws of Cyberspace"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:103
+#: freeculture.xml:110
msgid "THE PENGUIN PRESS, NEW YORK"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:108
+#: freeculture.xml:115
msgid "FREE CULTURE"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:118
+#: freeculture.xml:125
msgid "LAWRENCE LESSIG"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:123
+#: freeculture.xml:130
msgid ""
"THE PENGUIN PRESS, a member of Penguin Group (USA) Inc. 375 Hudson Street "
"New York, New York"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:127
+#: freeculture.xml:134
msgid "Copyright © Lawrence Lessig. All rights reserved."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:130
+#: freeculture.xml:137
msgid ""
"Excerpt from an editorial titled \"The Coming of Copyright Perpetuity,\" "
"<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle>, January 16, 2003. Copyright "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:135
+#: freeculture.xml:142
msgid ""
"Cartoon in <xref linkend=\"fig-1711\"/> by Paul Conrad, copyright Tribune "
"Media Services, Inc. All rights reserved. Reprinted with permission."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:139
+#: freeculture.xml:146
msgid ""
"Diagram in <xref linkend=\"fig-1761\"/> courtesy of the office of FCC "
"Commissioner, Michael J. Copps."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:143
+#: freeculture.xml:150
msgid "Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:146
+#: freeculture.xml:153
msgid ""
"Lessig, Lawrence. Free culture : how big media uses technology and the law "
"to lock down culture and control creativity / Lawrence Lessig."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:151
+#: freeculture.xml:158
msgid "p. cm."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:154
+#: freeculture.xml:161
msgid "Includes index."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:157
+#: freeculture.xml:164
msgid "ISBN 1-59420-006-8 (hardcover)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:160
+#: freeculture.xml:167
msgid ""
"1. Intellectual property—United States. 2. Mass media—United "
"States."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:163
+#: freeculture.xml:170
msgid ""
"3. Technological innovations—United States. 4. Art—United "
"States. I. Title."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:166
+#: freeculture.xml:173
msgid "KF2979.L47"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:169
+#: freeculture.xml:176
msgid "343.7309'9—dc22"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:172
+#: freeculture.xml:179
msgid "This book is printed on acid-free paper."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:175
+#: freeculture.xml:182
msgid "Printed in the United States of America"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:178
+#: freeculture.xml:185
msgid "1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:181
+#: freeculture.xml:188
msgid "Designed by Marysarah Quinn"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:185
+#: freeculture.xml:192
msgid "&translationblock;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:189
+#: freeculture.xml:196
msgid ""
"Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this "
"publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:206
+#: freeculture.xml:213
msgid ""
"To Eric Eldred—whose work first drew me to this cause, and for whom it "
"continues still."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><para><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:212
-msgid "Creative Commons, Some rights reserved"
-msgstr ""
-
-#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><para><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:213
-msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/cc.png\"></graphic>"
-msgstr ""
-
-#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:211
-msgid "<placeholder type=\"figure\" id=\"0\"/>"
-msgstr ""
-
#. type: Content of: <book><lot><title>
#: freeculture.xml:221
msgid "List of figures"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:358 freeculture.xml:12728
+#: freeculture.xml:358 freeculture.xml:12729
msgid "CodePink Women in Peace"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:369 freeculture.xml:379 freeculture.xml:12741
+#: freeculture.xml:369 freeculture.xml:379 freeculture.xml:12742
msgid "Safire, William"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:464 freeculture.xml:477 freeculture.xml:508 freeculture.xml:527 freeculture.xml:928 freeculture.xml:945 freeculture.xml:991 freeculture.xml:8763 freeculture.xml:12130 freeculture.xml:12832
+#: freeculture.xml:464 freeculture.xml:477 freeculture.xml:508 freeculture.xml:527 freeculture.xml:928 freeculture.xml:945 freeculture.xml:991 freeculture.xml:8763 freeculture.xml:12130 freeculture.xml:12833
msgid "Causby, Thomas Lee"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:465 freeculture.xml:478 freeculture.xml:509 freeculture.xml:528 freeculture.xml:929 freeculture.xml:946 freeculture.xml:992 freeculture.xml:8764 freeculture.xml:12131 freeculture.xml:12833
+#: freeculture.xml:465 freeculture.xml:478 freeculture.xml:509 freeculture.xml:528 freeculture.xml:929 freeculture.xml:946 freeculture.xml:992 freeculture.xml:8764 freeculture.xml:12131 freeculture.xml:12834
msgid "Causby, Tinie"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:892 freeculture.xml:14090
+#: freeculture.xml:892 freeculture.xml:14095
msgid "Netanel, Neil Weinstock"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2968 freeculture.xml:13760
+#: freeculture.xml:2968 freeculture.xml:13765
msgid "Grisham, John"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3332 freeculture.xml:12225 freeculture.xml:12652 freeculture.xml:12659
+#: freeculture.xml:3332 freeculture.xml:12225 freeculture.xml:12653 freeculture.xml:12660
msgid "Drahos, Peter"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3352 freeculture.xml:3615 freeculture.xml:14289
+#: freeculture.xml:3352 freeculture.xml:3615 freeculture.xml:14294
msgid "Liebowitz, Stan"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3398 freeculture.xml:3425 freeculture.xml:11086 freeculture.xml:12535 freeculture.xml:13083
+#: freeculture.xml:3398 freeculture.xml:3425 freeculture.xml:11086 freeculture.xml:12536 freeculture.xml:13084
msgid "Linux operating system"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6228 freeculture.xml:12626
+#: freeculture.xml:6228 freeculture.xml:12627
msgid "Gates, Bill"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12224 freeculture.xml:12653
+#: freeculture.xml:12224 freeculture.xml:12654
msgid "Braithwaite, John"
msgstr ""
"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #61</ulink>."
