msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2015-09-17 11:01+0200\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2015-09-17 11:43+0200\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
"Last-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL@ADDRESS>\n"
"Language-Team: LANGUAGE <LL@li.org>\n"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:95 freeculture.xml:15932
+#: freeculture.xml:95 freeculture.xml:15937
msgid ""
"This book is licensed under a Creative Commons license. This license permits "
"non-commercial use of this work, so long as attribution is given. For more "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:335 freeculture.xml:13948
+#: freeculture.xml:335 freeculture.xml:13953
msgid "CodePink Women in Peace"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:336 freeculture.xml:357 freeculture.xml:13949
+#: freeculture.xml:336 freeculture.xml:357 freeculture.xml:13954
msgid "Safire, William"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:426 freeculture.xml:14980
+#: freeculture.xml:426 freeculture.xml:14985
msgid "land ownership, air traffic and"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:427 freeculture.xml:4693 freeculture.xml:13850 freeculture.xml:14981
+#: freeculture.xml:427 freeculture.xml:4693 freeculture.xml:13855 freeculture.xml:14986
msgid "property rights"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:427 freeculture.xml:14981
+#: freeculture.xml:427 freeculture.xml:14986
msgid "air traffic vs."
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:451 freeculture.xml:464 freeculture.xml:497 freeculture.xml:517 freeculture.xml:703 freeculture.xml:831 freeculture.xml:958 freeculture.xml:976 freeculture.xml:1024 freeculture.xml:9642 freeculture.xml:13265 freeculture.xml:14052
+#: freeculture.xml:451 freeculture.xml:464 freeculture.xml:497 freeculture.xml:517 freeculture.xml:703 freeculture.xml:831 freeculture.xml:958 freeculture.xml:976 freeculture.xml:1024 freeculture.xml:9642 freeculture.xml:13270 freeculture.xml:14057
msgid "Causby, Thomas Lee"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:452 freeculture.xml:465 freeculture.xml:498 freeculture.xml:518 freeculture.xml:704 freeculture.xml:832 freeculture.xml:959 freeculture.xml:977 freeculture.xml:1025 freeculture.xml:9643 freeculture.xml:13266 freeculture.xml:14053
+#: freeculture.xml:452 freeculture.xml:465 freeculture.xml:498 freeculture.xml:518 freeculture.xml:704 freeculture.xml:832 freeculture.xml:959 freeculture.xml:977 freeculture.xml:1025 freeculture.xml:9643 freeculture.xml:13271 freeculture.xml:14058
msgid "Causby, Tinie"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:467 freeculture.xml:4581 freeculture.xml:5184 freeculture.xml:8955 freeculture.xml:12293 freeculture.xml:12294 freeculture.xml:14364
+#: freeculture.xml:467 freeculture.xml:4581 freeculture.xml:5184 freeculture.xml:8955 freeculture.xml:12298 freeculture.xml:12299 freeculture.xml:14369
msgid "Supreme Court, U.S."
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:542 freeculture.xml:9650 freeculture.xml:10352
+#: freeculture.xml:542 freeculture.xml:9650 freeculture.xml:10357
msgid "Armstrong, Edwin Howard"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:546 freeculture.xml:3373 freeculture.xml:4316 freeculture.xml:6874 freeculture.xml:8667 freeculture.xml:10256 freeculture.xml:10304
+#: freeculture.xml:546 freeculture.xml:3373 freeculture.xml:4316 freeculture.xml:6874 freeculture.xml:8667 freeculture.xml:10261 freeculture.xml:10309
msgid "radio"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:598 freeculture.xml:6877 freeculture.xml:14116
+#: freeculture.xml:598 freeculture.xml:6877 freeculture.xml:14121
msgid "RCA"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:723 freeculture.xml:1097 freeculture.xml:2315 freeculture.xml:2352 freeculture.xml:2365 freeculture.xml:2449 freeculture.xml:2483 freeculture.xml:2509 freeculture.xml:2760 freeculture.xml:4186 freeculture.xml:6757 freeculture.xml:7620 freeculture.xml:7688 freeculture.xml:7976 freeculture.xml:10255 freeculture.xml:13581 freeculture.xml:14147 freeculture.xml:14148 freeculture.xml:14222 freeculture.xml:14753
+#: freeculture.xml:723 freeculture.xml:1097 freeculture.xml:2315 freeculture.xml:2352 freeculture.xml:2365 freeculture.xml:2449 freeculture.xml:2483 freeculture.xml:2509 freeculture.xml:2760 freeculture.xml:4186 freeculture.xml:6757 freeculture.xml:7620 freeculture.xml:7688 freeculture.xml:7976 freeculture.xml:10260 freeculture.xml:13586 freeculture.xml:14152 freeculture.xml:14153 freeculture.xml:14227 freeculture.xml:14758
msgid "Internet"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:723 freeculture.xml:4733 freeculture.xml:13581 freeculture.xml:14147
+#: freeculture.xml:723 freeculture.xml:4733 freeculture.xml:13586 freeculture.xml:14152
msgid "development of"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:761 freeculture.xml:810 freeculture.xml:1701 freeculture.xml:5291 freeculture.xml:6526 freeculture.xml:14187
+#: freeculture.xml:761 freeculture.xml:810 freeculture.xml:1701 freeculture.xml:5291 freeculture.xml:6526 freeculture.xml:14192
msgid "free culture"
msgstr ""
msgid "permission culture vs."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:811
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:811 freeculture.xml:10105
msgid "permission culture"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:817 freeculture.xml:10239
+#: freeculture.xml:817 freeculture.xml:10244
msgid "Litman, Jessica"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:877 freeculture.xml:4400 freeculture.xml:6298 freeculture.xml:7575 freeculture.xml:11222 freeculture.xml:13154
+#: freeculture.xml:877 freeculture.xml:4400 freeculture.xml:6298 freeculture.xml:7575 freeculture.xml:11227 freeculture.xml:13159
msgid "Valenti, Jack"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:909 freeculture.xml:6909 freeculture.xml:7022 freeculture.xml:7023 freeculture.xml:7024 freeculture.xml:7073 freeculture.xml:7663 freeculture.xml:8953 freeculture.xml:11248 freeculture.xml:11550 freeculture.xml:12204 freeculture.xml:12365
+#: freeculture.xml:909 freeculture.xml:6909 freeculture.xml:7022 freeculture.xml:7023 freeculture.xml:7024 freeculture.xml:7073 freeculture.xml:7663 freeculture.xml:8953 freeculture.xml:11253 freeculture.xml:11555 freeculture.xml:12209 freeculture.xml:12370
msgid "Constitution, U.S."
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:910 freeculture.xml:1075 freeculture.xml:1183 freeculture.xml:1209 freeculture.xml:1433 freeculture.xml:1554 freeculture.xml:1598 freeculture.xml:1712 freeculture.xml:3123 freeculture.xml:3218 freeculture.xml:4314 freeculture.xml:4315 freeculture.xml:4344 freeculture.xml:4733 freeculture.xml:4734 freeculture.xml:5335 freeculture.xml:6528 freeculture.xml:6976 freeculture.xml:7060 freeculture.xml:7061 freeculture.xml:7246 freeculture.xml:7346 freeculture.xml:7378 freeculture.xml:7408 freeculture.xml:7443 freeculture.xml:7557 freeculture.xml:7558 freeculture.xml:7619 freeculture.xml:7657 freeculture.xml:7757 freeculture.xml:7771 freeculture.xml:7830 freeculture.xml:7831 freeculture.xml:7929 freeculture.xml:9875 freeculture.xml:10228 freeculture.xml:11187 freeculture.xml:11233
+#: freeculture.xml:910 freeculture.xml:1075 freeculture.xml:1183 freeculture.xml:1209 freeculture.xml:1433 freeculture.xml:1554 freeculture.xml:1598 freeculture.xml:1712 freeculture.xml:3123 freeculture.xml:3218 freeculture.xml:4314 freeculture.xml:4315 freeculture.xml:4344 freeculture.xml:4733 freeculture.xml:4734 freeculture.xml:5335 freeculture.xml:6528 freeculture.xml:6976 freeculture.xml:7060 freeculture.xml:7061 freeculture.xml:7246 freeculture.xml:7346 freeculture.xml:7378 freeculture.xml:7408 freeculture.xml:7443 freeculture.xml:7557 freeculture.xml:7558 freeculture.xml:7619 freeculture.xml:7657 freeculture.xml:7757 freeculture.xml:7771 freeculture.xml:7830 freeculture.xml:7831 freeculture.xml:7929 freeculture.xml:9875 freeculture.xml:10233 freeculture.xml:11192 freeculture.xml:11238
msgid "copyright law"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:912 freeculture.xml:922 freeculture.xml:15379
+#: freeculture.xml:912 freeculture.xml:922 freeculture.xml:15384
msgid "Netanel, Neil Weinstock"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:960 freeculture.xml:1147 freeculture.xml:13497 freeculture.xml:13580 freeculture.xml:13750
+#: freeculture.xml:960 freeculture.xml:1147 freeculture.xml:13502 freeculture.xml:13585 freeculture.xml:13755
msgid "intellectual property rights"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1098 freeculture.xml:3905 freeculture.xml:4263 freeculture.xml:6249 freeculture.xml:6758 freeculture.xml:11236
+#: freeculture.xml:1098 freeculture.xml:3905 freeculture.xml:4263 freeculture.xml:6249 freeculture.xml:6758 freeculture.xml:11241
msgid "peer-to-peer (p2p) file sharing"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1270 freeculture.xml:1488 freeculture.xml:1542 freeculture.xml:1683 freeculture.xml:1929 freeculture.xml:4568 freeculture.xml:6266 freeculture.xml:7536 freeculture.xml:11128 freeculture.xml:11553
+#: freeculture.xml:1270 freeculture.xml:1488 freeculture.xml:1542 freeculture.xml:1683 freeculture.xml:1929 freeculture.xml:4568 freeculture.xml:6266 freeculture.xml:7536 freeculture.xml:11133 freeculture.xml:11558
msgid "Disney, Walt"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1339 freeculture.xml:1499 freeculture.xml:3012 freeculture.xml:3723 freeculture.xml:7445 freeculture.xml:7623 freeculture.xml:15447
+#: freeculture.xml:1339 freeculture.xml:1499 freeculture.xml:3012 freeculture.xml:3723 freeculture.xml:7445 freeculture.xml:7623 freeculture.xml:15452
msgid "piracy"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1388 freeculture.xml:1684 freeculture.xml:11129
+#: freeculture.xml:1388 freeculture.xml:1684 freeculture.xml:11134
msgid "Grimm fairy tales"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1433 freeculture.xml:1434 freeculture.xml:4786 freeculture.xml:4787 freeculture.xml:4853 freeculture.xml:4891 freeculture.xml:4947 freeculture.xml:4993 freeculture.xml:5128 freeculture.xml:5222 freeculture.xml:6725 freeculture.xml:7025 freeculture.xml:7026 freeculture.xml:7029 freeculture.xml:7102 freeculture.xml:7128 freeculture.xml:7168 freeculture.xml:7292 freeculture.xml:7339 freeculture.xml:7376 freeculture.xml:7679 freeculture.xml:7850 freeculture.xml:11186 freeculture.xml:11210 freeculture.xml:11551 freeculture.xml:11552 freeculture.xml:14095 freeculture.xml:14129
+#: freeculture.xml:1433 freeculture.xml:1434 freeculture.xml:4786 freeculture.xml:4787 freeculture.xml:4853 freeculture.xml:4891 freeculture.xml:4947 freeculture.xml:4993 freeculture.xml:5128 freeculture.xml:5222 freeculture.xml:6725 freeculture.xml:7025 freeculture.xml:7026 freeculture.xml:7029 freeculture.xml:7102 freeculture.xml:7128 freeculture.xml:7168 freeculture.xml:7292 freeculture.xml:7339 freeculture.xml:7376 freeculture.xml:7679 freeculture.xml:7850 freeculture.xml:11191 freeculture.xml:11215 freeculture.xml:11556 freeculture.xml:11557 freeculture.xml:14100 freeculture.xml:14134
msgid "copyright"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1434 freeculture.xml:4786 freeculture.xml:4947 freeculture.xml:7026 freeculture.xml:7029 freeculture.xml:7128 freeculture.xml:11186 freeculture.xml:11552
+#: freeculture.xml:1434 freeculture.xml:4786 freeculture.xml:4947 freeculture.xml:7026 freeculture.xml:7029 freeculture.xml:7128 freeculture.xml:11191 freeculture.xml:11557
msgid "duration of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1435 freeculture.xml:1436 freeculture.xml:5223 freeculture.xml:7132 freeculture.xml:7257 freeculture.xml:8144 freeculture.xml:11120 freeculture.xml:13585 freeculture.xml:14381 freeculture.xml:14382
+#: freeculture.xml:1435 freeculture.xml:1436 freeculture.xml:5223 freeculture.xml:7132 freeculture.xml:7257 freeculture.xml:8144 freeculture.xml:11125 freeculture.xml:13590 freeculture.xml:14386 freeculture.xml:14387
msgid "public domain"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1894 freeculture.xml:2000 freeculture.xml:2380 freeculture.xml:2398 freeculture.xml:8841 freeculture.xml:9676 freeculture.xml:15411
+#: freeculture.xml:1894 freeculture.xml:2000 freeculture.xml:2380 freeculture.xml:2398 freeculture.xml:8841 freeculture.xml:9676 freeculture.xml:15416
msgid "democracy"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1982 freeculture.xml:3827 freeculture.xml:3849 freeculture.xml:3850 freeculture.xml:3906 freeculture.xml:4262 freeculture.xml:5814 freeculture.xml:10042 freeculture.xml:10951
+#: freeculture.xml:1982 freeculture.xml:3827 freeculture.xml:3849 freeculture.xml:3850 freeculture.xml:3906 freeculture.xml:4262 freeculture.xml:5814 freeculture.xml:10042 freeculture.xml:10956
msgid "Napster"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2077 freeculture.xml:6834 freeculture.xml:8922 freeculture.xml:8956 freeculture.xml:15445
+#: freeculture.xml:2077 freeculture.xml:6834 freeculture.xml:8922 freeculture.xml:8956 freeculture.xml:15450
msgid "television"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2743 freeculture.xml:5978 freeculture.xml:6019 freeculture.xml:11630 freeculture.xml:11888
+#: freeculture.xml:2743 freeculture.xml:5978 freeculture.xml:6019 freeculture.xml:11635 freeculture.xml:11893
msgid "Kahle, Brewster"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2798 freeculture.xml:3728 freeculture.xml:3730 freeculture.xml:3731 freeculture.xml:5566 freeculture.xml:8274 freeculture.xml:13684 freeculture.xml:13753
+#: freeculture.xml:2798 freeculture.xml:3728 freeculture.xml:3730 freeculture.xml:3731 freeculture.xml:5566 freeculture.xml:8274 freeculture.xml:13689 freeculture.xml:13758
msgid "Microsoft"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2858 freeculture.xml:2956 freeculture.xml:3219 freeculture.xml:3348 freeculture.xml:4317 freeculture.xml:4318 freeculture.xml:4319 freeculture.xml:6250 freeculture.xml:9992 freeculture.xml:10406 freeculture.xml:10407 freeculture.xml:10408 freeculture.xml:10564
+#: freeculture.xml:2858 freeculture.xml:2956 freeculture.xml:3219 freeculture.xml:3348 freeculture.xml:4317 freeculture.xml:4318 freeculture.xml:4319 freeculture.xml:6250 freeculture.xml:9992 freeculture.xml:10411 freeculture.xml:10412 freeculture.xml:10413 freeculture.xml:10569
msgid "recording industry"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2859 freeculture.xml:2888 freeculture.xml:2957 freeculture.xml:9993 freeculture.xml:10409 freeculture.xml:10410 freeculture.xml:10562
+#: freeculture.xml:2859 freeculture.xml:2888 freeculture.xml:2957 freeculture.xml:9993 freeculture.xml:10414 freeculture.xml:10415 freeculture.xml:10567
msgid "Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2955 freeculture.xml:3349 freeculture.xml:4310 freeculture.xml:5575 freeculture.xml:5624 freeculture.xml:10301 freeculture.xml:10402 freeculture.xml:10563 freeculture.xml:10586 freeculture.xml:15344 freeculture.xml:15409
+#: freeculture.xml:2955 freeculture.xml:3349 freeculture.xml:4310 freeculture.xml:5575 freeculture.xml:5624 freeculture.xml:10306 freeculture.xml:10407 freeculture.xml:10568 freeculture.xml:10591 freeculture.xml:15349 freeculture.xml:15414
msgid "artists"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2955 freeculture.xml:3349 freeculture.xml:4310 freeculture.xml:10301 freeculture.xml:10402 freeculture.xml:10563 freeculture.xml:10586 freeculture.xml:15344 freeculture.xml:15409
+#: freeculture.xml:2955 freeculture.xml:3349 freeculture.xml:4310 freeculture.xml:10306 freeculture.xml:10407 freeculture.xml:10568 freeculture.xml:10591 freeculture.xml:15349 freeculture.xml:15414
msgid "recording industry payments to"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2956 freeculture.xml:4317 freeculture.xml:10406 freeculture.xml:10564
+#: freeculture.xml:2956 freeculture.xml:4317 freeculture.xml:10411 freeculture.xml:10569
msgid "artist remuneration in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2957 freeculture.xml:10410
+#: freeculture.xml:2957 freeculture.xml:10415
msgid "lobbying power of"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3027 freeculture.xml:7811 freeculture.xml:15448
+#: freeculture.xml:3027 freeculture.xml:7811 freeculture.xml:15453
msgid "film industry"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3029 freeculture.xml:7268 freeculture.xml:11190 freeculture.xml:11191 freeculture.xml:13326 freeculture.xml:13808
+#: freeculture.xml:3029 freeculture.xml:7268 freeculture.xml:11195 freeculture.xml:11196 freeculture.xml:13331 freeculture.xml:13813
msgid "patents"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3063 freeculture.xml:3367 freeculture.xml:4550 freeculture.xml:10452
+#: freeculture.xml:3063 freeculture.xml:3367 freeculture.xml:4550 freeculture.xml:10457
msgid "Picker, Randal C."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3087 freeculture.xml:4549 freeculture.xml:10169 freeculture.xml:10282
+#: freeculture.xml:3087 freeculture.xml:4549 freeculture.xml:10174 freeculture.xml:10287
msgid "broadcast flag"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3216 freeculture.xml:3217 freeculture.xml:4312 freeculture.xml:4313 freeculture.xml:4398 freeculture.xml:4399 freeculture.xml:7036 freeculture.xml:7129 freeculture.xml:7244 freeculture.xml:7245 freeculture.xml:10403 freeculture.xml:10404 freeculture.xml:10405 freeculture.xml:11185 freeculture.xml:11247 freeculture.xml:11459 freeculture.xml:11534 freeculture.xml:12203 freeculture.xml:12292 freeculture.xml:12362 freeculture.xml:12364
+#: freeculture.xml:3216 freeculture.xml:3217 freeculture.xml:4312 freeculture.xml:4313 freeculture.xml:4398 freeculture.xml:4399 freeculture.xml:7036 freeculture.xml:7129 freeculture.xml:7244 freeculture.xml:7245 freeculture.xml:10408 freeculture.xml:10409 freeculture.xml:10410 freeculture.xml:11190 freeculture.xml:11252 freeculture.xml:11464 freeculture.xml:11539 freeculture.xml:12208 freeculture.xml:12297 freeculture.xml:12367 freeculture.xml:12369
msgid "Congress, U.S."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3216 freeculture.xml:4312 freeculture.xml:4398 freeculture.xml:7129 freeculture.xml:7244 freeculture.xml:10403
+#: freeculture.xml:3216 freeculture.xml:4312 freeculture.xml:4398 freeculture.xml:7129 freeculture.xml:7244 freeculture.xml:10408
msgid "on copyright laws"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3217 freeculture.xml:4313 freeculture.xml:10405
+#: freeculture.xml:3217 freeculture.xml:4313 freeculture.xml:10410
msgid "on recording industry"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3218 freeculture.xml:4315 freeculture.xml:10228
+#: freeculture.xml:3218 freeculture.xml:4315 freeculture.xml:10233
msgid "statutory licenses in"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3262 freeculture.xml:4320 freeculture.xml:10227
+#: freeculture.xml:3262 freeculture.xml:4320 freeculture.xml:10232
msgid "statutory licenses"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3271 freeculture.xml:15040
+#: freeculture.xml:3271 freeculture.xml:15045
msgid "Grisham, John"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3348 freeculture.xml:4319 freeculture.xml:10407
+#: freeculture.xml:3348 freeculture.xml:4319 freeculture.xml:10412
msgid "radio broadcast and"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3373 freeculture.xml:4316 freeculture.xml:10304
+#: freeculture.xml:3373 freeculture.xml:4316 freeculture.xml:10309
msgid "music recordings played on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3385 freeculture.xml:9466 freeculture.xml:9945 freeculture.xml:13078
+#: freeculture.xml:3385 freeculture.xml:9466 freeculture.xml:9945 freeculture.xml:13083
msgid "Lovett, Lyle"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3429 freeculture.xml:4334 freeculture.xml:8639 freeculture.xml:8679 freeculture.xml:15444
+#: freeculture.xml:3429 freeculture.xml:4334 freeculture.xml:8639 freeculture.xml:8679 freeculture.xml:15449
msgid "cable television"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3592 freeculture.xml:3672 freeculture.xml:3722 freeculture.xml:15446
+#: freeculture.xml:3592 freeculture.xml:3672 freeculture.xml:3722 freeculture.xml:15451
msgid "Asia, commercial piracy in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3593 freeculture.xml:4052 freeculture.xml:9946 freeculture.xml:10804 freeculture.xml:14835 freeculture.xml:15428
+#: freeculture.xml:3593 freeculture.xml:4052 freeculture.xml:9946 freeculture.xml:10809 freeculture.xml:14840 freeculture.xml:15433
msgid "CDs"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3666 freeculture.xml:13371 freeculture.xml:13863 freeculture.xml:13870
+#: freeculture.xml:3666 freeculture.xml:13376 freeculture.xml:13868 freeculture.xml:13875
msgid "Drahos, Peter"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3687 freeculture.xml:3971 freeculture.xml:15594
+#: freeculture.xml:3687 freeculture.xml:3971 freeculture.xml:15599
msgid "Liebowitz, Stan"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3723 freeculture.xml:15447
+#: freeculture.xml:3723 freeculture.xml:15452
msgid "in Asia"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3724 freeculture.xml:3725 freeculture.xml:13682 freeculture.xml:14274
+#: freeculture.xml:3724 freeculture.xml:3725 freeculture.xml:13687 freeculture.xml:14279
msgid "free software/open-source software (FS/OSS)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3726 freeculture.xml:3756 freeculture.xml:12134 freeculture.xml:13697 freeculture.xml:14330
+#: freeculture.xml:3726 freeculture.xml:3756 freeculture.xml:12139 freeculture.xml:13702 freeculture.xml:14335
msgid "GNU/Linux operating system"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3727 freeculture.xml:3757 freeculture.xml:12136 freeculture.xml:13698 freeculture.xml:14331
+#: freeculture.xml:3727 freeculture.xml:3757 freeculture.xml:12141 freeculture.xml:13703 freeculture.xml:14336
msgid "Linux operating system"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3745 freeculture.xml:4808 freeculture.xml:5032 freeculture.xml:6529 freeculture.xml:6605 freeculture.xml:6742 freeculture.xml:7159 freeculture.xml:14362
+#: freeculture.xml:3745 freeculture.xml:4808 freeculture.xml:5032 freeculture.xml:6529 freeculture.xml:6605 freeculture.xml:6742 freeculture.xml:7159 freeculture.xml:14367
msgid "law"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3745 freeculture.xml:14362
+#: freeculture.xml:3745 freeculture.xml:14367
msgid "databases of case reports in"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3988 freeculture.xml:3997 freeculture.xml:4367 freeculture.xml:8434 freeculture.xml:8463 freeculture.xml:10225 freeculture.xml:15152
+#: freeculture.xml:3988 freeculture.xml:3997 freeculture.xml:4367 freeculture.xml:8434 freeculture.xml:8463 freeculture.xml:10230 freeculture.xml:15157
msgid "cassette recording"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3988 freeculture.xml:4367 freeculture.xml:8434 freeculture.xml:8463 freeculture.xml:10225 freeculture.xml:10226 freeculture.xml:15152 freeculture.xml:15153
