From: Petter Reinholdtsen Date: Thu, 17 Sep 2015 09:44:54 +0000 (+0200) Subject: Generated. X-Git-Tag: edition-2015-10-10~61 X-Git-Url: https://pere.pagekite.me/gitweb/text-free-culture-lessig.git/commitdiff_plain/1c530bdd0d16a50ceb93924e2ed90853b7f0293f Generated. --- diff --git a/freeculture.pot b/freeculture.pot index 7ea8af4..bedd97b 100644 --- a/freeculture.pot +++ b/freeculture.pot @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n" -"POT-Creation-Date: 2015-09-17 11:01+0200\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2015-09-17 11:43+0200\n" "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n" "Last-Translator: FULL NAME \n" "Language-Team: LANGUAGE \n" @@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:95 freeculture.xml:15932 +#: freeculture.xml:95 freeculture.xml:15937 msgid "" "This book is licensed under a Creative Commons license. This license permits " "non-commercial use of this work, so long as attribution is given. For more " @@ -344,12 +344,12 @@ msgid "power, concentration of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:335 freeculture.xml:13948 +#: freeculture.xml:335 freeculture.xml:13953 msgid "CodePink Women in Peace" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:336 freeculture.xml:357 freeculture.xml:13949 +#: freeculture.xml:336 freeculture.xml:357 freeculture.xml:13954 msgid "Safire, William" msgstr "" @@ -471,17 +471,17 @@ msgid "air traffic, land ownership vs." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:426 freeculture.xml:14980 +#: freeculture.xml:426 freeculture.xml:14985 msgid "land ownership, air traffic and" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:427 freeculture.xml:4693 freeculture.xml:13850 freeculture.xml:14981 +#: freeculture.xml:427 freeculture.xml:4693 freeculture.xml:13855 freeculture.xml:14986 msgid "property rights" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:427 freeculture.xml:14981 +#: freeculture.xml:427 freeculture.xml:14986 msgid "air traffic vs." msgstr "" @@ -518,12 +518,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:451 freeculture.xml:464 freeculture.xml:497 freeculture.xml:517 freeculture.xml:703 freeculture.xml:831 freeculture.xml:958 freeculture.xml:976 freeculture.xml:1024 freeculture.xml:9642 freeculture.xml:13265 freeculture.xml:14052 +#: freeculture.xml:451 freeculture.xml:464 freeculture.xml:497 freeculture.xml:517 freeculture.xml:703 freeculture.xml:831 freeculture.xml:958 freeculture.xml:976 freeculture.xml:1024 freeculture.xml:9642 freeculture.xml:13270 freeculture.xml:14057 msgid "Causby, Thomas Lee" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:452 freeculture.xml:465 freeculture.xml:498 freeculture.xml:518 freeculture.xml:704 freeculture.xml:832 freeculture.xml:959 freeculture.xml:977 freeculture.xml:1025 freeculture.xml:9643 freeculture.xml:13266 freeculture.xml:14053 +#: freeculture.xml:452 freeculture.xml:465 freeculture.xml:498 freeculture.xml:518 freeculture.xml:704 freeculture.xml:832 freeculture.xml:959 freeculture.xml:977 freeculture.xml:1025 freeculture.xml:9643 freeculture.xml:13271 freeculture.xml:14058 msgid "Causby, Tinie" msgstr "" @@ -547,7 +547,7 @@ msgid "Douglas, William O." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:467 freeculture.xml:4581 freeculture.xml:5184 freeculture.xml:8955 freeculture.xml:12293 freeculture.xml:12294 freeculture.xml:14364 +#: freeculture.xml:467 freeculture.xml:4581 freeculture.xml:5184 freeculture.xml:8955 freeculture.xml:12298 freeculture.xml:12299 freeculture.xml:14369 msgid "Supreme Court, U.S." msgstr "" @@ -637,7 +637,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:542 freeculture.xml:9650 freeculture.xml:10352 +#: freeculture.xml:542 freeculture.xml:9650 freeculture.xml:10357 msgid "Armstrong, Edwin Howard" msgstr "" @@ -657,7 +657,7 @@ msgid "Faraday, Michael" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:546 freeculture.xml:3373 freeculture.xml:4316 freeculture.xml:6874 freeculture.xml:8667 freeculture.xml:10256 freeculture.xml:10304 +#: freeculture.xml:546 freeculture.xml:3373 freeculture.xml:4316 freeculture.xml:6874 freeculture.xml:8667 freeculture.xml:10261 freeculture.xml:10309 msgid "radio" msgstr "" @@ -732,7 +732,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:598 freeculture.xml:6877 freeculture.xml:14116 +#: freeculture.xml:598 freeculture.xml:6877 freeculture.xml:14121 msgid "RCA" msgstr "" @@ -913,12 +913,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:723 freeculture.xml:1097 freeculture.xml:2315 freeculture.xml:2352 freeculture.xml:2365 freeculture.xml:2449 freeculture.xml:2483 freeculture.xml:2509 freeculture.xml:2760 freeculture.xml:4186 freeculture.xml:6757 freeculture.xml:7620 freeculture.xml:7688 freeculture.xml:7976 freeculture.xml:10255 freeculture.xml:13581 freeculture.xml:14147 freeculture.xml:14148 freeculture.xml:14222 freeculture.xml:14753 +#: freeculture.xml:723 freeculture.xml:1097 freeculture.xml:2315 freeculture.xml:2352 freeculture.xml:2365 freeculture.xml:2449 freeculture.xml:2483 freeculture.xml:2509 freeculture.xml:2760 freeculture.xml:4186 freeculture.xml:6757 freeculture.xml:7620 freeculture.xml:7688 freeculture.xml:7976 freeculture.xml:10260 freeculture.xml:13586 freeculture.xml:14152 freeculture.xml:14153 freeculture.xml:14227 freeculture.xml:14758 msgid "Internet" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:723 freeculture.xml:4733 freeculture.xml:13581 freeculture.xml:14147 +#: freeculture.xml:723 freeculture.xml:4733 freeculture.xml:13586 freeculture.xml:14152 msgid "development of" msgstr "" @@ -979,7 +979,7 @@ msgid "culture" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:761 freeculture.xml:810 freeculture.xml:1701 freeculture.xml:5291 freeculture.xml:6526 freeculture.xml:14187 +#: freeculture.xml:761 freeculture.xml:810 freeculture.xml:1701 freeculture.xml:5291 freeculture.xml:6526 freeculture.xml:14192 msgid "free culture" msgstr "" @@ -1068,8 +1068,8 @@ msgstr "" msgid "permission culture vs." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:811 +#. type: Content of:
+#: freeculture.xml:811 freeculture.xml:10105 msgid "permission culture" msgstr "" @@ -1079,7 +1079,7 @@ msgid "free culture vs." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:817 freeculture.xml:10239 +#: freeculture.xml:817 freeculture.xml:10244 msgid "Litman, Jessica" msgstr "" @@ -1158,7 +1158,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:877 freeculture.xml:4400 freeculture.xml:6298 freeculture.xml:7575 freeculture.xml:11222 freeculture.xml:13154 +#: freeculture.xml:877 freeculture.xml:4400 freeculture.xml:6298 freeculture.xml:7575 freeculture.xml:11227 freeculture.xml:13159 msgid "Valenti, Jack" msgstr "" @@ -1212,7 +1212,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:909 freeculture.xml:6909 freeculture.xml:7022 freeculture.xml:7023 freeculture.xml:7024 freeculture.xml:7073 freeculture.xml:7663 freeculture.xml:8953 freeculture.xml:11248 freeculture.xml:11550 freeculture.xml:12204 freeculture.xml:12365 +#: freeculture.xml:909 freeculture.xml:6909 freeculture.xml:7022 freeculture.xml:7023 freeculture.xml:7024 freeculture.xml:7073 freeculture.xml:7663 freeculture.xml:8953 freeculture.xml:11253 freeculture.xml:11555 freeculture.xml:12209 freeculture.xml:12370 msgid "Constitution, U.S." msgstr "" @@ -1222,7 +1222,7 @@ msgid "First Amendment to" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:910 freeculture.xml:1075 freeculture.xml:1183 freeculture.xml:1209 freeculture.xml:1433 freeculture.xml:1554 freeculture.xml:1598 freeculture.xml:1712 freeculture.xml:3123 freeculture.xml:3218 freeculture.xml:4314 freeculture.xml:4315 freeculture.xml:4344 freeculture.xml:4733 freeculture.xml:4734 freeculture.xml:5335 freeculture.xml:6528 freeculture.xml:6976 freeculture.xml:7060 freeculture.xml:7061 freeculture.xml:7246 freeculture.xml:7346 freeculture.xml:7378 freeculture.xml:7408 freeculture.xml:7443 freeculture.xml:7557 freeculture.xml:7558 freeculture.xml:7619 freeculture.xml:7657 freeculture.xml:7757 freeculture.xml:7771 freeculture.xml:7830 freeculture.xml:7831 freeculture.xml:7929 freeculture.xml:9875 freeculture.xml:10228 freeculture.xml:11187 freeculture.xml:11233 +#: freeculture.xml:910 freeculture.xml:1075 freeculture.xml:1183 freeculture.xml:1209 freeculture.xml:1433 freeculture.xml:1554 freeculture.xml:1598 freeculture.xml:1712 freeculture.xml:3123 freeculture.xml:3218 freeculture.xml:4314 freeculture.xml:4315 freeculture.xml:4344 freeculture.xml:4733 freeculture.xml:4734 freeculture.xml:5335 freeculture.xml:6528 freeculture.xml:6976 freeculture.xml:7060 freeculture.xml:7061 freeculture.xml:7246 freeculture.xml:7346 freeculture.xml:7378 freeculture.xml:7408 freeculture.xml:7443 freeculture.xml:7557 freeculture.xml:7558 freeculture.xml:7619 freeculture.xml:7657 freeculture.xml:7757 freeculture.xml:7771 freeculture.xml:7830 freeculture.xml:7831 freeculture.xml:7929 freeculture.xml:9875 freeculture.xml:10233 freeculture.xml:11192 freeculture.xml:11238 msgid "copyright law" msgstr "" @@ -1237,7 +1237,7 @@ msgid "First Amendment" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:912 freeculture.xml:922 freeculture.xml:15379 +#: freeculture.xml:912 freeculture.xml:922 freeculture.xml:15384 msgid "Netanel, Neil Weinstock" msgstr "" @@ -1299,7 +1299,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:960 freeculture.xml:1147 freeculture.xml:13497 freeculture.xml:13580 freeculture.xml:13750 +#: freeculture.xml:960 freeculture.xml:1147 freeculture.xml:13502 freeculture.xml:13585 freeculture.xml:13755 msgid "intellectual property rights" msgstr "" @@ -1495,7 +1495,7 @@ msgid "efficient content distribution on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1098 freeculture.xml:3905 freeculture.xml:4263 freeculture.xml:6249 freeculture.xml:6758 freeculture.xml:11236 +#: freeculture.xml:1098 freeculture.xml:3905 freeculture.xml:4263 freeculture.xml:6249 freeculture.xml:6758 freeculture.xml:11241 msgid "peer-to-peer (p2p) file sharing" msgstr "" @@ -1798,7 +1798,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1270 freeculture.xml:1488 freeculture.xml:1542 freeculture.xml:1683 freeculture.xml:1929 freeculture.xml:4568 freeculture.xml:6266 freeculture.xml:7536 freeculture.xml:11128 freeculture.xml:11553 +#: freeculture.xml:1270 freeculture.xml:1488 freeculture.xml:1542 freeculture.xml:1683 freeculture.xml:1929 freeculture.xml:4568 freeculture.xml:6266 freeculture.xml:7536 freeculture.xml:11133 freeculture.xml:11558 msgid "Disney, Walt" msgstr "" @@ -1916,7 +1916,7 @@ msgid "piracy vs." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1339 freeculture.xml:1499 freeculture.xml:3012 freeculture.xml:3723 freeculture.xml:7445 freeculture.xml:7623 freeculture.xml:15447 +#: freeculture.xml:1339 freeculture.xml:1499 freeculture.xml:3012 freeculture.xml:3723 freeculture.xml:7445 freeculture.xml:7623 freeculture.xml:15452 msgid "piracy" msgstr "" @@ -1989,7 +1989,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1388 freeculture.xml:1684 freeculture.xml:11129 +#: freeculture.xml:1388 freeculture.xml:1684 freeculture.xml:11134 msgid "Grimm fairy tales" msgstr "" @@ -2046,17 +2046,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1433 freeculture.xml:1434 freeculture.xml:4786 freeculture.xml:4787 freeculture.xml:4853 freeculture.xml:4891 freeculture.xml:4947 freeculture.xml:4993 freeculture.xml:5128 freeculture.xml:5222 freeculture.xml:6725 freeculture.xml:7025 freeculture.xml:7026 freeculture.xml:7029 freeculture.xml:7102 freeculture.xml:7128 freeculture.xml:7168 freeculture.xml:7292 freeculture.xml:7339 freeculture.xml:7376 freeculture.xml:7679 freeculture.xml:7850 freeculture.xml:11186 freeculture.xml:11210 freeculture.xml:11551 freeculture.xml:11552 freeculture.xml:14095 freeculture.xml:14129 +#: freeculture.xml:1433 freeculture.xml:1434 freeculture.xml:4786 freeculture.xml:4787 freeculture.xml:4853 freeculture.xml:4891 freeculture.xml:4947 freeculture.xml:4993 freeculture.xml:5128 freeculture.xml:5222 freeculture.xml:6725 freeculture.xml:7025 freeculture.xml:7026 freeculture.xml:7029 freeculture.xml:7102 freeculture.xml:7128 freeculture.xml:7168 freeculture.xml:7292 freeculture.xml:7339 freeculture.xml:7376 freeculture.xml:7679 freeculture.xml:7850 freeculture.xml:11191 freeculture.xml:11215 freeculture.xml:11556 freeculture.xml:11557 freeculture.xml:14100 freeculture.xml:14134 msgid "copyright" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1434 freeculture.xml:4786 freeculture.xml:4947 freeculture.xml:7026 freeculture.xml:7029 freeculture.xml:7128 freeculture.xml:11186 freeculture.xml:11552 +#: freeculture.xml:1434 freeculture.xml:4786 freeculture.xml:4947 freeculture.xml:7026 freeculture.xml:7029 freeculture.xml:7128 freeculture.xml:11191 freeculture.xml:11557 msgid "duration of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1435 freeculture.xml:1436 freeculture.xml:5223 freeculture.xml:7132 freeculture.xml:7257 freeculture.xml:8144 freeculture.xml:11120 freeculture.xml:13585 freeculture.xml:14381 freeculture.xml:14382 +#: freeculture.xml:1435 freeculture.xml:1436 freeculture.xml:5223 freeculture.xml:7132 freeculture.xml:7257 freeculture.xml:8144 freeculture.xml:11125 freeculture.xml:13590 freeculture.xml:14386 freeculture.xml:14387 msgid "public domain" msgstr "" @@ -2678,7 +2678,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1894 freeculture.xml:2000 freeculture.xml:2380 freeculture.xml:2398 freeculture.xml:8841 freeculture.xml:9676 freeculture.xml:15411 +#: freeculture.xml:1894 freeculture.xml:2000 freeculture.xml:2380 freeculture.xml:2398 freeculture.xml:8841 freeculture.xml:9676 freeculture.xml:15416 msgid "democracy" msgstr "" @@ -2818,7 +2818,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1982 freeculture.xml:3827 freeculture.xml:3849 freeculture.xml:3850 freeculture.xml:3906 freeculture.xml:4262 freeculture.xml:5814 freeculture.xml:10042 freeculture.xml:10951 +#: freeculture.xml:1982 freeculture.xml:3827 freeculture.xml:3849 freeculture.xml:3850 freeculture.xml:3906 freeculture.xml:4262 freeculture.xml:5814 freeculture.xml:10042 freeculture.xml:10956 msgid "Napster" msgstr "" @@ -2964,7 +2964,7 @@ msgid "commercials" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2077 freeculture.xml:6834 freeculture.xml:8922 freeculture.xml:8956 freeculture.xml:15445 +#: freeculture.xml:2077 freeculture.xml:6834 freeculture.xml:8922 freeculture.xml:8956 freeculture.xml:15450 msgid "television" msgstr "" @@ -3906,7 +3906,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2743 freeculture.xml:5978 freeculture.xml:6019 freeculture.xml:11630 freeculture.xml:11888 +#: freeculture.xml:2743 freeculture.xml:5978 freeculture.xml:6019 freeculture.xml:11635 freeculture.xml:11893 msgid "Kahle, Brewster" msgstr "" @@ -4011,7 +4011,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2798 freeculture.xml:3728 freeculture.xml:3730 freeculture.xml:3731 freeculture.xml:5566 freeculture.xml:8274 freeculture.xml:13684 freeculture.xml:13753 +#: freeculture.xml:2798 freeculture.xml:3728 freeculture.xml:3730 freeculture.xml:3731 freeculture.xml:5566 freeculture.xml:8274 freeculture.xml:13689 freeculture.xml:13758 msgid "Microsoft" msgstr "" @@ -4099,7 +4099,7 @@ msgid "against student file sharing" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2858 freeculture.xml:2956 freeculture.xml:3219 freeculture.xml:3348 freeculture.xml:4317 freeculture.xml:4318 freeculture.xml:4319 freeculture.xml:6250 freeculture.xml:9992 freeculture.xml:10406 freeculture.xml:10407 freeculture.xml:10408 freeculture.xml:10564 +#: freeculture.xml:2858 freeculture.xml:2956 freeculture.xml:3219 freeculture.xml:3348 freeculture.xml:4317 freeculture.xml:4318 freeculture.xml:4319 freeculture.xml:6250 freeculture.xml:9992 freeculture.xml:10411 freeculture.xml:10412 freeculture.xml:10413 freeculture.xml:10569 msgid "recording industry" msgstr "" @@ -4109,7 +4109,7 @@ msgid "copyright infringement lawsuits of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2859 freeculture.xml:2888 freeculture.xml:2957 freeculture.xml:9993 freeculture.xml:10409 freeculture.xml:10410 freeculture.xml:10562 +#: freeculture.xml:2859 freeculture.xml:2888 freeculture.xml:2957 freeculture.xml:9993 freeculture.xml:10414 freeculture.xml:10415 freeculture.xml:10567 msgid "Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)" msgstr "" @@ -4271,22 +4271,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2955 freeculture.xml:3349 freeculture.xml:4310 freeculture.xml:5575 freeculture.xml:5624 freeculture.xml:10301 freeculture.xml:10402 freeculture.xml:10563 freeculture.xml:10586 freeculture.xml:15344 freeculture.xml:15409 +#: freeculture.xml:2955 freeculture.xml:3349 freeculture.xml:4310 freeculture.xml:5575 freeculture.xml:5624 freeculture.xml:10306 freeculture.xml:10407 freeculture.xml:10568 freeculture.xml:10591 freeculture.xml:15349 freeculture.xml:15414 msgid "artists" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2955 freeculture.xml:3349 freeculture.xml:4310 freeculture.xml:10301 freeculture.xml:10402 freeculture.xml:10563 freeculture.xml:10586 freeculture.xml:15344 freeculture.xml:15409 +#: freeculture.xml:2955 freeculture.xml:3349 freeculture.xml:4310 freeculture.xml:10306 freeculture.xml:10407 freeculture.xml:10568 freeculture.xml:10591 freeculture.xml:15349 freeculture.xml:15414 msgid "recording industry payments to" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2956 freeculture.xml:4317 freeculture.xml:10406 freeculture.xml:10564 +#: freeculture.xml:2956 freeculture.xml:4317 freeculture.xml:10411 freeculture.xml:10569 msgid "artist remuneration in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2957 freeculture.xml:10410 +#: freeculture.xml:2957 freeculture.xml:10415 msgid "lobbying power of" msgstr "" @@ -4382,12 +4382,12 @@ msgid "Hollywood film industry" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3027 freeculture.xml:7811 freeculture.xml:15448 +#: freeculture.xml:3027 freeculture.xml:7811 freeculture.xml:15453 msgid "film industry" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:3029 freeculture.xml:7268 freeculture.xml:11190 freeculture.xml:11191 freeculture.xml:13326 freeculture.xml:13808 +#: freeculture.xml:3029 freeculture.xml:7268 freeculture.xml:11195 freeculture.xml:11196 freeculture.xml:13331 freeculture.xml:13813 msgid "patents" msgstr "" @@ -4447,12 +4447,12 @@ msgid "General Film Company" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3063 freeculture.xml:3367 freeculture.xml:4550 freeculture.xml:10452 +#: freeculture.xml:3063 freeculture.xml:3367 freeculture.xml:4550 freeculture.xml:10457 msgid "Picker, Randal C." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3087 freeculture.xml:4549 freeculture.xml:10169 freeculture.xml:10282 +#: freeculture.xml:3087 freeculture.xml:4549 freeculture.xml:10174 freeculture.xml:10287 msgid "broadcast flag" msgstr "" @@ -4677,22 +4677,22 @@ msgid "player pianos" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:3216 freeculture.xml:3217 freeculture.xml:4312 freeculture.xml:4313 freeculture.xml:4398 freeculture.xml:4399 freeculture.xml:7036 freeculture.xml:7129 freeculture.xml:7244 freeculture.xml:7245 freeculture.xml:10403 freeculture.xml:10404 freeculture.xml:10405 freeculture.xml:11185 freeculture.xml:11247 freeculture.xml:11459 freeculture.xml:11534 freeculture.xml:12203 freeculture.xml:12292 freeculture.xml:12362 freeculture.xml:12364 +#: freeculture.xml:3216 freeculture.xml:3217 freeculture.xml:4312 freeculture.xml:4313 freeculture.xml:4398 freeculture.xml:4399 freeculture.xml:7036 freeculture.xml:7129 freeculture.xml:7244 freeculture.xml:7245 freeculture.xml:10408 freeculture.xml:10409 freeculture.xml:10410 freeculture.xml:11190 freeculture.xml:11252 freeculture.xml:11464 freeculture.xml:11539 freeculture.xml:12208 freeculture.xml:12297 freeculture.xml:12367 freeculture.xml:12369 msgid "Congress, U.S." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3216 freeculture.xml:4312 freeculture.xml:4398 freeculture.xml:7129 freeculture.xml:7244 freeculture.xml:10403 +#: freeculture.xml:3216 freeculture.xml:4312 freeculture.xml:4398 freeculture.xml:7129 freeculture.xml:7244 freeculture.xml:10408 msgid "on copyright laws" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3217 freeculture.xml:4313 freeculture.xml:10405 +#: freeculture.xml:3217 freeculture.xml:4313 freeculture.xml:10410 msgid "on recording industry" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3218 freeculture.xml:4315 freeculture.xml:10228 +#: freeculture.xml:3218 freeculture.xml:4315 freeculture.xml:10233 msgid "statutory licenses in" msgstr "" @@ -4764,7 +4764,7 @@ msgid "compulsory license" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3262 freeculture.xml:4320 freeculture.xml:10227 +#: freeculture.xml:3262 freeculture.xml:4320 freeculture.xml:10232 msgid "statutory licenses" msgstr "" @@ -4780,7 +4780,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3271 freeculture.xml:15040 +#: freeculture.xml:3271 freeculture.xml:15045 msgid "Grisham, John" msgstr "" @@ -4870,7 +4870,7 @@ msgid "Radio" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3348 freeculture.xml:4319 freeculture.xml:10407 +#: freeculture.xml:3348 freeculture.xml:4319 freeculture.xml:10412 msgid "radio broadcast and" msgstr "" @@ -4913,12 +4913,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3373 freeculture.xml:4316 freeculture.xml:10304 +#: freeculture.xml:3373 freeculture.xml:4316 freeculture.xml:10309 msgid "music recordings played on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:3385 freeculture.xml:9466 freeculture.xml:9945 freeculture.xml:13078 +#: freeculture.xml:3385 freeculture.xml:9466 freeculture.xml:9945 freeculture.xml:13083 msgid "Lovett, Lyle" msgstr "" @@ -4991,7 +4991,7 @@ msgid "Cable TV" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3429 freeculture.xml:4334 freeculture.xml:8639 freeculture.xml:8679 freeculture.xml:15444 +#: freeculture.xml:3429 freeculture.xml:4334 freeculture.xml:8639 freeculture.xml:8679 freeculture.xml:15449 msgid "cable television" msgstr "" @@ -5235,12 +5235,12 @@ msgid "Piracy I" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3592 freeculture.xml:3672 freeculture.xml:3722 freeculture.xml:15446 +#: freeculture.xml:3592 freeculture.xml:3672 freeculture.xml:3722 freeculture.xml:15451 msgid "Asia, commercial piracy in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3593 freeculture.xml:4052 freeculture.xml:9946 freeculture.xml:10804 freeculture.xml:14835 freeculture.xml:15428 +#: freeculture.xml:3593 freeculture.xml:4052 freeculture.xml:9946 freeculture.xml:10809 freeculture.xml:14840 freeculture.xml:15433 msgid "CDs" msgstr "" @@ -5322,7 +5322,7 @@ msgid "agricultural patents" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:3666 freeculture.xml:13371 freeculture.xml:13863 freeculture.xml:13870 +#: freeculture.xml:3666 freeculture.xml:13376 freeculture.xml:13868 freeculture.xml:13875 msgid "Drahos, Peter" msgstr "" @@ -5359,7 +5359,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3687 freeculture.xml:3971 freeculture.xml:15594 +#: freeculture.xml:3687 freeculture.xml:3971 freeculture.xml:15599 msgid "Liebowitz, Stan" msgstr "" @@ -5422,7 +5422,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3723 freeculture.xml:15447 +#: freeculture.xml:3723 freeculture.xml:15452 msgid "in Asia" msgstr "" @@ -5432,17 +5432,17 @@ msgid "open-source software" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3724 freeculture.xml:3725 freeculture.xml:13682 freeculture.xml:14274 +#: freeculture.xml:3724 freeculture.xml:3725 freeculture.xml:13687 freeculture.xml:14279 msgid "free software/open-source software (FS/OSS)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3726 freeculture.xml:3756 freeculture.xml:12134 freeculture.xml:13697 freeculture.xml:14330 +#: freeculture.xml:3726 freeculture.xml:3756 freeculture.xml:12139 freeculture.xml:13702 freeculture.xml:14335 msgid "GNU/Linux operating system" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3727 freeculture.xml:3757 freeculture.xml:12136 freeculture.xml:13698 freeculture.xml:14331 +#: freeculture.xml:3727 freeculture.xml:3757 freeculture.xml:12141 freeculture.xml:13703 freeculture.xml:14336 msgid "Linux operating system" msgstr "" @@ -5483,12 +5483,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3745 freeculture.xml:4808 freeculture.xml:5032 freeculture.xml:6529 freeculture.xml:6605 freeculture.xml:6742 freeculture.xml:7159 freeculture.xml:14362 +#: freeculture.xml:3745 freeculture.xml:4808 freeculture.xml:5032 freeculture.xml:6529 freeculture.xml:6605 freeculture.xml:6742 freeculture.xml:7159 freeculture.xml:14367 msgid "law" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3745 freeculture.xml:14362 +#: freeculture.xml:3745 freeculture.xml:14367 msgid "databases of case reports in" msgstr "" @@ -5843,12 +5843,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3988 freeculture.xml:3997 freeculture.xml:4367 freeculture.xml:8434 freeculture.xml:8463 freeculture.xml:10225 freeculture.xml:15152 +#: freeculture.xml:3988 freeculture.xml:3997 freeculture.xml:4367 freeculture.xml:8434 freeculture.xml:8463 freeculture.xml:10230 freeculture.xml:15157 msgid "cassette recording" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3988 freeculture.xml:4367 freeculture.xml:8434 freeculture.xml:8463 freeculture.xml:10225 freeculture.xml:10226 freeculture.xml:15152 freeculture.xml:15153 +#: freeculture.xml:3988 freeculture.xml:4367 freeculture.xml:8434 freeculture.xml:8463 freeculture.xml:10230 freeculture.xml:10231 freeculture.xml:15157 freeculture.xml:15158 msgid "VCRs" msgstr "" @@ -6069,12 +6069,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:4154 freeculture.xml:4163 freeculture.xml:4184 freeculture.xml:4208 freeculture.xml:4732 freeculture.xml:6190 freeculture.xml:6195 freeculture.xml:6247 freeculture.xml:7230 freeculture.xml:7231 freeculture.xml:7618 freeculture.xml:7687 freeculture.xml:7975 freeculture.xml:14534 freeculture.xml:15264 freeculture.xml:15265 +#: freeculture.xml:4154 freeculture.xml:4163 freeculture.xml:4184 freeculture.xml:4208 freeculture.xml:4732 freeculture.xml:6190 freeculture.xml:6195 freeculture.xml:6247 freeculture.xml:7230 freeculture.xml:7231 freeculture.xml:7618 freeculture.xml:7687 freeculture.xml:7975 freeculture.xml:14539 freeculture.xml:15269 freeculture.xml:15270 msgid "books" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:4154 freeculture.xml:4163 freeculture.xml:7230 freeculture.xml:15265 +#: freeculture.xml:4154 freeculture.xml:4163 freeculture.xml:7230 freeculture.xml:15270 msgid "resales of" msgstr "" @@ -6113,7 +6113,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:4184 freeculture.xml:6190 freeculture.xml:6195 freeculture.xml:7231 freeculture.xml:15264 +#: freeculture.xml:4184 freeculture.xml:6190 freeculture.xml:6195 freeculture.xml:7231 freeculture.xml:15269 msgid "out of print" msgstr "" @@ -6155,7 +6155,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:4208 