From: Petter Reinholdtsen Date: Wed, 5 Sep 2012 14:35:26 +0000 (+0200) Subject: Add several indexterm entries after comparing with the ones in http://www.jus.uio... X-Git-Tag: edition-2015-10-10~1355 X-Git-Url: https://pere.pagekite.me/gitweb/text-free-culture-lessig.git/commitdiff_plain/1022b7a1e11361ce0763b823f11ab6940437ac69?ds=inline Add several indexterm entries after comparing with the ones in http://www.jus.uio.no/sisu/src/free_culture.lawrence_lessig.sst. --- diff --git a/freeculture.nb.po b/freeculture.nb.po index 122119f..f5482cc 100644 --- a/freeculture.nb.po +++ b/freeculture.nb.po @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: Free Culture by Lawrence Lessig\n" -"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-09-05 15:40+0300\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-09-05 16:31+0300\n" "PO-Revision-Date: 2012-08-29 11:14+0200\n" "Last-Translator: Petter Reinholdtsen \n" "Language-Team: Norwegian Bokmål \n" @@ -1677,7 +1677,7 @@ msgstr "" msgid "Constitution, U.S." msgstr "Grunnloven i USA" -#. type: Content of: +#. type: Content of:
msgid "First Amendment to" msgstr "Første tillegg til" @@ -1689,7 +1689,7 @@ msgstr "åndsverkslov" msgid "as protection of creators" msgstr "som beskyttelse for skapere" -#. type: Content of: +#. type: Content of:
msgid "First Amendment" msgstr "Første grunnlovstillegg" @@ -4971,7 +4971,7 @@ msgstr "" "skrives på denne måten. Når det er ti millioner, så vil det være noe " "ekstraordinært å rapportere." -#. type: Content of: +#. type: Content of:
msgid "Brown, John Seely" msgstr "Brown, John Seely" @@ -12488,6 +12488,10 @@ msgstr "" msgid "Why Hollywood Is Right" msgstr "Hvorfor Hollywood har rett" +#. type: Content of:
+msgid "four regulatory modalities on" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of:
#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -12630,6 +12634,10 @@ msgstr "" "utvikle kode for å beskytte opphavsrettsbeskyttet materiale og (4) lærere " "skal utdanne barn å bedre beskytte opphavsretten." +#. type: Content of:
+msgid "farming" +msgstr "landbruk" + #. type: Content of:
msgid "steel industry" msgstr "stålindustri" @@ -12786,6 +12794,14 @@ msgstr "" "på forespørsel fra de vondt ved å endre teknologi, er endringer som bevare " "insentiver og muligheter for innovasjon og endre." +#. type: Content of:
+msgid "speech, freedom of" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of:
+msgid "constitutional guarantee of" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of:
#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -12834,13 +12850,17 @@ msgstr "" msgid "Here's the metaphor that will capture the argument to follow." msgstr "Her kommer metaforen som vil forklare argumentet." +#. type: Content of:
+msgid "Müller, Paul Hermann" +msgstr "Müller, Paul Hermann" + #. type: Content of:
msgid "DDT" msgstr "DDT" #. type: Content of:
-msgid "Müller, Paul Hermann" -msgstr "Müller, Paul Hermann" +msgid "insecticide, environmental consequences of" +msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
#, mtrans, fuzzy @@ -12873,9 +12893,12 @@ msgid "Carson, Rachel" msgstr "Carson, Rachel" #. type: Content of:
-#, mtrans, fuzzy -msgid "Silent Sprint (Carson)" -msgstr "stille sprint (carson)" +msgid "Silent Spring (Carson)" +msgstr "Silent Spring (Carson)" + +#. type: Content of:
+msgid "environmentalism" +msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
#, mtrans, fuzzy @@ -12912,6 +12935,10 @@ msgstr "" msgid "Boyle, James" msgstr "Boyle, James" +#. type: Content of:
+msgid "innovative freedom balanced with fair compensation in" +msgstr "" + #. f7 #. type: Content of:
msgid "" diff --git a/freeculture.pot b/freeculture.pot index 301ada7..bde91ba 100644 --- a/freeculture.pot +++ b/freeculture.pot @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n" -"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-09-05 15:40+0300\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-09-05 16:31+0300\n" "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n" "Last-Translator: FULL NAME \n" "Language-Team: LANGUAGE \n" @@ -476,12 +476,12 @@ msgid "power, concentration of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:399 freeculture.xml:13541 +#: freeculture.xml:399 freeculture.xml:13557 msgid "CodePink Women in Peace" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:400 freeculture.xml:421 freeculture.xml:13542 +#: freeculture.xml:400 freeculture.xml:421 freeculture.xml:13558 msgid "Safire, William" msgstr "" @@ -603,17 +603,17 @@ msgid "air traffic, land ownership vs." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:490 freeculture.xml:14565 +#: freeculture.xml:490 freeculture.xml:14581 msgid "land ownership, air traffic and" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:491 freeculture.xml:4681 freeculture.xml:13444 freeculture.xml:14566 +#: freeculture.xml:491 freeculture.xml:4681 freeculture.xml:13460 freeculture.xml:14582 msgid "property rights" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:491 freeculture.xml:14566 +#: freeculture.xml:491 freeculture.xml:14582 msgid "air traffic vs." msgstr "" @@ -650,12 +650,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:515 freeculture.xml:528 freeculture.xml:561 freeculture.xml:581 freeculture.xml:767 freeculture.xml:894 freeculture.xml:1021 freeculture.xml:1039 freeculture.xml:1087 freeculture.xml:9334 freeculture.xml:12862 freeculture.xml:13645 +#: freeculture.xml:515 freeculture.xml:528 freeculture.xml:561 freeculture.xml:581 freeculture.xml:767 freeculture.xml:894 freeculture.xml:1021 freeculture.xml:1039 freeculture.xml:1087 freeculture.xml:9350 freeculture.xml:12878 freeculture.xml:13661 msgid "Causby, Thomas Lee" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:516 freeculture.xml:529 freeculture.xml:562 freeculture.xml:582 freeculture.xml:768 freeculture.xml:895 freeculture.xml:1022 freeculture.xml:1040 freeculture.xml:1088 freeculture.xml:9335 freeculture.xml:12863 freeculture.xml:13646 +#: freeculture.xml:516 freeculture.xml:529 freeculture.xml:562 freeculture.xml:582 freeculture.xml:768 freeculture.xml:895 freeculture.xml:1022 freeculture.xml:1040 freeculture.xml:1088 freeculture.xml:9351 freeculture.xml:12879 freeculture.xml:13662 msgid "Causby, Tinie" msgstr "" @@ -679,7 +679,7 @@ msgid "Douglas, William O." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:531 freeculture.xml:4570 freeculture.xml:13953 +#: freeculture.xml:531 freeculture.xml:4570 freeculture.xml:13969 msgid "Supreme Court, U.S." msgstr "" @@ -769,7 +769,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:606 freeculture.xml:9342 freeculture.xml:10033 +#: freeculture.xml:606 freeculture.xml:9358 freeculture.xml:10049 msgid "Armstrong, Edwin Howard" msgstr "" @@ -789,12 +789,12 @@ msgid "Faraday, Michael" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:610 freeculture.xml:4312 freeculture.xml:6727 freeculture.xml:9940 +#: freeculture.xml:610 freeculture.xml:4312 freeculture.xml:6731 freeculture.xml:9956 msgid "radio" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:610 freeculture.xml:6727 +#: freeculture.xml:610 freeculture.xml:6731 msgid "FM spectrum of" msgstr "" @@ -864,7 +864,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:662 freeculture.xml:6730 +#: freeculture.xml:662 freeculture.xml:6734 msgid "RCA" msgstr "" @@ -923,7 +923,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:694 freeculture.xml:6726 +#: freeculture.xml:694 freeculture.xml:6730 msgid "FM radio" msgstr "" @@ -1045,12 +1045,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:787 freeculture.xml:1160 freeculture.xml:2399 freeculture.xml:2411 freeculture.xml:2495 freeculture.xml:2529 freeculture.xml:2555 freeculture.xml:2805 freeculture.xml:6614 freeculture.xml:7379 freeculture.xml:9939 freeculture.xml:13178 freeculture.xml:13736 freeculture.xml:13737 freeculture.xml:13811 +#: freeculture.xml:787 freeculture.xml:1160 freeculture.xml:2399 freeculture.xml:2411 freeculture.xml:2495 freeculture.xml:2529 freeculture.xml:2555 freeculture.xml:2805 freeculture.xml:6615 freeculture.xml:7395 freeculture.xml:9955 freeculture.xml:13194 freeculture.xml:13752 freeculture.xml:13753 freeculture.xml:13827 msgid "Internet" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:787 freeculture.xml:13178 freeculture.xml:13736 +#: freeculture.xml:787 freeculture.xml:13194 freeculture.xml:13752 msgid "development of" msgstr "" @@ -1150,7 +1150,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:850 freeculture.xml:2902 freeculture.xml:2903 freeculture.xml:2930 freeculture.xml:2931 freeculture.xml:2932 freeculture.xml:9401 freeculture.xml:9402 freeculture.xml:9674 freeculture.xml:9675 freeculture.xml:9676 freeculture.xml:9719 +#: freeculture.xml:850 freeculture.xml:2902 freeculture.xml:2903 freeculture.xml:2930 freeculture.xml:2931 freeculture.xml:2932 freeculture.xml:9417 freeculture.xml:9418 freeculture.xml:9690 freeculture.xml:9691 freeculture.xml:9692 freeculture.xml:9735 msgid "copyright infringement lawsuits" msgstr "" @@ -1191,7 +1191,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:873 freeculture.xml:1761 freeculture.xml:6388 freeculture.xml:13776 +#: freeculture.xml:873 freeculture.xml:1761 freeculture.xml:6388 freeculture.xml:13792 msgid "free culture" msgstr "" @@ -1211,7 +1211,7 @@ msgid "free culture vs." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:880 freeculture.xml:9924 +#: freeculture.xml:880 freeculture.xml:9940 msgid "Litman, Jessica" msgstr "" @@ -1344,17 +1344,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:972 freeculture.xml:11183 freeculture.xml:11829 +#: freeculture.xml:972 freeculture.xml:6766 freeculture.xml:11199 freeculture.xml:11845 msgid "Constitution, U.S." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:972 +#. type: Content of:
+#: freeculture.xml:972 freeculture.xml:6766 msgid "First Amendment to" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:973 freeculture.xml:1138 freeculture.xml:1245 freeculture.xml:1270 freeculture.xml:1614 freeculture.xml:1658 freeculture.xml:1772 freeculture.xml:3163 freeculture.xml:4310 freeculture.xml:4311 freeculture.xml:6390 freeculture.xml:7378 freeculture.xml:7508 freeculture.xml:9562 freeculture.xml:9913 +#: freeculture.xml:973 freeculture.xml:1138 freeculture.xml:1245 freeculture.xml:1270 freeculture.xml:1614 freeculture.xml:1658 freeculture.xml:1772 freeculture.xml:3163 freeculture.xml:4310 freeculture.xml:4311 freeculture.xml:6390 freeculture.xml:6833 freeculture.xml:7394 freeculture.xml:7524 freeculture.xml:9578 freeculture.xml:9929 msgid "copyright law" msgstr "" @@ -1363,13 +1363,13 @@ msgstr "" msgid "as protection of creators" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:974 +#. type: Content of:
+#: freeculture.xml:974 freeculture.xml:6767 msgid "First Amendment" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:975 freeculture.xml:985 freeculture.xml:14964 +#: freeculture.xml:975 freeculture.xml:985 freeculture.xml:14980 msgid "Netanel, Neil Weinstock" msgstr "" @@ -1431,7 +1431,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1023 freeculture.xml:13094 freeculture.xml:13177 freeculture.xml:13345 +#: freeculture.xml:1023 freeculture.xml:13110 freeculture.xml:13193 freeculture.xml:13361 msgid "intellectual property rights" msgstr "" @@ -1627,7 +1627,7 @@ msgid "efficient content distribution on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1161 freeculture.xml:6615 +#: freeculture.xml:1161 freeculture.xml:6616 msgid "peer-to-peer (p2p) file sharing" msgstr "" @@ -1734,7 +1734,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1230 freeculture.xml:7281 +#: freeculture.xml:1230 freeculture.xml:7297 msgid "Zittrain, Jonathan" msgstr "" @@ -1776,7 +1776,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1245 freeculture.xml:7508 +#: freeculture.xml:1245 freeculture.xml:7524 msgid "on republishing vs. transformation of original work" msgstr "" @@ -1909,7 +1909,7 @@ msgid "Steamboat Willie" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1323 freeculture.xml:7305 +#: freeculture.xml:1323 freeculture.xml:7321 msgid "Mickey Mouse" msgstr "" @@ -1925,7 +1925,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1331 freeculture.xml:1548 freeculture.xml:1602 freeculture.xml:1743 freeculture.xml:1989 freeculture.xml:4557 freeculture.xml:6133 freeculture.xml:7304 freeculture.xml:10804 freeculture.xml:11186 +#: freeculture.xml:1331 freeculture.xml:1548 freeculture.xml:1602 freeculture.xml:1743 freeculture.xml:1989 freeculture.xml:4557 freeculture.xml:6133 freeculture.xml:7320 freeculture.xml:10820 freeculture.xml:11202 msgid "Disney, Walt" msgstr "" @@ -2033,22 +2033,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1399 freeculture.xml:1556 freeculture.xml:7381 freeculture.xml:7481 +#: freeculture.xml:1399 freeculture.xml:1556 freeculture.xml:7397 freeculture.xml:7497 msgid "derivative works" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1399 freeculture.xml:1556 freeculture.xml:7381 +#: freeculture.xml:1399 freeculture.xml:1556 freeculture.xml:7397 msgid "piracy vs." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1400 freeculture.xml:1559 freeculture.xml:3058 freeculture.xml:3741 freeculture.xml:7382 freeculture.xml:15030 +#: freeculture.xml:1400 freeculture.xml:1559 freeculture.xml:3058 freeculture.xml:3741 freeculture.xml:7398 freeculture.xml:15046 msgid "piracy" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1400 freeculture.xml:1559 freeculture.xml:7382 +#: freeculture.xml:1400 freeculture.xml:1559 freeculture.xml:7398 msgid "derivative work vs." msgstr "" @@ -2116,7 +2116,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1449 freeculture.xml:1744 freeculture.xml:10805 +#: freeculture.xml:1449 freeculture.xml:1744 freeculture.xml:10821 msgid "Grimm fairy tales" msgstr "" @@ -2173,17 +2173,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1494 freeculture.xml:11184 freeculture.xml:11185 +#: freeculture.xml:1494 freeculture.xml:6584 freeculture.xml:11200 freeculture.xml:11201 msgid "copyright" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1494 freeculture.xml:11185 +#: freeculture.xml:1494 freeculture.xml:11201 msgid "duration of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1495 freeculture.xml:1496 freeculture.xml:7862 freeculture.xml:13182 freeculture.xml:13970 freeculture.xml:13971 +#: freeculture.xml:1495 freeculture.xml:1496 freeculture.xml:7878 freeculture.xml:13198 freeculture.xml:13986 freeculture.xml:13987 msgid "public domain" msgstr "" @@ -2494,7 +2494,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1730 freeculture.xml:3076 freeculture.xml:4781 freeculture.xml:5009 freeculture.xml:7681 freeculture.xml:8794 +#: freeculture.xml:1730 freeculture.xml:3076 freeculture.xml:4781 freeculture.xml:5009 freeculture.xml:7697 freeculture.xml:8810 msgid "Vaidhyanathan, Siva" msgstr "" @@ -2643,7 +2643,7 @@ msgid "Daguerre, Louis" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1849 freeculture.xml:2004 freeculture.xml:2059 freeculture.xml:6689 +#: freeculture.xml:1849 freeculture.xml:2004 freeculture.xml:2059 freeculture.xml:6693 msgid "camera technology" msgstr "" @@ -2703,7 +2703,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1886 freeculture.xml:2041 freeculture.xml:6691 +#: freeculture.xml:1886 freeculture.xml:2041 freeculture.xml:6695 msgid "Kodak cameras" msgstr "" @@ -2874,7 +2874,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1990 freeculture.xml:9488 +#: freeculture.xml:1990 freeculture.xml:9504 msgid "images, ownership of" msgstr "" @@ -2945,7 +2945,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2042 freeculture.xml:9727 +#: freeculture.xml:2042 freeculture.xml:9743 msgid "Napster" msgstr "" @@ -3051,22 +3051,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2129 freeculture.xml:2675 freeculture.xml:6686 freeculture.xml:7550 freeculture.xml:8628 freeculture.xml:8699 +#: freeculture.xml:2129 freeculture.xml:2675 freeculture.xml:6690 freeculture.xml:7566 freeculture.xml:8644 freeculture.xml:8715 msgid "advertising" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2130 freeculture.xml:6688 +#: freeculture.xml:2130 freeculture.xml:6692 msgid "commercials" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2131 freeculture.xml:6687 freeculture.xml:15028 +#: freeculture.xml:2131 freeculture.xml:6691 freeculture.xml:15044 msgid "television" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2131 freeculture.xml:6687 +#: freeculture.xml:2131 freeculture.xml:6691 msgid "advertising on" msgstr "" @@ -3218,7 +3218,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f31 #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2245 freeculture.xml:4105 freeculture.xml:5201 freeculture.xml:8517 +#: freeculture.xml:2245 freeculture.xml:4105 freeculture.xml:5201 freeculture.xml:8533 msgid "Ibid." msgstr "" @@ -3376,7 +3376,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2361 freeculture.xml:8456 freeculture.xml:8693 +#: freeculture.xml:2361 freeculture.xml:8472 freeculture.xml:8709 msgid "ABC" msgstr "" @@ -3833,8 +3833,8 @@ msgid "" "something extraordinary to report." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2674 +#. type: Content of:
+#: freeculture.xml:2674 freeculture.xml:6681 msgid "Brown, John Seely" msgstr "" @@ -4006,7 +4006,7 @@ msgid "CHAPTER THREE: Catalogs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2799 freeculture.xml:2843 freeculture.xml:9404 +#: freeculture.xml:2799 freeculture.xml:2843 freeculture.xml:9420 msgid "Jordan, Jesse" msgstr "" @@ -4093,7 +4093,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2844 freeculture.xml:3745 freeculture.xml:3747 freeculture.xml:3748 freeculture.xml:5442 freeculture.xml:7992 freeculture.xml:13279 freeculture.xml:13348 +#: freeculture.xml:2844 freeculture.xml:3745 freeculture.xml:3747 freeculture.xml:3748 freeculture.xml:5442 freeculture.xml:8008 freeculture.xml:13295 freeculture.xml:13364 msgid "Microsoft" msgstr "" @@ -4176,7 +4176,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2902 freeculture.xml:9402 freeculture.xml:9676 +#: freeculture.xml:2902 freeculture.xml:9418 freeculture.xml:9692 msgid "in recording industry" msgstr "" @@ -4186,22 +4186,22 @@ msgid "against student file sharing" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2904 freeculture.xml:3002 freeculture.xml:4313 freeculture.xml:4314 freeculture.xml:4315 freeculture.xml:9677 freeculture.xml:10087 freeculture.xml:10088 freeculture.xml:10089 freeculture.xml:10245 +#: freeculture.xml:2904 freeculture.xml:3002 freeculture.xml:4313 freeculture.xml:4314 freeculture.xml:4315 freeculture.xml:9693 freeculture.xml:10103 freeculture.xml:10104 freeculture.xml:10105 freeculture.xml:10261 msgid "recording industry" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2904 freeculture.xml:9677 +#: freeculture.xml:2904 freeculture.xml:9693 msgid "copyright infringement lawsuits of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2905 freeculture.xml:2934 freeculture.xml:3003 freeculture.xml:9678 freeculture.xml:10090 freeculture.xml:10091 freeculture.xml:10243 +#: freeculture.xml:2905 freeculture.xml:2934 freeculture.xml:3003 freeculture.xml:9694 freeculture.xml:10106 freeculture.xml:10107 freeculture.xml:10259 msgid "Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2905 freeculture.xml:9678 +#: freeculture.xml:2905 freeculture.xml:9694 msgid "copyright infringement lawsuits filed by" msgstr "" @@ -4232,7 +4232,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2930 freeculture.xml:9401 freeculture.xml:9675 +#: freeculture.xml:2930 freeculture.xml:9417 freeculture.xml:9691 msgid "exaggerated claims of" msgstr "" @@ -4358,22 +4358,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3001 freeculture.xml:3370 freeculture.xml:4306 freeculture.xml:5451 freeculture.xml:5500 freeculture.xml:9985 freeculture.xml:10083 freeculture.xml:10244 freeculture.xml:10267 freeculture.xml:14929 freeculture.xml:14994 +#: freeculture.xml:3001 freeculture.xml:3370 freeculture.xml:4306 freeculture.xml:5451 freeculture.xml:5500 freeculture.xml:10001 freeculture.xml:10099 freeculture.xml:10260 freeculture.xml:10283 freeculture.xml:14945 freeculture.xml:15010 msgid "artists" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3001 freeculture.xml:3370 freeculture.xml:4306 freeculture.xml:9985 freeculture.xml:10083 freeculture.xml:10244 freeculture.xml:10267 freeculture.xml:14929 freeculture.xml:14994 +#: freeculture.xml:3001 freeculture.xml:3370 freeculture.xml:4306 freeculture.xml:10001 freeculture.xml:10099 freeculture.xml:10260 freeculture.xml:10283 freeculture.xml:14945 freeculture.xml:15010 msgid "recording industry payments to" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3002 freeculture.xml:4313 freeculture.xml:10087 freeculture.xml:10245 +#: freeculture.xml:3002 freeculture.xml:4313 freeculture.xml:10103 freeculture.xml:10261 msgid "artist remuneration in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3003 freeculture.xml:10091 +#: freeculture.xml:3003 freeculture.xml:10107 msgid "lobbying power of" msgstr "" @@ -4514,12 +4514,12 @@ msgid "General Film Company" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3106 freeculture.xml:3388 freeculture.xml:4539 freeculture.xml:10133 +#: freeculture.xml:3106 freeculture.xml:3388 freeculture.xml:4539 freeculture.xml:10149 msgid "Picker, Randal C." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3130 freeculture.xml:4538 freeculture.xml:9854 freeculture.xml:9980 +#: freeculture.xml:3130 freeculture.xml:4538 freeculture.xml:9870 freeculture.xml:9996 msgid "broadcast flag" msgstr "" @@ -4805,7 +4805,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3300 freeculture.xml:14625 +#: freeculture.xml:3300 freeculture.xml:14641 msgid "Grisham, John" msgstr "" @@ -4934,7 +4934,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:3405 freeculture.xml:9158 freeculture.xml:9630 freeculture.xml:12676 +#: freeculture.xml:3405 freeculture.xml:9174 freeculture.xml:9646 freeculture.xml:12692 msgid "Lovett, Lyle" msgstr "" @@ -5007,7 +5007,7 @@ msgid "Cable TV" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3447 freeculture.xml:4330 freeculture.xml:8353 freeculture.xml:8392 freeculture.xml:15027 +#: freeculture.xml:3447 freeculture.xml:4330 freeculture.xml:8369 freeculture.xml:8408 freeculture.xml:15043 msgid "cable television" msgstr "" @@ -5251,12 +5251,12 @@ msgid "Piracy I" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3610 freeculture.xml:3690 freeculture.xml:3740 freeculture.xml:15029 +#: freeculture.xml:3610 freeculture.xml:3690 freeculture.xml:3740 freeculture.xml:15045 msgid "Asia, commercial piracy in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3611 freeculture.xml:4058 freeculture.xml:9631 freeculture.xml:10485 freeculture.xml:14420 freeculture.xml:15011 +#: freeculture.xml:3611 freeculture.xml:4058 freeculture.xml:9647 freeculture.xml:10501 freeculture.xml:14436 freeculture.xml:15027 msgid "CDs" msgstr "" @@ -5338,7 +5338,7 @@ msgid "agricultural patents" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:3684 freeculture.xml:12968 freeculture.xml:13457 freeculture.xml:13464 +#: freeculture.xml:3684 freeculture.xml:12984 freeculture.xml:13473 freeculture.xml:13480 msgid "Drahos, Peter" msgstr "" @@ -5375,7 +5375,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3705 freeculture.xml:3979 freeculture.xml:15177 +#: freeculture.xml:3705 freeculture.xml:3979 freeculture.xml:15193 msgid "Liebowitz, Stan" msgstr "" @@ -5438,22 +5438,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3741 freeculture.xml:15030 +#: freeculture.xml:3741 freeculture.xml:15046 msgid "in Asia" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3742 freeculture.xml:13277 freeculture.xml:13863 +#: freeculture.xml:3742 freeculture.xml:13293 freeculture.xml:13879 msgid "free software/open-source software (FS/OSS)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3743 freeculture.xml:3773 freeculture.xml:11760 freeculture.xml:13292 freeculture.xml:13919 +#: freeculture.xml:3743 freeculture.xml:3773 freeculture.xml:11776 freeculture.xml:13308 freeculture.xml:13935 msgid "GNU/Linux operating system" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3744 freeculture.xml:3774 freeculture.xml:11762 freeculture.xml:13293 freeculture.xml:13920 +#: freeculture.xml:3744 freeculture.xml:3774 freeculture.xml:11778 freeculture.xml:13309 freeculture.xml:13936 msgid "Linux operating system" msgstr "" @@ -5494,12 +5494,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3762 freeculture.xml:6391 freeculture.xml:6467 freeculture.xml:6599 freeculture.xml:13951 +#: freeculture.xml:3762 freeculture.xml:6391 freeculture.xml:6467 freeculture.xml:6600 freeculture.xml:13967 msgid "law" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3762 freeculture.xml:13951 +#: freeculture.xml:3762 freeculture.xml:13967 msgid "databases of case reports in" msgstr "" @@ -5615,7 +5615,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3840 freeculture.xml:3848 freeculture.xml:9563 +#: freeculture.xml:3840 freeculture.xml:3848 freeculture.xml:9579 msgid "innovation" msgstr "" @@ -5625,7 +5625,7 @@ msgid "Fanning, Shawn" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3858 freeculture.xml:8586 +#: freeculture.xml:3858 freeculture.xml:8602 msgid "Christensen, Clayton M." msgstr "" @@ -5830,12 +5830,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3996 freeculture.xml:4005 freeculture.xml:4362 freeculture.xml:8152 freeculture.xml:8181 freeculture.xml:9910 freeculture.xml:14737 +#: freeculture.xml:3996 freeculture.xml:4005 freeculture.xml:4362 freeculture.xml:8168 freeculture.xml:8197 freeculture.xml:9926 freeculture.xml:14753 msgid "cassette recording" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3996 freeculture.xml:4362 freeculture.xml:8152 freeculture.xml:8181 freeculture.xml:9910 freeculture.xml:9911 freeculture.xml:14737 freeculture.xml:14738 +#: freeculture.xml:3996 freeculture.xml:4362 freeculture.xml:8168 freeculture.xml:8197 freeculture.xml:9926 freeculture.xml:9927 freeculture.xml:14753 freeculture.xml:14754 msgid "VCRs" msgstr "" @@ -6050,12 +6050,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:4160 freeculture.xml:4168 freeculture.xml:4190 freeculture.xml:4212 freeculture.xml:4720 freeculture.xml:6061 freeculture.xml:6066 freeculture.xml:6118 freeculture.xml:7034 freeculture.xml:7035 freeculture.xml:7377 freeculture.xml:7446 freeculture.xml:7480 freeculture.xml:7696 freeculture.xml:14123 freeculture.xml:14849 freeculture.xml:14850 +#: freeculture.xml:4160 freeculture.xml:4168 freeculture.xml:4190 freeculture.xml:4212 freeculture.xml:4720 freeculture.xml:6061 freeculture.xml:6066 freeculture.xml:6118 freeculture.xml:7050 freeculture.xml:7051 freeculture.xml:7393 freeculture.xml:7462 freeculture.xml:7496 freeculture.xml:7712 freeculture.xml:14139 freeculture.xml:14865 freeculture.xml:14866 msgid "books" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:4160 freeculture.xml:4168 freeculture.xml:7035 freeculture.xml:14850 +#: freeculture.xml:4160 freeculture.xml:4168 freeculture.xml:7051 freeculture.xml:14866 msgid "resales of" msgstr "" @@ -6094,7 +6094,7 @@ msgid "Bernstein, Leonard" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:4190 freeculture.xml:6061 freeculture.xml:6066 freeculture.xml:7034 freeculture.xml:14849 +#: freeculture.xml:4190 freeculture.xml:6061 freeculture.xml:6066 freeculture.xml:7050 freeculture.xml:14865 msgid "out of print" msgstr "" @@ -6126,7 +6126,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:4212 freeculture.xml:14123 +#: freeculture.xml:4212 freeculture.xml:14139 msgid "free on-line releases of" msgstr "" @@ -6248,22 +6248,22 @@ msgid "composers, copyright protections of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:4308 freeculture.xml:4309 freeculture.xml:4392 freeculture.xml:4393 freeculture.xml:10084 freeculture.xml:10085 freeculture.xml:10086 freeculture.xml:11828 +#: freeculture.xml:4308 freeculture.xml:4309 freeculture.xml:4392 freeculture.xml:4393 freeculture.xml:10100 freeculture.xml:10101 freeculture.xml:10102 freeculture.xml:11844 msgid "Congress, U.S." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:4308 freeculture.xml:4392 freeculture.xml:10084 +#: freeculture.xml:4308 freeculture.xml:4392 freeculture.xml:10100 msgid "on copyright laws" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:4309 freeculture.xml:10086 +#: freeculture.xml:4309 freeculture.xml:10102 msgid "on recording industry" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:4311 freeculture.xml:9913 +#: freeculture.xml:4311 freeculture.xml:9929 msgid "statutory licenses in" msgstr "" @@ -6278,12 +6278,12 @@ msgid "copyright protections in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:4315 freeculture.xml:10088 +#: freeculture.xml:4315 freeculture.xml:10104 msgid "radio broadcast and" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:4316 freeculture.xml:9912 +#: freeculture.xml:4316 freeculture.xml:9928 msgid "statutory licenses" msgstr "" @@ -6744,7 +6744,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:4661 freeculture.xml:6352 freeculture.xml:14110 +#: freeculture.xml:4661 freeculture.xml:6352 freeculture.xml:14126 msgid "Jefferson, Thomas" msgstr "" @@ -6928,7 +6928,7 @@ msgid "British Parliament" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:4770 freeculture.xml:4852 freeculture.xml:6968 +#: freeculture.xml:4770 freeculture.xml:4852 freeculture.xml:6984 msgid "Statute of Anne (1710)" msgstr "" @@ -7278,7 +7278,7 @@ msgid "Erskine, Andrew" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:5036 freeculture.xml:15273 +#: freeculture.xml:5036 freeculture.xml:15289 msgid "Rose, Mark" msgstr "" @@ -7873,7 +7873,7 @@ msgid "Allen, Paul" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:5441 freeculture.xml:5501 freeculture.xml:5686 freeculture.xml:10242 freeculture.xml:14640 +#: freeculture.xml:5441 freeculture.xml:5501 freeculture.xml:5686 freeculture.xml:10258 freeculture.xml:14656 msgid "Alben, Alex" msgstr "" @@ -8356,12 +8356,12 @@ msgid "CHAPTER NINE: Collectors" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:5798 freeculture.xml:8992 freeculture.xml:11273 freeculture.xml:11518 +#: freeculture.xml:5798 freeculture.xml:9008 freeculture.xml:11289 freeculture.xml:11534 msgid "archives, digital" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:5799 freeculture.xml:8291 +#: freeculture.xml:5799 freeculture.xml:8307 msgid "bots" msgstr "" @@ -8510,7 +8510,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:5901 freeculture.xml:5956 freeculture.xml:10227 +#: freeculture.xml:5901 freeculture.xml:5956 freeculture.xml:10243 msgid "Library of Congress" msgstr "" @@ -8525,7 +8525,7 @@ msgid "Vanderbilt University" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:5905 freeculture.xml:13822 freeculture.xml:13952 freeculture.xml:13988 +#: freeculture.xml:5905 freeculture.xml:13838 freeculture.xml:13968 freeculture.xml:14004 msgid "libraries" msgstr "" @@ -8890,7 +8890,7 @@ msgid "Johnson, Lyndon" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:6163 freeculture.xml:9986 +#: freeculture.xml:6163 freeculture.xml:10002 msgid "Kennedy, John F." msgstr "" @@ -8932,7 +8932,7 @@ msgid "Universal Pictures" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:6180 freeculture.xml:7662 freeculture.xml:7833 +#: freeculture.xml:6180 freeculture.xml:7678 freeculture.xml:7849 msgid "Warner Brothers" msgstr "" @@ -9194,7 +9194,7 @@ msgid "four modalities of constraint on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:6389 freeculture.xml:6644 freeculture.xml:9564 freeculture.xml:9679 +#: freeculture.xml:6389 freeculture.xml:6645 freeculture.xml:9580 freeculture.xml:9695 msgid "regulation" msgstr "" @@ -9209,7 +9209,7 @@ msgid "as ex post regulation modality" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:6391 freeculture.xml:6467 freeculture.xml:6599 +#: freeculture.xml:6391 freeculture.xml:6467 freeculture.xml:6600 msgid "as constraint modality" msgstr "" @@ -9234,7 +9234,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:6405 freeculture.xml:6596 freeculture.xml:6928 +#: freeculture.xml:6405 freeculture.xml:6597 freeculture.xml:6944 msgid "" msgstr "" @@ -9256,7 +9256,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:6425 freeculture.xml:6487 freeculture.xml:6600 +#: freeculture.xml:6425 freeculture.xml:6487 freeculture.xml:6601 msgid "norms, regulatory influence of" msgstr "" @@ -9274,7 +9274,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:6437 freeculture.xml:6486 freeculture.xml:6578 freeculture.xml:6616 freeculture.xml:9573 freeculture.xml:9805 +#: freeculture.xml:6437 freeculture.xml:6486 freeculture.xml:6578 freeculture.xml:6617 freeculture.xml:9589 freeculture.xml:9821 msgid "market constraints" msgstr "" @@ -9291,7 +9291,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:6448 freeculture.xml:6485 freeculture.xml:6536 freeculture.xml:6577 freeculture.xml:6598 +#: freeculture.xml:6448 freeculture.xml:6485 freeculture.xml:6536 freeculture.xml:6577 freeculture.xml:6599 msgid "architecture, constraint effected through" msgstr "" @@ -9463,8 +9463,13 @@ msgstr "" msgid "Why Hollywood Is Right" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of:
+#: freeculture.xml:6584 +msgid "four regulatory modalities on" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:6585 +#: freeculture.xml:6586 msgid "" "The most obvious point that this model reveals is just why, or just how, " "Hollywood is right. The copyright warriors have rallied Congress and the " @@ -9473,18 +9478,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:6591 +#: freeculture.xml:6592 msgid "Let's say this is the picture of copyright's regulation before the Internet:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:6595 freeculture.xml:6927 +#: freeculture.xml:6596 freeculture.xml:6943 msgid "Copyright's regulation before the Internet." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 136 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6603 +#: freeculture.xml:6604 msgid "" "There is balance between law, norms, market, and architecture. The law " "limits the ability to copy and share content, by imposing penalties on those " @@ -9498,22 +9503,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6614 +#: freeculture.xml:6615 msgid "copyright regulatory balance lost with" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6615 +#: freeculture.xml:6616 msgid "regulatory balance lost in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6617 +#: freeculture.xml:6618 msgid "MP3s" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6619 +#: freeculture.xml:6620 msgid "" "Enter the Internet, or, more precisely, technologies such as MP3s and p2p " "sharing. Now the constraint of architecture changes dramatically, as does " @@ -9524,18 +9529,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6628 freeculture.xml:7380 +#: freeculture.xml:6629 freeculture.xml:7396 msgid "technology" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6628 +#: freeculture.xml:6629 msgid "established industries threatened by changes in" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 137 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6630 +#: freeculture.xml:6631 msgid "" "Thus the sense of, and justification for, the warriors' response. " "Technology has changed, the warriors say, and the effect of this change, " @@ -9546,27 +9551,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6640 +#: freeculture.xml:6641 msgid "effective state of anarchy after the Internet." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6641 +#: freeculture.xml:6642 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1381.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6643 +#: freeculture.xml:6644 msgid "Commerce, U.S. Department of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6644 freeculture.xml:9564 +#: freeculture.xml:6645 freeculture.xml:9580 msgid "as establishment protectionism" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6646 +#: freeculture.xml:6647 msgid "" "Neither this analysis nor the conclusions that follow are new to the " "warriors. Indeed, in a <quote>White Paper</quote> prepared by the Commerce " @@ -9580,13 +9585,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6659 +#: freeculture.xml:6660 freeculture.xml:6800 +msgid "farming" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:6661 msgid "steel industry" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 138 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6661 +#: freeculture.xml:6663 msgid "" "This mixed strategy is just what copyright needed—if it was to " "preserve the particular balance that existed before the change induced by " @@ -9603,7 +9613,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6679 +#: freeculture.xml:6683 msgid "" "Thus, there's nothing wrong or surprising in the content industry's campaign " "to protect itself from the harmful consequences of a technological " @@ -9614,23 +9624,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6690 +#: freeculture.xml:6694 msgid "digital cameras" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6692 +#: freeculture.xml:6696 msgid "railroad industry" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6693 +#: freeculture.xml:6697 msgid "remote channel changers" msgstr "" #. f5 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6703 +#: freeculture.xml:6707 msgid "" "See Geoffrey Smith, <quote>Film vs. Digital: Can Kodak Build a " "Bridge?</quote> BusinessWeek online, 2 August 1999, available at <ulink " @@ -9642,7 +9652,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6695 +#: freeculture.xml:6699 msgid "" "But just because a particular interest asks for government support, it " "doesn't follow that support should be granted. And just because technology " @@ -9664,35 +9674,35 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6724 +#: freeculture.xml:6728 msgid "free market, technological changes in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6725 freeculture.xml:15216 +#: freeculture.xml:6729 freeculture.xml:15232 msgid "Brezhnev, Leonid" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6728 freeculture.xml:13416 +#: freeculture.xml:6732 freeculture.xml:13432 msgid "Gates, Bill" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6729 +#: freeculture.xml:6733 msgid "market competition" msgstr "" #. f6 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6742 +#: freeculture.xml:6746 msgid "" "Fred Warshofsky, <citetitle>The Patent Wars</citetitle> (New York: Wiley, " "1994), 170–71." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6732 +#: freeculture.xml:6736 msgid "" "The obvious answer to these obviously rhetorical questions is no. In a free " "society, with a free market, supported by free enterprise and free trade, " @@ -9710,7 +9720,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6753 +#: freeculture.xml:6757 msgid "" "Thus, while it is understandable for industries threatened with new " "technologies that change the way they do business to look to the government " @@ -9721,8 +9731,18 @@ msgid "" "preserve the incentives and opportunities for innovation and change." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:6768 +msgid "speech, freedom of" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:6768 +msgid "constitutional guarantee of" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6763 +#: freeculture.xml:6770 msgid "" "In the context of laws regulating speech—which include, obviously, " "copyright law—that duty is even stronger. When the industry " @@ -9739,7 +9759,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 140 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6779 +#: freeculture.xml:6786 msgid "" "My argument just now, however, has nothing to do with whether the changes " "that are being pushed by the copyright warriors are " @@ -9750,22 +9770,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6788 +#: freeculture.xml:6795 msgid "Here's the metaphor that will capture the argument to follow." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6790 +#: freeculture.xml:6797 +msgid "Müller, Paul Hermann" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:6798 msgid "DDT" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6791 -msgid "Müller, Paul Hermann" +#: freeculture.xml:6799 +msgid "insecticide, environmental consequences of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6793 +#: freeculture.xml:6802 msgid "" "In 1873, the chemical DDT was first synthesized. In 1948, Swiss chemist Paul " "Hermann Müller won the Nobel Prize for his work demonstrating the " @@ -9775,7 +9800,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6800 +#: freeculture.xml:6809 msgid "" "No one doubts that killing disease-carrying pests or increasing crop " "production is a good thing. No one doubts that the work of Müller was " @@ -9783,17 +9808,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6804 +#: freeculture.xml:6813 msgid "Carson, Rachel" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6805 -msgid "Silent Sprint (Carson)" +#: freeculture.xml:6814 +msgid "Silent Spring (Carson)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:6815 +msgid "environmentalism" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6807 +#: freeculture.xml:6817 msgid "" "But in 1962, Rachel Carson published <citetitle>Silent Spring</citetitle>, " "which argued that DDT, whatever its primary benefits, was also having " @@ -9802,7 +9832,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6813 +#: freeculture.xml:6823 msgid "" "No one set out to destroy the environment. Paul Müller certainly did not aim " "to harm any birds. But the effort to solve one set of problems produced " @@ -9814,13 +9844,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6821 +#: freeculture.xml:6832 msgid "Boyle, James" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:6833 +msgid "innovative freedom balanced with fair compensation in" +msgstr "" + #. f7 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6827 +#: freeculture.xml:6839 msgid "" "See, for example, James Boyle, <quote>A Politics of Intellectual Property: " "Environmentalism for the Net?</quote> <citetitle>Duke Law " @@ -9829,7 +9864,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 141 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6823 +#: freeculture.xml:6835 msgid "" "It is to this image precisely that Duke University law professor James Boyle " "appeals when he argues that we need an <quote>environmentalism</quote> for " @@ -9847,7 +9882,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6844 +#: freeculture.xml:6857 msgid "" "My argument, in the balance of this chapter, tries to map exactly this " "effect. No doubt the technology of the Internet has had a dramatic effect on " @@ -9861,19 +9896,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6855 +#: freeculture.xml:6869 msgid "" "In a line: To kill a gnat, we are spraying DDT with consequences for free " "culture that will be far more devastating than that this gnat will be lost." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6862 +#: freeculture.xml:6878 msgid "Beginnings" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6864 +#: freeculture.xml:6880 msgid "" "America copied English copyright law. Actually, we copied and improved " "English copyright law. Our Constitution makes the purpose of <quote>creative " @@ -9882,7 +9917,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6870 +#: freeculture.xml:6886 msgid "" "The power to establish <quote>creative property</quote> rights is granted to " "Congress in a way that, for our Constitution, at least, is very odd. Article " @@ -9891,7 +9926,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 142 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6875 +#: freeculture.xml:6891 msgid "" "Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, " "by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right " @@ -9905,7 +9940,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6888 +#: freeculture.xml:6904 msgid "" "The Progress Clause expressly limits the term of copyrights. As we saw in " "chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"founders\"/>, the " @@ -9918,7 +9953,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6898 +#: freeculture.xml:6914 msgid "" "The design of the Progress Clause reflects something about the " "Constitution's design in general. To avoid a problem, the framers built " @@ -9935,7 +9970,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6913 +#: freeculture.xml:6929 msgid "" "I doubt the framers would recognize the regulation we call " "<quote>copyright</quote> today. The scope of that regulation is far beyond " @@ -9946,7 +9981,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 143 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6920 +#: freeculture.xml:6936 msgid "" "Some of these changes come from the law: some in light of changes in " "technology, and some in light of changes in technology given a particular " @@ -9954,38 +9989,38 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6931 +#: freeculture.xml:6947 msgid "We will end here:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6934 +#: freeculture.xml:6950 msgid "<quote>Copyright</quote> today." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6935 +#: freeculture.xml:6951 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1442.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 144 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6938 +#: freeculture.xml:6954 msgid "Let me explain how." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6943 +#: freeculture.xml:6959 msgid "Law: Duration" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6959 +#: freeculture.xml:6975 msgid "Crosskey, William W." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6953 +#: freeculture.xml:6969 msgid "" "William W. Crosskey, <citetitle>Politics and the Constitution in the History " "of the United States</citetitle> (London: Cambridge University Press, 1953), " @@ -9996,7 +10031,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6945 +#: freeculture.xml:6961 msgid "" "When the first Congress enacted laws to protect creative property, it faced " "the same uncertainty about the status of creative property that the English " @@ -10012,7 +10047,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6970 +#: freeculture.xml:6986 msgid "" "That uncertainty ended after Congress passed legislation granting " "copyrights. Because federal law overrides any contrary state law, federal " @@ -10023,7 +10058,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6978 +#: freeculture.xml:6994 msgid "" "In 1790, Congress enacted the first copyright law. It created a federal " "copyright and secured that copyright for fourteen years. If the author was " @@ -10034,7 +10069,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f9 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6993 +#: freeculture.xml:7009 msgid "" "Although 13,000 titles were published in the United States from 1790 to " "1799, only 556 copyright registrations were filed; John Tebbel, <citetitle>A " @@ -10053,7 +10088,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6985 +#: freeculture.xml:7001 msgid "" "While there were many works created in the United States in the first ten " "years of the Republic, only 5 percent of the works were actually registered " @@ -10066,7 +10101,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 145 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7009 +#: freeculture.xml:7025 msgid "" "This system of renewal was a crucial part of the American system of " "copyright. It assured that the maximum terms of copyright would be granted " @@ -10077,7 +10112,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f10 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7024 +#: freeculture.xml:7040 msgid "" "Few copyright holders ever chose to renew their copyrights. For instance, of " "the 25,006 copyrights registered in 1883, only 894 were renewed in 1910. For " @@ -10091,7 +10126,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7018 +#: freeculture.xml:7034 msgid "" "Fourteen years may not seem long to us, but for the vast majority of " "copyright owners at that time, it was long enough: Only a small minority of " @@ -10102,12 +10137,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f11 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7041 +#: freeculture.xml:7057 msgid "See Ringer, ch. 9, n. 2." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7037 +#: freeculture.xml:7053 msgid "" "Even today, this structure would make sense. Most creative work has an " "actual commercial life of just a couple of years. Most books fall out of " @@ -10120,7 +10155,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7049 +#: freeculture.xml:7065 msgid "" "In the first hundred years of the Republic, the term of copyright was " "changed once. In 1831, the term was increased from a maximum of 28 years to " @@ -10131,7 +10166,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7057 +#: freeculture.xml:7073 msgid "" "Then, beginning in 1962, Congress started a practice that has defined " "copyright law since. Eleven times in the last forty years, Congress has " @@ -10145,7 +10180,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 146 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7067 +#: freeculture.xml:7083 msgid "" "The effect of these extensions is simply to toll, or delay, the passing of " "works into the public domain. This latest extension means that the public " @@ -10157,7 +10192,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7078 +#: freeculture.xml:7094 msgid "" "The effect of these extensions has been exacerbated by another, " "little-noticed change in the copyright law. Remember I said that the framers " @@ -10169,7 +10204,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7088 +#: freeculture.xml:7104 msgid "" "The United States abandoned this sensible system in 1976. For all works " "created after 1978, there was only one copyright term—the maximum " @@ -10181,7 +10216,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7098 +#: freeculture.xml:7114 msgid "" "This change meant that American law no longer had an automatic way to assure " "that works that were no longer exploited passed into the public domain. And " @@ -10193,7 +10228,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7115 +#: freeculture.xml:7131 msgid "" "These statistics are understated. Between the years 1910 and 1962 (the first " "year the renewal term was extended), the average term was never more than " @@ -10202,7 +10237,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7107 +#: freeculture.xml:7123 msgid "" "The effect of these changes on the average duration of copyright is " "dramatic. In 1973, more than 85 percent of copyright owners failed to renew " @@ -10214,12 +10249,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7124 +#: freeculture.xml:7140 msgid "Law: Scope" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7126 +#: freeculture.xml:7142 msgid "" "The <quote>scope</quote> of a copyright is the range of rights granted by " "the law. The scope of American copyright has changed dramatically. Those " @@ -10228,7 +10263,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7132 +#: freeculture.xml:7148 msgid "" "In 1790, that scope was very narrow. Copyright covered only <quote>maps, " "charts, and books.</quote> That means it didn't cover, for example, music or " @@ -10244,7 +10279,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7145 +#: freeculture.xml:7161 msgid "" "This, too, has changed dramatically. While the contours of copyright today " "are extremely hard to describe simply, in general terms, the right covers " @@ -10262,7 +10297,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 148 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7160 +#: freeculture.xml:7176 msgid "" "At the same time that the scope of copyright has expanded, procedural " "limitations on the right have been relaxed. I've already described the " @@ -10277,7 +10312,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7174 +#: freeculture.xml:7190 msgid "" "The reason for the registration requirement was the sensible understanding " "that for most works, no copyright was required. Again, in the first ten " @@ -10293,7 +10328,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7188 +#: freeculture.xml:7204 msgid "" "All of these <quote>formalities</quote> were abolished in the American " "system when we decided to follow European copyright law. There is no " @@ -10304,13 +10339,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7196 +#: freeculture.xml:7212 msgid "Consider a practical example to understand the scope of these differences." msgstr "" #. f13 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7207 +#: freeculture.xml:7223 msgid "" "See Thomas Bender and David Sampliner, <quote>Poets, Pirates, and the " "Creation of American Literature,</quote> 29 <citetitle>New York University " @@ -10320,7 +10355,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7200 +#: freeculture.xml:7216 msgid "" "If, in 1790, you wrote a book and you were one of the 5 percent who actually " "copyrighted that book, then the copyright law protected you against another " @@ -10334,7 +10369,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 149 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7219 +#: freeculture.xml:7235 msgid "" "The act left other creators totally unregulated. If I copied your poem by " "hand, over and over again, as a way to learn it by heart, my act was totally " @@ -10345,7 +10380,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7228 +#: freeculture.xml:7244 msgid "" "Today the story is very different: If you write a book, your book is " "automatically protected. Indeed, not just your book. Every e-mail, every " @@ -10356,7 +10391,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7237 +#: freeculture.xml:7253 msgid "" "That protection gives you the right (subject to a narrow range of fair use " "exceptions) to control how others copy the work, whether they copy it to " @@ -10364,7 +10399,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7242 +#: freeculture.xml:7258 msgid "" "That much is the obvious part. Any system of copyright would control " "competing publishing. But there's a second part to the copyright of today " @@ -10379,7 +10414,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7256 +#: freeculture.xml:7272 msgid "" "It is this derivative right that would seem most bizarre to our framers, " "though it has become second nature to us. Initially, this expansion was " @@ -10391,7 +10426,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7278 +#: freeculture.xml:7294 msgid "" "Jonathan Zittrain, <quote>The Copyright Cage,</quote> <citetitle>Legal " "Affairs</citetitle>, July/August 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -10400,7 +10435,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7268 +#: freeculture.xml:7284 msgid "" "In preventing that joke, the law created an astonishing power within a free " "culture—at least, it's astonishing when you understand that the law " @@ -10415,12 +10450,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7300 +#: freeculture.xml:7316 msgid "Rubenfeld, Jeb" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7293 +#: freeculture.xml:7309 msgid "" "Professor Rubenfeld has presented a powerful constitutional argument about " "the difference that copyright law should draw (from the perspective of the " @@ -10432,7 +10467,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7288 +#: freeculture.xml:7304 msgid "" "Yet copyright law treats these two different wrongs in the same way. I can " "go to court and get an injunction against your pirating my book. I can go to " @@ -10442,7 +10477,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7307 +#: freeculture.xml:7323 msgid "" "This again may seem right to you. If I wrote a book, then why should you be " "able to write a movie that takes my story and makes money from it without " @@ -10452,7 +10487,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7315 +#: freeculture.xml:7331 msgid "" "These are good arguments, and, in general, my point is not that the " "derivative right is unjustified. My aim just now is much narrower: simply to " @@ -10461,13 +10496,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7322 +#: freeculture.xml:7338 msgid "Law and Architecture: Reach" msgstr "" #. f16 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7329 +#: freeculture.xml:7345 msgid "" "This is a simplification of the law, but not much of one. The law certainly " "regulates more than <quote>copies</quote>—a public performance of a " @@ -10481,7 +10516,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7324 +#: freeculture.xml:7340 msgid "" "Whereas originally the law regulated only publishers, the change in " "copyright's scope means that the law today regulates publishers, users, and " @@ -10492,7 +10527,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 151 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7341 +#: freeculture.xml:7357 msgid "" "<quote>Copies.</quote> That certainly sounds like the obvious thing for " "<emphasis>copy</emphasis>right law to regulate. But as with Jack Valenti's " @@ -10508,7 +10543,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f17 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7359 +#: freeculture.xml:7375 msgid "" "Thus, my argument is not that in each place that copyright law extends, we " "should repeal it. It is instead that we should have a good argument for its " @@ -10517,7 +10552,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7354 +#: freeculture.xml:7370 msgid "" "This is perhaps the central claim of this book, so let me take this very " "slowly so that the point is not easily missed. My claim is that the Internet " @@ -10529,45 +10564,45 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7370 +#: freeculture.xml:7386 msgid "" "We can see this point abstractly by beginning with this largely empty " "circle." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7374 +#: freeculture.xml:7390 msgid "All potential uses of a book." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7375 +#: freeculture.xml:7391 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1521.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7377 +#: freeculture.xml:7393 msgid "three types of uses of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7378 +#: freeculture.xml:7394 msgid "copies as core issue of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7379 +#: freeculture.xml:7395 msgid "copyright applicability altered by technology of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7380 +#: freeculture.xml:7396 msgid "copyright intent altered by" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 152 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7385 +#: freeculture.xml:7401 msgid "" "Think about a book in real space, and imagine this circle to represent all " "its potential <emphasis>uses</emphasis>. Most of these uses are unregulated " @@ -10582,17 +10617,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7398 +#: freeculture.xml:7414 msgid "Examples of unregulated uses of a book." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7399 +#: freeculture.xml:7415 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1531.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7402 +#: freeculture.xml:7418 msgid "" "Obviously, however, some uses of a copyrighted book are regulated by " "copyright law. Republishing the book, for example, makes a copy. It is " @@ -10603,26 +10638,26 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7412 +#: freeculture.xml:7428 msgid "" "Finally, there is a tiny sliver of otherwise regulated copying uses that " "remain unregulated because the law considers these <quote>fair uses.</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7417 +#: freeculture.xml:7433 msgid "" "Republishing stands at the core of this circle of possible uses of a " "copyrighted work." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7418 +#: freeculture.xml:7434 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1541.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7421 +#: freeculture.xml:7437 msgid "" "These are uses that themselves involve copying, but which the law treats as " "unregulated because public policy demands that they remain unregulated. You " @@ -10635,30 +10670,30 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7431 +#: freeculture.xml:7447 msgid "Unregulated copying considered <quote>fair uses.</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7432 +#: freeculture.xml:7448 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1542.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7436 +#: freeculture.xml:7452 msgid "" "Uses that before were presumptively unregulated are now presumptively " "regulated." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7437 +#: freeculture.xml:7453 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1551.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 154 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7441 +#: freeculture.xml:7457 msgid "" "In real space, then, the possible uses of a book are divided into three " "sorts: (1) unregulated uses, (2) regulated uses, and (3) regulated uses that " @@ -10667,13 +10702,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7446 freeculture.xml:7480 freeculture.xml:7696 freeculture.xml:9940 +#: freeculture.xml:7462 freeculture.xml:7496 freeculture.xml:7712 freeculture.xml:9956 msgid "on Internet" msgstr "" #. f18 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7451 +#: freeculture.xml:7467 msgid "" "I don't mean <quote>nature</quote> in the sense that it couldn't be " "different, but rather that its present instantiation entails a copy. Optical " @@ -10683,7 +10718,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7448 +#: freeculture.xml:7464 msgid "" "Enter the Internet—a distributed, digital network where every use of a " "copyrighted work produces a copy.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " @@ -10700,7 +10735,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 155 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7469 +#: freeculture.xml:7485 msgid "" "So let's be very specific to make this general point clear. Before the " "Internet, if you purchased a book and read it ten times, there would be no " @@ -10713,12 +10748,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7481 +#: freeculture.xml:7497 msgid "technological developments and" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7483 +#: freeculture.xml:7499 msgid "" "But the same book as an e-book is effectively governed by a different set of " "rules. Now if the copyright owner says you may read the book only once or " @@ -10732,7 +10767,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7495 +#: freeculture.xml:7511 msgid "" "There are some people who think this makes perfect sense. My aim just now is " "not to argue about whether it makes sense or not. My aim is only to make " @@ -10741,7 +10776,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7501 +#: freeculture.xml:7517 msgid "" "First, making category 1 disappear is not anything any policy maker ever " "intended. Congress did not think through the collapse of the presumptively " @@ -10752,7 +10787,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7510 +#: freeculture.xml:7526 msgid "" "Second, this shift is especially troubling in the context of transformative " "uses of creative content. Again, we can all understand the wrong in " @@ -10767,7 +10802,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 156 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7522 +#: freeculture.xml:7538 msgid "" "Third, this shift from category 1 to category 2 puts an extraordinary burden " "on category 3 (<quote>fair use</quote>) that fair use never before had to " @@ -10781,7 +10816,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7541 +#: freeculture.xml:7557 msgid "" "This point about fair use is totally ignored, even by advocates for free " "culture. We have been cornered into arguing that our rights depend upon fair " @@ -10793,7 +10828,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7552 +#: freeculture.xml:7568 msgid "" "The case of Video Pipeline is a good example. Video Pipeline was in the " "business of making <quote>trailer</quote> advertisements for movies " @@ -10803,12 +10838,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7558 freeculture.xml:7618 freeculture.xml:13777 +#: freeculture.xml:7574 freeculture.xml:7634 freeculture.xml:13793 msgid "browsing" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7560 +#: freeculture.xml:7576 msgid "" "The company did this for about fifteen years. Then, in 1997, it began to " "think about the Internet as another way to distribute these previews. The " @@ -10821,7 +10856,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 157 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7569 +#: freeculture.xml:7585 msgid "" "In 1998, Video Pipeline informed Disney and other film distributors that it " "intended to distribute the trailers through the Internet (rather than " @@ -10837,7 +10872,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7584 +#: freeculture.xml:7600 msgid "" "Disney countersued—for $100 million in damages. Those damages were " "predicated upon a claim that Video Pipeline had <quote>willfully " @@ -10850,7 +10885,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7594 +#: freeculture.xml:7610 msgid "" "Disney has the right to control its property, of course. But the video " "stores that were selling Disney's films also had some sort of right to be " @@ -10862,7 +10897,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7604 +#: freeculture.xml:7620 msgid "" "Now, you might think this is a close case, and I think the courts would " "consider it a close case. My point here is to map the change that gives " @@ -10878,13 +10913,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7617 +#: freeculture.xml:7633 msgid "Barnes & Noble" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 158 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7621 +#: freeculture.xml:7637 msgid "" "No doubt, a potential is not yet an abuse, and so the potential for control " "is not yet the abuse of control. Barnes & Noble has the right to say you " @@ -10901,7 +10936,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7636 +#: freeculture.xml:7652 msgid "" "Again, my aim so far is simply to map the changes that this changed " "architecture enables. Enabling technology to enforce the control of " @@ -10912,12 +10947,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7645 +#: freeculture.xml:7661 msgid "Architecture and Law: Force" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7647 +#: freeculture.xml:7663 msgid "" "The disappearance of unregulated uses would be change enough, but a second " "important change brought about by the Internet magnifies its " @@ -10926,7 +10961,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7653 +#: freeculture.xml:7669 msgid "" "In the world before digital technology, it was generally the law that " "controlled whether and how someone was regulated by copyright law. The law, " @@ -10936,18 +10971,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7660 +#: freeculture.xml:7676 msgid "Casablanca" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7661 freeculture.xml:7832 +#: freeculture.xml:7677 freeculture.xml:7848 msgid "Marx Brothers" msgstr "" #. f19 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7672 +#: freeculture.xml:7688 msgid "" "See David Lange, <quote>Recognizing the Public Domain,</quote> " "<citetitle>Law and Contemporary Problems</citetitle> 44 (1981): " @@ -10955,7 +10990,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7664 +#: freeculture.xml:7680 msgid "" "There's a famous story about a battle between the Marx Brothers and Warner " "Brothers. The Marxes intended to make a parody of " @@ -10966,14 +11001,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7681 +#: freeculture.xml:7697 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Ibid. See also Vaidhyanathan, " "<citetitle>Copyrights and Copywrongs</citetitle>, 1–3." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7677 +#: freeculture.xml:7693 msgid "" "This led the Marx Brothers to respond in kind. They warned Warner Brothers " "that the Marx Brothers <quote>were brothers long before you " @@ -10985,7 +11020,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7691 +#: freeculture.xml:7707 msgid "" "An absurd and hollow threat, of course, because Warner Brothers, like the " "Marx Brothers, knew that no court would ever enforce such a silly " @@ -10994,7 +11029,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7698 +#: freeculture.xml:7714 msgid "" "On the Internet, however, there is no check on silly rules, because on the " "Internet, increasingly, rules are enforced not by a human but by a machine: " @@ -11006,17 +11041,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7710 +#: freeculture.xml:7726 msgid "Adobe eBook Reader" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7712 +#: freeculture.xml:7728 msgid "Consider the life of my Adobe eBook Reader." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7715 +#: freeculture.xml:7731 msgid "" "An e-book is a book delivered in electronic form. An Adobe eBook is not a " "book that Adobe has published; Adobe simply produces the software that " @@ -11025,13 +11060,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7722 +#: freeculture.xml:7738 msgid "On the next page is a picture of an old version of my Adobe eBook Reader." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 160 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7726 +#: freeculture.xml:7742 msgid "" "As you can see, I have a small collection of e-books within this e-book " "library. Some of these books reproduce content that is in the public domain: " @@ -11044,35 +11079,35 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7739 +#: freeculture.xml:7755 msgid "Picture of an old version of Adobe eBook Reader" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7740 +#: freeculture.xml:7756 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1611.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7743 +#: freeculture.xml:7759 msgid "" "If you click on the Permissions button, you'll see a list of the permissions " "that the publisher purports to grant with this book." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7747 +#: freeculture.xml:7763 msgid "List of the permissions that the publisher purports to grant." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7748 +#: freeculture.xml:7764 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1612.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 161 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7752 +#: freeculture.xml:7768 msgid "" "According to my eBook Reader, I have the permission to copy to the clipboard " "of the computer ten text selections every ten days. (So far, I've copied no " @@ -11083,84 +11118,84 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7759 +#: freeculture.xml:7775 msgid "Aristotle" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7760 +#: freeculture.xml:7776 msgid "<citetitle>Politics</citetitle>, (Aristotle)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7762 +#: freeculture.xml:7778 msgid "" "Here's the e-book for another work in the public domain (including the " "translation): Aristotle's <citetitle>Politics</citetitle>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7766 +#: freeculture.xml:7782 msgid "E-book of Aristotle;s <quote>Politics</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7767 +#: freeculture.xml:7783 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1621.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7770 +#: freeculture.xml:7786 msgid "" "According to its permissions, no printing or copying is permitted at " "all. But fortunately, you can use the Read Aloud button to hear the book." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7775 +#: freeculture.xml:7791 msgid "List of the permissions for Aristotle;s <quote>Politics</quote>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7776 +#: freeculture.xml:7792 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1622.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7778 freeculture.xml:9612 +#: freeculture.xml:7794 freeculture.xml:9628 msgid "Future of Ideas, The (Lessig)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7779 freeculture.xml:9613 freeculture.xml:13231 +#: freeculture.xml:7795 freeculture.xml:9629 freeculture.xml:13247 msgid "Lessig, Lawrence" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7781 +#: freeculture.xml:7797 msgid "" "Finally (and most embarrassingly), here are the permissions for the original " "e-book version of my last book, <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7787 +#: freeculture.xml:7803 msgid "List of the permissions for <quote>The Future of Ideas</quote>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7788 +#: freeculture.xml:7804 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1631.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7791 +#: freeculture.xml:7807 msgid "No copying, no printing, and don't you dare try to listen to this book!" msgstr "" #. f21 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7801 +#: freeculture.xml:7817 msgid "" "In principle, a contract might impose a requirement on me. I might, for " "example, buy a book from you that includes a contract that says I will read " @@ -11171,7 +11206,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7794 +#: freeculture.xml:7810 msgid "" "Now, the Adobe eBook Reader calls these controls " "<quote>permissions</quote>— as if the publisher has the power to " @@ -11186,7 +11221,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7816 +#: freeculture.xml:7832 msgid "" "The control comes instead from the code—from the technology within " "which the e-book <quote>lives.</quote> Though the e-book says that these are " @@ -11206,7 +11241,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 163 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7836 +#: freeculture.xml:7852 msgid "" "These are <emphasis>controls</emphasis>, not permissions. Imagine a world " "where the Marx Brothers sold word processing software that, when you tried " @@ -11215,7 +11250,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7842 +#: freeculture.xml:7858 msgid "" "This is the future of copyright law: not so much copyright " "<emphasis>law</emphasis> as copyright <emphasis>code</emphasis>. The " @@ -11227,7 +11262,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7851 +#: freeculture.xml:7867 msgid "" "How significant is this? Isn't it always possible to get around the controls " "built into the technology? Software used to be sold with technologies that " @@ -11237,24 +11272,24 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7858 +#: freeculture.xml:7874 msgid "" "We've only scratched the surface of this story. Return to the Adobe eBook " "Reader." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7861 +#: freeculture.xml:7877 msgid "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (Carroll)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7862 +#: freeculture.xml:7878 msgid "e-book restrictions on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7864 +#: freeculture.xml:7880 msgid "" "Early in the life of the Adobe eBook Reader, Adobe suffered a public " "relations nightmare. Among the books that you could download for free on the " @@ -11264,17 +11299,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7872 +#: freeculture.xml:7888 msgid "List of the permissions for <quote>Alice's Adventures in Wonderland</quote>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7874 +#: freeculture.xml:7890 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1641.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7878 +#: freeculture.xml:7894 msgid "" "Here was a public domain children's book that you were not allowed to copy, " "not allowed to lend, not allowed to give, and, as the " @@ -11283,7 +11318,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7883 +#: freeculture.xml:7899 msgid "" "The public relations nightmare attached to that final permission. For the " "text did not say that you were not permitted to use the Read Aloud button; " @@ -11294,7 +11329,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7891 +#: freeculture.xml:7907 msgid "" "Adobe responded quickly that it was absurd to think that it was trying to " "restrict the right to read a book aloud. Obviously it was only restricting " @@ -11309,7 +11344,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7906 +#: freeculture.xml:7922 msgid "" "The point is not to blame Adobe. Indeed, Adobe is among the most innovative " "companies developing strategies to balance open access to content with " @@ -11319,34 +11354,34 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7916 +#: freeculture.xml:7932 msgid "" "To see the point in a particularly absurd context, consider a favorite story " "of mine that makes the same point." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7919 freeculture.xml:8063 freeculture.xml:8128 freeculture.xml:8236 +#: freeculture.xml:7935 freeculture.xml:8079 freeculture.xml:8144 freeculture.xml:8252 msgid "Aibo robotic dog" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7920 freeculture.xml:8064 freeculture.xml:8129 freeculture.xml:8237 +#: freeculture.xml:7936 freeculture.xml:8080 freeculture.xml:8145 freeculture.xml:8253 msgid "robotic dog" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7921 freeculture.xml:8065 freeculture.xml:8130 freeculture.xml:8238 +#: freeculture.xml:7937 freeculture.xml:8081 freeculture.xml:8146 freeculture.xml:8254 msgid "Sony" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7921 freeculture.xml:8065 freeculture.xml:8130 freeculture.xml:8238 +#: freeculture.xml:7937 freeculture.xml:8081 freeculture.xml:8146 freeculture.xml:8254 msgid "Aibo robotic dog produced by" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7923 +#: freeculture.xml:7939 msgid "" "Consider the robotic dog made by Sony named <quote>Aibo.</quote> The Aibo " "learns tricks, cuddles, and follows you around. It eats only electricity and " @@ -11355,7 +11390,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 165 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7928 +#: freeculture.xml:7944 msgid "" "The Aibo is expensive and popular. Fans from around the world have set up " "clubs to trade stories. One fan in particular set up a Web site to enable " @@ -11366,7 +11401,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7937 +#: freeculture.xml:7953 msgid "" "<quote>Teach</quote> here has a special meaning. Aibos are just cute " "computers. You teach a computer how to do something by programming it " @@ -11377,12 +11412,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7944 +#: freeculture.xml:7960 msgid "hacks" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7946 +#: freeculture.xml:7962 msgid "" "If you're not a programmer or don't know many programmers, the word " "<citetitle>hack</citetitle> has a particularly unfriendly " @@ -11398,7 +11433,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7960 +#: freeculture.xml:7976 msgid "" "Some hacks are easy. Some are unbelievably hard. Hackers as a community like " "to challenge themselves and others with increasingly difficult " @@ -11408,7 +11443,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7967 +#: freeculture.xml:7983 msgid "" "The Aibo fan was displaying a bit of both when he hacked the program and " "offered to the world a bit of code that would enable the Aibo to dance " @@ -11419,7 +11454,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 166 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7977 +#: freeculture.xml:7993 msgid "" "I've told this story in many contexts, both inside and outside the United " "States. Once I was asked by a puzzled member of the audience, is it " @@ -11434,12 +11469,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7992 +#: freeculture.xml:8008 msgid "government case against" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7994 +#: freeculture.xml:8010 msgid "" "Let's put the dog to sleep for a minute, and turn to a pony show— not " "literally a pony show, but rather a paper that a Princeton academic named Ed " @@ -11453,12 +11488,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8017 freeculture.xml:10566 +#: freeculture.xml:8033 freeculture.xml:10582 msgid "Electronic Frontier Foundation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8007 +#: freeculture.xml:8023 msgid "" "See Pamela Samuelson, <quote>Anticircumvention Rules: Threat to " "Science,</quote> <citetitle>Science</citetitle> 293 (2001): 2028; Brendan " @@ -11477,7 +11512,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8005 +#: freeculture.xml:8021 msgid "" "But Felten's bravery was really tested in April 2001.