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:12446 freeculture.xml:13111
+msgid "academic journals"
+msgstr ""
+
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12446 freeculture.xml:13171
+#: freeculture.xml:12447 freeculture.xml:13175
msgid "PLoS (Public Library of Science)"
msgstr ""
"Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hoffmann-La Roche, Glaxo-SmithKline, IBM, Motorola, "
"Novartis, Pfizer, and Searle.) It included the Global Positioning System, "
"which Ronald Reagan set free in the early 1980s. And it included \"open "
-"source and free software.\" <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
+"source and free software.\" <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> "
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12449
+#: freeculture.xml:12450
msgid ""
"The aim of the meeting was to consider this wide range of projects from one "
"common perspective: that none of these projects relied upon intellectual "
#. f7.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12457
+#: freeculture.xml:12458
msgid ""
"I should disclose that I was one of the people who asked WIPO for the "
"meeting."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12456
+#: freeculture.xml:12457
msgid ""
"From the perspective of this book, then, the conference was "
"ideal.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The projects within its "
#. PAGE BREAK 271
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12467
+#: freeculture.xml:12468
msgid ""
"Indeed, I was once publicly scolded for not recognizing this fact about "
"WIPO. In February 2003, I delivered a keynote address to a preparatory "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12491
+#: freeculture.xml:12492
msgid ""
"So whether or not WSIS can discuss balance in intellectual property, I had "
"thought it was taken for granted that WIPO could and should. And thus the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12497
+#: freeculture.xml:12498
msgid ""
"But there is one project within that list that is highly controversial, at "
"least among lobbyists. That project is \"open source and free software.\" "
#. f8.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12519
+#: freeculture.xml:12520
msgid ""
"Microsoft's position about free and open source software is more "
"sophisticated. As it has repeatedly asserted, it has no problem with \"open "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12508
+#: freeculture.xml:12509
msgid ""
"I don't mean to enter that debate here. It is important only to make clear "
"that the distinction is not between commercial and noncommercial "
#. PAGE BREAK 272
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12538
+#: freeculture.xml:12539
msgid ""
"More important for our purposes, to support \"open source and free "
"software\" is not to oppose copyright. \"Open source and free software\" is "
#. f9.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12564
+#: freeculture.xml:12565
msgid ""
"Krim, \"The Quiet War over Open-Source,\" available at <ulink "
"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #64</ulink>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12556
+#: freeculture.xml:12557
msgid ""
"It is therefore understandable that as a proprietary software developer, "
"Microsoft would oppose this WIPO meeting, and understandable that it would "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12570
+#: freeculture.xml:12571
msgid ""
"I don't blame Microsoft for doing what it can to advance its own interests, "
"consistent with the law. And lobbying governments is plainly consistent with "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12578
+#: freeculture.xml:12579
msgid ""
"What was surprising was the United States government's reason for opposing "
"the meeting. Again, as reported by Krim, Lois Boland, acting director of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12588
+#: freeculture.xml:12589
msgid "These statements are astonishing on a number of levels."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12592
+#: freeculture.xml:12593
msgid ""
"First, they are just flat wrong. As I described, most open source and free "
"software relies fundamentally upon the intellectual property right called "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12602
+#: freeculture.xml:12603
msgid ""
"Second, who ever said that WIPO's exclusive aim was to \"promote\" "
"intellectual property maximally? As I had been scolded at the preparatory "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12615
+#: freeculture.xml:12616
msgid ""
"Third, even if one believed that the purpose of WIPO was to maximize "
"intellectual property rights, in our tradition, intellectual property rights "
#. PAGE BREAK 274
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12629
+#: freeculture.xml:12630
msgid ""
"When Ms. Boland says that there is something wrong with a meeting \"which "
"has as its purpose to disclaim or waive such rights,\" she's saying that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12641
+#: freeculture.xml:12642
msgid ""
"There is a history of just such a property system that is well known in the "
"Anglo-American tradition. It is called \"feudalism.\" Under feudalism, not "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12658
+#: freeculture.xml:12659
msgid ""
"See Drahos with Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism</citetitle>, "
"210–20. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12655
+#: freeculture.xml:12656
msgid ""
"As Peter Drahos and John Braithwaite relate, this is precisely the choice we "
"are now making about intellectual property.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12667
+#: freeculture.xml:12668
msgid ""
"When this battle broke, I blogged it. A spirited debate within the comment "
"section ensued. Ms. Boland had a number of supporters who tried to show why "
#. PAGE BREAK 275
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12674
+#: freeculture.xml:12675
msgid ""
"George, you misunderstand Lessig: He's only talking about the world as it "
"should be (\"the goal of WIPO, and the goal of any government, should be to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12686
+#: freeculture.xml:12687
msgid ""
"I missed the irony the first time I read it. I read it quickly and thought "
"the poster was supporting the idea that seeking balance was what our "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12696
+#: freeculture.xml:12697
msgid ""
"Obviously, however, the poster was not supporting that idea. Instead, the "
"poster was ridiculing the very idea that in the real world, the \"goal\" of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12704
+#: freeculture.xml:12705
msgid ""
"I understand criticism of academic utopianism. I think utopianism is silly, "
"too, and I'd be the first to poke fun at the absurdly unrealistic ideals of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12710
+#: freeculture.xml:12711
msgid ""
"But when it has become silly to suppose that the role of our government "
"should be to \"seek balance,\" then count me with the silly, for that means "
#. PAGE BREAK 276
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12721
+#: freeculture.xml:12722
msgid ""
"It might be crazy to expect a high government official to speak the "
"truth. It might be crazy to believe that government policy will be something "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12740
+#: freeculture.xml:12741
msgid "Turner, Ted"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12730
+#: freeculture.xml:12731
msgid ""
"If this is crazy, then let there be more crazies. Soon. There are moments "
