msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-09-05 15:40+0300\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-09-05 16:31+0300\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
"Last-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL@ADDRESS>\n"
"Language-Team: LANGUAGE <LL@li.org>\n"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:399 freeculture.xml:13541
+#: freeculture.xml:399 freeculture.xml:13557
msgid "CodePink Women in Peace"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:400 freeculture.xml:421 freeculture.xml:13542
+#: freeculture.xml:400 freeculture.xml:421 freeculture.xml:13558
msgid "Safire, William"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:490 freeculture.xml:14565
+#: freeculture.xml:490 freeculture.xml:14581
msgid "land ownership, air traffic and"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:491 freeculture.xml:4681 freeculture.xml:13444 freeculture.xml:14566
+#: freeculture.xml:491 freeculture.xml:4681 freeculture.xml:13460 freeculture.xml:14582
msgid "property rights"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:491 freeculture.xml:14566
+#: freeculture.xml:491 freeculture.xml:14582
msgid "air traffic vs."
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:515 freeculture.xml:528 freeculture.xml:561 freeculture.xml:581 freeculture.xml:767 freeculture.xml:894 freeculture.xml:1021 freeculture.xml:1039 freeculture.xml:1087 freeculture.xml:9334 freeculture.xml:12862 freeculture.xml:13645
+#: freeculture.xml:515 freeculture.xml:528 freeculture.xml:561 freeculture.xml:581 freeculture.xml:767 freeculture.xml:894 freeculture.xml:1021 freeculture.xml:1039 freeculture.xml:1087 freeculture.xml:9350 freeculture.xml:12878 freeculture.xml:13661
msgid "Causby, Thomas Lee"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:516 freeculture.xml:529 freeculture.xml:562 freeculture.xml:582 freeculture.xml:768 freeculture.xml:895 freeculture.xml:1022 freeculture.xml:1040 freeculture.xml:1088 freeculture.xml:9335 freeculture.xml:12863 freeculture.xml:13646
+#: freeculture.xml:516 freeculture.xml:529 freeculture.xml:562 freeculture.xml:582 freeculture.xml:768 freeculture.xml:895 freeculture.xml:1022 freeculture.xml:1040 freeculture.xml:1088 freeculture.xml:9351 freeculture.xml:12879 freeculture.xml:13662
msgid "Causby, Tinie"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:531 freeculture.xml:4570 freeculture.xml:13953
+#: freeculture.xml:531 freeculture.xml:4570 freeculture.xml:13969
msgid "Supreme Court, U.S."
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:606 freeculture.xml:9342 freeculture.xml:10033
+#: freeculture.xml:606 freeculture.xml:9358 freeculture.xml:10049
msgid "Armstrong, Edwin Howard"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:610 freeculture.xml:4312 freeculture.xml:6727 freeculture.xml:9940
+#: freeculture.xml:610 freeculture.xml:4312 freeculture.xml:6731 freeculture.xml:9956
msgid "radio"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:610 freeculture.xml:6727
+#: freeculture.xml:610 freeculture.xml:6731
msgid "FM spectrum of"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:662 freeculture.xml:6730
+#: freeculture.xml:662 freeculture.xml:6734
msgid "RCA"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:694 freeculture.xml:6726
+#: freeculture.xml:694 freeculture.xml:6730
msgid "FM radio"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:787 freeculture.xml:1160 freeculture.xml:2399 freeculture.xml:2411 freeculture.xml:2495 freeculture.xml:2529 freeculture.xml:2555 freeculture.xml:2805 freeculture.xml:6614 freeculture.xml:7379 freeculture.xml:9939 freeculture.xml:13178 freeculture.xml:13736 freeculture.xml:13737 freeculture.xml:13811
+#: freeculture.xml:787 freeculture.xml:1160 freeculture.xml:2399 freeculture.xml:2411 freeculture.xml:2495 freeculture.xml:2529 freeculture.xml:2555 freeculture.xml:2805 freeculture.xml:6615 freeculture.xml:7395 freeculture.xml:9955 freeculture.xml:13194 freeculture.xml:13752 freeculture.xml:13753 freeculture.xml:13827
msgid "Internet"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:787 freeculture.xml:13178 freeculture.xml:13736
+#: freeculture.xml:787 freeculture.xml:13194 freeculture.xml:13752
msgid "development of"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:850 freeculture.xml:2902 freeculture.xml:2903 freeculture.xml:2930 freeculture.xml:2931 freeculture.xml:2932 freeculture.xml:9401 freeculture.xml:9402 freeculture.xml:9674 freeculture.xml:9675 freeculture.xml:9676 freeculture.xml:9719
+#: freeculture.xml:850 freeculture.xml:2902 freeculture.xml:2903 freeculture.xml:2930 freeculture.xml:2931 freeculture.xml:2932 freeculture.xml:9417 freeculture.xml:9418 freeculture.xml:9690 freeculture.xml:9691 freeculture.xml:9692 freeculture.xml:9735
msgid "copyright infringement lawsuits"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:873 freeculture.xml:1761 freeculture.xml:6388 freeculture.xml:13776
+#: freeculture.xml:873 freeculture.xml:1761 freeculture.xml:6388 freeculture.xml:13792
msgid "free culture"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:880 freeculture.xml:9924
+#: freeculture.xml:880 freeculture.xml:9940
msgid "Litman, Jessica"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:972 freeculture.xml:11183 freeculture.xml:11829
+#: freeculture.xml:972 freeculture.xml:6766 freeculture.xml:11199 freeculture.xml:11845
msgid "Constitution, U.S."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:972
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#: freeculture.xml:972 freeculture.xml:6766
msgid "First Amendment to"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:973 freeculture.xml:1138 freeculture.xml:1245 freeculture.xml:1270 freeculture.xml:1614 freeculture.xml:1658 freeculture.xml:1772 freeculture.xml:3163 freeculture.xml:4310 freeculture.xml:4311 freeculture.xml:6390 freeculture.xml:7378 freeculture.xml:7508 freeculture.xml:9562 freeculture.xml:9913
+#: freeculture.xml:973 freeculture.xml:1138 freeculture.xml:1245 freeculture.xml:1270 freeculture.xml:1614 freeculture.xml:1658 freeculture.xml:1772 freeculture.xml:3163 freeculture.xml:4310 freeculture.xml:4311 freeculture.xml:6390 freeculture.xml:6833 freeculture.xml:7394 freeculture.xml:7524 freeculture.xml:9578 freeculture.xml:9929
msgid "copyright law"
msgstr ""
msgid "as protection of creators"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><
chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:974
+#. type: Content of: <book><
part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:974 freeculture.xml:6767
msgid "First Amendment"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:975 freeculture.xml:985 freeculture.xml:14964
+#: freeculture.xml:975 freeculture.xml:985 freeculture.xml:14980
msgid "Netanel, Neil Weinstock"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1023 freeculture.xml:13094 freeculture.xml:13177 freeculture.xml:13345
+#: freeculture.xml:1023 freeculture.xml:13110 freeculture.xml:13193 freeculture.xml:13361
msgid "intellectual property rights"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1161 freeculture.xml:6615
+#: freeculture.xml:1161 freeculture.xml:6616
msgid "peer-to-peer (p2p) file sharing"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1230 freeculture.xml:7281
+#: freeculture.xml:1230 freeculture.xml:7297
msgid "Zittrain, Jonathan"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1245 freeculture.xml:7508
+#: freeculture.xml:1245 freeculture.xml:7524
msgid "on republishing vs. transformation of original work"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1323 freeculture.xml:7305
+#: freeculture.xml:1323 freeculture.xml:7321
msgid "Mickey Mouse"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1331 freeculture.xml:1548 freeculture.xml:1602 freeculture.xml:1743 freeculture.xml:1989 freeculture.xml:4557 freeculture.xml:6133 freeculture.xml:7304 freeculture.xml:10804 freeculture.xml:11186
+#: freeculture.xml:1331 freeculture.xml:1548 freeculture.xml:1602 freeculture.xml:1743 freeculture.xml:1989 freeculture.xml:4557 freeculture.xml:6133 freeculture.xml:7320 freeculture.xml:10820 freeculture.xml:11202
msgid "Disney, Walt"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1399 freeculture.xml:1556 freeculture.xml:7381 freeculture.xml:7481
+#: freeculture.xml:1399 freeculture.xml:1556 freeculture.xml:7397 freeculture.xml:7497
msgid "derivative works"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1399 freeculture.xml:1556 freeculture.xml:7381
+#: freeculture.xml:1399 freeculture.xml:1556 freeculture.xml:7397
msgid "piracy vs."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1400 freeculture.xml:1559 freeculture.xml:3058 freeculture.xml:3741 freeculture.xml:7382 freeculture.xml:15030
+#: freeculture.xml:1400 freeculture.xml:1559 freeculture.xml:3058 freeculture.xml:3741 freeculture.xml:7398 freeculture.xml:15046
msgid "piracy"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1400 freeculture.xml:1559 freeculture.xml:7382
+#: freeculture.xml:1400 freeculture.xml:1559 freeculture.xml:7398
msgid "derivative work vs."
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1449 freeculture.xml:1744 freeculture.xml:10805
+#: freeculture.xml:1449 freeculture.xml:1744 freeculture.xml:10821
msgid "Grimm fairy tales"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1494 freeculture.xml:11184 freeculture.xml:11185
+#: freeculture.xml:1494 freeculture.xml:6584 freeculture.xml:11200 freeculture.xml:11201
msgid "copyright"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1494 freeculture.xml:11185
+#: freeculture.xml:1494 freeculture.xml:11201
msgid "duration of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1495 freeculture.xml:1496 freeculture.xml:7862 freeculture.xml:13182 freeculture.xml:13970 freeculture.xml:13971
+#: freeculture.xml:1495 freeculture.xml:1496 freeculture.xml:7878 freeculture.xml:13198 freeculture.xml:13986 freeculture.xml:13987
msgid "public domain"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1730 freeculture.xml:3076 freeculture.xml:4781 freeculture.xml:5009 freeculture.xml:7681 freeculture.xml:8794
+#: freeculture.xml:1730 freeculture.xml:3076 freeculture.xml:4781 freeculture.xml:5009 freeculture.xml:7697 freeculture.xml:8810
msgid "Vaidhyanathan, Siva"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1849 freeculture.xml:2004 freeculture.xml:2059 freeculture.xml:6689
+#: freeculture.xml:1849 freeculture.xml:2004 freeculture.xml:2059 freeculture.xml:6693
msgid "camera technology"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1886 freeculture.xml:2041 freeculture.xml:6691
+#: freeculture.xml:1886 freeculture.xml:2041 freeculture.xml:6695
msgid "Kodak cameras"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1990 freeculture.xml:9488
+#: freeculture.xml:1990 freeculture.xml:9504
msgid "images, ownership of"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2042 freeculture.xml:9727
+#: freeculture.xml:2042 freeculture.xml:9743
msgid "Napster"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2129 freeculture.xml:2675 freeculture.xml:6686 freeculture.xml:7550 freeculture.xml:8628 freeculture.xml:8699
+#: freeculture.xml:2129 freeculture.xml:2675 freeculture.xml:6690 freeculture.xml:7566 freeculture.xml:8644 freeculture.xml:8715
msgid "advertising"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2130 freeculture.xml:6688
+#: freeculture.xml:2130 freeculture.xml:6692
msgid "commercials"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2131 freeculture.xml:6687 freeculture.xml:15028
+#: freeculture.xml:2131 freeculture.xml:6691 freeculture.xml:15044
msgid "television"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2131 freeculture.xml:6687
+#: freeculture.xml:2131 freeculture.xml:6691
msgid "advertising on"
msgstr ""
#. f31
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2245 freeculture.xml:4105 freeculture.xml:5201 freeculture.xml:8517
+#: freeculture.xml:2245 freeculture.xml:4105 freeculture.xml:5201 freeculture.xml:8533
msgid "Ibid."
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2361 freeculture.xml:8456 freeculture.xml:8693
+#: freeculture.xml:2361 freeculture.xml:8472 freeculture.xml:8709
msgid "ABC"
msgstr ""
"something extraordinary to report."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2674
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><
section><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:2674 freeculture.xml:6681
msgid "Brown, John Seely"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2799 freeculture.xml:2843 freeculture.xml:9404
+#: freeculture.xml:2799 freeculture.xml:2843 freeculture.xml:9420
msgid "Jordan, Jesse"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2844 freeculture.xml:3745 freeculture.xml:3747 freeculture.xml:3748 freeculture.xml:5442 freeculture.xml:7992 freeculture.xml:13279 freeculture.xml:13348
+#: freeculture.xml:2844 freeculture.xml:3745 freeculture.xml:3747 freeculture.xml:3748 freeculture.xml:5442 freeculture.xml:8008 freeculture.xml:13295 freeculture.xml:13364
msgid "Microsoft"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2902 freeculture.xml:9402 freeculture.xml:9676
+#: freeculture.xml:2902 freeculture.xml:9418 freeculture.xml:9692
msgid "in recording industry"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2904 freeculture.xml:3002 freeculture.xml:4313 freeculture.xml:4314 freeculture.xml:4315 freeculture.xml:9677 freeculture.xml:10087 freeculture.xml:10088 freeculture.xml:10089 freeculture.xml:10245
+#: freeculture.xml:2904 freeculture.xml:3002 freeculture.xml:4313 freeculture.xml:4314 freeculture.xml:4315 freeculture.xml:9693 freeculture.xml:10103 freeculture.xml:10104 freeculture.xml:10105 freeculture.xml:10261
msgid "recording industry"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2904 freeculture.xml:9677
+#: freeculture.xml:2904 freeculture.xml:9693
msgid "copyright infringement lawsuits of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2905 freeculture.xml:2934 freeculture.xml:3003 freeculture.xml:9678 freeculture.xml:10090 freeculture.xml:10091 freeculture.xml:10243
+#: freeculture.xml:2905 freeculture.xml:2934 freeculture.xml:3003 freeculture.xml:9694 freeculture.xml:10106 freeculture.xml:10107 freeculture.xml:10259
msgid "Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2905 freeculture.xml:9678
+#: freeculture.xml:2905 freeculture.xml:9694
msgid "copyright infringement lawsuits filed by"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2930 freeculture.xml:9401 freeculture.xml:9675
+#: freeculture.xml:2930 freeculture.xml:9417 freeculture.xml:9691
msgid "exaggerated claims of"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3001 freeculture.xml:3370 freeculture.xml:4306 freeculture.xml:5451 freeculture.xml:5500 freeculture.xml:9985 freeculture.xml:10083 freeculture.xml:10244 freeculture.xml:10267 freeculture.xml:14929 freeculture.xml:14994
+#: freeculture.xml:3001 freeculture.xml:3370 freeculture.xml:4306 freeculture.xml:5451 freeculture.xml:5500 freeculture.xml:10001 freeculture.xml:10099 freeculture.xml:10260 freeculture.xml:10283 freeculture.xml:14945 freeculture.xml:15010
msgid "artists"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3001 freeculture.xml:3370 freeculture.xml:4306 freeculture.xml:9985 freeculture.xml:10083 freeculture.xml:10244 freeculture.xml:10267 freeculture.xml:14929 freeculture.xml:14994
+#: freeculture.xml:3001 freeculture.xml:3370 freeculture.xml:4306 freeculture.xml:10001 freeculture.xml:10099 freeculture.xml:10260 freeculture.xml:10283 freeculture.xml:14945 freeculture.xml:15010
msgid "recording industry payments to"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3002 freeculture.xml:4313 freeculture.xml:10087 freeculture.xml:10245
+#: freeculture.xml:3002 freeculture.xml:4313 freeculture.xml:10103 freeculture.xml:10261
msgid "artist remuneration in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3003 freeculture.xml:10091
+#: freeculture.xml:3003 freeculture.xml:10107
msgid "lobbying power of"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3106 freeculture.xml:3388 freeculture.xml:4539 freeculture.xml:10133
+#: freeculture.xml:3106 freeculture.xml:3388 freeculture.xml:4539 freeculture.xml:10149
msgid "Picker, Randal C."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3130 freeculture.xml:4538 freeculture.xml:9854 freeculture.xml:9980
+#: freeculture.xml:3130 freeculture.xml:4538 freeculture.xml:9870 freeculture.xml:9996
msgid "broadcast flag"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3300 freeculture.xml:14625
+#: freeculture.xml:3300 freeculture.xml:14641
msgid "Grisham, John"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3405 freeculture.xml:9158 freeculture.xml:9630 freeculture.xml:12676
+#: freeculture.xml:3405 freeculture.xml:9174 freeculture.xml:9646 freeculture.xml:12692
msgid "Lovett, Lyle"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3447 freeculture.xml:4330 freeculture.xml:8353 freeculture.xml:8392 freeculture.xml:15027
+#: freeculture.xml:3447 freeculture.xml:4330 freeculture.xml:8369 freeculture.xml:8408 freeculture.xml:15043
msgid "cable television"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3610 freeculture.xml:3690 freeculture.xml:3740 freeculture.xml:15029
+#: freeculture.xml:3610 freeculture.xml:3690 freeculture.xml:3740 freeculture.xml:15045
msgid "Asia, commercial piracy in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3611 freeculture.xml:4058 freeculture.xml:9631 freeculture.xml:10485 freeculture.xml:14420 freeculture.xml:15011
+#: freeculture.xml:3611 freeculture.xml:4058 freeculture.xml:9647 freeculture.xml:10501 freeculture.xml:14436 freeculture.xml:15027
msgid "CDs"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3684 freeculture.xml:12968 freeculture.xml:13457 freeculture.xml:13464
+#: freeculture.xml:3684 freeculture.xml:12984 freeculture.xml:13473 freeculture.xml:13480
msgid "Drahos, Peter"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3705 freeculture.xml:3979 freeculture.xml:15177
+#: freeculture.xml:3705 freeculture.xml:3979 freeculture.xml:15193
msgid "Liebowitz, Stan"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3741 freeculture.xml:15030
+#: freeculture.xml:3741 freeculture.xml:15046
msgid "in Asia"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3742 freeculture.xml:13277 freeculture.xml:13863
+#: freeculture.xml:3742 freeculture.xml:13293 freeculture.xml:13879
msgid "free software/open-source software (FS/OSS)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3743 freeculture.xml:3773 freeculture.xml:11760 freeculture.xml:13292 freeculture.xml:13919
+#: freeculture.xml:3743 freeculture.xml:3773 freeculture.xml:11776 freeculture.xml:13308 freeculture.xml:13935
msgid "GNU/Linux operating system"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3744 freeculture.xml:3774 freeculture.xml:11762 freeculture.xml:13293 freeculture.xml:13920
+#: freeculture.xml:3744 freeculture.xml:3774 freeculture.xml:11778 freeculture.xml:13309 freeculture.xml:13936
msgid "Linux operating system"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3762 freeculture.xml:6391 freeculture.xml:6467 freeculture.xml:6599 freeculture.xml:13951
+#: freeculture.xml:3762 freeculture.xml:6391 freeculture.xml:6467 freeculture.xml:6600 freeculture.xml:13967
msgid "law"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3762 freeculture.xml:13951
+#: freeculture.xml:3762 freeculture.xml:13967
msgid "databases of case reports in"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3840 freeculture.xml:3848 freeculture.xml:9563
+#: freeculture.xml:3840 freeculture.xml:3848 freeculture.xml:9579
msgid "innovation"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3858 freeculture.xml:8586
+#: freeculture.xml:3858 freeculture.xml:8602
msgid "Christensen, Clayton M."
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3996 freeculture.xml:4005 freeculture.xml:4362 freeculture.xml:8152 freeculture.xml:8181 freeculture.xml:9910 freeculture.xml:14737
+#: freeculture.xml:3996 freeculture.xml:4005 freeculture.xml:4362 freeculture.xml:8168 freeculture.xml:8197 freeculture.xml:9926 freeculture.xml:14753
msgid "cassette recording"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3996 freeculture.xml:4362 freeculture.xml:8152 freeculture.xml:8181 freeculture.xml:9910 freeculture.xml:9911 freeculture.xml:14737 freeculture.xml:14738
+#: freeculture.xml:3996 freeculture.xml:4362 freeculture.xml:8168 freeculture.xml:8197 freeculture.xml:9926 freeculture.xml:9927 freeculture.xml:14753 freeculture.xml:14754
msgid "VCRs"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4160 freeculture.xml:4168 freeculture.xml:4190 freeculture.xml:4212 freeculture.xml:4720 freeculture.xml:6061 freeculture.xml:6066 freeculture.xml:6118 freeculture.xml:7034 freeculture.xml:7035 freeculture.xml:7377 freeculture.xml:7446 freeculture.xml:7480 freeculture.xml:7696 freeculture.xml:14123 freeculture.xml:14849 freeculture.xml:14850
+#: freeculture.xml:4160 freeculture.xml:4168 freeculture.xml:4190 freeculture.xml:4212 freeculture.xml:4720 freeculture.xml:6061 freeculture.xml:6066 freeculture.xml:6118 freeculture.xml:7050 freeculture.xml:7051 freeculture.xml:7393 freeculture.xml:7462 freeculture.xml:7496 freeculture.xml:7712 freeculture.xml:14139 freeculture.xml:14865 freeculture.xml:14866
msgid "books"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4160 freeculture.xml:4168 freeculture.xml:7035 freeculture.xml:14850
+#: freeculture.xml:4160 freeculture.xml:4168 freeculture.xml:7051 freeculture.xml:14866
msgid "resales of"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4190 freeculture.xml:6061 freeculture.xml:6066 freeculture.xml:7034 freeculture.xml:14849
+#: freeculture.xml:4190 freeculture.xml:6061 freeculture.xml:6066 freeculture.xml:7050 freeculture.xml:14865
msgid "out of print"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4212 freeculture.xml:14123
+#: freeculture.xml:4212 freeculture.xml:14139
msgid "free on-line releases of"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4308 freeculture.xml:4309 freeculture.xml:4392 freeculture.xml:4393 freeculture.xml:10084 freeculture.xml:10085 freeculture.xml:10086 freeculture.xml:11828
+#: freeculture.xml:4308 freeculture.xml:4309 freeculture.xml:4392 freeculture.xml:4393 freeculture.xml:10100 freeculture.xml:10101 freeculture.xml:10102 freeculture.xml:11844
msgid "Congress, U.S."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4308 freeculture.xml:4392 freeculture.xml:10084
+#: freeculture.xml:4308 freeculture.xml:4392 freeculture.xml:10100
msgid "on copyright laws"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4309 freeculture.xml:10086
+#: freeculture.xml:4309 freeculture.xml:10102
msgid "on recording industry"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4311 freeculture.xml:9913
+#: freeculture.xml:4311 freeculture.xml:9929
msgid "statutory licenses in"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4315 freeculture.xml:10088
+#: freeculture.xml:4315 freeculture.xml:10104
msgid "radio broadcast and"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4316 freeculture.xml:9912
+#: freeculture.xml:4316 freeculture.xml:9928
msgid "statutory licenses"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4661 freeculture.xml:6352 freeculture.xml:14110
+#: freeculture.xml:4661 freeculture.xml:6352 freeculture.xml:14126
msgid "Jefferson, Thomas"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4770 freeculture.xml:4852 freeculture.xml:6968
+#: freeculture.xml:4770 freeculture.xml:4852 freeculture.xml:6984
msgid "Statute of Anne (1710)"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5036 freeculture.xml:15273
+#: freeculture.xml:5036 freeculture.xml:15289
msgid "Rose, Mark"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5441 freeculture.xml:5501 freeculture.xml:5686 freeculture.xml:10242 freeculture.xml:14640
+#: freeculture.xml:5441 freeculture.xml:5501 freeculture.xml:5686 freeculture.xml:10258 freeculture.xml:14656
msgid "Alben, Alex"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5798 freeculture.xml:8992 freeculture.xml:11273 freeculture.xml:11518
+#: freeculture.xml:5798 freeculture.xml:9008 freeculture.xml:11289 freeculture.xml:11534
msgid "archives, digital"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5799 freeculture.xml:8291
+#: freeculture.xml:5799 freeculture.xml:8307
msgid "bots"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5901 freeculture.xml:5956 freeculture.xml:10227
+#: freeculture.xml:5901 freeculture.xml:5956 freeculture.xml:10243
msgid "Library of Congress"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5905 freeculture.xml:13822 freeculture.xml:13952 freeculture.xml:13988
+#: freeculture.xml:5905 freeculture.xml:13838 freeculture.xml:13968 freeculture.xml:14004
msgid "libraries"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6163 freeculture.xml:9986
+#: freeculture.xml:6163 freeculture.xml:10002
msgid "Kennedy, John F."
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6180 freeculture.xml:7662 freeculture.xml:7833
+#: freeculture.xml:6180 freeculture.xml:7678 freeculture.xml:7849
msgid "Warner Brothers"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6389 freeculture.xml:6644 freeculture.xml:9564 freeculture.xml:9679
+#: freeculture.xml:6389 freeculture.xml:6645 freeculture.xml:9580 freeculture.xml:9695
msgid "regulation"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6391 freeculture.xml:6467 freeculture.xml:6599
+#: freeculture.xml:6391 freeculture.xml:6467 freeculture.xml:6600
msgid "as constraint modality"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:6405 freeculture.xml:6596 freeculture.xml:6928
+#: freeculture.xml:6405 freeculture.xml:6597 freeculture.xml:6944
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1331.png\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6425 freeculture.xml:6487 freeculture.xml:6600
+#: freeculture.xml:6425 freeculture.xml:6487 freeculture.xml:6601
msgid "norms, regulatory influence of"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6437 freeculture.xml:6486 freeculture.xml:6578 freeculture.xml:6616 freeculture.xml:9573 freeculture.xml:9805
+#: freeculture.xml:6437 freeculture.xml:6486 freeculture.xml:6578 freeculture.xml:6617 freeculture.xml:9589 freeculture.xml:9821
msgid "market constraints"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6448 freeculture.xml:6485 freeculture.xml:6536 freeculture.xml:6577 freeculture.xml:6598
+#: freeculture.xml:6448 freeculture.xml:6485 freeculture.xml:6536 freeculture.xml:6577 freeculture.xml:6599
msgid "architecture, constraint effected through"
msgstr ""
msgid "Why Hollywood Is Right"
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#: freeculture.xml:6584
+msgid "four regulatory modalities on"
+msgstr ""
+
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6585
+#: freeculture.xml:6586
msgid ""
"The most obvious point that this model reveals is just why, or just how, "
"Hollywood is right. The copyright warriors have rallied Congress and the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6591
+#: freeculture.xml:6592
msgid "Let's say this is the picture of copyright's regulation before the Internet:"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:6595 freeculture.xml:6927
+#: freeculture.xml:6596 freeculture.xml:6943
msgid "Copyright's regulation before the Internet."