<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> He and a group of colleagues were working on a " @@ -11487,7 +11522,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8025 +#: freeculture.xml:8041 msgid "" "The SDMI coalition had as its goal a technology to enable content owners to " "exercise much better control over their content than the Internet, as it " @@ -11499,7 +11534,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8035 +#: freeculture.xml:8051 msgid "" "When SDMI thought it was close to a standard, it set up a competition. In " "exchange for providing contestants with the code to an SDMI-encrypted bit of " @@ -11509,7 +11544,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 167 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8042 +#: freeculture.xml:8058 msgid "" "Felten and his team figured out the encryption system quickly. He and the " "team saw the weakness of this system as a type: Many encryption systems " @@ -11518,7 +11553,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8048 +#: freeculture.xml:8064 msgid "" "Let's review just what Felten was doing. Again, this is the United " "States. We have a principle of free speech. We have this principle not just " @@ -11529,7 +11564,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8056 +#: freeculture.xml:8072 msgid "" "What Felten and his colleagues were doing was publishing a paper describing " "the weakness in a technology. They were not spreading free music, or " @@ -11539,7 +11574,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8067 +#: freeculture.xml:8083 msgid "" "What links these two, aibopet.com and Felten, is the letters they then " "received. Aibopet.com received a letter from Sony about the aibopet.com " @@ -11547,7 +11582,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8074 +#: freeculture.xml:8090 msgid "" "Your site contains information providing the means to circumvent AIBO-ware's " "copy protection protocol constituting a violation of the anti-circumvention " @@ -11555,7 +11590,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8083 +#: freeculture.xml:8099 msgid "" "And though an academic paper describing the weakness in a system of " "encryption should also be perfectly legal, Felten received a letter from an " @@ -11564,7 +11599,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 168 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8089 +#: freeculture.xml:8105 msgid "" "Any disclosure of information gained from participating in the Public " "Challenge would be outside the scope of activities permitted by the " @@ -11573,7 +11608,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8097 +#: freeculture.xml:8113 msgid "" "In both cases, this weirdly Orwellian law was invoked to control the spread " "of information. The Digital Millennium Copyright Act made spreading such " @@ -11581,7 +11616,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8102 +#: freeculture.xml:8118 msgid "" "The DMCA was enacted as a response to copyright owners' first fear about " "cyberspace. The fear was that copyright control was effectively dead; the " @@ -11594,7 +11629,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8113 +#: freeculture.xml:8129 msgid "" "The DMCA was a bit of law intended to back up the protection of this code " "designed to protect copyrighted material. It was, we could say, " @@ -11604,7 +11639,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8120 +#: freeculture.xml:8136 msgid "" "But the DMCA was not designed merely to protect copyrighted works to the " "extent copyright law protected them. Its protection, that is, did not end at " @@ -11616,7 +11651,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 169 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8132 +#: freeculture.xml:8148 msgid "" "Aibopet.com and Felten make the point. The Aibo hack circumvented a " "copyright protection system for the purpose of enabling the dog to dance " @@ -11630,7 +11665,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8144 +#: freeculture.xml:8160 msgid "" "The threat against Felten was more attenuated, but it followed the same line " "of reasoning. By publishing a paper describing how a copyright protection " @@ -11641,17 +11676,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8151 freeculture.xml:8186 +#: freeculture.xml:8167 freeculture.xml:8202 msgid "Rogers, Fred" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8162 freeculture.xml:8199 freeculture.xml:8225 +#: freeculture.xml:8178 freeculture.xml:8215 freeculture.xml:8241 msgid "Conrad, Paul" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8154 +#: freeculture.xml:8170 msgid "" "The bizarreness of these arguments is captured in a cartoon drawn in 1981 by " "Paul Conrad. At that time, a court in California had held that the VCR could " @@ -11664,7 +11699,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8181 +#: freeculture.xml:8197 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <citetitle>Sony Corporation of " "America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal City Studios, Inc</citetitle>., " @@ -11675,7 +11710,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8166 +#: freeculture.xml:8182 msgid "" "Some public stations, as well as commercial stations, program the " "<quote>Neighborhood</quote> at hours when some children cannot use it. I " @@ -11695,7 +11730,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 170 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8192 +#: freeculture.xml:8208 msgid "" "Even though there were uses that were legal, because there were some uses " "that were illegal, the court held the companies producing the VCR " @@ -11703,19 +11738,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8197 +#: freeculture.xml:8213 msgid "" "This led Conrad to draw the cartoon below, which we can adopt to the DMCA. " "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8202 +#: freeculture.xml:8218 msgid "No argument I have can top this picture, but let me try to get close." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8205 +#: freeculture.xml:8221 msgid "" "The anticircumvention provisions of the DMCA target copyright circumvention " "technologies. Circumvention technologies can be used for different " @@ -11726,13 +11761,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8212 +#: freeculture.xml:8228 msgid "handguns" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 171 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8214 +#: freeculture.xml:8230 msgid "" "A handgun can be used to shoot a police officer or a child. Most would agree " "such a use is bad. Or a handgun can be used for target practice or to " @@ -11741,17 +11776,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8222 +#: freeculture.xml:8238 msgid "VCR/handgun cartoon." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:8223 +#: freeculture.xml:8239 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1711.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8227 +#: freeculture.xml:8243 msgid "" "The obvious point of Conrad's cartoon is the weirdness of a world where guns " "are legal, despite the harm they can do, while VCRs (and circumvention " @@ -11762,7 +11797,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8240 +#: freeculture.xml:8256 msgid "" "The Aibo and RIAA examples demonstrate how copyright owners are changing the " "balance that copyright law grants. Using code, copyright owners restrict " @@ -11773,7 +11808,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8248 +#: freeculture.xml:8264 msgid "" "This is how <emphasis>code</emphasis> becomes <emphasis>law</emphasis>. The " "controls built into the technology of copy and access protection become " @@ -11787,7 +11822,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8260 +#: freeculture.xml:8276 msgid "" "There is one final aspect of the interaction between architecture and law " "that contributes to the force of copyright's regulation. This is the ease " @@ -11802,7 +11837,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f24 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8279 +#: freeculture.xml:8295 msgid "" "For an early and prescient analysis, see Rebecca Tushnet, <quote>Legal " "Fictions, Copyright, Fan Fiction, and a New Common Law,</quote> " @@ -11811,7 +11846,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8273 +#: freeculture.xml:8289 msgid "" "For example, imagine you were part of a <citetitle>Star Trek</citetitle> fan " "club. You gathered every month to share trivia, and maybe to enact a kind of " @@ -11821,7 +11856,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8285 +#: freeculture.xml:8301 msgid "" "Before the Internet, this was, in effect, a totally unregulated activity. " "No matter what happened inside your club room, you would never be interfered " @@ -11831,7 +11866,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8293 +#: freeculture.xml:8309 msgid "" "But if you moved your club onto the Internet, and made it generally " "available for others to join, the story would be very different. Bots " @@ -11844,7 +11879,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8303 +#: freeculture.xml:8319 msgid "" "This change in the effective force of the law is caused by a change in the " "ease with which the law can be enforced. That change too shifts the law's " @@ -11855,13 +11890,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8312 +#: freeculture.xml:8328 msgid "Market: Concentration" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 173 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8314 +#: freeculture.xml:8330 msgid "" "So copyright's duration has increased dramatically—tripled in the past " "thirty years. And copyright's scope has increased as well—from " @@ -11879,7 +11914,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8332 +#: freeculture.xml:8348 msgid "" "Still, in my view, all of these changes would not matter much if it weren't " "for one more change that we must also consider. This is a change that is in " @@ -11889,7 +11924,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8339 +#: freeculture.xml:8355 msgid "" "This is the change in the concentration and integration of the media. In " "the past twenty years, the nature of media ownership has undergone a radical " @@ -11902,38 +11937,38 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8350 +#: freeculture.xml:8366 msgid "These changes are of two sorts: the scope of concentration, and its nature." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8354 +#: freeculture.xml:8370 msgid "BMG" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8355 freeculture.xml:9722 +#: freeculture.xml:8371 freeculture.xml:9738 msgid "EMI" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8356 +#: freeculture.xml:8372 msgid "McCain, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8357 freeculture.xml:9729 +#: freeculture.xml:8373 freeculture.xml:9745 msgid "Universal Music Group" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8358 +#: freeculture.xml:8374 msgid "Warner Music Group" msgstr "" #. f25 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8364 +#: freeculture.xml:8380 msgid "" "FCC Oversight: Hearing Before the Senate Commerce, Science and " "Transportation Committee, 108th Cong., 1st sess. (22 May 2003) (statement " @@ -11942,7 +11977,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f26 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8371 +#: freeculture.xml:8387 msgid "" "Lynette Holloway, <quote>Despite a Marketing Blitz, CD Sales Continue to " "Slide,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 23 December 2002." @@ -11950,14 +11985,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f27 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8377 +#: freeculture.xml:8393 msgid "" "Molly Ivins, <quote>Media Consolidation Must Be Stopped,</quote> " "<citetitle>Charleston Gazette</citetitle>, 31 May 2003." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8360 +#: freeculture.xml:8376 msgid "" "Changes in scope are the easier ones to describe. As Senator John McCain " "summarized the data produced in the FCC's review of media ownership, " @@ -11972,7 +12007,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 174 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8382 +#: freeculture.xml:8398 msgid "" "The story with radio is even more dramatic. Before deregulation, the " "nation's largest radio broadcasting conglomerate owned fewer than " @@ -11985,7 +12020,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8394 +#: freeculture.xml:8410 msgid "" "Newspaper ownership is becoming more concentrated as well. Today, there are " "six hundred fewer daily newspapers in the United States than there were " @@ -11999,12 +12034,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8408 freeculture.xml:8425 +#: freeculture.xml:8424 freeculture.xml:8441 msgid "Fallows, James" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8405 +#: freeculture.xml:8421 msgid "" "Concentration in size alone is one thing. The more invidious change is in " "the nature of that concentration. As author James Fallows put it in a recent " @@ -12012,7 +12047,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8423 +#: freeculture.xml:8439 msgid "" "James Fallows, <quote>The Age of Murdoch,</quote> <citetitle>Atlantic " "Monthly</citetitle> (September 2003): 89. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " @@ -12020,7 +12055,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8412 +#: freeculture.xml:8428 msgid "" "Murdoch's companies now constitute a production system unmatched in its " "integration. They supply content—Fox movies … Fox TV shows " @@ -12035,7 +12070,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8430 +#: freeculture.xml:8446 msgid "" "The pattern with Murdoch is the pattern of modern media. Not just large " "companies owning many radio stations, but a few companies owning as many " @@ -12044,18 +12079,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8436 +#: freeculture.xml:8452 msgid "Pattern of modern media ownership." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:8437 +#: freeculture.xml:8453 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1761.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 175 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8441 +#: freeculture.xml:8457 msgid "" "Does this concentration matter? Will it affect what is made, or what is " "distributed? Or is it merely a more efficient way to produce and distribute " @@ -12063,7 +12098,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8446 +#: freeculture.xml:8462 msgid "" "My view was that concentration wouldn't matter. I thought it was nothing " "more than a more efficient financial structure. But now, after reading and " @@ -12072,24 +12107,24 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8452 +#: freeculture.xml:8468 msgid "" "Here's a representative story that begins to suggest how this integration " "may matter." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8455 +#: freeculture.xml:8471 msgid "Lear, Norman" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8457 freeculture.xml:8520 +#: freeculture.xml:8473 freeculture.xml:8536 msgid "All in the Family" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8459 +#: freeculture.xml:8475 msgid "" "In 1969, Norman Lear created a pilot for <citetitle>All in the " "Family</citetitle>. He took the pilot to ABC. The network didn't like it. It " @@ -12100,7 +12135,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f29 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8471 +#: freeculture.xml:8487 msgid "" "Leonard Hill, <quote>The Axis of Access,</quote> remarks before Weidenbaum " "Center Forum, <quote>Entertainment Economics: The Movie Industry,</quote> " @@ -12111,7 +12146,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8466 +#: freeculture.xml:8482 msgid "" "Rather than comply, Lear simply took the show elsewhere. CBS was happy to " "have the series; ABC could not stop Lear from walking. The copyrights that " @@ -12121,7 +12156,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 176 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8482 +#: freeculture.xml:8498 msgid "" "The network did not control those copyrights because the law forbade the " "networks from controlling the content they syndicated. The law required a " @@ -12133,7 +12168,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f30 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8501 +#: freeculture.xml:8517 msgid "" "NewsCorp./DirecTV Merger and Media Consolidation: Hearings on Media " "Ownership Before the Senate Commerce Committee, 108th Cong., 1st " @@ -12145,7 +12180,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8491 +#: freeculture.xml:8507 msgid "" "In 1994, the FCC abandoned the rules that required this independence. After " "that change, the networks quickly changed the balance. In 1985, there were " @@ -12164,7 +12199,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8522 +#: freeculture.xml:8538 msgid "" "Today, another Norman Lear with another <citetitle>All in the " "Family</citetitle> would find that he had the choice either to make the show " @@ -12173,17 +12208,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8527 +#: freeculture.xml:8543 msgid "Diller, Barry" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8528 +#: freeculture.xml:8544 msgid "Moyers, Bill" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8530 +#: freeculture.xml:8546 msgid "" "While the number of channels has increased dramatically, the ownership of " "those channels has narrowed to an ever smaller and smaller few. As Barry " @@ -12192,7 +12227,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f32 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8545 +#: freeculture.xml:8561 msgid "" "<quote>Barry Diller Takes on Media Deregulation,</quote> <citetitle>Now with " "Bill Moyers</citetitle>, Bill Moyers, 25 April 2003, edited transcript " @@ -12200,7 +12235,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8536 +#: freeculture.xml:8552 msgid "" "Well, if you have companies that produce, that finance, that air on their " "channel and then distribute worldwide everything that goes through their " @@ -12211,7 +12246,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8552 +#: freeculture.xml:8568 msgid "" "This narrowing has an effect on what is produced. The product of such large " "and concentrated networks is increasingly homogenous. Increasingly " @@ -12225,13 +12260,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8563 +#: freeculture.xml:8579 msgid "Clark, Kim B." msgstr "" #. f33 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8572 +#: freeculture.xml:8588 msgid "" "Clayton M. Christensen, <citetitle>The Innovator's Dilemma: The " "Revolutionary National Bestseller that Changed the Way We Do " @@ -12247,7 +12282,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8565 +#: freeculture.xml:8581 msgid "" "Economics itself offers a parallel that explains why this integration " "affects creativity. Clay Christensen has written about the " @@ -12262,7 +12297,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8589 +#: freeculture.xml:8605 msgid "" "I don't think we know enough about the economics of the media market to say " "with certainty what concentration and integration will do. The efficiencies " @@ -12270,14 +12305,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8595 +#: freeculture.xml:8611 msgid "" "But there is a quintessentially obvious example that does strongly suggest " "the concern." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8599 +#: freeculture.xml:8615 msgid "" "In addition to the copyright wars, we're in the middle of the drug " "wars. Government policy is strongly directed against the drug cartels; " @@ -12286,7 +12321,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 178 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8604 +#: freeculture.xml:8620 msgid "" "Let me hereby disqualify myself from any possible appointment to any " "position in government by saying I believe this war is a profound mistake. I " @@ -12304,7 +12339,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8623 +#: freeculture.xml:8639 msgid "" "You may not be convinced. That's fine. We live in a democracy, and it is " "through votes that we are to choose policy. But to do that, we depend " @@ -12312,7 +12347,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8630 +#: freeculture.xml:8646 msgid "" "Beginning in 1998, the Office of National Drug Control Policy launched a " "media campaign as part of the <quote>war on drugs.