+#: freeculture.xml:3988 freeculture.xml:4367 freeculture.xml:8434 freeculture.xml:8463 freeculture.xml:10230 freeculture.xml:10231 freeculture.xml:15157 freeculture.xml:15158
msgid "VCRs"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4154 freeculture.xml:4163 freeculture.xml:4184 freeculture.xml:4208 freeculture.xml:4732 freeculture.xml:6190 freeculture.xml:6195 freeculture.xml:6247 freeculture.xml:7230 freeculture.xml:7231 freeculture.xml:7618 freeculture.xml:7687 freeculture.xml:7975 freeculture.xml:14534 freeculture.xml:15264 freeculture.xml:15265
+#: freeculture.xml:4154 freeculture.xml:4163 freeculture.xml:4184 freeculture.xml:4208 freeculture.xml:4732 freeculture.xml:6190 freeculture.xml:6195 freeculture.xml:6247 freeculture.xml:7230 freeculture.xml:7231 freeculture.xml:7618 freeculture.xml:7687 freeculture.xml:7975 freeculture.xml:14539 freeculture.xml:15269 freeculture.xml:15270
msgid "books"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4154 freeculture.xml:4163 freeculture.xml:7230 freeculture.xml:15265
+#: freeculture.xml:4154 freeculture.xml:4163 freeculture.xml:7230 freeculture.xml:15270
msgid "resales of"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4184 freeculture.xml:6190 freeculture.xml:6195 freeculture.xml:7231 freeculture.xml:15264
+#: freeculture.xml:4184 freeculture.xml:6190 freeculture.xml:6195 freeculture.xml:7231 freeculture.xml:15269
msgid "out of print"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4208 freeculture.xml:14534
+#: freeculture.xml:4208 freeculture.xml:14539
msgid "free on-line releases of"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4673 freeculture.xml:6488 freeculture.xml:14521
+#: freeculture.xml:4673 freeculture.xml:6488 freeculture.xml:14526
msgid "Jefferson, Thomas"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4736 freeculture.xml:14058
+#: freeculture.xml:4736 freeculture.xml:14063
msgid "United Kingdom"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4993 freeculture.xml:5128 freeculture.xml:5222 freeculture.xml:11210
+#: freeculture.xml:4993 freeculture.xml:5128 freeculture.xml:5222 freeculture.xml:11215
msgid "in perpetuity"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5090 freeculture.xml:15691
+#: freeculture.xml:5090 freeculture.xml:15696
msgid "Rose, Mark"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5565 freeculture.xml:5625 freeculture.xml:5810 freeculture.xml:10561 freeculture.xml:15055
+#: freeculture.xml:5565 freeculture.xml:5625 freeculture.xml:5810 freeculture.xml:10566 freeculture.xml:15060
msgid "Alben, Alex"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5925 freeculture.xml:9296 freeculture.xml:11643 freeculture.xml:11889
+#: freeculture.xml:5925 freeculture.xml:9296 freeculture.xml:11648 freeculture.xml:11894
msgid "archives, digital"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6030 freeculture.xml:6085 freeculture.xml:10546
+#: freeculture.xml:6030 freeculture.xml:6085 freeculture.xml:10551
msgid "Library of Congress"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6034 freeculture.xml:11119 freeculture.xml:14233 freeculture.xml:14363 freeculture.xml:14399
+#: freeculture.xml:6034 freeculture.xml:11124 freeculture.xml:14238 freeculture.xml:14368 freeculture.xml:14404
msgid "libraries"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6297 freeculture.xml:10302
+#: freeculture.xml:6297 freeculture.xml:10307
msgid "Kennedy, John F."
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6525 freeculture.xml:8060 freeculture.xml:9928 freeculture.xml:11250 freeculture.xml:11296 freeculture.xml:13636
+#: freeculture.xml:6525 freeculture.xml:8060 freeculture.xml:9928 freeculture.xml:11255 freeculture.xml:11301 freeculture.xml:13641
msgid "Lessig, Lawrence"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6527 freeculture.xml:6788 freeculture.xml:9877 freeculture.xml:9994
+#: freeculture.xml:6527 freeculture.xml:6788 freeculture.xml:9877 freeculture.xml:9994 freeculture.xml:10106
msgid "regulation"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6575 freeculture.xml:6624 freeculture.xml:6718 freeculture.xml:6759 freeculture.xml:9886 freeculture.xml:10120
+#: freeculture.xml:6575 freeculture.xml:6624 freeculture.xml:6718 freeculture.xml:6759 freeculture.xml:9886 freeculture.xml:10104
msgid "market constraints"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6771 freeculture.xml:7621 freeculture.xml:7930
+#: freeculture.xml:6771 freeculture.xml:7621 freeculture.xml:7930 freeculture.xml:10107
msgid "technology"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6872 freeculture.xml:15633
+#: freeculture.xml:6872 freeculture.xml:15638
msgid "Brezhnev, Leonid"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6875 freeculture.xml:13822
+#: freeculture.xml:6875 freeculture.xml:13827
msgid "Gates, Bill"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7023 freeculture.xml:11550
+#: freeculture.xml:7023 freeculture.xml:11555
msgid "copyright purpose established in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7024 freeculture.xml:11248 freeculture.xml:12365
+#: freeculture.xml:7024 freeculture.xml:11253 freeculture.xml:12370
msgid "Progress Clause of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7025 freeculture.xml:11551
+#: freeculture.xml:7025 freeculture.xml:11556
msgid "constitutional purpose of"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7028 freeculture.xml:11249 freeculture.xml:12363
+#: freeculture.xml:7028 freeculture.xml:11254 freeculture.xml:12368
msgid "Progress Clause"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7036 freeculture.xml:12362
+#: freeculture.xml:7036 freeculture.xml:12367
msgid "in constitutional Progress Clause"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7245 freeculture.xml:11185 freeculture.xml:12364
+#: freeculture.xml:7245 freeculture.xml:11190 freeculture.xml:12369
msgid "copyright terms extended by"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7246 freeculture.xml:11187
+#: freeculture.xml:7246 freeculture.xml:11192
msgid "term extensions in"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7255 freeculture.xml:7256 freeculture.xml:7291 freeculture.xml:11211 freeculture.xml:15551
+#: freeculture.xml:7255 freeculture.xml:7256 freeculture.xml:7291 freeculture.xml:11216 freeculture.xml:15556
msgid "Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA) (1998)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7257 freeculture.xml:11191
+#: freeculture.xml:7257 freeculture.xml:11196
msgid "future patents vs. future copyrights in"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7268 freeculture.xml:11190
+#: freeculture.xml:7268 freeculture.xml:11195
msgid "in public domain"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7293 freeculture.xml:13480
+#: freeculture.xml:7293 freeculture.xml:13485
msgid "corporations"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7687 freeculture.xml:7975 freeculture.xml:10256
+#: freeculture.xml:7687 freeculture.xml:7975 freeculture.xml:10261
msgid "on Internet"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7819 freeculture.xml:7894 freeculture.xml:14188
+#: freeculture.xml:7819 freeculture.xml:7894 freeculture.xml:14193
msgid "browsing"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8299 freeculture.xml:10885
+#: freeculture.xml:8299 freeculture.xml:10890
msgid "Electronic Frontier Foundation"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9497 freeculture.xml:9788 freeculture.xml:10886
+#: freeculture.xml:9497 freeculture.xml:9788 freeculture.xml:10891
msgid "ISPs (Internet service providers), user identities revealed by"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9529 freeculture.xml:10280
+#: freeculture.xml:9529 freeculture.xml:10285
msgid "Berman, Howard L."
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9994
+#: freeculture.xml:9994 freeculture.xml:10106
msgid "outsize penalties of"
msgstr ""
"threatened by litigation."
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#: freeculture.xml:10105
+msgid "transaction cost of"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#: freeculture.xml:10107
+msgid "legal murkiness on"
+msgstr ""
+
#. PAGE BREAK 201
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10107
+#: freeculture.xml:10111
msgid ""
"The point is not that businesses should have a right to start illegal "
"enterprises. The point is the definition of <quote>illegal.</quote> The law "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10122
+#: freeculture.xml:10125
msgid ""
"The point is directly parallel to the crunchy-lefty point about fair "
"use. Whatever the <quote>real</quote> law is, realism about the effect of "
#. PAGE BREAK 202
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10134
+#: freeculture.xml:10137
msgid ""
"The building of a permission culture, rather than a free culture, is the "
"first important way in which the changes I have described will burden "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10153
+#: freeculture.xml:10158
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>The uncertainty</emphasis> of the law is one burden "
"on innovation. There is a second burden that operates more directly. This is "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10160
+#: freeculture.xml:10165
msgid ""
"The motivation for this response is obvious. The Internet enables the "
"efficient spread of content. That efficiency is a feature of the Internet's "
#. f6.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10175
+#: freeculture.xml:10180
msgid ""
"<quote>Copyright and Digital Media in a Post-Napster World,</quote> "
"GartnerG2 and the Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard Law "
#. f7.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10188
+#: freeculture.xml:10193
msgid "GartnerG2, 26–27."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10171
+#: freeculture.xml:10176
msgid ""
"The examples of this form of legislation are many. At the urging of the "
"content industry, some in Congress have threatened legislation that would "
#. PAGE BREAK 203
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10192
+#: freeculture.xml:10197
msgid ""
"In one sense, these solutions seem sensible. If the problem is the code, why "
"not regulate the code to remove the problem. But any regulation of technical "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10201 freeculture.xml:12135
+#: freeculture.xml:10206 freeculture.xml:12140
msgid "Intel"
msgstr ""
#. f8.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10207
+#: freeculture.xml:10212
msgid ""
"See David McGuire, <quote>Tech Execs Square Off Over Piracy,</quote> "
"Newsbytes, February 2002 (Entertainment)."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10203
+#: freeculture.xml:10208
msgid ""
"In March 2002, a broad coalition of technology companies, led by Intel, "
"tried to get Congress to see the harm that such legislation would "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10215
+#: freeculture.xml:10220
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>There is one</emphasis> more obvious way in which "
"this war has harmed innovation—again, a story that will be quite "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10220
+#: freeculture.xml:10225
msgid ""
"Copyright may be property, but like all property, it is also a form of "
"regulation. It is a regulation that benefits some and harms others. When "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10238
+#: freeculture.xml:10243
msgid "Digital Copyright (Litman)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10236
+#: freeculture.xml:10241
msgid ""
"Jessica Litman, <citetitle>Digital Copyright</citetitle> (Amherst, N.Y.: "
"Prometheus Books, 2001). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10230
+#: freeculture.xml:10235
msgid ""
"As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" "
"linkend=\"property-i\"/>, despite this feature of copyright as regulation, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10249
+#: freeculture.xml:10254
msgid ""
"But that pattern of deference to new technologies has now changed with the "
"rise of the Internet. Rather than striking a balance between the claims of a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10255
+#: freeculture.xml:10260
msgid "radio on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10260
+#: freeculture.xml:10265
msgid "Grokster, Ltd."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10260
+#: freeculture.xml:10265
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> The only circuit court exception "
"is found in <citetitle>Recording Industry Association of America "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10279
+#: freeculture.xml:10284
msgid "Tauzin, Billy"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10281
+#: freeculture.xml:10286
msgid "Hollings, Fritz"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10279
+#: freeculture.xml:10284
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
"id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10258
+#: freeculture.xml:10263
msgid ""
"The response by the courts has been fairly universal.<placeholder "
"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It has been mirrored in the responses "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10303
+#: freeculture.xml:10308
msgid "Monroe, Marilyn"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 204
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10308
+#: freeculture.xml:10313
msgid ""
"As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" "
"linkend=\"pirates\"/>, when a radio station plays a song, the recording "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10319
+#: freeculture.xml:10324
msgid ""
"The reasoning behind this balance struck by Congress makes some sense. The "
"justification was that radio was a kind of advertising. The recording artist "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10331
+#: freeculture.xml:10336
msgid ""
"Enter Internet radio. Like regular radio, Internet radio is a technology to "
"stream content from a broadcaster to a listener. The broadcast travels "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10340
+#: freeculture.xml:10345
msgid ""
"This feature of the architecture of Internet radio means that there are "
"potentially an unlimited number of radio stations that a user could tune in "
#. PAGE BREAK 205
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10356
+#: freeculture.xml:10361
msgid ""
"Internet radio is thus to radio what FM was to AM. It is an improvement "
"potentially vastly more significant than the FM improvement over AM, since "
#. f12.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10380
+#: freeculture.xml:10385
msgid "Lessing, 239."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10366
+#: freeculture.xml:10371
msgid ""
"An almost unlimited number of FM stations was possible in the shortwaves, "
"thus ending the unnatural restrictions imposed on radio in the crowded "
#. f13.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10390
+#: freeculture.xml:10395
msgid "Ibid., 229."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10385
+#: freeculture.xml:10390
msgid ""
"This potential for FM radio was never realized—not because Armstrong "
"was wrong about the technology, but because he underestimated the power of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10395
+#: freeculture.xml:10400
msgid ""
"Now the very same claim could be made about Internet radio. For again, there "
"is no technical limitation that could restrict the number of Internet radio "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10404
+#: freeculture.xml:10409
msgid "on radio"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10408
+#: freeculture.xml:10413
msgid "Internet radio hampered by"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10409 freeculture.xml:10562
+#: freeculture.xml:10414 freeculture.xml:10567
msgid "on Internet radio fees"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 206
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10412
+#: freeculture.xml:10417
msgid ""
"But here the power of the lobbyists is reversed. Internet radio is a new "
"industry. The recording artists, on the other hand, have a very powerful "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10451
+#: freeculture.xml:10456
msgid "CARP (Copyright Arbitration Royalty Panel)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10434
+#: freeculture.xml:10439
msgid ""
"This example was derived from fees set by the original Copyright Arbitration "
"Royalty Panel (CARP) proceedings, and is drawn from an example offered by "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10427
+#: freeculture.xml:10432
msgid ""
"This financial burden is not slight. As Harvard law professor William Fisher "
"estimates, if an Internet radio station distributed adfree popular music to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10463
+#: freeculture.xml:10468
msgid ""
"The burden is not financial only. Under the original rules that were "
"proposed, an Internet radio station (but not a terrestrial radio station) "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10471
+#: freeculture.xml:10476
msgid "name of the service;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10474
+#: freeculture.xml:10479
msgid "channel of the program (AM/FM stations use station ID);"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10477
+#: freeculture.xml:10482
msgid "type of program (archived/looped/live);"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10480
+#: freeculture.xml:10485
msgid "date of transmission;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10483
+#: freeculture.xml:10488
msgid "time of transmission;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10486
+#: freeculture.xml:10491
msgid "time zone of origination of transmission;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10489
+#: freeculture.xml:10494
msgid "numeric designation of the place of the sound recording within the program;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10492
+#: freeculture.xml:10497
msgid "duration of transmission (to nearest second);"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10495
+#: freeculture.xml:10500
msgid "sound recording title;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10498
+#: freeculture.xml:10503
msgid "ISRC code of the recording;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10501
+#: freeculture.xml:10506
msgid ""
"release year of the album per copyright notice and in the case of "
"compilation albums, the release year of the album and copy- right date of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10504
+#: freeculture.xml:10509
msgid "featured recording artist;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10507
+#: freeculture.xml:10512
msgid "retail album title;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10510
+#: freeculture.xml:10515
msgid "recording label;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10513
+#: freeculture.xml:10518
msgid "UPC code of the retail album;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10516
+#: freeculture.xml:10521
msgid "catalog number;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10519
+#: freeculture.xml:10524
msgid "copyright owner information;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10522
+#: freeculture.xml:10527
msgid "musical genre of the channel or program (station format);"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10525
+#: freeculture.xml:10530
msgid "name of the service or entity;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10528
+#: freeculture.xml:10533
msgid "channel or program;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10531
+#: freeculture.xml:10536
msgid "date and time that the user logged in (in the user's time zone);"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10534
+#: freeculture.xml:10539
msgid "date and time that the user logged out (in the user's time zone);"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10537
+#: freeculture.xml:10542
msgid "time zone where the signal was received (user);"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10540
+#: freeculture.xml:10545
msgid "unique user identifier;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10543
+#: freeculture.xml:10548
msgid "the country in which the user received the transmissions."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10548
+#: freeculture.xml:10553
msgid ""
"The Librarian of Congress eventually suspended these reporting requirements, "
"pending further study. And he also changed the original rates set by the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10556
+#: freeculture.xml:10561
msgid ""
"Why? What justifies this difference? Was there any study of the economic "
"consequences from Internet radio that would justify these differences? Was "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10560 freeculture.xml:15427
+#: freeculture.xml:10565 freeculture.xml:15432
msgid "Real Networks"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10566
+#: freeculture.xml:10571
msgid ""
"In a rare bit of candor, one RIAA expert admitted what seemed obvious to "
"everyone at the time. As Alex Alben, vice president for Public Policy at "
#. PAGE BREAK 208
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10572
+#: freeculture.xml:10577
msgid ""
"The RIAA, which was representing the record labels, presented some testimony "
"about what they thought a willing buyer would pay to a willing seller, and "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10588
+#: freeculture.xml:10593
msgid ""
"And the RIAA experts said, <quote>Well, we don't really model this as an "
"industry with thousands of webcasters, <emphasis>we think it should be an "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10600
+#: freeculture.xml:10605
msgid ""
"Translation: The aim is to use the law to eliminate competition, so that "
"this platform of potentially immense competition, which would cause the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:10616
+#: freeculture.xml:10621
msgid "Corrupting Citizens"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10618
+#: freeculture.xml:10623
msgid ""
"Overregulation stifles creativity. It smothers innovation. It gives "
"dinosaurs a veto over the future. It wastes the extraordinary opportunity "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10624
+#: freeculture.xml:10629
msgid ""
"In addition to these important harms, there is one more that was important "
"to our forebears, but seems forgotten today. Overregulation corrupts "
#. f15.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10633
+#: freeculture.xml:10638
msgid ""
"Mike Graziano and Lee Rainie, <quote>The Music Downloading Deluge,</quote> "
"Pew Internet and American Life Project (24 April 2001), available at <ulink "
#. PAGE BREAK 209
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10629
+#: freeculture.xml:10634
msgid ""
"The war that is being waged today is a war of prohibition. As with every war "
"of prohibition, it is targeted against the behavior of a very large number "