freeculture.xml:14534 +#: freeculture.xml:4208 freeculture.xml:14539 msgid "free on-line releases of" msgstr "" @@ -6780,7 +6780,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:4673 freeculture.xml:6488 freeculture.xml:14521 +#: freeculture.xml:4673 freeculture.xml:6488 freeculture.xml:14526 msgid "Jefferson, Thomas" msgstr "" @@ -6875,7 +6875,7 @@ msgid "England, copyright laws developed in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:4736 freeculture.xml:14058 +#: freeculture.xml:4736 freeculture.xml:14063 msgid "United Kingdom" msgstr "" @@ -7271,7 +7271,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:4993 freeculture.xml:5128 freeculture.xml:5222 freeculture.xml:11210 +#: freeculture.xml:4993 freeculture.xml:5128 freeculture.xml:5222 freeculture.xml:11215 msgid "in perpetuity" msgstr "" @@ -7394,7 +7394,7 @@ msgid "Erskine, Andrew" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:5090 freeculture.xml:15691 +#: freeculture.xml:5090 freeculture.xml:15696 msgid "Rose, Mark" msgstr "" @@ -8075,7 +8075,7 @@ msgid "Allen, Paul" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:5565 freeculture.xml:5625 freeculture.xml:5810 freeculture.xml:10561 freeculture.xml:15055 +#: freeculture.xml:5565 freeculture.xml:5625 freeculture.xml:5810 freeculture.xml:10566 freeculture.xml:15060 msgid "Alben, Alex" msgstr "" @@ -8576,7 +8576,7 @@ msgid "Chapter Nine: Collectors" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:5925 freeculture.xml:9296 freeculture.xml:11643 freeculture.xml:11889 +#: freeculture.xml:5925 freeculture.xml:9296 freeculture.xml:11648 freeculture.xml:11894 msgid "archives, digital" msgstr "" @@ -8731,7 +8731,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:6030 freeculture.xml:6085 freeculture.xml:10546 +#: freeculture.xml:6030 freeculture.xml:6085 freeculture.xml:10551 msgid "Library of Congress" msgstr "" @@ -8746,7 +8746,7 @@ msgid "Vanderbilt University" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:6034 freeculture.xml:11119 freeculture.xml:14233 freeculture.xml:14363 freeculture.xml:14399 +#: freeculture.xml:6034 freeculture.xml:11124 freeculture.xml:14238 freeculture.xml:14368 freeculture.xml:14404 msgid "libraries" msgstr "" @@ -9116,7 +9116,7 @@ msgid "Johnson, Lyndon" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:6297 freeculture.xml:10302 +#: freeculture.xml:6297 freeculture.xml:10307 msgid "Kennedy, John F." msgstr "" @@ -9420,7 +9420,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:6525 freeculture.xml:8060 freeculture.xml:9928 freeculture.xml:11250 freeculture.xml:11296 freeculture.xml:13636 +#: freeculture.xml:6525 freeculture.xml:8060 freeculture.xml:9928 freeculture.xml:11255 freeculture.xml:11301 freeculture.xml:13641 msgid "Lessig, Lawrence" msgstr "" @@ -9430,7 +9430,7 @@ msgid "four modalities of constraint on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:6527 freeculture.xml:6788 freeculture.xml:9877 freeculture.xml:9994 +#: freeculture.xml:6527 freeculture.xml:6788 freeculture.xml:9877 freeculture.xml:9994 freeculture.xml:10106 msgid "regulation" msgstr "" @@ -9505,7 +9505,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:6575 freeculture.xml:6624 freeculture.xml:6718 freeculture.xml:6759 freeculture.xml:9886 freeculture.xml:10120 +#: freeculture.xml:6575 freeculture.xml:6624 freeculture.xml:6718 freeculture.xml:6759 freeculture.xml:9886 freeculture.xml:10104 msgid "market constraints" msgstr "" @@ -9752,7 +9752,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:6771 freeculture.xml:7621 freeculture.xml:7930 +#: freeculture.xml:6771 freeculture.xml:7621 freeculture.xml:7930 freeculture.xml:10107 msgid "technology" msgstr "" @@ -9894,12 +9894,12 @@ msgid "free market, technological changes in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:6872 freeculture.xml:15633 +#: freeculture.xml:6872 freeculture.xml:15638 msgid "Brezhnev, Leonid" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:6875 freeculture.xml:13822 +#: freeculture.xml:6875 freeculture.xml:13827 msgid "Gates, Bill" msgstr "" @@ -10128,17 +10128,17 @@ msgid "on creative property" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:7023 freeculture.xml:11550 +#: freeculture.xml:7023 freeculture.xml:11555 msgid "copyright purpose established in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:7024 freeculture.xml:11248 freeculture.xml:12365 +#: freeculture.xml:7024 freeculture.xml:11253 freeculture.xml:12370 msgid "Progress Clause of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:7025 freeculture.xml:11551 +#: freeculture.xml:7025 freeculture.xml:11556 msgid "constitutional purpose of" msgstr "" @@ -10148,7 +10148,7 @@ msgid "constitutional tradition on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:7028 freeculture.xml:11249 freeculture.xml:12363 +#: freeculture.xml:7028 freeculture.xml:11254 freeculture.xml:12368 msgid "Progress Clause" msgstr "" @@ -10162,7 +10162,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:7036 freeculture.xml:12362 +#: freeculture.xml:7036 freeculture.xml:12367 msgid "in constitutional Progress Clause" msgstr "" @@ -10447,12 +10447,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:7245 freeculture.xml:11185 freeculture.xml:12364 +#: freeculture.xml:7245 freeculture.xml:11190 freeculture.xml:12369 msgid "copyright terms extended by" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:7246 freeculture.xml:11187 +#: freeculture.xml:7246 freeculture.xml:11192 msgid "term extensions in" msgstr "" @@ -10473,12 +10473,12 @@ msgid "CTEA" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:7255 freeculture.xml:7256 freeculture.xml:7291 freeculture.xml:11211 freeculture.xml:15551 +#: freeculture.xml:7255 freeculture.xml:7256 freeculture.xml:7291 freeculture.xml:11216 freeculture.xml:15556 msgid "Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA) (1998)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:7257 freeculture.xml:11191 +#: freeculture.xml:7257 freeculture.xml:11196 msgid "future patents vs. future copyrights in" msgstr "" @@ -10496,7 +10496,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:7268 freeculture.xml:11190 +#: freeculture.xml:7268 freeculture.xml:11195 msgid "in public domain" msgstr "" @@ -10531,7 +10531,7 @@ msgid "of natural authors vs. corporations" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:7293 freeculture.xml:13480 +#: freeculture.xml:7293 freeculture.xml:13485 msgid "corporations" msgstr "" @@ -11048,7 +11048,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:7687 freeculture.xml:7975 freeculture.xml:10256 +#: freeculture.xml:7687 freeculture.xml:7975 freeculture.xml:10261 msgid "on Internet" msgstr "" @@ -11216,7 +11216,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:7819 freeculture.xml:7894 freeculture.xml:14188 +#: freeculture.xml:7819 freeculture.xml:7894 freeculture.xml:14193 msgid "browsing" msgstr "" @@ -11871,7 +11871,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:8299 freeculture.xml:10885 +#: freeculture.xml:8299 freeculture.xml:10890 msgid "Electronic Frontier Foundation" msgstr "" @@ -13417,7 +13417,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:9497 freeculture.xml:9788 freeculture.xml:10886 +#: freeculture.xml:9497 freeculture.xml:9788 freeculture.xml:10891 msgid "ISPs (Internet service providers), user identities revealed by" msgstr "" @@ -13427,7 +13427,7 @@ msgid "Conyers, John, Jr." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:9529 freeculture.xml:10280 +#: freeculture.xml:9529 freeculture.xml:10285 msgid "Berman, Howard L." msgstr "" @@ -14087,7 +14087,7 @@ msgid "distribution technology targeted in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:9994 +#: freeculture.xml:9994 freeculture.xml:10106 msgid "outsize penalties of" msgstr "" @@ -14235,9 +14235,19 @@ msgid "" "threatened by litigation." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of:
+#: freeculture.xml:10105 +msgid "transaction cost of" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of:
+#: freeculture.xml:10107 +msgid "legal murkiness on" +msgstr "" + #. PAGE BREAK 201 #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10107 +#: freeculture.xml:10111 msgid "" "The point is not that businesses should have a right to start illegal " "enterprises. The point is the definition of illegal. The law " @@ -14253,7 +14263,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10122 +#: freeculture.xml:10125 msgid "" "The point is directly parallel to the crunchy-lefty point about fair " "use. Whatever the real law is, realism about the effect of " @@ -14268,7 +14278,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 202 #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10134 +#: freeculture.xml:10137 msgid "" "The building of a permission culture, rather than a free culture, is the " "first important way in which the changes I have described will burden " @@ -14287,7 +14297,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10153 +#: freeculture.xml:10158 msgid "" "The uncertainty of the law is one burden " "on innovation. There is a second burden that operates more directly. This is " @@ -14297,7 +14307,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10160 +#: freeculture.xml:10165 msgid "" "The motivation for this response is obvious. The Internet enables the " "efficient spread of content. That efficiency is a feature of the Internet's " @@ -14311,7 +14321,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10175 +#: freeculture.xml:10180 msgid "" "Copyright and Digital Media in a Post-Napster World, " "GartnerG2 and the Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard Law " @@ -14321,12 +14331,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f7. #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10188 +#: freeculture.xml:10193 msgid "GartnerG2, 26–27." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10171 +#: freeculture.xml:10176 msgid "" "The examples of this form of legislation are many. At the urging of the " "content industry, some in Congress have threatened legislation that would " @@ -14344,7 +14354,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 203 #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10192 +#: freeculture.xml:10197 msgid "" "In one sense, these solutions seem sensible. If the problem is the code, why " "not regulate the code to remove the problem. But any regulation of technical " @@ -14354,20 +14364,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:10201 freeculture.xml:12135 +#: freeculture.xml:10206 freeculture.xml:12140 msgid "Intel" msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10207 +#: freeculture.xml:10212 msgid "" "See David McGuire, Tech Execs Square Off Over Piracy, " "Newsbytes, February 2002 (Entertainment)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10203 +#: freeculture.xml:10208 msgid "" "In March 2002, a broad coalition of technology companies, led by Intel, " "tried to get Congress to see the harm that such legislation would " @@ -14377,7 +14387,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10215 +#: freeculture.xml:10220 msgid "" "There is one more obvious way in which " "this war has harmed innovation—again, a story that will be quite " @@ -14385,7 +14395,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10220 +#: freeculture.xml:10225 msgid "" "Copyright may be property, but like all property, it is also a form of " "regulation. It is a regulation that benefits some and harms others. When " @@ -14394,12 +14404,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10238 +#: freeculture.xml:10243 msgid "Digital Copyright (Litman)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10236 +#: freeculture.xml:10241 msgid "" "Jessica Litman, Digital Copyright (Amherst, N.Y.: " "Prometheus Books, 2001). " @@ -14407,7 +14417,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10230 +#: freeculture.xml:10235 msgid "" "As I described in chapter , despite this feature of copyright as regulation, " @@ -14422,7 +14432,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10249 +#: freeculture.xml:10254 msgid "" "But that pattern of deference to new technologies has now changed with the " "rise of the Internet. Rather than striking a balance between the claims of a " @@ -14432,17 +14442,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10255 +#: freeculture.xml:10260 msgid "radio on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10260 +#: freeculture.xml:10265 msgid "Grokster, Ltd." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10260 +#: freeculture.xml:10265 msgid "" " The only circuit court exception " "is found in Recording Industry Association of America " @@ -14461,17 +14471,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10279 +#: freeculture.xml:10284 msgid "Tauzin, Billy" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10281 +#: freeculture.xml:10286 msgid "Hollings, Fritz" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10279 +#: freeculture.xml:10284 msgid "" "
-#: freeculture.xml:10258 +#: freeculture.xml:10263 msgid "" "The response by the courts has been fairly universal. It has been mirrored in the responses " @@ -14502,13 +14512,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10303 +#: freeculture.xml:10308 msgid "Monroe, Marilyn" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 204 #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10308 +#: freeculture.xml:10313 msgid "" "As I described in chapter , when a radio station plays a song, the recording " @@ -14522,7 +14532,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10319 +#: freeculture.xml:10324 msgid "" "The reasoning behind this balance struck by Congress makes some sense. The " "justification was that radio was a kind of advertising. The recording artist " @@ -14535,7 +14545,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10331 +#: freeculture.xml:10336 msgid "" "Enter Internet radio. Like regular radio, Internet radio is a technology to " "stream content from a broadcaster to a listener. The broadcast travels " @@ -14546,7 +14556,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10340 +#: freeculture.xml:10345 msgid "" "This feature of the architecture of Internet radio means that there are " "potentially an unlimited number of radio stations that a user could tune in " @@ -14562,7 +14572,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 205 #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10356 +#: freeculture.xml:10361 msgid "" "Internet radio is thus to radio what FM was to AM. It is an improvement " "potentially vastly more significant than the FM improvement over AM, since " @@ -14574,12 +14584,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f12. #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10380 +#: freeculture.xml:10385 msgid "Lessing, 239." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10366 +#: freeculture.xml:10371 msgid "" "An almost unlimited number of FM stations was possible in the shortwaves, " "thus ending the unnatural restrictions imposed on radio in the crowded " @@ -14597,12 +14607,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f13. #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10390 +#: freeculture.xml:10395 msgid "Ibid., 229." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10385 +#: freeculture.xml:10390 msgid "" "This potential for FM radio was never realized—not because Armstrong " "was wrong about the technology, but because he underestimated the power of " @@ -14612,7 +14622,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10395 +#: freeculture.xml:10400 msgid "" "Now the very same claim could be made about Internet radio. For again, there " "is no technical limitation that could restrict the number of Internet radio " @@ -14622,23 +14632,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10404 +#: freeculture.xml:10409 msgid "on radio" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10408 +#: freeculture.xml:10413 msgid "Internet radio hampered by" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10409 freeculture.xml:10562 +#: freeculture.xml:10414 freeculture.xml:10567 msgid "on Internet radio fees" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 206 #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10412 +#: freeculture.xml:10417 msgid "" "But here the power of the lobbyists is reversed. Internet radio is a new " "industry. The recording artists, on the other hand, have a very powerful " @@ -14653,12 +14663,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10451 +#: freeculture.xml:10456 msgid "CARP (Copyright Arbitration Royalty Panel)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10434 +#: freeculture.xml:10439 msgid "" "This example was derived from fees set by the original Copyright Arbitration " "Royalty Panel (CARP) proceedings, and is drawn from an example offered by " @@ -14680,7 +14690,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10427 +#: freeculture.xml:10432 msgid "" "This financial burden is not slight. As Harvard law professor William Fisher " "estimates, if an Internet radio station distributed adfree popular music to " @@ -14691,7 +14701,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10463 +#: freeculture.xml:10468 msgid "" "The burden is not financial only. Under the original rules that were " "proposed, an Internet radio station (but not a terrestrial radio station) " @@ -14700,57 +14710,57 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10471 +#: freeculture.xml:10476 msgid "name of the service;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10474 +#: freeculture.xml:10479 msgid "channel of the program (AM/FM stations use station ID);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10477 +#: freeculture.xml:10482 msgid "type of program (archived/looped/live);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10480 +#: freeculture.xml:10485 msgid "date of transmission;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10483 +#: freeculture.xml:10488 msgid "time of transmission;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10486 +#: freeculture.xml:10491 msgid "time zone of origination of transmission;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10489 +#: freeculture.xml:10494 msgid "numeric designation of the place of the sound recording within the program;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10492 +#: freeculture.xml:10497 msgid "duration of transmission (to nearest second);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10495 +#: freeculture.xml:10500 msgid "sound recording title;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10498 +#: freeculture.xml:10503 msgid "ISRC code of the recording;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10501 +#: freeculture.xml:10506 msgid "" "release year of the album per copyright notice and in the case of " "compilation albums, the release year of the album and copy- right date of " @@ -14758,77 +14768,77 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10504 +#: freeculture.xml:10509 msgid "featured recording artist;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10507 +#: freeculture.xml:10512 msgid "retail album title;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10510 +#: freeculture.xml:10515 msgid "recording label;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10513 +#: freeculture.xml:10518 msgid "UPC code of the retail album;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10516 +#: freeculture.xml:10521 msgid "catalog number;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10519 +#: freeculture.xml:10524 msgid "copyright owner information;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10522 +#: freeculture.xml:10527 msgid "musical genre of the channel or program (station format);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10525 +#: freeculture.xml:10530 msgid "name of the service or entity;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10528 +#: freeculture.xml:10533 msgid "channel or program;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10531 +#: freeculture.xml:10536 msgid "date and time that the user logged in (in the user's time zone);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10534 +#: freeculture.xml:10539 msgid "date and time that the user logged out (in the user's time zone);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10537 +#: freeculture.xml:10542 msgid "time zone where the signal was received (user);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10540 +#: freeculture.xml:10545 msgid "unique user identifier;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10543 +#: freeculture.xml:10548 msgid "the country in which the user received the transmissions." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10548 +#: freeculture.xml:10553 msgid "" "The Librarian of Congress eventually suspended these reporting requirements, " "pending further study. And he also changed the original rates set by the " @@ -14839,7 +14849,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10556 +#: freeculture.xml:10561 msgid "" "Why? What justifies this difference? Was there any study of the economic " "consequences from Internet radio that would justify these differences? Was " @@ -14847,12 +14857,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10560 freeculture.xml:15427 +#: freeculture.xml:10565 freeculture.xml:15432 msgid "Real Networks" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10566 +#: freeculture.xml:10571 msgid "" "In a rare bit of candor, one RIAA expert admitted what seemed obvious to " "everyone at the time. As Alex Alben, vice president for Public Policy at " @@ -14861,7 +14871,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 208 #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10572 +#: freeculture.xml:10577 msgid "" "The RIAA, which was representing the record labels, presented some testimony " "about what they thought a willing buyer would pay to a willing seller, and " @@ -14875,7 +14885,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10588 +#: freeculture.xml:10593 msgid "" "And the RIAA experts said, Well, we don't really model this as an " "industry with thousands of webcasters, we think it should be an " @@ -14884,7 +14894,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10600 +#: freeculture.xml:10605 msgid "" "Translation: The aim is to use the law to eliminate competition, so that " "this platform of potentially immense competition, which would cause the " @@ -14895,12 +14905,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10616 +#: freeculture.xml:10621 msgid "Corrupting Citizens" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10618 +#: freeculture.xml:10623 msgid "" "Overregulation stifles creativity. It smothers innovation. It gives " "dinosaurs a veto over the future. It wastes the extraordinary opportunity " @@ -14908,7 +14918,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10624 +#: freeculture.xml:10629 msgid "" "In addition to these important harms, there is one more that was important " "to our forebears, but seems forgotten today. Overregulation corrupts " @@ -14917,7 +14927,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f15. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10633 +#: freeculture.xml:10638 msgid "" "Mike Graziano and Lee Rainie, <quote>The Music Downloading Deluge,</quote> " "Pew Internet and American Life Project (24 April 2001), available at <ulink " @@ -14928,7 +14938,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 209 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10629 +#: freeculture.xml:10634 msgid "" "The war that is being waged today is a war of prohibition. As with every war " "of prohibition, it is targeted against the behavior of a very large number " @@ -14946,7 +14956,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f16. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10667 +#: freeculture.xml:10672 msgid "" "Alex Pham, <quote>The Labels Strike Back: N.Y. Girl Settles RIAA " "Case,</quote> <citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 10 September 2003, " @@ -14954,7 +14964,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10654 +#: freeculture.xml:10659 msgid "" "The content industry's tactics exploit the failings of the American legal " "system. When the RIAA brought suit against Jesse Jordan, it knew that in " @@ -14976,13 +14986,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10678 +#: freeculture.xml:10683 msgid "alcohol prohibition" msgstr "" #. f17. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10690 +#: freeculture.xml:10695 msgid "" "Jeffrey A. Miron and Jeffrey Zwiebel, <quote>Alcohol Consumption During " "Prohibition,</quote> <citetitle>American Economic Review</citetitle> 81, " @@ -14991,7 +15001,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f18. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10698 +#: freeculture.xml:10703 msgid "" "National Drug Control Policy: Hearing Before the House Government Reform " "Committee, 108th Cong., 1st sess. (5 March 2003) (statement of John " @@ -15000,7 +15010,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f19. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10708 +#: freeculture.xml:10713 msgid "" "See James Andreoni, Brian Erard, and Jonathon Feinstein, <quote>Tax " "Compliance,</quote> <citetitle>Journal of Economic Literature</citetitle> 36 " @@ -15008,7 +15018,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10680 +#: freeculture.xml:10685 msgid "" "Wars of prohibition are nothing new in America. This one is just something " "more extreme than anything we've seen before. We experimented with alcohol " @@ -15031,12 +15041,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10716 +#: freeculture.xml:10721 msgid "law schools" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10718 +#: freeculture.xml:10723 msgid "" "This state of affairs is not without consequence. It is a particularly " "salient issue for teachers like me, whose job it is to teach law students " @@ -15055,7 +15065,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10735 +#: freeculture.xml:10740 msgid "" "The response to this general illegality is either to enforce the law more " "severely or to change the law. We, as a society, have to learn how to make " @@ -15069,7 +15079,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 211 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10748 +#: freeculture.xml:10753 msgid "" "My point is not the idiotic one: Just because people violate a law, we " "should therefore repeal it. Obviously, we could reduce murder statistics " @@ -15079,7 +15089,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10755 +#: freeculture.xml:10760 msgid "" "My point is instead one that democracies understood for generations, but " "that we recently have learned to forget. The rule of law depends upon people " @@ -15096,7 +15106,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10769 +#: freeculture.xml:10774 msgid "" "When at least forty-three million citizens download content from the " "Internet, and when they use tools to combine that content in ways " @@ -15110,13 +15120,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10781 +#: freeculture.xml:10786 msgid "This abstract point can be made more clear with a particular example." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 212 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10784 +#: freeculture.xml:10789 msgid "" "We all own CDs. Many of us still own phonograph records. These pieces of " "plastic encode music that in a certain sense we have bought. The law " @@ -15127,7 +15137,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10795 +#: freeculture.xml:10800 msgid "" "But as the MP3 craze has demonstrated, there is another use of phonograph " "records that is effectively free. Because these recordings were made without " @@ -15139,17 +15149,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10803 +#: freeculture.xml:10808 msgid "Andromeda" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:10804 +#: freeculture.xml:10809 msgid "mix technology and" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10806 +#: freeculture.xml:10811 msgid "" "This <quote>use</quote> of my records is certainly valuable. I have begun a " "large process at home of ripping all of my and my wife's CDs, and storing " @@ -15163,7 +15173,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10817 +#: freeculture.xml:10822 msgid "" "This use is enabled by unprotected media—either CDs or records. But " "unprotected media also enable file sharing. File sharing threatens (or so " @@ -15176,7 +15186,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 213 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10827 +#: freeculture.xml:10832 msgid "" "If these technologies took off, then the building of large archives of your " "own music would become quite difficult. You might hang in hacker circles, " @@ -15190,7 +15200,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10842 +#: freeculture.xml:10847 msgid "" "If the only way to assure that artists get paid were the elimination of the " "ability to freely move content, then these technologies to interfere with " @@ -15202,7 +15212,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10851 +#: freeculture.xml:10856 msgid "" "My point just now is not to prove that there is such a system. I offer a " "version of such a system in the last chapter of this book. For now, the only " @@ -15215,7 +15225,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10862 +#: freeculture.xml:10867 msgid "" "I believe there is a way to assure that artists are paid without turning " "forty-three million Americans into felons. But the salient feature of this " @@ -15227,7 +15237,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10871 +#: freeculture.xml:10876 msgid "" "Except that this generation's buggy manufacturers have already saddled " "Congress, and are riding the law to protect themselves against this new form " @@ -15237,7 +15247,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 214 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10877 +#: freeculture.xml:10882 msgid "" "It is understandable why they choose as they do. It is not understandable " "why we as a democracy continue to choose as we do. Jack Valenti is charming; " @@ -15246,7 +15256,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10888 +#: freeculture.xml:10893 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>There's one more</emphasis> aspect to this " "corruption that is particularly important to civil liberties, and follows " @@ -15258,19 +15268,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10896 freeculture.xml:10997 +#: freeculture.xml:10901 freeculture.xml:11002 msgid "von Lohmann, Fred" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10898 +#: freeculture.xml:10903 msgid "" "<quote>If you can treat someone as a putative lawbreaker,</quote> von " "Lohmann explains," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10903 +#: freeculture.xml:10908 msgid "" "then all of a sudden a lot of basic civil liberty protections evaporate to " "one degree or another. … If you're a copyright infringer, how can you " @@ -15284,7 +15294,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10915 +#: freeculture.xml:10920 msgid "" "And the consequence of this transformation of the American public into " "criminals is that it becomes trivial, as a matter of due process, to " @@ -15292,7 +15302,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10920 +#: freeculture.xml:10925 msgid "" "Users of the Internet began to see this generally in 2003 as the RIAA " "launched its campaign to force Internet service providers to turn over the " @@ -15304,7 +15314,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f20. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10938 +#: freeculture.xml:10943 msgid "" "See Frank Ahrens, <quote>RIAA's Lawsuits Meet Surprised Targets; Single " "Mother in Calif., 12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. Among Defendants,</quote> " @@ -15321,7 +15331,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10929 +#: freeculture.xml:10934 msgid "" "The RIAA then expanded this campaign, by announcing a general strategy to " "sue individual users of the Internet who are alleged to have downloaded " @@ -15334,13 +15344,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:10951 +#: freeculture.xml:10956 msgid "recording industry tracking users of" msgstr "" #. f21. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10957 +#: freeculture.xml:10962 msgid "" "See <quote>Revealed: How RIAA Tracks Downloaders: Music Industry Discloses " "Some Methods Used,</quote> CNN.com, available at <ulink " @@ -15348,7 +15358,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10953 +#: freeculture.xml:10958 msgid "" "Even this understates the espionage that is being waged by the RIAA. A " "report from CNN late last summer described a strategy the RIAA had adopted " @@ -15360,7 +15370,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f22. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10978 +#: freeculture.xml:10983 msgid "" "See Jeff Adler, <quote>Cambridge: On Campus, Pirates Are Not " "Penitent,</quote> <citetitle>Boston Globe</citetitle>, 18 May 2003, City " @@ -15383,7 +15393,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10966 +#: freeculture.xml:10971 msgid "" "So imagine the following not-implausible scenario: Imagine a friend gives a " "CD to your daughter—a collection of songs just like the cassettes you " @@ -15401,7 +15411,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 216 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10999 +#: freeculture.xml:11004 msgid "" "Now, of course, she'll have the right to defend herself. You can hire a " "lawyer for her (at $300 per hour, if you're lucky), and she can plead that " @@ -15415,7 +15425,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11015 +#: freeculture.xml:11020 msgid "" "So when we're talking about numbers like forty to sixty million Americans " "that are essentially copyright infringers, you create a situation where the " @@ -15436,7 +15446,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11035 +#: freeculture.xml:11040 msgid "" "When forty to sixty million Americans are considered " "<quote>criminals</quote> under the law, and when the law could achieve the " @@ -15447,12 +15457,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><title> -#: freeculture.xml:11048 +#: freeculture.xml:11053 msgid "Balances" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11053 +#: freeculture.xml:11058 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>So here's</emphasis> the picture: You're standing at " "the side of the road. Your car is on fire. You are angry and upset because " @@ -15462,7 +15472,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11060 +#: freeculture.xml:11065 msgid "" "As you ponder the mess, someone else comes along. In a panic, she grabs the " "bucket. Before you have a chance to tell her to stop—or before she " @@ -15472,7 +15482,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11068 +#: freeculture.xml:11073 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>A war</emphasis> about copyright rages all " "around—and we're all focusing on the wrong thing. No doubt, current " @@ -15485,7 +15495,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 219 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11078 +#: freeculture.xml:11083 msgid "" "Yet policy makers are not willing to leave this fire to itself. Primed with " "plenty of lobbyists' money, they are keen to intervene to eliminate the " @@ -15495,7 +15505,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11086 +#: freeculture.xml:11091 msgid "" "Somehow we have to find a way to turn attention to this more important and " "fundamental issue. Somehow we have to find a way to avoid pouring gasoline " @@ -15503,7 +15513,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11091 +#: freeculture.xml:11096 msgid "" "We have not found that way yet. Instead, we seem trapped in a simpler, " "binary view. However much many people push to frame this debate more " @@ -15512,7 +15522,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11097 +#: freeculture.xml:11102 msgid "" "This challenge has been my life these last few years. It has also been my " "failure. In the two chapters that follow, I describe one small brace of " @@ -15521,22 +15531,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:11107 +#: freeculture.xml:11112 msgid "Chapter Thirteen: Eldred" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11108 +#: freeculture.xml:11113 msgid "Eldred, Eric" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11109 +#: freeculture.xml:11114 msgid "Hawthorne, Nathaniel" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11111 +#: freeculture.xml:11116 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>In 1995</emphasis>, a father was frustrated that his " "daughters didn't seem to like Hawthorne. No doubt there was more than one " @@ -15548,17 +15558,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:11119 +#: freeculture.xml:11124 msgid "of public-domain literature" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:11120 +#: freeculture.xml:11125 msgid "library of works derived from" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11122 +#: freeculture.xml:11127 msgid "" "It didn't work—at least for his daughters. They didn't find Hawthorne " "any more interesting than before. But Eldred's experiment gave birth to a " @@ -15568,7 +15578,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 221 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11131 +#: freeculture.xml:11136 msgid "" "Eldred's library was not simply a copy of certain public domain works, " "though even a copy would have been of great value to people across the world " @@ -15580,12 +15590,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11141 +#: freeculture.xml:11146 msgid "Scarlet Letter, The (Hawthorne)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11143 +#: freeculture.xml:11148 msgid "" "Eldred's freedom to do this with Hawthorne's work grew from the same source " "as Disney's. Hawthorne's <citetitle>Scarlet Letter</citetitle> had passed " @@ -15601,12 +15611,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11168 freeculture.xml:12235 +#: freeculture.xml:11173 freeculture.xml:12240 msgid "pornography" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11168 +#: freeculture.xml:11173 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> There's a parallel here with " "pornography that is a bit hard to describe, but it's a strong one. One " @@ -15625,7 +15635,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11157 +#: freeculture.xml:11162 msgid "" "The Internet created the possibility of noncommercial publications of public " "domain works. Eldred's is just one example. There are literally thousands of " @@ -15640,17 +15650,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11188 +#: freeculture.xml:11193 msgid "Frost, Robert" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11189 +#: freeculture.xml:11194 msgid "New Hampshire (Frost)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11193 +#: freeculture.xml:11198 msgid "" "As I said, Eldred lives in New Hampshire. In 1998, Robert Frost's collection " "of poems <citetitle>New Hampshire</citetitle> was slated to pass into the " @@ -15666,22 +15676,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11208 freeculture.xml:11220 +#: freeculture.xml:11213 freeculture.xml:11225 msgid "Bono, Mary" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11209 freeculture.xml:11221 +#: freeculture.xml:11214 freeculture.xml:11226 msgid "Bono, Sonny" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:11222 +#: freeculture.xml:11227 msgid "perpetual copyright term proposed by" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11220 +#: freeculture.xml:11225 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " "id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> The full text is: " @@ -15695,7 +15705,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11215 +#: freeculture.xml:11220 msgid "" "This was the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA), enacted in " "memory of the congressman and former musician Sonny Bono, who, his widow, " @@ -15704,27 +15714,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:11233 +#: freeculture.xml:11238 msgid "felony punishment for infringement of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11234 +#: freeculture.xml:11239 msgid "NET (No Electronic Theft) Act (1998)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11235 +#: freeculture.xml:11240 msgid "No Electronic Theft (NET) Act (1998)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:11236 +#: freeculture.xml:11241 msgid "felony punishments for" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11238 +#: freeculture.xml:11243 msgid "" "Eldred decided to fight this law. He first resolved to fight it through " "civil disobedience. In a series of interviews, Eldred announced that he " @@ -15735,17 +15745,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:11247 freeculture.xml:11459 freeculture.xml:12203 +#: freeculture.xml:11252 freeculture.xml:11464 freeculture.xml:12208 msgid "constitutional powers of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:11250 freeculture.xml:11296 +#: freeculture.xml:11255 freeculture.xml:11301 msgid "Eldred case involvement of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11252 +#: freeculture.xml:11257 msgid "" "It was here that I became involved in Eldred's battle. I was a " "constitutional scholar whose first passion was constitutional " @@ -15755,7 +15765,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11263 +#: freeculture.xml:11268 msgid "" "Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science … by " "securing for limited Times to Authors … exclusive Right to their " @@ -15763,7 +15773,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11270 +#: freeculture.xml:11275 msgid "" "As I've described, this clause is unique within the power-granting clause of " "Article I, section 8 of our Constitution. Every other clause granting power " @@ -15777,13 +15787,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11282 freeculture.xml:12821 +#: freeculture.xml:11287 freeculture.xml:12826 msgid "Jaszi, Peter" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 223 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11284 +#: freeculture.xml:11289 msgid "" "In the past forty years, Congress has gotten into the practice of extending " "existing terms of copyright protection. What puzzled me about this was, if " @@ -15796,7 +15806,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11298 +#: freeculture.xml:11303 msgid "" "As an academic, my first response was to hit the books. I remember sitting " "late at the office, scouring on-line databases for any serious consideration " @@ -15809,7 +15819,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11309 +#: freeculture.xml:11314 msgid "" "For this is the core of the corruption in our present system of " "government. <quote>Corruption</quote> not in the sense that representatives " @@ -15821,7 +15831,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11318 +#: freeculture.xml:11323 msgid "" "If that's not obvious to you, consider the following: Say you're one of the " "very few lucky copyright owners whose copyright continues to make money one " @@ -15833,7 +15843,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11328 +#: freeculture.xml:11333 msgid "" "So imagine the Robert Frost estate is earning $100,000 a year from three of " "Frost's poems. And imagine the copyright for those poems is about to " @@ -15843,7 +15853,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 224 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11335 +#: freeculture.xml:11340 msgid "" "<quote>Next year,</quote> the adviser announces, <quote>our copyrights in " "works A, B, and C will expire. That means that after next year, we will no " @@ -15852,7 +15862,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11343 +#: freeculture.xml:11348 msgid "" "<quote>There's a proposal in Congress, however,</quote> she continues, " "<quote>that could change this. A few congressmen are floating a bill to " @@ -15861,14 +15871,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11349 +#: freeculture.xml:11354 msgid "" "<quote>Hope?</quote> a fellow board member says. <quote>Can't we be doing " "something about it?</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11353 +#: freeculture.xml:11358 msgid "" "<quote>Well, obviously, yes,</quote> the adviser responds. <quote>We could " "contribute to the campaigns of a number of representatives to try to assure " @@ -15876,7 +15886,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11358 +#: freeculture.xml:11363 msgid "" "You hate politics. You hate contributing to campaigns. So you want to know " "whether this disgusting practice is worth it. <quote>How much would we get " @@ -15885,7 +15895,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11364 +#: freeculture.xml:11369 msgid "" "<quote>Well,</quote> the adviser says, <quote>if you're confident that you " "will continue to get at least $100,000 a year from these copyrights, and you " @@ -15895,14 +15905,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11370 +#: freeculture.xml:11375 msgid "" "You're a bit shocked by the number, but you quickly come to the correct " "conclusion:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11374 +#: freeculture.xml:11379 msgid "" "<quote>So you're saying it would be worth it for us to pay more than " "$1,000,000 in campaign contributions if we were confident those " @@ -15910,7 +15920,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11380 +#: freeculture.xml:11385 msgid "" "<quote>Absolutely,</quote> the adviser responds. <quote>It is worth it to " "you to contribute up to the <quote>present value</quote> of the income you " @@ -15919,7 +15929,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 225 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11386 +#: freeculture.xml:11391 msgid "" "You quickly get the point—you as the member of the board and, I trust, " "you the reader. Each time copyrights are about to expire, every beneficiary " @@ -15931,7 +15941,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11397 +#: freeculture.xml:11402 msgid "" "Thus a congressional perpetual motion machine: So long as legislation can be " "bought (albeit indirectly), there will be all the incentive in the world to " @@ -15940,7 +15950,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11409 +#: freeculture.xml:11414 msgid "" "Associated Press, <quote>Disney Lobbying for Copyright Extension No Mickey " "Mouse Effort; Congress OKs Bill Granting Creators 20 More Years,</quote> " @@ -15949,7 +15959,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11416 +#: freeculture.xml:11421 msgid "" "See Nick Brown, <quote>Fair Use No More?: Copyright in the Information " "Age,</quote> available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -15958,7 +15968,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f5. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11424 +#: freeculture.xml:11429 msgid "" "Alan K. Ota, <quote>Disney in Washington: The Mouse That Roars,</quote> " "<citetitle>Congressional Quarterly This Week</citetitle>, 8 August 1990, " @@ -15966,7 +15976,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11402 +#: freeculture.xml:11407 msgid "" "In the lobbying that led to the passage of the Sonny Bono Copyright Term " "Extension Act, this <quote>theory</quote> about incentives was proved " @@ -15981,7 +15991,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11431 +#: freeculture.xml:11436 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Constitutional law</emphasis> is not oblivious to " "the obvious. Or at least, it need not be. So when I was considering Eldred's " @@ -15996,7 +16006,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 226 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11446 +#: freeculture.xml:11451 msgid "" "It was also my judgment that <emphasis>this</emphasis> Supreme Court would " "not allow Congress to extend existing terms. As anyone close to the Supreme " @@ -16008,17 +16018,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11458 freeculture.xml:12360 +#: freeculture.xml:11463 freeculture.xml:12365 msgid "commerce, interstate" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11460 freeculture.xml:12361 +#: freeculture.xml:11465 freeculture.xml:12366 msgid "interstate commerce" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11462 +#: freeculture.xml:11467 msgid "" "Since 1937, the Supreme Court had interpreted Congress's granted powers very " "broadly; so, while the Constitution grants Congress the power to regulate " @@ -16028,7 +16038,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11472 +#: freeculture.xml:11477 msgid "" "As the economy grew, this standard increasingly meant that there was no " "limit to Congress's power to regulate, since just about every activity, when " @@ -16038,17 +16048,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11478 freeculture.xml:12286 +#: freeculture.xml:11483 freeculture.xml:12291 msgid "Rehnquist, William H." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11479 freeculture.xml:11535 freeculture.xml:12289 freeculture.xml:12359 freeculture.xml:12553 freeculture.xml:12650 freeculture.xml:12720 +#: freeculture.xml:11484 freeculture.xml:11540 freeculture.xml:12294 freeculture.xml:12364 freeculture.xml:12558 freeculture.xml:12655 freeculture.xml:12725 msgid "United States v. Lopez" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11481 +#: freeculture.xml:11486 msgid "" "The Supreme Court, under Chief Justice Rehnquist's command, changed that in " "<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>. The " @@ -16064,26 +16074,26 @@ msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11496 +#: freeculture.xml:11501 msgid "" "<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>, 514 " "U.S. 549, 564 (1995)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11504 freeculture.xml:12290 +#: freeculture.xml:11509 freeculture.xml:12295 msgid "United States v. Morrison" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11503 +#: freeculture.xml:11508 msgid "" "<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Morrison</citetitle>, 529 " "U.S. 598 (2000). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11494 +#: freeculture.xml:11499 msgid "" "<quote>We pause to consider the implications of the government's " "arguments,</quote> the Chief Justice wrote.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -16096,7 +16106,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11513 +#: freeculture.xml:11518 msgid "" "If it is a principle about enumerated powers, then the principle carries " "from one enumerated power to another. The animating point in the context of " @@ -16111,7 +16121,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 227 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11510 +#: freeculture.xml:11515 msgid "" "If a principle were at work here, then it should apply to the Progress " "Clause as much as the Commerce Clause.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -16125,12 +16135,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:11534 freeculture.xml:12292 +#: freeculture.xml:11539 freeculture.xml:12297 msgid "Supreme Court restraint on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11537 +#: freeculture.xml:11542 msgid "" "<emphasis>If</emphasis>, that is, the principle announced in " "<citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> stood for a principle. Many believed the " @@ -16146,7 +16156,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11555 +#: freeculture.xml:11560 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Now let's pause</emphasis> for a moment to make sure " "we understand what the argument in <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> was not " @@ -16166,13 +16176,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11572 +#: freeculture.xml:11577 msgid "Nashville Songwriters Association" msgstr "" #. f9. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11580 +#: freeculture.xml:11585 msgid "" "Brief of the Nashville Songwriters Association, " "<citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 537 U.S. " @@ -16181,7 +16191,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11574 +#: freeculture.xml:11579 msgid "" "Some people view the public domain with contempt. In their brief before the " "Supreme Court, the Nashville Songwriters Association wrote that the public " @@ -16193,7 +16203,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11590 +#: freeculture.xml:11595 msgid "" "As we've seen, our constitutional system requires limits on copyright as a " "way to assure that copyright holders do not too heavily influence the " @@ -16205,7 +16215,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11604 +#: freeculture.xml:11609 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>It is valuable</emphasis> copyrights that are " "responsible for terms being extended. Mickey Mouse and <quote>Rhapsody in " @@ -16220,7 +16230,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f10. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11622 +#: freeculture.xml:11627 msgid "" "The figure of 2 percent is an extrapolation from the study by the " "Congressional Research Service, in light of the estimated renewal " @@ -16230,7 +16240,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11616 +#: freeculture.xml:11621 msgid "" "If you look at the work created in the first twenty years (1923 to 1942) " "affected by the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act, 2 percent of that " @@ -16242,7 +16252,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 229 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11632 +#: freeculture.xml:11637 msgid "" "Think practically about the consequence of this extension—practically, " "as a businessperson, and not as a lawyer eager for more legal work. In 1930, " @@ -16253,7 +16263,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11645 +#: freeculture.xml:11650 msgid "" "Well, first, you'd have to determine which of the 9,873 books were still " "under copyright. That requires going to a library (these data are not " @@ -16264,14 +16274,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11653 +#: freeculture.xml:11658 msgid "" "Then for the books still under copyright, you would need to locate the " "current copyright owners. How would you do that?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11657 +#: freeculture.xml:11662 msgid "" "Most people think that there must be a list of these copyright owners " "somewhere. Practical people think this way. How could there be thousands and " @@ -16279,7 +16289,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11664 +#: freeculture.xml:11669 msgid "" "But there is no list. There may be a name from 1930, and then in 1959, of " "the person who registered the copyright. But just think practically about " @@ -16289,7 +16299,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11673 +#: freeculture.xml:11678 msgid "" "<quote>But there isn't a list of who owns property generally,</quote> the " "apologists for the system respond. <quote>Why should there be a list of " @@ -16297,7 +16307,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11678 +#: freeculture.xml:11683 msgid "" "Well, actually, if you think about it, there <emphasis>are</emphasis> plenty " "of lists of who owns what property. Think about deeds on houses, or titles " @@ -16309,7 +16319,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 230 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11687 +#: freeculture.xml:11692 msgid "" "So: You walk down a street and see a house. You can know who owns the house " "by looking it up in the courthouse registry. If you see a car, there is " @@ -16323,7 +16333,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11702 +#: freeculture.xml:11707 msgid "" "Compare this story to intangible property. You go into a library. The " "library owns the books. But who owns the copyrights? As I've already " @@ -16337,7 +16347,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11714 +#: freeculture.xml:11719 msgid "" "The consequence with respect to old books is that they won't be digitized, " "and hence will simply rot away on shelves. But the consequence for other " @@ -16345,28 +16355,28 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11719 +#: freeculture.xml:11724 msgid "Agee, Michael" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11720 freeculture.xml:12159 +#: freeculture.xml:11725 freeculture.xml:12164 msgid "Hal Roach Studios" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11721 +#: freeculture.xml:11726 msgid "Laurel and Hardy Films" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11722 +#: freeculture.xml:11727 msgid "Lucky Dog, The" msgstr "" #. f11. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11735 +#: freeculture.xml:11740 msgid "" "See David G. Savage, <quote>High Court Scene of Showdown on Copyright " "Law,</quote> <citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 6 October 2002; David " @@ -16376,7 +16386,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11724 +#: freeculture.xml:11729 msgid "" "Consider the story of Michael Agee, chairman of Hal Roach Studios, which " "owns the copyrights for the Laurel and Hardy films. Agee is a direct " @@ -16391,7 +16401,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11742 +#: freeculture.xml:11747 msgid "" "Yet Agee opposed the CTEA. His reasons demonstrate a rare virtue in this " "culture: selflessness. He argued in a brief before the Supreme Court that " @@ -16401,7 +16411,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 231 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11748 +#: freeculture.xml:11753 msgid "" "His argument is straightforward. A tiny fraction of this work has any " "continuing commercial value. The rest—to the extent it survives at " @@ -16413,7 +16423,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11766 +#: freeculture.xml:11771 msgid "" "Brief of Hal Roach Studios and Michael Agee as Amicus Curiae Supporting the " "Petitoners, <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> " @@ -16425,7 +16435,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11759 +#: freeculture.xml:11764 msgid "" "We can't know the benefits, but we do know a lot about the costs. For most " "of the history of film, the costs of restoring film were very high; digital " @@ -16436,7 +16446,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11776 +#: freeculture.xml:11781 msgid "" "Restoration technology is not the only cost, nor the most important. " "Lawyers, too, are a cost, and increasingly, a very important one. In " @@ -16446,7 +16456,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11784 +#: freeculture.xml:11789 msgid "" "Or more accurately, <emphasis>owners</emphasis>. As we've seen, there isn't " "only a single copyright associated with a film; there are many. There isn't " @@ -16457,7 +16467,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11792 +#: freeculture.xml:11797 msgid "" "<quote>But can't you just restore the film, distribute it, and then pay the " "copyright owner when she shows up?</quote> Sure, if you want to commit a " @@ -16472,7 +16482,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 232 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11803 +#: freeculture.xml:11808 msgid "" "For some films, the benefit of releasing the film may well exceed these " "costs. But for the vast majority of them, there is no way the benefit would " @@ -16482,7 +16492,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11814 +#: freeculture.xml:11819 msgid "" "But by the time the copyright for these films expires, the film will have " "expired. These films were produced on nitrate-based stock, and nitrate stock " @@ -16491,7 +16501,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11822 +#: freeculture.xml:11827 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Of all the</emphasis> creative work produced by " "humans anywhere, a tiny fraction has continuing commercial value. For that " @@ -16502,7 +16512,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11830 +#: freeculture.xml:11835 msgid "" "But even for that tiny fraction, the actual time during which the creative " "work has a commercial life is extremely short. As I've indicated, most books " @@ -16513,7 +16523,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11840 +#: freeculture.xml:11845 msgid "" "Yet that doesn't mean the life of the creative work ends. We don't keep " "libraries of books in order to compete with Barnes & Noble, and we don't " @@ -16527,7 +16537,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 233 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11853 +#: freeculture.xml:11858 msgid "" "Copyrights in this context do not drive an engine of free expression. In " "this context, there is no need for an exclusive right. Copyrights in this " @@ -16535,7 +16545,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11860 +#: freeculture.xml:11865 msgid "" "Yet, for most of our history, they also did little harm. For most of our " "history, when a work ended its commercial life, there was no " @@ -16548,7 +16558,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11871 +#: freeculture.xml:11876 msgid "" "The same was effectively true of film. Because the costs of restoring a " "film—the real economic costs, not the lawyer costs—were so high, " @@ -16559,7 +16569,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11880 +#: freeculture.xml:11885 msgid "" "In other words, though copyright has been relatively short for most of our " "history, long copyrights wouldn't have mattered for the works that lost " @@ -16568,12 +16578,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11886 +#: freeculture.xml:11891 msgid "But this situation has now changed." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11891 +#: freeculture.xml:11896 msgid "" "One crucially important consequence of the emergence of digital technologies " "is to enable the archive that Brewster Kahle dreams of. Digital " @@ -16588,7 +16598,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 234 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11904 +#: freeculture.xml:11909 msgid "" "And now copyright law does get in the way. Every step of producing this " "digital archive of our culture infringes on the exclusive right of " @@ -16601,7 +16611,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11914 +#: freeculture.xml:11919 msgid "" "Here is the core of the harm that comes from extending terms: Now that " "technology enables us to rebuild the library of Alexandria, the law gets in " @@ -16615,7 +16625,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11925 +#: freeculture.xml:11930 msgid "" "You may well ask, <quote>But if digital technologies lower the costs for " "Brewster Kahle, then they will lower the costs for Random House, too. So " @@ -16624,7 +16634,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11932 +#: freeculture.xml:11937 msgid "" "Maybe. Someday. But there is absolutely no evidence to suggest that " "publishers would be as complete as libraries. If Barnes & Noble offered " @@ -16639,7 +16649,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f13. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11956 +#: freeculture.xml:11961 msgid "" "Jason Schultz, <quote>The Myth of the 1976 Copyright <quote>Chaos</quote> " "Theory,</quote> 20 December 2002, available at <ulink " @@ -16647,7 +16657,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11944 +#: freeculture.xml:11949 msgid "" "I would be the first to agree that it should do as much as it can: We should " "rely upon the market as much as possible to spread and enable culture. My " @@ -16661,7 +16671,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11963 +#: freeculture.xml:11968 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>In January 1999</emphasis>, we filed a lawsuit on " "Eric Eldred's behalf in federal district court in Washington, D.C., asking " @@ -16673,7 +16683,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11972 +#: freeculture.xml:11977 msgid "" "The district court dismissed our claims without even hearing an argument. A " "panel of the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit also dismissed our " @@ -16683,7 +16693,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11979 +#: freeculture.xml:11984 msgid "" "Judge David Sentelle said the CTEA violated the requirement that copyrights " "be for <quote>limited Times</quote> only. His argument was as elegant as it " @@ -16697,7 +16707,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11990 +#: freeculture.xml:11995 msgid "" "We asked the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit as a whole to hear the " "case. Cases are ordinarily heard in panels of three, except for important " @@ -16706,13 +16716,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11995 +#: freeculture.xml:12000 msgid "Tatel, David" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 236 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11997 +#: freeculture.xml:12002 msgid "" "The Court of Appeals rejected our request to hear the case en banc. This " "time, Judge Sentelle was joined by the most liberal member of the " @@ -16722,7 +16732,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12006 +#: freeculture.xml:12011 msgid "" "It was here that most expected Eldred v. Ashcroft would die, for the Supreme " "Court rarely reviews any decision by a court of appeals. (It hears about one " @@ -16732,7 +16742,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12013 +#: freeculture.xml:12018 msgid "" "But in February 2002, the Supreme Court surprised the world by granting our " "petition to review the D.C. Circuit opinion. Argument was set for October of " @@ -16740,7 +16750,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12019 +#: freeculture.xml:12024 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>It is over</emphasis> a year later as I write these " "words. It is still astonishingly hard. If you know anything at all about " @@ -16753,7 +16763,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12030 +#: freeculture.xml:12035 msgid "" "But my client and these friends were wrong. This case could have been " "won. It should have been won. And no matter how hard I try to retell this " @@ -16761,18 +16771,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12035 freeculture.xml:12050 +#: freeculture.xml:12040 freeculture.xml:12055 msgid "Steward, Geoffrey" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12036 freeculture.xml:12187 freeculture.xml:12434 +#: freeculture.xml:12041 freeculture.xml:12192 freeculture.xml:12439 msgid "Jones, Day, Reavis and Pogue (Jones Day)" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 237 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12038 +#: freeculture.xml:12043 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>The mistake</emphasis> was made early, though it " "became obvious only at the very end. Our case had been supported from the " @@ -16784,17 +16794,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12048 freeculture.xml:12431 freeculture.xml:12448 freeculture.xml:12545 freeculture.xml:12770 freeculture.xml:12801 freeculture.xml:12900 +#: freeculture.xml:12053 freeculture.xml:12436 freeculture.xml:12453 freeculture.xml:12550 freeculture.xml:12775 freeculture.xml:12806 freeculture.xml:12905 msgid "Ayer, Don" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12049 +#: freeculture.xml:12054 msgid "Bromberg, Dan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12052 +#: freeculture.xml:12057 msgid "" "There were three key lawyers on the case from Jones Day. Geoff Stewart was " "the first, but then Dan Bromberg and Don Ayer became quite " @@ -16807,7 +16817,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12063 +#: freeculture.xml:12068 msgid "" "I hate this view of the law. Of course I thought the Sonny Bono Act was a " "dramatic harm to free speech and free culture. Of course I still think it " @@ -16829,7 +16839,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12084 +#: freeculture.xml:12089 msgid "" "In any case, I thought, the Court must already see the danger and the harm " "caused by this sort of law. Why else would they grant review? There was no " @@ -16840,7 +16850,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 238 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12092 +#: freeculture.xml:12097 msgid "" "There was one way, however, in which I felt politics would matter and in " "which I thought a response was appropriate. I was convinced that the Court " @@ -16859,17 +16869,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12110 freeculture.xml:12137 +#: freeculture.xml:12115 freeculture.xml:12142 msgid "Eagle Forum" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12111 +#: freeculture.xml:12116 msgid "Schlafly, Phyllis" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12113 +#: freeculture.xml:12118 msgid "" "The first step happened all by itself. Phyllis Schlafly's organization, " "Eagle Forum, had been an opponent of the CTEA from the very beginning. " @@ -16886,7 +16896,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12127 +#: freeculture.xml:12132 msgid "" "In the Court of Appeals, Eagle Forum was eager to file a brief supporting " "our position. Their brief made the argument that became the core claim in " @@ -16897,7 +16907,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 239 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12139 +#: freeculture.xml:12144 msgid "" "In the Supreme Court, the briefs on our side were about as diverse as it " "gets. They included an extraordinary historical brief by the Free Software " @@ -16910,17 +16920,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12151 +#: freeculture.xml:12156 msgid "American Association of Law Libraries" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12152 +#: freeculture.xml:12157 msgid "National Writers Union" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12154 +#: freeculture.xml:12159 msgid "" "Those briefs framed a legal argument. Then to support the legal argument, " "there were a number of powerful briefs by libraries and archives, including " @@ -16929,7 +16939,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12161 +#: freeculture.xml:12166 msgid "" "But two briefs captured the policy argument best. One made the argument I've " "already described: A brief by Hal Roach Studios argued that unless the law " @@ -16938,32 +16948,32 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12167 +#: freeculture.xml:12172 msgid "Akerlof, George" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12168 +#: freeculture.xml:12173 msgid "Arrow, Kenneth" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12169 +#: freeculture.xml:12174 msgid "Buchanan, James" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12170 +#: freeculture.xml:12175 msgid "Coase, Ronald" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12171 +#: freeculture.xml:12176 msgid "Friedman, Milton" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12173 +#: freeculture.xml:12178 msgid "" "This economists' brief was signed by seventeen economists, including five " "Nobel Prize winners, including Ronald Coase, James Buchanan, Milton " @@ -16977,28 +16987,28 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12183 freeculture.xml:12202 freeculture.xml:12433 freeculture.xml:12802 +#: freeculture.xml:12188 freeculture.xml:12207 freeculture.xml:12438 freeculture.xml:12807 msgid "Fried, Charles" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12184 +#: freeculture.xml:12189 msgid "Morrison, Alan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12185 +#: freeculture.xml:12190 msgid "Public Citizen" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12186 freeculture.xml:12432 freeculture.xml:13591 +#: freeculture.xml:12191 freeculture.xml:12437 freeculture.xml:13596 msgid "Reagan, Ronald" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 240 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12189 +#: freeculture.xml:12194 msgid "" "The same effort at balance was reflected in the legal team we gathered to " "write our briefs in the case. The Jones Day lawyers had been with us from " @@ -17012,12 +17022,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:12204 +#: freeculture.xml:12209 msgid "Commerce Clause of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12206 +#: freeculture.xml:12211 msgid "" "Fried was a special victory for our side. Every other former solicitor " "general was hired by the other side to defend Congress's power to give media " @@ -17031,7 +17041,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12218 +#: freeculture.xml:12223 msgid "" "The government, in defending the statute, had its collection of friends, as " "well. Significantly, however, none of these <quote>friends</quote> included " @@ -17041,7 +17051,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12225 +#: freeculture.xml:12230 msgid "" "The media companies were not surprising. They had the most to gain from the " "law. The congressmen were not surprising either—they were defending " @@ -17052,18 +17062,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12233 +#: freeculture.xml:12238 msgid "Gershwin, George" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12234 +#: freeculture.xml:12239 msgid "Porgy and Bess" msgstr "" #. f14. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12244 +#: freeculture.xml:12249 msgid "" "Brief of Amici Dr. Seuss Enterprise et al., <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> " "v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 537 U.S. (2003) (No. 01-618), 19." @@ -17071,7 +17081,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f15. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12252 +#: freeculture.xml:12257 msgid "" "Dinitia Smith, <quote>Immortal Words, Immortal Royalties? Even Mickey Mouse " "Joins the Fray,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 28 March " @@ -17080,7 +17090,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 241 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12237 +#: freeculture.xml:12242 msgid "" "Dr. Seuss's representatives, for example, argued that it was better for the " "Dr. Seuss estate to control what happened to Dr. Seuss's work— better " @@ -17097,7 +17107,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12261 +#: freeculture.xml:12266 msgid "" "This argument made clear a theme that is rarely noticed in this debate. " "When Congress decides to extend the term of existing copyrights, Congress is " @@ -17112,7 +17122,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12273 +#: freeculture.xml:12278 msgid "" "We argued as much in a final brief. Not only would upholding the CTEA mean " "that there was no limit to the power of Congress to extend " @@ -17122,7 +17132,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12280 +#: freeculture.xml:12285 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Between February</emphasis> and October, there was " "little I did beyond preparing for this case. Early on, as I said, I set the " @@ -17130,37 +17140,37 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12284 +#: freeculture.xml:12289 msgid "Kennedy, Anthony" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12285 freeculture.xml:12287 freeculture.xml:12490 +#: freeculture.xml:12290 freeculture.xml:12292 freeculture.xml:12495 msgid "O'Connor, Sandra Day" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12288 +#: freeculture.xml:12293 msgid "Thomas, Clarence" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12291 +#: freeculture.xml:12296 msgid "Scalia, Antonin" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:12293 +#: freeculture.xml:12298 msgid "congressional actions restrained by" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:12294 +#: freeculture.xml:12299 msgid "factions of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12296 +#: freeculture.xml:12301 msgid "" "The Supreme Court was divided into two important camps. One camp we called " "<quote>the Conservatives.</quote> The other we called <quote>the " @@ -17173,18 +17183,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12305 freeculture.xml:12330 freeculture.xml:12695 freeculture.xml:12707 +#: freeculture.xml:12310 freeculture.xml:12335 freeculture.xml:12700 freeculture.xml:12712 msgid "Breyer, Stephen" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12306 freeculture.xml:12658 +#: freeculture.xml:12311 freeculture.xml:12663 msgid "Ginsburg, Ruth Bader" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 242 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12308 +#: freeculture.xml:12313 msgid "" "The Rest were the four Justices who had strongly opposed limits on " "Congress's power. These four—Justice Stevens, Justice Souter, Justice " @@ -17197,7 +17207,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12320 +#: freeculture.xml:12325 msgid "" "In particular, the least likely was Justice Ginsburg's. In addition to her " "general view about deference to Congress (except where issues of gender are " @@ -17210,7 +17220,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12332 +#: freeculture.xml:12337 msgid "" "Close behind Justice Ginsburg were two justices whom we also viewed as " "unlikely allies, though possible surprises. Justice Souter strongly favored " @@ -17220,7 +17230,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12342 +#: freeculture.xml:12347 msgid "" "The only vote we could be confident about was that of Justice " "Stevens. History will record Justice Stevens as one of the greatest judges " @@ -17231,7 +17241,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12350 +#: freeculture.xml:12355 msgid "" "This analysis of <quote>the Rest</quote> showed most clearly where our focus " "had to be: on the Conservatives. To win this case, we had to crack open " @@ -17244,7 +17254,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 243 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12367 +#: freeculture.xml:12372 msgid "" "This then was the core of our strategy—a strategy for which I am " "responsible. We would get the Court to see that just as with the " @@ -17259,7 +17269,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12381 +#: freeculture.xml:12386 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>The argument</emphasis> on the government's side " "came down to this: Congress has done it before. It should be allowed to do " @@ -17269,7 +17279,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12390 +#: freeculture.xml:12395 msgid "" "There was some truth to the government's claim, but not much. We certainly " "agreed that Congress had extended existing terms in 1831 and in 1909. And of " @@ -17278,7 +17288,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12397 +#: freeculture.xml:12402 msgid "" "But this <quote>consistency</quote> should be kept in perspective. Congress " "extended existing terms once in the first hundred years of the Republic. It " @@ -17293,7 +17303,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 244 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12412 +#: freeculture.xml:12417 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Oral argument</emphasis> was scheduled for the first " "week in October. I arrived in D.C. two weeks before the argument. During " @@ -17303,7 +17313,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12422 +#: freeculture.xml:12427 msgid "" "I was convinced that to win, I had to keep the Court focused on a single " "point: that if this extension is permitted, then there is no limit to the " @@ -17314,7 +17324,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12436 +#: freeculture.xml:12441 msgid "" "One moot was before the lawyers at Jones Day. Don Ayer was the skeptic. He " "had served in the Reagan Justice Department with Solicitor General Charles " @@ -17323,7 +17333,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12442 +#: freeculture.xml:12447 msgid "" "<quote>I'm just afraid that unless they really see the harm, they won't be " "willing to upset this practice that the government says has been a " @@ -17333,7 +17343,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12450 +#: freeculture.xml:12455 msgid "" "He may have argued many cases before this Court, I thought, but he didn't " "understand its soul. As a clerk, I had seen the Justices do the right " @@ -17347,7 +17357,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 245 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12460 +#: freeculture.xml:12465 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>The night before</emphasis> the argument, a line of " "people began to form in front of the Supreme Court. The case had become a " @@ -17357,7 +17367,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12470 +#: freeculture.xml:12475 msgid "" "Not everyone has to wait in line. People who know the Justices can ask for " "seats they control. (I asked Justice Scalia's chambers for seats for my " @@ -17373,7 +17383,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12485 +#: freeculture.xml:12490 msgid "" "When the Chief Justice called me to begin my argument, I began where I " "intended to stay: on the question of the limits on Congress's power. This " @@ -17382,14 +17392,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12492 +#: freeculture.xml:12497 msgid "" "Justice O'Connor stopped me within one minute of my opening. The history " "was bothering her." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12497 +#: freeculture.xml:12502 msgid "" "justice o'connor: Congress has extended the term so often through the years, " "and if you are right, don't we run the risk of upsetting previous extensions " @@ -17398,7 +17408,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12504 +#: freeculture.xml:12509 msgid "" "She was quite willing to concede <quote>that this flies directly in the face " "of what the framers had in mind.</quote> But my response again and again was " @@ -17407,7 +17417,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 246 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12510 +#: freeculture.xml:12515 msgid "" "mr. lessig: Well, if it flies in the face of what the framers had in mind, " "then the question is, is there a way of interpreting their words that gives " @@ -17415,14 +17425,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12518 +#: freeculture.xml:12523 msgid "" "There were two points in this argument when I should have seen where the " "Court was going. The first was a question by Justice Kennedy, who observed," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12524 +#: freeculture.xml:12529 msgid "" "justice kennedy: Well, I suppose implicit in the argument that the '76 act, " "too, should have been declared void, and that we might leave it alone " @@ -17432,14 +17442,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12532 +#: freeculture.xml:12537 msgid "" "Here follows my clear mistake. Like a professor correcting a student, I " "answered," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12538 +#: freeculture.xml:12543 msgid "" "mr. lessig: Justice, we are not making an empirical claim at all. Nothing " "in our Copyright Clause claim hangs upon the empirical assertion about " @@ -17449,7 +17459,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12547 +#: freeculture.xml:12552 msgid "" "That was a correct answer, but it wasn't the right answer. The right answer " "was instead that there was an obvious and profound harm. Any number of " @@ -17459,7 +17469,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12555 +#: freeculture.xml:12560 msgid "" "The second came from the Chief, for whom the whole case had been " "crafted. For the Chief Justice had crafted the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> " @@ -17468,21 +17478,21 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 247 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12560 +#: freeculture.xml:12565 msgid "" "It was clear a second into his question that he wasn't at all sympathetic. " "To him, we were a bunch of anarchists. As he asked:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12567 +#: freeculture.xml:12572 msgid "" "chief justice: Well, but you want more than that. You want the right to copy " "verbatim other people's books, don't you?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12571 +#: freeculture.xml:12576 msgid "" "mr. lessig: We want the right to copy verbatim works that should be in the " "public domain and would be in the public domain but for a statute that " @@ -17491,12 +17501,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12579 +#: freeculture.xml:12584 msgid "Olson, Theodore B." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12581 +#: freeculture.xml:12586 msgid "" "Things went better for us when the government gave its argument; for now the " "Court picked up on the core of our claim. As Justice Scalia asked Solicitor " @@ -17504,7 +17514,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12587 +#: freeculture.xml:12592 msgid "" "justice scalia: You say that the functional equivalent of an unlimited time " "would be a violation [of the Constitution], but that's precisely the " @@ -17513,7 +17523,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12595 +#: freeculture.xml:12600 msgid "" "When Olson was finished, it was my turn to give a closing rebuttal. Olson's " "flailing had revived my anger. But my anger still was directed to the " @@ -17529,7 +17539,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 248 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12608 +#: freeculture.xml:12613 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>As I left</emphasis> the court that day, I knew " "there were a hundred points I wished I could remake. There were a hundred " @@ -17538,7 +17548,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12617 +#: freeculture.xml:12622 msgid "" "The government had been asked over and over again, what is the limit? Over " "and over again, it had answered there is no limit. This was precisely the " @@ -17555,7 +17565,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12632 +#: freeculture.xml:12637 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>The morning</emphasis> of January 15, 2003, I was " "five minutes late to the office and missed the 7:00 A.M. call from the " @@ -17566,7 +17576,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12640 +#: freeculture.xml:12645 msgid "" "A few seconds later, the opinions arrived by e-mail. I took the phone off " "the hook, posted an announcement to our blog, and sat down to see where I " @@ -17574,7 +17584,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12645 +#: freeculture.xml:12650 msgid "" "My <emphasis>reasoning</emphasis>. Here was a case that pitted all the money " "in the world against <emphasis>reasoning</emphasis>. And here was the last " @@ -17582,7 +17592,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12652 +#: freeculture.xml:12657 msgid "" "I first scoured the opinion, looking for how the Court would distinguish the " "principle in this case from the principle in " @@ -17593,7 +17603,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 249 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12662 +#: freeculture.xml:12667 msgid "" "Justice Ginsburg simply ignored the enumerated powers argument. Consistent " "with her view that Congress's power was not limited generally, she had found " @@ -17601,7 +17611,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12667 +#: freeculture.xml:12672 msgid "" "Her opinion was perfectly reasonable—for her, and for Justice " "Souter. Neither believes in <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>. It would be too " @@ -17610,7 +17620,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12673 +#: freeculture.xml:12678 msgid "" "But as I realized what had happened, I couldn't quite believe what I was " "reading. I had said there was no way this Court could reconcile limited " @@ -17624,7 +17634,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12685 +#: freeculture.xml:12690 msgid "" "Yet by what right did they get to choose which of the framers' values they " "would respect? By what right did they—the silent five—get to " @@ -17637,7 +17647,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12697 +#: freeculture.xml:12702 msgid "" "Justices Breyer and Stevens wrote very strong dissents. Stevens's opinion " "was crafted internal to the law: He argued that the tradition of " @@ -17652,7 +17662,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 250 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12710 +#: freeculture.xml:12715 msgid "" "Justice Breyer's opinion, perhaps the best opinion he has ever written, was " "external to the Constitution. He argued that the term of copyrights has " @@ -17666,7 +17676,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12722 +#: freeculture.xml:12727 msgid "" "These two justices understood all the arguments we had made. But because " "neither believed in the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> case, neither was " @@ -17677,7 +17687,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12729 +#: freeculture.xml:12734 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Defeat brings depression</emphasis>. They say it is " "a sign of health when depression gives way to anger. My anger came quickly, " @@ -17685,12 +17695,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12734 +#: freeculture.xml:12739 msgid "originalism" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12736 +#: freeculture.xml:12741 msgid "" "It was first anger with the five <quote>Conservatives.</quote> It would have " "been one thing for them to have explained why the principle of " @@ -17708,7 +17718,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 251 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12750 +#: freeculture.xml:12755 msgid "" "Here, they had joined an opinion that never once tried to explain what the " "framers had meant by crafting the Progress Clause as they did; they joined " @@ -17723,7 +17733,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12765 +#: freeculture.xml:12770 msgid "" "My anger with the Conservatives quickly yielded to anger with myself. For I " "had let a view of the law that I liked interfere with a view of the law as " @@ -17731,7 +17741,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12772 +#: freeculture.xml:12777 msgid "" "Most lawyers, and most law professors, have little patience for idealism " "about courts in general and this Supreme Court in particular. Most have a " @@ -17746,7 +17756,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 252 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12783 +#: freeculture.xml:12788 msgid "" "As I read back over the transcript from that argument in October, I can see " "a hundred places where the answers could have taken the conversation in " @@ -17765,7 +17775,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12804 +#: freeculture.xml:12809 msgid "" "Would it have been different if I had argued it differently? Would it have " "been different if Don Ayer had argued it? Or Charles Fried? Or Kathleen " @@ -17773,7 +17783,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12809 +#: freeculture.xml:12814 msgid "" "My friends huddled around me to insist it would not. The Court was not " "ready, my friends insisted. This was a loss that was destined. It would take " @@ -17782,7 +17792,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12815 +#: freeculture.xml:12820 msgid "" "Maybe, but I doubt it. These Justices have no financial interest in doing " "anything except the right thing. They are not lobbied. They have little " @@ -17792,7 +17802,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12823 +#: freeculture.xml:12828 msgid "" "And even if I couldn't, then that doesn't excuse what happened in " "January. For at the start of this case, one of America's leading " @@ -17802,7 +17812,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12830 +#: freeculture.xml:12835 msgid "" "After the argument and after the decision, Peter said to me, and publicly, " "that he was wrong. But if indeed that Court could not have been persuaded, " @@ -17815,7 +17825,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 253 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12839 +#: freeculture.xml:12844 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>While the reaction</emphasis> to the Sonny Bono Act " "itself was almost unanimously negative, the reaction to the Court's decision " @@ -17829,7 +17839,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12854 +#: freeculture.xml:12859 msgid "" "In effect, the Supreme Court's decision makes it likely that we are seeing " "the beginning of the end of public domain and the birth of copyright " @@ -17840,12 +17850,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12869 freeculture.xml:12874 +#: freeculture.xml:12874 freeculture.xml:12879 msgid "Bolling, Ruben" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12863 +#: freeculture.xml:12868 msgid "" "The best responses were in the cartoons. There was a gaggle of hilarious " "images—of Mickey in jail and the like. The best, from my view of the " @@ -17856,14 +17866,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:12873 +#: freeculture.xml:12878 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/tom-the-dancing-bug.png\" align=\"center\" " "width=\"100%\"></graphic> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12877 +#: freeculture.xml:12882 msgid "" "The image that will always stick in my head is that evoked by the quote from " "<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle>. That <quote>grand " @@ -17876,12 +17886,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:12888 +#: freeculture.xml:12893 msgid "Chapter Fourteen: Eldred II" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12890 +#: freeculture.xml:12895 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>The day</emphasis> <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> was " "decided, fate would have it that I was to travel to Washington, D.C. (The " @@ -17894,7 +17904,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12902 +#: freeculture.xml:12907 msgid "" "It was an act of contrition. During the whole of the flight from San " "Francisco to Washington, I had heard over and over again in my head the same " @@ -17908,7 +17918,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 256 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12912 +#: freeculture.xml:12917 msgid "" "<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle> published the piece. In it, I " "proposed a simple fix: Fifty years after a work has been published, the " @@ -17918,7 +17928,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12920 +#: freeculture.xml:12925 msgid "" "We called this the Eldred Act, but that was just to give it a name. Eric " "Eldred was kind enough to let his name be used once again, but as he said " @@ -17926,7 +17936,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12925 +#: freeculture.xml:12930 msgid "" "Or another two names. For depending upon your perspective, this is either " "the <quote>Public Domain Enhancement Act</quote> or the <quote>Copyright " @@ -17938,22 +17948,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12933 freeculture.xml:13136 +#: freeculture.xml:12938 freeculture.xml:13141 msgid "Forbes, Steve" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12934 +#: freeculture.xml:12939 msgid "Democratic Party" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12935 +#: freeculture.xml:12940 msgid "Republican Party" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12937 +#: freeculture.xml:12942 msgid "" "The reaction to this idea was amazingly strong. Steve Forbes endorsed it in " "an editorial. I received an avalanche of e-mail and letters expressing " @@ -17967,7 +17977,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12949 +#: freeculture.xml:12954 msgid "" "Indeed, many recognized the obvious benefit of the registration " "requirement. For one of the hardest things about the current system for " @@ -17980,22 +17990,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12959 +#: freeculture.xml:12964 msgid "Berlin Act (1908)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12960 freeculture.xml:13001 +#: freeculture.xml:12965 freeculture.xml:13006 msgid "Berne Convention (1908)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12968 +#: freeculture.xml:12973 msgid "German copyright law" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12968 +#: freeculture.xml:12973 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Until the 1908 Berlin Act of the " "Berne Convention, national copyright legislation sometimes made protection " @@ -18018,7 +18028,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12963 +#: freeculture.xml:12968 msgid "" "As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"property-i\"/>, formalities in copyright law were removed in 1976, " @@ -18033,7 +18043,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12995 +#: freeculture.xml:13000 msgid "" "That's great rhetoric. It sounds wonderfully romantic. But it is absurd " "copyright policy. It is absurd especially for authors, because a world " @@ -18043,7 +18053,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13003 +#: freeculture.xml:13008 msgid "" "The fight against formalities achieved its first real victory in Berlin in " "1908. International copyright lawyers amended the Berne Convention in 1908, " @@ -18056,7 +18066,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13013 +#: freeculture.xml:13018 msgid "" "These complaints were real and sensible. And the strictness of the " "formalities, especially in the United States, was absurd. The law should " @@ -18067,7 +18077,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13021 +#: freeculture.xml:13026 msgid "" "Even that would have been resisted, however, because registration in the " "nineteenth and twentieth centuries was still expensive. It was also a " @@ -18078,7 +18088,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 258 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13029 +#: freeculture.xml:13034 msgid "" "In addition to the practical complaint of authors in 1908, there was a moral " "claim as well. There was no reason that creative property should be a " @@ -18090,7 +18100,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13041 +#: freeculture.xml:13046 msgid "" "This argument is correct, but its implications are misleading. For the " "argument in favor of formalities does not depend upon creative property " @@ -18101,7 +18111,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13050 +#: freeculture.xml:13055 msgid "" "No one thinks, for example, that land is second-class property just because " "you have to register a deed with a court if your sale of land is to be " @@ -18119,7 +18129,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13066 +#: freeculture.xml:13071 msgid "" "It is similarly special physics that makes formalities important in " "copyright law. Unlike a carpenter's table, there's nothing in nature that " @@ -18134,7 +18144,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13081 +#: freeculture.xml:13086 msgid "" "This was the understanding of the problem with the Sonny Bono Act that we " "tried to demonstrate to the Court. This was the part it didn't " @@ -18147,7 +18157,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13091 +#: freeculture.xml:13096 msgid "" "But now that copyrights can be just about a century long, the inability to " "know what is protected and what is not protected becomes a huge and obvious " @@ -18159,7 +18169,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13100 +#: freeculture.xml:13105 msgid "" "The Eldred Act was designed to respond to exactly this problem. If it is " "worth $1 to you, then register your work and you can get the longer " @@ -18169,7 +18179,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13107 +#: freeculture.xml:13112 msgid "" "If it isn't worth it to you to register to get the benefit of an extended " "term, then it shouldn't be worth it for the government to defend your " @@ -18179,7 +18189,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13114 +#: freeculture.xml:13119 msgid "" "Some worry about the burden on authors. Won't the burden of registering the " "work mean that the $1 is really misleading? Isn't the hassle worth more than " @@ -18188,7 +18198,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 260 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13120 +#: freeculture.xml:13125 msgid "" "It is. The hassle is terrible. The system that exists now is awful. I " "completely agree that the Copyright Office has done a terrible job (no doubt " @@ -18206,7 +18216,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13138 +#: freeculture.xml:13143 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>When Steve Forbes</emphasis> endorsed the idea, some " "in Washington began to pay attention. Many people contacted me pointing to " @@ -18216,12 +18226,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13144 +#: freeculture.xml:13149 msgid "Lofgren, Zoe" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13146 +#: freeculture.xml:13151 msgid "" "One representative, Zoe Lofgren of California, went so far as to get the " "bill drafted. The draft solved any problem with international law. It " @@ -18232,12 +18242,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13154 +#: freeculture.xml:13159 msgid "Eldred Act opposed by" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13156 +#: freeculture.xml:13161 msgid "" "But at this stage, the lobbyists began to intervene. Jack Valenti and the " "MPAA general counsel came to the congresswoman's office to give the view of " @@ -18249,7 +18259,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 261 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13164 +#: freeculture.xml:13169 msgid "" "The MPAA argued first that Congress had <quote>firmly rejected the central " "concept in the proposed bill</quote>—that copyrights be renewed. That " @@ -18271,7 +18281,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13185 +#: freeculture.xml:13190 msgid "" "Finally, the MPAA argued that existing law enabled copyright owners to do " "this if they wanted. But the whole point is that there are thousands of " @@ -18282,7 +18292,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13193 +#: freeculture.xml:13198 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>At the beginning</emphasis> of this book, I told two " "stories about the law reacting to changes in technology. In the one, common " @@ -18295,7 +18305,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13203 +#: freeculture.xml:13208 msgid "" "I used these two cases as a way to frame the war that this book has been " "about. For here, too, a new technology is forcing the law to react. And " @@ -18305,7 +18315,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 262 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13212 +#: freeculture.xml:13217 msgid "" "When the issue is piracy, it is right for the law to back the copyright " "owners. The commercial piracy that I described is wrong and harmful, and the " @@ -18319,12 +18329,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13222 +#: freeculture.xml:13227 msgid "Kelly, Kevin" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13224 +#: freeculture.xml:13229 msgid "" "But when the copyright owners oppose a proposal such as the Eldred Act, " "then, finally, there is an example that lays bare the naked selfinterest " @@ -18337,12 +18347,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13234 +#: freeculture.xml:13239 msgid "What does this industry really want?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13237 +#: freeculture.xml:13242 msgid "" "With very little effort, the warriors could protect their content. So the " "effort to block something like the Eldred Act is not really about protecting " @@ -18355,7 +18365,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13248 +#: freeculture.xml:13253 msgid "" "The opposition to the Eldred Act reveals how extreme the other side is. The " "most powerful and sexy and well loved of lobbies really has as its aim not " @@ -18366,7 +18376,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 263 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13256 +#: freeculture.xml:13261 msgid "" "It is not hard to understand why the warriors take this view. It is not hard " "to see why it would benefit them if the competition of the public domain " @@ -18377,7 +18387,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13268 +#: freeculture.xml:13273 msgid "" "What is hard to understand is why the public takes this view. It is as if " "the law made airplanes trespassers. The MPAA stands with the Causbys and " @@ -18387,7 +18397,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13275 +#: freeculture.xml:13280 msgid "" "All this seems to follow easily from this untroubled acceptance of the " "<quote>property</quote> in intellectual property. Common sense supports it, " @@ -18399,47 +18409,47 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13287 +#: freeculture.xml:13292 msgid "Conclusion" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13288 +#: freeculture.xml:13293 msgid "Africa, medications for HIV patients in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13289 +#: freeculture.xml:13294 msgid "AIDS medications" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13290 +#: freeculture.xml:13295 msgid "antiretroviral drugs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13291 +#: freeculture.xml:13296 msgid "developing countries, foreign patent costs in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13292 freeculture.xml:13806 +#: freeculture.xml:13297 freeculture.xml:13811 msgid "drugs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13292 freeculture.xml:13806 +#: freeculture.xml:13297 freeculture.xml:13811 msgid "pharmaceutical" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13293 +#: freeculture.xml:13298 msgid "HIV/AIDS therapies" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13295 +#: freeculture.xml:13300 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>There are more</emphasis> than 35 million people " "with the AIDS virus worldwide. Twenty-five million of them live in " @@ -18449,7 +18459,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13302 +#: freeculture.xml:13307 msgid "" "There is no cure for AIDS, but there are drugs to slow its progression. " "These antiretroviral therapies are still experimental, but they have already " @@ -18460,7 +18470,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13317 +#: freeculture.xml:13322 msgid "" "Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, <quote>Final Report: Integrating " "Intellectual Property Rights and Development Policy</quote> (London, 2002), " @@ -18471,7 +18481,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13310 +#: freeculture.xml:13315 msgid "" "These drugs are expensive. When they were first introduced in the United " "States, they cost between $10,000 and $15,000 per person per year. Today, " @@ -18483,18 +18493,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13326 freeculture.xml:13808 +#: freeculture.xml:13331 freeculture.xml:13813 msgid "on pharmaceuticals" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13327 +#: freeculture.xml:13332 msgid "pharmaceutical patents" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 265 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13330 +#: freeculture.xml:13335 msgid "" "These prices are not high because the ingredients of the drugs are " "expensive. These prices are high because the drugs are protected by " @@ -18505,7 +18515,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13338 +#: freeculture.xml:13343 msgid "" "There are many who are skeptical of patents, especially drug patents. I am " "not. Indeed, of all the areas of research that might be supported by " @@ -18518,7 +18528,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13349 +#: freeculture.xml:13354 msgid "" "But it is one thing to support patents, even drug patents. It is another " "thing to determine how best to deal with a crisis. And as African leaders " @@ -18528,27 +18538,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13355 +#: freeculture.xml:13360 msgid "international law" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13356 +#: freeculture.xml:13361 msgid "parallel importation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13357 +#: freeculture.xml:13362 msgid "South Africa, Republic of, pharmaceutical imports by" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13370 freeculture.xml:13864 +#: freeculture.xml:13375 freeculture.xml:13869 msgid "Braithwaite, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13368 +#: freeculture.xml:13373 msgid "" "See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism: " "Who Owns the Knowledge Economy?