</quote> The campaign " @@ -12327,14 +12362,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8642 +#: freeculture.xml:8658 msgid "" "Fair enough. It's a good ad. Not terribly misleading. It delivers its " "message well. It's a fair and reasonable message." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8646 +#: freeculture.xml:8662 msgid "" "But let's say you think it is a wrong message, and you'd like to run a " "countercommercial. Say you want to run a series of ads that try to " @@ -12344,7 +12379,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 179 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8652 +#: freeculture.xml:8668 msgid "" "Well, obviously, these ads cost lots of money. Assume you raise the " "money. Assume a group of concerned citizens donates all the money in the " @@ -12353,32 +12388,32 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8694 +#: freeculture.xml:8710 msgid "Comcast" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8695 +#: freeculture.xml:8711 msgid "Marijuana Policy Project" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8696 +#: freeculture.xml:8712 msgid "NBC" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8697 +#: freeculture.xml:8713 msgid "WJOA" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8698 +#: freeculture.xml:8714 msgid "WRC" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8669 +#: freeculture.xml:8685 msgid "" "The Marijuana Policy Project, in February 2003, sought to place ads that " "directly responded to the Nick and Norm series on stations within the " @@ -12412,7 +12447,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8659 +#: freeculture.xml:8675 msgid "" "No. You cannot. Television stations have a general policy of avoiding " "<quote>controversial</quote> ads. Ads sponsored by the government are deemed " @@ -12426,7 +12461,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8703 +#: freeculture.xml:8719 msgid "" "I'd be happy to defend the networks' rights, as well—if we lived in a " "media market that was truly diverse. But concentration in the media throws " @@ -12439,12 +12474,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8716 +#: freeculture.xml:8732 msgid "Together" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8718 +#: freeculture.xml:8734 msgid "" "There is something innocent and obvious about the claim of the copyright " "warriors that the government should <quote>protect my property.</quote> In " @@ -12454,7 +12489,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 180 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8724 +#: freeculture.xml:8740 msgid "" "But when we see how dramatically this <quote>property</quote> has " "changed— when we recognize how it might now interact with both " @@ -12469,7 +12504,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8740 +#: freeculture.xml:8756 msgid "" "Not starkly. Or absolutely. My point is not that we should abolish copyright " "or go back to the eighteenth century. That would be a total mistake, " @@ -12478,7 +12513,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8746 +#: freeculture.xml:8762 msgid "" "But there is a space between zero and one, Internet culture " "notwithstanding. And these massive shifts in the effective power of " @@ -12492,7 +12527,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8758 +#: freeculture.xml:8774 msgid "" "Copyright law has not been a rock of Gibraltar. It's not a set of constant " "commitments that, for some mysterious reason, teenagers and geeks now " @@ -12507,7 +12542,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 181 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8770 +#: freeculture.xml:8786 msgid "" "For the single point that is lost in this war on pirates is a point that we " "see only after surveying the range of these changes. When you add together " @@ -12518,7 +12553,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8794 +#: freeculture.xml:8810 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Siva Vaidhyanathan captures a " "similar point in his <quote>four surrenders</quote> of copyright law in the " @@ -12526,7 +12561,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8779 +#: freeculture.xml:8795 msgid "" "Not when copyrights were perpetual, for when copyrights were perpetual, they " "affected only that precise creative work. Not when only publishers had the " @@ -12544,14 +12579,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8800 +#: freeculture.xml:8816 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>This has been</emphasis> a long chapter. Its point " "can now be briefly stated." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8804 +#: freeculture.xml:8820 msgid "" "At the start of this book, I distinguished between commercial and " "noncommercial culture. In the course of this chapter, I have distinguished " @@ -12561,38 +12596,38 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8816 freeculture.xml:8853 +#: freeculture.xml:8832 freeculture.xml:8869 msgid "PUBLISH" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8817 freeculture.xml:8854 freeculture.xml:8892 freeculture.xml:8924 +#: freeculture.xml:8833 freeculture.xml:8870 freeculture.xml:8908 freeculture.xml:8940 msgid "TRANSFORM" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8822 freeculture.xml:8859 freeculture.xml:8897 freeculture.xml:8929 +#: freeculture.xml:8838 freeculture.xml:8875 freeculture.xml:8913 freeculture.xml:8945 msgid "Commercial" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8823 freeculture.xml:8860 freeculture.xml:8861 freeculture.xml:8898 freeculture.xml:8899 freeculture.xml:8930 freeculture.xml:8931 freeculture.xml:8935 freeculture.xml:8936 +#: freeculture.xml:8839 freeculture.xml:8876 freeculture.xml:8877 freeculture.xml:8914 freeculture.xml:8915 freeculture.xml:8946 freeculture.xml:8947 freeculture.xml:8951 freeculture.xml:8952 msgid "©" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8824 freeculture.xml:8828 freeculture.xml:8829 freeculture.xml:8865 freeculture.xml:8866 freeculture.xml:8904 +#: freeculture.xml:8840 freeculture.xml:8844 freeculture.xml:8845 freeculture.xml:8881 freeculture.xml:8882 freeculture.xml:8920 msgid "Free" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8827 freeculture.xml:8864 freeculture.xml:8902 freeculture.xml:8934 +#: freeculture.xml:8843 freeculture.xml:8880 freeculture.xml:8918 freeculture.xml:8950 msgid "Noncommercial" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 182 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8836 +#: freeculture.xml:8852 msgid "" "The act of publishing a map, chart, and book was regulated by copyright " "law. Nothing else was. Transformations were free. And as copyright attached " @@ -12602,12 +12637,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8845 +#: freeculture.xml:8861 msgid "By the end of the nineteenth century, the law had changed to this:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8873 +#: freeculture.xml:8889 msgid "" "Derivative works were now regulated by copyright law—if published, " "which again, given the economics of publishing at the time, means if offered " @@ -12616,7 +12651,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8879 +#: freeculture.xml:8895 msgid "" "In 1909 the law changed to regulate copies, not publishing, and after this " "change, the scope of the law was tied to technology. As the technology of " @@ -12626,17 +12661,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8891 freeculture.xml:8923 +#: freeculture.xml:8907 freeculture.xml:8939 msgid "COPY" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8903 +#: freeculture.xml:8919 msgid "©/Free" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8911 +#: freeculture.xml:8927 msgid "" "The law was interpreted to reach noncommercial copying through, say, copy " "machines, but still much of copying outside of the commercial market " @@ -12647,7 +12682,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 183 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8943 +#: freeculture.xml:8959 msgid "" "Every realm is governed by copyright law, whereas before most creativity was " "not. The law now regulates the full range of creativity— commercial or " @@ -12656,7 +12691,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8951 +#: freeculture.xml:8967 msgid "" "Obviously, copyright law is not the enemy. The enemy is regulation that does " "no good. So the question that we should be asking just now is whether " @@ -12665,7 +12700,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8957 +#: freeculture.xml:8973 msgid "" "I have no doubt that it does good in regulating commercial copying. But I " "also have no doubt that it does more harm than good when regulating (as it " @@ -12679,12 +12714,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8981 +#: freeculture.xml:8997 msgid "legal realist movement" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8975 +#: freeculture.xml:8991 msgid "" "It was the single most important contribution of the legal realist movement " "to demonstrate that all property rights are always crafted to balance public " @@ -12695,7 +12730,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8969 +#: freeculture.xml:8985 msgid "" "The issue is therefore not simply whether copyright is property. Of course " "copyright is a kind of <quote>property,</quote> and of course, as with any " @@ -12713,7 +12748,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 184 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8994 +#: freeculture.xml:9010 msgid "" "We achieved that free culture because our law respected important limits on " "the scope of the interests protected by <quote>property.</quote> The very " @@ -12732,7 +12767,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9013 +#: freeculture.xml:9029 msgid "" "Free culture is increasingly the casualty in this war on piracy. In response " "to a real, if not yet quantified, threat that the technologies of the " @@ -12747,33 +12782,33 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><title> -#: freeculture.xml:9030 +#: freeculture.xml:9046 msgid "PUZZLES" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:9034 +#: freeculture.xml:9050 msgid "CHAPTER ELEVEN: Chimera" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9035 +#: freeculture.xml:9051 msgid "chimeras" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9036 +#: freeculture.xml:9052 msgid "Wells, H. G." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9037 +#: freeculture.xml:9053 msgid "<quote>Country of the Blind, The</quote> (Wells)" msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9045 +#: freeculture.xml:9061 msgid "" "H. G. Wells, <quote>The Country of the Blind</quote> (1904, 1911). See " "H. G. Wells, <citetitle>The Country of the Blind and Other " @@ -12782,7 +12817,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9040 +#: freeculture.xml:9056 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>In a well-known</emphasis> short story by " "H. G. Wells, a mountain climber named Nunez trips (literally, down an ice " @@ -12797,7 +12832,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9057 +#: freeculture.xml:9073 msgid "" "Things don't go quite as he planned. He tries to explain the idea of sight " "to the villagers. They don't understand. He tells them they are " @@ -12812,7 +12847,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 187 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9069 +#: freeculture.xml:9085 msgid "" "The villagers don't leave him alone. Nor do they see (so to speak) the " "virtue of his special power. Not even the ultimate target of his affection, " @@ -12826,7 +12861,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9080 +#: freeculture.xml:9096 msgid "" "When Nunez announces his desire to marry his <quote>mysteriously " "delighted</quote> love, the father and the village object. <quote>You see, " @@ -12836,14 +12871,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9086 +#: freeculture.xml:9102 msgid "" "After a careful examination, the doctor gives his opinion. <quote>His brain " "is affected,</quote> he reports." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9090 +#: freeculture.xml:9106 msgid "" "<quote>What affects it?</quote> the father asks. <quote>Those queer things " "that are called the eyes … are diseased … in such a way as to " @@ -12851,7 +12886,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9095 +#: freeculture.xml:9111 msgid "" "The doctor continues: <quote>I think I may say with reasonable certainty " "that in order to cure him completely, all that we need to do is a simple and " @@ -12860,7 +12895,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9101 +#: freeculture.xml:9117 msgid "" "<quote>Thank Heaven for science!</quote> says the father to the doctor. They " "inform Nunez of this condition necessary for him to be allowed his bride. " @@ -12870,7 +12905,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 188 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9107 +#: freeculture.xml:9123 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>It sometimes</emphasis> happens that the eggs of " "twins fuse in the mother's womb. That fusion produces a " @@ -12882,7 +12917,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9121 +#: freeculture.xml:9137 msgid "" "Before I had read about chimeras, I would have said they were impossible. A " "single person can't have two sets of DNA. The very idea of DNA is that it is " @@ -12893,7 +12928,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9129 +#: freeculture.xml:9145 msgid "" "The more I work to understand the current struggle over copyright and " "culture, which I've sometimes called unfairly, and sometimes not unfairly " @@ -12910,7 +12945,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9143 +#: freeculture.xml:9159 msgid "" "But the description is also false in part. For when my p2p server is on a " "p2p network through which anyone can get access to my music, then sure, my " @@ -12923,7 +12958,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9152 +#: freeculture.xml:9168 msgid "" "Likewise, when the other side says, <quote>File sharing is just like walking " "into a Tower Records and taking a CD off the shelf and walking out with " @@ -12935,7 +12970,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 189 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9163 +#: freeculture.xml:9179 msgid "" "But it is not quite stealing from Tower. After all, when I take a CD from " "Tower Records, Tower has one less CD to sell. And when I take a CD from " @@ -12947,7 +12982,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9173 +#: freeculture.xml:9189 msgid "" "The point is not that it is as neither side describes. The point is that it " "is both—both as the RIAA describes it and as Kazaa describes it. It is " @@ -12957,22 +12992,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9189 freeculture.xml:9475 freeculture.xml:10567 +#: freeculture.xml:9205 freeculture.xml:9491 freeculture.xml:10583 msgid "ISPs (Internet service providers), user identities revealed by" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9220 +#: freeculture.xml:9236 msgid "Conyers, John, Jr." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9221 freeculture.xml:9978 +#: freeculture.xml:9237 freeculture.xml:9994 msgid "Berman, Howard L." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9189 +#: freeculture.xml:9205 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> For an excellent summary, see the " "report prepared by GartnerG2 and the Berkman Center for Internet and Society " @@ -13008,7 +13043,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9180 +#: freeculture.xml:9196 msgid "" "We could respond by simply pretending that it is not a chimera. We could, " "with the RIAA, decide that every act of file sharing should be a felony. We " @@ -13021,7 +13056,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9227 +#: freeculture.xml:9243 msgid "" "Alternatively, we could respond to file sharing the way many kids act as " "though we've responded. We could totally legalize it. Let there be no " @@ -13031,7 +13066,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9234 +#: freeculture.xml:9250 msgid "" "Either response is possible. I think either would be a mistake. Rather than " "embrace one of these two extremes, we should embrace something that " @@ -13045,7 +13080,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 190 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9246 +#: freeculture.xml:9262 msgid "" "Yet zero tolerance is increasingly our government's policy. In the middle of " "the chaos that the Internet has created, an extraordinary land grab is " @@ -13056,7 +13091,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9254 +#: freeculture.xml:9270 msgid "" "I'm not talking about the opportunities for kids to <quote>steal</quote> " "music. My focus instead is the commercial and cultural innovation that this " @@ -13070,14 +13105,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9267 +#: freeculture.xml:9283 msgid "" "eMusic opposes music piracy. We are a distributor of copyrighted material, " "and we want to protect those rights." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9271 +#: freeculture.xml:9287 msgid "" "But building a technology fortress that locks in the clout of the major " "labels is by no means the only way to protect copyright interests, nor is it " @@ -13088,7 +13123,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9288 +#: freeculture.xml:9304 msgid "" "WIPO and the DMCA One Year Later: Assessing Consumer Access to Digital " "Entertainment on the Internet and Other Media: Hearing Before the " @@ -13099,7 +13134,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9278 +#: freeculture.xml:9294 msgid "" "This is a critical point. The choices that industry sectors make with " "respect to these systems will in many ways directly shape the market for " @@ -13112,12 +13147,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9302 freeculture.xml:9673 +#: freeculture.xml:9318 freeculture.xml:9689 msgid "Vivendi Universal" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9299 +#: freeculture.xml:9315 msgid "" "In April 2001, eMusic.com was purchased by Vivendi Universal, one of " "<quote>the major labels.</quote> Its position on these matters has now " @@ -13125,7 +13160,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9305 +#: freeculture.xml:9321 msgid "" "Reversing our tradition of tolerance now will not merely quash piracy. It " "will sacrifice values that are important to this culture, and will kill " @@ -13133,12 +13168,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:9313 +#: freeculture.xml:9329 msgid "CHAPTER TWELVE: Harms" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9315 +#: freeculture.xml:9331 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>To fight</emphasis> <quote>piracy,</quote> to " "protect <quote>property,</quote> the content industry has launched a " @@ -13149,7 +13184,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9323 +#: freeculture.xml:9339 msgid "" "My aim so far has been to describe the consequences of this war, in " "particular, the consequences for <quote>free culture.