"of hope in this struggle. And moments that surprise. When the FCC was "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12744
+#: freeculture.xml:12745
msgid ""
"This activism did not stop the FCC, but soon after, a broad coalition in the "
"Senate voted to reverse the FCC decision. The hostile hearings leading up to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12752
+#: freeculture.xml:12753
msgid ""
"But even this movement misses an important piece of the puzzle. Largeness "
"as such is not bad. Freedom is not threatened just because some become very "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12759
+#: freeculture.xml:12760
msgid ""
"The danger in media concentration comes not from the concentration, but "
"instead from the feudalism that this concentration, tied to the change in "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12769
+#: freeculture.xml:12770
msgid ""
"It is therefore significant that so many would rally to demand competition "
"and increased diversity. Still, if the rally is understood as being about "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12776
+#: freeculture.xml:12777
msgid ""
"It would be something new, and something very important, if an equal number "
"could be rallied to fight the increasing extremism built within the idea of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12784
+#: freeculture.xml:12785
msgid ""
"If we were Achilles, this would be our heel. This would be the place of our "
"tragedy."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12787
+#: freeculture.xml:12788
msgid "Dylan, Bob"
msgstr ""
#. f11.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12792
+#: freeculture.xml:12793
msgid ""
"John Borland, \"RIAA Sues 261 File Swappers,\" CNET News.com, September "
"2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
#. f12.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12810
+#: freeculture.xml:12811
msgid ""
"Jon Wiederhorn, \"Eminem Gets Sued . . . by a Little Old Lady,\" mtv.com, 17 "
"September 2003, available at <ulink "
#. f13.
#. PAGE BREAK 334
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12817
+#: freeculture.xml:12818
msgid ""
"Kenji Hall, Associated Press, \"Japanese Book May Be Inspiration for Dylan "
"Songs,\" Kansascity.com, 9 July 2003, available at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12789
+#: freeculture.xml:12790
msgid ""
"As I write these final words, the news is filled with stories about the RIAA "
"lawsuits against almost three hundred individuals.<placeholder "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12834 freeculture.xml:13187
+#: freeculture.xml:12835 freeculture.xml:13192
msgid "Creative Commons"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12835
+#: freeculture.xml:12836
msgid "Gil, Gilberto"
msgstr ""
#. f14.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12840
+#: freeculture.xml:12841
msgid ""
"\"BBC Plans to Open Up Its Archive to the Public,\" BBC press release, 24 "
"August 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
#. f15.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12849
+#: freeculture.xml:12850
msgid ""
"\"Creative Commons and Brazil,\" Creative Commons Weblog, 6 August 2003, "
"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #71</ulink>."
#. PAGE BREAK 278
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12837
+#: freeculture.xml:12838
msgid ""
"Yet on the other side of the Atlantic, the BBC has just announced that it "
"will build a \"Creative Archive,\" from which British citizens can download "
#. PAGE BREAK 279
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12863
+#: freeculture.xml:12864
msgid ""
"Common sense must revolt. It must act to free culture. Soon, if this "
"potential is ever to be realized."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:12871
+#: freeculture.xml:12872
msgid "AFTERWORD"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 280
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12875
+#: freeculture.xml:12876
msgid ""
"At least some who have read this far will agree with me that something must "
"be done to change where we are heading. The balance of this book maps what "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12880
+#: freeculture.xml:12881
msgid ""
"I divide this map into two parts: that which anyone can do now, and that "
"which requires the help of lawmakers. If there is one lesson that we can "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12886
+#: freeculture.xml:12887
msgid ""
"That means this movement must begin in the streets. It must recruit a "
"significant number of parents, teachers, librarians, creators, authors, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12893
+#: freeculture.xml:12894
msgid ""
"Once this movement has its effect in the streets, it has some hope of having "
"an effect in Washington. We are still a democracy. What people think "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:12902
+#: freeculture.xml:12903
msgid "US, NOW"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12904
+#: freeculture.xml:12905
msgid ""
"Common sense is with the copyright warriors because the debate so far has "
"been framed at the extremes—as a grand either/or: either property or "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12910
+#: freeculture.xml:12911
msgid ""
"The mistake here is the error of the excluded middle. There are extremes in "
"this debate, but the extremes are not all that there is. There are those who "
#. PAGE BREAK 282
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12920
+#: freeculture.xml:12921
msgid ""
"When the Internet was first born, its initial architecture effectively "
"tilted in the \"no rights reserved\" direction. Content could be copied "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12932
+#: freeculture.xml:12933
msgid ""
"This initial character produced a reaction (opposite, but not quite equal) "
"by copyright owners. That reaction has been the topic of this book. Through "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12946
+#: freeculture.xml:12947
msgid ""
"What's needed is a way to say something in the middle—neither \"all "
"rights reserved\" nor \"no rights reserved\" but \"some rights "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:12955
+#: freeculture.xml:12956
msgid "Rebuilding Freedoms Previously Presumed: Examples"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12957
+#: freeculture.xml:12958
msgid ""
"If you step back from the battle I've been describing here, you will "
"recognize this problem from other contexts. Think about privacy. Before the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12967
+#: freeculture.xml:12968
msgid "What made it assured?"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12971
+#: freeculture.xml:12972
msgid ""
"Well, if we think in terms of the modalities I described in chapter <xref "
"xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"property-i\"/>, your privacy was "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12986
+#: freeculture.xml:12987
msgid "Amazon"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12988
+#: freeculture.xml:12989
msgid ""
"Enter the Internet, where the cost of tracking browsing in particular has "
"become quite tiny. If you're a customer at Amazon, then as you browse the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12998
+#: freeculture.xml:12999
msgid ""
"Amazon, of course, is not the problem. But we might begin to worry about "
"libraries. If you're one of those crazy lefties who thinks that people "
#. f1.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13014
+#: freeculture.xml:13015
msgid ""
"See, for example, Marc Rotenberg, \"Fair Information Practices and the "