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 136
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6603
+#: freeculture.xml:6604
msgid ""
"There is balance between law, norms, market, and architecture. The law "
"limits the ability to copy and share content, by imposing penalties on those "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6614
+#: freeculture.xml:6615
msgid "copyright regulatory balance lost with"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6615
+#: freeculture.xml:6616
msgid "regulatory balance lost in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6617
+#: freeculture.xml:6618
msgid "MP3s"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6619
+#: freeculture.xml:6620
msgid ""
"Enter the Internet, or, more precisely, technologies such as MP3s and p2p "
"sharing. Now the constraint of architecture changes dramatically, as does "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6628 freeculture.xml:7380
+#: freeculture.xml:6629 freeculture.xml:7396
msgid "technology"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6628
+#: freeculture.xml:6629
msgid "established industries threatened by changes in"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 137
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6630
+#: freeculture.xml:6631
msgid ""
"Thus the sense of, and justification for, the warriors' response. "
"Technology has changed, the warriors say, and the effect of this change, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:6640
+#: freeculture.xml:6641
msgid "effective state of anarchy after the Internet."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:6641
+#: freeculture.xml:6642
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1381.png\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6643
+#: freeculture.xml:6644
msgid "Commerce, U.S. Department of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6644 freeculture.xml:9564
+#: freeculture.xml:6645 freeculture.xml:9580
msgid "as establishment protectionism"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6646
+#: freeculture.xml:6647
msgid ""
"Neither this analysis nor the conclusions that follow are new to the "
"warriors. Indeed, in a <quote>White Paper</quote> prepared by the Commerce "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6659
+#: freeculture.xml:6660 freeculture.xml:6800
+msgid "farming"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:6661
msgid "steel industry"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 138
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6661
+#: freeculture.xml:6663
msgid ""
"This mixed strategy is just what copyright needed—if it was to "
"preserve the particular balance that existed before the change induced by "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6679
+#: freeculture.xml:6683
msgid ""
"Thus, there's nothing wrong or surprising in the content industry's campaign "
"to protect itself from the harmful consequences of a technological "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6690
+#: freeculture.xml:6694
msgid "digital cameras"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6692
+#: freeculture.xml:6696
msgid "railroad industry"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6693
+#: freeculture.xml:6697
msgid "remote channel changers"
msgstr ""
#. f5
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6703
+#: freeculture.xml:6707
msgid ""
"See Geoffrey Smith, <quote>Film vs. Digital: Can Kodak Build a "
"Bridge?</quote> BusinessWeek online, 2 August 1999, available at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6695
+#: freeculture.xml:6699
msgid ""
"But just because a particular interest asks for government support, it "
"doesn't follow that support should be granted. And just because technology "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6724
+#: freeculture.xml:6728
msgid "free market, technological changes in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6725 freeculture.xml:15216
+#: freeculture.xml:6729 freeculture.xml:15232
msgid "Brezhnev, Leonid"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6728 freeculture.xml:13416
+#: freeculture.xml:6732 freeculture.xml:13432
msgid "Gates, Bill"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6729
+#: freeculture.xml:6733
msgid "market competition"
msgstr ""
#. f6
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6742
+#: freeculture.xml:6746
msgid ""
"Fred Warshofsky, <citetitle>The Patent Wars</citetitle> (New York: Wiley, "
"1994), 170–71."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6732
+#: freeculture.xml:6736
msgid ""
"The obvious answer to these obviously rhetorical questions is no. In a free "
"society, with a free market, supported by free enterprise and free trade, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6753
+#: freeculture.xml:6757
msgid ""
"Thus, while it is understandable for industries threatened with new "
"technologies that change the way they do business to look to the government "
"preserve the incentives and opportunities for innovation and change."
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:6768
+msgid "speech, freedom of"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#: freeculture.xml:6768
+msgid "constitutional guarantee of"
+msgstr ""
+
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6763
+#: freeculture.xml:6770
msgid ""
"In the context of laws regulating speech—which include, obviously, "
"copyright law—that duty is even stronger. When the industry "
#. PAGE BREAK 140
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6779
+#: freeculture.xml:6786
msgid ""
"My argument just now, however, has nothing to do with whether the changes "
"that are being pushed by the copyright warriors are "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6788
+#: freeculture.xml:6795
msgid "Here's the metaphor that will capture the argument to follow."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6790
+#: freeculture.xml:6797
+msgid "Müller, Paul Hermann"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:6798
msgid "DDT"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6791
-msgid "Müller, Paul Hermann"
+#: freeculture.xml:6799
+msgid "insecticide, environmental consequences of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6793
+#: freeculture.xml:6802
msgid ""
"In 1873, the chemical DDT was first synthesized. In 1948, Swiss chemist Paul "
"Hermann Müller won the Nobel Prize for his work demonstrating the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6800
+#: freeculture.xml:6809
msgid ""
"No one doubts that killing disease-carrying pests or increasing crop "
"production is a good thing. No one doubts that the work of Müller was "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6804
+#: freeculture.xml:6813
msgid "Carson, Rachel"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6805
-msgid "Silent Sprint (Carson)"
+#: freeculture.xml:6814
+msgid "Silent Spring (Carson)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:6815
+msgid "environmentalism"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6807
+#: freeculture.xml:6817
msgid ""
"But in 1962, Rachel Carson published <citetitle>Silent Spring</citetitle>, "
"which argued that DDT, whatever its primary benefits, was also having "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6813
+#: freeculture.xml:6823
msgid ""
"No one set out to destroy the environment. Paul Müller certainly did not aim "
"to harm any birds. But the effort to solve one set of problems produced "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6821
+#: freeculture.xml:6832
msgid "Boyle, James"
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#: freeculture.xml:6833
+msgid "innovative freedom balanced with fair compensation in"
+msgstr ""
+
#. f7
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6827
+#: freeculture.xml:6839
msgid ""
"See, for example, James Boyle, <quote>A Politics of Intellectual Property: "
"Environmentalism for the Net?</quote> <citetitle>Duke Law "
#. PAGE BREAK 141
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6823
+#: freeculture.xml:6835
msgid ""
"It is to this image precisely that Duke University law professor James Boyle "
"appeals when he argues that we need an <quote>environmentalism</quote> for "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6844
+#: freeculture.xml:6857
msgid ""
"My argument, in the balance of this chapter, tries to map exactly this "
"effect. No doubt the technology of the Internet has had a dramatic effect on "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6855
+#: freeculture.xml:6869
msgid ""
"In a line: To kill a gnat, we are spraying DDT with consequences for free "
"culture that will be far more devastating than that this gnat will be lost."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:6862
+#: freeculture.xml:6878
msgid "Beginnings"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6864
+#: freeculture.xml:6880
msgid ""
"America copied English copyright law. Actually, we copied and improved "
"English copyright law. Our Constitution makes the purpose of <quote>creative "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6870
+#: freeculture.xml:6886
msgid ""
"The power to establish <quote>creative property</quote> rights is granted to "
"Congress in a way that, for our Constitution, at least, is very odd. Article "
#. PAGE BREAK 142
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6875
+#: freeculture.xml:6891
msgid ""
"Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, "
"by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6888
+#: freeculture.xml:6904
msgid ""
"The Progress Clause expressly limits the term of copyrights. As we saw in "
"chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"founders\"/>, the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6898
+#: freeculture.xml:6914
msgid ""
"The design of the Progress Clause reflects something about the "
"Constitution's design in general. To avoid a problem, the framers built "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6913
+#: freeculture.xml:6929
msgid ""
"I doubt the framers would recognize the regulation we call "
"<quote>copyright</quote> today. The scope of that regulation is far beyond "
#. PAGE BREAK 143
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6920
+#: freeculture.xml:6936
msgid ""
"Some of these changes come from the law: some in light of changes in "
"technology, and some in light of changes in technology given a particular "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6931
+#: freeculture.xml:6947
msgid "We will end here:"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:6934
+#: freeculture.xml:6950
msgid "<quote>Copyright</quote> today."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:6935
+#: freeculture.xml:6951
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1442.png\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 144
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6938
+#: freeculture.xml:6954
msgid "Let me explain how."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:6943
+#: freeculture.xml:6959
msgid "Law: Duration"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6959
+#: freeculture.xml:6975
msgid "Crosskey, William W."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6953
+#: freeculture.xml:6969
msgid ""
"William W. Crosskey, <citetitle>Politics and the Constitution in the History "
"of the United States</citetitle> (London: Cambridge University Press, 1953), "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6945
+#: freeculture.xml:6961
msgid ""
"When the first Congress enacted laws to protect creative property, it faced "
"the same uncertainty about the status of creative property that the English "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6970
+#: freeculture.xml:6986
msgid ""
"That uncertainty ended after Congress passed legislation granting "
"copyrights. Because federal law overrides any contrary state law, federal "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6978
+#: freeculture.xml:6994
msgid ""
"In 1790, Congress enacted the first copyright law. It created a federal "
"copyright and secured that copyright for fourteen years. If the author was "
#. f9
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6993
+#: freeculture.xml:7009
msgid ""
"Although 13,000 titles were published in the United States from 1790 to "
"1799, only 556 copyright registrations were filed; John Tebbel, <citetitle>A "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6985
+#: freeculture.xml:7001
msgid ""
"While there were many works created in the United States in the first ten "
"years of the Republic, only 5 percent of the works were actually registered "
#. PAGE BREAK 145
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7009
+#: freeculture.xml:7025
msgid ""
"This system of renewal was a crucial part of the American system of "
"copyright. It assured that the maximum terms of copyright would be granted "
#. f10
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7024
+#: freeculture.xml:7040
msgid ""
"Few copyright holders ever chose to renew their copyrights. For instance, of "
"the 25,006 copyrights registered in 1883, only 894 were renewed in 1910. For "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7018
+#: freeculture.xml:7034
msgid ""
"Fourteen years may not seem long to us, but for the vast majority of "
"copyright owners at that time, it was long enough: Only a small minority of "
#. f11
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7041
+#: freeculture.xml:7057
msgid "See Ringer, ch. 9, n. 2."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7037
+#: freeculture.xml:7053
msgid ""
"Even today, this structure would make sense. Most creative work has an "
"actual commercial life of just a couple of years. Most books fall out of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7049
+#: freeculture.xml:7065
msgid ""
"In the first hundred years of the Republic, the term of copyright was "
"changed once. In 1831, the term was increased from a maximum of 28 years to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7057
+#: freeculture.xml:7073
msgid ""
"Then, beginning in 1962, Congress started a practice that has defined "
"copyright law since. Eleven times in the last forty years, Congress has "
#. PAGE BREAK 146
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7067
+#: freeculture.xml:7083
msgid ""
"The effect of these extensions is simply to toll, or delay, the passing of "
"works into the public domain. This latest extension means that the public "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7078
+#: freeculture.xml:7094
msgid ""
"The effect of these extensions has been exacerbated by another, "
"little-noticed change in the copyright law. Remember I said that the framers "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7088
+#: freeculture.xml:7104
msgid ""
"The United States abandoned this sensible system in 1976. For all works "
"created after 1978, there was only one copyright term—the maximum "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7098
+#: freeculture.xml:7114
msgid ""
"This change meant that American law no longer had an automatic way to assure "
"that works that were no longer exploited passed into the public domain. And "
#. f12
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7115
+#: freeculture.xml:7131
msgid ""
"These statistics are understated. Between the years 1910 and 1962 (the first "
"year the renewal term was extended), the average term was never more than "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7107
+#: freeculture.xml:7123
msgid ""
"The effect of these changes on the average duration of copyright is "
"dramatic. In 1973, more than 85 percent of copyright owners failed to renew "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7124
+#: freeculture.xml:7140
msgid "Law: Scope"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7126
+#: freeculture.xml:7142
msgid ""
"The <quote>scope</quote> of a copyright is the range of rights granted by "
"the law. The scope of American copyright has changed dramatically. Those "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7132
+#: freeculture.xml:7148
msgid ""
"In 1790, that scope was very narrow. Copyright covered only <quote>maps, "
"charts, and books.</quote> That means it didn't cover, for example, music or "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7145
+#: freeculture.xml:7161
msgid ""
"This, too, has changed dramatically. While the contours of copyright today "
"are extremely hard to describe simply, in general terms, the right covers "
#. PAGE BREAK 148
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7160
+#: freeculture.xml:7176
msgid ""
"At the same time that the scope of copyright has expanded, procedural "
"limitations on the right have been relaxed. I've already described the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7174
+#: freeculture.xml:7190
msgid ""
"The reason for the registration requirement was the sensible understanding "
"that for most works, no copyright was required. Again, in the first ten "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7188
+#: freeculture.xml:7204
msgid ""
"All of these <quote>formalities</quote> were abolished in the American "
"system when we decided to follow European copyright law. There is no "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7196
+#: freeculture.xml:7212
msgid "Consider a practical example to understand the scope of these differences."
msgstr ""
#. f13
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7207
+#: freeculture.xml:7223
msgid ""
"See Thomas Bender and David Sampliner, <quote>Poets, Pirates, and the "
"Creation of American Literature,</quote> 29 <citetitle>New York University "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7200
+#: freeculture.xml:7216
msgid ""
"If, in 1790, you wrote a book and you were one of the 5 percent who actually "
"copyrighted that book, then the copyright law protected you against another "
#. PAGE BREAK 149
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7219
+#: freeculture.xml:7235
msgid ""
"The act left other creators totally unregulated. If I copied your poem by "
"hand, over and over again, as a way to learn it by heart, my act was totally "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7228
+#: freeculture.xml:7244
msgid ""
"Today the story is very different: If you write a book, your book is "
"automatically protected. Indeed, not just your book. Every e-mail, every "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7237
+#: freeculture.xml:7253
msgid ""
"That protection gives you the right (subject to a narrow range of fair use "
"exceptions) to control how others copy the work, whether they copy it to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7242
+#: freeculture.xml:7258
msgid ""
"That much is the obvious part. Any system of copyright would control "
"competing publishing. But there's a second part to the copyright of today "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7256
+#: freeculture.xml:7272
msgid ""
"It is this derivative right that would seem most bizarre to our framers, "
"though it has become second nature to us. Initially, this expansion was "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7278
+#: freeculture.xml:7294
msgid ""
"Jonathan Zittrain, <quote>The Copyright Cage,</quote> <citetitle>Legal "
"Affairs</citetitle>, July/August 2003, available at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7268
+#: freeculture.xml:7284
msgid ""
"In preventing that joke, the law created an astonishing power within a free "
"culture—at least, it's astonishing when you understand that the law "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7300
+#: freeculture.xml:7316
msgid "Rubenfeld, Jeb"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7293
+#: freeculture.xml:7309
msgid ""
"Professor Rubenfeld has presented a powerful constitutional argument about "
"the difference that copyright law should draw (from the perspective of the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7288
+#: freeculture.xml:7304
msgid ""
"Yet copyright law treats these two different wrongs in the same way. I can "
"go to court and get an injunction against your pirating my book. I can go to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7307
+#: freeculture.xml:7323
msgid ""
"This again may seem right to you. If I wrote a book, then why should you be "
"able to write a movie that takes my story and makes money from it without "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7315
+#: freeculture.xml:7331
msgid ""
"These are good arguments, and, in general, my point is not that the "
"derivative right is unjustified. My aim just now is much narrower: simply to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7322
+#: freeculture.xml:7338
msgid "Law and Architecture: Reach"
msgstr ""
#. f16
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7329
+#: freeculture.xml:7345
msgid ""
"This is a simplification of the law, but not much of one. The law certainly "
"regulates more than <quote>copies</quote>—a public performance of a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7324
+#: freeculture.xml:7340
msgid ""
"Whereas originally the law regulated only publishers, the change in "
"copyright's scope means that the law today regulates publishers, users, and "
#. PAGE BREAK 151
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7341
+#: freeculture.xml:7357
msgid ""
"<quote>Copies.</quote> That certainly sounds like the obvious thing for "
"<emphasis>copy</emphasis>right law to regulate. But as with Jack Valenti's "
#. f17
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7359
+#: freeculture.xml:7375
msgid ""
"Thus, my argument is not that in each place that copyright law extends, we "
"should repeal it. It is instead that we should have a good argument for its "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7354
+#: freeculture.xml:7370
msgid ""
"This is perhaps the central claim of this book, so let me take this very "
"slowly so that the point is not easily missed. My claim is that the Internet "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7370
+#: freeculture.xml:7386
msgid ""
"We can see this point abstractly by beginning with this largely empty "
"circle."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7374
+#: freeculture.xml:7390
msgid "All potential uses of a book."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7375
+#: freeculture.xml:7391
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1521.png\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7377
+#: freeculture.xml:7393
msgid "three types of uses of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7378
+#: freeculture.xml:7394
msgid "copies as core issue of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7379
+#: freeculture.xml:7395
msgid "copyright applicability altered by technology of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7380
+#: freeculture.xml:7396
msgid "copyright intent altered by"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 152
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7385
+#: freeculture.xml:7401
msgid ""
"Think about a book in real space, and imagine this circle to represent all "
"its potential <emphasis>uses</emphasis>. Most of these uses are unregulated "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7398
+#: freeculture.xml:7414
msgid "Examples of unregulated uses of a book."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7399
+#: freeculture.xml:7415
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1531.png\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7402
+#: freeculture.xml:7418
msgid ""
"Obviously, however, some uses of a copyrighted book are regulated by "
"copyright law. Republishing the book, for example, makes a copy. It is "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7412
+#: freeculture.xml:7428
msgid ""
"Finally, there is a tiny sliver of otherwise regulated copying uses that "
"remain unregulated because the law considers these <quote>fair uses.</quote>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7417
+#: freeculture.xml:7433
msgid ""
"Republishing stands at the core of this circle of possible uses of a "
"copyrighted work."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7418
+#: freeculture.xml:7434
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1541.png\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7421
+#: freeculture.xml:7437
msgid ""
"These are uses that themselves involve copying, but which the law treats as "
"unregulated because public policy demands that they remain unregulated. You "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7431
+#: freeculture.xml:7447
msgid "Unregulated copying considered <quote>fair uses.</quote>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7432
+#: freeculture.xml:7448
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1542.png\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7436
+#: freeculture.xml:7452
msgid ""
"Uses that before were presumptively unregulated are now presumptively "
"regulated."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7437
+#: freeculture.xml:7453
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1551.png\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 154
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7441
+#: freeculture.xml:7457
msgid ""
"In real space, then, the possible uses of a book are divided into three "
"sorts: (1) unregulated uses, (2) regulated uses, and (3) regulated uses that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7446 freeculture.xml:7480 freeculture.xml:7696 freeculture.xml:9940
+#: freeculture.xml:7462 freeculture.xml:7496 freeculture.xml:7712 freeculture.xml:9956
msgid "on Internet"
msgstr ""
#. f18
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7451
+#: freeculture.xml:7467
msgid ""
"I don't mean <quote>nature</quote> in the sense that it couldn't be "
"different, but rather that its present instantiation entails a copy. Optical "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7448
+#: freeculture.xml:7464
msgid ""
"Enter the Internet—a distributed, digital network where every use of a "
"copyrighted work produces a copy.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> "
#. PAGE BREAK 155
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7469
+#: freeculture.xml:7485
msgid ""
"So let's be very specific to make this general point clear. Before the "
"Internet, if you purchased a book and read it ten times, there would be no "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7481
+#: freeculture.xml:7497
msgid "technological developments and"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7483
+#: freeculture.xml:7499
msgid ""
"But the same book as an e-book is effectively governed by a different set of "
"rules. Now if the copyright owner says you may read the book only once or "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7495
+#: freeculture.xml:7511
msgid ""
"There are some people who think this makes perfect sense. My aim just now is "
"not to argue about whether it makes sense or not. My aim is only to make "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7501
+#: freeculture.xml:7517
msgid ""
"First, making category 1 disappear is not anything any policy maker ever "
"intended. Congress did not think through the collapse of the presumptively "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7510
+#: freeculture.xml:7526
msgid ""
"Second, this shift is especially troubling in the context of transformative "
"uses of creative content. Again, we can all understand the wrong in "
#. PAGE BREAK 156
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7522
+#: freeculture.xml:7538
msgid ""
"Third, this shift from category 1 to category 2 puts an extraordinary burden "
"on category 3 (<quote>fair use</quote>) that fair use never before had to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7541
+#: freeculture.xml:7557
msgid ""
"This point about fair use is totally ignored, even by advocates for free "
"culture. We have been cornered into arguing that our rights depend upon fair "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7552
+#: freeculture.xml:7568
msgid ""
"The case of Video Pipeline is a good example. Video Pipeline was in the "
"business of making <quote>trailer</quote> advertisements for movies "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7558 freeculture.xml:7618 freeculture.xml:13777
+#: freeculture.xml:7574 freeculture.xml:7634 freeculture.xml:13793
msgid "browsing"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7560
+#: freeculture.xml:7576
msgid ""
"The company did this for about fifteen years. Then, in 1997, it began to "
"think about the Internet as another way to distribute these previews. The "
#. PAGE BREAK 157
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7569
+#: freeculture.xml:7585
msgid ""
"In 1998, Video Pipeline informed Disney and other film distributors that it "
"intended to distribute the trailers through the Internet (rather than "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7584
+#: freeculture.xml:7600
msgid ""
"Disney countersued—for $100 million in damages. Those damages were "
"predicated upon a claim that Video Pipeline had <quote>willfully "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7594
+#: freeculture.xml:7610
msgid ""
"Disney has the right to control its property, of course. But the video "
"stores that were selling Disney's films also had some sort of right to be "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7604
+#: freeculture.xml:7620
msgid ""
"Now, you might think this is a close case, and I think the courts would "
"consider it a close case. My point here is to map the change that gives "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7617
+#: freeculture.xml:7633
msgid "Barnes & Noble"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 158
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7621
+#: freeculture.xml:7637
msgid ""
"No doubt, a potential is not yet an abuse, and so the potential for control "
"is not yet the abuse of control. Barnes & Noble has the right to say you "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7636
+#: freeculture.xml:7652
msgid ""
"Again, my aim so far is simply to map the changes that this changed "
"architecture enables. Enabling technology to enforce the control of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7645
+#: freeculture.xml:7661
msgid "Architecture and Law: Force"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7647
+#: freeculture.xml:7663
msgid ""
"The disappearance of unregulated uses would be change enough, but a second "
"important change brought about by the Internet magnifies its "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7653
+#: freeculture.xml:7669
msgid ""
"In the world before digital technology, it was generally the law that "
"controlled whether and how someone was regulated by copyright law. The law, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7660
+#: freeculture.xml:7676
msgid "Casablanca"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7661 freeculture.xml:7832
+#: freeculture.xml:7677 freeculture.xml:7848
msgid "Marx Brothers"
msgstr ""
#. f19
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7672
+#: freeculture.xml:7688
msgid ""
"See David Lange, <quote>Recognizing the Public Domain,</quote> "
"<citetitle>Law and Contemporary Problems</citetitle> 44 (1981): "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7664
+#: freeculture.xml:7680
msgid ""
"There's a famous story about a battle between the Marx Brothers and Warner "
"Brothers. The Marxes intended to make a parody of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7681
+#: freeculture.xml:7697
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Ibid. See also Vaidhyanathan, "
"<citetitle>Copyrights and Copywrongs</citetitle>, 1–3."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7677
+#: freeculture.xml:7693
msgid ""
"This led the Marx Brothers to respond in kind. They warned Warner Brothers "
"that the Marx Brothers <quote>were brothers long before you "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7691
+#: freeculture.xml:7707
msgid ""
"An absurd and hollow threat, of course, because Warner Brothers, like the "
"Marx Brothers, knew that no court would ever enforce such a silly "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7698
+#: freeculture.xml:7714
msgid ""
"On the Internet, however, there is no check on silly rules, because on the "
"Internet, increasingly, rules are enforced not by a human but by a machine: "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7710
+#: freeculture.xml:7726
msgid "Adobe eBook Reader"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7712
+#: freeculture.xml:7728
msgid "Consider the life of my Adobe eBook Reader."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7715
+#: freeculture.xml:7731
msgid ""
"An e-book is a book delivered in electronic form. An Adobe eBook is not a "
"book that Adobe has published; Adobe simply produces the software that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7722
+#: freeculture.xml:7738
msgid "On the next page is a picture of an old version of my Adobe eBook Reader."