#. f16.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10667
+#: freeculture.xml:10672
msgid ""
"Alex Pham, <quote>The Labels Strike Back: N.Y. Girl Settles RIAA "
"Case,</quote> <citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 10 September 2003, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10654
+#: freeculture.xml:10659
msgid ""
"The content industry's tactics exploit the failings of the American legal "
"system. When the RIAA brought suit against Jesse Jordan, it knew that in "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10678
+#: freeculture.xml:10683
msgid "alcohol prohibition"
msgstr ""
#. f17.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10690
+#: freeculture.xml:10695
msgid ""
"Jeffrey A. Miron and Jeffrey Zwiebel, <quote>Alcohol Consumption During "
"Prohibition,</quote> <citetitle>American Economic Review</citetitle> 81, "
#. f18.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10698
+#: freeculture.xml:10703
msgid ""
"National Drug Control Policy: Hearing Before the House Government Reform "
"Committee, 108th Cong., 1st sess. (5 March 2003) (statement of John "
#. f19.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10708
+#: freeculture.xml:10713
msgid ""
"See James Andreoni, Brian Erard, and Jonathon Feinstein, <quote>Tax "
"Compliance,</quote> <citetitle>Journal of Economic Literature</citetitle> 36 "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10680
+#: freeculture.xml:10685
msgid ""
"Wars of prohibition are nothing new in America. This one is just something "
"more extreme than anything we've seen before. We experimented with alcohol "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10716
+#: freeculture.xml:10721
msgid "law schools"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10718
+#: freeculture.xml:10723
msgid ""
"This state of affairs is not without consequence. It is a particularly "
"salient issue for teachers like me, whose job it is to teach law students "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10735
+#: freeculture.xml:10740
msgid ""
"The response to this general illegality is either to enforce the law more "
"severely or to change the law. We, as a society, have to learn how to make "
#. PAGE BREAK 211
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10748
+#: freeculture.xml:10753
msgid ""
"My point is not the idiotic one: Just because people violate a law, we "
"should therefore repeal it. Obviously, we could reduce murder statistics "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10755
+#: freeculture.xml:10760
msgid ""
"My point is instead one that democracies understood for generations, but "
"that we recently have learned to forget. The rule of law depends upon people "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10769
+#: freeculture.xml:10774
msgid ""
"When at least forty-three million citizens download content from the "
"Internet, and when they use tools to combine that content in ways "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10781
+#: freeculture.xml:10786
msgid "This abstract point can be made more clear with a particular example."
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 212
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10784
+#: freeculture.xml:10789
msgid ""
"We all own CDs. Many of us still own phonograph records. These pieces of "
"plastic encode music that in a certain sense we have bought. The law "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10795
+#: freeculture.xml:10800
msgid ""
"But as the MP3 craze has demonstrated, there is another use of phonograph "
"records that is effectively free. Because these recordings were made without "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10803
+#: freeculture.xml:10808
msgid "Andromeda"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10804
+#: freeculture.xml:10809
msgid "mix technology and"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10806
+#: freeculture.xml:10811
msgid ""
"This <quote>use</quote> of my records is certainly valuable. I have begun a "
"large process at home of ripping all of my and my wife's CDs, and storing "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10817
+#: freeculture.xml:10822
msgid ""
"This use is enabled by unprotected media—either CDs or records. But "
"unprotected media also enable file sharing. File sharing threatens (or so "
#. PAGE BREAK 213
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10827
+#: freeculture.xml:10832
msgid ""
"If these technologies took off, then the building of large archives of your "
"own music would become quite difficult. You might hang in hacker circles, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10842
+#: freeculture.xml:10847
msgid ""
"If the only way to assure that artists get paid were the elimination of the "
"ability to freely move content, then these technologies to interfere with "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10851
+#: freeculture.xml:10856
msgid ""
"My point just now is not to prove that there is such a system. I offer a "
"version of such a system in the last chapter of this book. For now, the only "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10862
+#: freeculture.xml:10867
msgid ""
"I believe there is a way to assure that artists are paid without turning "
"forty-three million Americans into felons. But the salient feature of this "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10871
+#: freeculture.xml:10876
msgid ""
"Except that this generation's buggy manufacturers have already saddled "
"Congress, and are riding the law to protect themselves against this new form "
#. PAGE BREAK 214
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10877
+#: freeculture.xml:10882
msgid ""
"It is understandable why they choose as they do. It is not understandable "
"why we as a democracy continue to choose as we do. Jack Valenti is charming; "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10888
+#: freeculture.xml:10893
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>There's one more</emphasis> aspect to this "
"corruption that is particularly important to civil liberties, and follows "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10896 freeculture.xml:10997
+#: freeculture.xml:10901 freeculture.xml:11002
msgid "von Lohmann, Fred"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10898
+#: freeculture.xml:10903
msgid ""
"<quote>If you can treat someone as a putative lawbreaker,</quote> von "
"Lohmann explains,"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10903
+#: freeculture.xml:10908
msgid ""
"then all of a sudden a lot of basic civil liberty protections evaporate to "
"one degree or another. … If you're a copyright infringer, how can you "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10915
+#: freeculture.xml:10920
msgid ""
"And the consequence of this transformation of the American public into "
"criminals is that it becomes trivial, as a matter of due process, to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10920
+#: freeculture.xml:10925
msgid ""
"Users of the Internet began to see this generally in 2003 as the RIAA "
"launched its campaign to force Internet service providers to turn over the "
#. f20.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10938
+#: freeculture.xml:10943
msgid ""
"See Frank Ahrens, <quote>RIAA's Lawsuits Meet Surprised Targets; Single "
"Mother in Calif., 12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. Among Defendants,</quote> "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10929
+#: freeculture.xml:10934
msgid ""
"The RIAA then expanded this campaign, by announcing a general strategy to "
"sue individual users of the Internet who are alleged to have downloaded "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10951
+#: freeculture.xml:10956
msgid "recording industry tracking users of"
msgstr ""
#. f21.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10957
+#: freeculture.xml:10962
msgid ""
"See <quote>Revealed: How RIAA Tracks Downloaders: Music Industry Discloses "
"Some Methods Used,</quote> CNN.com, available at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10953
+#: freeculture.xml:10958
msgid ""
"Even this understates the espionage that is being waged by the RIAA. A "
"report from CNN late last summer described a strategy the RIAA had adopted "
#. f22.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10978
+#: freeculture.xml:10983
msgid ""
"See Jeff Adler, <quote>Cambridge: On Campus, Pirates Are Not "
"Penitent,</quote> <citetitle>Boston Globe</citetitle>, 18 May 2003, City "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10966
+#: freeculture.xml:10971
msgid ""
"So imagine the following not-implausible scenario: Imagine a friend gives a "
"CD to your daughter—a collection of songs just like the cassettes you "
#. PAGE BREAK 216
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10999
+#: freeculture.xml:11004
msgid ""
"Now, of course, she'll have the right to defend herself. You can hire a "
"lawyer for her (at $300 per hour, if you're lucky), and she can plead that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11015
+#: freeculture.xml:11020
msgid ""
"So when we're talking about numbers like forty to sixty million Americans "
"that are essentially copyright infringers, you create a situation where the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11035
+#: freeculture.xml:11040
msgid ""
"When forty to sixty million Americans are considered "
"<quote>criminals</quote> under the law, and when the law could achieve the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:11048
+#: freeculture.xml:11053
msgid "Balances"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11053
+#: freeculture.xml:11058
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>So here's</emphasis> the picture: You're standing at "
"the side of the road. Your car is on fire. You are angry and upset because "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11060
+#: freeculture.xml:11065
msgid ""
"As you ponder the mess, someone else comes along. In a panic, she grabs the "
"bucket. Before you have a chance to tell her to stop—or before she "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11068
+#: freeculture.xml:11073
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>A war</emphasis> about copyright rages all "
"around—and we're all focusing on the wrong thing. No doubt, current "
#. PAGE BREAK 219
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11078
+#: freeculture.xml:11083
msgid ""
"Yet policy makers are not willing to leave this fire to itself. Primed with "
"plenty of lobbyists' money, they are keen to intervene to eliminate the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11086
+#: freeculture.xml:11091
msgid ""
"Somehow we have to find a way to turn attention to this more important and "
"fundamental issue. Somehow we have to find a way to avoid pouring gasoline "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11091
+#: freeculture.xml:11096
msgid ""
"We have not found that way yet. Instead, we seem trapped in a simpler, "
"binary view. However much many people push to frame this debate more "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11097
+#: freeculture.xml:11102
msgid ""
"This challenge has been my life these last few years. It has also been my "
"failure. In the two chapters that follow, I describe one small brace of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:11107
+#: freeculture.xml:11112
msgid "Chapter Thirteen: Eldred"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11108
+#: freeculture.xml:11113
msgid "Eldred, Eric"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11109
+#: freeculture.xml:11114
msgid "Hawthorne, Nathaniel"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11111
+#: freeculture.xml:11116
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>In 1995</emphasis>, a father was frustrated that his "
"daughters didn't seem to like Hawthorne. No doubt there was more than one "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11119
+#: freeculture.xml:11124
msgid "of public-domain literature"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11120
+#: freeculture.xml:11125
msgid "library of works derived from"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11122
+#: freeculture.xml:11127
msgid ""
"It didn't work—at least for his daughters. They didn't find Hawthorne "
"any more interesting than before. But Eldred's experiment gave birth to a "
#. PAGE BREAK 221
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11131
+#: freeculture.xml:11136
msgid ""
"Eldred's library was not simply a copy of certain public domain works, "
"though even a copy would have been of great value to people across the world "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11141
+#: freeculture.xml:11146
msgid "Scarlet Letter, The (Hawthorne)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11143
+#: freeculture.xml:11148
msgid ""
"Eldred's freedom to do this with Hawthorne's work grew from the same source "
"as Disney's. Hawthorne's <citetitle>Scarlet Letter</citetitle> had passed "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11168 freeculture.xml:12235
+#: freeculture.xml:11173 freeculture.xml:12240
msgid "pornography"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11168
+#: freeculture.xml:11173
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> There's a parallel here with "
"pornography that is a bit hard to describe, but it's a strong one. One "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11157
+#: freeculture.xml:11162
msgid ""
"The Internet created the possibility of noncommercial publications of public "
"domain works. Eldred's is just one example. There are literally thousands of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11188
+#: freeculture.xml:11193
msgid "Frost, Robert"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11189
+#: freeculture.xml:11194
msgid "New Hampshire (Frost)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11193
+#: freeculture.xml:11198
msgid ""
"As I said, Eldred lives in New Hampshire. In 1998, Robert Frost's collection "
"of poems <citetitle>New Hampshire</citetitle> was slated to pass into the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11208 freeculture.xml:11220
+#: freeculture.xml:11213 freeculture.xml:11225
msgid "Bono, Mary"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11209 freeculture.xml:11221
+#: freeculture.xml:11214 freeculture.xml:11226
msgid "Bono, Sonny"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11222
+#: freeculture.xml:11227
msgid "perpetual copyright term proposed by"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11220
+#: freeculture.xml:11225
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
"id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> The full text is: "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11215
+#: freeculture.xml:11220
msgid ""
"This was the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA), enacted in "
"memory of the congressman and former musician Sonny Bono, who, his widow, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11233
+#: freeculture.xml:11238
msgid "felony punishment for infringement of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11234
+#: freeculture.xml:11239
msgid "NET (No Electronic Theft) Act (1998)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11235
+#: freeculture.xml:11240
msgid "No Electronic Theft (NET) Act (1998)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11236
+#: freeculture.xml:11241
msgid "felony punishments for"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11238
+#: freeculture.xml:11243
msgid ""
"Eldred decided to fight this law. He first resolved to fight it through "
"civil disobedience. In a series of interviews, Eldred announced that he "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11247 freeculture.xml:11459 freeculture.xml:12203
+#: freeculture.xml:11252 freeculture.xml:11464 freeculture.xml:12208
msgid "constitutional powers of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11250 freeculture.xml:11296
+#: freeculture.xml:11255 freeculture.xml:11301
msgid "Eldred case involvement of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11252
+#: freeculture.xml:11257
msgid ""
"It was here that I became involved in Eldred's battle. I was a "
"constitutional scholar whose first passion was constitutional "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11263
+#: freeculture.xml:11268
msgid ""
"Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science … by "
"securing for limited Times to Authors … exclusive Right to their "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11270
+#: freeculture.xml:11275
msgid ""
"As I've described, this clause is unique within the power-granting clause of "
"Article I, section 8 of our Constitution. Every other clause granting power "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11282 freeculture.xml:12821
+#: freeculture.xml:11287 freeculture.xml:12826
msgid "Jaszi, Peter"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 223
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11284
+#: freeculture.xml:11289
msgid ""
"In the past forty years, Congress has gotten into the practice of extending "
"existing terms of copyright protection. What puzzled me about this was, if "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11298
+#: freeculture.xml:11303
msgid ""
"As an academic, my first response was to hit the books. I remember sitting "
"late at the office, scouring on-line databases for any serious consideration "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11309
+#: freeculture.xml:11314
msgid ""
"For this is the core of the corruption in our present system of "
"government. <quote>Corruption</quote> not in the sense that representatives "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11318
+#: freeculture.xml:11323
msgid ""
"If that's not obvious to you, consider the following: Say you're one of the "
"very few lucky copyright owners whose copyright continues to make money one "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11328
+#: freeculture.xml:11333
msgid ""
"So imagine the Robert Frost estate is earning $100,000 a year from three of "
"Frost's poems. And imagine the copyright for those poems is about to "
#. PAGE BREAK 224
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11335
+#: freeculture.xml:11340
msgid ""
"<quote>Next year,</quote> the adviser announces, <quote>our copyrights in "
"works A, B, and C will expire. That means that after next year, we will no "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11343
+#: freeculture.xml:11348
msgid ""
"<quote>There's a proposal in Congress, however,</quote> she continues, "
"<quote>that could change this. A few congressmen are floating a bill to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11349
+#: freeculture.xml:11354
msgid ""
"<quote>Hope?</quote> a fellow board member says. <quote>Can't we be doing "
"something about it?</quote>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11353
+#: freeculture.xml:11358
msgid ""
"<quote>Well, obviously, yes,</quote> the adviser responds. <quote>We could "
"contribute to the campaigns of a number of representatives to try to assure "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11358
+#: freeculture.xml:11363
msgid ""
"You hate politics. You hate contributing to campaigns. So you want to know "
"whether this disgusting practice is worth it. <quote>How much would we get "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11364
+#: freeculture.xml:11369
msgid ""
"<quote>Well,</quote> the adviser says, <quote>if you're confident that you "
"will continue to get at least $100,000 a year from these copyrights, and you "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11370
+#: freeculture.xml:11375
msgid ""
"You're a bit shocked by the number, but you quickly come to the correct "
"conclusion:"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11374
+#: freeculture.xml:11379
msgid ""
"<quote>So you're saying it would be worth it for us to pay more than "
"$1,000,000 in campaign contributions if we were confident those "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11380
+#: freeculture.xml:11385
msgid ""
"<quote>Absolutely,</quote> the adviser responds. <quote>It is worth it to "
"you to contribute up to the <quote>present value</quote> of the income you "
#. PAGE BREAK 225
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11386
+#: freeculture.xml:11391
msgid ""
"You quickly get the point—you as the member of the board and, I trust, "
"you the reader. Each time copyrights are about to expire, every beneficiary "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11397
+#: freeculture.xml:11402
msgid ""
"Thus a congressional perpetual motion machine: So long as legislation can be "
"bought (albeit indirectly), there will be all the incentive in the world to "
#. f3.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11409
+#: freeculture.xml:11414
msgid ""
"Associated Press, <quote>Disney Lobbying for Copyright Extension No Mickey "
"Mouse Effort; Congress OKs Bill Granting Creators 20 More Years,</quote> "
#. f4.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11416
+#: freeculture.xml:11421
msgid ""
"See Nick Brown, <quote>Fair Use No More?: Copyright in the Information "
"Age,</quote> available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
#. f5.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11424
+#: freeculture.xml:11429
msgid ""
"Alan K. Ota, <quote>Disney in Washington: The Mouse That Roars,</quote> "
"<citetitle>Congressional Quarterly This Week</citetitle>, 8 August 1990, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11402
+#: freeculture.xml:11407
msgid ""
"In the lobbying that led to the passage of the Sonny Bono Copyright Term "
"Extension Act, this <quote>theory</quote> about incentives was proved "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11431
+#: freeculture.xml:11436
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>Constitutional law</emphasis> is not oblivious to "
"the obvious. Or at least, it need not be. So when I was considering Eldred's "
#. PAGE BREAK 226
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11446
+#: freeculture.xml:11451
msgid ""
"It was also my judgment that <emphasis>this</emphasis> Supreme Court would "
"not allow Congress to extend existing terms. As anyone close to the Supreme "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11458 freeculture.xml:12360
+#: freeculture.xml:11463 freeculture.xml:12365
msgid "commerce, interstate"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11460 freeculture.xml:12361
+#: freeculture.xml:11465 freeculture.xml:12366
msgid "interstate commerce"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11462
+#: freeculture.xml:11467
msgid ""
"Since 1937, the Supreme Court had interpreted Congress's granted powers very "
"broadly; so, while the Constitution grants Congress the power to regulate "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11472
+#: freeculture.xml:11477