"Architecture of Privacy (What Larry Doesn't Get),\" <citetitle>Stanford "
#. PAGE BREAK 284
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13008
+#: freeculture.xml:13009
msgid ""
"It is this reality that explains the push of many to define \"privacy\" on "
"the Internet. It is the recognition that technology can remove what friction "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13032
+#: freeculture.xml:13033
msgid ""
"A similar story could be told about the birth of the free software "
"movement. When computers with software were first made available "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13039
+#: freeculture.xml:13040
msgid "Stallman, Richard"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13041
+#: freeculture.xml:13042
msgid ""
"That was the world Richard Stallman was born into, and while he was a "
"researcher at MIT, he grew to love the community that developed when one was "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13049
+#: freeculture.xml:13050
msgid ""
"In an academic setting, at least, that's not a terribly radical idea. In a "
"math department, anyone would be free to tinker with a proof that someone "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13061
+#: freeculture.xml:13062
msgid ""
"No one answered that question. Instead, the architecture of revenue for "
"computing changed. As it became possible to import programs from one system "
#. PAGE BREAK 285
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13070
+#: freeculture.xml:13071
msgid ""
"Thus, the practice of proprietary code began to spread, and by the early "
"1980s, Stallman found himself surrounded by proprietary code. The world of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13079
+#: freeculture.xml:13080
msgid ""
"Therefore, in 1984, Stallman began a project to build a free operating "
"system, so that at least a strain of free software would survive. That was "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13086
+#: freeculture.xml:13087
msgid ""
"Stallman's technique was to use copyright law to build a world of software "
"that must be kept free. Software licensed under the Free Software "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13097
+#: freeculture.xml:13098
msgid ""
"Stallman was thus doing for software what privacy advocates now do for "
"privacy. He was seeking a way to rebuild a kind of freedom that was taken "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13105
+#: freeculture.xml:13106
msgid ""
"Finally, consider a very recent example that more directly resonates with "
"the story of this book. This is the shift in the way academic and scientific "
#. PAGE BREAK 286
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13110
+#: freeculture.xml:13114
msgid ""
"As digital technologies develop, it is becoming obvious to many that "
"printing thousands of copies of journals every month and sending them to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13126
+#: freeculture.xml:13130
msgid ""
"There's nothing wrong in general with this, and indeed, the ability to "
"charge for access to even public domain materials is a good incentive for "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13135
+#: freeculture.xml:13139
msgid ""
"But what if the only way to get access to social and scientific data was "
"through proprietary services? What if no one had the ability to browse this "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13140
+#: freeculture.xml:13144
msgid ""
"As many are beginning to notice, this is increasingly the reality with "
"scientific journals. When these journals were distributed in paper form, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13152
+#: freeculture.xml:13156
msgid ""
"As journals become electronic, however, the publishers are demanding that "
"libraries not give the general public access to the journals. This means "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13160
+#: freeculture.xml:13164
msgid ""
"This shrinking freedom has led many to take affirmative steps to restore the "
"freedom that has been lost. The Public Library of Science (PLoS), for "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13174
+#: freeculture.xml:13178
msgid ""
"This is one of many such efforts to restore a freedom taken for granted "
"before, but now threatened by changing technology and markets. There's no "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:13185
+#: freeculture.xml:13190
msgid "Rebuilding Free Culture: One Idea"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13190
+#: freeculture.xml:13195
msgid ""
"The same strategy could be applied to culture, as a response to the "
"increasing control effected through law and technology."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13194
+#: freeculture.xml:13199
msgid ""
"Enter the Creative Commons. The Creative Commons is a nonprofit corporation "
"established in Massachusetts, but with its home at Stanford University. Its "
#. PAGE BREAK 288
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13205
+#: freeculture.xml:13210
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Simple</emphasis>—which means without a middleman, or "
"without a lawyer. By developing a free set of licenses that people can "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13223
+#: freeculture.xml:13228
msgid ""
"These freedoms are beyond the freedoms promised by fair use. Their precise "
"contours depend upon the choices the creator makes. The creator can choose a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13234
+#: freeculture.xml:13239
msgid ""
"These choices thus establish a range of freedoms beyond the default of "
"copyright law. They also enable freedoms that go beyond traditional fair "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13255
+#: freeculture.xml:13260
msgid "Garlick, Mia"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13245
+#: freeculture.xml:13250
msgid ""
"This is just one project among many within the Creative Commons. And of "
"course, Creative Commons is not the only organization pursuing such "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13258
+#: freeculture.xml:13263
msgid ""
"The aim is not to fight the \"All Rights Reserved\" sorts. The aim is to "
"complement them. The problems that the law creates for us as a culture are "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13270
+#: freeculture.xml:13275
msgid ""
"Why would creators participate in giving up total control? Some participate "
"to better spread their content. Cory Doctorow, for example, is a science "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13277
+#: freeculture.xml:13282
msgid ""
"Why would a publisher ever agree to this? I suspect his publisher reasoned "
"like this: There are two groups of people out there: (1) those who will buy "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13289
+#: freeculture.xml:13294
msgid ""
"Indeed, the experience of his publisher clearly supports that conclusion. "
"The book's first printing was exhausted months before the publisher had "
#. PAGE BREAK 290
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13295
+#: freeculture.xml:13300
msgid ""
"The idea that free content might increase the value of nonfree content was "
"confirmed by the experience of another author. Peter Wayner, who wrote a "
#. f2.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13322
+#: freeculture.xml:13327
msgid ""
"<citetitle>Willful Infringement: A Report from the Front Lines of the Real "
"Culture Wars</citetitle> (2003), produced by Jed Horovitz, directed by Greg "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13306
+#: freeculture.xml:13311
msgid ""
"These are examples of using the Commons to better spread proprietary "