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 160
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7726
+#: freeculture.xml:7742
msgid ""
"As you can see, I have a small collection of e-books within this e-book "
"library. Some of these books reproduce content that is in the public domain: "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7739
+#: freeculture.xml:7755
msgid "Picture of an old version of Adobe eBook Reader"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7740
+#: freeculture.xml:7756
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1611.png\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7743
+#: freeculture.xml:7759
msgid ""
"If you click on the Permissions button, you'll see a list of the permissions "
"that the publisher purports to grant with this book."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7747
+#: freeculture.xml:7763
msgid "List of the permissions that the publisher purports to grant."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7748
+#: freeculture.xml:7764
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1612.png\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 161
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7752
+#: freeculture.xml:7768
msgid ""
"According to my eBook Reader, I have the permission to copy to the clipboard "
"of the computer ten text selections every ten days. (So far, I've copied no "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7759
+#: freeculture.xml:7775
msgid "Aristotle"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7760
+#: freeculture.xml:7776
msgid "<citetitle>Politics</citetitle>, (Aristotle)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7762
+#: freeculture.xml:7778
msgid ""
"Here's the e-book for another work in the public domain (including the "
"translation): Aristotle's <citetitle>Politics</citetitle>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7766
+#: freeculture.xml:7782
msgid "E-book of Aristotle;s <quote>Politics</quote>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7767
+#: freeculture.xml:7783
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1621.png\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7770
+#: freeculture.xml:7786
msgid ""
"According to its permissions, no printing or copying is permitted at "
"all. But fortunately, you can use the Read Aloud button to hear the book."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7775
+#: freeculture.xml:7791
msgid "List of the permissions for Aristotle;s <quote>Politics</quote>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7776
+#: freeculture.xml:7792
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1622.png\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7778 freeculture.xml:9612
+#: freeculture.xml:7794 freeculture.xml:9628
msgid "Future of Ideas, The (Lessig)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7779 freeculture.xml:9613 freeculture.xml:13231
+#: freeculture.xml:7795 freeculture.xml:9629 freeculture.xml:13247
msgid "Lessig, Lawrence"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7781
+#: freeculture.xml:7797
msgid ""
"Finally (and most embarrassingly), here are the permissions for the original "
"e-book version of my last book, <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>:"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7787
+#: freeculture.xml:7803
msgid "List of the permissions for <quote>The Future of Ideas</quote>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7788
+#: freeculture.xml:7804
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1631.png\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7791
+#: freeculture.xml:7807
msgid "No copying, no printing, and don't you dare try to listen to this book!"
msgstr ""
#. f21
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7801
+#: freeculture.xml:7817
msgid ""
"In principle, a contract might impose a requirement on me. I might, for "
"example, buy a book from you that includes a contract that says I will read "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7794
+#: freeculture.xml:7810
msgid ""
"Now, the Adobe eBook Reader calls these controls "
"<quote>permissions</quote>— as if the publisher has the power to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7816
+#: freeculture.xml:7832
msgid ""
"The control comes instead from the code—from the technology within "
"which the e-book <quote>lives.</quote> Though the e-book says that these are "
#. PAGE BREAK 163
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7836
+#: freeculture.xml:7852
msgid ""
"These are <emphasis>controls</emphasis>, not permissions. Imagine a world "
"where the Marx Brothers sold word processing software that, when you tried "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7842
+#: freeculture.xml:7858
msgid ""
"This is the future of copyright law: not so much copyright "
"<emphasis>law</emphasis> as copyright <emphasis>code</emphasis>. The "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7851
+#: freeculture.xml:7867
msgid ""
"How significant is this? Isn't it always possible to get around the controls "
"built into the technology? Software used to be sold with technologies that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7858
+#: freeculture.xml:7874
msgid ""
"We've only scratched the surface of this story. Return to the Adobe eBook "
"Reader."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7861
+#: freeculture.xml:7877
msgid "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (Carroll)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7862
+#: freeculture.xml:7878
msgid "e-book restrictions on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7864
+#: freeculture.xml:7880
msgid ""
"Early in the life of the Adobe eBook Reader, Adobe suffered a public "
"relations nightmare. Among the books that you could download for free on the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7872
+#: freeculture.xml:7888
msgid "List of the permissions for <quote>Alice's Adventures in Wonderland</quote>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7874
+#: freeculture.xml:7890
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1641.png\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7878
+#: freeculture.xml:7894
msgid ""
"Here was a public domain children's book that you were not allowed to copy, "
"not allowed to lend, not allowed to give, and, as the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7883
+#: freeculture.xml:7899
msgid ""
"The public relations nightmare attached to that final permission. For the "
"text did not say that you were not permitted to use the Read Aloud button; "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7891
+#: freeculture.xml:7907
msgid ""
"Adobe responded quickly that it was absurd to think that it was trying to "
"restrict the right to read a book aloud. Obviously it was only restricting "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7906
+#: freeculture.xml:7922
msgid ""
"The point is not to blame Adobe. Indeed, Adobe is among the most innovative "
"companies developing strategies to balance open access to content with "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7916
+#: freeculture.xml:7932
msgid ""
"To see the point in a particularly absurd context, consider a favorite story "
"of mine that makes the same point."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7919 freeculture.xml:8063 freeculture.xml:8128 freeculture.xml:8236
+#: freeculture.xml:7935 freeculture.xml:8079 freeculture.xml:8144 freeculture.xml:8252
msgid "Aibo robotic dog"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7920 freeculture.xml:8064 freeculture.xml:8129 freeculture.xml:8237
+#: freeculture.xml:7936 freeculture.xml:8080 freeculture.xml:8145 freeculture.xml:8253
msgid "robotic dog"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7921 freeculture.xml:8065 freeculture.xml:8130 freeculture.xml:8238
+#: freeculture.xml:7937 freeculture.xml:8081 freeculture.xml:8146 freeculture.xml:8254
msgid "Sony"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7921 freeculture.xml:8065 freeculture.xml:8130 freeculture.xml:8238
+#: freeculture.xml:7937 freeculture.xml:8081 freeculture.xml:8146 freeculture.xml:8254
msgid "Aibo robotic dog produced by"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7923
+#: freeculture.xml:7939
msgid ""
"Consider the robotic dog made by Sony named <quote>Aibo.</quote> The Aibo "
"learns tricks, cuddles, and follows you around. It eats only electricity and "
#. PAGE BREAK 165
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7928
+#: freeculture.xml:7944
msgid ""
"The Aibo is expensive and popular. Fans from around the world have set up "
"clubs to trade stories. One fan in particular set up a Web site to enable "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7937
+#: freeculture.xml:7953
msgid ""
"<quote>Teach</quote> here has a special meaning. Aibos are just cute "
"computers. You teach a computer how to do something by programming it "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7944
+#: freeculture.xml:7960
msgid "hacks"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7946
+#: freeculture.xml:7962
msgid ""
"If you're not a programmer or don't know many programmers, the word "
"<citetitle>hack</citetitle> has a particularly unfriendly "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7960
+#: freeculture.xml:7976
msgid ""
"Some hacks are easy. Some are unbelievably hard. Hackers as a community like "
"to challenge themselves and others with increasingly difficult "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7967
+#: freeculture.xml:7983
msgid ""
"The Aibo fan was displaying a bit of both when he hacked the program and "
"offered to the world a bit of code that would enable the Aibo to dance "
#. PAGE BREAK 166
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7977
+#: freeculture.xml:7993
msgid ""
"I've told this story in many contexts, both inside and outside the United "
"States. Once I was asked by a puzzled member of the audience, is it "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7992
+#: freeculture.xml:8008
msgid "government case against"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7994
+#: freeculture.xml:8010
msgid ""
"Let's put the dog to sleep for a minute, and turn to a pony show— not "
"literally a pony show, but rather a paper that a Princeton academic named Ed "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8017 freeculture.xml:10566
+#: freeculture.xml:8033 freeculture.xml:10582
msgid "Electronic Frontier Foundation"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8007
+#: freeculture.xml:8023
msgid ""
"See Pamela Samuelson, <quote>Anticircumvention Rules: Threat to "
"Science,</quote> <citetitle>Science</citetitle> 293 (2001): 2028; Brendan "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8005
+#: freeculture.xml:8021
msgid ""
"But Felten's bravery was really tested in April 2001.<placeholder "
"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> He and a group of colleagues were working on a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8025
+#: freeculture.xml:8041
msgid ""
"The SDMI coalition had as its goal a technology to enable content owners to "
"exercise much better control over their content than the Internet, as it "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8035
+#: freeculture.xml:8051
msgid ""
"When SDMI thought it was close to a standard, it set up a competition. In "
"exchange for providing contestants with the code to an SDMI-encrypted bit of "
#. PAGE BREAK 167
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8042
+#: freeculture.xml:8058
msgid ""
"Felten and his team figured out the encryption system quickly. He and the "
"team saw the weakness of this system as a type: Many encryption systems "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8048
+#: freeculture.xml:8064
msgid ""
"Let's review just what Felten was doing. Again, this is the United "
"States. We have a principle of free speech. We have this principle not just "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8056
+#: freeculture.xml:8072
msgid ""
"What Felten and his colleagues were doing was publishing a paper describing "
"the weakness in a technology. They were not spreading free music, or "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8067
+#: freeculture.xml:8083
msgid ""
"What links these two, aibopet.com and Felten, is the letters they then "
"received. Aibopet.com received a letter from Sony about the aibopet.com "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8074
+#: freeculture.xml:8090
msgid ""
"Your site contains information providing the means to circumvent AIBO-ware's "
"copy protection protocol constituting a violation of the anti-circumvention "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8083
+#: freeculture.xml:8099
msgid ""
"And though an academic paper describing the weakness in a system of "
"encryption should also be perfectly legal, Felten received a letter from an "
#. PAGE BREAK 168
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8089
+#: freeculture.xml:8105
msgid ""
"Any disclosure of information gained from participating in the Public "
"Challenge would be outside the scope of activities permitted by the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8097
+#: freeculture.xml:8113
msgid ""
"In both cases, this weirdly Orwellian law was invoked to control the spread "
"of information. The Digital Millennium Copyright Act made spreading such "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8102
+#: freeculture.xml:8118
msgid ""
"The DMCA was enacted as a response to copyright owners' first fear about "
"cyberspace. The fear was that copyright control was effectively dead; the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8113
+#: freeculture.xml:8129
msgid ""
"The DMCA was a bit of law intended to back up the protection of this code "
"designed to protect copyrighted material. It was, we could say, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8120
+#: freeculture.xml:8136
msgid ""
"But the DMCA was not designed merely to protect copyrighted works to the "
"extent copyright law protected them. Its protection, that is, did not end at "
#. PAGE BREAK 169
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8132
+#: freeculture.xml:8148
msgid ""
"Aibopet.com and Felten make the point. The Aibo hack circumvented a "
"copyright protection system for the purpose of enabling the dog to dance "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8144
+#: freeculture.xml:8160
msgid ""
"The threat against Felten was more attenuated, but it followed the same line "
"of reasoning. By publishing a paper describing how a copyright protection "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8151 freeculture.xml:8186
+#: freeculture.xml:8167 freeculture.xml:8202
msgid "Rogers, Fred"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8162 freeculture.xml:8199 freeculture.xml:8225
+#: freeculture.xml:8178 freeculture.xml:8215 freeculture.xml:8241
msgid "Conrad, Paul"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8154
+#: freeculture.xml:8170
msgid ""
"The bizarreness of these arguments is captured in a cartoon drawn in 1981 by "
"Paul Conrad. At that time, a court in California had held that the VCR could "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8181
+#: freeculture.xml:8197
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <citetitle>Sony Corporation of "
"America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal City Studios, Inc</citetitle>., "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8166
+#: freeculture.xml:8182
msgid ""
"Some public stations, as well as commercial stations, program the "
"<quote>Neighborhood</quote> at hours when some children cannot use it. I "
#. PAGE BREAK 170
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8192
+#: freeculture.xml:8208
msgid ""
"Even though there were uses that were legal, because there were some uses "
"that were illegal, the court held the companies producing the VCR "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8197
+#: freeculture.xml:8213
msgid ""
"This led Conrad to draw the cartoon below, which we can adopt to the DMCA. "
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8202
+#: freeculture.xml:8218
msgid "No argument I have can top this picture, but let me try to get close."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8205
+#: freeculture.xml:8221
msgid ""
"The anticircumvention provisions of the DMCA target copyright circumvention "
"technologies. Circumvention technologies can be used for different "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8212
+#: freeculture.xml:8228
msgid "handguns"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 171
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8214
+#: freeculture.xml:8230
msgid ""
"A handgun can be used to shoot a police officer or a child. Most would agree "
"such a use is bad. Or a handgun can be used for target practice or to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:8222
+#: freeculture.xml:8238
msgid "VCR/handgun cartoon."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:8223
+#: freeculture.xml:8239
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1711.png\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8227
+#: freeculture.xml:8243
msgid ""
"The obvious point of Conrad's cartoon is the weirdness of a world where guns "
"are legal, despite the harm they can do, while VCRs (and circumvention "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8240
+#: freeculture.xml:8256
msgid ""
"The Aibo and RIAA examples demonstrate how copyright owners are changing the "
"balance that copyright law grants. Using code, copyright owners restrict "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8248
+#: freeculture.xml:8264
msgid ""
"This is how <emphasis>code</emphasis> becomes <emphasis>law</emphasis>. The "
"controls built into the technology of copy and access protection become "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8260
+#: freeculture.xml:8276
msgid ""
"There is one final aspect of the interaction between architecture and law "
"that contributes to the force of copyright's regulation. This is the ease "
#. f24
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8279
+#: freeculture.xml:8295
msgid ""
"For an early and prescient analysis, see Rebecca Tushnet, <quote>Legal "
"Fictions, Copyright, Fan Fiction, and a New Common Law,</quote> "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8273
+#: freeculture.xml:8289
msgid ""
"For example, imagine you were part of a <citetitle>Star Trek</citetitle> fan "
"club. You gathered every month to share trivia, and maybe to enact a kind of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8285
+#: freeculture.xml:8301
msgid ""
"Before the Internet, this was, in effect, a totally unregulated activity. "
"No matter what happened inside your club room, you would never be interfered "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8293
+#: freeculture.xml:8309
msgid ""
"But if you moved your club onto the Internet, and made it generally "
"available for others to join, the story would be very different. Bots "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8303
+#: freeculture.xml:8319
msgid ""
"This change in the effective force of the law is caused by a change in the "
"ease with which the law can be enforced. That change too shifts the law's "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:8312
+#: freeculture.xml:8328
msgid "Market: Concentration"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 173
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8314
+#: freeculture.xml:8330
msgid ""
"So copyright's duration has increased dramatically—tripled in the past "
"thirty years. And copyright's scope has increased as well—from "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8332
+#: freeculture.xml:8348
msgid ""
"Still, in my view, all of these changes would not matter much if it weren't "
"for one more change that we must also consider. This is a change that is in "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8339
+#: freeculture.xml:8355
msgid ""
"This is the change in the concentration and integration of the media. In "
"the past twenty years, the nature of media ownership has undergone a radical "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8350
+#: freeculture.xml:8366
msgid "These changes are of two sorts: the scope of concentration, and its nature."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8354
+#: freeculture.xml:8370
msgid "BMG"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8355 freeculture.xml:9722
+#: freeculture.xml:8371 freeculture.xml:9738
msgid "EMI"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8356
+#: freeculture.xml:8372
msgid "McCain, John"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8357 freeculture.xml:9729
+#: freeculture.xml:8373 freeculture.xml:9745
msgid "Universal Music Group"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8358
+#: freeculture.xml:8374
msgid "Warner Music Group"
msgstr ""
#. f25
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8364
+#: freeculture.xml:8380
msgid ""
"FCC Oversight: Hearing Before the Senate Commerce, Science and "
"Transportation Committee, 108th Cong., 1st sess. (22 May 2003) (statement "
#. f26
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8371
+#: freeculture.xml:8387
msgid ""
"Lynette Holloway, <quote>Despite a Marketing Blitz, CD Sales Continue to "
"Slide,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 23 December 2002."
#. f27
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8377
+#: freeculture.xml:8393
msgid ""
"Molly Ivins, <quote>Media Consolidation Must Be Stopped,</quote> "
"<citetitle>Charleston Gazette</citetitle>, 31 May 2003."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8360
+#: freeculture.xml:8376
msgid ""
"Changes in scope are the easier ones to describe. As Senator John McCain "
"summarized the data produced in the FCC's review of media ownership, "
#. PAGE BREAK 174
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8382
+#: freeculture.xml:8398
msgid ""
"The story with radio is even more dramatic. Before deregulation, the "
"nation's largest radio broadcasting conglomerate owned fewer than "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8394
+#: freeculture.xml:8410
msgid ""
"Newspaper ownership is becoming more concentrated as well. Today, there are "
"six hundred fewer daily newspapers in the United States than there were "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8408 freeculture.xml:8425
+#: freeculture.xml:8424 freeculture.xml:8441
msgid "Fallows, James"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8405
+#: freeculture.xml:8421
msgid ""
"Concentration in size alone is one thing. The more invidious change is in "
"the nature of that concentration. As author James Fallows put it in a recent "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8423
+#: freeculture.xml:8439
msgid ""
"James Fallows, <quote>The Age of Murdoch,</quote> <citetitle>Atlantic "
"Monthly</citetitle> (September 2003): 89. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8412
+#: freeculture.xml:8428
msgid ""
"Murdoch's companies now constitute a production system unmatched in its "
"integration. They supply content—Fox movies … Fox TV shows "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8430
+#: freeculture.xml:8446
msgid ""
"The pattern with Murdoch is the pattern of modern media. Not just large "
"companies owning many radio stations, but a few companies owning as many "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:8436
+#: freeculture.xml:8452
msgid "Pattern of modern media ownership."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:8437
+#: freeculture.xml:8453
msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1761.png\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 175
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8441
+#: freeculture.xml:8457
msgid ""
"Does this concentration matter? Will it affect what is made, or what is "
"distributed? Or is it merely a more efficient way to produce and distribute "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8446
+#: freeculture.xml:8462
msgid ""
"My view was that concentration wouldn't matter. I thought it was nothing "
"more than a more efficient financial structure. But now, after reading and "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8452
+#: freeculture.xml:8468
msgid ""
"Here's a representative story that begins to suggest how this integration "
"may matter."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8455
+#: freeculture.xml:8471
msgid "Lear, Norman"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8457 freeculture.xml:8520
+#: freeculture.xml:8473 freeculture.xml:8536
msgid "All in the Family"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8459
+#: freeculture.xml:8475
msgid ""
"In 1969, Norman Lear created a pilot for <citetitle>All in the "
"Family</citetitle>. He took the pilot to ABC. The network didn't like it. It "
#. f29
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8471
+#: freeculture.xml:8487
msgid ""
"Leonard Hill, <quote>The Axis of Access,</quote> remarks before Weidenbaum "
"Center Forum, <quote>Entertainment Economics: The Movie Industry,</quote> "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8466
+#: freeculture.xml:8482
msgid ""
"Rather than comply, Lear simply took the show elsewhere. CBS was happy to "
"have the series; ABC could not stop Lear from walking. The copyrights that "
#. PAGE BREAK 176
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8482
+#: freeculture.xml:8498
msgid ""
"The network did not control those copyrights because the law forbade the "
"networks from controlling the content they syndicated. The law required a "
#. f30
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8501
+#: freeculture.xml:8517
msgid ""
"NewsCorp./DirecTV Merger and Media Consolidation: Hearings on Media "
"Ownership Before the Senate Commerce Committee, 108th Cong., 1st "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8491
+#: freeculture.xml:8507
msgid ""
"In 1994, the FCC abandoned the rules that required this independence. After "
"that change, the networks quickly changed the balance. In 1985, there were "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8522
+#: freeculture.xml:8538
msgid ""
"Today, another Norman Lear with another <citetitle>All in the "
"Family</citetitle> would find that he had the choice either to make the show "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8527
+#: freeculture.xml:8543
msgid "Diller, Barry"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8528
+#: freeculture.xml:8544
msgid "Moyers, Bill"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8530
+#: freeculture.xml:8546
msgid ""
"While the number of channels has increased dramatically, the ownership of "
"those channels has narrowed to an ever smaller and smaller few. As Barry "
#. f32
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8545
+#: freeculture.xml:8561
msgid ""
"<quote>Barry Diller Takes on Media Deregulation,</quote> <citetitle>Now with "
"Bill Moyers</citetitle>, Bill Moyers, 25 April 2003, edited transcript "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8536
+#: freeculture.xml:8552
msgid ""
"Well, if you have companies that produce, that finance, that air on their "
"channel and then distribute worldwide everything that goes through their "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8552
+#: freeculture.xml:8568
msgid ""
"This narrowing has an effect on what is produced. The product of such large "
"and concentrated networks is increasingly homogenous. Increasingly "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8563
+#: freeculture.xml:8579
msgid "Clark, Kim B."