</citetitle> (New York: The New Press, 2003), " @@ -18557,7 +18567,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13359 +#: freeculture.xml:13364 msgid "" "In 1997, South Africa tried one tack. It passed a law to allow the " "importation of patented medicines that had been produced or sold in another " @@ -18569,13 +18579,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13374 +#: freeculture.xml:13379 msgid "United States Trade Representative (USTR)" msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13382 +#: freeculture.xml:13387 msgid "" "International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent " "Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a " @@ -18590,7 +18600,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13409 +#: freeculture.xml:13414 msgid "" "International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent " "Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a " @@ -18599,7 +18609,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13376 +#: freeculture.xml:13381 msgid "" "However, the United States government opposed the bill. Indeed, more than " "opposed. As the International Intellectual Property Association " @@ -18622,7 +18632,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13416 +#: freeculture.xml:13421 msgid "" "We should place the intervention by the United States in context. No doubt " "patents are not the most important reason that Africans don't have access to " @@ -18634,7 +18644,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13426 +#: freeculture.xml:13431 msgid "" "By stopping the flow of HIV treatment into Africa, the United States " "government was not saving drugs for United States citizens. This is not " @@ -18645,7 +18655,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13434 +#: freeculture.xml:13439 msgid "" "Nor was the intervention by the United States going to protect the profits " "of United States drug companies—at least, not substantially. It was " @@ -18659,7 +18669,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f5. #. PAGE BREAK 333 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13449 +#: freeculture.xml:13454 msgid "" "See Sabin Russell, <quote>New Crusade to Lower AIDS Drug Costs: Africa's " "Needs at Odds with Firms' Profit Motive,</quote> <citetitle>San Francisco " @@ -18677,7 +18687,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13443 +#: freeculture.xml:13448 msgid "" "Instead, the argument in favor of restricting this flow of information, " "which was needed to save the lives of millions, was an argument about the " @@ -18689,7 +18699,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13471 +#: freeculture.xml:13476 msgid "" "Now just step back for a moment. There will be a time thirty years from now " "when our children look back at us and ask, how could we have let this " @@ -18702,12 +18712,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13480 +#: freeculture.xml:13485 msgid "in pharmaceutical industry" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13482 +#: freeculture.xml:13487 msgid "" "Some blame the drug companies. I don't. They are corporations. Their " "managers are ordered by law to make money for the corporation. They push a " @@ -18718,7 +18728,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13490 +#: freeculture.xml:13495 msgid "" "The corruption is our own politicians' failure of integrity. For the drug " "companies would love—they say, and I believe them—to sell their " @@ -18729,13 +18739,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13497 +#: freeculture.xml:13502 msgid "of drug patents" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 268 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13499 +#: freeculture.xml:13504 msgid "" "A different problem, however, could not be overcome. This is the fear of the " "grandstanding politician who would call the presidents of the drug companies " @@ -18752,7 +18762,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13521 +#: freeculture.xml:13526 msgid "" "So when the common sense of your child confronts you, what will you say? " "When the common sense of a generation finally revolts against what we have " @@ -18760,7 +18770,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13527 +#: freeculture.xml:13532 msgid "" "A sensible patent policy could endorse and strongly support the patent " "system without having to reach everyone everywhere in exactly the same " @@ -18774,7 +18784,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13542 +#: freeculture.xml:13547 msgid "" "But we as a culture have lost this sense of balance. We have lost the " "critical eye that helps us see the difference between truth and extremism. " @@ -18786,7 +18796,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 269 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13551 +#: freeculture.xml:13556 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>A simple idea</emphasis> blinds us, and under the " "cover of darkness, much happens that most of us would reject if any of us " @@ -18801,7 +18811,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13565 +#: freeculture.xml:13570 msgid "" "So far, common sense sleeps. There is no revolt. Common sense does not yet " "see what there could be to revolt about. The extremism that now dominates " @@ -18818,68 +18828,68 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13578 freeculture.xml:14354 +#: freeculture.xml:13583 freeculture.xml:14359 msgid "academic journals" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13579 freeculture.xml:13592 +#: freeculture.xml:13584 freeculture.xml:13597 msgid "biomedical research" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13580 freeculture.xml:13750 +#: freeculture.xml:13585 freeculture.xml:13755 msgid "international organization on issues of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13582 freeculture.xml:13699 freeculture.xml:14273 +#: freeculture.xml:13587 freeculture.xml:13704 freeculture.xml:14278 msgid "IBM" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13583 freeculture.xml:14420 +#: freeculture.xml:13588 freeculture.xml:14425 msgid "PLoS (Public Library of Science)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13584 freeculture.xml:14421 +#: freeculture.xml:13589 freeculture.xml:14426 msgid "Public Library of Science (PLoS)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13585 +#: freeculture.xml:13590 msgid "public projects in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13586 +#: freeculture.xml:13591 msgid "single nucleotied polymorphisms (SNPs)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13587 +#: freeculture.xml:13592 msgid "Wellcome Trust" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13588 freeculture.xml:13751 +#: freeculture.xml:13593 freeculture.xml:13756 msgid "World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13589 +#: freeculture.xml:13594 msgid "World Wide Web" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13590 +#: freeculture.xml:13595 msgid "Global Positioning System" msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13597 +#: freeculture.xml:13602 msgid "" "Jonathan Krim, <quote>The Quiet War over Open-Source,</quote> " "<citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, August 2003, E1, available at <ulink " @@ -18895,7 +18905,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 270 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13594 +#: freeculture.xml:13599 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>In August 2003</emphasis>, a fight broke out in the " "United States about a decision by the World Intellectual Property " @@ -18920,7 +18930,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13630 +#: freeculture.xml:13635 msgid "" "The aim of the meeting was to consider this wide range of projects from one " "common perspective: that none of these projects relied upon intellectual " @@ -18930,20 +18940,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13636 +#: freeculture.xml:13641 msgid "in international debate on intellectual property" msgstr "" #. f7. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13639 +#: freeculture.xml:13644 msgid "" "I should disclose that I was one of the people who asked WIPO for the " "meeting." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13638 +#: freeculture.xml:13643 msgid "" "From the perspective of this book, then, the conference was " "ideal.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The projects within its " @@ -18954,13 +18964,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13648 freeculture.xml:13805 +#: freeculture.xml:13653 freeculture.xml:13810 msgid "World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS)" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 271 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13650 +#: freeculture.xml:13655 msgid "" "Indeed, I was once publicly scolded for not recognizing this fact about " "WIPO. In February 2003, I delivered a keynote address to a preparatory " @@ -18984,7 +18994,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13674 +#: freeculture.xml:13679 msgid "" "So whether or not WSIS can discuss balance in intellectual property, I had " "thought it was taken for granted that WIPO could and should. And thus the " @@ -18993,17 +19003,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13683 freeculture.xml:15425 +#: freeculture.xml:13688 freeculture.xml:15430 msgid "Apple Corporation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13684 +#: freeculture.xml:13689 msgid "on free software" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13686 +#: freeculture.xml:13691 msgid "" "But there is one project within that list that is highly controversial, at " "least among lobbyists. That project is <quote>open source and free " @@ -19017,13 +19027,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13696 +#: freeculture.xml:13701 msgid "<quote>copyleft</quote> licenses" msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13712 +#: freeculture.xml:13717 msgid "" "Microsoft's position about free and open source software is more " "sophisticated. As it has repeatedly asserted, it has no problem with " @@ -19044,7 +19054,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13701 +#: freeculture.xml:13706 msgid "" "I don't mean to enter that debate here. It is important only to make clear " "that the distinction is not between commercial and noncommercial " @@ -19059,18 +19069,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13730 +#: freeculture.xml:13735 msgid "General Public License (GPL)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13731 +#: freeculture.xml:13736 msgid "GPL (General Public License)" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 272 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13733 +#: freeculture.xml:13738 msgid "" "More important for our purposes, to support <quote>open source and free " "software</quote> is not to oppose copyright. <quote>Open source and free " @@ -19088,25 +19098,25 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13752 +#: freeculture.xml:13757 msgid "Krim, Jonathan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13753 +#: freeculture.xml:13758 msgid "WIPO meeting opposed by" msgstr "" #. f9. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13763 +#: freeculture.xml:13768 msgid "" "Krim, <quote>The Quiet War over Open-Source,</quote> available at <ulink " "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #64</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13755 +#: freeculture.xml:13760 msgid "" "It is therefore understandable that as a proprietary software developer, " "Microsoft would oppose this WIPO meeting, and understandable that it would " @@ -19119,7 +19129,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13769 +#: freeculture.xml:13774 msgid "" "I don't blame Microsoft for doing what it can to advance its own interests, " "consistent with the law. And lobbying governments is plainly consistent with " @@ -19129,17 +19139,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13777 freeculture.xml:13836 +#: freeculture.xml:13782 freeculture.xml:13841 msgid "Boland, Lois" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13778 +#: freeculture.xml:13783 msgid "Patent and Trademark Office, U.S." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13780 +#: freeculture.xml:13785 msgid "" "What was surprising was the United States government's reason for opposing " "the meeting. Again, as reported by Krim, Lois Boland, acting director of " @@ -19151,12 +19161,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13791 +#: freeculture.xml:13796 msgid "These statements are astonishing on a number of levels." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13796 +#: freeculture.xml:13801 msgid "" "First, they are just flat wrong. As I described, most open source and free " "software relies fundamentally upon the intellectual property right called " @@ -19169,12 +19179,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13807 +#: freeculture.xml:13812 msgid "generic drugs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13810 +#: freeculture.xml:13815 msgid "" "Second, who ever said that WIPO's exclusive aim was to " "<quote>promote</quote> intellectual property maximally? As I had been " @@ -19190,7 +19200,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13824 +#: freeculture.xml:13829 msgid "" "Third, even if one believed that the purpose of WIPO was to maximize " "intellectual property rights, in our tradition, intellectual property rights " @@ -19206,7 +19216,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 274 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13838 +#: freeculture.xml:13843 msgid "" "When Ms. Boland says that there is something wrong with a meeting " "<quote>which has as its purpose to disclaim or waive such rights,</quote> " @@ -19220,17 +19230,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13849 +#: freeculture.xml:13854 msgid "feudal system" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13850 +#: freeculture.xml:13855 msgid "feudal system of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13852 +#: freeculture.xml:13857 msgid "" "There is a history of just such a property system that is well known in the " "Anglo-American tradition. It is called <quote>feudalism.</quote> Under " @@ -19244,14 +19254,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13869 +#: freeculture.xml:13874 msgid "" "See Drahos with Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism</citetitle>, " "210–20. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13866 +#: freeculture.xml:13871 msgid "" "As Peter Drahos and John Braithwaite relate, this is precisely the choice we " "are now making about intellectual property.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -19262,7 +19272,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13880 +#: freeculture.xml:13885 msgid "" "When this battle broke, I blogged it. A spirited debate within the comment " "section ensued. Ms. Boland had a number of supporters who tried to show why " @@ -19272,7 +19282,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 275 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13889 +#: freeculture.xml:13894 msgid "" "George, you misunderstand Lessig: He's only talking about the world as it " "should be (<quote>the goal of WIPO, and the goal of any government, should " @@ -19285,7 +19295,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13901 +#: freeculture.xml:13906 msgid "" "I missed the irony the first time I read it. I read it quickly and thought " "the poster was supporting the idea that seeking balance was what our " @@ -19298,7 +19308,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13912 +#: freeculture.xml:13917 msgid "" "Obviously, however, the poster was not supporting that idea. Instead, the " "poster was ridiculing the very idea that in the real world, the " @@ -19310,7 +19320,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13920 +#: freeculture.xml:13925 msgid "" "I understand criticism of academic utopianism. I think utopianism is silly, " "too, and I'd be the first to poke fun at the absurdly unrealistic ideals of " @@ -19318,7 +19328,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13926 +#: freeculture.xml:13931 msgid "" "But when it has become silly to suppose that the role of our government " "should be to <quote>seek balance,</quote> then count me with the silly, for " @@ -19333,7 +19343,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 276 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13937 +#: freeculture.xml:13942 msgid "" "It might be crazy to expect a high government official to speak the " "truth. It might be crazy to believe that government policy will be something " @@ -19343,17 +19353,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13946 +#: freeculture.xml:13951 msgid "If this is crazy, then let there be more crazies. Soon." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13950 +#: freeculture.xml:13955 msgid "Turner, Ted" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13952 +#: freeculture.xml:13957 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>There are moments</emphasis> of hope in this " "struggle. And moments that surprise. When the FCC was considering relaxing " @@ -19367,7 +19377,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13963 +#: freeculture.xml:13968 msgid "" "This activism did not stop the FCC, but soon after, a broad coalition in the " "Senate voted to reverse the FCC decision. The hostile hearings leading up to " @@ -19377,7 +19387,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13971 +#: freeculture.xml:13976 msgid "" "But even this movement misses an important piece of the puzzle. Largeness " "as such is not bad. Freedom is not threatened just because some become very " @@ -19387,7 +19397,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13978 +#: freeculture.xml:13983 msgid "" "The danger in media concentration comes not from the concentration, but " "instead from the feudalism that this concentration, tied to the change in " @@ -19399,7 +19409,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13988 +#: freeculture.xml:13993 msgid "" "It is therefore significant that so many would rally to demand competition " "and increased diversity. Still, if the rally is understood as being about " @@ -19409,7 +19419,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13995 +#: freeculture.xml:14000 msgid "" "It would be something new, and something very important, if an equal number " "could be rallied to fight the increasing extremism built within the idea of " @@ -19420,20 +19430,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14003 +#: freeculture.xml:14008 msgid "" "If we were Achilles, this would be our heel. This would be the place of our " "tragedy." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14006 +#: freeculture.xml:14011 msgid "Dylan, Bob" msgstr "" #. f11. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14012 +#: freeculture.xml:14017 msgid "" "John Borland, <quote>RIAA Sues 261 File Swappers,</quote> CNET News.com, " "September 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -19452,7 +19462,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14030 +#: freeculture.xml:14035 msgid "" "Jon Wiederhorn, <quote>Eminem Gets Sued … by a Little Old " "Lady,</quote> mtv.com, 17 September 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -19462,7 +19472,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f13. #. PAGE BREAK 334 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14037 +#: freeculture.xml:14042 msgid "" "Kenji Hall, Associated Press, <quote>Japanese Book May Be Inspiration for " "Dylan Songs,</quote> Kansascity.com, 9 July 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -19470,7 +19480,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14008 +#: freeculture.xml:14013 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>As I write</emphasis> these final words, the news is " "filled with stories about the RIAA lawsuits against almost three hundred " @@ -19490,33 +19500,33 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14054 +#: freeculture.xml:14059 msgid "BBC" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14055 +#: freeculture.xml:14060 msgid "Brazil, free culture in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14056 freeculture.xml:14451 +#: freeculture.xml:14061 freeculture.xml:14456 msgid "Creative Commons" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14057 +#: freeculture.xml:14062 msgid "Gil, Gilberto" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14058 +#: freeculture.xml:14063 msgid "public creative archive in" msgstr "" #. f14. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14063 +#: freeculture.xml:14068 msgid "" "<quote>BBC Plans to Open Up Its Archive to the Public,</quote> BBC press " "release, 24 August 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -19525,7 +19535,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f15. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14072 +#: freeculture.xml:14077 msgid "" "<quote>Creative Commons and Brazil,</quote> Creative Commons Weblog, 6 " "August 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -19534,7 +19544,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 278 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14060 +#: freeculture.xml:14065 msgid "" "Yet on the other side of the Atlantic, the BBC has just announced that it " "will build a <quote>Creative Archive,</quote> from which British citizens " @@ -19553,25 +19563,25 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 279 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14086 +#: freeculture.xml:14091 msgid "" "Common sense must revolt. It must act to free culture. Soon, if this " "potential is ever to be realized." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14094 +#: freeculture.xml:14099 msgid "Afterword" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14095 freeculture.xml:14129 +#: freeculture.xml:14100 freeculture.xml:14134 msgid "voluntary reform efforts on" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 280 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14099 +#: freeculture.xml:14104 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>At least some</emphasis> who have read this far will " "agree with me that something must be done to change where we are " @@ -19579,7 +19589,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14104 +#: freeculture.xml:14109 msgid "" "I divide this map into two parts: that which anyone can do now, and that " "which requires the help of lawmakers. If there is one lesson that we can " @@ -19588,7 +19598,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14110 +#: freeculture.xml:14115 msgid "" "That means this movement must begin in the streets. It must recruit a " "significant number of parents, teachers, librarians, creators, authors, " @@ -19597,7 +19607,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14119 +#: freeculture.xml:14124 msgid "" "Once this movement has its effect in the streets, it has some hope of having " "an effect in Washington. We are still a democracy. What people think " @@ -19607,12 +19617,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14128 +#: freeculture.xml:14133 msgid "Us, now" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14131 +#: freeculture.xml:14136 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Common sense</emphasis> is with the copyright " "warriors because the debate so far has been framed at the extremes—as " @@ -19622,7 +19632,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14138 +#: freeculture.xml:14143 msgid "" "The mistake here is the error of the excluded middle. There are extremes in " "this debate, but the extremes are not all that there is. There are those who " @@ -19635,13 +19645,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14148 +#: freeculture.xml:14153 msgid "initial free character of" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 282 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14150 +#: freeculture.xml:14155 msgid "" "When the Internet was first born, its initial architecture effectively " "tilted in the <quote>no rights reserved</quote> direction. Content could be " @@ -19653,7 +19663,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14162 +#: freeculture.xml:14167 msgid "" "This initial character produced a reaction (opposite, but not quite equal) " "by copyright owners. That reaction has been the topic of this book. Through " @@ -19670,7 +19680,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14178 +#: freeculture.xml:14183 msgid "" "What's needed is a way to say something in the middle—neither " "<quote>all rights reserved</quote> nor <quote>no rights reserved</quote> but " @@ -19681,22 +19691,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14186 +#: freeculture.xml:14191 msgid "Rebuilding Freedoms Previously Presumed: Examples" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14187 +#: freeculture.xml:14192 msgid "restoration efforts on previous aspects of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14189 +#: freeculture.xml:14194 msgid "privacy rights" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14191 +#: freeculture.xml:14196 msgid "" "If you step back from the battle I've been describing here, you will " "recognize this problem from other contexts. Think about privacy. Before the " @@ -19708,12 +19718,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14201 +#: freeculture.xml:14206 msgid "What made it assured?