"content. I believe that is a wonderful and common use of the Commons. There "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13331
+#: freeculture.xml:13336
msgid ""
"Finally, there are many who mark their content with a Creative Commons "
"license just because they want to express to others the importance of "
#. PAGE BREAK 291
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13343
+#: freeculture.xml:13348
msgid ""
"In the first six months of the Creative Commons experiment, over 1 million "
"objects were licensed with these free-culture licenses. The next step is "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13353
+#: freeculture.xml:13358
msgid ""
"These are first steps to rebuilding a public domain. They are not mere "
"arguments; they are action. Building a public domain is the first step to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13361
+#: freeculture.xml:13366
msgid ""
"Creative Commons is just one example of voluntary efforts by individuals and "
"creators to change the mix of rights that now govern the creative field. The "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:13375
+#: freeculture.xml:13380
msgid "THEM, SOON"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13377
+#: freeculture.xml:13382
msgid ""
"We will not reclaim a free culture by individual action alone. It will also "
"take important reforms of laws. We have a long way to go before the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13384
+#: freeculture.xml:13389
msgid ""
"In this chapter, I outline five kinds of changes: four that are general, and "
"one that's specific to the most heated battle of the day, music. Each is a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:13391
+#: freeculture.xml:13396
msgid "1. More Formalities"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13393
+#: freeculture.xml:13398
msgid ""
"If you buy a house, you have to record the sale in a deed. If you buy land "
"upon which to build a house, you have to record the purchase in a deed. If "
#. PAGE BREAK 293
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13400
+#: freeculture.xml:13405
msgid ""
"These are all formalities associated with property. They are requirements "
"that we all must bear if we want our property to be protected."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13405
+#: freeculture.xml:13410
msgid ""
"In contrast, under current copyright law, you automatically get a copyright, "
"regardless of whether you comply with any formality. You don't have to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13411
+#: freeculture.xml:13416
msgid "Why?"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13414
+#: freeculture.xml:13419
msgid ""
"As I suggested in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" "
"linkend=\"property-i\"/>, the motivation to abolish formalities was a good "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13423
+#: freeculture.xml:13428
msgid ""
"But the Internet changes all this. Formalities today need not be a "
"burden. Rather, the world without formalities is the world that burdens "
#. f1.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13437
+#: freeculture.xml:13442
msgid ""
"The proposal I am advancing here would apply to American works only. "
"Obviously, I believe it would be beneficial for the same idea to be adopted "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13435
+#: freeculture.xml:13440
msgid ""
"The law should therefore change this requirement<placeholder "
"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>—but it should not change it by going back "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13445
+#: freeculture.xml:13450
msgid ""
"The important formalities are three: marking copyrighted work, registering "
"copyrights, and renewing the claim to copyright. Traditionally, the first of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:13457
+#: freeculture.xml:13462
msgid "REGISTRATION AND RENEWAL"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13459
+#: freeculture.xml:13464
msgid ""
"Under the old system, a copyright owner had to file a registration with the "
"Copyright Office to register or renew a copyright. When filing that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13472
+#: freeculture.xml:13477
msgid ""
"Yet it is always astonishing to me that we, who come from a tradition of "
"extraordinary innovation in governmental design, can no longer think "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13481
+#: freeculture.xml:13486
msgid ""
"In the context of registration, one obvious model is the Internet. There "
"are at least 32 million Web sites registered around the world. Domain name "
#. PAGE BREAK 295
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13491
+#: freeculture.xml:13496
msgid ""
"We should adopt a similar model for the registration and renewal of "
"copyrights. The Copyright Office may well serve as the central registry, but "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:13506
+#: freeculture.xml:13511
msgid "MARKING"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13508
+#: freeculture.xml:13513
msgid ""
"It used to be that the failure to include a copyright notice on a creative "
"work meant that the copyright was forfeited. That was a harsh punishment for "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13518
+#: freeculture.xml:13523
msgid ""
"The aim of marking is to signal to the public that this work is copyrighted "
"and that the author wants to enforce his rights. The mark also makes it easy "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13524
+#: freeculture.xml:13529
msgid ""
"One of the problems the copyright system confronted early on was that "
"different copyrighted works had to be differently marked. It wasn't clear "
#. f2.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13541
+#: freeculture.xml:13546
msgid ""
"There would be a complication with derivative works that I have not solved "
"here. In my view, the law of derivatives creates a more complicated system "
#. PAGE BREAK 296
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13534
+#: freeculture.xml:13539
msgid ""
"Let's start with the last point. If a copyright owner allows his work to be "
"published without a copyright notice, the consequence of that failure need "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13554
+#: freeculture.xml:13559
msgid ""
"That in turn raises the question about how work should best be marked. Here "
"again, the system needs to adjust as the technologies evolve. The best way "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13561
+#: freeculture.xml:13566
msgid ""
"For example, if a recording industry association devises a method for "
"marking CDs, it would propose that to the Copyright Office. The Copyright "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13573
+#: freeculture.xml:13578
msgid ""
"Finally, marking content clearly would simplify registration requirements. "
"If photographs were marked by author and year, there would be little reason "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13581
+#: freeculture.xml:13586
msgid ""
"The objective of formalities is to make things clear. The existing system "
"does nothing to make things clear. Indeed, it seems designed to make things "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13586
+#: freeculture.xml:13591
msgid ""
"If formalities such as registration were reinstated, one of the most "
"difficult aspects of relying upon the public domain would be removed. It "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:13598
+#: freeculture.xml:13603
msgid "2. Shorter Terms"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13600