msgstr ""
#. f33
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8572
+#: freeculture.xml:8588
msgid ""
"Clayton M. Christensen, <citetitle>The Innovator's Dilemma: The "
"Revolutionary National Bestseller that Changed the Way We Do "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8565
+#: freeculture.xml:8581
msgid ""
"Economics itself offers a parallel that explains why this integration "
"affects creativity. Clay Christensen has written about the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8589
+#: freeculture.xml:8605
msgid ""
"I don't think we know enough about the economics of the media market to say "
"with certainty what concentration and integration will do. The efficiencies "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8595
+#: freeculture.xml:8611
msgid ""
"But there is a quintessentially obvious example that does strongly suggest "
"the concern."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8599
+#: freeculture.xml:8615
msgid ""
"In addition to the copyright wars, we're in the middle of the drug "
"wars. Government policy is strongly directed against the drug cartels; "
#. PAGE BREAK 178
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8604
+#: freeculture.xml:8620
msgid ""
"Let me hereby disqualify myself from any possible appointment to any "
"position in government by saying I believe this war is a profound mistake. I "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8623
+#: freeculture.xml:8639
msgid ""
"You may not be convinced. That's fine. We live in a democracy, and it is "
"through votes that we are to choose policy. But to do that, we depend "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8630
+#: freeculture.xml:8646
msgid ""
"Beginning in 1998, the Office of National Drug Control Policy launched a "
"media campaign as part of the <quote>war on drugs.</quote> The campaign "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8642
+#: freeculture.xml:8658
msgid ""
"Fair enough. It's a good ad. Not terribly misleading. It delivers its "
"message well. It's a fair and reasonable message."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8646
+#: freeculture.xml:8662
msgid ""
"But let's say you think it is a wrong message, and you'd like to run a "
"countercommercial. Say you want to run a series of ads that try to "
#. PAGE BREAK 179
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8652
+#: freeculture.xml:8668
msgid ""
"Well, obviously, these ads cost lots of money. Assume you raise the "
"money. Assume a group of concerned citizens donates all the money in the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8694
+#: freeculture.xml:8710
msgid "Comcast"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8695
+#: freeculture.xml:8711
msgid "Marijuana Policy Project"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8696
+#: freeculture.xml:8712
msgid "NBC"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8697
+#: freeculture.xml:8713
msgid "WJOA"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8698
+#: freeculture.xml:8714
msgid "WRC"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8669
+#: freeculture.xml:8685
msgid ""
"The Marijuana Policy Project, in February 2003, sought to place ads that "
"directly responded to the Nick and Norm series on stations within the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8659
+#: freeculture.xml:8675
msgid ""
"No. You cannot. Television stations have a general policy of avoiding "
"<quote>controversial</quote> ads. Ads sponsored by the government are deemed "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8703
+#: freeculture.xml:8719
msgid ""
"I'd be happy to defend the networks' rights, as well—if we lived in a "
"media market that was truly diverse. But concentration in the media throws "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:8716
+#: freeculture.xml:8732
msgid "Together"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8718
+#: freeculture.xml:8734
msgid ""
"There is something innocent and obvious about the claim of the copyright "
"warriors that the government should <quote>protect my property.</quote> In "
#. PAGE BREAK 180
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8724
+#: freeculture.xml:8740
msgid ""
"But when we see how dramatically this <quote>property</quote> has "
"changed— when we recognize how it might now interact with both "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8740
+#: freeculture.xml:8756
msgid ""
"Not starkly. Or absolutely. My point is not that we should abolish copyright "
"or go back to the eighteenth century. That would be a total mistake, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8746
+#: freeculture.xml:8762
msgid ""
"But there is a space between zero and one, Internet culture "
"notwithstanding. And these massive shifts in the effective power of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8758
+#: freeculture.xml:8774
msgid ""
"Copyright law has not been a rock of Gibraltar. It's not a set of constant "
"commitments that, for some mysterious reason, teenagers and geeks now "
#. PAGE BREAK 181
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8770
+#: freeculture.xml:8786
msgid ""
"For the single point that is lost in this war on pirates is a point that we "
"see only after surveying the range of these changes. When you add together "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8794
+#: freeculture.xml:8810
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Siva Vaidhyanathan captures a "
"similar point in his <quote>four surrenders</quote> of copyright law in the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8779
+#: freeculture.xml:8795
msgid ""
"Not when copyrights were perpetual, for when copyrights were perpetual, they "
"affected only that precise creative work. Not when only publishers had the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8800
+#: freeculture.xml:8816
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>This has been</emphasis> a long chapter. Its point "
"can now be briefly stated."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8804
+#: freeculture.xml:8820
msgid ""
"At the start of this book, I distinguished between commercial and "
"noncommercial culture. In the course of this chapter, I have distinguished "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:8816 freeculture.xml:8853
+#: freeculture.xml:8832 freeculture.xml:8869
msgid "PUBLISH"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:8817 freeculture.xml:8854 freeculture.xml:8892 freeculture.xml:8924
+#: freeculture.xml:8833 freeculture.xml:8870 freeculture.xml:8908 freeculture.xml:8940
msgid "TRANSFORM"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:8822 freeculture.xml:8859 freeculture.xml:8897 freeculture.xml:8929
+#: freeculture.xml:8838 freeculture.xml:8875 freeculture.xml:8913 freeculture.xml:8945
msgid "Commercial"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:8823 freeculture.xml:8860 freeculture.xml:8861 freeculture.xml:8898 freeculture.xml:8899 freeculture.xml:8930 freeculture.xml:8931 freeculture.xml:8935 freeculture.xml:8936
+#: freeculture.xml:8839 freeculture.xml:8876 freeculture.xml:8877 freeculture.xml:8914 freeculture.xml:8915 freeculture.xml:8946 freeculture.xml:8947 freeculture.xml:8951 freeculture.xml:8952
msgid "©"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:8824 freeculture.xml:8828 freeculture.xml:8829 freeculture.xml:8865 freeculture.xml:8866 freeculture.xml:8904
+#: freeculture.xml:8840 freeculture.xml:8844 freeculture.xml:8845 freeculture.xml:8881 freeculture.xml:8882 freeculture.xml:8920
msgid "Free"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:8827 freeculture.xml:8864 freeculture.xml:8902 freeculture.xml:8934
+#: freeculture.xml:8843 freeculture.xml:8880 freeculture.xml:8918 freeculture.xml:8950
msgid "Noncommercial"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 182
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8836
+#: freeculture.xml:8852
msgid ""
"The act of publishing a map, chart, and book was regulated by copyright "
"law. Nothing else was. Transformations were free. And as copyright attached "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8845
+#: freeculture.xml:8861
msgid "By the end of the nineteenth century, the law had changed to this:"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8873
+#: freeculture.xml:8889
msgid ""
"Derivative works were now regulated by copyright law—if published, "
"which again, given the economics of publishing at the time, means if offered "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8879
+#: freeculture.xml:8895
msgid ""
"In 1909 the law changed to regulate copies, not publishing, and after this "
"change, the scope of the law was tied to technology. As the technology of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:8891 freeculture.xml:8923
+#: freeculture.xml:8907 freeculture.xml:8939
msgid "COPY"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:8903
+#: freeculture.xml:8919
msgid "©/Free"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8911
+#: freeculture.xml:8927
msgid ""
"The law was interpreted to reach noncommercial copying through, say, copy "
"machines, but still much of copying outside of the commercial market "
#. PAGE BREAK 183
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8943
+#: freeculture.xml:8959
msgid ""
"Every realm is governed by copyright law, whereas before most creativity was "
"not. The law now regulates the full range of creativity— commercial or "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8951
+#: freeculture.xml:8967
msgid ""
"Obviously, copyright law is not the enemy. The enemy is regulation that does "
"no good. So the question that we should be asking just now is whether "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8957
+#: freeculture.xml:8973
msgid ""
"I have no doubt that it does good in regulating commercial copying. But I "
"also have no doubt that it does more harm than good when regulating (as it "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8981
+#: freeculture.xml:8997
msgid "legal realist movement"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8975
+#: freeculture.xml:8991
msgid ""
"It was the single most important contribution of the legal realist movement "
"to demonstrate that all property rights are always crafted to balance public "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8969
+#: freeculture.xml:8985
msgid ""
"The issue is therefore not simply whether copyright is property. Of course "
"copyright is a kind of <quote>property,</quote> and of course, as with any "
#. PAGE BREAK 184
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8994
+#: freeculture.xml:9010
msgid ""
"We achieved that free culture because our law respected important limits on "
"the scope of the interests protected by <quote>property.</quote> The very "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9013
+#: freeculture.xml:9029
msgid ""
"Free culture is increasingly the casualty in this war on piracy. In response "
"to a real, if not yet quantified, threat that the technologies of the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:9030
+#: freeculture.xml:9046
msgid "PUZZLES"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:9034
+#: freeculture.xml:9050
msgid "CHAPTER ELEVEN: Chimera"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9035
+#: freeculture.xml:9051
msgid "chimeras"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9036
+#: freeculture.xml:9052
msgid "Wells, H. G."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9037
+#: freeculture.xml:9053
msgid "<quote>Country of the Blind, The</quote> (Wells)"
msgstr ""
#. f1.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9045
+#: freeculture.xml:9061
msgid ""
"H. G. Wells, <quote>The Country of the Blind</quote> (1904, 1911). See "
"H. G. Wells, <citetitle>The Country of the Blind and Other "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9040
+#: freeculture.xml:9056
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>In a well-known</emphasis> short story by "
"H. G. Wells, a mountain climber named Nunez trips (literally, down an ice "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9057
+#: freeculture.xml:9073
msgid ""
"Things don't go quite as he planned. He tries to explain the idea of sight "
"to the villagers. They don't understand. He tells them they are "
#. PAGE BREAK 187
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9069
+#: freeculture.xml:9085
msgid ""
"The villagers don't leave him alone. Nor do they see (so to speak) the "
"virtue of his special power. Not even the ultimate target of his affection, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9080
+#: freeculture.xml:9096
msgid ""
"When Nunez announces his desire to marry his <quote>mysteriously "
"delighted</quote> love, the father and the village object. <quote>You see, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9086
+#: freeculture.xml:9102
msgid ""
"After a careful examination, the doctor gives his opinion. <quote>His brain "
"is affected,</quote> he reports."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9090
+#: freeculture.xml:9106
msgid ""
"<quote>What affects it?</quote> the father asks. <quote>Those queer things "
"that are called the eyes … are diseased … in such a way as to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9095
+#: freeculture.xml:9111
msgid ""
"The doctor continues: <quote>I think I may say with reasonable certainty "
"that in order to cure him completely, all that we need to do is a simple and "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9101
+#: freeculture.xml:9117
msgid ""
"<quote>Thank Heaven for science!</quote> says the father to the doctor. They "
"inform Nunez of this condition necessary for him to be allowed his bride. "
#. PAGE BREAK 188
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9107
+#: freeculture.xml:9123
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>It sometimes</emphasis> happens that the eggs of "
"twins fuse in the mother's womb. That fusion produces a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9121
+#: freeculture.xml:9137
msgid ""
"Before I had read about chimeras, I would have said they were impossible. A "
"single person can't have two sets of DNA. The very idea of DNA is that it is "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9129
+#: freeculture.xml:9145
msgid ""
"The more I work to understand the current struggle over copyright and "
"culture, which I've sometimes called unfairly, and sometimes not unfairly "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9143
+#: freeculture.xml:9159
msgid ""
"But the description is also false in part. For when my p2p server is on a "
"p2p network through which anyone can get access to my music, then sure, my "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9152
+#: freeculture.xml:9168
msgid ""
"Likewise, when the other side says, <quote>File sharing is just like walking "
"into a Tower Records and taking a CD off the shelf and walking out with "
#. PAGE BREAK 189
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9163
+#: freeculture.xml:9179
msgid ""
"But it is not quite stealing from Tower. After all, when I take a CD from "
"Tower Records, Tower has one less CD to sell. And when I take a CD from "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9173
+#: freeculture.xml:9189
msgid ""
"The point is not that it is as neither side describes. The point is that it "
"is both—both as the RIAA describes it and as Kazaa describes it. It is "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9189 freeculture.xml:9475 freeculture.xml:10567
+#: freeculture.xml:9205 freeculture.xml:9491 freeculture.xml:10583
msgid "ISPs (Internet service providers), user identities revealed by"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9220
+#: freeculture.xml:9236
msgid "Conyers, John, Jr."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9221 freeculture.xml:9978
+#: freeculture.xml:9237 freeculture.xml:9994
msgid "Berman, Howard L."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9189
+#: freeculture.xml:9205
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> For an excellent summary, see the "
"report prepared by GartnerG2 and the Berkman Center for Internet and Society "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9180
+#: freeculture.xml:9196
msgid ""
"We could respond by simply pretending that it is not a chimera. We could, "
"with the RIAA, decide that every act of file sharing should be a felony. We "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9227
+#: freeculture.xml:9243
msgid ""
"Alternatively, we could respond to file sharing the way many kids act as "
"though we've responded. We could totally legalize it. Let there be no "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9234
+#: freeculture.xml:9250
msgid ""
"Either response is possible. I think either would be a mistake. Rather than "
"embrace one of these two extremes, we should embrace something that "
#. PAGE BREAK 190
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9246
+#: freeculture.xml:9262
msgid ""
"Yet zero tolerance is increasingly our government's policy. In the middle of "
"the chaos that the Internet has created, an extraordinary land grab is "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9254
+#: freeculture.xml:9270
msgid ""
"I'm not talking about the opportunities for kids to <quote>steal</quote> "
"music. My focus instead is the commercial and cultural innovation that this "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9267
+#: freeculture.xml:9283
msgid ""
"eMusic opposes music piracy. We are a distributor of copyrighted material, "
"and we want to protect those rights."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9271
+#: freeculture.xml:9287
msgid ""
"But building a technology fortress that locks in the clout of the major "
"labels is by no means the only way to protect copyright interests, nor is it "
#. f3.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9288
+#: freeculture.xml:9304
msgid ""
"WIPO and the DMCA One Year Later: Assessing Consumer Access to Digital "
"Entertainment on the Internet and Other Media: Hearing Before the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9278
+#: freeculture.xml:9294
msgid ""
"This is a critical point. The choices that industry sectors make with "
"respect to these systems will in many ways directly shape the market for "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9302 freeculture.xml:9673
+#: freeculture.xml:9318 freeculture.xml:9689
msgid "Vivendi Universal"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9299
+#: freeculture.xml:9315
msgid ""
"In April 2001, eMusic.com was purchased by Vivendi Universal, one of "
"<quote>the major labels.</quote> Its position on these matters has now "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9305
+#: freeculture.xml:9321
msgid ""
"Reversing our tradition of tolerance now will not merely quash piracy. It "
"will sacrifice values that are important to this culture, and will kill "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:9313
+#: freeculture.xml:9329
msgid "CHAPTER TWELVE: Harms"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9315
+#: freeculture.xml:9331
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>To fight</emphasis> <quote>piracy,</quote> to "
"protect <quote>property,</quote> the content industry has launched a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9323
+#: freeculture.xml:9339
msgid ""
"My aim so far has been to describe the consequences of this war, in "
"particular, the consequences for <quote>free culture.</quote> But my aim now "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9329
+#: freeculture.xml:9345
msgid ""
"In my view, it is not. There is no good reason why this time, for the first "
"time, the law should defend the old against the new, just when the power of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9337
+#: freeculture.xml:9353
msgid ""
"Yet <quote>common sense</quote> does not see it this way. Common sense is "
"still on the side of the Causbys and the content industry. The extreme "
#. PAGE BREAK 193
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9345
+#: freeculture.xml:9361
msgid ""
"There will be many consequences of continuing this war. I want to describe "
"just three. All three might be said to be unintended. I am quite confident "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:9352
+#: freeculture.xml:9368
msgid "Constraining Creators"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9354
+#: freeculture.xml:9370
msgid ""
"In the next ten years we will see an explosion of digital technologies. "
"These technologies will enable almost anyone to capture and share "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9369
+#: freeculture.xml:9385
msgid ""
"This digital <quote>capturing and sharing</quote> is in part an extension of "
"the capturing and sharing that has always been integral to our culture, and "
#. PAGE BREAK 194
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9380
+#: freeculture.xml:9396
msgid ""
"Technology has thus given us an opportunity to do something with culture "
"that has only ever been possible for individuals in small groups, isolated "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9390
+#: freeculture.xml:9406
msgid ""
"Yet all this is possible only if the activity is presumptively legal. In the "
"current regime of legal regulation, it is not. Forget file sharing for a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9400 freeculture.xml:9423
+#: freeculture.xml:9416 freeculture.xml:9439
msgid "Worldcom"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9403
+#: freeculture.xml:9419
msgid "doctors malpractice claims against"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9418
+#: freeculture.xml:9434
msgid ""
"See Lynne W. Jeter, <citetitle>Disconnected: Deceit and Betrayal at "
"WorldCom</citetitle> (Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, 2003), 176, 204; "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9439
+#: freeculture.xml:9455
msgid "Bush, George W."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9430
+#: freeculture.xml:9446
msgid ""
"The bill, modeled after California's tort reform model, was passed in the "
"House of Representatives but defeated in a Senate vote in July 2003. For an "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9406
+#: freeculture.xml:9422
msgid ""
"That presumption will increasingly chill creativity, as the examples of "
"extreme penalties for vague infringements continue to proliferate. It is "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9445
+#: freeculture.xml:9461
msgid "art, underground"
msgstr ""
#. f3.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9466
+#: freeculture.xml:9482
msgid ""
"See Danit Lidor, <quote>Artists Just Wanna Be Free,</quote> "
"<citetitle>Wired</citetitle>, 7 July 2003, available at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9447
+#: freeculture.xml:9463
msgid ""
"The consequence of this legal uncertainty, tied to these extremely high "
"penalties, is that an extraordinary amount of creativity will either never "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9477
+#: freeculture.xml:9493
msgid ""
"Part of the reason for this fear of illegality has to do with the changing "
"law. I described that change in detail in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9490
+#: freeculture.xml:9506
msgid ""
"Never in our history has a painter had to worry about whether his painting "
"infringed on someone else's work; but the modern-day painter, using the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9501
+#: freeculture.xml:9517
msgid ""
"Lawyers rarely see this because lawyers are rarely empirical. As I described "
"in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"recorders\"/>, "
#. PAGE BREAK 196
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9512
+#: freeculture.xml:9528
msgid ""
"But fair use in America simply means the right to hire a lawyer to defend "
"your right to create. And as lawyers love to forget, our system for "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9522
+#: freeculture.xml:9538
msgid ""
"Judges and lawyers can tell themselves that fair use provides adequate "
"<quote>breathing room</quote> between regulation by the law and the access "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9533
+#: freeculture.xml:9549
msgid ""
"For in a world that threatens $150,000 for a single willful infringement of "
"a copyright, and which demands tens of thousands of dollars to even defend "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9544
+#: freeculture.xml:9560
msgid "As Jed Horovitz, the businessman behind Video Pipeline, said to me,"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 197
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9548
+#: freeculture.xml:9564
msgid ""
"We're losing [creative] opportunities right and left. Creative people are "
"being forced not to express themselves. Thoughts are not being "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:9561
+#: freeculture.xml:9577
msgid "Constraining Innovators"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9562
+#: freeculture.xml:9578
msgid "innovation hampered by"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9563
+#: freeculture.xml:9579
msgid "industry establishment opposed to"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9566
+#: freeculture.xml:9582
msgid ""
"The story of the last section was a crunchy-lefty story—creativity "
"quashed, artists who can't speak, yada yada yada. Maybe that doesn't get you "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9575
+#: freeculture.xml:9591
msgid ""
"But there's an aspect of this story that is not lefty in any sense. Indeed, "
"it is an aspect that could be written by the most extreme promarket "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9584
+#: freeculture.xml:9600
msgid ""
"The charge I've been making about the regulation of culture is the same "
"charge free marketers make about regulating markets. Everyone, of course, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9597 freeculture.xml:9718 freeculture.xml:9724
+#: freeculture.xml:9613 freeculture.xml:9734 freeculture.xml:9740
msgid "Barry, Hank"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9598 freeculture.xml:9730
+#: freeculture.xml:9614 freeculture.xml:9746
msgid "venture capitalists"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 198
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9600
+#: freeculture.xml:9616
msgid ""
"This is the single most dramatic effect of the shift in regulatory strategy "
"that I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9615
+#: freeculture.xml:9631
msgid ""
"Consider one example to make the point, a story whose beginning I told in "
"<citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle> and which has progressed in a way "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9619
+#: freeculture.xml:9635
msgid "MP3.com"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9620
+#: freeculture.xml:9636
msgid "my.mp3.com"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9621
+#: freeculture.xml:9637
msgid "Roberts, Michael"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9623
+#: freeculture.xml:9639
msgid ""
"In 1997, Michael Roberts launched a company called MP3.com. MP3.com was "
"keen to remake the music business. Their goal was not just to facilitate new "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9631
+#: freeculture.xml:9647
msgid "preference data on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9633
+#: freeculture.xml:9649
msgid ""
"To make this system work, however, MP3.com needed a reliable way to "
"recommend music to its users. The idea behind this alternative was to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9640
+#: freeculture.xml:9656
msgid ""
"This idea required a simple way to gather data about user preferences. "
"MP3.com came up with an extraordinarily clever way to gather this preference "
#. PAGE BREAK 199
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9652
+#: freeculture.xml:9668
msgid ""
"No doubt some could use this system to illegally copy content. But that "
"opportunity existed with or without MP3.com. The aim of the my.mp3.com "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9662
+#: freeculture.xml:9678
msgid ""
"To make this system function, however, MP3.com needed to copy 50,000 CDs to "
"a server. (In principle, it could have been the user who uploaded the music, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9674 freeculture.xml:9719
+#: freeculture.xml:9690 freeculture.xml:9735
msgid "distribution technology targeted in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9679
+#: freeculture.xml:9695
msgid "outsize penalties of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9681
+#: freeculture.xml:9697
msgid ""
"Nine days after MP3.com launched its service, the five major labels, headed "
"by the RIAA, brought a lawsuit against MP3.com. MP3.com settled with four of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9691
+#: freeculture.xml:9707
msgid "That part of the story I have told before. Now consider its conclusion."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9694
+#: freeculture.xml:9710
msgid ""
"After Vivendi purchased MP3.com, Vivendi turned around and filed a "
"malpractice lawsuit against the lawyers who had advised it that they had a "
#. PAGE BREAK 200
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9705
+#: freeculture.xml:9721
msgid ""
"The clear purpose of this lawsuit (which was settled for an unspecified "
"amount shortly after the story was no longer covered in the press) was to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9720
+#: freeculture.xml:9736
msgid "BMW"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9721
+#: freeculture.xml:9737
msgid "cars, MP3 sound systems in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9723
+#: freeculture.xml:9739
msgid "Hummer, John"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9725
+#: freeculture.xml:9741
msgid "Hummer Winblad"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9726
+#: freeculture.xml:9742
msgid "MP3 players"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9727
+#: freeculture.xml:9743
msgid "venture capital for"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9728 freeculture.xml:9774
+#: freeculture.xml:9744 freeculture.xml:9790
msgid "Needleman, Rafe"
msgstr ""
#. f4.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9738
+#: freeculture.xml:9754
msgid ""
"See Joseph Menn, <quote>Universal, EMI Sue Napster Investor,</quote> "
"<citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 23 April 2003. For a parallel "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9732
+#: freeculture.xml:9748
msgid ""
"This strategy is not just limited to the lawyers. In April 2003, Universal "
"and EMI brought a lawsuit against Hummer Winblad, the venture capital firm "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9770
+#: freeculture.xml:9786
msgid ""
"Rafe Needleman, <quote>Driving in Cars with MP3s,</quote> "
"<citetitle>Business 2.0</citetitle>, 16 June 2003, available at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9761
+#: freeculture.xml:9777
msgid ""
"I asked why, with all the storage capacity and computer power in the car, "
"there was no way to play MP3 files. I was told that BMW engineers in Germany "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9782
+#: freeculture.xml:9798
msgid ""
"This is the world of the mafia—filled with <quote>your money or your "
"life</quote> offers, governed in the end not by courts but by the threats "
#. PAGE BREAK 201
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9792
+#: freeculture.xml:9808
msgid ""
"The point is not that businesses should have a right to start illegal "
"enterprises. The point is the definition of <quote>illegal.</quote> The law "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9807
+#: freeculture.xml:9823
msgid ""
"The point is directly parallel to the crunchy-lefty point about fair "
"use. Whatever the <quote>real</quote> law is, realism about the effect of "
#. PAGE BREAK 202
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9819
+#: freeculture.xml:9835
msgid ""
"The building of a permission culture, rather than a free culture, is the "
"first important way in which the changes I have described will burden "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9838
+#: freeculture.xml:9854
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>The uncertainty</emphasis> of the law is one burden "
"on innovation. There is a second burden that operates more directly. This is "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9845
+#: freeculture.xml:9861
msgid ""
"The motivation for this response is obvious. The Internet enables the "
"efficient spread of content. That efficiency is a feature of the Internet's "
#. f6.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9860
+#: freeculture.xml:9876
msgid ""
"<quote>Copyright and Digital Media in a Post-Napster World,</quote> "
"GartnerG2 and the Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard Law "
#. f7.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9873
+#: freeculture.xml:9889
msgid "GartnerG2, 26–27."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9856
+#: freeculture.xml:9872
msgid ""
"The examples of this form of legislation are many. At the urging of the "
"content industry, some in Congress have threatened legislation that would "
#. PAGE BREAK 203
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9877
+#: freeculture.xml:9893
msgid ""
"In one sense, these solutions seem sensible. If the problem is the code, why "
"not regulate the code to remove the problem. But any regulation of technical "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9886 freeculture.xml:11761
+#: freeculture.xml:9902 freeculture.xml:11777
msgid "Intel"
msgstr ""
#. f8.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9892
+#: freeculture.xml:9908
msgid ""
"See David McGuire, <quote>Tech Execs Square Off Over Piracy,</quote> "
"Newsbytes, February 2002 (Entertainment)."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9888
+#: freeculture.xml:9904
msgid ""
"In March 2002, a broad coalition of technology companies, led by Intel, "
"tried to get Congress to see the harm that such legislation would "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9900
+#: freeculture.xml:9916
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>There is one</emphasis> more obvious way in which "
"this war has harmed innovation—again, a story that will be quite "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9905
+#: freeculture.xml:9921
msgid ""
"Copyright may be property, but like all property, it is also a form of "
"regulation. It is a regulation that benefits some and harms others. When "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9923
+#: freeculture.xml:9939
msgid "Digital Copyright (Litman)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9921
+#: freeculture.xml:9937
msgid ""
"Jessica Litman, <citetitle>Digital Copyright</citetitle> (Amherst, N.Y.: "
"Prometheus Books, 2001). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9915
+#: freeculture.xml:9931
msgid ""
"As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" "
"linkend=\"property-i\"/>, despite this feature of copyright as regulation, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9933
+#: freeculture.xml:9949
msgid ""
"But that pattern of deference to new technologies has now changed with the "
"rise of the Internet. Rather than striking a balance between the claims of a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9939
+#: freeculture.xml:9955
msgid "radio on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9944
+#: freeculture.xml:9960
msgid "Grokster, Ltd."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9944
+#: freeculture.xml:9960
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> The only circuit court exception "
"is found in <citetitle>Recording Industry Association of America "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9963
+#: freeculture.xml:9979
msgid "Tauzin, Billy"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9979
+#: freeculture.xml:9995
msgid "Hollings, Fritz"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9963
+#: freeculture.xml:9979
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> For example, in July 2002, "
"Representative Howard Berman introduced the Peer-to-Peer Piracy Prevention "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9942
+#: freeculture.xml:9958
msgid ""
"The response by the courts has been fairly universal.<placeholder "
"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It has been mirrored in the responses "
#. PAGE BREAK 204
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9990
+#: freeculture.xml:10006
msgid ""
"As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" "
"linkend=\"pirates\"/>, when a radio station plays a song, the recording "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10001
+#: freeculture.xml:10017
msgid ""
"The reasoning behind this balance struck by Congress makes some sense. The "
"justification was that radio was a kind of advertising. The recording artist "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10012
+#: freeculture.xml:10028
msgid ""
"Enter Internet radio. Like regular radio, Internet radio is a technology to "
"stream content from a broadcaster to a listener. The broadcast travels "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10021
+#: freeculture.xml:10037
msgid ""
"This feature of the architecture of Internet radio means that there are "
"potentially an unlimited number of radio stations that a user could tune in "
#. PAGE BREAK 205
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10037
+#: freeculture.xml:10053
msgid ""
"Internet radio is thus to radio what FM was to AM. It is an improvement "
"potentially vastly more significant than the FM improvement over AM, since "
#. f12.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10061
+#: freeculture.xml:10077
msgid "Lessing, 239."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10047
+#: freeculture.xml:10063
msgid ""
"An almost unlimited number of FM stations was possible in the shortwaves, "
"thus ending the unnatural restrictions imposed on radio in the crowded "
#. f13.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10071
+#: freeculture.xml:10087
msgid "Ibid., 229."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10066
+#: freeculture.xml:10082
msgid ""
"This potential for FM radio was never realized—not because Armstrong "
"was wrong about the technology, but because he underestimated the power of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10076
+#: freeculture.xml:10092
msgid ""
"Now the very same claim could be made about Internet radio. For again, there "
"is no technical limitation that could restrict the number of Internet radio "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10085
+#: freeculture.xml:10101
msgid "on radio"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10089
+#: freeculture.xml:10105
msgid "Internet radio hampered by"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10090 freeculture.xml:10243
+#: freeculture.xml:10106 freeculture.xml:10259
msgid "on Internet radio fees"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 206
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10093
+#: freeculture.xml:10109
msgid ""
"But here the power of the lobbyists is reversed. Internet radio is a new "
"industry. The recording artists, on the other hand, have a very powerful "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10132
+#: freeculture.xml:10148
msgid "CARP (Copyright Arbitration Royalty Panel)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10115
+#: freeculture.xml:10131
msgid ""
"This example was derived from fees set by the original Copyright Arbitration "
"Royalty Panel (CARP) proceedings, and is drawn from an example offered by "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10108
+#: freeculture.xml:10124
msgid ""
"This financial burden is not slight. As Harvard law professor William Fisher "
"estimates, if an Internet radio station distributed adfree popular music to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10144
+#: freeculture.xml:10160
msgid ""
"The burden is not financial only. Under the original rules that were "
"proposed, an Internet radio station (but not a terrestrial radio station) "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10152
+#: freeculture.xml:10168
msgid "name of the service;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10155
+#: freeculture.xml:10171
msgid "channel of the program (AM/FM stations use station ID);"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10158
+#: freeculture.xml:10174
msgid "type of program (archived/looped/live);"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10161
+#: freeculture.xml:10177
msgid "date of transmission;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10164
+#: freeculture.xml:10180
msgid "time of transmission;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10167
+#: freeculture.xml:10183
msgid "time zone of origination of transmission;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10170
+#: freeculture.xml:10186
msgid "numeric designation of the place of the sound recording within the program;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10173
+#: freeculture.xml:10189
msgid "duration of transmission (to nearest second);"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10176
+#: freeculture.xml:10192
msgid "sound recording title;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10179
+#: freeculture.xml:10195
msgid "ISRC code of the recording;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10182
+#: freeculture.xml:10198
msgid ""
"release year of the album per copyright notice and in the case of "
"compilation albums, the release year of the album and copy- right date of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10185
+#: freeculture.xml:10201
msgid "featured recording artist;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10188
+#: freeculture.xml:10204
msgid "retail album title;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10191
+#: freeculture.xml:10207
msgid "recording label;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10194
+#: freeculture.xml:10210
msgid "UPC code of the retail album;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10197
+#: freeculture.xml:10213
msgid "catalog number;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10200
+#: freeculture.xml:10216
msgid "copyright owner information;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10203
+#: freeculture.xml:10219
msgid "musical genre of the channel or program (station format);"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10206
+#: freeculture.xml:10222
msgid "name of the service or entity;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10209
+#: freeculture.xml:10225
msgid "channel or program;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10212
+#: freeculture.xml:10228
msgid "date and time that the user logged in (in the user's time zone);"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10215
+#: freeculture.xml:10231
msgid "date and time that the user logged out (in the user's time zone);"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10218
+#: freeculture.xml:10234
msgid "time zone where the signal was received (user);"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10221
+#: freeculture.xml:10237
msgid "unique user identifier;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10224
+#: freeculture.xml:10240
msgid "the country in which the user received the transmissions."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10229
+#: freeculture.xml:10245
msgid ""
"The Librarian of Congress eventually suspended these reporting requirements, "
"pending further study. And he also changed the original rates set by the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10237
+#: freeculture.xml:10253
msgid ""
"Why? What justifies this difference? Was there any study of the economic "
"consequences from Internet radio that would justify these differences? Was "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10241 freeculture.xml:15010
+#: freeculture.xml:10257 freeculture.xml:15026
msgid "Real Networks"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10247
+#: freeculture.xml:10263
msgid ""
"In a rare bit of candor, one RIAA expert admitted what seemed obvious to "
"everyone at the time. As Alex Alben, vice president for Public Policy at "
#. PAGE BREAK 208
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10253
+#: freeculture.xml:10269
msgid ""
"The RIAA, which was representing the record labels, presented some testimony "
"about what they thought a willing buyer would pay to a willing seller, and "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10269
+#: freeculture.xml:10285
msgid ""
"And the RIAA experts said, <quote>Well, we don't really model this as an "
"industry with thousands of webcasters, <emphasis>we think it should be an "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10281
+#: freeculture.xml:10297
msgid ""
"Translation: The aim is to use the law to eliminate competition, so that "
"this platform of potentially immense competition, which would cause the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:10297
+#: freeculture.xml:10313
msgid "Corrupting Citizens"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10299
+#: freeculture.xml:10315
msgid ""
"Overregulation stifles creativity. It smothers innovation. It gives "
"dinosaurs a veto over the future. It wastes the extraordinary opportunity "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10305
+#: freeculture.xml:10321
msgid ""
"In addition to these important harms, there is one more that was important "
"to our forebears, but seems forgotten today. Overregulation corrupts "
#. f15.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10314
+#: freeculture.xml:10330
msgid ""
"Mike Graziano and Lee Rainie, <quote>The Music Downloading Deluge,</quote> "
"Pew Internet and American Life Project (24 April 2001), available at <ulink "
#. PAGE BREAK 209
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10310
+#: freeculture.xml:10326
msgid ""
"The war that is being waged today is a war of prohibition. As with every war "
"of prohibition, it is targeted against the behavior of a very large number "
#. f16.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10348
+#: freeculture.xml:10364
msgid ""
"Alex Pham, <quote>The Labels Strike Back: N.Y. Girl Settles RIAA "
"Case,</quote> <citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 10 September 2003, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10335
+#: freeculture.xml:10351
msgid ""
"The content industry's tactics exploit the failings of the American legal "
"system. When the RIAA brought suit against Jesse Jordan, it knew that in "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10359
+#: freeculture.xml:10375
msgid "alcohol prohibition"
msgstr ""
#. f17.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10371
+#: freeculture.xml:10387
msgid ""
"Jeffrey A. Miron and Jeffrey Zwiebel, <quote>Alcohol Consumption During "
"Prohibition,</quote> <citetitle>American Economic Review</citetitle> 81, "
#. f18.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10379
+#: freeculture.xml:10395
msgid ""
"National Drug Control Policy: Hearing Before the House Government Reform "
"Committee, 108th Cong., 1st sess. (5 March 2003) (statement of John "
#. f19.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10389
+#: freeculture.xml:10405
msgid ""
"See James Andreoni, Brian Erard, and Jonathon Feinstein, <quote>Tax "
"Compliance,</quote> <citetitle>Journal of Economic Literature</citetitle> 36 "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10361
+#: freeculture.xml:10377
msgid ""
"Wars of prohibition are nothing new in America. This one is just something "
"more extreme than anything we've seen before. We experimented with alcohol "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10397
+#: freeculture.xml:10413
msgid "law schools"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10399
+#: freeculture.xml:10415
msgid ""
"This state of affairs is not without consequence. It is a particularly "
"salient issue for teachers like me, whose job it is to teach law students "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10416
+#: freeculture.xml:10432
msgid ""
"The response to this general illegality is either to enforce the law more "
"severely or to change the law. We, as a society, have to learn how to make "
#. PAGE BREAK 211
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10429
+#: freeculture.xml:10445
msgid ""
"My point is not the idiotic one: Just because people violate a law, we "
"should therefore repeal it. Obviously, we could reduce murder statistics "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10436
+#: freeculture.xml:10452
msgid ""
"My point is instead one that democracies understood for generations, but "
"that we recently have learned to forget. The rule of law depends upon people "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10450
+#: freeculture.xml:10466
msgid ""
"When at least forty-three million citizens download content from the "
"Internet, and when they use tools to combine that content in ways "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10462
+#: freeculture.xml:10478
msgid "This abstract point can be made more clear with a particular example."