msgid ""
"As the economy grew, this standard increasingly meant that there was no "
"limit to Congress's power to regulate, since just about every activity, when "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11478 freeculture.xml:12286
+#: freeculture.xml:11483 freeculture.xml:12291
msgid "Rehnquist, William H."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11479 freeculture.xml:11535 freeculture.xml:12289 freeculture.xml:12359 freeculture.xml:12553 freeculture.xml:12650 freeculture.xml:12720
+#: freeculture.xml:11484 freeculture.xml:11540 freeculture.xml:12294 freeculture.xml:12364 freeculture.xml:12558 freeculture.xml:12655 freeculture.xml:12725
msgid "United States v. Lopez"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11481
+#: freeculture.xml:11486
msgid ""
"The Supreme Court, under Chief Justice Rehnquist's command, changed that in "
"<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>. The "
#. f6.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11496
+#: freeculture.xml:11501
msgid ""
"<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>, 514 "
"U.S. 549, 564 (1995)."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11504 freeculture.xml:12290
+#: freeculture.xml:11509 freeculture.xml:12295
msgid "United States v. Morrison"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11503
+#: freeculture.xml:11508
msgid ""
"<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Morrison</citetitle>, 529 "
"U.S. 598 (2000). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11494
+#: freeculture.xml:11499
msgid ""
"<quote>We pause to consider the implications of the government's "
"arguments,</quote> the Chief Justice wrote.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
#. f8.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11513
+#: freeculture.xml:11518
msgid ""
"If it is a principle about enumerated powers, then the principle carries "
"from one enumerated power to another. The animating point in the context of "
#. PAGE BREAK 227
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11510
+#: freeculture.xml:11515
msgid ""
"If a principle were at work here, then it should apply to the Progress "
"Clause as much as the Commerce Clause.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11534 freeculture.xml:12292
+#: freeculture.xml:11539 freeculture.xml:12297
msgid "Supreme Court restraint on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11537
+#: freeculture.xml:11542
msgid ""
"<emphasis>If</emphasis>, that is, the principle announced in "
"<citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> stood for a principle. Many believed the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11555
+#: freeculture.xml:11560
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>Now let's pause</emphasis> for a moment to make sure "
"we understand what the argument in <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> was not "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11572
+#: freeculture.xml:11577
msgid "Nashville Songwriters Association"
msgstr ""
#. f9.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11580
+#: freeculture.xml:11585
msgid ""
"Brief of the Nashville Songwriters Association, "
"<citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 537 U.S. "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11574
+#: freeculture.xml:11579
msgid ""
"Some people view the public domain with contempt. In their brief before the "
"Supreme Court, the Nashville Songwriters Association wrote that the public "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11590
+#: freeculture.xml:11595
msgid ""
"As we've seen, our constitutional system requires limits on copyright as a "
"way to assure that copyright holders do not too heavily influence the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11604
+#: freeculture.xml:11609
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>It is valuable</emphasis> copyrights that are "
"responsible for terms being extended. Mickey Mouse and <quote>Rhapsody in "
#. f10.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11622
+#: freeculture.xml:11627
msgid ""
"The figure of 2 percent is an extrapolation from the study by the "
"Congressional Research Service, in light of the estimated renewal "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11616
+#: freeculture.xml:11621
msgid ""
"If you look at the work created in the first twenty years (1923 to 1942) "
"affected by the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act, 2 percent of that "
#. PAGE BREAK 229
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11632
+#: freeculture.xml:11637
msgid ""
"Think practically about the consequence of this extension—practically, "
"as a businessperson, and not as a lawyer eager for more legal work. In 1930, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11645
+#: freeculture.xml:11650
msgid ""
"Well, first, you'd have to determine which of the 9,873 books were still "
"under copyright. That requires going to a library (these data are not "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11653
+#: freeculture.xml:11658
msgid ""
"Then for the books still under copyright, you would need to locate the "
"current copyright owners. How would you do that?"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11657
+#: freeculture.xml:11662
msgid ""
"Most people think that there must be a list of these copyright owners "
"somewhere. Practical people think this way. How could there be thousands and "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11664
+#: freeculture.xml:11669
msgid ""
"But there is no list. There may be a name from 1930, and then in 1959, of "
"the person who registered the copyright. But just think practically about "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11673
+#: freeculture.xml:11678
msgid ""
"<quote>But there isn't a list of who owns property generally,</quote> the "
"apologists for the system respond. <quote>Why should there be a list of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11678
+#: freeculture.xml:11683
msgid ""
"Well, actually, if you think about it, there <emphasis>are</emphasis> plenty "
"of lists of who owns what property. Think about deeds on houses, or titles "
#. PAGE BREAK 230
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11687
+#: freeculture.xml:11692
msgid ""
"So: You walk down a street and see a house. You can know who owns the house "
"by looking it up in the courthouse registry. If you see a car, there is "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11702
+#: freeculture.xml:11707
msgid ""
"Compare this story to intangible property. You go into a library. The "
"library owns the books. But who owns the copyrights? As I've already "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11714
+#: freeculture.xml:11719
msgid ""
"The consequence with respect to old books is that they won't be digitized, "
"and hence will simply rot away on shelves. But the consequence for other "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11719
+#: freeculture.xml:11724
msgid "Agee, Michael"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11720 freeculture.xml:12159
+#: freeculture.xml:11725 freeculture.xml:12164
msgid "Hal Roach Studios"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11721
+#: freeculture.xml:11726
msgid "Laurel and Hardy Films"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11722
+#: freeculture.xml:11727
msgid "Lucky Dog, The"
msgstr ""
#. f11.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11735
+#: freeculture.xml:11740
msgid ""
"See David G. Savage, <quote>High Court Scene of Showdown on Copyright "
"Law,</quote> <citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 6 October 2002; David "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11724
+#: freeculture.xml:11729
msgid ""
"Consider the story of Michael Agee, chairman of Hal Roach Studios, which "
"owns the copyrights for the Laurel and Hardy films. Agee is a direct "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11742
+#: freeculture.xml:11747
msgid ""
"Yet Agee opposed the CTEA. His reasons demonstrate a rare virtue in this "
"culture: selflessness. He argued in a brief before the Supreme Court that "
#. PAGE BREAK 231
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11748
+#: freeculture.xml:11753
msgid ""
"His argument is straightforward. A tiny fraction of this work has any "
"continuing commercial value. The rest—to the extent it survives at "
#. f12.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11766
+#: freeculture.xml:11771
msgid ""
"Brief of Hal Roach Studios and Michael Agee as Amicus Curiae Supporting the "
"Petitoners, <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11759
+#: freeculture.xml:11764
msgid ""
"We can't know the benefits, but we do know a lot about the costs. For most "
"of the history of film, the costs of restoring film were very high; digital "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11776
+#: freeculture.xml:11781
msgid ""
"Restoration technology is not the only cost, nor the most important. "
"Lawyers, too, are a cost, and increasingly, a very important one. In "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11784
+#: freeculture.xml:11789
msgid ""
"Or more accurately, <emphasis>owners</emphasis>. As we've seen, there isn't "
"only a single copyright associated with a film; there are many. There isn't "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11792
+#: freeculture.xml:11797
msgid ""
"<quote>But can't you just restore the film, distribute it, and then pay the "
"copyright owner when she shows up?</quote> Sure, if you want to commit a "
#. PAGE BREAK 232
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11803
+#: freeculture.xml:11808
msgid ""
"For some films, the benefit of releasing the film may well exceed these "
"costs. But for the vast majority of them, there is no way the benefit would "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11814
+#: freeculture.xml:11819
msgid ""
"But by the time the copyright for these films expires, the film will have "
"expired. These films were produced on nitrate-based stock, and nitrate stock "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11822
+#: freeculture.xml:11827
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>Of all the</emphasis> creative work produced by "
"humans anywhere, a tiny fraction has continuing commercial value. For that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11830
+#: freeculture.xml:11835
msgid ""
"But even for that tiny fraction, the actual time during which the creative "
"work has a commercial life is extremely short. As I've indicated, most books "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11840
+#: freeculture.xml:11845
msgid ""
"Yet that doesn't mean the life of the creative work ends. We don't keep "
"libraries of books in order to compete with Barnes & Noble, and we don't "
#. PAGE BREAK 233
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11853
+#: freeculture.xml:11858
msgid ""
"Copyrights in this context do not drive an engine of free expression. In "
"this context, there is no need for an exclusive right. Copyrights in this "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11860
+#: freeculture.xml:11865
msgid ""
"Yet, for most of our history, they also did little harm. For most of our "
"history, when a work ended its commercial life, there was no "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11871
+#: freeculture.xml:11876
msgid ""
"The same was effectively true of film. Because the costs of restoring a "
"film—the real economic costs, not the lawyer costs—were so high, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11880
+#: freeculture.xml:11885
msgid ""
"In other words, though copyright has been relatively short for most of our "
"history, long copyrights wouldn't have mattered for the works that lost "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11886
+#: freeculture.xml:11891
msgid "But this situation has now changed."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11891
+#: freeculture.xml:11896
msgid ""
"One crucially important consequence of the emergence of digital technologies "
"is to enable the archive that Brewster Kahle dreams of. Digital "
#. PAGE BREAK 234
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11904
+#: freeculture.xml:11909
msgid ""
"And now copyright law does get in the way. Every step of producing this "
"digital archive of our culture infringes on the exclusive right of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11914
+#: freeculture.xml:11919
msgid ""
"Here is the core of the harm that comes from extending terms: Now that "
"technology enables us to rebuild the library of Alexandria, the law gets in "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11925
+#: freeculture.xml:11930
msgid ""
"You may well ask, <quote>But if digital technologies lower the costs for "
"Brewster Kahle, then they will lower the costs for Random House, too. So "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11932
+#: freeculture.xml:11937
msgid ""
"Maybe. Someday. But there is absolutely no evidence to suggest that "
"publishers would be as complete as libraries. If Barnes & Noble offered "
#. f13.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11956
+#: freeculture.xml:11961
msgid ""
"Jason Schultz, <quote>The Myth of the 1976 Copyright <quote>Chaos</quote> "
"Theory,</quote> 20 December 2002, available at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11944
+#: freeculture.xml:11949
msgid ""
"I would be the first to agree that it should do as much as it can: We should "
"rely upon the market as much as possible to spread and enable culture. My "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11963
+#: freeculture.xml:11968
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>In January 1999</emphasis>, we filed a lawsuit on "
"Eric Eldred's behalf in federal district court in Washington, D.C., asking "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11972
+#: freeculture.xml:11977
msgid ""
"The district court dismissed our claims without even hearing an argument. A "
"panel of the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit also dismissed our "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11979
+#: freeculture.xml:11984
msgid ""
"Judge David Sentelle said the CTEA violated the requirement that copyrights "
"be for <quote>limited Times</quote> only. His argument was as elegant as it "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11990
+#: freeculture.xml:11995
msgid ""
"We asked the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit as a whole to hear the "
"case. Cases are ordinarily heard in panels of three, except for important "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11995
+#: freeculture.xml:12000
msgid "Tatel, David"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 236
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11997
+#: freeculture.xml:12002
msgid ""
"The Court of Appeals rejected our request to hear the case en banc. This "
"time, Judge Sentelle was joined by the most liberal member of the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12006
+#: freeculture.xml:12011
msgid ""
"It was here that most expected Eldred v. Ashcroft would die, for the Supreme "
"Court rarely reviews any decision by a court of appeals. (It hears about one "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12013
+#: freeculture.xml:12018
msgid ""
"But in February 2002, the Supreme Court surprised the world by granting our "
"petition to review the D.C. Circuit opinion. Argument was set for October of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12019
+#: freeculture.xml:12024
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>It is over</emphasis> a year later as I write these "
"words. It is still astonishingly hard. If you know anything at all about "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12030
+#: freeculture.xml:12035
msgid ""
"But my client and these friends were wrong. This case could have been "
"won. It should have been won. And no matter how hard I try to retell this "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12035 freeculture.xml:12050
+#: freeculture.xml:12040 freeculture.xml:12055
msgid "Steward, Geoffrey"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12036 freeculture.xml:12187 freeculture.xml:12434
+#: freeculture.xml:12041 freeculture.xml:12192 freeculture.xml:12439
msgid "Jones, Day, Reavis and Pogue (Jones Day)"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 237
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12038
+#: freeculture.xml:12043
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>The mistake</emphasis> was made early, though it "
"became obvious only at the very end. Our case had been supported from the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12048 freeculture.xml:12431 freeculture.xml:12448 freeculture.xml:12545 freeculture.xml:12770 freeculture.xml:12801 freeculture.xml:12900
+#: freeculture.xml:12053 freeculture.xml:12436 freeculture.xml:12453 freeculture.xml:12550 freeculture.xml:12775 freeculture.xml:12806 freeculture.xml:12905
msgid "Ayer, Don"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12049
+#: freeculture.xml:12054
msgid "Bromberg, Dan"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12052
+#: freeculture.xml:12057
msgid ""
"There were three key lawyers on the case from Jones Day. Geoff Stewart was "
"the first, but then Dan Bromberg and Don Ayer became quite "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12063
+#: freeculture.xml:12068
msgid ""
"I hate this view of the law. Of course I thought the Sonny Bono Act was a "
"dramatic harm to free speech and free culture. Of course I still think it "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12084
+#: freeculture.xml:12089
msgid ""
"In any case, I thought, the Court must already see the danger and the harm "
"caused by this sort of law. Why else would they grant review? There was no "
#. PAGE BREAK 238
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12092
+#: freeculture.xml:12097
msgid ""
"There was one way, however, in which I felt politics would matter and in "
"which I thought a response was appropriate. I was convinced that the Court "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12110 freeculture.xml:12137
+#: freeculture.xml:12115 freeculture.xml:12142
msgid "Eagle Forum"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12111
+#: freeculture.xml:12116
msgid "Schlafly, Phyllis"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12113
+#: freeculture.xml:12118
msgid ""
"The first step happened all by itself. Phyllis Schlafly's organization, "
"Eagle Forum, had been an opponent of the CTEA from the very beginning. "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12127
+#: freeculture.xml:12132
msgid ""
"In the Court of Appeals, Eagle Forum was eager to file a brief supporting "
"our position. Their brief made the argument that became the core claim in "
#. PAGE BREAK 239
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12139
+#: freeculture.xml:12144
msgid ""
"In the Supreme Court, the briefs on our side were about as diverse as it "
"gets. They included an extraordinary historical brief by the Free Software "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12151
+#: freeculture.xml:12156
msgid "American Association of Law Libraries"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12152
+#: freeculture.xml:12157
msgid "National Writers Union"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12154
+#: freeculture.xml:12159
msgid ""
"Those briefs framed a legal argument. Then to support the legal argument, "
"there were a number of powerful briefs by libraries and archives, including "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12161
+#: freeculture.xml:12166
msgid ""
"But two briefs captured the policy argument best. One made the argument I've "
"already described: A brief by Hal Roach Studios argued that unless the law "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12167
+#: freeculture.xml:12172
msgid "Akerlof, George"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12168
+#: freeculture.xml:12173
msgid "Arrow, Kenneth"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12169
+#: freeculture.xml:12174
msgid "Buchanan, James"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12170
+#: freeculture.xml:12175
msgid "Coase, Ronald"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12171
+#: freeculture.xml:12176
msgid "Friedman, Milton"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12173
+#: freeculture.xml:12178
msgid ""
"This economists' brief was signed by seventeen economists, including five "
"Nobel Prize winners, including Ronald Coase, James Buchanan, Milton "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12183 freeculture.xml:12202 freeculture.xml:12433 freeculture.xml:12802
+#: freeculture.xml:12188 freeculture.xml:12207 freeculture.xml:12438 freeculture.xml:12807
msgid "Fried, Charles"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12184
+#: freeculture.xml:12189
msgid "Morrison, Alan"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12185
+#: freeculture.xml:12190
msgid "Public Citizen"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12186 freeculture.xml:12432 freeculture.xml:13591
+#: freeculture.xml:12191 freeculture.xml:12437 freeculture.xml:13596
msgid "Reagan, Ronald"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 240
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12189
+#: freeculture.xml:12194
msgid ""
"The same effort at balance was reflected in the legal team we gathered to "
"write our briefs in the case. The Jones Day lawyers had been with us from "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12204
+#: freeculture.xml:12209
msgid "Commerce Clause of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12206
+#: freeculture.xml:12211
msgid ""
"Fried was a special victory for our side. Every other former solicitor "
"general was hired by the other side to defend Congress's power to give media "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12218
+#: freeculture.xml:12223
msgid ""
"The government, in defending the statute, had its collection of friends, as "
"well. Significantly, however, none of these <quote>friends</quote> included "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12225
+#: freeculture.xml:12230
msgid ""
"The media companies were not surprising. They had the most to gain from the "
"law. The congressmen were not surprising either—they were defending "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12233
+#: freeculture.xml:12238
msgid "Gershwin, George"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12234
+#: freeculture.xml:12239
msgid "Porgy and Bess"
msgstr ""
#. f14.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12244
+#: freeculture.xml:12249
msgid ""
"Brief of Amici Dr. Seuss Enterprise et al., <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> "
"v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 537 U.S. (2003) (No. 01-618), 19."