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14205 +#: freeculture.xml:14210 msgid "" "Well, if we think in terms of the modalities I described in chapter <xref " "xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"property-i\"/>, your privacy was " @@ -19731,22 +19741,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14220 +#: freeculture.xml:14225 msgid "Amazon" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14221 +#: freeculture.xml:14226 msgid "cookies, Internet" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14222 +#: freeculture.xml:14227 msgid "privacy protection on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14224 +#: freeculture.xml:14229 msgid "" "Enter the Internet, where the cost of tracking browsing in particular has " "become quite tiny. If you're a customer at Amazon, then as you browse the " @@ -19759,12 +19769,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14233 +#: freeculture.xml:14238 msgid "privacy rights in use of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14235 +#: freeculture.xml:14240 msgid "" "Amazon, of course, is not the problem. But we might begin to worry about " "libraries. If you're one of those crazy lefties who thinks that people " @@ -19777,7 +19787,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14253 +#: freeculture.xml:14258 msgid "" "See, for example, Marc Rotenberg, <quote>Fair Information Practices and the " "Architecture of Privacy (What Larry Doesn't Get),</quote> " @@ -19792,7 +19802,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 284 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14247 +#: freeculture.xml:14252 msgid "" "It is this reality that explains the push of many to define " "<quote>privacy</quote> on the Internet. It is the recognition that " @@ -19806,12 +19816,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14272 +#: freeculture.xml:14277 msgid "Data General" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14276 +#: freeculture.xml:14281 msgid "" "A similar story could be told about the birth of the free software " "movement. When computers with software were first made available " @@ -19822,12 +19832,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14283 +#: freeculture.xml:14288 msgid "Stallman, Richard" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14285 +#: freeculture.xml:14290 msgid "" "That was the world Richard Stallman was born into, and while he was a " "researcher at MIT, he grew to love the community that developed when one was " @@ -19837,7 +19847,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14293 +#: freeculture.xml:14298 msgid "" "In an academic setting, at least, that's not a terribly radical idea. In a " "math department, anyone would be free to tinker with a proof that someone " @@ -19851,12 +19861,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14304 +#: freeculture.xml:14309 msgid "proprietary code" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14306 +#: freeculture.xml:14311 msgid "" "No one answered that question. Instead, the architecture of revenue for " "computing changed. As it became possible to import programs from one system " @@ -19869,7 +19879,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 285 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14315 +#: freeculture.xml:14320 msgid "" "Thus, the practice of proprietary code began to spread, and by the early " "1980s, Stallman found himself surrounded by proprietary code. The world of " @@ -19879,12 +19889,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14324 +#: freeculture.xml:14329 msgid "Torvalds, Linus" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14326 +#: freeculture.xml:14331 msgid "" "Therefore, in 1984, Stallman began a project to build a free operating " "system, so that at least a strain of free software would survive. That was " @@ -19895,7 +19905,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14334 +#: freeculture.xml:14339 msgid "" "Stallman's technique was to use copyright law to build a world of software " "that must be kept free. Software licensed under the Free Software " @@ -19908,7 +19918,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14345 +#: freeculture.xml:14350 msgid "" "Stallman was thus doing for software what privacy advocates now do for " "privacy. He was seeking a way to rebuild a kind of freedom that was taken " @@ -19919,12 +19929,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14355 +#: freeculture.xml:14360 msgid "scientific journals" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14357 +#: freeculture.xml:14362 msgid "" "Finally, consider a very recent example that more directly resonates with " "the story of this book. This is the shift in the way academic and scientific " @@ -19932,23 +19942,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14361 +#: freeculture.xml:14366 msgid "Lexis and Westlaw" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14363 freeculture.xml:14399 +#: freeculture.xml:14368 freeculture.xml:14404 msgid "journals in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14364 +#: freeculture.xml:14369 msgid "access to opinions of" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 286 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14366 +#: freeculture.xml:14371 msgid "" "As digital technologies develop, it is becoming obvious to many that " "printing thousands of copies of journals every month and sending them to " @@ -19965,17 +19975,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14381 +#: freeculture.xml:14386 msgid "access fees for material in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14382 +#: freeculture.xml:14387 msgid "license system for rebuilding of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14384 +#: freeculture.xml:14389 msgid "" "There's nothing wrong in general with this, and indeed, the ability to " "charge for access to even public domain materials is a good incentive for " @@ -19987,7 +19997,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14395 +#: freeculture.xml:14400 msgid "" "But what if the only way to get access to social and scientific data was " "through proprietary services? What if no one had the ability to browse this " @@ -19995,7 +20005,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14401 +#: freeculture.xml:14406 msgid "" "As many are beginning to notice, this is increasingly the reality with " "scientific journals. When these journals were distributed in paper form, " @@ -20010,7 +20020,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14413 +#: freeculture.xml:14418 msgid "" "As journals become electronic, however, the publishers are demanding that " "libraries not give the general public access to the journals. This means " @@ -20021,7 +20031,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 287 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14423 +#: freeculture.xml:14428 msgid "" "This shrinking freedom has led many to take affirmative steps to restore the " "freedom that has been lost. The Public Library of Science (PLoS), for " @@ -20035,7 +20045,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14437 +#: freeculture.xml:14442 msgid "" "This is one of many such efforts to restore a freedom taken for granted " "before, but now threatened by changing technology and markets. There's no " @@ -20046,24 +20056,24 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14450 +#: freeculture.xml:14455 msgid "Rebuilding Free Culture: One Idea" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14453 +#: freeculture.xml:14458 msgid "" "The same strategy could be applied to culture, as a response to the " "increasing control effected through law and technology." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14456 +#: freeculture.xml:14461 msgid "Stanford University" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14458 +#: freeculture.xml:14463 msgid "" "Enter the Creative Commons. The Creative Commons is a nonprofit corporation " "established in Massachusetts, but with its home at Stanford University. Its " @@ -20077,7 +20087,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 288 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14469 +#: freeculture.xml:14474 msgid "" "<emphasis>Simple</emphasis>—which means without a middleman, or " "without a lawyer. By developing a free set of licenses that people can " @@ -20096,7 +20106,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14487 +#: freeculture.xml:14492 msgid "" "These freedoms are beyond the freedoms promised by fair use. Their precise " "contours depend upon the choices the creator makes. The creator can choose a " @@ -20110,7 +20120,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14498 +#: freeculture.xml:14503 msgid "" "These choices thus establish a range of freedoms beyond the default of " "copyright law. They also enable freedoms that go beyond traditional fair " @@ -20123,13 +20133,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14508 +#: freeculture.xml:14513 msgid "Garlick, Mia" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 289 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14510 +#: freeculture.xml:14515 msgid "" "This is just one project among many within the Creative Commons. And of " "course, Creative Commons is not the only organization pursuing such " @@ -20143,7 +20153,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14523 +#: freeculture.xml:14528 msgid "" "The aim is not to fight the <quote>All Rights Reserved</quote> sorts. The " "aim is to complement them. The problems that the law creates for us as a " @@ -20158,7 +20168,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14536 +#: freeculture.xml:14541 msgid "" "Why would creators participate in giving up total control? Some participate " "to better spread their content. Cory Doctorow, for example, is a science " @@ -20168,7 +20178,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14543 +#: freeculture.xml:14548 msgid "" "Why would a publisher ever agree to this? I suspect his publisher reasoned " "like this: There are two groups of people out there: (1) those who will buy " @@ -20182,7 +20192,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14555 +#: freeculture.xml:14560 msgid "" "Indeed, the experience of his publisher clearly supports that conclusion. " "The book's first printing was exhausted months before the publisher had " @@ -20190,18 +20200,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14560 +#: freeculture.xml:14565 msgid "Free for All (Wayner)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14561 +#: freeculture.xml:14566 msgid "Wayner, Peter" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 290 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14563 +#: freeculture.xml:14568 msgid "" "The idea that free content might increase the value of nonfree content was " "confirmed by the experience of another author. Peter Wayner, who wrote a " @@ -20213,23 +20223,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14574 +#: freeculture.xml:14579 msgid "Leaphart, Walter" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14575 +#: freeculture.xml:14580 msgid "Public Enemy" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14577 +#: freeculture.xml:14582 msgid "rap music" msgstr "" #. f2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14594 +#: freeculture.xml:14599 msgid "" "<citetitle>Willful Infringement: A Report from the Front Lines of the Real " "Culture Wars</citetitle> (2003), produced by Jed Horovitz, directed by Greg " @@ -20238,7 +20248,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14579 +#: freeculture.xml:14584 msgid "" "These are examples of using the Commons to better spread proprietary " "content. I believe that is a wonderful and common use of the Commons. There " @@ -20258,7 +20268,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14603 +#: freeculture.xml:14608 msgid "" "Finally, there are many who mark their content with a Creative Commons " "license just because they want to express to others the importance of " @@ -20273,7 +20283,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 291 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14615 +#: freeculture.xml:14620 msgid "" "In the first six months of the Creative Commons experiment, over 1 million " "objects were licensed with these free-culture licenses. The next step is " @@ -20284,7 +20294,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14625 +#: freeculture.xml:14630 msgid "" "These are first steps to rebuilding a public domain. They are not mere " "arguments; they are action. Building a public domain is the first step to " @@ -20295,7 +20305,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14633 +#: freeculture.xml:14638 msgid "" "Creative Commons is just one example of voluntary efforts by individuals and " "creators to change the mix of rights that now govern the creative field. The " @@ -20306,12 +20316,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14647 +#: freeculture.xml:14652 msgid "Them, soon" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14649 +#: freeculture.xml:14654 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>We will</emphasis> not reclaim a free culture by " "individual action alone. It will also take important reforms of laws. We " @@ -20321,7 +20331,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14656 +#: freeculture.xml:14661 msgid "" "In this chapter, I outline five kinds of changes: four that are general, and " "one that's specific to the most heated battle of the day, music. Each is a " @@ -20330,12 +20340,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14663 +#: freeculture.xml:14668 msgid "1. More Formalities" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14665 +#: freeculture.xml:14670 msgid "" "If you buy a house, you have to record the sale in a deed. If you buy land " "upon which to build a house, you have to record the purchase in a deed. If " @@ -20345,14 +20355,14 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 293 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14672 +#: freeculture.xml:14677 msgid "" "These are all formalities associated with property. They are requirements " "that we all must bear if we want our property to be protected." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14677 +#: freeculture.xml:14682 msgid "" "In contrast, under current copyright law, you automatically get a copyright, " "regardless of whether you comply with any formality. You don't have to " @@ -20361,12 +20371,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14683 +#: freeculture.xml:14688 msgid "Why?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14686 +#: freeculture.xml:14691 msgid "" "As I suggested in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"property-i\"/>, the motivation to abolish formalities was a good " @@ -20377,7 +20387,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14695 +#: freeculture.xml:14700 msgid "" "But the Internet changes all this. Formalities today need not be a " "burden. Rather, the world without formalities is the world that burdens " @@ -20392,7 +20402,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14709 +#: freeculture.xml:14714 msgid "" "The proposal I am advancing here would apply to American works only. " "Obviously, I believe it would be beneficial for the same idea to be adopted " @@ -20400,7 +20410,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14707 +#: freeculture.xml:14712 msgid "" "The law should therefore change this requirement<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>—but it should not change it by going back " @@ -20410,7 +20420,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14717 +#: freeculture.xml:14722 msgid "" "The important formalities are three: marking copyrighted work, registering " "copyrights, and renewing the claim to copyright. Traditionally, the first of " @@ -20421,12 +20431,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14729 +#: freeculture.xml:14734 msgid "Registration and renewal" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14731 +#: freeculture.xml:14736 msgid "" "Under the old system, a copyright owner had to file a registration with the " "Copyright Office to register or renew a copyright. When filing that " @@ -20441,7 +20451,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14744 +#: freeculture.xml:14749 msgid "" "Yet it is always astonishing to me that we, who come from a tradition of " "extraordinary innovation in governmental design, can no longer think " @@ -20453,22 +20463,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14752 +#: freeculture.xml:14757 msgid "domain names" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14753 +#: freeculture.xml:14758 msgid "domain name registration on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14754 +#: freeculture.xml:14759 msgid "Web sites, domain name registration of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14756 +#: freeculture.xml:14761 msgid "" "In the context of registration, one obvious model is the Internet. There " "are at least 32 million Web sites registered around the world. Domain name " @@ -20481,7 +20491,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 295 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14766 +#: freeculture.xml:14771 msgid "" "We should adopt a similar model for the registration and renewal of " "copyrights. The Copyright Office may well serve as the central registry, but " @@ -20495,12 +20505,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14781 +#: freeculture.xml:14786 msgid "Marking" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14783 +#: freeculture.xml:14788 msgid "" "It used to be that the failure to include a copyright notice on a creative " "work meant that the copyright was forfeited. That was a harsh punishment for " @@ -20512,7 +20522,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14793 +#: freeculture.xml:14798 msgid "" "The aim of marking is to signal to the public that this work is copyrighted " "and that the author wants to enforce his rights. The mark also makes it easy " @@ -20520,7 +20530,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14799 +#: freeculture.xml:14804 msgid "" "One of the problems the copyright system confronted early on was that " "different copyrighted works had to be differently marked. It wasn't clear " @@ -20534,7 +20544,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14816 +#: freeculture.xml:14821 msgid "" "There would be a complication with derivative works that I have not solved " "here. In my view, the law of derivatives creates a more complicated system " @@ -20543,7 +20553,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 296 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14809 +#: freeculture.xml:14814 msgid "" "Let's start with the last point. If a copyright owner allows his work to be " "published without a copyright notice, the consequence of that failure need " @@ -20559,7 +20569,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14829 +#: freeculture.xml:14834 msgid "" "That in turn raises the question about how work should best be marked. Here " "again, the system needs to adjust as the technologies evolve. The best way " @@ -20569,12 +20579,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14835 +#: freeculture.xml:14840 msgid "copyright marking of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14837 +#: freeculture.xml:14842 msgid "" "For example, if a recording industry association devises a method for " "marking CDs, it would propose that to the Copyright Office. The Copyright " @@ -20588,7 +20598,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14849 +#: freeculture.xml:14854 msgid "" "Finally, marking content clearly would simplify registration requirements. " "If photographs were marked by author and year, there would be little reason " @@ -20599,7 +20609,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14857 +#: freeculture.xml:14862 msgid "" "The objective of formalities is to make things clear. The existing system " "does nothing to make things clear. Indeed, it seems designed to make things " @@ -20607,7 +20617,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14862 +#: freeculture.xml:14867 msgid "" "If formalities such as registration were reinstated, one of the most " "difficult aspects of relying upon the public domain would be removed. It " @@ -20618,12 +20628,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14874 +#: freeculture.xml:14879 msgid "2. Shorter Terms" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14876 +#: freeculture.xml:14881 msgid "" "The term of copyright has gone from fourteen years to ninety-five years for " "corporate authors, and life of the author plus seventy years for natural " @@ -20632,7 +20642,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14889 +#: freeculture.xml:14894 msgid "" "<quote>A Radical Rethink,</quote> <citetitle>Economist</citetitle>, 366:8308 " "(25 January 2003): 15, available at <ulink " @@ -20640,7 +20650,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14881 +#: freeculture.xml:14886 msgid "" "In <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>, I proposed a " "seventy-five-year term, granted in five-year increments with a requirement " @@ -20653,7 +20663,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14896 +#: freeculture.xml:14901 msgid "" "I agree with those who believe that we need a radical change in copyright's " "term. But whether fourteen years or seventy-five, there are four principles " @@ -20662,7 +20672,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (1) #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14904 +#: freeculture.xml:14909 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it short:</emphasis> The term should be as long as necessary " "to give incentives to create, but no longer. If it were tied to very strong " @@ -20675,7 +20685,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (2) #. PAGE BREAK 298 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14913 +#: freeculture.xml:14918 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it simple:</emphasis> The line between the public domain and " "protected content must be kept clear. Lawyers like the fuzziness of " @@ -20689,13 +20699,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14925 +#: freeculture.xml:14930 msgid "veterans' pensions" msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14936 +#: freeculture.xml:14941 msgid "" "Department of Veterans Affairs, Veteran's Application for Compensation " "and/or Pension, VA Form 21-526 (OMB Approved No. 2900-0001), available at " @@ -20703,7 +20713,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14928 +#: freeculture.xml:14933 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it alive:</emphasis> Copyright should have to be renewed. " "Especially if the maximum term is long, the copyright owner should be " @@ -20718,7 +20728,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (4) #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14947 +#: freeculture.xml:14952 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it prospective:</emphasis> Whatever the term of copyright " "should be, the clearest lesson that economists teach is that a term once " @@ -20735,7 +20745,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14963 +#: freeculture.xml:14968 msgid "" "These changes together should produce an <emphasis>average</emphasis> " "copyright term that is much shorter than the current term. Until 1976, the " @@ -20743,7 +20753,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14969 +#: freeculture.xml:14974 msgid "" "No doubt the extremists will call these ideas <quote>radical.</quote> (After " "all, I call them <quote>extremists.</quote>) But again, the term I " @@ -20753,12 +20763,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14979 +#: freeculture.xml:14984 msgid "3. Free Use Vs. Fair Use" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14983 +#: freeculture.xml:14988 msgid "" "As I observed at the beginning of this book, property law originally granted " "property owners the right to control their property from the ground to the " @@ -20769,7 +20779,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14991 +#: freeculture.xml:14996 msgid "" "Our Constitution gives Congress the power to give authors <quote>exclusive " "right</quote> to <quote>their writings.</quote> Congress has given authors " @@ -20781,20 +20791,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14999 +#: freeculture.xml:15004 msgid "Kaplan, Benjamin" msgstr "" #. f5. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15005 +#: freeculture.xml:15010 msgid "" "Benjamin Kaplan, <citetitle>An Unhurried View of Copyright</citetitle> (New " "York: Columbia University Press, 1967), 32." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15001 +#: freeculture.xml:15006 msgid "" "Congress granted the beginnings of this right in 1870, when it expanded the " "exclusive right of copyright to include a right to control translations and " @@ -20806,12 +20816,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15018 +#: freeculture.xml:15023 msgid "Ibid., 56." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15014 +#: freeculture.xml:15019 msgid "" "So inured have we become to the extension of the monopoly to a large range " "of so-called derivative works, that we no longer sense the oddity of " @@ -20820,7 +20830,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15023 +#: freeculture.xml:15028 msgid "" "I think it's time to recognize that there are airplanes in this field and " "the expansiveness of these rights of derivative use no longer make " @@ -20830,7 +20840,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15030 +#: freeculture.xml:15035 msgid "" "<emphasis>Term:</emphasis> If Congress wants to grant a derivative right, " "then that right should be for a much shorter term. It makes sense to protect " @@ -20842,7 +20852,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15043 +#: freeculture.xml:15048 msgid "" "<emphasis>Scope:</emphasis> Likewise should the scope of derivative rights " "be narrowed. Again, there are some cases in which derivative rights are " @@ -20857,7 +20867,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15057 +#: freeculture.xml:15062 msgid "" "This was the point that Alben made when describing the making of the Clint " "Eastwood CD. While it makes sense to require negotiation for foreseeable " @@ -20867,12 +20877,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:15073 +#: freeculture.xml:15078 msgid "Goldstein, Paul" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15071 +#: freeculture.xml:15076 msgid "" "Paul Goldstein, <citetitle>Copyright's Highway: From Gutenberg to the " "Celestial Jukebox</citetitle> (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), " @@ -20880,7 +20890,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15065 +#: freeculture.xml:15070 msgid "" "In each of these cases, the law should mark the uses that are protected, and " "the presumption should be that other uses are not protected. This is the " @@ -20890,7 +20900,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15079 +#: freeculture.xml:15084 msgid "" "Goldstein's analysis would make perfect sense if the cost of the legal " "system were small. But as we are currently seeing in the context of the " @@ -20901,7 +20911,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 301 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15086 +#: freeculture.xml:15091 msgid "" "The law could remedy this problem either by removing protection beyond the " "part explicitly drawn or by granting reuse rights upon certain statutory " @@ -20911,12 +20921,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:15096 +#: freeculture.xml:15101 msgid "4. Liberate the Music—Again" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15098 +#: freeculture.xml:15103 msgid "" "The battle that got this whole war going was about music, so it wouldn't be " "fair to end this book without addressing the issue that is, to most people, " @@ -20926,7 +20936,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15105 +#: freeculture.xml:15110 msgid "" "The appeal of file-sharing music was the crack cocaine of the Internet's " "growth. It drove demand for access to the Internet more powerfully than any " @@ -20937,7 +20947,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15114 +#: freeculture.xml:15119 msgid "" "The aim of copyright, with respect to content in general and music in " "particular, is to create the incentives for music to be composed, performed, " @@ -20947,7 +20957,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15121 +#: freeculture.xml:15126 msgid "" "File-sharing networks complicate this model by enabling the spread of " "content for which the performer has not been paid. But of course, that's not " @@ -20958,7 +20968,7 @@ msgstr "" #. A. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15130 +#: freeculture.xml:15135 msgid "" "There are some who are using sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing " "CDs." @@ -20966,7 +20976,7 @@ msgstr "" #. B. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15135 +#: freeculture.xml:15140 msgid "" "There are also some who are using sharing networks to sample, on the way to " "purchasing CDs." @@ -20975,7 +20985,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 302 #. C. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15141 +#: freeculture.xml:15146 msgid "" "There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content " "that is no longer sold but is still under copyright or that would have been " @@ -20984,7 +20994,7 @@ msgstr "" #. D. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15147 +#: freeculture.xml:15152 msgid "" "There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content " "that is not copyrighted or to get access that the copyright owner plainly " @@ -20992,7 +21002,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15155 +#: freeculture.xml:15160 msgid "" "Any reform of the law needs to keep these different uses in focus. It must " "avoid burdening type D even if it aims to eliminate type A. The eagerness " @@ -21003,7 +21013,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15163 +#: freeculture.xml:15168 msgid "" "As I said in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"piracy\"/>, the actual harm caused by sharing is controversial. " @@ -21013,7 +21023,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15171 +#: freeculture.xml:15176 msgid "" "Nonetheless, there is a crucial fact about the current technological context " "that we must keep in mind if we are to understand how the law should " @@ -21021,7 +21031,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15176 +#: freeculture.xml:15181 msgid "" "Today, file sharing is addictive. In ten years, it won't be. It is addictive " "today because it is the easiest way to gain access to a broad range of " @@ -21036,7 +21046,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 303 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15188 +#: freeculture.xml:15193 msgid "" "But it will become a reality, and that means the way we get access to the " "Internet today is a technology in transition. Policy makers should not make " @@ -21052,13 +21062,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:15202 +#: freeculture.xml:15207 msgid "cell phones, music streamed over" msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15222 +#: freeculture.xml:15227 msgid "" "See, for example, <quote>Music Media Watch,</quote> The J@pan " "Inc. Newsletter, 3 April 2002, available at <ulink " @@ -21066,7 +21076,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15204 +#: freeculture.xml:15209 msgid "" "In that world, it will be extremely easy to connect to services that give " "you access to content on the fly—such as Internet radio, content that " @@ -21088,7 +21098,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 304 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15229 +#: freeculture.xml:15234 msgid "" "This point about the future is meant to suggest a perspective on the " "present: It is emphatically temporary. The <quote>problem</quote> with file " @@ -21104,7 +21114,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15245 +#: freeculture.xml:15250 msgid "" "The answer begins with recognizing that there are different " "<quote>problems</quote> here to solve. Let's start with type D " @@ -21118,7 +21128,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15256 +#: freeculture.xml:15261 msgid "" "Type C content raises a different <quote>problem.</quote> This is content " "that was, at one time, published and is no longer available. It may be " @@ -21130,7 +21140,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15267 +#: freeculture.xml:15272 msgid "" "Again, the model here is the used book store. Once a book goes out of print, " "it may still be available in libraries and used book stores. But libraries " @@ -21143,7 +21153,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15277 +#: freeculture.xml:15282 msgid "" "The model of used book stores suggests that the law could simply deem " "out-of-print music fair game. If the publisher does not make copies of the " @@ -21156,7 +21166,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 305 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15288 +#: freeculture.xml:15293 msgid "" "Alternatively, the law could create a statutory license that would ensure " "that artists get something from the trade of their work. For example, if the " @@ -21168,7 +21178,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15298 +#: freeculture.xml:15303 msgid "" "This system would also create an incentive for publishers to keep works " "available commercially. Works that are available commercially would not be " @@ -21181,7 +21191,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15308 +#: freeculture.xml:15313 msgid "" "The hard case is content of types A and B, and again, this case is hard only " "because the extent of the problem will change over time, as the technologies " @@ -21192,14 +21202,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15316 +#: freeculture.xml:15321 msgid "" "So here's a solution that will at first seem very strange to both sides in " "this war, but which upon reflection, I suggest, should make some sense." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15320 +#: freeculture.xml:15325 msgid "" "Stripped of the rhetoric about the sanctity of property, the basic claim of " "the content industry is this: A new technology (the Internet) has harmed a " @@ -21213,7 +21223,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 306 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15331 +#: freeculture.xml:15336 msgid "" "I love the Internet, and so I don't like likening it to tobacco or " "asbestos. But the analogy is a fair one from the perspective of the law. " @@ -21224,17 +21234,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:15338 freeculture.xml:15380 +#: freeculture.xml:15343 freeculture.xml:15385 msgid "Promises to Keep (Fisher)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:15378 +#: freeculture.xml:15383 msgid "Fisher, William" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15344 +#: freeculture.xml:15349 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> William Fisher, " "<citetitle>Digital Music: Problems and Possibilities</citetitle> (last " @@ -21276,7 +21286,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15340 +#: freeculture.xml:15345 msgid "" "The idea would be a modification of a proposal that has been floated by " "Harvard law professor William Fisher.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -21291,7 +21301,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15394 +#: freeculture.xml:15399 msgid "" "Fisher's proposal is careful and comprehensive. It raises a million " "questions, most of which he answers well in his upcoming book, " @@ -21308,18 +21318,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:15410 +#: freeculture.xml:15415 msgid "semiotic democracy" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:15411 +#: freeculture.xml:15416 msgid "semiotic" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 307 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15413 +#: freeculture.xml:15418 msgid "" "Fisher would balk at the idea of allowing the system to lapse. His aim is " "not just to ensure that artists are paid, but also to ensure that the system " @@ -21332,17 +21342,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:15426 +#: freeculture.xml:15431 msgid "MusicStore" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:15428 +#: freeculture.xml:15433 msgid "prices of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15430 +#: freeculture.xml:15435 msgid "" "No doubt it would be difficult to calculate the proper measure of " "<quote>harm</quote> to an industry. But the difficulty of making that " @@ -21360,17 +21370,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:15445 +#: freeculture.xml:15450 msgid "cable vs. broadcast" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:15448 +#: freeculture.xml:15453 msgid "luxury theatres vs. video piracy in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15450 +#: freeculture.xml:15455 msgid "" "This competition has already occurred against the background of " "<quote>free</quote> music from p2p systems. As the sellers of cable " @@ -21386,7 +21396,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15462 +#: freeculture.xml:15467 msgid "" "This regime of competition, with a backstop to assure that artists don't " "lose, would facilitate a great deal of innovation in the delivery of " @@ -21397,13 +21407,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15471 +#: freeculture.xml:15476 msgid "In summary, then, my proposal is this:" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 308 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15476 +#: freeculture.xml:15481 msgid "" "The Internet is in transition. We should not be regulating a technology in " "transition. We should instead be regulating to minimize the harm to " @@ -21412,19 +21422,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15483 +#: freeculture.xml:15488 msgid "We can minimize that harm while maximizing the benefit to innovation by" msgstr "" #. 1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15489 +#: freeculture.xml:15494 msgid "guaranteeing the right to engage in type D sharing;" msgstr "" #. 2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15493 +#: freeculture.xml:15498 msgid "" "permitting noncommercial type C sharing without liability, and commercial " "type C sharing at a low and fixed rate set by statute;" @@ -21432,14 +21442,14 @@ msgstr "" #. 3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15499 +#: freeculture.xml:15504 msgid "" "while in this transition, taxing and compensating for type A sharing, to the " "extent actual harm is demonstrated." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15504 +#: freeculture.xml:15509 msgid "" "But what if <quote>piracy</quote> doesn't disappear? What if there is a " "competitive market providing content at a low cost, but a significant number " @@ -21448,7 +21458,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15510 +#: freeculture.xml:15515 msgid "" "Yes, it should. But, again, what it should do depends upon how the facts " "develop. These changes may not eliminate type A sharing. But the real issue " @@ -21465,7 +21475,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 309 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15524 +#: freeculture.xml:15529 msgid "" "But we're a long way away from whittling the problem down to this subset of " "type A sharers. And our focus until we're there should not be on finding " @@ -21475,12 +21485,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:15535 +#: freeculture.xml:15540 msgid "5. Fire Lots of Lawyers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15537 +#: freeculture.xml:15542 msgid "" "I'm a lawyer. I make lawyers for a living. I believe in the law. I believe " "in the law of copyright. Indeed, I have devoted my life to working in law, " @@ -21489,7 +21499,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15543 +#: freeculture.xml:15548 msgid "" "Yet much of this book has been a criticism of lawyers, or the role lawyers " "have played in this debate. The law speaks to ideals, but it is my view that " @@ -21499,18 +21509,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:15550 +#: freeculture.xml:15555 msgid "Nimmer, Melville" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:15551 +#: freeculture.xml:15556 msgid "Supreme Court challenge of" msgstr "" #. f10. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15562 +#: freeculture.xml:15567 msgid "" "Lawrence Lessig, <quote>Copyright's First Amendment</quote> (Melville " "B. Nimmer Memorial Lecture), <citetitle>UCLA Law Review</citetitle> 48 " @@ -21518,7 +21528,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15553 +#: freeculture.xml:15558 msgid "" "The evidence of this bending is compelling. I'm attacked as a " "<quote>radical</quote> by many within the profession, yet the positions that " @@ -21531,7 +21541,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15568 +#: freeculture.xml:15573 msgid "" "However, my criticism of the role that lawyers have played in this debate is " "not just about a professional bias. It is more importantly about our failure " @@ -21539,7 +21549,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15578 +#: freeculture.xml:15583 msgid "" "A good example is the work of Professor Stan Liebowitz. Liebowitz is to be " "commended for his careful review of data about infringement, leading him to " @@ -21559,7 +21569,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15573 +#: freeculture.xml:15578 msgid "" "Economists are supposed to be good at reckoning costs and benefits. But " "more often than not, economists, with no clue about how the legal system " @@ -21571,7 +21581,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 310 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15602 +#: freeculture.xml:15607 msgid "" "But the legal system doesn't work. Or more accurately, it doesn't work for " "anyone except those with the most resources. Not because the system is " @@ -21581,7 +21591,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15610 +#: freeculture.xml:15615 msgid "" "These costs distort free culture in many ways. A lawyer's time is billed at " "the largest firms at more than $400 per hour. How much time should such a " @@ -21594,7 +21604,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15620 +#: freeculture.xml:15625 msgid "" "The costliness and clumsiness and randomness of this system mock our " "tradition. And lawyers, as well as academics, should consider it their duty " @@ -21605,7 +21615,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15628 +#: freeculture.xml:15633 msgid "" "But until that reform is complete, we as a society should keep the law away " "from areas that we know it will only harm. And that is precisely what the " @@ -21613,7 +21623,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15635 +#: freeculture.xml:15640 msgid "" "Think about the amazing things your kid could do or make with digital " "technology—the film, the music, the Web page, the blog. Or think about " @@ -21626,7 +21636,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 311 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15644 +#: freeculture.xml:15649 msgid "" "The law should regulate in certain areas of culture—but it should " "regulate culture only where that regulation does good. Yet lawyers rarely " @@ -21636,7 +21646,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15653 +#: freeculture.xml:15658 msgid "" "We should ask, <quote>Why?</quote> Show me why your regulation of culture is " "needed. Show me how it does good. And until you can show me both, keep your " @@ -21644,12 +21654,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:15662 +#: freeculture.xml:15667 msgid "Notes" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15664 +#: freeculture.xml:15669 msgid "" "Throughout this text, there are references to links on the World Wide " "Web. As anyone who has tried to use the Web knows, these links can be highly " @@ -21663,12 +21673,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:15684 +#: freeculture.xml:15689 msgid "Acknowledgments" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15686 +#: freeculture.xml:15691 msgid "" "This book is the product of a long and as yet unsuccessful struggle that " "began when I read of Eric Eldred's war to keep books free. Eldred's work " @@ -21677,7 +21687,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15693 +#: freeculture.xml:15698 msgid "" "I received guidance in various places from friends and academics, including " "Glenn Brown, Peter DiCola, Jennifer Mnookin, Richard Posner, Mark Rose, and " @@ -21693,7 +21703,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 337 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15706 +#: freeculture.xml:15711 msgid "" "Yuko Noguchi helped me to understand the laws of Japan as well as its " "culture. I am thankful to her, and to the many in Japan who helped me " @@ -21706,7 +21716,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15717 +#: freeculture.xml:15722 msgid "" "These are the traditional sorts of help that academics regularly draw " "upon. But in addition to them, the Internet has made it possible to receive " @@ -21728,7 +21738,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15737 +#: freeculture.xml:15742 msgid "" "Richard Stallman and Michael Carroll each read the whole book in draft, and " "each provided extremely helpful correction and advice. Michael helped me to " @@ -21739,7 +21749,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15746 +#: freeculture.xml:15751 msgid "" "Finally, and forever, I am thankful to Bettina, who has always insisted that " "there would be unending happiness away from these battles, and who has " @@ -21748,12 +21758,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:15756 +#: freeculture.xml:15761 msgid "About this edition" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15758 +#: freeculture.xml:15763 msgid "" "This edition of <citetitle>Free Culture</citetitle> is the result of three " "years of volunteer work. The idea came from a discussion I had around ten " @@ -21766,7 +21776,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15770 +#: freeculture.xml:15775 msgid "" "Thanks to the Debian Edu / Skolelinux project, I already had experience " "translating Docbook documents, and it seemed like a good format for this " @@ -21780,7 +21790,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15782 +#: freeculture.xml:15787 msgid "" "Several people joined, and Anders Hagen Jarmund, Kirill Miazine, Odd Kleiva, " "Kjetil Kilhavn og Kjetil T. Homme assisted with the initial translation. " @@ -21799,7 +21809,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15801 +#: freeculture.xml:15806 msgid "" "At the end of the project, when the translation was done and it was time to " "publish, NUUG Foundation was asked and was willing to sponsor books to " @@ -21807,36 +21817,36 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15808 +#: freeculture.xml:15813 msgid "" "In addition to these great contributors, I am very grateful to Mari and my " "family for their patience with me in this project." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15813 +#: freeculture.xml:15818 msgid "— Petter Reinholdtsen, Oslo 2015-09-07" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15823 +#: freeculture.xml:15828 msgid "" "Free culture: How big media uses technology and the law to lock down culture " "and control creativity / Lawrence Lessig." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15827 +#: freeculture.xml:15832 msgid "Copyright © 2004 Lawrence Lessig. Some rights reserved." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15831 +#: freeculture.xml:15836 msgid "<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15835 +#: freeculture.xml:15840 msgid "" "Published in English and Norwegian BokmÃ¥l 2015 by Petter Reinholdtsen with " "help from many volunteers. Typeset with dblatex using the font Crimson " @@ -21844,12 +21854,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15841 +#: freeculture.xml:15846 msgid "First published 2004 by The Penguin Press." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15845 +#: freeculture.xml:15850 msgid "" "Excerpt from an editorial titled <quote>The Coming of Copyright " "Perpetuity,</quote> <citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle>, January 16, " @@ -21858,7 +21868,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15851 +#: freeculture.xml:15856 msgid "" "Cartoon in figure <xref xrefstyle=\"template:%n\" " "linkend=\"fig-1711-vcr-handgun-cartoonfig\"/> by Paul Conrad, copyright " @@ -21867,7 +21877,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15857 +#: freeculture.xml:15862 msgid "" "Diagram in figure <xref xrefstyle=\"template:%n\" " "linkend=\"fig-1761-pattern-modern-media-ownership\"/> courtesy of the office " @@ -21875,19 +21885,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15863 +#: freeculture.xml:15868 msgid "Cover created by Petter Reinholdtsen using inkscape." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15867 +#: freeculture.xml:15872 msgid "" "The quotes on the cover came from <ulink " "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/jacket/\"/>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15872 +#: freeculture.xml:15877 msgid "" "Portrait on the cover was created 2013 by ActuaLitté and licensed under a " "Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 license. It was downloaded from " @@ -21896,49 +21906,49 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15879 +#: freeculture.xml:15884 msgid "Classifications:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15883 +#: freeculture.xml:15888 msgid "(Dewey) 306.4, 306.40973, 306.46, 341.7582, 343.7309/9" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15892 +#: freeculture.xml:15897 msgid "(UDK) 347.78" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15896 +#: freeculture.xml:15901 msgid "(US Library of Congress) KF2979.L47 2004" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15900 +#: freeculture.xml:15905 msgid "(ACM CRCS) K.4.1" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15904 +#: freeculture.xml:15909 msgid "Thomas Gramstad Forlag donated the ISBN numbers." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15908 +#: freeculture.xml:15913 msgid "" "Printing was sponsed by NUUG Foundation, <ulink " "url=\"http://www.nuugfoundation.no/\"/>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15913 +#: freeculture.xml:15918 msgid "Includes index." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15920 +#: freeculture.xml:15925 msgid "" "The Docbook source is available from <ulink " "url=\"https://github.com/petterreinholdtsen/free-culture-lessig\"/>. Please " @@ -21946,64 +21956,64 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Attribute 'fileref' of: <book><colophon><para><informalfigure><graphic> -#: freeculture.xml:15927 +#: freeculture.xml:15932 msgid "images/cc.svg" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15939 +#: freeculture.xml:15944 msgid "" "This book is a proof reading draft. Please visit the github URL above to " "get the latest version." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:15948 +#: freeculture.xml:15953 msgid "Format / MIME-type" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:15949 +#: freeculture.xml:15954 msgid "ISBN" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:15954 +#: freeculture.xml:15959 msgid "US Trade edition from lulu.com" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:15955 +#: freeculture.xml:15960 msgid "978-82-8067-010-6" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:15958 +#: freeculture.xml:15963 msgid "application/pdf" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:15959 +#: freeculture.xml:15964 msgid "978-82-8067-011-3" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:15962 +#: freeculture.xml:15967 msgid "application/epub+zip" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:15963 +#: freeculture.xml:15968 msgid "978-82-8067-012-0" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:15966 +#: freeculture.xml:15971 msgid "application/x-mobipocket-ebook" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:15967 +#: freeculture.xml:15972 msgid "978-82-8067-013-7" msgstr ""