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 212
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10465
+#: freeculture.xml:10481
msgid ""
"We all own CDs. Many of us still own phonograph records. These pieces of "
"plastic encode music that in a certain sense we have bought. The law "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10476
+#: freeculture.xml:10492
msgid ""
"But as the MP3 craze has demonstrated, there is another use of phonograph "
"records that is effectively free. Because these recordings were made without "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10484
+#: freeculture.xml:10500
msgid "Andromeda"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10485
+#: freeculture.xml:10501
msgid "mix technology and"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10487
+#: freeculture.xml:10503
msgid ""
"This <quote>use</quote> of my records is certainly valuable. I have begun a "
"large process at home of ripping all of my and my wife's CDs, and storing "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10498
+#: freeculture.xml:10514
msgid ""
"This use is enabled by unprotected media—either CDs or records. But "
"unprotected media also enable file sharing. File sharing threatens (or so "
#. PAGE BREAK 213
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10508
+#: freeculture.xml:10524
msgid ""
"If these technologies took off, then the building of large archives of your "
"own music would become quite difficult. You might hang in hacker circles, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10523
+#: freeculture.xml:10539
msgid ""
"If the only way to assure that artists get paid were the elimination of the "
"ability to freely move content, then these technologies to interfere with "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10532
+#: freeculture.xml:10548
msgid ""
"My point just now is not to prove that there is such a system. I offer a "
"version of such a system in the last chapter of this book. For now, the only "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10543
+#: freeculture.xml:10559
msgid ""
"I believe there is a way to assure that artists are paid without turning "
"forty-three million Americans into felons. But the salient feature of this "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10552
+#: freeculture.xml:10568
msgid ""
"Except that this generation's buggy manufacturers have already saddled "
"Congress, and are riding the law to protect themselves against this new form "
#. PAGE BREAK 214
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10558
+#: freeculture.xml:10574
msgid ""
"It is understandable why they choose as they do. It is not understandable "
"why we as a democracy continue to choose as we do. Jack Valenti is charming; "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10569
+#: freeculture.xml:10585
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>There's one more</emphasis> aspect to this "
"corruption that is particularly important to civil liberties, and follows "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10577 freeculture.xml:10677
+#: freeculture.xml:10593 freeculture.xml:10693
msgid "von Lohmann, Fred"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10579
+#: freeculture.xml:10595
msgid ""
"<quote>If you can treat someone as a putative lawbreaker,</quote> von "
"Lohmann explains,"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10584
+#: freeculture.xml:10600
msgid ""
"then all of a sudden a lot of basic civil liberty protections evaporate to "
"one degree or another. … If you're a copyright infringer, how can you "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10596
+#: freeculture.xml:10612
msgid ""
"And the consequence of this transformation of the American public into "
"criminals is that it becomes trivial, as a matter of due process, to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10601
+#: freeculture.xml:10617
msgid ""
"Users of the Internet began to see this generally in 2003 as the RIAA "
"launched its campaign to force Internet service providers to turn over the "
#. f20.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10619
+#: freeculture.xml:10635
msgid ""
"See Frank Ahrens, <quote>RIAA's Lawsuits Meet Surprised Targets; Single "
"Mother in Calif., 12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. Among Defendants,</quote> "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10610
+#: freeculture.xml:10626
msgid ""
"The RIAA then expanded this campaign, by announcing a general strategy to "
"sue individual users of the Internet who are alleged to have downloaded "
#. f21.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10637
+#: freeculture.xml:10653
msgid ""
"See <quote>Revealed: How RIAA Tracks Downloaders: Music Industry Discloses "
"Some Methods Used,</quote> CNN.com, available at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10633
+#: freeculture.xml:10649
msgid ""
"Even this understates the espionage that is being waged by the RIAA. A "
"report from CNN late last summer described a strategy the RIAA had adopted "
#. f22.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10658
+#: freeculture.xml:10674
msgid ""
"See Jeff Adler, <quote>Cambridge: On Campus, Pirates Are Not "
"Penitent,</quote> <citetitle>Boston Globe</citetitle>, 18 May 2003, City "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10646
+#: freeculture.xml:10662
msgid ""
"So imagine the following not-implausible scenario: Imagine a friend gives a "
"CD to your daughter—a collection of songs just like the cassettes you "
#. PAGE BREAK 216
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10679
+#: freeculture.xml:10695
msgid ""
"Now, of course, she'll have the right to defend herself. You can hire a "
"lawyer for her (at $300 per hour, if you're lucky), and she can plead that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10694
+#: freeculture.xml:10710
msgid ""
"So when we're talking about numbers like forty to sixty million Americans "
"that are essentially copyright infringers, you create a situation where the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10714
+#: freeculture.xml:10730
msgid ""
"When forty to sixty million Americans are considered "
"<quote>criminals</quote> under the law, and when the law could achieve the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:10727
+#: freeculture.xml:10743
msgid "BALANCES"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10732
+#: freeculture.xml:10748
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>So here's</emphasis> the picture: You're standing at "
"the side of the road. Your car is on fire. You are angry and upset because "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10739
+#: freeculture.xml:10755
msgid ""
"As you ponder the mess, someone else comes along. In a panic, she grabs the "
"bucket. Before you have a chance to tell her to stop—or before she "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10747
+#: freeculture.xml:10763
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>A war</emphasis> about copyright rages all "
"around—and we're all focusing on the wrong thing. No doubt, current "
#. PAGE BREAK 219
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10757
+#: freeculture.xml:10773
msgid ""
"Yet policy makers are not willing to leave this fire to itself. Primed with "
"plenty of lobbyists' money, they are keen to intervene to eliminate the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10765
+#: freeculture.xml:10781
msgid ""
"Somehow we have to find a way to turn attention to this more important and "
"fundamental issue. Somehow we have to find a way to avoid pouring gasoline "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10770
+#: freeculture.xml:10786
msgid ""
"We have not found that way yet. Instead, we seem trapped in a simpler, "
"binary view. However much many people push to frame this debate more "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10776
+#: freeculture.xml:10792
msgid ""
"This challenge has been my life these last few years. It has also been my "
"failure. In the two chapters that follow, I describe one small brace of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:10786
+#: freeculture.xml:10802
msgid "CHAPTER THIRTEEN: Eldred"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10787
+#: freeculture.xml:10803
msgid "Hawthorne, Nathaniel"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10789
+#: freeculture.xml:10805
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>In 1995</emphasis>, a father was frustrated that his "
"daughters didn't seem to like Hawthorne. No doubt there was more than one "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10798
+#: freeculture.xml:10814
msgid ""
"It didn't work—at least for his daughters. They didn't find Hawthorne "
"any more interesting than before. But Eldred's experiment gave birth to a "
#. PAGE BREAK 221
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10807
+#: freeculture.xml:10823
msgid ""
"Eldred's library was not simply a copy of certain public domain works, "
"though even a copy would have been of great value to people across the world "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10818
+#: freeculture.xml:10834
msgid ""
"Eldred's freedom to do this with Hawthorne's work grew from the same source "
"as Disney's. Hawthorne's <citetitle>Scarlet Letter</citetitle> had passed "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10843 freeculture.xml:11860
+#: freeculture.xml:10859 freeculture.xml:11876
msgid "pornography"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10843
+#: freeculture.xml:10859
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> There's a parallel here with "
"pornography that is a bit hard to describe, but it's a strong one. One "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10832
+#: freeculture.xml:10848
msgid ""
"The Internet created the possibility of noncommercial publications of public "
"domain works. Eldred's is just one example. There are literally thousands of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10861
+#: freeculture.xml:10877
msgid ""
"As I said, Eldred lives in New Hampshire. In 1998, Robert Frost's collection "
"of poems <citetitle>New Hampshire</citetitle> was slated to pass into the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10874 freeculture.xml:10884
+#: freeculture.xml:10890 freeculture.xml:10900
msgid "Bono, Mary"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10875 freeculture.xml:10885
+#: freeculture.xml:10891 freeculture.xml:10901
msgid "Bono, Sonny"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10884
+#: freeculture.xml:10900
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
"id=\"1\"/> The full text is: <quote>Sonny [Bono] wanted the term of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10879
+#: freeculture.xml:10895
msgid ""
"This was the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA), enacted in "
"memory of the congressman and former musician Sonny Bono, who, his widow, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10897
+#: freeculture.xml:10913
msgid ""
"Eldred decided to fight this law. He first resolved to fight it through "
"civil disobedience. In a series of interviews, Eldred announced that he "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10906
+#: freeculture.xml:10922
msgid ""
"It was here that I became involved in Eldred's battle. I was a "
"constitutional scholar whose first passion was constitutional "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10917
+#: freeculture.xml:10933
msgid ""
"Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science … by "
"securing for limited Times to Authors … exclusive Right to their "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10923
+#: freeculture.xml:10939
msgid ""
"As I've described, this clause is unique within the power-granting clause of "
"Article I, section 8 of our Constitution. Every other clause granting power "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10932 freeculture.xml:12422
+#: freeculture.xml:10948 freeculture.xml:12438
msgid "Jaszi, Peter"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 223
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10934
+#: freeculture.xml:10950
msgid ""
"In the past forty years, Congress has gotten into the practice of extending "
"existing terms of copyright protection. What puzzled me about this was, if "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10945
+#: freeculture.xml:10961
msgid ""
"As an academic, my first response was to hit the books. I remember sitting "
"late at the office, scouring on-line databases for any serious consideration "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10956
+#: freeculture.xml:10972
msgid ""
"For this is the core of the corruption in our present system of "
"government. <quote>Corruption</quote> not in the sense that representatives "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10965
+#: freeculture.xml:10981
msgid ""
"If that's not obvious to you, consider the following: Say you're one of the "
"very few lucky copyright owners whose copyright continues to make money one "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10975
+#: freeculture.xml:10991
msgid ""
"So imagine the Robert Frost estate is earning $100,000 a year from three of "
"Frost's poems. And imagine the copyright for those poems is about to "
#. PAGE BREAK 224
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10982
+#: freeculture.xml:10998
msgid ""
"<quote>Next year,</quote> the adviser announces, <quote>our copyrights in "
"works A, B, and C will expire. That means that after next year, we will no "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10990
+#: freeculture.xml:11006
msgid ""
"<quote>There's a proposal in Congress, however,</quote> she continues, "
"<quote>that could change this. A few congressmen are floating a bill to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10996
+#: freeculture.xml:11012
msgid ""
"<quote>Hope?</quote> a fellow board member says. <quote>Can't we be doing "
"something about it?</quote>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11000
+#: freeculture.xml:11016
msgid ""
"<quote>Well, obviously, yes,</quote> the adviser responds. <quote>We could "
"contribute to the campaigns of a number of representatives to try to assure "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11005
+#: freeculture.xml:11021
msgid ""
"You hate politics. You hate contributing to campaigns. So you want to know "
"whether this disgusting practice is worth it. <quote>How much would we get "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11011
+#: freeculture.xml:11027
msgid ""
"<quote>Well,</quote> the adviser says, <quote>if you're confident that you "
"will continue to get at least $100,000 a year from these copyrights, and you "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11017
+#: freeculture.xml:11033
msgid ""
"You're a bit shocked by the number, but you quickly come to the correct "
"conclusion:"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11021
+#: freeculture.xml:11037
msgid ""
"<quote>So you're saying it would be worth it for us to pay more than "
"$1,000,000 in campaign contributions if we were confident those "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11027
+#: freeculture.xml:11043
msgid ""
"<quote>Absolutely,</quote> the adviser responds. <quote>It is worth it to "
"you to contribute up to the `present value' of the income you expect from "
#. PAGE BREAK 225
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11033
+#: freeculture.xml:11049
msgid ""
"You quickly get the point—you as the member of the board and, I trust, "
"you the reader. Each time copyrights are about to expire, every beneficiary "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11044
+#: freeculture.xml:11060
msgid ""
"Thus a congressional perpetual motion machine: So long as legislation can be "
"bought (albeit indirectly), there will be all the incentive in the world to "
#. f3.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11056
+#: freeculture.xml:11072
msgid ""
"Associated Press, <quote>Disney Lobbying for Copyright Extension No Mickey "
"Mouse Effort; Congress OKs Bill Granting Creators 20 More Years,</quote> "
#. f4.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11063
+#: freeculture.xml:11079
msgid ""
"See Nick Brown, <quote>Fair Use No More?: Copyright in the Information "
"Age,</quote> available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
#. f5.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11071
+#: freeculture.xml:11087
msgid ""
"Alan K. Ota, <quote>Disney in Washington: The Mouse That Roars,</quote> "
"<citetitle>Congressional Quarterly This Week</citetitle>, 8 August 1990, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11049
+#: freeculture.xml:11065
msgid ""
"In the lobbying that led to the passage of the Sonny Bono Copyright Term "
"Extension Act, this <quote>theory</quote> about incentives was proved "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11078
+#: freeculture.xml:11094
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>Constitutional law</emphasis> is not oblivious to "
"the obvious. Or at least, it need not be. So when I was considering Eldred's "
#. PAGE BREAK 226
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11090
+#: freeculture.xml:11106
msgid ""
"It was also my judgment that <emphasis>this</emphasis> Supreme Court would "
"not allow Congress to extend existing terms. As anyone close to the Supreme "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11103
+#: freeculture.xml:11119
msgid ""
"Since 1937, the Supreme Court had interpreted Congress's granted powers very "
"broadly; so, while the Constitution grants Congress the power to regulate "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11113
+#: freeculture.xml:11129
msgid ""
"As the economy grew, this standard increasingly meant that there was no "
"limit to Congress's power to regulate, since just about every activity, when "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11119 freeculture.xml:11909
+#: freeculture.xml:11135 freeculture.xml:11925
msgid "Rehnquist, William H."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11121
+#: freeculture.xml:11137
msgid ""
"The Supreme Court, under Chief Justice Rehnquist's command, changed that in "
"<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>. The "
#. f6.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11136
+#: freeculture.xml:11152
msgid ""
"<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>, 514 "
"U.S. 549, 564 (1995)."