+#: freeculture.xml:13605
msgid ""
"The term of copyright has gone from fourteen years to ninety-five years for "
"corporate authors, and life of the author plus seventy years for natural "
#. f3.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13613
+#: freeculture.xml:13618
msgid ""
"\"A Radical Rethink,\" <citetitle>Economist</citetitle>, 366:8308 (25 "
"January 2003): 15, available at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13605
+#: freeculture.xml:13610
msgid ""
"In <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>, I proposed a "
"seventy-five-year term, granted in five-year increments with a requirement "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13620
+#: freeculture.xml:13625
msgid ""
"I agree with those who believe that we need a radical change in copyright's "
"term. But whether fourteen years or seventy-five, there are four principles "
#. (1)
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13628
+#: freeculture.xml:13633
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Keep it short:</emphasis> The term should be as long as necessary "
"to give incentives to create, but no longer. If it were tied to very strong "
#. (2)
#. PAGE BREAK 298
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13637
+#: freeculture.xml:13642
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Keep it simple:</emphasis> The line between the public domain and "
"protected content must be kept clear. Lawyers like the fuzziness of \"fair "
#. f4.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13658
+#: freeculture.xml:13663
msgid ""
"Department of Veterans Affairs, Veteran's Application for Compensation "
"and/or Pension, VA Form 21-526 (OMB Approved No. 2900-0001), available at "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13666
+#: freeculture.xml:13671
msgid "veterans' pensions"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13650
+#: freeculture.xml:13655
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Keep it alive:</emphasis> Copyright should have to be renewed. "
"Especially if the maximum term is long, the copyright owner should be "
#. (4)
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13670
+#: freeculture.xml:13675
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Keep it prospective:</emphasis> Whatever the term of copyright "
"should be, the clearest lesson that economists teach is that a term once "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13686
+#: freeculture.xml:13691
msgid ""
"These changes together should produce an <emphasis>average</emphasis> "
"copyright term that is much shorter than the current term. Until 1976, the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13692
+#: freeculture.xml:13697
msgid ""
"No doubt the extremists will call these ideas \"radical.\" (After all, I "
"call them \"extremists.\") But again, the term I recommended was longer than "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:13702
+#: freeculture.xml:13707
msgid "3. Free Use Vs. Fair Use"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13704
+#: freeculture.xml:13709
msgid ""
"As I observed at the beginning of this book, property law originally granted "
"property owners the right to control their property from the ground to the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13712
+#: freeculture.xml:13717
msgid ""
"Our Constitution gives Congress the power to give authors \"exclusive "
"right\" to \"their writings.\" Congress has given authors an exclusive right "
#. f5.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13725
+#: freeculture.xml:13730
msgid ""
"Benjamin Kaplan, <citetitle>An Unhurried View of Copyright</citetitle> (New "
"York: Columbia University Press, 1967), 32."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13721
+#: freeculture.xml:13726
msgid ""
"Congress granted the beginnings of this right in 1870, when it expanded the "
"exclusive right of copyright to include a right to control translations and "
#. f6.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13738
+#: freeculture.xml:13743
msgid "Ibid., 56."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13734
+#: freeculture.xml:13739
msgid ""
"So inured have we become to the extension of the monopoly to a large range "
"of so-called derivative works, that we no longer sense the oddity of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13743
+#: freeculture.xml:13748
msgid ""
"I think it's time to recognize that there are airplanes in this field and "
"the expansiveness of these rights of derivative use no longer make "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13750
+#: freeculture.xml:13755
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Term:</emphasis> If Congress wants to grant a derivative right, "
"then that right should be for a much shorter term. It makes sense to protect "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13763
+#: freeculture.xml:13768
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Scope:</emphasis> Likewise should the scope of derivative rights "
"be narrowed. Again, there are some cases in which derivative rights are "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13776
+#: freeculture.xml:13781
msgid ""
"This was the point that Alben made when describing the making of the Clint "
"Eastwood CD. While it makes sense to require negotiation for foreseeable "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13792
+#: freeculture.xml:13797
msgid "Goldstein, Paul"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13790
+#: freeculture.xml:13795
msgid ""
"Paul Goldstein, <citetitle>Copyright's Highway: From Gutenberg to the "
"Celestial Jukebox</citetitle> (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13784
+#: freeculture.xml:13789
msgid ""
"In each of these cases, the law should mark the uses that are protected, and "
"the presumption should be that other uses are not protected. This is the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13798
+#: freeculture.xml:13803
msgid ""
"Goldstein's analysis would make perfect sense if the cost of the legal "
"system were small. But as we are currently seeing in the context of the "
#. PAGE BREAK 301
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13805
+#: freeculture.xml:13810
msgid ""
"The law could remedy this problem either by removing protection beyond the "
"part explicitly drawn or by granting reuse rights upon certain statutory "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:13815
+#: freeculture.xml:13820
msgid "4. Liberate the Music—Again"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13817
+#: freeculture.xml:13822
msgid ""
"The battle that got this whole war going was about music, so it wouldn't be "
"fair to end this book without addressing the issue that is, to most people, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13824
+#: freeculture.xml:13829
msgid ""
"The appeal of file-sharing music was the crack cocaine of the Internet's "
"growth. It drove demand for access to the Internet more powerfully than any "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13833
+#: freeculture.xml:13838
msgid ""
"The aim of copyright, with respect to content in general and music in "
"particular, is to create the incentives for music to be composed, performed, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13840
+#: freeculture.xml:13845
msgid ""
"File-sharing networks complicate this model by enabling the spread of "
"content for which the performer has not been paid. But of course, that's not "
#. A.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13849
+#: freeculture.xml:13854
msgid ""
"There are some who are using sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing "
"CDs."