#. f15.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12252
+#: freeculture.xml:12257
msgid ""
"Dinitia Smith, <quote>Immortal Words, Immortal Royalties? Even Mickey Mouse "
"Joins the Fray,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 28 March "
#. PAGE BREAK 241
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12237
+#: freeculture.xml:12242
msgid ""
"Dr. Seuss's representatives, for example, argued that it was better for the "
"Dr. Seuss estate to control what happened to Dr. Seuss's work— better "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12261
+#: freeculture.xml:12266
msgid ""
"This argument made clear a theme that is rarely noticed in this debate. "
"When Congress decides to extend the term of existing copyrights, Congress is "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12273
+#: freeculture.xml:12278
msgid ""
"We argued as much in a final brief. Not only would upholding the CTEA mean "
"that there was no limit to the power of Congress to extend "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12280
+#: freeculture.xml:12285
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>Between February</emphasis> and October, there was "
"little I did beyond preparing for this case. Early on, as I said, I set the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12284
+#: freeculture.xml:12289
msgid "Kennedy, Anthony"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12285 freeculture.xml:12287 freeculture.xml:12490
+#: freeculture.xml:12290 freeculture.xml:12292 freeculture.xml:12495
msgid "O'Connor, Sandra Day"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12288
+#: freeculture.xml:12293
msgid "Thomas, Clarence"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12291
+#: freeculture.xml:12296
msgid "Scalia, Antonin"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12293
+#: freeculture.xml:12298
msgid "congressional actions restrained by"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12294
+#: freeculture.xml:12299
msgid "factions of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12296
+#: freeculture.xml:12301
msgid ""
"The Supreme Court was divided into two important camps. One camp we called "
"<quote>the Conservatives.</quote> The other we called <quote>the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12305 freeculture.xml:12330 freeculture.xml:12695 freeculture.xml:12707
+#: freeculture.xml:12310 freeculture.xml:12335 freeculture.xml:12700 freeculture.xml:12712
msgid "Breyer, Stephen"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12306 freeculture.xml:12658
+#: freeculture.xml:12311 freeculture.xml:12663
msgid "Ginsburg, Ruth Bader"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 242
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12308
+#: freeculture.xml:12313
msgid ""
"The Rest were the four Justices who had strongly opposed limits on "
"Congress's power. These four—Justice Stevens, Justice Souter, Justice "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12320
+#: freeculture.xml:12325
msgid ""
"In particular, the least likely was Justice Ginsburg's. In addition to her "
"general view about deference to Congress (except where issues of gender are "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12332
+#: freeculture.xml:12337
msgid ""
"Close behind Justice Ginsburg were two justices whom we also viewed as "
"unlikely allies, though possible surprises. Justice Souter strongly favored "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12342
+#: freeculture.xml:12347
msgid ""
"The only vote we could be confident about was that of Justice "
"Stevens. History will record Justice Stevens as one of the greatest judges "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12350
+#: freeculture.xml:12355
msgid ""
"This analysis of <quote>the Rest</quote> showed most clearly where our focus "
"had to be: on the Conservatives. To win this case, we had to crack open "
#. PAGE BREAK 243
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12367
+#: freeculture.xml:12372
msgid ""
"This then was the core of our strategy—a strategy for which I am "
"responsible. We would get the Court to see that just as with the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12381
+#: freeculture.xml:12386
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>The argument</emphasis> on the government's side "
"came down to this: Congress has done it before. It should be allowed to do "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12390
+#: freeculture.xml:12395
msgid ""
"There was some truth to the government's claim, but not much. We certainly "
"agreed that Congress had extended existing terms in 1831 and in 1909. And of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12397
+#: freeculture.xml:12402
msgid ""
"But this <quote>consistency</quote> should be kept in perspective. Congress "
"extended existing terms once in the first hundred years of the Republic. It "
#. PAGE BREAK 244
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12412
+#: freeculture.xml:12417
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>Oral argument</emphasis> was scheduled for the first "
"week in October. I arrived in D.C. two weeks before the argument. During "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12422
+#: freeculture.xml:12427
msgid ""
"I was convinced that to win, I had to keep the Court focused on a single "
"point: that if this extension is permitted, then there is no limit to the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12436
+#: freeculture.xml:12441
msgid ""
"One moot was before the lawyers at Jones Day. Don Ayer was the skeptic. He "
"had served in the Reagan Justice Department with Solicitor General Charles "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12442
+#: freeculture.xml:12447
msgid ""
"<quote>I'm just afraid that unless they really see the harm, they won't be "
"willing to upset this practice that the government says has been a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12450
+#: freeculture.xml:12455
msgid ""
"He may have argued many cases before this Court, I thought, but he didn't "
"understand its soul. As a clerk, I had seen the Justices do the right "
#. PAGE BREAK 245
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12460
+#: freeculture.xml:12465
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>The night before</emphasis> the argument, a line of "
"people began to form in front of the Supreme Court. The case had become a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12470
+#: freeculture.xml:12475
msgid ""
"Not everyone has to wait in line. People who know the Justices can ask for "
"seats they control. (I asked Justice Scalia's chambers for seats for my "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12485
+#: freeculture.xml:12490
msgid ""
"When the Chief Justice called me to begin my argument, I began where I "
"intended to stay: on the question of the limits on Congress's power. This "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12492
+#: freeculture.xml:12497
msgid ""
"Justice O'Connor stopped me within one minute of my opening. The history "
"was bothering her."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12497
+#: freeculture.xml:12502
msgid ""
"justice o'connor: Congress has extended the term so often through the years, "
"and if you are right, don't we run the risk of upsetting previous extensions "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12504
+#: freeculture.xml:12509
msgid ""
"She was quite willing to concede <quote>that this flies directly in the face "
"of what the framers had in mind.</quote> But my response again and again was "
#. PAGE BREAK 246
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12510
+#: freeculture.xml:12515
msgid ""
"mr. lessig: Well, if it flies in the face of what the framers had in mind, "
"then the question is, is there a way of interpreting their words that gives "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12518
+#: freeculture.xml:12523
msgid ""
"There were two points in this argument when I should have seen where the "
"Court was going. The first was a question by Justice Kennedy, who observed,"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12524
+#: freeculture.xml:12529
msgid ""
"justice kennedy: Well, I suppose implicit in the argument that the '76 act, "
"too, should have been declared void, and that we might leave it alone "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12532
+#: freeculture.xml:12537
msgid ""
"Here follows my clear mistake. Like a professor correcting a student, I "
"answered,"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12538
+#: freeculture.xml:12543
msgid ""
"mr. lessig: Justice, we are not making an empirical claim at all. Nothing "
"in our Copyright Clause claim hangs upon the empirical assertion about "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12547
+#: freeculture.xml:12552
msgid ""
"That was a correct answer, but it wasn't the right answer. The right answer "
"was instead that there was an obvious and profound harm. Any number of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12555
+#: freeculture.xml:12560
msgid ""
"The second came from the Chief, for whom the whole case had been "
"crafted. For the Chief Justice had crafted the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> "
#. PAGE BREAK 247
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12560
+#: freeculture.xml:12565
msgid ""
"It was clear a second into his question that he wasn't at all sympathetic. "
"To him, we were a bunch of anarchists. As he asked:"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12567
+#: freeculture.xml:12572
msgid ""
"chief justice: Well, but you want more than that. You want the right to copy "
"verbatim other people's books, don't you?"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12571
+#: freeculture.xml:12576
msgid ""
"mr. lessig: We want the right to copy verbatim works that should be in the "
"public domain and would be in the public domain but for a statute that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12579
+#: freeculture.xml:12584
msgid "Olson, Theodore B."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12581
+#: freeculture.xml:12586
msgid ""
"Things went better for us when the government gave its argument; for now the "
"Court picked up on the core of our claim. As Justice Scalia asked Solicitor "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12587
+#: freeculture.xml:12592
msgid ""
"justice scalia: You say that the functional equivalent of an unlimited time "
"would be a violation [of the Constitution], but that's precisely the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12595
+#: freeculture.xml:12600
msgid ""
"When Olson was finished, it was my turn to give a closing rebuttal. Olson's "
"flailing had revived my anger. But my anger still was directed to the "
#. PAGE BREAK 248
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12608
+#: freeculture.xml:12613
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>As I left</emphasis> the court that day, I knew "
"there were a hundred points I wished I could remake. There were a hundred "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12617
+#: freeculture.xml:12622
msgid ""
"The government had been asked over and over again, what is the limit? Over "
"and over again, it had answered there is no limit. This was precisely the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12632
+#: freeculture.xml:12637
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>The morning</emphasis> of January 15, 2003, I was "
"five minutes late to the office and missed the 7:00 A.M. call from the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12640
+#: freeculture.xml:12645
msgid ""
"A few seconds later, the opinions arrived by e-mail. I took the phone off "
"the hook, posted an announcement to our blog, and sat down to see where I "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12645
+#: freeculture.xml:12650
msgid ""
"My <emphasis>reasoning</emphasis>. Here was a case that pitted all the money "
"in the world against <emphasis>reasoning</emphasis>. And here was the last "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12652
+#: freeculture.xml:12657
msgid ""
"I first scoured the opinion, looking for how the Court would distinguish the "
"principle in this case from the principle in "
#. PAGE BREAK 249
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12662
+#: freeculture.xml:12667
msgid ""
"Justice Ginsburg simply ignored the enumerated powers argument. Consistent "
"with her view that Congress's power was not limited generally, she had found "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12667
+#: freeculture.xml:12672
msgid ""
"Her opinion was perfectly reasonable—for her, and for Justice "
"Souter. Neither believes in <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>. It would be too "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12673
+#: freeculture.xml:12678
msgid ""
"But as I realized what had happened, I couldn't quite believe what I was "
"reading. I had said there was no way this Court could reconcile limited "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12685
+#: freeculture.xml:12690
msgid ""
"Yet by what right did they get to choose which of the framers' values they "
"would respect? By what right did they—the silent five—get to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12697
+#: freeculture.xml:12702
msgid ""
"Justices Breyer and Stevens wrote very strong dissents. Stevens's opinion "
"was crafted internal to the law: He argued that the tradition of "
#. PAGE BREAK 250
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12710
+#: freeculture.xml:12715
msgid ""
"Justice Breyer's opinion, perhaps the best opinion he has ever written, was "
"external to the Constitution. He argued that the term of copyrights has "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12722
+#: freeculture.xml:12727
msgid ""
"These two justices understood all the arguments we had made. But because "
"neither believed in the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> case, neither was "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12729
+#: freeculture.xml:12734
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>Defeat brings depression</emphasis>. They say it is "
"a sign of health when depression gives way to anger. My anger came quickly, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12734
+#: freeculture.xml:12739
msgid "originalism"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12736
+#: freeculture.xml:12741
msgid ""
"It was first anger with the five <quote>Conservatives.</quote> It would have "
"been one thing for them to have explained why the principle of "
#. PAGE BREAK 251
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12750
+#: freeculture.xml:12755
msgid ""
"Here, they had joined an opinion that never once tried to explain what the "
"framers had meant by crafting the Progress Clause as they did; they joined "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12765
+#: freeculture.xml:12770
msgid ""
"My anger with the Conservatives quickly yielded to anger with myself. For I "
"had let a view of the law that I liked interfere with a view of the law as "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12772
+#: freeculture.xml:12777
msgid ""
"Most lawyers, and most law professors, have little patience for idealism "
"about courts in general and this Supreme Court in particular. Most have a "
#. PAGE BREAK 252
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12783
+#: freeculture.xml:12788
msgid ""
"As I read back over the transcript from that argument in October, I can see "
"a hundred places where the answers could have taken the conversation in "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12804
+#: freeculture.xml:12809
msgid ""
"Would it have been different if I had argued it differently? Would it have "
"been different if Don Ayer had argued it? Or Charles Fried? Or Kathleen "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12809
+#: freeculture.xml:12814
msgid ""
"My friends huddled around me to insist it would not. The Court was not "
"ready, my friends insisted. This was a loss that was destined. It would take "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12815
+#: freeculture.xml:12820
msgid ""
"Maybe, but I doubt it. These Justices have no financial interest in doing "
"anything except the right thing. They are not lobbied. They have little "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12823
+#: freeculture.xml:12828
msgid ""
"And even if I couldn't, then that doesn't excuse what happened in "
"January. For at the start of this case, one of America's leading "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12830
+#: freeculture.xml:12835
msgid ""
"After the argument and after the decision, Peter said to me, and publicly, "
"that he was wrong. But if indeed that Court could not have been persuaded, "
#. PAGE BREAK 253
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12839
+#: freeculture.xml:12844
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>While the reaction</emphasis> to the Sonny Bono Act "
"itself was almost unanimously negative, the reaction to the Court's decision "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12854
+#: freeculture.xml:12859
msgid ""
"In effect, the Supreme Court's decision makes it likely that we are seeing "
"the beginning of the end of public domain and the birth of copyright "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12869 freeculture.xml:12874
+#: freeculture.xml:12874 freeculture.xml:12879
msgid "Bolling, Ruben"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12863
+#: freeculture.xml:12868
msgid ""
"The best responses were in the cartoons. There was a gaggle of hilarious "
"images—of Mickey in jail and the like. The best, from my view of the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:12873
+#: freeculture.xml:12878
msgid ""
"<graphic fileref=\"images/tom-the-dancing-bug.png\" align=\"center\" "
"width=\"100%\"></graphic> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12877
+#: freeculture.xml:12882
msgid ""
"The image that will always stick in my head is that evoked by the quote from "
"<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle>. That <quote>grand "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:12888
+#: freeculture.xml:12893
msgid "Chapter Fourteen: Eldred II"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12890
+#: freeculture.xml:12895
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>The day</emphasis> <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> was "
"decided, fate would have it that I was to travel to Washington, D.C. (The "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12902
+#: freeculture.xml:12907
msgid ""
"It was an act of contrition. During the whole of the flight from San "
"Francisco to Washington, I had heard over and over again in my head the same "
#. PAGE BREAK 256
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12912
+#: freeculture.xml:12917
msgid ""
"<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle> published the piece. In it, I "
"proposed a simple fix: Fifty years after a work has been published, the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12920
+#: freeculture.xml:12925
msgid ""
"We called this the Eldred Act, but that was just to give it a name. Eric "
"Eldred was kind enough to let his name be used once again, but as he said "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12925
+#: freeculture.xml:12930
msgid ""
"Or another two names. For depending upon your perspective, this is either "
"the <quote>Public Domain Enhancement Act</quote> or the <quote>Copyright "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12933 freeculture.xml:13136
+#: freeculture.xml:12938 freeculture.xml:13141
msgid "Forbes, Steve"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12934
+#: freeculture.xml:12939
msgid "Democratic Party"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12935
+#: freeculture.xml:12940
msgid "Republican Party"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12937
+#: freeculture.xml:12942
msgid ""
"The reaction to this idea was amazingly strong. Steve Forbes endorsed it in "
"an editorial. I received an avalanche of e-mail and letters expressing "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12949
+#: freeculture.xml:12954
msgid ""
"Indeed, many recognized the obvious benefit of the registration "
"requirement. For one of the hardest things about the current system for "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12959
+#: freeculture.xml:12964
msgid "Berlin Act (1908)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12960 freeculture.xml:13001
+#: freeculture.xml:12965 freeculture.xml:13006
msgid "Berne Convention (1908)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12968
+#: freeculture.xml:12973
msgid "German copyright law"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12968
+#: freeculture.xml:12973
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Until the 1908 Berlin Act of the "
"Berne Convention, national copyright legislation sometimes made protection "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12963
+#: freeculture.xml:12968
msgid ""
"As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" "
"linkend=\"property-i\"/>, formalities in copyright law were removed in 1976, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12995
+#: freeculture.xml:13000
msgid ""
"That's great rhetoric. It sounds wonderfully romantic. But it is absurd "
"copyright policy. It is absurd especially for authors, because a world "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13003
+#: freeculture.xml:13008
msgid ""
"The fight against formalities achieved its first real victory in Berlin in "
"1908. International copyright lawyers amended the Berne Convention in 1908, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13013
+#: freeculture.xml:13018
msgid ""
"These complaints were real and sensible. And the strictness of the "
"formalities, especially in the United States, was absurd. The law should "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13021
+#: freeculture.xml:13026
msgid ""
"Even that would have been resisted, however, because registration in the "
"nineteenth and twentieth centuries was still expensive. It was also a "
#. PAGE BREAK 258
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13029
+#: freeculture.xml:13034
msgid ""
"In addition to the practical complaint of authors in 1908, there was a moral "
"claim as well. There was no reason that creative property should be a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13041
+#: freeculture.xml:13046
msgid ""
"This argument is correct, but its implications are misleading. For the "
"argument in favor of formalities does not depend upon creative property "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13050
+#: freeculture.xml:13055
msgid ""
"No one thinks, for example, that land is second-class property just because "
"you have to register a deed with a court if your sale of land is to be "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13066
+#: freeculture.xml:13071
msgid ""
"It is similarly special physics that makes formalities important in "
"copyright law. Unlike a carpenter's table, there's nothing in nature that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13081
+#: freeculture.xml:13086
msgid ""
"This was the understanding of the problem with the Sonny Bono Act that we "
"tried to demonstrate to the Court. This was the part it didn't "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13091
+#: freeculture.xml:13096
msgid ""
"But now that copyrights can be just about a century long, the inability to "
"know what is protected and what is not protected becomes a huge and obvious "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13100
+#: freeculture.xml:13105
msgid ""
"The Eldred Act was designed to respond to exactly this problem. If it is "
"worth $1 to you, then register your work and you can get the longer "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13107
+#: freeculture.xml:13112
msgid ""
"If it isn't worth it to you to register to get the benefit of an extended "
"term, then it shouldn't be worth it for the government to defend your "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13114
+#: freeculture.xml:13119
msgid ""
"Some worry about the burden on authors. Won't the burden of registering the "
"work mean that the $1 is really misleading? Isn't the hassle worth more than "
#. PAGE BREAK 260
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13120
+#: freeculture.xml:13125
msgid ""
"It is. The hassle is terrible. The system that exists now is awful. I "
"completely agree that the Copyright Office has done a terrible job (no doubt "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13138
+#: freeculture.xml:13143
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>When Steve Forbes</emphasis> endorsed the idea, some "
"in Washington began to pay attention. Many people contacted me pointing to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13144
+#: freeculture.xml:13149
msgid "Lofgren, Zoe"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13146
+#: freeculture.xml:13151
msgid ""