#. f7.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11143
+#: freeculture.xml:11159
msgid ""
"<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Morrison</citetitle>, 529 "
"U.S. 598 (2000)."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11134
+#: freeculture.xml:11150
msgid ""
"<quote>We pause to consider the implications of the government's "
"arguments,</quote> the Chief Justice wrote.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
#. f8.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11150
+#: freeculture.xml:11166
msgid ""
"If it is a principle about enumerated powers, then the principle carries "
"from one enumerated power to another. The animating point in the context of "
#. PAGE BREAK 227
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11147
+#: freeculture.xml:11163
msgid ""
"If a principle were at work here, then it should apply to the Progress "
"Clause as much as the Commerce Clause.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11171
+#: freeculture.xml:11187
msgid ""
"<emphasis>If</emphasis>, that is, the principle announced in "
"<citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> stood for a principle. Many believed the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11183
+#: freeculture.xml:11199
msgid "copyright purpose established in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11184
+#: freeculture.xml:11200
msgid "constitutional purpose of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11188
+#: freeculture.xml:11204
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>Now let's pause</emphasis> for a moment to make sure "
"we understand what the argument in <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> was not "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11205
+#: freeculture.xml:11221
msgid "Nashville Songwriters Association"
msgstr ""
#. f9.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11213
+#: freeculture.xml:11229
msgid ""
"Brief of the Nashville Songwriters Association, "
"<citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 537 U.S. "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11207
+#: freeculture.xml:11223
msgid ""
"Some people view the public domain with contempt. In their brief before the "
"Supreme Court, the Nashville Songwriters Association wrote that the public "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11223
+#: freeculture.xml:11239
msgid ""
"As we've seen, our constitutional system requires limits on copyright as a "
"way to assure that copyright holders do not too heavily influence the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11235
+#: freeculture.xml:11251
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>It is valuable</emphasis> copyrights that are "
"responsible for terms being extended. Mickey Mouse and <quote>Rhapsody in "
#. f10.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11253
+#: freeculture.xml:11269
msgid ""
"The figure of 2 percent is an extrapolation from the study by the "
"Congressional Research Service, in light of the estimated renewal "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11247
+#: freeculture.xml:11263
msgid ""
"If you look at the work created in the first twenty years (1923 to 1942) "
"affected by the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act, 2 percent of that "
#. PAGE BREAK 229
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11262
+#: freeculture.xml:11278
msgid ""
"Think practically about the consequence of this extension—practically, "
"as a businessperson, and not as a lawyer eager for more legal work. In 1930, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11275
+#: freeculture.xml:11291
msgid ""
"Well, first, you'd have to determine which of the 9,873 books were still "
"under copyright. That requires going to a library (these data are not "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11283
+#: freeculture.xml:11299
msgid ""
"Then for the books still under copyright, you would need to locate the "
"current copyright owners. How would you do that?"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11287
+#: freeculture.xml:11303
msgid ""
"Most people think that there must be a list of these copyright owners "
"somewhere. Practical people think this way. How could there be thousands and "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11294
+#: freeculture.xml:11310
msgid ""
"But there is no list. There may be a name from 1930, and then in 1959, of "
"the person who registered the copyright. But just think practically about "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11303
+#: freeculture.xml:11319
msgid ""
"<quote>But there isn't a list of who owns property generally,</quote> the "
"apologists for the system respond. <quote>Why should there be a list of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11308
+#: freeculture.xml:11324
msgid ""
"Well, actually, if you think about it, there <emphasis>are</emphasis> plenty "
"of lists of who owns what property. Think about deeds on houses, or titles "
#. PAGE BREAK 230
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11317
+#: freeculture.xml:11333
msgid ""
"So: You walk down a street and see a house. You can know who owns the house "
"by looking it up in the courthouse registry. If you see a car, there is "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11332
+#: freeculture.xml:11348
msgid ""
"Compare this story to intangible property. You go into a library. The "
"library owns the books. But who owns the copyrights? As I've already "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11344
+#: freeculture.xml:11360
msgid ""
"The consequence with respect to old books is that they won't be digitized, "
"and hence will simply rot away on shelves. But the consequence for other "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11349
+#: freeculture.xml:11365
msgid "Agee, Michael"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11350 freeculture.xml:11785
+#: freeculture.xml:11366 freeculture.xml:11801
msgid "Hal Roach Studios"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11351
+#: freeculture.xml:11367
msgid "Laurel and Hardy Films"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11352
+#: freeculture.xml:11368
msgid "Lucky Dog, The"
msgstr ""
#. f11.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11365
+#: freeculture.xml:11381
msgid ""
"See David G. Savage, <quote>High Court Scene of Showdown on Copyright "
"Law,</quote> <citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 6 October 2002; David "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11354
+#: freeculture.xml:11370
msgid ""
"Consider the story of Michael Agee, chairman of Hal Roach Studios, which "
"owns the copyrights for the Laurel and Hardy films. Agee is a direct "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11372
+#: freeculture.xml:11388
msgid ""
"Yet Agee opposed the CTEA. His reasons demonstrate a rare virtue in this "
"culture: selflessness. He argued in a brief before the Supreme Court that "
#. PAGE BREAK 231
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11378
+#: freeculture.xml:11394
msgid ""
"His argument is straightforward. A tiny fraction of this work has any "
"continuing commercial value. The rest—to the extent it survives at "
#. f12.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11396
+#: freeculture.xml:11412
msgid ""
"Brief of Hal Roach Studios and Michael Agee as Amicus Curiae Supporting the "
"Petitoners, <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11389
+#: freeculture.xml:11405
msgid ""
"We can't know the benefits, but we do know a lot about the costs. For most "
"of the history of film, the costs of restoring film were very high; digital "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11406
+#: freeculture.xml:11422
msgid ""
"Restoration technology is not the only cost, nor the most important. "
"Lawyers, too, are a cost, and increasingly, a very important one. In "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11414
+#: freeculture.xml:11430
msgid ""
"Or more accurately, <emphasis>owners</emphasis>. As we've seen, there isn't "
"only a single copyright associated with a film; there are many. There isn't "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11422
+#: freeculture.xml:11438
msgid ""
"<quote>But can't you just restore the film, distribute it, and then pay the "
"copyright owner when she shows up?</quote> Sure, if you want to commit a "
#. PAGE BREAK 232
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11433
+#: freeculture.xml:11449
msgid ""
"For some films, the benefit of releasing the film may well exceed these "
"costs. But for the vast majority of them, there is no way the benefit would "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11444
+#: freeculture.xml:11460
msgid ""
"But by the time the copyright for these films expires, the film will have "
"expired. These films were produced on nitrate-based stock, and nitrate stock "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11452
+#: freeculture.xml:11468
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>Of all the</emphasis> creative work produced by "
"humans anywhere, a tiny fraction has continuing commercial value. For that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11460
+#: freeculture.xml:11476
msgid ""
"But even for that tiny fraction, the actual time during which the creative "
"work has a commercial life is extremely short. As I've indicated, most books "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11470
+#: freeculture.xml:11486
msgid ""
"Yet that doesn't mean the life of the creative work ends. We don't keep "
"libraries of books in order to compete with Barnes & Noble, and we don't "
#. PAGE BREAK 233
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11483
+#: freeculture.xml:11499
msgid ""
"Copyrights in this context do not drive an engine of free expression. In "
"this context, there is no need for an exclusive right. Copyrights in this "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11490
+#: freeculture.xml:11506
msgid ""
"Yet, for most of our history, they also did little harm. For most of our "
"history, when a work ended its commercial life, there was no "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11501
+#: freeculture.xml:11517
msgid ""
"The same was effectively true of film. Because the costs of restoring a "
"film—the real economic costs, not the lawyer costs—were so high, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11510
+#: freeculture.xml:11526
msgid ""
"In other words, though copyright has been relatively short for most of our "
"history, long copyrights wouldn't have mattered for the works that lost "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11516
+#: freeculture.xml:11532
msgid "But this situation has now changed."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11520
+#: freeculture.xml:11536
msgid ""
"One crucially important consequence of the emergence of digital technologies "
"is to enable the archive that Brewster Kahle dreams of. Digital "
#. PAGE BREAK 234
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11533
+#: freeculture.xml:11549
msgid ""
"And now copyright law does get in the way. Every step of producing this "
"digital archive of our culture infringes on the exclusive right of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11543
+#: freeculture.xml:11559
msgid ""
"Here is the core of the harm that comes from extending terms: Now that "
"technology enables us to rebuild the library of Alexandria, the law gets in "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11554
+#: freeculture.xml:11570
msgid ""
"You may well ask, <quote>But if digital technologies lower the costs for "
"Brewster Kahle, then they will lower the costs for Random House, too. So "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11560
+#: freeculture.xml:11576
msgid ""
"Maybe. Someday. But there is absolutely no evidence to suggest that "
"publishers would be as complete as libraries. If Barnes & Noble offered "
#. f13.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11584
+#: freeculture.xml:11600
msgid ""
"Jason Schultz, <quote>The Myth of the 1976 Copyright `Chaos' Theory,</quote> "
"20 December 2002, available at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11572
+#: freeculture.xml:11588
msgid ""
"I would be the first to agree that it should do as much as it can: We should "
"rely upon the market as much as possible to spread and enable culture. My "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11591
+#: freeculture.xml:11607
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>In January 1999</emphasis>, we filed a lawsuit on "
"Eric Eldred's behalf in federal district court in Washington, D.C., asking "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11600
+#: freeculture.xml:11616
msgid ""
"The district court dismissed our claims without even hearing an argument. A "
"panel of the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit also dismissed our "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11607
+#: freeculture.xml:11623
msgid ""
"Judge David Sentelle said the CTEA violated the requirement that copyrights "
"be for <quote>limited Times</quote> only. His argument was as elegant as it "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11618
+#: freeculture.xml:11634
msgid ""
"We asked the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit as a whole to hear the "
"case. Cases are ordinarily heard in panels of three, except for important "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11623
+#: freeculture.xml:11639
msgid "Tatel, David"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 236
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11625
+#: freeculture.xml:11641
msgid ""
"The Court of Appeals rejected our request to hear the case en banc. This "
"time, Judge Sentelle was joined by the most liberal member of the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11634
+#: freeculture.xml:11650
msgid ""
"It was here that most expected Eldred v. Ashcroft would die, for the Supreme "
"Court rarely reviews any decision by a court of appeals. (It hears about one "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11641
+#: freeculture.xml:11657
msgid ""
"But in February 2002, the Supreme Court surprised the world by granting our "
"petition to review the D.C. Circuit opinion. Argument was set for October of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11647
+#: freeculture.xml:11663
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>It is over</emphasis> a year later as I write these "
"words. It is still astonishingly hard. If you know anything at all about "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11658
+#: freeculture.xml:11674
msgid ""
"But my client and these friends were wrong. This case could have been "
"won. It should have been won. And no matter how hard I try to retell this "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11663 freeculture.xml:11677
+#: freeculture.xml:11679 freeculture.xml:11693
msgid "Steward, Geoffrey"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 237
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11665
+#: freeculture.xml:11681
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>The mistake</emphasis> was made early, though it "
"became obvious only at the very end. Our case had been supported from the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11675 freeculture.xml:12038 freeculture.xml:12054 freeculture.xml:12151 freeculture.xml:12371 freeculture.xml:12402 freeculture.xml:12500
+#: freeculture.xml:11691 freeculture.xml:12054 freeculture.xml:12070 freeculture.xml:12167 freeculture.xml:12387 freeculture.xml:12418 freeculture.xml:12516
msgid "Ayer, Don"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11676
+#: freeculture.xml:11692
msgid "Bromberg, Dan"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11679
+#: freeculture.xml:11695
msgid ""
"There were three key lawyers on the case from Jones Day. Geoff Stewart was "
"the first, but then Dan Bromberg and Don Ayer became quite "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11689
+#: freeculture.xml:11705
msgid ""
"I hate this view of the law. Of course I thought the Sonny Bono Act was a "
"dramatic harm to free speech and free culture. Of course I still think it "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11710
+#: freeculture.xml:11726
msgid ""
"In any case, I thought, the Court must already see the danger and the harm "
"caused by this sort of law. Why else would they grant review? There was no "
#. PAGE BREAK 238
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11718
+#: freeculture.xml:11734
msgid ""
"There was one way, however, in which I felt politics would matter and in "
"which I thought a response was appropriate. I was convinced that the Court "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11736 freeculture.xml:11763
+#: freeculture.xml:11752 freeculture.xml:11779
msgid "Eagle Forum"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11737
+#: freeculture.xml:11753
msgid "Schlafly, Phyllis"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11739
+#: freeculture.xml:11755
msgid ""
"The first step happened all by itself. Phyllis Schlafly's organization, "
"Eagle Forum, had been an opponent of the CTEA from the very beginning. "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11753
+#: freeculture.xml:11769
msgid ""
"In the Court of Appeals, Eagle Forum was eager to file a brief supporting "
"our position. Their brief made the argument that became the core claim in "
#. PAGE BREAK 239
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11765
+#: freeculture.xml:11781
msgid ""
"In the Supreme Court, the briefs on our side were about as diverse as it "
"gets. They included an extraordinary historical brief by the Free Software "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11777
+#: freeculture.xml:11793
msgid "American Association of Law Libraries"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11778
+#: freeculture.xml:11794
msgid "National Writers Union"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11780
+#: freeculture.xml:11796
msgid ""
"Those briefs framed a legal argument. Then to support the legal argument, "
"there were a number of powerful briefs by libraries and archives, including "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11787
+#: freeculture.xml:11803
msgid ""
"But two briefs captured the policy argument best. One made the argument I've "
"already described: A brief by Hal Roach Studios argued that unless the law "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11793
+#: freeculture.xml:11809
msgid "Akerlof, George"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11794
+#: freeculture.xml:11810
msgid "Arrow, Kenneth"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11795
+#: freeculture.xml:11811
msgid "Buchanan, James"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11796
+#: freeculture.xml:11812
msgid "Coase, Ronald"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11797
+#: freeculture.xml:11813
msgid "Friedman, Milton"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11799
+#: freeculture.xml:11815
msgid ""
"This economists' brief was signed by seventeen economists, including five "
"Nobel Prize winners, including Ronald Coase, James Buchanan, Milton "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11809 freeculture.xml:11827 freeculture.xml:12040 freeculture.xml:12403
+#: freeculture.xml:11825 freeculture.xml:11843 freeculture.xml:12056 freeculture.xml:12419
msgid "Fried, Charles"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11810
+#: freeculture.xml:11826
msgid "Morrison, Alan"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11811
+#: freeculture.xml:11827
msgid "Public Citizen"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11812 freeculture.xml:12039 freeculture.xml:13188
+#: freeculture.xml:11828 freeculture.xml:12055 freeculture.xml:13204
msgid "Reagan, Ronald"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 240
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11814
+#: freeculture.xml:11830
msgid ""
"The same effort at balance was reflected in the legal team we gathered to "
"write our briefs in the case. The Jones Day lawyers had been with us from "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11828
+#: freeculture.xml:11844
msgid "constitutional powers of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11829
+#: freeculture.xml:11845
msgid "Commerce Clause of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11831
+#: freeculture.xml:11847
msgid ""
"Fried was a special victory for our side. Every other former solicitor "
"general was hired by the other side to defend Congress's power to give media "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11843
+#: freeculture.xml:11859
msgid ""
"The government, in defending the statute, had its collection of friends, as "
"well. Significantly, however, none of these <quote>friends</quote> included "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11850
+#: freeculture.xml:11866
msgid ""
"The media companies were not surprising. They had the most to gain from the "
"law. The congressmen were not surprising either—they were defending "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11858
+#: freeculture.xml:11874
msgid "Gershwin, George"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11859
+#: freeculture.xml:11875
msgid "Porgy and Bess"
msgstr ""
#. f14.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11869
+#: freeculture.xml:11885
msgid ""
"Brief of Amici Dr. Seuss Enterprise et al., <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> "
"v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 537 U.S. (2003) (No. 01-618), 19."
#. f15.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11877
+#: freeculture.xml:11893
msgid ""
"Dinitia Smith, <quote>Immortal Words, Immortal Royalties? Even Mickey Mouse "
"Joins the Fray,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 28 March "
#. PAGE BREAK 241
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11862
+#: freeculture.xml:11878
msgid ""
"Dr. Seuss's representatives, for example, argued that it was better for the "
"Dr. Seuss estate to control what happened to Dr. Seuss's work— better "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11886
+#: freeculture.xml:11902
msgid ""
"This argument made clear a theme that is rarely noticed in this debate. "
"When Congress decides to extend the term of existing copyrights, Congress is "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11898
+#: freeculture.xml:11914
msgid ""
"We argued as much in a final brief. Not only would upholding the CTEA mean "
"that there was no limit to the power of Congress to extend "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11905
+#: freeculture.xml:11921
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>Between February</emphasis> and October, there was "
"little I did beyond preparing for this case. Early on, as I said, I set the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11910 freeculture.xml:12096
+#: freeculture.xml:11926 freeculture.xml:12112
msgid "O'Connor, Sandra Day"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11912
+#: freeculture.xml:11928
msgid ""
"The Supreme Court was divided into two important camps. One camp we called "
"<quote>the Conservatives.</quote> The other we called <quote>the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11921 freeculture.xml:11946 freeculture.xml:12298 freeculture.xml:12310
+#: freeculture.xml:11937 freeculture.xml:11962 freeculture.xml:12314 freeculture.xml:12326
msgid "Breyer, Stephen"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11922 freeculture.xml:12262
+#: freeculture.xml:11938 freeculture.xml:12278
msgid "Ginsburg, Ruth Bader"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 242
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11924
+#: freeculture.xml:11940
msgid ""
"The Rest were the four Justices who had strongly opposed limits on "
"Congress's power. These four—Justice Stevens, Justice Souter, Justice "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11936
+#: freeculture.xml:11952
msgid ""
"In particular, the least likely was Justice Ginsburg's. In addition to her "
"general view about deference to Congress (except where issues of gender are "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11948
+#: freeculture.xml:11964
msgid ""
"Close behind Justice Ginsburg were two justices whom we also viewed as "
"unlikely allies, though possible surprises. Justice Souter strongly favored "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11957
+#: freeculture.xml:11973
msgid ""
"The only vote we could be confident about was that of Justice "
"Stevens. History will record Justice Stevens as one of the greatest judges "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11965
+#: freeculture.xml:11981
msgid ""
"This analysis of <quote>the Rest</quote> showed most clearly where our focus "
"had to be: on the Conservatives. To win this case, we had to crack open "
#. PAGE BREAK 243
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11975
+#: freeculture.xml:11991
msgid ""
"This then was the core of our strategy—a strategy for which I am "
"responsible. We would get the Court to see that just as with the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11989
+#: freeculture.xml:12005
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>The argument</emphasis> on the government's side "
"came down to this: Congress has done it before. It should be allowed to do "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11997
+#: freeculture.xml:12013
msgid ""
"There was some truth to the government's claim, but not much. We certainly "
"agreed that Congress had extended existing terms in 1831 and in 1909. And of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12004
+#: freeculture.xml:12020
msgid ""
"But this <quote>consistency</quote> should be kept in perspective. Congress "
"extended existing terms once in the first hundred years of the Republic. It "
#. PAGE BREAK 244
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12019
+#: freeculture.xml:12035
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>Oral argument</emphasis> was scheduled for the first "
"week in October. I arrived in D.C. two weeks before the argument. During "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12029
+#: freeculture.xml:12045
msgid ""
"I was convinced that to win, I had to keep the Court focused on a single "
"point: that if this extension is permitted, then there is no limit to the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12042
+#: freeculture.xml:12058
msgid ""
"One moot was before the lawyers at Jones Day. Don Ayer was the skeptic. He "
"had served in the Reagan Justice Department with Solicitor General Charles "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12048
+#: freeculture.xml:12064
msgid ""
"<quote>I'm just afraid that unless they really see the harm, they won't be "
"willing to upset this practice that the government says has been a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12056
+#: freeculture.xml:12072
msgid ""
"He may have argued many cases before this Court, I thought, but he didn't "
"understand its soul. As a clerk, I had seen the Justices do the right "
#. PAGE BREAK 245
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12066
+#: freeculture.xml:12082
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>The night before</emphasis> the argument, a line of "
"people began to form in front of the Supreme Court. The case had become a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12076
+#: freeculture.xml:12092
msgid ""
"Not everyone has to wait in line. People who know the Justices can ask for "
"seats they control. (I asked Justice Scalia's chambers for seats for my "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12091
+#: freeculture.xml:12107
msgid ""
"When the Chief Justice called me to begin my argument, I began where I "
"intended to stay: on the question of the limits on Congress's power. This "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12098
+#: freeculture.xml:12114
msgid ""
"Justice O'Connor stopped me within one minute of my opening. The history "
"was bothering her."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12103
+#: freeculture.xml:12119
msgid ""
"justice o'connor: Congress has extended the term so often through the years, "
"and if you are right, don't we run the risk of upsetting previous extensions "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12110
+#: freeculture.xml:12126
msgid ""
"She was quite willing to concede <quote>that this flies directly in the face "
"of what the framers had in mind.</quote> But my response again and again was "
#. PAGE BREAK 246
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12116
+#: freeculture.xml:12132
msgid ""
"mr. lessig: Well, if it flies in the face of what the framers had in mind, "
"then the question is, is there a way of interpreting their words that gives "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12124
+#: freeculture.xml:12140
msgid ""
"There were two points in this argument when I should have seen where the "
"Court was going. The first was a question by Justice Kennedy, who observed,"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12130
+#: freeculture.xml:12146
msgid ""
"justice kennedy: Well, I suppose implicit in the argument that the '76 act, "
"too, should have been declared void, and that we might leave it alone "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12138
+#: freeculture.xml:12154
msgid ""
"Here follows my clear mistake. Like a professor correcting a student, I "
"answered,"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12144
+#: freeculture.xml:12160
msgid ""
"mr. lessig: Justice, we are not making an empirical claim at all. Nothing "
"in our Copyright Clause claim hangs upon the empirical assertion about "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12153
+#: freeculture.xml:12169
msgid ""
"That was a correct answer, but it wasn't the right answer. The right answer "
"was instead that there was an obvious and profound harm. Any number of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12160
+#: freeculture.xml:12176
msgid ""
"The second came from the Chief, for whom the whole case had been "
"crafted. For the Chief Justice had crafted the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> "
#. PAGE BREAK 247
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12165
+#: freeculture.xml:12181
msgid ""
"It was clear a second into his question that he wasn't at all sympathetic. "
"To him, we were a bunch of anarchists. As he asked:"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12172
+#: freeculture.xml:12188
msgid ""
"chief justice: Well, but you want more than that. You want the right to copy "
"verbatim other people's books, don't you?"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12176
+#: freeculture.xml:12192
msgid ""
"mr. lessig: We want the right to copy verbatim works that should be in the "
"public domain and would be in the public domain but for a statute that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12184
+#: freeculture.xml:12200
msgid "Olson, Theodore B."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12186
+#: freeculture.xml:12202
msgid ""
"Things went better for us when the government gave its argument; for now the "
"Court picked up on the core of our claim. As Justice Scalia asked Solicitor "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12192
+#: freeculture.xml:12208
msgid ""
"justice scalia: You say that the functional equivalent of an unlimited time "
"would be a violation [of the Constitution], but that's precisely the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12200
+#: freeculture.xml:12216
msgid ""
"When Olson was finished, it was my turn to give a closing rebuttal. Olson's "
"flailing had revived my anger. But my anger still was directed to the "
#. PAGE BREAK 248
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12213
+#: freeculture.xml:12229
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>As I left</emphasis> the court that day, I knew "
"there were a hundred points I wished I could remake. There were a hundred "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12222
+#: freeculture.xml:12238
msgid ""
"The government had been asked over and over again, what is the limit? Over "
"and over again, it had answered there is no limit. This was precisely the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12237
+#: freeculture.xml:12253
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>The morning</emphasis> of January 15, 2003, I was "
"five minutes late to the office and missed the 7:00 A.M. call from the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12245
+#: freeculture.xml:12261
msgid ""
"A few seconds later, the opinions arrived by e-mail. I took the phone off "
"the hook, posted an announcement to our blog, and sat down to see where I "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12250
+#: freeculture.xml:12266
msgid ""
"My <emphasis>reasoning</emphasis>. Here was a case that pitted all the money "
"in the world against <emphasis>reasoning</emphasis>. And here was the last "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12256
+#: freeculture.xml:12272
msgid ""
"I first scoured the opinion, looking for how the Court would distinguish the "
"principle in this case from the principle in "
#. PAGE BREAK 249
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12266
+#: freeculture.xml:12282
msgid ""
"Justice Ginsburg simply ignored the enumerated powers argument. Consistent "
"with her view that Congress's power was not limited generally, she had found "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12271
+#: freeculture.xml:12287
msgid ""
"Her opinion was perfectly reasonable—for her, and for Justice "
"Souter. Neither believes in <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>. It would be too "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12277
+#: freeculture.xml:12293
msgid ""
"But as I realized what had happened, I couldn't quite believe what I was "
"reading. I had said there was no way this Court could reconcile limited "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12288
+#: freeculture.xml:12304
msgid ""
"Yet by what right did they get to choose which of the framers' values they "
"would respect? By what right did they—the silent five—get to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12300
+#: freeculture.xml:12316
msgid ""
"Justices Breyer and Stevens wrote very strong dissents. Stevens's opinion "
"was crafted internal to the law: He argued that the tradition of "
#. PAGE BREAK 250
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12313
+#: freeculture.xml:12329
msgid ""
"Justice Breyer's opinion, perhaps the best opinion he has ever written, was "
"external to the Constitution. He argued that the term of copyrights has "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12324
+#: freeculture.xml:12340
msgid ""
"These two justices understood all the arguments we had made. But because "
"neither believed in the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> case, neither was "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12331
+#: freeculture.xml:12347
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>Defeat brings depression</emphasis>. They say it is "
"a sign of health when depression gives way to anger. My anger came quickly, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12336
+#: freeculture.xml:12352
msgid "originalism"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12338
+#: freeculture.xml:12354
msgid ""
"It was first anger with the five <quote>Conservatives.</quote> It would have "
"been one thing for them to have explained why the principle of "
#. PAGE BREAK 251
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12351
+#: freeculture.xml:12367
msgid ""
"Here, they had joined an opinion that never once tried to explain what the "
"framers had meant by crafting the Progress Clause as they did; they joined "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12366
+#: freeculture.xml:12382
msgid ""
"My anger with the Conservatives quickly yielded to anger with myself. For I "
"had let a view of the law that I liked interfere with a view of the law as "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12373
+#: freeculture.xml:12389
msgid ""
"Most lawyers, and most law professors, have little patience for idealism "
"about courts in general and this Supreme Court in particular. Most have a "
#. PAGE BREAK 252
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12384
+#: freeculture.xml:12400
msgid ""
"As I read back over the transcript from that argument in October, I can see "
"a hundred places where the answers could have taken the conversation in "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12405
+#: freeculture.xml:12421
msgid ""
"Would it have been different if I had argued it differently? Would it have "
"been different if Don Ayer had argued it? Or Charles Fried? Or Kathleen "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12410
+#: freeculture.xml:12426
msgid ""
"My friends huddled around me to insist it would not. The Court was not "
"ready, my friends insisted. This was a loss that was destined. It would take "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12416
+#: freeculture.xml:12432
msgid ""
"Maybe, but I doubt it. These Justices have no financial interest in doing "
"anything except the right thing. They are not lobbied. They have little "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12424
+#: freeculture.xml:12440
msgid ""
"And even if I couldn't, then that doesn't excuse what happened in "
"January. For at the start of this case, one of America's leading "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12431
+#: freeculture.xml:12447
msgid ""
"After the argument and after the decision, Peter said to me, and publicly, "
"that he was wrong. But if indeed that Court could not have been persuaded, "
#. PAGE BREAK 253
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12440
+#: freeculture.xml:12456
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>While the reaction</emphasis> to the Sonny Bono Act "
"itself was almost unanimously negative, the reaction to the Court's decision "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12455
+#: freeculture.xml:12471
msgid ""
"In effect, the Supreme Court's decision makes it likely that we are seeing "
"the beginning of the end of public domain and the birth of copyright "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12469 freeculture.xml:12474
+#: freeculture.xml:12485 freeculture.xml:12490
msgid "Bolling, Ruben"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12464
+#: freeculture.xml:12480
msgid ""
"The best responses were in the cartoons. There was a gaggle of hilarious "
"images—of Mickey in jail and the like. The best, from my view of the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:12472
+#: freeculture.xml:12488
msgid "Tom the Dancing Bug cartoon"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:12473
+#: freeculture.xml:12489
msgid ""
"<graphic fileref=\"images/18.png\"></graphic> <placeholder "
"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12477
+#: freeculture.xml:12493
msgid ""
"The image that will always stick in my head is that evoked by the quote from "
"<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle>. That <quote>grand "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:12488
+#: freeculture.xml:12504
msgid "CHAPTER FOURTEEN: Eldred II"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12490
+#: freeculture.xml:12506
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>The day</emphasis> <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> was "
"decided, fate would have it that I was to travel to Washington, D.C. (The "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12502
+#: freeculture.xml:12518
msgid ""
"It was an act of contrition. During the whole of the flight from San "
"Francisco to Washington, I had heard over and over again in my head the same "
#. PAGE BREAK 256
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12512
+#: freeculture.xml:12528
msgid ""
"<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle> published the piece. In it, I "
"proposed a simple fix: Fifty years after a work has been published, the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12520
+#: freeculture.xml:12536
msgid ""
"We called this the Eldred Act, but that was just to give it a name. Eric "
"Eldred was kind enough to let his name be used once again, but as he said "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12525
+#: freeculture.xml:12541
msgid ""
"Or another two names. For depending upon your perspective, this is either "
"the <quote>Public Domain Enhancement Act</quote> or the <quote>Copyright "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12533 freeculture.xml:12734
+#: freeculture.xml:12549 freeculture.xml:12750
msgid "Forbes, Steve"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12535
+#: freeculture.xml:12551
msgid ""
"The reaction to this idea was amazingly strong. Steve Forbes endorsed it in "
"an editorial. I received an avalanche of e-mail and letters expressing "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12547
+#: freeculture.xml:12563
msgid ""
"Indeed, many recognized the obvious benefit of the registration "
"requirement. For one of the hardest things about the current system for "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12557
+#: freeculture.xml:12573
msgid "Berlin Act (1908)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12558 freeculture.xml:12599
+#: freeculture.xml:12574 freeculture.xml:12615
msgid "Berne Convention (1908)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12566
+#: freeculture.xml:12582
msgid "German copyright law"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12566
+#: freeculture.xml:12582
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Until the 1908 Berlin Act of the "
"Berne Convention, national copyright legislation sometimes made protection "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12561
+#: freeculture.xml:12577
msgid ""
"As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" "
"linkend=\"property-i\"/>, formalities in copyright law were removed in 1976, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12593
+#: freeculture.xml:12609
msgid ""
"That's great rhetoric. It sounds wonderfully romantic. But it is absurd "
"copyright policy. It is absurd especially for authors, because a world "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12601
+#: freeculture.xml:12617
msgid ""
"The fight against formalities achieved its first real victory in Berlin in "
"1908. International copyright lawyers amended the Berne Convention in 1908, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12611
+#: freeculture.xml:12627
msgid ""
"These complaints were real and sensible. And the strictness of the "
"formalities, especially in the United States, was absurd. The law should "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12619
+#: freeculture.xml:12635
msgid ""
"Even that would have been resisted, however, because registration in the "
"nineteenth and twentieth centuries was still expensive. It was also a "
#. PAGE BREAK 258
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12627
+#: freeculture.xml:12643
msgid ""
"In addition to the practical complaint of authors in 1908, there was a moral "
"claim as well. There was no reason that creative property should be a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12639
+#: freeculture.xml:12655
msgid ""
"This argument is correct, but its implications are misleading. For the "
"argument in favor of formalities does not depend upon creative property "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12648
+#: freeculture.xml:12664
msgid ""
"No one thinks, for example, that land is second-class property just because "
"you have to register a deed with a court if your sale of land is to be "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12664
+#: freeculture.xml:12680
msgid ""
"It is similarly special physics that makes formalities important in "
"copyright law. Unlike a carpenter's table, there's nothing in nature that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12679
+#: freeculture.xml:12695
msgid ""
"This was the understanding of the problem with the Sonny Bono Act that we "
"tried to demonstrate to the Court. This was the part it didn't "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12689
+#: freeculture.xml:12705
msgid ""
"But now that copyrights can be just about a century long, the inability to "
"know what is protected and what is not protected becomes a huge and obvious "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12698
+#: freeculture.xml:12714
msgid ""
"The Eldred Act was designed to respond to exactly this problem. If it is "
"worth $1 to you, then register your work and you can get the longer "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12705
+#: freeculture.xml:12721
msgid ""
"If it isn't worth it to you to register to get the benefit of an extended "
"term, then it shouldn't be worth it for the government to defend your "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12712
+#: freeculture.xml:12728
msgid ""
"Some worry about the burden on authors. Won't the burden of registering the "
"work mean that the $1 is really misleading? Isn't the hassle worth more than "
#. PAGE BREAK 260
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12718
+#: freeculture.xml:12734
msgid ""
"It is. The hassle is terrible. The system that exists now is awful. I "
"completely agree that the Copyright Office has done a terrible job (no doubt "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12736
+#: freeculture.xml:12752
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>When Steve Forbes</emphasis> endorsed the idea, some "
"in Washington began to pay attention. Many people contacted me pointing to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12742
+#: freeculture.xml:12758
msgid "Lofgren, Zoe"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12744
+#: freeculture.xml:12760
msgid ""
"One representative, Zoe Lofgren of California, went so far as to get the "
"bill drafted. The draft solved any problem with international law. It "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12753
+#: freeculture.xml:12769
msgid ""
"But at this stage, the lobbyists began to intervene. Jack Valenti and the "
"MPAA general counsel came to the congresswoman's office to give the view of "
#. PAGE BREAK 261
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12761
+#: freeculture.xml:12777
msgid ""
"The MPAA argued first that Congress had <quote>firmly rejected the central "
"concept in the proposed bill</quote>—that copyrights be renewed. That "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12782
+#: freeculture.xml:12798
msgid ""
"Finally, the MPAA argued that existing law enabled copyright owners to do "
"this if they wanted. But the whole point is that there are thousands of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12790
+#: freeculture.xml:12806
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>At the beginning</emphasis> of this book, I told two "
"stories about the law reacting to changes in technology. In the one, common "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12800
+#: freeculture.xml:12816
msgid ""
"I used these two cases as a way to frame the war that this book has been "
"about. For here, too, a new technology is forcing the law to react. And "
#. PAGE BREAK 262
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12809
+#: freeculture.xml:12825
msgid ""
"When the issue is piracy, it is right for the law to back the copyright "
"owners. The commercial piracy that I described is wrong and harmful, and the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12819
+#: freeculture.xml:12835
msgid "Kelly, Kevin"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12821
+#: freeculture.xml:12837
msgid ""
"But when the copyright owners oppose a proposal such as the Eldred Act, "
"then, finally, there is an example that lays bare the naked selfinterest "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12831
+#: freeculture.xml:12847
msgid "What does this industry really want?"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12834
+#: freeculture.xml:12850
msgid ""
"With very little effort, the warriors could protect their content. So the "
"effort to block something like the Eldred Act is not really about protecting "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12845
+#: freeculture.xml:12861
msgid ""
"The opposition to the Eldred Act reveals how extreme the other side is. The "
"most powerful and sexy and well loved of lobbies really has as its aim not "
#. PAGE BREAK 263
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12853
+#: freeculture.xml:12869
msgid ""
"It is not hard to understand why the warriors take this view. It is not hard "
"to see why it would benefit them if the competition of the public domain "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12865
+#: freeculture.xml:12881
msgid ""
"What is hard to understand is why the public takes this view. It is as if "
"the law made airplanes trespassers. The MPAA stands with the Causbys and "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12872
+#: freeculture.xml:12888
msgid ""
"All this seems to follow easily from this untroubled acceptance of the "
"<quote>property</quote> in intellectual property. Common sense supports it, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:12884
+#: freeculture.xml:12900
msgid "CONCLUSION"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12885
+#: freeculture.xml:12901
msgid "Africa, medications for HIV patients in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12886
+#: freeculture.xml:12902
msgid "AIDS medications"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12887
+#: freeculture.xml:12903
msgid "antiretroviral drugs"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12888
+#: freeculture.xml:12904
msgid "developing countries, foreign patent costs in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12889 freeculture.xml:13400
+#: freeculture.xml:12905 freeculture.xml:13416
msgid "drugs"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12889 freeculture.xml:13400
+#: freeculture.xml:12905 freeculture.xml:13416
msgid "pharmaceutical"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12890
+#: freeculture.xml:12906
msgid "HIV/AIDS therapies"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12892
+#: freeculture.xml:12908
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>There are more</emphasis> than 35 million people "
"with the AIDS virus worldwide. Twenty-five million of them live in "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12899
+#: freeculture.xml:12915
msgid ""
"There is no cure for AIDS, but there are drugs to slow its progression. "
"These antiretroviral therapies are still experimental, but they have already "
#. f1.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12914
+#: freeculture.xml:12930
msgid ""
"Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, <quote>Final Report: Integrating "
"Intellectual Property Rights and Development Policy</quote> (London, 2002), "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12907
+#: freeculture.xml:12923
msgid ""
"These drugs are expensive. When they were first introduced in the United "
"States, they cost between $10,000 and $15,000 per person per year. Today, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12923 freeculture.xml:13402
+#: freeculture.xml:12939 freeculture.xml:13418
msgid "patents"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12923 freeculture.xml:13402
+#: freeculture.xml:12939 freeculture.xml:13418
msgid "on pharmaceuticals"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12924
+#: freeculture.xml:12940
msgid "pharmaceutical patents"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 265
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12927
+#: freeculture.xml:12943
msgid ""
"These prices are not high because the ingredients of the drugs are "
"expensive. These prices are high because the drugs are protected by "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12935
+#: freeculture.xml:12951
msgid ""
"There are many who are skeptical of patents, especially drug patents. I am "
"not. Indeed, of all the areas of research that might be supported by "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12946
+#: freeculture.xml:12962
msgid ""
"But it is one thing to support patents, even drug patents. It is another "
"thing to determine how best to deal with a crisis. And as African leaders "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12952
+#: freeculture.xml:12968
msgid "international law"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12953
+#: freeculture.xml:12969
msgid "parallel importation"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12954
+#: freeculture.xml:12970
msgid "South Africa, Republic of, pharmaceutical imports by"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12967 freeculture.xml:13458
+#: freeculture.xml:12983 freeculture.xml:13474
msgid "Braithwaite, John"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12965
+#: freeculture.xml:12981
msgid ""
"See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism: "
"Who Owns the Knowledge Economy?</citetitle> (New York: The New Press, 2003), "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12956
+#: freeculture.xml:12972
msgid ""
"In 1997, South Africa tried one tack. It passed a law to allow the "
"importation of patented medicines that had been produced or sold in another "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12971
+#: freeculture.xml:12987
msgid "United States Trade Representative (USTR)"
msgstr ""
#. f3.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12979
+#: freeculture.xml:12995
msgid ""
"International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent "
"Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a "
#. f4.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13006
+#: freeculture.xml:13022
msgid ""
"International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent "
"Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12973
+#: freeculture.xml:12989
msgid ""
"However, the United States government opposed the bill. Indeed, more than "
"opposed. As the International Intellectual Property Association "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13013
+#: freeculture.xml:13029
msgid ""
"We should place the intervention by the United States in context. No doubt "
"patents are not the most important reason that Africans don't have access to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13023
+#: freeculture.xml:13039
msgid ""
"By stopping the flow of HIV treatment into Africa, the United States "
"government was not saving drugs for United States citizens. This is not "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13031
+#: freeculture.xml:13047
msgid ""
"Nor was the intervention by the United States going to protect the profits "
"of United States drug companies—at least, not substantially. It was "
#. f5.