#. B.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13854
+#: freeculture.xml:13859
msgid ""
"There are also some who are using sharing networks to sample, on the way to "
"purchasing CDs."
#. PAGE BREAK 302
#. C.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13860
+#: freeculture.xml:13865
msgid ""
"There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content "
"that is no longer sold but is still under copyright or that would have been "
#. D.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13866
+#: freeculture.xml:13871
msgid ""
"There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content "
"that is not copyrighted or to get access that the copyright owner plainly "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13872
+#: freeculture.xml:13877
msgid ""
"Any reform of the law needs to keep these different uses in focus. It must "
"avoid burdening type D even if it aims to eliminate type A. The eagerness "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13880
+#: freeculture.xml:13885
msgid ""
"As I said in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" "
"linkend=\"piracy\"/>, the actual harm caused by sharing is controversial. "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13888
+#: freeculture.xml:13893
msgid ""
"Nonetheless, there is a crucial fact about the current technological context "
"that we must keep in mind if we are to understand how the law should "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13893
+#: freeculture.xml:13898
msgid ""
"Today, file sharing is addictive. In ten years, it won't be. It is addictive "
"today because it is the easiest way to gain access to a broad range of "
#. PAGE BREAK 303
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13905
+#: freeculture.xml:13910
msgid ""
"But it will become a reality, and that means the way we get access to the "
"Internet today is a technology in transition. Policy makers should not make "
#. f8.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13938
+#: freeculture.xml:13943
msgid ""
"See, for example, \"Music Media Watch,\" The J@pan Inc. Newsletter, 3 April "
"2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13920
+#: freeculture.xml:13925
msgid ""
"In that world, it will be extremely easy to connect to services that give "
"you access to content on the fly—such as Internet radio, content that "
#. PAGE BREAK 304
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13945
+#: freeculture.xml:13950
msgid ""
"This point about the future is meant to suggest a perspective on the "
"present: It is emphatically temporary. The \"problem\" with file "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13961
+#: freeculture.xml:13966
msgid ""
"The answer begins with recognizing that there are different \"problems\" "
"here to solve. Let's start with type D content—uncopyrighted content "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13972
+#: freeculture.xml:13977
msgid ""
"Type C content raises a different \"problem.\" This is content that was, at "
"one time, published and is no longer available. It may be unavailable "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13981
+#: freeculture.xml:13986
msgid ""
"Again, the model here is the used book store. Once a book goes out of print, "
"it may still be available in libraries and used book stores. But libraries "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13991
+#: freeculture.xml:13996
msgid ""
"The model of used book stores suggests that the law could simply deem "
"out-of-print music fair game. If the publisher does not make copies of the "
#. PAGE BREAK 305
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14002
+#: freeculture.xml:14007
msgid ""
"Alternatively, the law could create a statutory license that would ensure "
"that artists get something from the trade of their work. For example, if the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14012
+#: freeculture.xml:14017
msgid ""
"This system would also create an incentive for publishers to keep works "
"available commercially. Works that are available commercially would not be "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14022
+#: freeculture.xml:14027
msgid ""
"The hard case is content of types A and B, and again, this case is hard only "
"because the extent of the problem will change over time, as the technologies "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14030
+#: freeculture.xml:14035
msgid ""
"So here's a solution that will at first seem very strange to both sides in "
"this war, but which upon reflection, I suggest, should make some sense."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14034
+#: freeculture.xml:14039
msgid ""
"Stripped of the rhetoric about the sanctity of property, the basic claim of "
"the content industry is this: A new technology (the Internet) has harmed a "
#. PAGE BREAK 306
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14045
+#: freeculture.xml:14050
msgid ""
"I love the Internet, and so I don't like likening it to tobacco or "
"asbestos. But the analogy is a fair one from the perspective of the law. "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14091
+#: freeculture.xml:14096
msgid "Fisher, William"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14057
+#: freeculture.xml:14062
msgid ""
"William Fisher, <citetitle>Digital Music: Problems and "
"Possibilities</citetitle> (last revised: 10 October 2000), available at "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14053
+#: freeculture.xml:14058
msgid ""
"The idea would be a modification of a proposal that has been floated by "
"Harvard law professor William Fisher.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14104
+#: freeculture.xml:14109
msgid ""
"Fisher's proposal is careful and comprehensive. It raises a million "
"questions, most of which he answers well in his upcoming book, "
#. PAGE BREAK 307
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14119
+#: freeculture.xml:14124
msgid ""
"Fisher would balk at the idea of allowing the system to lapse. His aim is "
"not just to ensure that artists are paid, but also to ensure that the system "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14132
+#: freeculture.xml:14137
msgid ""
"No doubt it would be difficult to calculate the proper measure of \"harm\" "
"to an industry. But the difficulty of making that calculation would be "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14147
+#: freeculture.xml:14152
msgid ""
"This competition has already occurred against the background of \"free\" "
"music from p2p systems. As the sellers of cable television have known for "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14159
+#: freeculture.xml:14164
msgid ""
"This regime of competition, with a backstop to assure that artists don't "
"lose, would facilitate a great deal of innovation in the delivery of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14168
+#: freeculture.xml:14173
msgid "In summary, then, my proposal is this:"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 308
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14173
+#: freeculture.xml:14178
msgid ""
"The Internet is in transition. We should not be regulating a technology in "