"One representative, Zoe Lofgren of California, went so far as to get the "
"bill drafted. The draft solved any problem with international law. It "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13154
+#: freeculture.xml:13159
msgid "Eldred Act opposed by"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13156
+#: freeculture.xml:13161
msgid ""
"But at this stage, the lobbyists began to intervene. Jack Valenti and the "
"MPAA general counsel came to the congresswoman's office to give the view of "
#. PAGE BREAK 261
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13164
+#: freeculture.xml:13169
msgid ""
"The MPAA argued first that Congress had <quote>firmly rejected the central "
"concept in the proposed bill</quote>—that copyrights be renewed. That "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13185
+#: freeculture.xml:13190
msgid ""
"Finally, the MPAA argued that existing law enabled copyright owners to do "
"this if they wanted. But the whole point is that there are thousands of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13193
+#: freeculture.xml:13198
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>At the beginning</emphasis> of this book, I told two "
"stories about the law reacting to changes in technology. In the one, common "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13203
+#: freeculture.xml:13208
msgid ""
"I used these two cases as a way to frame the war that this book has been "
"about. For here, too, a new technology is forcing the law to react. And "
#. PAGE BREAK 262
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13212
+#: freeculture.xml:13217
msgid ""
"When the issue is piracy, it is right for the law to back the copyright "
"owners. The commercial piracy that I described is wrong and harmful, and the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13222
+#: freeculture.xml:13227
msgid "Kelly, Kevin"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13224
+#: freeculture.xml:13229
msgid ""
"But when the copyright owners oppose a proposal such as the Eldred Act, "
"then, finally, there is an example that lays bare the naked selfinterest "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13234
+#: freeculture.xml:13239
msgid "What does this industry really want?"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13237
+#: freeculture.xml:13242
msgid ""
"With very little effort, the warriors could protect their content. So the "
"effort to block something like the Eldred Act is not really about protecting "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13248
+#: freeculture.xml:13253
msgid ""
"The opposition to the Eldred Act reveals how extreme the other side is. The "
"most powerful and sexy and well loved of lobbies really has as its aim not "
#. PAGE BREAK 263
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13256
+#: freeculture.xml:13261
msgid ""
"It is not hard to understand why the warriors take this view. It is not hard "
"to see why it would benefit them if the competition of the public domain "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13268
+#: freeculture.xml:13273
msgid ""
"What is hard to understand is why the public takes this view. It is as if "
"the law made airplanes trespassers. The MPAA stands with the Causbys and "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13275
+#: freeculture.xml:13280
msgid ""
"All this seems to follow easily from this untroubled acceptance of the "
"<quote>property</quote> in intellectual property. Common sense supports it, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:13287
+#: freeculture.xml:13292
msgid "Conclusion"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13288
+#: freeculture.xml:13293
msgid "Africa, medications for HIV patients in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13289
+#: freeculture.xml:13294
msgid "AIDS medications"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13290
+#: freeculture.xml:13295
msgid "antiretroviral drugs"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13291
+#: freeculture.xml:13296
msgid "developing countries, foreign patent costs in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13292 freeculture.xml:13806
+#: freeculture.xml:13297 freeculture.xml:13811
msgid "drugs"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13292 freeculture.xml:13806
+#: freeculture.xml:13297 freeculture.xml:13811
msgid "pharmaceutical"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13293
+#: freeculture.xml:13298
msgid "HIV/AIDS therapies"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13295
+#: freeculture.xml:13300
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>There are more</emphasis> than 35 million people "
"with the AIDS virus worldwide. Twenty-five million of them live in "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13302
+#: freeculture.xml:13307
msgid ""
"There is no cure for AIDS, but there are drugs to slow its progression. "
"These antiretroviral therapies are still experimental, but they have already "
#. f1.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13317
+#: freeculture.xml:13322
msgid ""
"Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, <quote>Final Report: Integrating "
"Intellectual Property Rights and Development Policy</quote> (London, 2002), "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13310
+#: freeculture.xml:13315
msgid ""
"These drugs are expensive. When they were first introduced in the United "
"States, they cost between $10,000 and $15,000 per person per year. Today, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13326 freeculture.xml:13808
+#: freeculture.xml:13331 freeculture.xml:13813
msgid "on pharmaceuticals"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13327
+#: freeculture.xml:13332
msgid "pharmaceutical patents"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 265
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13330
+#: freeculture.xml:13335
msgid ""
"These prices are not high because the ingredients of the drugs are "
"expensive. These prices are high because the drugs are protected by "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13338
+#: freeculture.xml:13343
msgid ""
"There are many who are skeptical of patents, especially drug patents. I am "
"not. Indeed, of all the areas of research that might be supported by "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13349
+#: freeculture.xml:13354
msgid ""
"But it is one thing to support patents, even drug patents. It is another "
"thing to determine how best to deal with a crisis. And as African leaders "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13355
+#: freeculture.xml:13360
msgid "international law"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13356
+#: freeculture.xml:13361
msgid "parallel importation"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13357
+#: freeculture.xml:13362
msgid "South Africa, Republic of, pharmaceutical imports by"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13370 freeculture.xml:13864
+#: freeculture.xml:13375 freeculture.xml:13869
msgid "Braithwaite, John"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13368
+#: freeculture.xml:13373
msgid ""
"See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism: "
"Who Owns the Knowledge Economy?</citetitle> (New York: The New Press, 2003), "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13359
+#: freeculture.xml:13364
msgid ""
"In 1997, South Africa tried one tack. It passed a law to allow the "
"importation of patented medicines that had been produced or sold in another "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13374
+#: freeculture.xml:13379
msgid "United States Trade Representative (USTR)"
msgstr ""
#. f3.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13382
+#: freeculture.xml:13387
msgid ""
"International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent "
"Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a "
#. f4.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13409
+#: freeculture.xml:13414
msgid ""
"International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent "
"Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13376
+#: freeculture.xml:13381
msgid ""
"However, the United States government opposed the bill. Indeed, more than "
"opposed. As the International Intellectual Property Association "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13416
+#: freeculture.xml:13421
msgid ""
"We should place the intervention by the United States in context. No doubt "
"patents are not the most important reason that Africans don't have access to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13426
+#: freeculture.xml:13431
msgid ""
"By stopping the flow of HIV treatment into Africa, the United States "
"government was not saving drugs for United States citizens. This is not "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13434
+#: freeculture.xml:13439
msgid ""
"Nor was the intervention by the United States going to protect the profits "
"of United States drug companies—at least, not substantially. It was "
#. f5.
#. PAGE BREAK 333
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13449
+#: freeculture.xml:13454
msgid ""
"See Sabin Russell, <quote>New Crusade to Lower AIDS Drug Costs: Africa's "
"Needs at Odds with Firms' Profit Motive,</quote> <citetitle>San Francisco "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13443
+#: freeculture.xml:13448
msgid ""
"Instead, the argument in favor of restricting this flow of information, "
"which was needed to save the lives of millions, was an argument about the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13471
+#: freeculture.xml:13476
msgid ""
"Now just step back for a moment. There will be a time thirty years from now "
"when our children look back at us and ask, how could we have let this "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13480
+#: freeculture.xml:13485
msgid "in pharmaceutical industry"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13482
+#: freeculture.xml:13487
msgid ""
"Some blame the drug companies. I don't. They are corporations. Their "
"managers are ordered by law to make money for the corporation. They push a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13490
+#: freeculture.xml:13495
msgid ""
"The corruption is our own politicians' failure of integrity. For the drug "
"companies would love—they say, and I believe them—to sell their "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13497
+#: freeculture.xml:13502
msgid "of drug patents"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 268
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13499
+#: freeculture.xml:13504
msgid ""
"A different problem, however, could not be overcome. This is the fear of the "
"grandstanding politician who would call the presidents of the drug companies "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13521
+#: freeculture.xml:13526
msgid ""
"So when the common sense of your child confronts you, what will you say? "
"When the common sense of a generation finally revolts against what we have "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13527
+#: freeculture.xml:13532
msgid ""
"A sensible patent policy could endorse and strongly support the patent "
"system without having to reach everyone everywhere in exactly the same "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13542
+#: freeculture.xml:13547
msgid ""
"But we as a culture have lost this sense of balance. We have lost the "
"critical eye that helps us see the difference between truth and extremism. "
#. PAGE BREAK 269
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13551
+#: freeculture.xml:13556
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>A simple idea</emphasis> blinds us, and under the "
"cover of darkness, much happens that most of us would reject if any of us "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13565
+#: freeculture.xml:13570
msgid ""
"So far, common sense sleeps. There is no revolt. Common sense does not yet "
"see what there could be to revolt about. The extremism that now dominates "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13578 freeculture.xml:14354
+#: freeculture.xml:13583 freeculture.xml:14359
msgid "academic journals"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13579 freeculture.xml:13592
+#: freeculture.xml:13584 freeculture.xml:13597
msgid "biomedical research"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13580 freeculture.xml:13750
+#: freeculture.xml:13585 freeculture.xml:13755
msgid "international organization on issues of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13582 freeculture.xml:13699 freeculture.xml:14273
+#: freeculture.xml:13587 freeculture.xml:13704 freeculture.xml:14278
msgid "IBM"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13583 freeculture.xml:14420
+#: freeculture.xml:13588 freeculture.xml:14425
msgid "PLoS (Public Library of Science)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13584 freeculture.xml:14421
+#: freeculture.xml:13589 freeculture.xml:14426
msgid "Public Library of Science (PLoS)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13585
+#: freeculture.xml:13590
msgid "public projects in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13586
+#: freeculture.xml:13591
msgid "single nucleotied polymorphisms (SNPs)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13587
+#: freeculture.xml:13592
msgid "Wellcome Trust"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13588 freeculture.xml:13751
+#: freeculture.xml:13593 freeculture.xml:13756
msgid "World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13589
+#: freeculture.xml:13594
msgid "World Wide Web"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13590
+#: freeculture.xml:13595
msgid "Global Positioning System"
msgstr ""
#. f6.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13597
+#: freeculture.xml:13602
msgid ""
"Jonathan Krim, <quote>The Quiet War over Open-Source,</quote> "
"<citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, August 2003, E1, available at <ulink "
#. PAGE BREAK 270
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13594
+#: freeculture.xml:13599
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>In August 2003</emphasis>, a fight broke out in the "
"United States about a decision by the World Intellectual Property "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13630
+#: freeculture.xml:13635
msgid ""
"The aim of the meeting was to consider this wide range of projects from one "
"common perspective: that none of these projects relied upon intellectual "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13636
+#: freeculture.xml:13641
msgid "in international debate on intellectual property"
msgstr ""
#. f7.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13639
+#: freeculture.xml:13644
msgid ""
"I should disclose that I was one of the people who asked WIPO for the "
"meeting."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13638
+#: freeculture.xml:13643
msgid ""
"From the perspective of this book, then, the conference was "
"ideal.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The projects within its "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13648 freeculture.xml:13805
+#: freeculture.xml:13653 freeculture.xml:13810
msgid "World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS)"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 271
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13650
+#: freeculture.xml:13655
msgid ""
"Indeed, I was once publicly scolded for not recognizing this fact about "
"WIPO. In February 2003, I delivered a keynote address to a preparatory "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13674
+#: freeculture.xml:13679
msgid ""
"So whether or not WSIS can discuss balance in intellectual property, I had "
"thought it was taken for granted that WIPO could and should. And thus the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13683 freeculture.xml:15425
+#: freeculture.xml:13688 freeculture.xml:15430
msgid "Apple Corporation"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13684
+#: freeculture.xml:13689
msgid "on free software"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13686
+#: freeculture.xml:13691
msgid ""
"But there is one project within that list that is highly controversial, at "
"least among lobbyists. That project is <quote>open source and free "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13696
+#: freeculture.xml:13701
msgid "<quote>copyleft</quote> licenses"
msgstr ""
#. f8.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13712
+#: freeculture.xml:13717
msgid ""
"Microsoft's position about free and open source software is more "
"sophisticated. As it has repeatedly asserted, it has no problem with "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13701
+#: freeculture.xml:13706
msgid ""
"I don't mean to enter that debate here. It is important only to make clear "
"that the distinction is not between commercial and noncommercial "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13730
+#: freeculture.xml:13735
msgid "General Public License (GPL)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13731
+#: freeculture.xml:13736
msgid "GPL (General Public License)"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 272
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13733
+#: freeculture.xml:13738
msgid ""
"More important for our purposes, to support <quote>open source and free "
"software</quote> is not to oppose copyright. <quote>Open source and free "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13752
+#: freeculture.xml:13757
msgid "Krim, Jonathan"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13753
+#: freeculture.xml:13758
msgid "WIPO meeting opposed by"
msgstr ""
#. f9.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13763
+#: freeculture.xml:13768
msgid ""
"Krim, <quote>The Quiet War over Open-Source,</quote> available at <ulink "
"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #64</ulink>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13755
+#: freeculture.xml:13760
msgid ""
"It is therefore understandable that as a proprietary software developer, "
"Microsoft would oppose this WIPO meeting, and understandable that it would "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13769
+#: freeculture.xml:13774
msgid ""
"I don't blame Microsoft for doing what it can to advance its own interests, "
"consistent with the law. And lobbying governments is plainly consistent with "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13777 freeculture.xml:13836
+#: freeculture.xml:13782 freeculture.xml:13841
msgid "Boland, Lois"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13778
+#: freeculture.xml:13783
msgid "Patent and Trademark Office, U.S."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13780
+#: freeculture.xml:13785
msgid ""
"What was surprising was the United States government's reason for opposing "
"the meeting. Again, as reported by Krim, Lois Boland, acting director of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13791
+#: freeculture.xml:13796
msgid "These statements are astonishing on a number of levels."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13796
+#: freeculture.xml:13801
msgid ""
"First, they are just flat wrong. As I described, most open source and free "
"software relies fundamentally upon the intellectual property right called "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13807
+#: freeculture.xml:13812
msgid "generic drugs"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13810
+#: freeculture.xml:13815
msgid ""
"Second, who ever said that WIPO's exclusive aim was to "
"<quote>promote</quote> intellectual property maximally? As I had been "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13824
+#: freeculture.xml:13829
msgid ""
"Third, even if one believed that the purpose of WIPO was to maximize "
"intellectual property rights, in our tradition, intellectual property rights "
#. PAGE BREAK 274
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13838
+#: freeculture.xml:13843
msgid ""
"When Ms. Boland says that there is something wrong with a meeting "
"<quote>which has as its purpose to disclaim or waive such rights,</quote> "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13849
+#: freeculture.xml:13854
msgid "feudal system"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13850
+#: freeculture.xml:13855
msgid "feudal system of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13852
+#: freeculture.xml:13857
msgid ""
"There is a history of just such a property system that is well known in the "
"Anglo-American tradition. It is called <quote>feudalism.</quote> Under "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13869
+#: freeculture.xml:13874
msgid ""
"See Drahos with Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism</citetitle>, "
"210–20. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13866
+#: freeculture.xml:13871
msgid ""
"As Peter Drahos and John Braithwaite relate, this is precisely the choice we "
"are now making about intellectual property.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13880
+#: freeculture.xml:13885
msgid ""
"When this battle broke, I blogged it. A spirited debate within the comment "
"section ensued. Ms. Boland had a number of supporters who tried to show why "
#. PAGE BREAK 275
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13889
+#: freeculture.xml:13894
msgid ""
"George, you misunderstand Lessig: He's only talking about the world as it "
"should be (<quote>the goal of WIPO, and the goal of any government, should "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13901
+#: freeculture.xml:13906
msgid ""
"I missed the irony the first time I read it. I read it quickly and thought "
"the poster was supporting the idea that seeking balance was what our "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13912
+#: freeculture.xml:13917
msgid ""
"Obviously, however, the poster was not supporting that idea. Instead, the "
"poster was ridiculing the very idea that in the real world, the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13920
+#: freeculture.xml:13925
msgid ""
"I understand criticism of academic utopianism. I think utopianism is silly, "
"too, and I'd be the first to poke fun at the absurdly unrealistic ideals of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13926
+#: freeculture.xml:13931
msgid ""
"But when it has become silly to suppose that the role of our government "
"should be to <quote>seek balance,</quote> then count me with the silly, for "
#. PAGE BREAK 276
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13937
+#: freeculture.xml:13942
msgid ""
"It might be crazy to expect a high government official to speak the "
"truth. It might be crazy to believe that government policy will be something "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13946
+#: freeculture.xml:13951
msgid "If this is crazy, then let there be more crazies. Soon."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13950
+#: freeculture.xml:13955
msgid "Turner, Ted"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13952
+#: freeculture.xml:13957
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>There are moments</emphasis> of hope in this "
"struggle. And moments that surprise. When the FCC was considering relaxing "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13963
+#: freeculture.xml:13968
msgid ""
"This activism did not stop the FCC, but soon after, a broad coalition in the "
"Senate voted to reverse the FCC decision. The hostile hearings leading up to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13971
+#: freeculture.xml:13976
msgid ""
"But even this movement misses an important piece of the puzzle. Largeness "
"as such is not bad. Freedom is not threatened just because some become very "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13978
+#: freeculture.xml:13983
msgid ""
"The danger in media concentration comes not from the concentration, but "
"instead from the feudalism that this concentration, tied to the change in "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13988
+#: freeculture.xml:13993
msgid ""
"It is therefore significant that so many would rally to demand competition "
"and increased diversity. Still, if the rally is understood as being about "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13995
+#: freeculture.xml:14000
msgid ""
"It would be something new, and something very important, if an equal number "
"could be rallied to fight the increasing extremism built within the idea of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14003
+#: freeculture.xml:14008
msgid ""
"If we were Achilles, this would be our heel. This would be the place of our "
"tragedy."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14006
+#: freeculture.xml:14011
msgid "Dylan, Bob"
msgstr ""
#. f11.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14012
+#: freeculture.xml:14017
msgid ""
"John Borland, <quote>RIAA Sues 261 File Swappers,</quote> CNET News.com, "
"September 2003, available at <ulink "
#. f12.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14030
+#: freeculture.xml:14035
msgid ""
"Jon Wiederhorn, <quote>Eminem Gets Sued … by a Little Old "
"Lady,</quote> mtv.com, 17 September 2003, available at <ulink "
#. f13.