#. PAGE BREAK 333
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13046
+#: freeculture.xml:13062
msgid ""
"See Sabin Russell, <quote>New Crusade to Lower AIDS Drug Costs: Africa's "
"Needs at Odds with Firms' Profit Motive,</quote> <citetitle>San Francisco "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13040
+#: freeculture.xml:13056
msgid ""
"Instead, the argument in favor of restricting this flow of information, "
"which was needed to save the lives of millions, was an argument about the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13068
+#: freeculture.xml:13084
msgid ""
"Now just step back for a moment. There will be a time thirty years from now "
"when our children look back at us and ask, how could we have let this "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13077
+#: freeculture.xml:13093
msgid "corporations"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13077
+#: freeculture.xml:13093
msgid "in pharmaceutical industry"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13079
+#: freeculture.xml:13095
msgid ""
"Some blame the drug companies. I don't. They are corporations. Their "
"managers are ordered by law to make money for the corporation. They push a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13087
+#: freeculture.xml:13103
msgid ""
"The corruption is our own politicians' failure of integrity. For the drug "
"companies would love—they say, and I believe them—to sell their "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13094
+#: freeculture.xml:13110
msgid "of drug patents"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 268
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13096
+#: freeculture.xml:13112
msgid ""
"A different problem, however, could not be overcome. This is the fear of the "
"grandstanding politician who would call the presidents of the drug companies "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13118
+#: freeculture.xml:13134
msgid ""
"So when the common sense of your child confronts you, what will you say? "
"When the common sense of a generation finally revolts against what we have "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13124
+#: freeculture.xml:13140
msgid ""
"A sensible patent policy could endorse and strongly support the patent "
"system without having to reach everyone everywhere in exactly the same "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13139
+#: freeculture.xml:13155
msgid ""
"But we as a culture have lost this sense of balance. We have lost the "
"critical eye that helps us see the difference between truth and extremism. "
#. PAGE BREAK 269
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13148
+#: freeculture.xml:13164
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>A simple idea</emphasis> blinds us, and under the "
"cover of darkness, much happens that most of us would reject if any of us "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13162
+#: freeculture.xml:13178
msgid ""
"So far, common sense sleeps. There is no revolt. Common sense does not yet "
"see what there could be to revolt about. The extremism that now dominates "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13175 freeculture.xml:13943
+#: freeculture.xml:13191 freeculture.xml:13959
msgid "academic journals"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13176 freeculture.xml:13189
+#: freeculture.xml:13192 freeculture.xml:13205
msgid "biomedical research"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13177 freeculture.xml:13345
+#: freeculture.xml:13193 freeculture.xml:13361
msgid "international organization on issues of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13179 freeculture.xml:13294 freeculture.xml:13862
+#: freeculture.xml:13195 freeculture.xml:13310 freeculture.xml:13878
msgid "IBM"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13180 freeculture.xml:14009
+#: freeculture.xml:13196 freeculture.xml:14025
msgid "PLoS (Public Library of Science)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13181 freeculture.xml:14010
+#: freeculture.xml:13197 freeculture.xml:14026
msgid "Public Library of Science (PLoS)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13182
+#: freeculture.xml:13198
msgid "public projects in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13183
+#: freeculture.xml:13199
msgid "single nucleotied polymorphisms (SNPs)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13184
+#: freeculture.xml:13200
msgid "Wellcome Trust"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13185 freeculture.xml:13346
+#: freeculture.xml:13201 freeculture.xml:13362
msgid "World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13186
+#: freeculture.xml:13202
msgid "World Wide Web"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13187
+#: freeculture.xml:13203
msgid "Global Positioning System"
msgstr ""
#. f6.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13194
+#: freeculture.xml:13210
msgid ""
"Jonathan Krim, <quote>The Quiet War over Open-Source,</quote> "
"<citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, August 2003, E1, available at <ulink "
#. PAGE BREAK 270
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13191
+#: freeculture.xml:13207
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>In August 2003</emphasis>, a fight broke out in the "
"United States about a decision by the World Intellectual Property "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13225
+#: freeculture.xml:13241
msgid ""
"The aim of the meeting was to consider this wide range of projects from one "
"common perspective: that none of these projects relied upon intellectual "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13231
+#: freeculture.xml:13247
msgid "in international debate on intellectual property"
msgstr ""
#. f7.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13234
+#: freeculture.xml:13250
msgid ""
"I should disclose that I was one of the people who asked WIPO for the "
"meeting."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13233
+#: freeculture.xml:13249
msgid ""
"From the perspective of this book, then, the conference was "
"ideal.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The projects within its "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13243 freeculture.xml:13399
+#: freeculture.xml:13259 freeculture.xml:13415
msgid "World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS)"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 271
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13245
+#: freeculture.xml:13261
msgid ""
"Indeed, I was once publicly scolded for not recognizing this fact about "
"WIPO. In February 2003, I delivered a keynote address to a preparatory "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13269
+#: freeculture.xml:13285
msgid ""
"So whether or not WSIS can discuss balance in intellectual property, I had "
"thought it was taken for granted that WIPO could and should. And thus the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13278 freeculture.xml:15008
+#: freeculture.xml:13294 freeculture.xml:15024
msgid "Apple Corporation"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13279
+#: freeculture.xml:13295
msgid "on free software"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13281
+#: freeculture.xml:13297
msgid ""
"But there is one project within that list that is highly controversial, at "
"least among lobbyists. That project is <quote>open source and free "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13291
+#: freeculture.xml:13307
msgid "<quote>copyleft</quote> licenses"
msgstr ""
#. f8.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13307
+#: freeculture.xml:13323
msgid ""
"Microsoft's position about free and open source software is more "
"sophisticated. As it has repeatedly asserted, it has no problem with "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13296
+#: freeculture.xml:13312
msgid ""
"I don't mean to enter that debate here. It is important only to make clear "
"that the distinction is not between commercial and noncommercial "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13325
+#: freeculture.xml:13341
msgid "General Public License (GPL)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13326
+#: freeculture.xml:13342
msgid "GPL (General Public License)"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 272
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13328
+#: freeculture.xml:13344
msgid ""
"More important for our purposes, to support <quote>open source and free "
"software</quote> is not to oppose copyright. <quote>Open source and free "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13347
+#: freeculture.xml:13363
msgid "Krim, Jonathan"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13348
+#: freeculture.xml:13364
msgid "WIPO meeting opposed by"
msgstr ""
#. f9.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13358
+#: freeculture.xml:13374
msgid ""
"Krim, <quote>The Quiet War over Open-Source,</quote> available at <ulink "
"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #64</ulink>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13350
+#: freeculture.xml:13366
msgid ""
"It is therefore understandable that as a proprietary software developer, "
"Microsoft would oppose this WIPO meeting, and understandable that it would "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13364
+#: freeculture.xml:13380
msgid ""
"I don't blame Microsoft for doing what it can to advance its own interests, "
"consistent with the law. And lobbying governments is plainly consistent with "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13372 freeculture.xml:13430
+#: freeculture.xml:13388 freeculture.xml:13446
msgid "Boland, Lois"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13374
+#: freeculture.xml:13390
msgid ""
"What was surprising was the United States government's reason for opposing "
"the meeting. Again, as reported by Krim, Lois Boland, acting director of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13385
+#: freeculture.xml:13401
msgid "These statements are astonishing on a number of levels."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13390
+#: freeculture.xml:13406
msgid ""
"First, they are just flat wrong. As I described, most open source and free "
"software relies fundamentally upon the intellectual property right called "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13401
+#: freeculture.xml:13417
msgid "generic drugs"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13404
+#: freeculture.xml:13420
msgid ""
"Second, who ever said that WIPO's exclusive aim was to "
"<quote>promote</quote> intellectual property maximally? As I had been "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13418
+#: freeculture.xml:13434
msgid ""
"Third, even if one believed that the purpose of WIPO was to maximize "
"intellectual property rights, in our tradition, intellectual property rights "
#. PAGE BREAK 274
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13432
+#: freeculture.xml:13448
msgid ""
"When Ms. Boland says that there is something wrong with a meeting "
"<quote>which has as its purpose to disclaim or waive such rights,</quote> "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13443
+#: freeculture.xml:13459
msgid "feudal system"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13444
+#: freeculture.xml:13460
msgid "feudal system of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13446
+#: freeculture.xml:13462
msgid ""
"There is a history of just such a property system that is well known in the "
"Anglo-American tradition. It is called <quote>feudalism.</quote> Under "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13463
+#: freeculture.xml:13479
msgid ""
"See Drahos with Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism</citetitle>, "
"210–20. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13460
+#: freeculture.xml:13476
msgid ""
"As Peter Drahos and John Braithwaite relate, this is precisely the choice we "
"are now making about intellectual property.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13474
+#: freeculture.xml:13490
msgid ""
"When this battle broke, I blogged it. A spirited debate within the comment "
"section ensued. Ms. Boland had a number of supporters who tried to show why "
#. PAGE BREAK 275
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13483
+#: freeculture.xml:13499
msgid ""
"George, you misunderstand Lessig: He's only talking about the world as it "
"should be (<quote>the goal of WIPO, and the goal of any government, should "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13495
+#: freeculture.xml:13511
msgid ""
"I missed the irony the first time I read it. I read it quickly and thought "
"the poster was supporting the idea that seeking balance was what our "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13506
+#: freeculture.xml:13522
msgid ""
"Obviously, however, the poster was not supporting that idea. Instead, the "
"poster was ridiculing the very idea that in the real world, the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13514
+#: freeculture.xml:13530
msgid ""
"I understand criticism of academic utopianism. I think utopianism is silly, "
"too, and I'd be the first to poke fun at the absurdly unrealistic ideals of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13520
+#: freeculture.xml:13536
msgid ""
"But when it has become silly to suppose that the role of our government "
"should be to <quote>seek balance,</quote> then count me with the silly, for "
#. PAGE BREAK 276
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13531
+#: freeculture.xml:13547
msgid ""
"It might be crazy to expect a high government official to speak the "
"truth. It might be crazy to believe that government policy will be something "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13539
+#: freeculture.xml:13555
msgid "If this is crazy, then let there be more crazies. Soon."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13543
+#: freeculture.xml:13559
msgid "Turner, Ted"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13545
+#: freeculture.xml:13561
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>There are moments</emphasis> of hope in this "
"struggle. And moments that surprise. When the FCC was considering relaxing "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13556
+#: freeculture.xml:13572
msgid ""
"This activism did not stop the FCC, but soon after, a broad coalition in the "
"Senate voted to reverse the FCC decision. The hostile hearings leading up to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13564
+#: freeculture.xml:13580
msgid ""
"But even this movement misses an important piece of the puzzle. Largeness "
"as such is not bad. Freedom is not threatened just because some become very "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13571
+#: freeculture.xml:13587
msgid ""
"The danger in media concentration comes not from the concentration, but "
"instead from the feudalism that this concentration, tied to the change in "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13581
+#: freeculture.xml:13597
msgid ""
"It is therefore significant that so many would rally to demand competition "
"and increased diversity. Still, if the rally is understood as being about "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13588
+#: freeculture.xml:13604
msgid ""
"It would be something new, and something very important, if an equal number "
"could be rallied to fight the increasing extremism built within the idea of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13596
+#: freeculture.xml:13612
msgid ""
"If we were Achilles, this would be our heel. This would be the place of our "
"tragedy."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13599
+#: freeculture.xml:13615
msgid "Dylan, Bob"
msgstr ""
#. f11.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13605
+#: freeculture.xml:13621
msgid ""
"John Borland, <quote>RIAA Sues 261 File Swappers,</quote> CNET News.com, "
"September 2003, available at <ulink "
#. f12.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13623
+#: freeculture.xml:13639
msgid ""
"Jon Wiederhorn, <quote>Eminem Gets Sued … by a Little Old "
"Lady,</quote> mtv.com, 17 September 2003, available at <ulink "
#. f13.
#. PAGE BREAK 334
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13630
+#: freeculture.xml:13646
msgid ""
"Kenji Hall, Associated Press, <quote>Japanese Book May Be Inspiration for "
"Dylan Songs,</quote> Kansascity.com, 9 July 2003, available at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13601
+#: freeculture.xml:13617
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>As I write</emphasis> these final words, the news is "
"filled with stories about the RIAA lawsuits against almost three hundred "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13647
+#: freeculture.xml:13663
msgid "BBC"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13648
+#: freeculture.xml:13664
msgid "Brazil, free culture in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13649 freeculture.xml:14040
+#: freeculture.xml:13665 freeculture.xml:14056
msgid "Creative Commons"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13650
+#: freeculture.xml:13666
msgid "Gil, Gilberto"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13651
+#: freeculture.xml:13667
msgid "United Kingdom"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13651
+#: freeculture.xml:13667
msgid "public creative archive in"
msgstr ""
#. f14.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13656
+#: freeculture.xml:13672
msgid ""
"<quote>BBC Plans to Open Up Its Archive to the Public,</quote> BBC press "
"release, 24 August 2003, available at <ulink "
#. f15.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13665
+#: freeculture.xml:13681
msgid ""
"<quote>Creative Commons and Brazil,</quote> Creative Commons Weblog, 6 "
"August 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
#. PAGE BREAK 278
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13653
+#: freeculture.xml:13669
msgid ""
"Yet on the other side of the Atlantic, the BBC has just announced that it "
"will build a <quote>Creative Archive,</quote> from which British citizens "
#. PAGE BREAK 279
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13679
+#: freeculture.xml:13695
msgid ""
"Common sense must revolt. It must act to free culture. Soon, if this "
"potential is ever to be realized."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:13687
+#: freeculture.xml:13703
msgid "AFTERWORD"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 280
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13691
+#: freeculture.xml:13707
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>At least some</emphasis> who have read this far will "
"agree with me that something must be done to change where we are "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13696
+#: freeculture.xml:13712
msgid ""
"I divide this map into two parts: that which anyone can do now, and that "
"which requires the help of lawmakers. If there is one lesson that we can "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13702
+#: freeculture.xml:13718
msgid ""
"That means this movement must begin in the streets. It must recruit a "
"significant number of parents, teachers, librarians, creators, authors, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13709
+#: freeculture.xml:13725
msgid ""
"Once this movement has its effect in the streets, it has some hope of having "
"an effect in Washington. We are still a democracy. What people think "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:13718
+#: freeculture.xml:13734
msgid "US, NOW"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13720
+#: freeculture.xml:13736
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>Common sense</emphasis> is with the copyright "
"warriors because the debate so far has been framed at the extremes—as "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13727
+#: freeculture.xml:13743
msgid ""
"The mistake here is the error of the excluded middle. There are extremes in "
"this debate, but the extremes are not all that there is. There are those who "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13737
+#: freeculture.xml:13753
msgid "initial free character of"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 282
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13739
+#: freeculture.xml:13755
msgid ""
"When the Internet was first born, its initial architecture effectively "
"tilted in the <quote>no rights reserved</quote> direction. Content could be "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13751
+#: freeculture.xml:13767
msgid ""
"This initial character produced a reaction (opposite, but not quite equal) "
"by copyright owners. That reaction has been the topic of this book. Through "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13767
+#: freeculture.xml:13783
msgid ""
"What's needed is a way to say something in the middle—neither "
"<quote>all rights reserved</quote> nor <quote>no rights reserved</quote> but "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:13775
+#: freeculture.xml:13791
msgid "Rebuilding Freedoms Previously Presumed: Examples"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13776
+#: freeculture.xml:13792
msgid "restoration efforts on previous aspects of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13778
+#: freeculture.xml:13794
msgid "privacy rights"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13780
+#: freeculture.xml:13796
msgid ""
"If you step back from the battle I've been describing here, you will "
"recognize this problem from other contexts. Think about privacy. Before the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13790
+#: freeculture.xml:13806
msgid "What made it assured?"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13794
+#: freeculture.xml:13810
msgid ""
"Well, if we think in terms of the modalities I described in chapter <xref "
"xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"property-i\"/>, your privacy was "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13809
+#: freeculture.xml:13825
msgid "Amazon"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13810
+#: freeculture.xml:13826
msgid "cookies, Internet"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13811
+#: freeculture.xml:13827
msgid "privacy protection on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13813
+#: freeculture.xml:13829
msgid ""
"Enter the Internet, where the cost of tracking browsing in particular has "
"become quite tiny. If you're a customer at Amazon, then as you browse the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13822
+#: freeculture.xml:13838
msgid "privacy rights in use of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13824
+#: freeculture.xml:13840
msgid ""
"Amazon, of course, is not the problem. But we might begin to worry about "
"libraries. If you're one of those crazy lefties who thinks that people "
#. f1.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13842
+#: freeculture.xml:13858
msgid ""
"See, for example, Marc Rotenberg, <quote>Fair Information Practices and the "
"Architecture of Privacy (What Larry Doesn't Get),</quote> "
#. PAGE BREAK 284
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13836
+#: freeculture.xml:13852
msgid ""
"It is this reality that explains the push of many to define "
"<quote>privacy</quote> on the Internet. It is the recognition that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13861
+#: freeculture.xml:13877
msgid "Data General"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13865
+#: freeculture.xml:13881
msgid ""
"A similar story could be told about the birth of the free software "
"movement. When computers with software were first made available "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13872
+#: freeculture.xml:13888
msgid "Stallman, Richard"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13874
+#: freeculture.xml:13890
msgid ""
"That was the world Richard Stallman was born into, and while he was a "
"researcher at MIT, he grew to love the community that developed when one was "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13882
+#: freeculture.xml:13898
msgid ""
"In an academic setting, at least, that's not a terribly radical idea. In a "
"math department, anyone would be free to tinker with a proof that someone "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13893
+#: freeculture.xml:13909
msgid "proprietary code"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13895
+#: freeculture.xml:13911
msgid ""
"No one answered that question. Instead, the architecture of revenue for "
"computing changed. As it became possible to import programs from one system "
#. PAGE BREAK 285
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13904
+#: freeculture.xml:13920
msgid ""
"Thus, the practice of proprietary code began to spread, and by the early "
"1980s, Stallman found himself surrounded by proprietary code. The world of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13913
+#: freeculture.xml:13929
msgid "Torvalds, Linus"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13915
+#: freeculture.xml:13931
msgid ""
"Therefore, in 1984, Stallman began a project to build a free operating "
"system, so that at least a strain of free software would survive. That was "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13923
+#: freeculture.xml:13939
msgid ""
"Stallman's technique was to use copyright law to build a world of software "
"that must be kept free. Software licensed under the Free Software "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13934
+#: freeculture.xml:13950
msgid ""
"Stallman was thus doing for software what privacy advocates now do for "
"privacy. He was seeking a way to rebuild a kind of freedom that was taken "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13944
+#: freeculture.xml:13960
msgid "scientific journals"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13946
+#: freeculture.xml:13962
msgid ""
"Finally, consider a very recent example that more directly resonates with "
"the story of this book. This is the shift in the way academic and scientific "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13950
+#: freeculture.xml:13966
msgid "Lexis and Westlaw"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13952 freeculture.xml:13988
+#: freeculture.xml:13968 freeculture.xml:14004
msgid "journals in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13953
+#: freeculture.xml:13969
msgid "access to opinions of"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 286
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13955
+#: freeculture.xml:13971
msgid ""
"As digital technologies develop, it is becoming obvious to many that "
"printing thousands of copies of journals every month and sending them to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13970
+#: freeculture.xml:13986
msgid "access fees for material in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13971
+#: freeculture.xml:13987
msgid "license system for rebuilding of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13973
+#: freeculture.xml:13989
msgid ""
"There's nothing wrong in general with this, and indeed, the ability to "
"charge for access to even public domain materials is a good incentive for "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13984
+#: freeculture.xml:14000
msgid ""
"But what if the only way to get access to social and scientific data was "
"through proprietary services? What if no one had the ability to browse this "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13990
+#: freeculture.xml:14006
msgid ""
"As many are beginning to notice, this is increasingly the reality with "
"scientific journals. When these journals were distributed in paper form, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14002
+#: freeculture.xml:14018
msgid ""
"As journals become electronic, however, the publishers are demanding that "
"libraries not give the general public access to the journals. This means "
#. PAGE BREAK 287
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14012
+#: freeculture.xml:14028
msgid ""
"This shrinking freedom has led many to take affirmative steps to restore the "
"freedom that has been lost. The Public Library of Science (PLoS), for "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14026
+#: freeculture.xml:14042
msgid ""
"This is one of many such efforts to restore a freedom taken for granted "
"before, but now threatened by changing technology and markets. There's no "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14039
+#: freeculture.xml:14055
msgid "Rebuilding Free Culture: One Idea"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14042
+#: freeculture.xml:14058
msgid ""
"The same strategy could be applied to culture, as a response to the "
"increasing control effected through law and technology."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14045
+#: freeculture.xml:14061
msgid "Stanford University"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14047
+#: freeculture.xml:14063
msgid ""
"Enter the Creative Commons. The Creative Commons is a nonprofit corporation "
"established in Massachusetts, but with its home at Stanford University. Its "
#. PAGE BREAK 288
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14058
+#: freeculture.xml:14074
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Simple</emphasis>—which means without a middleman, or "
"without a lawyer. By developing a free set of licenses that people can "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14076
+#: freeculture.xml:14092
msgid ""
"These freedoms are beyond the freedoms promised by fair use. Their precise "
"contours depend upon the choices the creator makes. The creator can choose a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14087
+#: freeculture.xml:14103
msgid ""
"These choices thus establish a range of freedoms beyond the default of "
"copyright law. They also enable freedoms that go beyond traditional fair "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14097
+#: freeculture.xml:14113
msgid "Garlick, Mia"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 289
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14099
+#: freeculture.xml:14115
msgid ""
"This is just one project among many within the Creative Commons. And of "
"course, Creative Commons is not the only organization pursuing such "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14112
+#: freeculture.xml:14128
msgid ""
"The aim is not to fight the <quote>All Rights Reserved</quote> sorts. The "
"aim is to complement them. The problems that the law creates for us as a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14125
+#: freeculture.xml:14141
msgid ""
"Why would creators participate in giving up total control? Some participate "
"to better spread their content. Cory Doctorow, for example, is a science "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14132
+#: freeculture.xml:14148
msgid ""
"Why would a publisher ever agree to this? I suspect his publisher reasoned "
"like this: There are two groups of people out there: (1) those who will buy "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14144
+#: freeculture.xml:14160
msgid ""
"Indeed, the experience of his publisher clearly supports that conclusion. "
"The book's first printing was exhausted months before the publisher had "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14149
+#: freeculture.xml:14165
msgid "Free for All (Wayner)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14150
+#: freeculture.xml:14166
msgid "Wayner, Peter"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 290
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14152
+#: freeculture.xml:14168
msgid ""
"The idea that free content might increase the value of nonfree content was "
"confirmed by the experience of another author. Peter Wayner, who wrote a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14163