"transition. We should instead be regulating to minimize the harm to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14180
+#: freeculture.xml:14185
msgid "We can minimize that harm while maximizing the benefit to innovation by"
msgstr ""
#. 1.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14186
+#: freeculture.xml:14191
msgid "guaranteeing the right to engage in type D sharing;"
msgstr ""
#. 2.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14190
+#: freeculture.xml:14195
msgid ""
"permitting noncommercial type C sharing without liability, and commercial "
"type C sharing at a low and fixed rate set by statute;"
#. 3.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14196
+#: freeculture.xml:14201
msgid ""
"while in this transition, taxing and compensating for type A sharing, to the "
"extent actual harm is demonstrated."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14201
+#: freeculture.xml:14206
msgid ""
"But what if \"piracy\" doesn't disappear? What if there is a competitive "
"market providing content at a low cost, but a significant number of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14207
+#: freeculture.xml:14212
msgid ""
"Yes, it should. But, again, what it should do depends upon how the facts "
"develop. These changes may not eliminate type A sharing. But the real issue "
#. PAGE BREAK 309
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14221
+#: freeculture.xml:14226
msgid ""
"But we're a long way away from whittling the problem down to this subset of "
"type A sharers. And our focus until we're there should not be on finding "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14232
+#: freeculture.xml:14237
msgid "5. Fire Lots of Lawyers"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14234
+#: freeculture.xml:14239
msgid ""
"I'm a lawyer. I make lawyers for a living. I believe in the law. I believe "
"in the law of copyright. Indeed, I have devoted my life to working in law, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14240
+#: freeculture.xml:14245
msgid ""
"Yet much of this book has been a criticism of lawyers, or the role lawyers "
"have played in this debate. The law speaks to ideals, but it is my view that "
#. f10.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14257
+#: freeculture.xml:14262
msgid ""
"Lawrence Lessig, \"Copyright's First Amendment\" (Melville B. Nimmer "
"Memorial Lecture), <citetitle>UCLA Law Review</citetitle> 48 (2001): 1057, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14248
+#: freeculture.xml:14253
msgid ""
"The evidence of this bending is compelling. I'm attacked as a \"radical\" by "
"many within the profession, yet the positions that I am advocating are "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14263
+#: freeculture.xml:14268
msgid ""
"However, my criticism of the role that lawyers have played in this debate is "
"not just about a professional bias. It is more importantly about our failure "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14273
+#: freeculture.xml:14278
msgid ""
"A good example is the work of Professor Stan Liebowitz. Liebowitz is to be "
"commended for his careful review of data about infringement, leading him to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14268
+#: freeculture.xml:14273
msgid ""
"Economists are supposed to be good at reckoning costs and benefits. But "
"more often than not, economists, with no clue about how the legal system "
#. PAGE BREAK 310
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14297
+#: freeculture.xml:14302
msgid ""
"But the legal system doesn't work. Or more accurately, it doesn't work for "
"anyone except those with the most resources. Not because the system is "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14305
+#: freeculture.xml:14310
msgid ""
"These costs distort free culture in many ways. A lawyer's time is billed at "
"the largest firms at more than $400 per hour. How much time should such a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14315
+#: freeculture.xml:14320
msgid ""
"The costliness and clumsiness and randomness of this system mock our "
"tradition. And lawyers, as well as academics, should consider it their duty "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14323
+#: freeculture.xml:14328
msgid ""
"But until that reform is complete, we as a society should keep the law away "
"from areas that we know it will only harm. And that is precisely what the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14329
+#: freeculture.xml:14334
msgid ""
"Think about the amazing things your kid could do or make with digital "
"technology—the film, the music, the Web page, the blog. Or think about "
#. PAGE BREAK 311
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14338
+#: freeculture.xml:14343
msgid ""
"The law should regulate in certain areas of culture—but it should "
"regulate culture only where that regulation does good. Yet lawyers rarely "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14347
+#: freeculture.xml:14352
msgid ""
"We should ask, \"Why?\" Show me why your regulation of culture is "
"needed. Show me how it does good. And until you can show me both, keep your "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14356
+#: freeculture.xml:14361
msgid "NOTES"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14358
+#: freeculture.xml:14363
msgid ""
"Throughout this text, there are references to links on the World Wide "
"Web. As anyone who has tried to use the Web knows, these links can be highly "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14373
+#: freeculture.xml:14378
msgid "ACKNOWLEDGMENTS"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14375
+#: freeculture.xml:14380
msgid ""
"This book is the product of a long and as yet unsuccessful struggle that "
"began when I read of Eric Eldred's war to keep books free. Eldred's work "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14381
+#: freeculture.xml:14386
msgid ""
"I received guidance in various places from friends and academics, including "
"Glenn Brown, Peter DiCola, Jennifer Mnookin, Richard Posner, Mark Rose, and "
#. PAGE BREAK 337
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14394
+#: freeculture.xml:14399
msgid ""
"Yuko Noguchi helped me to understand the laws of Japan as well as its "
"culture. I am thankful to her, and to the many in Japan who helped me "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14405
+#: freeculture.xml:14410
msgid ""
"These are the traditional sorts of help that academics regularly draw "
"upon. But in addition to them, the Internet has made it possible to receive "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14425
+#: freeculture.xml:14430
msgid ""
"Richard Stallman and Michael Carroll each read the whole book in draft, and "
"each provided extremely helpful correction and advice. Michael helped me to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14434
+#: freeculture.xml:14439
msgid ""
"Finally, and forever, I am thankful to Bettina, who has always insisted that "
"there would be unending happiness away from these battles, and who has "
projects / text-free-culture-lessig.git / commitdiff