#. PAGE BREAK 334
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14037
+#: freeculture.xml:14042
msgid ""
"Kenji Hall, Associated Press, <quote>Japanese Book May Be Inspiration for "
"Dylan Songs,</quote> Kansascity.com, 9 July 2003, available at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14008
+#: freeculture.xml:14013
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>As I write</emphasis> these final words, the news is "
"filled with stories about the RIAA lawsuits against almost three hundred "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14054
+#: freeculture.xml:14059
msgid "BBC"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14055
+#: freeculture.xml:14060
msgid "Brazil, free culture in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14056 freeculture.xml:14451
+#: freeculture.xml:14061 freeculture.xml:14456
msgid "Creative Commons"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14057
+#: freeculture.xml:14062
msgid "Gil, Gilberto"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14058
+#: freeculture.xml:14063
msgid "public creative archive in"
msgstr ""
#. f14.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14063
+#: freeculture.xml:14068
msgid ""
"<quote>BBC Plans to Open Up Its Archive to the Public,</quote> BBC press "
"release, 24 August 2003, available at <ulink "
#. f15.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14072
+#: freeculture.xml:14077
msgid ""
"<quote>Creative Commons and Brazil,</quote> Creative Commons Weblog, 6 "
"August 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
#. PAGE BREAK 278
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14060
+#: freeculture.xml:14065
msgid ""
"Yet on the other side of the Atlantic, the BBC has just announced that it "
"will build a <quote>Creative Archive,</quote> from which British citizens "
#. PAGE BREAK 279
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14086
+#: freeculture.xml:14091
msgid ""
"Common sense must revolt. It must act to free culture. Soon, if this "
"potential is ever to be realized."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14094
+#: freeculture.xml:14099
msgid "Afterword"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14095 freeculture.xml:14129
+#: freeculture.xml:14100 freeculture.xml:14134
msgid "voluntary reform efforts on"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 280
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14099
+#: freeculture.xml:14104
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>At least some</emphasis> who have read this far will "
"agree with me that something must be done to change where we are "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14104
+#: freeculture.xml:14109
msgid ""
"I divide this map into two parts: that which anyone can do now, and that "
"which requires the help of lawmakers. If there is one lesson that we can "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14110
+#: freeculture.xml:14115
msgid ""
"That means this movement must begin in the streets. It must recruit a "
"significant number of parents, teachers, librarians, creators, authors, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14119
+#: freeculture.xml:14124
msgid ""
"Once this movement has its effect in the streets, it has some hope of having "
"an effect in Washington. We are still a democracy. What people think "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14128
+#: freeculture.xml:14133
msgid "Us, now"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14131
+#: freeculture.xml:14136
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>Common sense</emphasis> is with the copyright "
"warriors because the debate so far has been framed at the extremes—as "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14138
+#: freeculture.xml:14143
msgid ""
"The mistake here is the error of the excluded middle. There are extremes in "
"this debate, but the extremes are not all that there is. There are those who "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14148
+#: freeculture.xml:14153
msgid "initial free character of"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 282
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14150
+#: freeculture.xml:14155
msgid ""
"When the Internet was first born, its initial architecture effectively "
"tilted in the <quote>no rights reserved</quote> direction. Content could be "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14162
+#: freeculture.xml:14167
msgid ""
"This initial character produced a reaction (opposite, but not quite equal) "
"by copyright owners. That reaction has been the topic of this book. Through "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14178
+#: freeculture.xml:14183
msgid ""
"What's needed is a way to say something in the middle—neither "
"<quote>all rights reserved</quote> nor <quote>no rights reserved</quote> but "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14186
+#: freeculture.xml:14191
msgid "Rebuilding Freedoms Previously Presumed: Examples"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14187
+#: freeculture.xml:14192
msgid "restoration efforts on previous aspects of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14189
+#: freeculture.xml:14194
msgid "privacy rights"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14191
+#: freeculture.xml:14196
msgid ""
"If you step back from the battle I've been describing here, you will "
"recognize this problem from other contexts. Think about privacy. Before the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14201
+#: freeculture.xml:14206
msgid "What made it assured?"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14205
+#: freeculture.xml:14210
msgid ""
"Well, if we think in terms of the modalities I described in chapter <xref "
"xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"property-i\"/>, your privacy was "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14220
+#: freeculture.xml:14225
msgid "Amazon"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14221
+#: freeculture.xml:14226
msgid "cookies, Internet"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14222
+#: freeculture.xml:14227
msgid "privacy protection on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14224
+#: freeculture.xml:14229
msgid ""
"Enter the Internet, where the cost of tracking browsing in particular has "
"become quite tiny. If you're a customer at Amazon, then as you browse the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14233
+#: freeculture.xml:14238
msgid "privacy rights in use of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14235
+#: freeculture.xml:14240
msgid ""
"Amazon, of course, is not the problem. But we might begin to worry about "
"libraries. If you're one of those crazy lefties who thinks that people "
#. f1.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14253
+#: freeculture.xml:14258
msgid ""
"See, for example, Marc Rotenberg, <quote>Fair Information Practices and the "
"Architecture of Privacy (What Larry Doesn't Get),</quote> "
#. PAGE BREAK 284
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14247
+#: freeculture.xml:14252
msgid ""
"It is this reality that explains the push of many to define "
"<quote>privacy</quote> on the Internet. It is the recognition that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14272
+#: freeculture.xml:14277
msgid "Data General"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14276
+#: freeculture.xml:14281
msgid ""
"A similar story could be told about the birth of the free software "
"movement. When computers with software were first made available "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14283
+#: freeculture.xml:14288
msgid "Stallman, Richard"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14285
+#: freeculture.xml:14290
msgid ""
"That was the world Richard Stallman was born into, and while he was a "
"researcher at MIT, he grew to love the community that developed when one was "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14293
+#: freeculture.xml:14298
msgid ""
"In an academic setting, at least, that's not a terribly radical idea. In a "
"math department, anyone would be free to tinker with a proof that someone "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14304
+#: freeculture.xml:14309
msgid "proprietary code"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14306
+#: freeculture.xml:14311
msgid ""
"No one answered that question. Instead, the architecture of revenue for "
"computing changed. As it became possible to import programs from one system "
#. PAGE BREAK 285
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14315
+#: freeculture.xml:14320
msgid ""
"Thus, the practice of proprietary code began to spread, and by the early "
"1980s, Stallman found himself surrounded by proprietary code. The world of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14324
+#: freeculture.xml:14329
msgid "Torvalds, Linus"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14326
+#: freeculture.xml:14331
msgid ""
"Therefore, in 1984, Stallman began a project to build a free operating "
"system, so that at least a strain of free software would survive. That was "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14334
+#: freeculture.xml:14339
msgid ""
"Stallman's technique was to use copyright law to build a world of software "
"that must be kept free. Software licensed under the Free Software "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14345
+#: freeculture.xml:14350
msgid ""
"Stallman was thus doing for software what privacy advocates now do for "
"privacy. He was seeking a way to rebuild a kind of freedom that was taken "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14355
+#: freeculture.xml:14360
msgid "scientific journals"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14357
+#: freeculture.xml:14362
msgid ""
"Finally, consider a very recent example that more directly resonates with "
"the story of this book. This is the shift in the way academic and scientific "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14361
+#: freeculture.xml:14366
msgid "Lexis and Westlaw"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14363 freeculture.xml:14399
+#: freeculture.xml:14368 freeculture.xml:14404
msgid "journals in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14364
+#: freeculture.xml:14369
msgid "access to opinions of"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 286
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14366
+#: freeculture.xml:14371
msgid ""
"As digital technologies develop, it is becoming obvious to many that "
"printing thousands of copies of journals every month and sending them to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14381
+#: freeculture.xml:14386
msgid "access fees for material in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14382
+#: freeculture.xml:14387
msgid "license system for rebuilding of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14384
+#: freeculture.xml:14389
msgid ""
"There's nothing wrong in general with this, and indeed, the ability to "
"charge for access to even public domain materials is a good incentive for "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14395
+#: freeculture.xml:14400
msgid ""
"But what if the only way to get access to social and scientific data was "
"through proprietary services? What if no one had the ability to browse this "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14401
+#: freeculture.xml:14406
msgid ""
"As many are beginning to notice, this is increasingly the reality with "
"scientific journals. When these journals were distributed in paper form, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14413
+#: freeculture.xml:14418
msgid ""
"As journals become electronic, however, the publishers are demanding that "
"libraries not give the general public access to the journals. This means "
#. PAGE BREAK 287
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14423
+#: freeculture.xml:14428
msgid ""
"This shrinking freedom has led many to take affirmative steps to restore the "
"freedom that has been lost. The Public Library of Science (PLoS), for "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14437
+#: freeculture.xml:14442
msgid ""
"This is one of many such efforts to restore a freedom taken for granted "
"before, but now threatened by changing technology and markets. There's no "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14450
+#: freeculture.xml:14455
msgid "Rebuilding Free Culture: One Idea"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14453
+#: freeculture.xml:14458
msgid ""
"The same strategy could be applied to culture, as a response to the "
"increasing control effected through law and technology."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14456
+#: freeculture.xml:14461
msgid "Stanford University"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14458
+#: freeculture.xml:14463
msgid ""
"Enter the Creative Commons. The Creative Commons is a nonprofit corporation "
"established in Massachusetts, but with its home at Stanford University. Its "
#. PAGE BREAK 288
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14469
+#: freeculture.xml:14474
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Simple</emphasis>—which means without a middleman, or "
"without a lawyer. By developing a free set of licenses that people can "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14487
+#: freeculture.xml:14492
msgid ""
"These freedoms are beyond the freedoms promised by fair use. Their precise "
"contours depend upon the choices the creator makes. The creator can choose a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14498
+#: freeculture.xml:14503
msgid ""
"These choices thus establish a range of freedoms beyond the default of "
"copyright law. They also enable freedoms that go beyond traditional fair "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14508
+#: freeculture.xml:14513
msgid "Garlick, Mia"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 289
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14510
+#: freeculture.xml:14515
msgid ""
"This is just one project among many within the Creative Commons. And of "
"course, Creative Commons is not the only organization pursuing such "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14523
+#: freeculture.xml:14528
msgid ""
"The aim is not to fight the <quote>All Rights Reserved</quote> sorts. The "
"aim is to complement them. The problems that the law creates for us as a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14536
+#: freeculture.xml:14541
msgid ""
"Why would creators participate in giving up total control? Some participate "
"to better spread their content. Cory Doctorow, for example, is a science "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14543
+#: freeculture.xml:14548
msgid ""
"Why would a publisher ever agree to this? I suspect his publisher reasoned "
"like this: There are two groups of people out there: (1) those who will buy "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14555
+#: freeculture.xml:14560
msgid ""
"Indeed, the experience of his publisher clearly supports that conclusion. "
"The book's first printing was exhausted months before the publisher had "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14560
+#: freeculture.xml:14565
msgid "Free for All (Wayner)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14561
+#: freeculture.xml:14566
msgid "Wayner, Peter"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 290
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14563
+#: freeculture.xml:14568
msgid ""
"The idea that free content might increase the value of nonfree content was "
"confirmed by the experience of another author. Peter Wayner, who wrote a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14574
+#: freeculture.xml:14579
msgid "Leaphart, Walter"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14575
+#: freeculture.xml:14580
msgid "Public Enemy"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14577
+#: freeculture.xml:14582
msgid "rap music"
msgstr ""
#. f2.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14594
+#: freeculture.xml:14599
msgid ""
"<citetitle>Willful Infringement: A Report from the Front Lines of the Real "
"Culture Wars</citetitle> (2003), produced by Jed Horovitz, directed by Greg "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14579
+#: freeculture.xml:14584
msgid ""
"These are examples of using the Commons to better spread proprietary "
"content. I believe that is a wonderful and common use of the Commons. There "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14603
+#: freeculture.xml:14608
msgid ""
"Finally, there are many who mark their content with a Creative Commons "
"license just because they want to express to others the importance of "
#. PAGE BREAK 291
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14615
+#: freeculture.xml:14620
msgid ""
"In the first six months of the Creative Commons experiment, over 1 million "
"objects were licensed with these free-culture licenses. The next step is "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14625
+#: freeculture.xml:14630
msgid ""
"These are first steps to rebuilding a public domain. They are not mere "
"arguments; they are action. Building a public domain is the first step to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14633
+#: freeculture.xml:14638
msgid ""
"Creative Commons is just one example of voluntary efforts by individuals and "
"creators to change the mix of rights that now govern the creative field. The "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14647
+#: freeculture.xml:14652
msgid "Them, soon"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14649
+#: freeculture.xml:14654
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>We will</emphasis> not reclaim a free culture by "
"individual action alone. It will also take important reforms of laws. We "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14656
+#: freeculture.xml:14661
msgid ""
"In this chapter, I outline five kinds of changes: four that are general, and "
"one that's specific to the most heated battle of the day, music. Each is a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14663
+#: freeculture.xml:14668
msgid "1. More Formalities"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14665
+#: freeculture.xml:14670
msgid ""
"If you buy a house, you have to record the sale in a deed. If you buy land "
"upon which to build a house, you have to record the purchase in a deed. If "
#. PAGE BREAK 293
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14672
+#: freeculture.xml:14677
msgid ""
"These are all formalities associated with property. They are requirements "
"that we all must bear if we want our property to be protected."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14677
+#: freeculture.xml:14682
msgid ""
"In contrast, under current copyright law, you automatically get a copyright, "
"regardless of whether you comply with any formality. You don't have to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14683
+#: freeculture.xml:14688
msgid "Why?"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14686
+#: freeculture.xml:14691
msgid ""
"As I suggested in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" "
"linkend=\"property-i\"/>, the motivation to abolish formalities was a good "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14695
+#: freeculture.xml:14700
msgid ""
"But the Internet changes all this. Formalities today need not be a "
"burden. Rather, the world without formalities is the world that burdens "
#. f1.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14709
+#: freeculture.xml:14714
msgid ""
"The proposal I am advancing here would apply to American works only. "
"Obviously, I believe it would be beneficial for the same idea to be adopted "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14707
+#: freeculture.xml:14712
msgid ""
"The law should therefore change this requirement<placeholder "
"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>—but it should not change it by going back "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14717
+#: freeculture.xml:14722
msgid ""
"The important formalities are three: marking copyrighted work, registering "
"copyrights, and renewing the claim to copyright. Traditionally, the first of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14729
+#: freeculture.xml:14734
msgid "Registration and renewal"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14731
+#: freeculture.xml:14736
msgid ""
"Under the old system, a copyright owner had to file a registration with the "
"Copyright Office to register or renew a copyright. When filing that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14744
+#: freeculture.xml:14749
msgid ""
"Yet it is always astonishing to me that we, who come from a tradition of "
"extraordinary innovation in governmental design, can no longer think "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14752
+#: freeculture.xml:14757
msgid "domain names"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14753
+#: freeculture.xml:14758
msgid "domain name registration on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14754
+#: freeculture.xml:14759
msgid "Web sites, domain name registration of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14756
+#: freeculture.xml:14761
msgid ""
"In the context of registration, one obvious model is the Internet. There "
"are at least 32 million Web sites registered around the world. Domain name "
#. PAGE BREAK 295
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14766
+#: freeculture.xml:14771
msgid ""
"We should adopt a similar model for the registration and renewal of "
"copyrights. The Copyright Office may well serve as the central registry, but "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14781
+#: freeculture.xml:14786
msgid "Marking"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14783
+#: freeculture.xml:14788
msgid ""
"It used to be that the failure to include a copyright notice on a creative "
"work meant that the copyright was forfeited. That was a harsh punishment for "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14793
+#: freeculture.xml:14798
msgid ""
"The aim of marking is to signal to the public that this work is copyrighted "
"and that the author wants to enforce his rights. The mark also makes it easy "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14799
+#: freeculture.xml:14804
msgid ""
"One of the problems the copyright system confronted early on was that "
"different copyrighted works had to be differently marked. It wasn't clear "
#. f2.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14816
+#: freeculture.xml:14821
msgid ""
"There would be a complication with derivative works that I have not solved "
"here. In my view, the law of derivatives creates a more complicated system "
#. PAGE BREAK 296
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14809
+#: freeculture.xml:14814
msgid ""
"Let's start with the last point. If a copyright owner allows his work to be "
"published without a copyright notice, the consequence of that failure need "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14829
+#: freeculture.xml:14834
msgid ""
"That in turn raises the question about how work should best be marked. Here "
"again, the system needs to adjust as the technologies evolve. The best way "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14835
+#: freeculture.xml:14840
msgid "copyright marking of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14837
+#: freeculture.xml:14842
msgid ""
"For example, if a recording industry association devises a method for "
"marking CDs, it would propose that to the Copyright Office. The Copyright "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14849
+#: freeculture.xml:14854
msgid ""
"Finally, marking content clearly would simplify registration requirements. "
"If photographs were marked by author and year, there would be little reason "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14857
+#: freeculture.xml:14862
msgid ""
"The objective of formalities is to make things clear. The existing system "
"does nothing to make things clear. Indeed, it seems designed to make things "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14862
+#: freeculture.xml:14867
msgid ""
"If formalities such as registration were reinstated, one of the most "
"difficult aspects of relying upon the public domain would be removed. It "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14874
+#: freeculture.xml:14879
msgid "2. Shorter Terms"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14876
+#: freeculture.xml:14881
msgid ""
"The term of copyright has gone from fourteen years to ninety-five years for "
"corporate authors, and life of the author plus seventy years for natural "
#. f3.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14889
+#: freeculture.xml:14894
msgid ""
"<quote>A Radical Rethink,</quote> <citetitle>Economist</citetitle>, 366:8308 "
"(25 January 2003): 15, available at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14881
+#: freeculture.xml:14886
msgid ""
"In <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>, I proposed a "
"seventy-five-year term, granted in five-year increments with a requirement "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14896
+#: freeculture.xml:14901
msgid ""
"I agree with those who believe that we need a radical change in copyright's "
"term. But whether fourteen years or seventy-five, there are four principles "
#. (1)
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14904
+#: freeculture.xml:14909
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Keep it short:</emphasis> The term should be as long as necessary "
"to give incentives to create, but no longer. If it were tied to very strong "
#. (2)
#. PAGE BREAK 298
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14913
+#: freeculture.xml:14918
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Keep it simple:</emphasis> The line between the public domain and "
"protected content must be kept clear. Lawyers like the fuzziness of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14925
+#: freeculture.xml:14930
msgid "veterans' pensions"
msgstr ""
#. f4.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14936
+#: freeculture.xml:14941
msgid ""
"Department of Veterans Affairs, Veteran's Application for Compensation "
"and/or Pension, VA Form 21-526 (OMB Approved No. 2900-0001), available at "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14928
+#: freeculture.xml:14933
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Keep it alive:</emphasis> Copyright should have to be renewed. "
"Especially if the maximum term is long, the copyright owner should be "
#. (4)
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14947
+#: freeculture.xml:14952
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Keep it prospective:</emphasis> Whatever the term of copyright "
"should be, the clearest lesson that economists teach is that a term once "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14963
+#: freeculture.xml:14968
msgid ""
"These changes together should produce an <emphasis>average</emphasis> "
"copyright term that is much shorter than the current term. Until 1976, the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14969
+#: freeculture.xml:14974
msgid ""
"No doubt the extremists will call these ideas <quote>radical.</quote> (After "
"all, I call them <quote>extremists.</quote>) But again, the term I "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14979
+#: freeculture.xml:14984
msgid "3. Free Use Vs. Fair Use"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14983
+#: freeculture.xml:14988
msgid ""
"As I observed at the beginning of this book, property law originally granted "
"property owners the right to control their property from the ground to the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14991
+#: freeculture.xml:14996
msgid ""
"Our Constitution gives Congress the power to give authors <quote>exclusive "
"right</quote> to <quote>their writings.</quote> Congress has given authors "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14999
+#: freeculture.xml:15004
msgid "Kaplan, Benjamin"
msgstr ""
#. f5.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15005
+#: freeculture.xml:15010
msgid ""
"Benjamin Kaplan, <citetitle>An Unhurried View of Copyright</citetitle> (New "
"York: Columbia University Press, 1967), 32."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15001
+#: freeculture.xml:15006
msgid ""
"Congress granted the beginnings of this right in 1870, when it expanded the "
"exclusive right of copyright to include a right to control translations and "
#. f6.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15018
+#: freeculture.xml:15023
msgid "Ibid., 56."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15014
+#: freeculture.xml:15019
msgid ""
"So inured have we become to the extension of the monopoly to a large range "
"of so-called derivative works, that we no longer sense the oddity of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15023
+#: freeculture.xml:15028
msgid ""
"I think it's time to recognize that there are airplanes in this field and "
"the expansiveness of these rights of derivative use no longer make "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15030
+#: freeculture.xml:15035
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Term:</emphasis> If Congress wants to grant a derivative right, "
"then that right should be for a much shorter term. It makes sense to protect "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15043
+#: freeculture.xml:15048
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Scope:</emphasis> Likewise should the scope of derivative rights "
"be narrowed. Again, there are some cases in which derivative rights are "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15057
+#: freeculture.xml:15062
msgid ""
"This was the point that Alben made when describing the making of the Clint "
"Eastwood CD. While it makes sense to require negotiation for foreseeable "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:15073
+#: freeculture.xml:15078
msgid "Goldstein, Paul"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15071
+#: freeculture.xml:15076
msgid ""
"Paul Goldstein, <citetitle>Copyright's Highway: From Gutenberg to the "
"Celestial Jukebox</citetitle> (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15065
+#: freeculture.xml:15070
msgid ""
"In each of these cases, the law should mark the uses that are protected, and "
"the presumption should be that other uses are not protected. This is the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15079
+#: freeculture.xml:15084
msgid ""
"Goldstein's analysis would make perfect sense if the cost of the legal "
"system were small. But as we are currently seeing in the context of the "
#. PAGE BREAK 301
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15086
+#: freeculture.xml:15091
msgid ""
"The law could remedy this problem either by removing protection beyond the "
"part explicitly drawn or by granting reuse rights upon certain statutory "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:15096
+#: freeculture.xml:15101
msgid "4. Liberate the Music—Again"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15098
+#: freeculture.xml:15103
msgid ""
"The battle that got this whole war going was about music, so it wouldn't be "
"fair to end this book without addressing the issue that is, to most people, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15105
+#: freeculture.xml:15110
msgid ""
"The appeal of file-sharing music was the crack cocaine of the Internet's "
"growth. It drove demand for access to the Internet more powerfully than any "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15114
+#: freeculture.xml:15119
msgid ""
"The aim of copyright, with respect to content in general and music in "
"particular, is to create the incentives for music to be composed, performed, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15121
+#: freeculture.xml:15126
msgid ""
"File-sharing networks complicate this model by enabling the spread of "
"content for which the performer has not been paid. But of course, that's not "
#. A.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15130
+#: freeculture.xml:15135
msgid ""
"There are some who are using sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing "
"CDs."