+#: freeculture.xml:14179
msgid "Public Enemy"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14164
+#: freeculture.xml:14180
msgid "rap music"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14165
+#: freeculture.xml:14181
msgid "Leaphart, Walter"
msgstr ""
#. f2.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14182
+#: freeculture.xml:14198
msgid ""
"<citetitle>Willful Infringement: A Report from the Front Lines of the Real "
"Culture Wars</citetitle> (2003), produced by Jed Horovitz, directed by Greg "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14167
+#: freeculture.xml:14183
msgid ""
"These are examples of using the Commons to better spread proprietary "
"content. I believe that is a wonderful and common use of the Commons. There "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14191
+#: freeculture.xml:14207
msgid ""
"Finally, there are many who mark their content with a Creative Commons "
"license just because they want to express to others the importance of "
#. PAGE BREAK 291
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14203
+#: freeculture.xml:14219
msgid ""
"In the first six months of the Creative Commons experiment, over 1 million "
"objects were licensed with these free-culture licenses. The next step is "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14213
+#: freeculture.xml:14229
msgid ""
"These are first steps to rebuilding a public domain. They are not mere "
"arguments; they are action. Building a public domain is the first step to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14221
+#: freeculture.xml:14237
msgid ""
"Creative Commons is just one example of voluntary efforts by individuals and "
"creators to change the mix of rights that now govern the creative field. The "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14235
+#: freeculture.xml:14251
msgid "THEM, SOON"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14237
+#: freeculture.xml:14253
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>We will</emphasis> not reclaim a free culture by "
"individual action alone. It will also take important reforms of laws. We "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14244
+#: freeculture.xml:14260
msgid ""
"In this chapter, I outline five kinds of changes: four that are general, and "
"one that's specific to the most heated battle of the day, music. Each is a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14251
+#: freeculture.xml:14267
msgid "1. More Formalities"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14253
+#: freeculture.xml:14269
msgid ""
"If you buy a house, you have to record the sale in a deed. If you buy land "
"upon which to build a house, you have to record the purchase in a deed. If "
#. PAGE BREAK 293
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14260
+#: freeculture.xml:14276
msgid ""
"These are all formalities associated with property. They are requirements "
"that we all must bear if we want our property to be protected."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14265
+#: freeculture.xml:14281
msgid ""
"In contrast, under current copyright law, you automatically get a copyright, "
"regardless of whether you comply with any formality. You don't have to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14271
+#: freeculture.xml:14287
msgid "Why?"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14274
+#: freeculture.xml:14290
msgid ""
"As I suggested in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" "
"linkend=\"property-i\"/>, the motivation to abolish formalities was a good "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14283
+#: freeculture.xml:14299
msgid ""
"But the Internet changes all this. Formalities today need not be a "
"burden. Rather, the world without formalities is the world that burdens "
#. f1.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14297
+#: freeculture.xml:14313
msgid ""
"The proposal I am advancing here would apply to American works only. "
"Obviously, I believe it would be beneficial for the same idea to be adopted "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14295
+#: freeculture.xml:14311
msgid ""
"The law should therefore change this requirement<placeholder "
"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>—but it should not change it by going back "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14305
+#: freeculture.xml:14321
msgid ""
"The important formalities are three: marking copyrighted work, registering "
"copyrights, and renewing the claim to copyright. Traditionally, the first of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14317
+#: freeculture.xml:14333
msgid "REGISTRATION AND RENEWAL"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14319
+#: freeculture.xml:14335
msgid ""
"Under the old system, a copyright owner had to file a registration with the "
"Copyright Office to register or renew a copyright. When filing that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14332
+#: freeculture.xml:14348
msgid ""
"Yet it is always astonishing to me that we, who come from a tradition of "
"extraordinary innovation in governmental design, can no longer think "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14341
+#: freeculture.xml:14357
msgid ""
"In the context of registration, one obvious model is the Internet. There "
"are at least 32 million Web sites registered around the world. Domain name "
#. PAGE BREAK 295
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14351
+#: freeculture.xml:14367
msgid ""
"We should adopt a similar model for the registration and renewal of "
"copyrights. The Copyright Office may well serve as the central registry, but "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14366
+#: freeculture.xml:14382
msgid "MARKING"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14368
+#: freeculture.xml:14384
msgid ""
"It used to be that the failure to include a copyright notice on a creative "
"work meant that the copyright was forfeited. That was a harsh punishment for "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14378
+#: freeculture.xml:14394
msgid ""
"The aim of marking is to signal to the public that this work is copyrighted "
"and that the author wants to enforce his rights. The mark also makes it easy "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14384
+#: freeculture.xml:14400
msgid ""
"One of the problems the copyright system confronted early on was that "
"different copyrighted works had to be differently marked. It wasn't clear "
#. f2.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14401
+#: freeculture.xml:14417
msgid ""
"There would be a complication with derivative works that I have not solved "
"here. In my view, the law of derivatives creates a more complicated system "
#. PAGE BREAK 296
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14394
+#: freeculture.xml:14410
msgid ""
"Let's start with the last point. If a copyright owner allows his work to be "
"published without a copyright notice, the consequence of that failure need "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14414
+#: freeculture.xml:14430
msgid ""
"That in turn raises the question about how work should best be marked. Here "
"again, the system needs to adjust as the technologies evolve. The best way "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14420
+#: freeculture.xml:14436
msgid "copyright marking of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14422
+#: freeculture.xml:14438
msgid ""
"For example, if a recording industry association devises a method for "
"marking CDs, it would propose that to the Copyright Office. The Copyright "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14434
+#: freeculture.xml:14450
msgid ""
"Finally, marking content clearly would simplify registration requirements. "
"If photographs were marked by author and year, there would be little reason "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14442
+#: freeculture.xml:14458
msgid ""
"The objective of formalities is to make things clear. The existing system "
"does nothing to make things clear. Indeed, it seems designed to make things "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14447
+#: freeculture.xml:14463
msgid ""
"If formalities such as registration were reinstated, one of the most "
"difficult aspects of relying upon the public domain would be removed. It "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14459
+#: freeculture.xml:14475
msgid "2. Shorter Terms"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14461
+#: freeculture.xml:14477
msgid ""
"The term of copyright has gone from fourteen years to ninety-five years for "
"corporate authors, and life of the author plus seventy years for natural "
#. f3.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14474
+#: freeculture.xml:14490
msgid ""
"<quote>A Radical Rethink,</quote> <citetitle>Economist</citetitle>, 366:8308 "
"(25 January 2003): 15, available at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14466
+#: freeculture.xml:14482
msgid ""
"In <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>, I proposed a "
"seventy-five-year term, granted in five-year increments with a requirement "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14481
+#: freeculture.xml:14497
msgid ""
"I agree with those who believe that we need a radical change in copyright's "
"term. But whether fourteen years or seventy-five, there are four principles "
#. (1)
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14489
+#: freeculture.xml:14505
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Keep it short:</emphasis> The term should be as long as necessary "
"to give incentives to create, but no longer. If it were tied to very strong "
#. (2)
#. PAGE BREAK 298
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14498
+#: freeculture.xml:14514
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Keep it simple:</emphasis> The line between the public domain and "
"protected content must be kept clear. Lawyers like the fuzziness of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14510
+#: freeculture.xml:14526
msgid "veterans' pensions"
msgstr ""
#. f4.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14521
+#: freeculture.xml:14537
msgid ""
"Department of Veterans Affairs, Veteran's Application for Compensation "
"and/or Pension, VA Form 21-526 (OMB Approved No. 2900-0001), available at "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14513
+#: freeculture.xml:14529
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Keep it alive:</emphasis> Copyright should have to be renewed. "
"Especially if the maximum term is long, the copyright owner should be "
#. (4)
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14532
+#: freeculture.xml:14548
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Keep it prospective:</emphasis> Whatever the term of copyright "
"should be, the clearest lesson that economists teach is that a term once "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14548
+#: freeculture.xml:14564
msgid ""
"These changes together should produce an <emphasis>average</emphasis> "
"copyright term that is much shorter than the current term. Until 1976, the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14554
+#: freeculture.xml:14570
msgid ""
"No doubt the extremists will call these ideas <quote>radical.</quote> (After "
"all, I call them <quote>extremists.</quote>) But again, the term I "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14564
+#: freeculture.xml:14580
msgid "3. Free Use Vs. Fair Use"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14568
+#: freeculture.xml:14584
msgid ""
"As I observed at the beginning of this book, property law originally granted "
"property owners the right to control their property from the ground to the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14576
+#: freeculture.xml:14592
msgid ""
"Our Constitution gives Congress the power to give authors <quote>exclusive "
"right</quote> to <quote>their writings.</quote> Congress has given authors "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14584
+#: freeculture.xml:14600
msgid "Kaplan, Benjamin"
msgstr ""
#. f5.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14590
+#: freeculture.xml:14606
msgid ""
"Benjamin Kaplan, <citetitle>An Unhurried View of Copyright</citetitle> (New "
"York: Columbia University Press, 1967), 32."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14586
+#: freeculture.xml:14602
msgid ""
"Congress granted the beginnings of this right in 1870, when it expanded the "
"exclusive right of copyright to include a right to control translations and "
#. f6.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14603
+#: freeculture.xml:14619
msgid "Ibid., 56."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14599
+#: freeculture.xml:14615
msgid ""
"So inured have we become to the extension of the monopoly to a large range "
"of so-called derivative works, that we no longer sense the oddity of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14608
+#: freeculture.xml:14624
msgid ""
"I think it's time to recognize that there are airplanes in this field and "
"the expansiveness of these rights of derivative use no longer make "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14615
+#: freeculture.xml:14631
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Term:</emphasis> If Congress wants to grant a derivative right, "
"then that right should be for a much shorter term. It makes sense to protect "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14628
+#: freeculture.xml:14644
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Scope:</emphasis> Likewise should the scope of derivative rights "
"be narrowed. Again, there are some cases in which derivative rights are "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14642
+#: freeculture.xml:14658
msgid ""
"This was the point that Alben made when describing the making of the Clint "
"Eastwood CD. While it makes sense to require negotiation for foreseeable "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14658
+#: freeculture.xml:14674
msgid "Goldstein, Paul"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14656
+#: freeculture.xml:14672
msgid ""
"Paul Goldstein, <citetitle>Copyright's Highway: From Gutenberg to the "
"Celestial Jukebox</citetitle> (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14650
+#: freeculture.xml:14666
msgid ""
"In each of these cases, the law should mark the uses that are protected, and "
"the presumption should be that other uses are not protected. This is the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14664
+#: freeculture.xml:14680
msgid ""
"Goldstein's analysis would make perfect sense if the cost of the legal "
"system were small. But as we are currently seeing in the context of the "
#. PAGE BREAK 301
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14671
+#: freeculture.xml:14687
msgid ""
"The law could remedy this problem either by removing protection beyond the "
"part explicitly drawn or by granting reuse rights upon certain statutory "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14681
+#: freeculture.xml:14697
msgid "4. Liberate the Music—Again"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14683
+#: freeculture.xml:14699
msgid ""
"The battle that got this whole war going was about music, so it wouldn't be "
"fair to end this book without addressing the issue that is, to most people, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14690
+#: freeculture.xml:14706
msgid ""
"The appeal of file-sharing music was the crack cocaine of the Internet's "
"growth. It drove demand for access to the Internet more powerfully than any "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14699
+#: freeculture.xml:14715
msgid ""
"The aim of copyright, with respect to content in general and music in "
"particular, is to create the incentives for music to be composed, performed, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14706
+#: freeculture.xml:14722
msgid ""
"File-sharing networks complicate this model by enabling the spread of "
"content for which the performer has not been paid. But of course, that's not "
#. A.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14715
+#: freeculture.xml:14731
msgid ""
"There are some who are using sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing "
"CDs."
#. B.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14720
+#: freeculture.xml:14736
msgid ""
"There are also some who are using sharing networks to sample, on the way to "
"purchasing CDs."
#. PAGE BREAK 302
#. C.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14726
+#: freeculture.xml:14742
msgid ""
"There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content "
"that is no longer sold but is still under copyright or that would have been "
#. D.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14732
+#: freeculture.xml:14748
msgid ""
"There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content "
"that is not copyrighted or to get access that the copyright owner plainly "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14740
+#: freeculture.xml:14756
msgid ""
"Any reform of the law needs to keep these different uses in focus. It must "
"avoid burdening type D even if it aims to eliminate type A. The eagerness "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14748
+#: freeculture.xml:14764
msgid ""
"As I said in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" "
"linkend=\"piracy\"/>, the actual harm caused by sharing is controversial. "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14756
+#: freeculture.xml:14772
msgid ""
"Nonetheless, there is a crucial fact about the current technological context "
"that we must keep in mind if we are to understand how the law should "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14761
+#: freeculture.xml:14777
msgid ""
"Today, file sharing is addictive. In ten years, it won't be. It is addictive "
"today because it is the easiest way to gain access to a broad range of "
#. PAGE BREAK 303
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14773
+#: freeculture.xml:14789
msgid ""
"But it will become a reality, and that means the way we get access to the "
"Internet today is a technology in transition. Policy makers should not make "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14787
+#: freeculture.xml:14803
msgid "cell phones, music streamed over"
msgstr ""
#. f8.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14807
+#: freeculture.xml:14823
msgid ""
"See, for example, <quote>Music Media Watch,</quote> The J@pan "
"Inc. Newsletter, 3 April 2002, available at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14789
+#: freeculture.xml:14805
msgid ""
"In that world, it will be extremely easy to connect to services that give "
"you access to content on the fly—such as Internet radio, content that "
#. PAGE BREAK 304
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14814
+#: freeculture.xml:14830
msgid ""
"This point about the future is meant to suggest a perspective on the "
"present: It is emphatically temporary. The <quote>problem</quote> with file "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14830
+#: freeculture.xml:14846
msgid ""
"The answer begins with recognizing that there are different "
"<quote>problems</quote> here to solve. Let's start with type D "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14841
+#: freeculture.xml:14857
msgid ""
"Type C content raises a different <quote>problem.</quote> This is content "
"that was, at one time, published and is no longer available. It may be "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14852
+#: freeculture.xml:14868
msgid ""
"Again, the model here is the used book store. Once a book goes out of print, "
"it may still be available in libraries and used book stores. But libraries "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14862
+#: freeculture.xml:14878
msgid ""
"The model of used book stores suggests that the law could simply deem "
"out-of-print music fair game. If the publisher does not make copies of the "
#. PAGE BREAK 305
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14873
+#: freeculture.xml:14889
msgid ""
"Alternatively, the law could create a statutory license that would ensure "
"that artists get something from the trade of their work. For example, if the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14883
+#: freeculture.xml:14899
msgid ""
"This system would also create an incentive for publishers to keep works "
"available commercially. Works that are available commercially would not be "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14893
+#: freeculture.xml:14909
msgid ""
"The hard case is content of types A and B, and again, this case is hard only "
"because the extent of the problem will change over time, as the technologies "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14901
+#: freeculture.xml:14917
msgid ""
"So here's a solution that will at first seem very strange to both sides in "
"this war, but which upon reflection, I suggest, should make some sense."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14905
+#: freeculture.xml:14921
msgid ""
"Stripped of the rhetoric about the sanctity of property, the basic claim of "
"the content industry is this: A new technology (the Internet) has harmed a "
#. PAGE BREAK 306
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14916
+#: freeculture.xml:14932
msgid ""
"I love the Internet, and so I don't like likening it to tobacco or "
"asbestos. But the analogy is a fair one from the perspective of the law. "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14923 freeculture.xml:14965
+#: freeculture.xml:14939 freeculture.xml:14981
msgid "Promises to Keep (Fisher)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14963
+#: freeculture.xml:14979
msgid "Fisher, William"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14929
+#: freeculture.xml:14945
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> William Fisher, "
"<citetitle>Digital Music: Problems and Possibilities</citetitle> (last "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14925
+#: freeculture.xml:14941
msgid ""
"The idea would be a modification of a proposal that has been floated by "
"Harvard law professor William Fisher.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14979
+#: freeculture.xml:14995
msgid ""
"Fisher's proposal is careful and comprehensive. It raises a million "
"questions, most of which he answers well in his upcoming book, "
#. PAGE BREAK 307
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14996
+#: freeculture.xml:15012
msgid ""
"Fisher would balk at the idea of allowing the system to lapse. His aim is "
"not just to ensure that artists are paid, but also to ensure that the system "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:15009
+#: freeculture.xml:15025
msgid "MusicStore"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:15011
+#: freeculture.xml:15027
msgid "prices of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15013
+#: freeculture.xml:15029
msgid ""
"No doubt it would be difficult to calculate the proper measure of "
"<quote>harm</quote> to an industry. But the difficulty of making that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:15028
+#: freeculture.xml:15044
msgid "cable vs. broadcast"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:15031
+#: freeculture.xml:15047
msgid "film industry"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:15031
+#: freeculture.xml:15047
msgid "luxury theatres vs. video piracy in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15033
+#: freeculture.xml:15049
msgid ""
"This competition has already occurred against the background of "
"<quote>free</quote> music from p2p systems. As the sellers of cable "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15045
+#: freeculture.xml:15061
msgid ""
"This regime of competition, with a backstop to assure that artists don't "
"lose, would facilitate a great deal of innovation in the delivery of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15054
+#: freeculture.xml:15070
msgid "In summary, then, my proposal is this:"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 308
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15059
+#: freeculture.xml:15075
msgid ""
"The Internet is in transition. We should not be regulating a technology in "
"transition. We should instead be regulating to minimize the harm to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15066
+#: freeculture.xml:15082
msgid "We can minimize that harm while maximizing the benefit to innovation by"
msgstr ""
#. 1.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15072
+#: freeculture.xml:15088
msgid "guaranteeing the right to engage in type D sharing;"
msgstr ""
#. 2.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15076
+#: freeculture.xml:15092
msgid ""
"permitting noncommercial type C sharing without liability, and commercial "
"type C sharing at a low and fixed rate set by statute;"
#. 3.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15082
+#: freeculture.xml:15098
msgid ""
"while in this transition, taxing and compensating for type A sharing, to the "
"extent actual harm is demonstrated."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15087
+#: freeculture.xml:15103
msgid ""
"But what if <quote>piracy</quote> doesn't disappear? What if there is a "
"competitive market providing content at a low cost, but a significant number "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15093
+#: freeculture.xml:15109
msgid ""
"Yes, it should. But, again, what it should do depends upon how the facts "
"develop. These changes may not eliminate type A sharing. But the real issue "
#. PAGE BREAK 309
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15107
+#: freeculture.xml:15123
msgid ""
"But we're a long way away from whittling the problem down to this subset of "
"type A sharers. And our focus until we're there should not be on finding "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:15118
+#: freeculture.xml:15134
msgid "5. Fire Lots of Lawyers"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15120
+#: freeculture.xml:15136
msgid ""
"I'm a lawyer. I make lawyers for a living. I believe in the law. I believe "
"in the law of copyright. Indeed, I have devoted my life to working in law, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15126
+#: freeculture.xml:15142
msgid ""
"Yet much of this book has been a criticism of lawyers, or the role lawyers "
"have played in this debate. The law speaks to ideals, but it is my view that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:15133
+#: freeculture.xml:15149
msgid "Nimmer, Melville"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:15134
+#: freeculture.xml:15150
msgid "Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA) (1998)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:15134
+#: freeculture.xml:15150
msgid "Supreme Court challenge of"
msgstr ""
#. f10.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15145
+#: freeculture.xml:15161
msgid ""
"Lawrence Lessig, <quote>Copyright's First Amendment</quote> (Melville "
"B. Nimmer Memorial Lecture), <citetitle>UCLA Law Review</citetitle> 48 "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15136
+#: freeculture.xml:15152
msgid ""
"The evidence of this bending is compelling. I'm attacked as a "
"<quote>radical</quote> by many within the profession, yet the positions that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15151
+#: freeculture.xml:15167
msgid ""
"However, my criticism of the role that lawyers have played in this debate is "
"not just about a professional bias. It is more importantly about our failure "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15161
+#: freeculture.xml:15177
msgid ""
"A good example is the work of Professor Stan Liebowitz. Liebowitz is to be "
"commended for his careful review of data about infringement, leading him to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15156
+#: freeculture.xml:15172
msgid ""
"Economists are supposed to be good at reckoning costs and benefits. But "
"more often than not, economists, with no clue about how the legal system "
#. PAGE BREAK 310
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15185
+#: freeculture.xml:15201
msgid ""
"But the legal system doesn't work. Or more accurately, it doesn't work for "
"anyone except those with the most resources. Not because the system is "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15193
+#: freeculture.xml:15209
msgid ""
"These costs distort free culture in many ways. A lawyer's time is billed at "
"the largest firms at more than $400 per hour. How much time should such a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15203
+#: freeculture.xml:15219
msgid ""
"The costliness and clumsiness and randomness of this system mock our "
"tradition. And lawyers, as well as academics, should consider it their duty "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15211
+#: freeculture.xml:15227
msgid ""
"But until that reform is complete, we as a society should keep the law away "
"from areas that we know it will only harm. And that is precisely what the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15218
+#: freeculture.xml:15234
msgid ""
"Think about the amazing things your kid could do or make with digital "
"technology—the film, the music, the Web page, the blog. Or think about "
#. PAGE BREAK 311
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15227
+#: freeculture.xml:15243
msgid ""
"The law should regulate in certain areas of culture—but it should "
"regulate culture only where that regulation does good. Yet lawyers rarely "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15236
+#: freeculture.xml:15252
msgid ""
"We should ask, <quote>Why?</quote> Show me why your regulation of culture is "
"needed. Show me how it does good. And until you can show me both, keep your "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:15245
+#: freeculture.xml:15261
msgid "NOTES"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15247
+#: freeculture.xml:15263
msgid ""
"Throughout this text, there are references to links on the World Wide "
"Web. As anyone who has tried to use the Web knows, these links can be highly "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:15266
+#: freeculture.xml:15282
msgid "ACKNOWLEDGMENTS"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15268
+#: freeculture.xml:15284
msgid ""
"This book is the product of a long and as yet unsuccessful struggle that "
"began when I read of Eric Eldred's war to keep books free. Eldred's work "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15275
+#: freeculture.xml:15291
msgid ""
"I received guidance in various places from friends and academics, including "
"Glenn Brown, Peter DiCola, Jennifer Mnookin, Richard Posner, Mark Rose, and "
#. PAGE BREAK 337
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15288
+#: freeculture.xml:15304
msgid ""
"Yuko Noguchi helped me to understand the laws of Japan as well as its "
"culture. I am thankful to her, and to the many in Japan who helped me "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15299
+#: freeculture.xml:15315
msgid ""
"These are the traditional sorts of help that academics regularly draw "
"upon. But in addition to them, the Internet has made it possible to receive "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15319
+#: freeculture.xml:15335
msgid ""
"Richard Stallman and Michael Carroll each read the whole book in draft, and "
"each provided extremely helpful correction and advice. Michael helped me to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15328
+#: freeculture.xml:15344
msgid ""
"Finally, and forever, I am thankful to Bettina, who has always insisted that "
"there would be unending happiness away from these battles, and who has "
projects / text-free-culture-lessig.git / commitdiff