#. B.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15135
+#: freeculture.xml:15140
msgid ""
"There are also some who are using sharing networks to sample, on the way to "
"purchasing CDs."
#. PAGE BREAK 302
#. C.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15141
+#: freeculture.xml:15146
msgid ""
"There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content "
"that is no longer sold but is still under copyright or that would have been "
#. D.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15147
+#: freeculture.xml:15152
msgid ""
"There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content "
"that is not copyrighted or to get access that the copyright owner plainly "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15155
+#: freeculture.xml:15160
msgid ""
"Any reform of the law needs to keep these different uses in focus. It must "
"avoid burdening type D even if it aims to eliminate type A. The eagerness "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15163
+#: freeculture.xml:15168
msgid ""
"As I said in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" "
"linkend=\"piracy\"/>, the actual harm caused by sharing is controversial. "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15171
+#: freeculture.xml:15176
msgid ""
"Nonetheless, there is a crucial fact about the current technological context "
"that we must keep in mind if we are to understand how the law should "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15176
+#: freeculture.xml:15181
msgid ""
"Today, file sharing is addictive. In ten years, it won't be. It is addictive "
"today because it is the easiest way to gain access to a broad range of "
#. PAGE BREAK 303
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15188
+#: freeculture.xml:15193
msgid ""
"But it will become a reality, and that means the way we get access to the "
"Internet today is a technology in transition. Policy makers should not make "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:15202
+#: freeculture.xml:15207
msgid "cell phones, music streamed over"
msgstr ""
#. f8.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15222
+#: freeculture.xml:15227
msgid ""
"See, for example, <quote>Music Media Watch,</quote> The J@pan "
"Inc. Newsletter, 3 April 2002, available at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15204
+#: freeculture.xml:15209
msgid ""
"In that world, it will be extremely easy to connect to services that give "
"you access to content on the fly—such as Internet radio, content that "
#. PAGE BREAK 304
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15229
+#: freeculture.xml:15234
msgid ""
"This point about the future is meant to suggest a perspective on the "
"present: It is emphatically temporary. The <quote>problem</quote> with file "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15245
+#: freeculture.xml:15250
msgid ""
"The answer begins with recognizing that there are different "
"<quote>problems</quote> here to solve. Let's start with type D "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15256
+#: freeculture.xml:15261
msgid ""
"Type C content raises a different <quote>problem.</quote> This is content "
"that was, at one time, published and is no longer available. It may be "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15267
+#: freeculture.xml:15272
msgid ""
"Again, the model here is the used book store. Once a book goes out of print, "
"it may still be available in libraries and used book stores. But libraries "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15277
+#: freeculture.xml:15282
msgid ""
"The model of used book stores suggests that the law could simply deem "
"out-of-print music fair game. If the publisher does not make copies of the "
#. PAGE BREAK 305
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15288
+#: freeculture.xml:15293
msgid ""
"Alternatively, the law could create a statutory license that would ensure "
"that artists get something from the trade of their work. For example, if the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15298
+#: freeculture.xml:15303
msgid ""
"This system would also create an incentive for publishers to keep works "
"available commercially. Works that are available commercially would not be "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15308
+#: freeculture.xml:15313
msgid ""
"The hard case is content of types A and B, and again, this case is hard only "
"because the extent of the problem will change over time, as the technologies "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15316
+#: freeculture.xml:15321
msgid ""
"So here's a solution that will at first seem very strange to both sides in "
"this war, but which upon reflection, I suggest, should make some sense."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15320
+#: freeculture.xml:15325
msgid ""
"Stripped of the rhetoric about the sanctity of property, the basic claim of "
"the content industry is this: A new technology (the Internet) has harmed a "
#. PAGE BREAK 306
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15331
+#: freeculture.xml:15336
msgid ""
"I love the Internet, and so I don't like likening it to tobacco or "
"asbestos. But the analogy is a fair one from the perspective of the law. "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:15338 freeculture.xml:15380
+#: freeculture.xml:15343 freeculture.xml:15385
msgid "Promises to Keep (Fisher)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:15378
+#: freeculture.xml:15383
msgid "Fisher, William"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15344
+#: freeculture.xml:15349
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> William Fisher, "
"<citetitle>Digital Music: Problems and Possibilities</citetitle> (last "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15340
+#: freeculture.xml:15345
msgid ""
"The idea would be a modification of a proposal that has been floated by "
"Harvard law professor William Fisher.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15394
+#: freeculture.xml:15399
msgid ""
"Fisher's proposal is careful and comprehensive. It raises a million "
"questions, most of which he answers well in his upcoming book, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:15410
+#: freeculture.xml:15415
msgid "semiotic democracy"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:15411
+#: freeculture.xml:15416
msgid "semiotic"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 307
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15413
+#: freeculture.xml:15418
msgid ""
"Fisher would balk at the idea of allowing the system to lapse. His aim is "
"not just to ensure that artists are paid, but also to ensure that the system "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:15426
+#: freeculture.xml:15431
msgid "MusicStore"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:15428
+#: freeculture.xml:15433
msgid "prices of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15430
+#: freeculture.xml:15435
msgid ""
"No doubt it would be difficult to calculate the proper measure of "
"<quote>harm</quote> to an industry. But the difficulty of making that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:15445
+#: freeculture.xml:15450
msgid "cable vs. broadcast"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:15448
+#: freeculture.xml:15453
msgid "luxury theatres vs. video piracy in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15450
+#: freeculture.xml:15455
msgid ""
"This competition has already occurred against the background of "
"<quote>free</quote> music from p2p systems. As the sellers of cable "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15462
+#: freeculture.xml:15467
msgid ""
"This regime of competition, with a backstop to assure that artists don't "
"lose, would facilitate a great deal of innovation in the delivery of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15471
+#: freeculture.xml:15476
msgid "In summary, then, my proposal is this:"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 308
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15476
+#: freeculture.xml:15481
msgid ""
"The Internet is in transition. We should not be regulating a technology in "
"transition. We should instead be regulating to minimize the harm to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15483
+#: freeculture.xml:15488
msgid "We can minimize that harm while maximizing the benefit to innovation by"
msgstr ""
#. 1.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15489
+#: freeculture.xml:15494
msgid "guaranteeing the right to engage in type D sharing;"
msgstr ""
#. 2.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15493
+#: freeculture.xml:15498
msgid ""
"permitting noncommercial type C sharing without liability, and commercial "
"type C sharing at a low and fixed rate set by statute;"
#. 3.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15499
+#: freeculture.xml:15504
msgid ""
"while in this transition, taxing and compensating for type A sharing, to the "
"extent actual harm is demonstrated."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15504
+#: freeculture.xml:15509
msgid ""
"But what if <quote>piracy</quote> doesn't disappear? What if there is a "
"competitive market providing content at a low cost, but a significant number "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15510
+#: freeculture.xml:15515
msgid ""
"Yes, it should. But, again, what it should do depends upon how the facts "
"develop. These changes may not eliminate type A sharing. But the real issue "
#. PAGE BREAK 309
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15524
+#: freeculture.xml:15529
msgid ""
"But we're a long way away from whittling the problem down to this subset of "
"type A sharers. And our focus until we're there should not be on finding "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:15535
+#: freeculture.xml:15540
msgid "5. Fire Lots of Lawyers"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15537
+#: freeculture.xml:15542
msgid ""
"I'm a lawyer. I make lawyers for a living. I believe in the law. I believe "
"in the law of copyright. Indeed, I have devoted my life to working in law, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15543
+#: freeculture.xml:15548
msgid ""
"Yet much of this book has been a criticism of lawyers, or the role lawyers "
"have played in this debate. The law speaks to ideals, but it is my view that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:15550
+#: freeculture.xml:15555
msgid "Nimmer, Melville"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:15551
+#: freeculture.xml:15556
msgid "Supreme Court challenge of"
msgstr ""
#. f10.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15562
+#: freeculture.xml:15567
msgid ""
"Lawrence Lessig, <quote>Copyright's First Amendment</quote> (Melville "
"B. Nimmer Memorial Lecture), <citetitle>UCLA Law Review</citetitle> 48 "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15553
+#: freeculture.xml:15558
msgid ""
"The evidence of this bending is compelling. I'm attacked as a "
"<quote>radical</quote> by many within the profession, yet the positions that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15568
+#: freeculture.xml:15573
msgid ""
"However, my criticism of the role that lawyers have played in this debate is "
"not just about a professional bias. It is more importantly about our failure "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15578
+#: freeculture.xml:15583
msgid ""
"A good example is the work of Professor Stan Liebowitz. Liebowitz is to be "
"commended for his careful review of data about infringement, leading him to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15573
+#: freeculture.xml:15578
msgid ""
"Economists are supposed to be good at reckoning costs and benefits. But "
"more often than not, economists, with no clue about how the legal system "
#. PAGE BREAK 310
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15602
+#: freeculture.xml:15607
msgid ""
"But the legal system doesn't work. Or more accurately, it doesn't work for "
"anyone except those with the most resources. Not because the system is "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15610
+#: freeculture.xml:15615
msgid ""
"These costs distort free culture in many ways. A lawyer's time is billed at "
"the largest firms at more than $400 per hour. How much time should such a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15620
+#: freeculture.xml:15625
msgid ""
"The costliness and clumsiness and randomness of this system mock our "
"tradition. And lawyers, as well as academics, should consider it their duty "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15628
+#: freeculture.xml:15633
msgid ""
"But until that reform is complete, we as a society should keep the law away "
"from areas that we know it will only harm. And that is precisely what the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15635
+#: freeculture.xml:15640
msgid ""
"Think about the amazing things your kid could do or make with digital "
"technology—the film, the music, the Web page, the blog. Or think about "
#. PAGE BREAK 311
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15644
+#: freeculture.xml:15649
msgid ""
"The law should regulate in certain areas of culture—but it should "
"regulate culture only where that regulation does good. Yet lawyers rarely "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15653
+#: freeculture.xml:15658
msgid ""
"We should ask, <quote>Why?</quote> Show me why your regulation of culture is "
"needed. Show me how it does good. And until you can show me both, keep your "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:15662
+#: freeculture.xml:15667
msgid "Notes"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15664
+#: freeculture.xml:15669
msgid ""
"Throughout this text, there are references to links on the World Wide "
"Web. As anyone who has tried to use the Web knows, these links can be highly "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:15684
+#: freeculture.xml:15689
msgid "Acknowledgments"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15686
+#: freeculture.xml:15691
msgid ""
"This book is the product of a long and as yet unsuccessful struggle that "
"began when I read of Eric Eldred's war to keep books free. Eldred's work "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15693
+#: freeculture.xml:15698
msgid ""
"I received guidance in various places from friends and academics, including "
"Glenn Brown, Peter DiCola, Jennifer Mnookin, Richard Posner, Mark Rose, and "
#. PAGE BREAK 337
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15706
+#: freeculture.xml:15711
msgid ""
"Yuko Noguchi helped me to understand the laws of Japan as well as its "
"culture. I am thankful to her, and to the many in Japan who helped me "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15717
+#: freeculture.xml:15722
msgid ""
"These are the traditional sorts of help that academics regularly draw "
"upon. But in addition to them, the Internet has made it possible to receive "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15737
+#: freeculture.xml:15742
msgid ""
"Richard Stallman and Michael Carroll each read the whole book in draft, and "
"each provided extremely helpful correction and advice. Michael helped me to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15746
+#: freeculture.xml:15751
msgid ""
"Finally, and forever, I am thankful to Bettina, who has always insisted that "
"there would be unending happiness away from these battles, and who has "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:15756
+#: freeculture.xml:15761
msgid "About this edition"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15758
+#: freeculture.xml:15763
msgid ""
"This edition of <citetitle>Free Culture</citetitle> is the result of three "
"years of volunteer work. The idea came from a discussion I had around ten "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15770
+#: freeculture.xml:15775
msgid ""
"Thanks to the Debian Edu / Skolelinux project, I already had experience "
"translating Docbook documents, and it seemed like a good format for this "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15782
+#: freeculture.xml:15787
msgid ""
"Several people joined, and Anders Hagen Jarmund, Kirill Miazine, Odd Kleiva, "
"Kjetil Kilhavn og Kjetil T. Homme assisted with the initial translation. "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15801
+#: freeculture.xml:15806
msgid ""
"At the end of the project, when the translation was done and it was time to "
"publish, NUUG Foundation was asked and was willing to sponsor books to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15808
+#: freeculture.xml:15813
msgid ""
"In addition to these great contributors, I am very grateful to Mari and my "
"family for their patience with me in this project."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15813
+#: freeculture.xml:15818
msgid "— Petter Reinholdtsen, Oslo 2015-09-07"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15823
+#: freeculture.xml:15828
msgid ""
"Free culture: How big media uses technology and the law to lock down culture "
"and control creativity / Lawrence Lessig."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15827
+#: freeculture.xml:15832
msgid "Copyright © 2004 Lawrence Lessig. Some rights reserved."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15831
+#: freeculture.xml:15836
msgid "<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15835
+#: freeculture.xml:15840
msgid ""
"Published in English and Norwegian Bokmål 2015 by Petter Reinholdtsen with "
"help from many volunteers. Typeset with dblatex using the font Crimson "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15841
+#: freeculture.xml:15846
msgid "First published 2004 by The Penguin Press."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15845
+#: freeculture.xml:15850
msgid ""
"Excerpt from an editorial titled <quote>The Coming of Copyright "
"Perpetuity,</quote> <citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle>, January 16, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15851
+#: freeculture.xml:15856
msgid ""
"Cartoon in figure <xref xrefstyle=\"template:%n\" "
"linkend=\"fig-1711-vcr-handgun-cartoonfig\"/> by Paul Conrad, copyright "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15857
+#: freeculture.xml:15862
msgid ""
"Diagram in figure <xref xrefstyle=\"template:%n\" "
"linkend=\"fig-1761-pattern-modern-media-ownership\"/> courtesy of the office "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15863
+#: freeculture.xml:15868
msgid "Cover created by Petter Reinholdtsen using inkscape."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15867
+#: freeculture.xml:15872
msgid ""
"The quotes on the cover came from <ulink "
"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/jacket/\"/>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15872
+#: freeculture.xml:15877
msgid ""
"Portrait on the cover was created 2013 by ActuaLitté and licensed under a "
"Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 license. It was downloaded from "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15879
+#: freeculture.xml:15884
msgid "Classifications:"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15883
+#: freeculture.xml:15888
msgid "(Dewey) 306.4, 306.40973, 306.46, 341.7582, 343.7309/9"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15892
+#: freeculture.xml:15897
msgid "(UDK) 347.78"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15896
+#: freeculture.xml:15901
msgid "(US Library of Congress) KF2979.L47 2004"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15900
+#: freeculture.xml:15905
msgid "(ACM CRCS) K.4.1"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15904
+#: freeculture.xml:15909
msgid "Thomas Gramstad Forlag donated the ISBN numbers."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15908
+#: freeculture.xml:15913
msgid ""
"Printing was sponsed by NUUG Foundation, <ulink "
"url=\"http://www.nuugfoundation.no/\"/>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15913
+#: freeculture.xml:15918
msgid "Includes index."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15920
+#: freeculture.xml:15925
msgid ""
"The Docbook source is available from <ulink "
"url=\"https://github.com/petterreinholdtsen/free-culture-lessig\"/>. Please "
msgstr ""
#. type: Attribute 'fileref' of: <book><colophon><para><informalfigure><graphic>
-#: freeculture.xml:15927
+#: freeculture.xml:15932
msgid "images/cc.svg"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15939
+#: freeculture.xml:15944
msgid ""
"This book is a proof reading draft. Please visit the github URL above to "
"get the latest version."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:15948
+#: freeculture.xml:15953
msgid "Format / MIME-type"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:15949
+#: freeculture.xml:15954
msgid "ISBN"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:15954
+#: freeculture.xml:15959
msgid "US Trade edition from lulu.com"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:15955
+#: freeculture.xml:15960
msgid "978-82-8067-010-6"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:15958
+#: freeculture.xml:15963
msgid "application/pdf"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:15959
+#: freeculture.xml:15964
msgid "978-82-8067-011-3"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:15962
+#: freeculture.xml:15967
msgid "application/epub+zip"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:15963
+#: freeculture.xml:15968
msgid "978-82-8067-012-0"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:15966
+#: freeculture.xml:15971
msgid "application/x-mobipocket-ebook"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:15967
+#: freeculture.xml:15972
msgid "978-82-8067-013-7"
msgstr ""
projects / text-free-culture-lessig.git / commitdiff