</quote> But my aim now " @@ -13158,7 +13193,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9329 +#: freeculture.xml:9345 msgid "" "In my view, it is not. There is no good reason why this time, for the first " "time, the law should defend the old against the new, just when the power of " @@ -13167,7 +13202,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9337 +#: freeculture.xml:9353 msgid "" "Yet <quote>common sense</quote> does not see it this way. Common sense is " "still on the side of the Causbys and the content industry. The extreme " @@ -13177,7 +13212,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 193 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9345 +#: freeculture.xml:9361 msgid "" "There will be many consequences of continuing this war. I want to describe " "just three. All three might be said to be unintended. I am quite confident " @@ -13187,12 +13222,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:9352 +#: freeculture.xml:9368 msgid "Constraining Creators" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9354 +#: freeculture.xml:9370 msgid "" "In the next ten years we will see an explosion of digital technologies. " "These technologies will enable almost anyone to capture and share " @@ -13209,7 +13244,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9369 +#: freeculture.xml:9385 msgid "" "This digital <quote>capturing and sharing</quote> is in part an extension of " "the capturing and sharing that has always been integral to our culture, and " @@ -13224,7 +13259,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 194 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9380 +#: freeculture.xml:9396 msgid "" "Technology has thus given us an opportunity to do something with culture " "that has only ever been possible for individuals in small groups, isolated " @@ -13234,7 +13269,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9390 +#: freeculture.xml:9406 msgid "" "Yet all this is possible only if the activity is presumptively legal. In the " "current regime of legal regulation, it is not. Forget file sharing for a " @@ -13248,17 +13283,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9400 freeculture.xml:9423 +#: freeculture.xml:9416 freeculture.xml:9439 msgid "Worldcom" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9403 +#: freeculture.xml:9419 msgid "doctors malpractice claims against" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9418 +#: freeculture.xml:9434 msgid "" "See Lynne W. Jeter, <citetitle>Disconnected: Deceit and Betrayal at " "WorldCom</citetitle> (Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, 2003), 176, 204; " @@ -13269,12 +13304,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9439 +#: freeculture.xml:9455 msgid "Bush, George W." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9430 +#: freeculture.xml:9446 msgid "" "The bill, modeled after California's tort reform model, was passed in the " "House of Representatives but defeated in a Senate vote in July 2003. For an " @@ -13288,7 +13323,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9406 +#: freeculture.xml:9422 msgid "" "That presumption will increasingly chill creativity, as the examples of " "extreme penalties for vague infringements continue to proliferate. It is " @@ -13309,13 +13344,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9445 +#: freeculture.xml:9461 msgid "art, underground" msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9466 +#: freeculture.xml:9482 msgid "" "See Danit Lidor, <quote>Artists Just Wanna Be Free,</quote> " "<citetitle>Wired</citetitle>, 7 July 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -13325,7 +13360,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9447 +#: freeculture.xml:9463 msgid "" "The consequence of this legal uncertainty, tied to these extremely high " "penalties, is that an extraordinary amount of creativity will either never " @@ -13345,7 +13380,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9477 +#: freeculture.xml:9493 msgid "" "Part of the reason for this fear of illegality has to do with the changing " "law. I described that change in detail in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: " @@ -13359,7 +13394,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9490 +#: freeculture.xml:9506 msgid "" "Never in our history has a painter had to worry about whether his painting " "infringed on someone else's work; but the modern-day painter, using the " @@ -13373,7 +13408,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9501 +#: freeculture.xml:9517 msgid "" "Lawyers rarely see this because lawyers are rarely empirical. As I described " "in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"recorders\"/>, " @@ -13384,7 +13419,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 196 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9512 +#: freeculture.xml:9528 msgid "" "But fair use in America simply means the right to hire a lawyer to defend " "your right to create. And as lawyers love to forget, our system for " @@ -13397,7 +13432,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9522 +#: freeculture.xml:9538 msgid "" "Judges and lawyers can tell themselves that fair use provides adequate " "<quote>breathing room</quote> between regulation by the law and the access " @@ -13410,7 +13445,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9533 +#: freeculture.xml:9549 msgid "" "For in a world that threatens $150,000 for a single willful infringement of " "a copyright, and which demands tens of thousands of dollars to even defend " @@ -13423,13 +13458,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9544 +#: freeculture.xml:9560 msgid "As Jed Horovitz, the businessman behind Video Pipeline, said to me," msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 197 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9548 +#: freeculture.xml:9564 msgid "" "We're losing [creative] opportunities right and left. Creative people are " "being forced not to express themselves. Thoughts are not being " @@ -13442,22 +13477,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:9561 +#: freeculture.xml:9577 msgid "Constraining Innovators" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:9562 +#: freeculture.xml:9578 msgid "innovation hampered by" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:9563 +#: freeculture.xml:9579 msgid "industry establishment opposed to" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9566 +#: freeculture.xml:9582 msgid "" "The story of the last section was a crunchy-lefty story—creativity " "quashed, artists who can't speak, yada yada yada. Maybe that doesn't get you " @@ -13468,7 +13503,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9575 +#: freeculture.xml:9591 msgid "" "But there's an aspect of this story that is not lefty in any sense. Indeed, " "it is an aspect that could be written by the most extreme promarket " @@ -13480,7 +13515,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9584 +#: freeculture.xml:9600 msgid "" "The charge I've been making about the regulation of culture is the same " "charge free marketers make about regulating markets. Everyone, of course, " @@ -13495,18 +13530,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9597 freeculture.xml:9718 freeculture.xml:9724 +#: freeculture.xml:9613 freeculture.xml:9734 freeculture.xml:9740 msgid "Barry, Hank" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9598 freeculture.xml:9730 +#: freeculture.xml:9614 freeculture.xml:9746 msgid "venture capitalists" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 198 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9600 +#: freeculture.xml:9616 msgid "" "This is the single most dramatic effect of the shift in regulatory strategy " "that I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " @@ -13521,7 +13556,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9615 +#: freeculture.xml:9631 msgid "" "Consider one example to make the point, a story whose beginning I told in " "<citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle> and which has progressed in a way " @@ -13529,22 +13564,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9619 +#: freeculture.xml:9635 msgid "MP3.com" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9620 +#: freeculture.xml:9636 msgid "my.mp3.com" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9621 +#: freeculture.xml:9637 msgid "Roberts, Michael" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9623 +#: freeculture.xml:9639 msgid "" "In 1997, Michael Roberts launched a company called MP3.com. MP3.com was " "keen to remake the music business. Their goal was not just to facilitate new " @@ -13555,12 +13590,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:9631 +#: freeculture.xml:9647 msgid "preference data on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9633 +#: freeculture.xml:9649 msgid "" "To make this system work, however, MP3.com needed a reliable way to " "recommend music to its users. The idea behind this alternative was to " @@ -13570,7 +13605,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9640 +#: freeculture.xml:9656 msgid "" "This idea required a simple way to gather data about user preferences. " "MP3.com came up with an extraordinarily clever way to gather this preference " @@ -13585,7 +13620,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 199 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9652 +#: freeculture.xml:9668 msgid "" "No doubt some could use this system to illegally copy content. But that " "opportunity existed with or without MP3.com. The aim of the my.mp3.com " @@ -13595,7 +13630,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9662 +#: freeculture.xml:9678 msgid "" "To make this system function, however, MP3.com needed to copy 50,000 CDs to " "a server. (In principle, it could have been the user who uploaded the music, " @@ -13609,17 +13644,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:9674 freeculture.xml:9719 +#: freeculture.xml:9690 freeculture.xml:9735 msgid "distribution technology targeted in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:9679 +#: freeculture.xml:9695 msgid "outsize penalties of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9681 +#: freeculture.xml:9697 msgid "" "Nine days after MP3.com launched its service, the five major labels, headed " "by the RIAA, brought a lawsuit against MP3.com. MP3.com settled with four of " @@ -13631,12 +13666,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9691 +#: freeculture.xml:9707 msgid "That part of the story I have told before. Now consider its conclusion." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9694 +#: freeculture.xml:9710 msgid "" "After Vivendi purchased MP3.com, Vivendi turned around and filed a " "malpractice lawsuit against the lawyers who had advised it that they had a " @@ -13649,7 +13684,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 200 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9705 +#: freeculture.xml:9721 msgid "" "The clear purpose of this lawsuit (which was settled for an unspecified " "amount shortly after the story was no longer covered in the press) was to " @@ -13661,43 +13696,43 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9720 +#: freeculture.xml:9736 msgid "BMW" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9721 +#: freeculture.xml:9737 msgid "cars, MP3 sound systems in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9723 +#: freeculture.xml:9739 msgid "Hummer, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9725 +#: freeculture.xml:9741 msgid "Hummer Winblad" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9726 +#: freeculture.xml:9742 msgid "MP3 players" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:9727 +#: freeculture.xml:9743 msgid "venture capital for" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9728 freeculture.xml:9774 +#: freeculture.xml:9744 freeculture.xml:9790 msgid "Needleman, Rafe" msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9738 +#: freeculture.xml:9754 msgid "" "See Joseph Menn, <quote>Universal, EMI Sue Napster Investor,</quote> " "<citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 23 April 2003. For a parallel " @@ -13710,7 +13745,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9732 +#: freeculture.xml:9748 msgid "" "This strategy is not just limited to the lawyers. In April 2003, Universal " "and EMI brought a lawsuit against Hummer Winblad, the venture capital firm " @@ -13730,7 +13765,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9770 +#: freeculture.xml:9786 msgid "" "Rafe Needleman, <quote>Driving in Cars with MP3s,</quote> " "<citetitle>Business 2.0</citetitle>, 16 June 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -13740,7 +13775,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9761 +#: freeculture.xml:9777 msgid "" "I asked why, with all the storage capacity and computer power in the car, " "there was no way to play MP3 files. I was told that BMW engineers in Germany " @@ -13752,7 +13787,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9782 +#: freeculture.xml:9798 msgid "" "This is the world of the mafia—filled with <quote>your money or your " "life</quote> offers, governed in the end not by courts but by the threats " @@ -13764,7 +13799,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 201 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9792 +#: freeculture.xml:9808 msgid "" "The point is not that businesses should have a right to start illegal " "enterprises. The point is the definition of <quote>illegal.</quote> The law " @@ -13780,7 +13815,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9807 +#: freeculture.xml:9823 msgid "" "The point is directly parallel to the crunchy-lefty point about fair " "use. Whatever the <quote>real</quote> law is, realism about the effect of " @@ -13795,7 +13830,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 202 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9819 +#: freeculture.xml:9835 msgid "" "The building of a permission culture, rather than a free culture, is the " "first important way in which the changes I have described will burden " @@ -13814,7 +13849,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9838 +#: freeculture.xml:9854 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>The uncertainty</emphasis> of the law is one burden " "on innovation. There is a second burden that operates more directly. This is " @@ -13824,7 +13859,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9845 +#: freeculture.xml:9861 msgid "" "The motivation for this response is obvious. The Internet enables the " "efficient spread of content. That efficiency is a feature of the Internet's " @@ -13838,7 +13873,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9860 +#: freeculture.xml:9876 msgid "" "<quote>Copyright and Digital Media in a Post-Napster World,</quote> " "GartnerG2 and the Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard Law " @@ -13848,12 +13883,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f7. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9873 +#: freeculture.xml:9889 msgid "GartnerG2, 26–27." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9856 +#: freeculture.xml:9872 msgid "" "The examples of this form of legislation are many. At the urging of the " "content industry, some in Congress have threatened legislation that would " @@ -13871,7 +13906,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 203 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9877 +#: freeculture.xml:9893 msgid "" "In one sense, these solutions seem sensible. If the problem is the code, why " "not regulate the code to remove the problem. But any regulation of technical " @@ -13881,20 +13916,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9886 freeculture.xml:11761 +#: freeculture.xml:9902 freeculture.xml:11777 msgid "Intel" msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9892 +#: freeculture.xml:9908 msgid "" "See David McGuire, <quote>Tech Execs Square Off Over Piracy,</quote> " "Newsbytes, February 2002 (Entertainment)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9888 +#: freeculture.xml:9904 msgid "" "In March 2002, a broad coalition of technology companies, led by Intel, " "tried to get Congress to see the harm that such legislation would " @@ -13904,7 +13939,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9900 +#: freeculture.xml:9916 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>There is one</emphasis> more obvious way in which " "this war has harmed innovation—again, a story that will be quite " @@ -13912,7 +13947,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9905 +#: freeculture.xml:9921 msgid "" "Copyright may be property, but like all property, it is also a form of " "regulation. It is a regulation that benefits some and harms others. When " @@ -13921,12 +13956,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9923 +#: freeculture.xml:9939 msgid "Digital Copyright (Litman)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9921 +#: freeculture.xml:9937 msgid "" "Jessica Litman, <citetitle>Digital Copyright</citetitle> (Amherst, N.Y.: " "Prometheus Books, 2001). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> " @@ -13934,7 +13969,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9915 +#: freeculture.xml:9931 msgid "" "As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"property-i\"/>, despite this feature of copyright as regulation, " @@ -13948,7 +13983,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9933 +#: freeculture.xml:9949 msgid "" "But that pattern of deference to new technologies has now changed with the " "rise of the Internet. Rather than striking a balance between the claims of a " @@ -13958,17 +13993,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:9939 +#: freeculture.xml:9955 msgid "radio on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9944 +#: freeculture.xml:9960 msgid "Grokster, Ltd." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9944 +#: freeculture.xml:9960 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> The only circuit court exception " "is found in <citetitle>Recording Industry Association of America " @@ -13987,17 +14022,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9963 +#: freeculture.xml:9979 msgid "Tauzin, Billy" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9979 +#: freeculture.xml:9995 msgid "Hollings, Fritz" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9963 +#: freeculture.xml:9979 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> For example, in July 2002, " "Representative Howard Berman introduced the Peer-to-Peer Piracy Prevention " @@ -14018,7 +14053,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9942 +#: freeculture.xml:9958 msgid "" "The response by the courts has been fairly universal.<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It has been mirrored in the responses " @@ -14030,7 +14065,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 204 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9990 +#: freeculture.xml:10006 msgid "" "As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"pirates\"/>, when a radio station plays a song, the recording " @@ -14044,7 +14079,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10001 +#: freeculture.xml:10017 msgid "" "The reasoning behind this balance struck by Congress makes some sense. The " "justification was that radio was a kind of advertising. The recording artist " @@ -14057,7 +14092,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10012 +#: freeculture.xml:10028 msgid "" "Enter Internet radio. Like regular radio, Internet radio is a technology to " "stream content from a broadcaster to a listener. The broadcast travels " @@ -14068,7 +14103,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10021 +#: freeculture.xml:10037 msgid "" "This feature of the architecture of Internet radio means that there are " "potentially an unlimited number of radio stations that a user could tune in " @@ -14084,7 +14119,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 205 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10037 +#: freeculture.xml:10053 msgid "" "Internet radio is thus to radio what FM was to AM. It is an improvement " "potentially vastly more significant than the FM improvement over AM, since " @@ -14096,12 +14131,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f12. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10061 +#: freeculture.xml:10077 msgid "Lessing, 239." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10047 +#: freeculture.xml:10063 msgid "" "An almost unlimited number of FM stations was possible in the shortwaves, " "thus ending the unnatural restrictions imposed on radio in the crowded " @@ -14119,12 +14154,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f13. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10071 +#: freeculture.xml:10087 msgid "Ibid., 229." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10066 +#: freeculture.xml:10082 msgid "" "This potential for FM radio was never realized—not because Armstrong " "was wrong about the technology, but because he underestimated the power of " @@ -14134,7 +14169,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10076 +#: freeculture.xml:10092 msgid "" "Now the very same claim could be made about Internet radio. For again, there " "is no technical limitation that could restrict the number of Internet radio " @@ -14144,23 +14179,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:10085 +#: freeculture.xml:10101 msgid "on radio" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:10089 +#: freeculture.xml:10105 msgid "Internet radio hampered by" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:10090 freeculture.xml:10243 +#: freeculture.xml:10106 freeculture.xml:10259 msgid "on Internet radio fees" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 206 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10093 +#: freeculture.xml:10109 msgid "" "But here the power of the lobbyists is reversed. Internet radio is a new " "industry. The recording artists, on the other hand, have a very powerful " @@ -14175,12 +14210,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10132 +#: freeculture.xml:10148 msgid "CARP (Copyright Arbitration Royalty Panel)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10115 +#: freeculture.xml:10131 msgid "" "This example was derived from fees set by the original Copyright Arbitration " "Royalty Panel (CARP) proceedings, and is drawn from an example offered by " @@ -14202,7 +14237,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10108 +#: freeculture.xml:10124 msgid "" "This financial burden is not slight. As Harvard law professor William Fisher " "estimates, if an Internet radio station distributed adfree popular music to " @@ -14213,7 +14248,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10144 +#: freeculture.xml:10160 msgid "" "The burden is not financial only. Under the original rules that were " "proposed, an Internet radio station (but not a terrestrial radio station) " @@ -14222,57 +14257,57 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10152 +#: freeculture.xml:10168 msgid "name of the service;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10155 +#: freeculture.xml:10171 msgid "channel of the program (AM/FM stations use station ID);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10158 +#: freeculture.xml:10174 msgid "type of program (archived/looped/live);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10161 +#: freeculture.xml:10177 msgid "date of transmission;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10164 +#: freeculture.xml:10180 msgid "time of transmission;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10167 +#: freeculture.xml:10183 msgid "time zone of origination of transmission;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10170 +#: freeculture.xml:10186 msgid "numeric designation of the place of the sound recording within the program;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10173 +#: freeculture.xml:10189 msgid "duration of transmission (to nearest second);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10176 +#: freeculture.xml:10192 msgid "sound recording title;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10179 +#: freeculture.xml:10195 msgid "ISRC code of the recording;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10182 +#: freeculture.xml:10198 msgid "" "release year of the album per copyright notice and in the case of " "compilation albums, the release year of the album and copy- right date of " @@ -14280,77 +14315,77 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10185 +#: freeculture.xml:10201 msgid "featured recording artist;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10188 +#: freeculture.xml:10204 msgid "retail album title;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10191 +#: freeculture.xml:10207 msgid "recording label;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10194 +#: freeculture.xml:10210 msgid "UPC code of the retail album;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10197 +#: freeculture.xml:10213 msgid "catalog number;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10200 +#: freeculture.xml:10216 msgid "copyright owner information;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10203 +#: freeculture.xml:10219 msgid "musical genre of the channel or program (station format);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10206 +#: freeculture.xml:10222 msgid "name of the service or entity;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10209 +#: freeculture.xml:10225 msgid "channel or program;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10212 +#: freeculture.xml:10228 msgid "date and time that the user logged in (in the user's time zone);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10215 +#: freeculture.xml:10231 msgid "date and time that the user logged out (in the user's time zone);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10218 +#: freeculture.xml:10234 msgid "time zone where the signal was received (user);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10221 +#: freeculture.xml:10237 msgid "unique user identifier;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10224 +#: freeculture.xml:10240 msgid "the country in which the user received the transmissions." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10229 +#: freeculture.xml:10245 msgid "" "The Librarian of Congress eventually suspended these reporting requirements, " "pending further study. And he also changed the original rates set by the " @@ -14361,7 +14396,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10237 +#: freeculture.xml:10253 msgid "" "Why? What justifies this difference? Was there any study of the economic " "consequences from Internet radio that would justify these differences? Was " @@ -14369,12 +14404,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10241 freeculture.xml:15010 +#: freeculture.xml:10257 freeculture.xml:15026 msgid "Real Networks" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10247 +#: freeculture.xml:10263 msgid "" "In a rare bit of candor, one RIAA expert admitted what seemed obvious to " "everyone at the time. As Alex Alben, vice president for Public Policy at " @@ -14383,7 +14418,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 208 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10253 +#: freeculture.xml:10269 msgid "" "The RIAA, which was representing the record labels, presented some testimony " "about what they thought a willing buyer would pay to a willing seller, and " @@ -14397,7 +14432,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10269 +#: freeculture.xml:10285 msgid "" "And the RIAA experts said, <quote>Well, we don't really model this as an " "industry with thousands of webcasters, <emphasis>we think it should be an " @@ -14406,7 +14441,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10281 +#: freeculture.xml:10297 msgid "" "Translation: The aim is to use the law to eliminate competition, so that " "this platform of potentially immense competition, which would cause the " @@ -14417,12 +14452,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:10297 +#: freeculture.xml:10313 msgid "Corrupting Citizens" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10299 +#: freeculture.xml:10315 msgid "" "Overregulation stifles creativity. It smothers innovation. It gives " "dinosaurs a veto over the future. It wastes the extraordinary opportunity " @@ -14430,7 +14465,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10305 +#: freeculture.xml:10321 msgid "" "In addition to these important harms, there is one more that was important " "to our forebears, but seems forgotten today. Overregulation corrupts " @@ -14439,7 +14474,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f15. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10314 +#: freeculture.xml:10330 msgid "" "Mike Graziano and Lee Rainie, <quote>The Music Downloading Deluge,</quote> " "Pew Internet and American Life Project (24 April 2001), available at <ulink " @@ -14450,7 +14485,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 209 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10310 +#: freeculture.xml:10326 msgid "" "The war that is being waged today is a war of prohibition. As with every war " "of prohibition, it is targeted against the behavior of a very large number " @@ -14468,7 +14503,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f16. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10348 +#: freeculture.xml:10364 msgid "" "Alex Pham, <quote>The Labels Strike Back: N.Y. Girl Settles RIAA " "Case,</quote> <citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 10 September 2003, " @@ -14476,7 +14511,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10335 +#: freeculture.xml:10351 msgid "" "The content industry's tactics exploit the failings of the American legal " "system. When the RIAA brought suit against Jesse Jordan, it knew that in " @@ -14498,13 +14533,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10359 +#: freeculture.xml:10375 msgid "alcohol prohibition" msgstr "" #. f17. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10371 +#: freeculture.xml:10387 msgid "" "Jeffrey A. Miron and Jeffrey Zwiebel, <quote>Alcohol Consumption During " "Prohibition,</quote> <citetitle>American Economic Review</citetitle> 81, " @@ -14513,7 +14548,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f18. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10379 +#: freeculture.xml:10395 msgid "" "National Drug Control Policy: Hearing Before the House Government Reform " "Committee, 108th Cong., 1st sess. (5 March 2003) (statement of John " @@ -14522,7 +14557,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f19. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10389 +#: freeculture.xml:10405 msgid "" "See James Andreoni, Brian Erard, and Jonathon Feinstein, <quote>Tax " "Compliance,</quote> <citetitle>Journal of Economic Literature</citetitle> 36 " @@ -14530,7 +14565,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10361 +#: freeculture.xml:10377 msgid "" "Wars of prohibition are nothing new in America. This one is just something " "more extreme than anything we've seen before. We experimented with alcohol " @@ -14553,12 +14588,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10397 +#: freeculture.xml:10413 msgid "law schools" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10399 +#: freeculture.xml:10415 msgid "" "This state of affairs is not without consequence. It is a particularly " "salient issue for teachers like me, whose job it is to teach law students " @@ -14577,7 +14612,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10416 +#: freeculture.xml:10432 msgid "" "The response to this general illegality is either to enforce the law more " "severely or to change the law. We, as a society, have to learn how to make " @@ -14591,7 +14626,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 211 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10429 +#: freeculture.xml:10445 msgid "" "My point is not the idiotic one: Just because people violate a law, we " "should therefore repeal it. Obviously, we could reduce murder statistics " @@ -14601,7 +14636,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10436 +#: freeculture.xml:10452 msgid "" "My point is instead one that democracies understood for generations, but " "that we recently have learned to forget. The rule of law depends upon people " @@ -14618,7 +14653,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10450 +#: freeculture.xml:10466 msgid "" "When at least forty-three million citizens download content from the " "Internet, and when they use tools to combine that content in ways " @@ -14632,13 +14667,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10462 +#: freeculture.xml:10478 msgid "This abstract point can be made more clear with a particular example." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 212 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10465 +#: freeculture.xml:10481 msgid "" "We all own CDs. Many of us still own phonograph records. These pieces of " "plastic encode music that in a certain sense we have bought. The law " @@ -14649,7 +14684,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10476 +#: freeculture.xml:10492 msgid "" "But as the MP3 craze has demonstrated, there is another use of phonograph " "records that is effectively free. Because these recordings were made without " @@ -14661,17 +14696,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10484 +#: freeculture.xml:10500 msgid "Andromeda" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:10485 +#: freeculture.xml:10501 msgid "mix technology and" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10487 +#: freeculture.xml:10503 msgid "" "This <quote>use</quote> of my records is certainly valuable. I have begun a " "large process at home of ripping all of my and my wife's CDs, and storing " @@ -14685,7 +14720,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10498 +#: freeculture.xml:10514 msgid "" "This use is enabled by unprotected media—either CDs or records. But " "unprotected media also enable file sharing. File sharing threatens (or so " @@ -14698,7 +14733,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 213 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10508 +#: freeculture.xml:10524 msgid "" "If these technologies took off, then the building of large archives of your " "own music would become quite difficult. You might hang in hacker circles, " @@ -14712,7 +14747,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10523 +#: freeculture.xml:10539 msgid "" "If the only way to assure that artists get paid were the elimination of the " "ability to freely move content, then these technologies to interfere with " @@ -14724,7 +14759,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10532 +#: freeculture.xml:10548 msgid "" "My point just now is not to prove that there is such a system. I offer a " "version of such a system in the last chapter of this book. For now, the only " @@ -14737,7 +14772,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10543 +#: freeculture.xml:10559 msgid "" "I believe there is a way to assure that artists are paid without turning " "forty-three million Americans into felons. But the salient feature of this " @@ -14749,7 +14784,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10552 +#: freeculture.xml:10568 msgid "" "Except that this generation's buggy manufacturers have already saddled " "Congress, and are riding the law to protect themselves against this new form " @@ -14759,7 +14794,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 214 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10558 +#: freeculture.xml:10574 msgid "" "It is understandable why they choose as they do. It is not understandable " "why we as a democracy continue to choose as we do. Jack Valenti is charming; " @@ -14768,7 +14803,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10569 +#: freeculture.xml:10585 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>There's one more</emphasis> aspect to this " "corruption that is particularly important to civil liberties, and follows " @@ -14780,19 +14815,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10577 freeculture.xml:10677 +#: freeculture.xml:10593 freeculture.xml:10693 msgid "von Lohmann, Fred" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10579 +#: freeculture.xml:10595 msgid "" "<quote>If you can treat someone as a putative lawbreaker,</quote> von " "Lohmann explains," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10584 +#: freeculture.xml:10600 msgid "" "then all of a sudden a lot of basic civil liberty protections evaporate to " "one degree or another. … If you're a copyright infringer, how can you " @@ -14806,7 +14841,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10596 +#: freeculture.xml:10612 msgid "" "And the consequence of this transformation of the American public into " "criminals is that it becomes trivial, as a matter of due process, to " @@ -14814,7 +14849,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10601 +#: freeculture.xml:10617 msgid "" "Users of the Internet began to see this generally in 2003 as the RIAA " "launched its campaign to force Internet service providers to turn over the " @@ -14826,7 +14861,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f20. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10619 +#: freeculture.xml:10635 msgid "" "See Frank Ahrens, <quote>RIAA's Lawsuits Meet Surprised Targets; Single " "Mother in Calif., 12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. Among Defendants,</quote> " @@ -14843,7 +14878,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10610 +#: freeculture.xml:10626 msgid "" "The RIAA then expanded this campaign, by announcing a general strategy to " "sue individual users of the Internet who are alleged to have downloaded " @@ -14857,7 +14892,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f21. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10637 +#: freeculture.xml:10653 msgid "" "See <quote>Revealed: How RIAA Tracks Downloaders: Music Industry Discloses " "Some Methods Used,</quote> CNN.com, available at <ulink " @@ -14865,7 +14900,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10633 +#: freeculture.xml:10649 msgid "" "Even this understates the espionage that is being waged by the RIAA. A " "report from CNN late last summer described a strategy the RIAA had adopted " @@ -14877,7 +14912,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f22. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10658 +#: freeculture.xml:10674 msgid "" "See Jeff Adler, <quote>Cambridge: On Campus, Pirates Are Not " "Penitent,</quote> <citetitle>Boston Globe</citetitle>, 18 May 2003, City " @@ -14900,7 +14935,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10646 +#: freeculture.xml:10662 msgid "" "So imagine the following not-implausible scenario: Imagine a friend gives a " "CD to your daughter—a collection of songs just like the cassettes you " @@ -14918,7 +14953,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 216 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10679 +#: freeculture.xml:10695 msgid "" "Now, of course, she'll have the right to defend herself. You can hire a " "lawyer for her (at $300 per hour, if you're lucky), and she can plead that " @@ -14932,7 +14967,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10694 +#: freeculture.xml:10710 msgid "" "So when we're talking about numbers like forty to sixty million Americans " "that are essentially copyright infringers, you create a situation where the " @@ -14953,7 +14988,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10714 +#: freeculture.xml:10730 msgid "" "When forty to sixty million Americans are considered " "<quote>criminals</quote> under the law, and when the law could achieve the " @@ -14964,12 +14999,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><title> -#: freeculture.xml:10727 +#: freeculture.xml:10743 msgid "BALANCES" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10732 +#: freeculture.xml:10748 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>So here's</emphasis> the picture: You're standing at " "the side of the road. Your car is on fire. You are angry and upset because " @@ -14979,7 +15014,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10739 +#: freeculture.xml:10755 msgid "" "As you ponder the mess, someone else comes along. In a panic, she grabs the " "bucket. Before you have a chance to tell her to stop—or before she " @@ -14989,7 +15024,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10747 +#: freeculture.xml:10763 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>A war</emphasis> about copyright rages all " "around—and we're all focusing on the wrong thing. No doubt, current " @@ -15002,7 +15037,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 219 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10757 +#: freeculture.xml:10773 msgid "" "Yet policy makers are not willing to leave this fire to itself. Primed with " "plenty of lobbyists' money, they are keen to intervene to eliminate the " @@ -15012,7 +15047,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10765 +#: freeculture.xml:10781 msgid "" "Somehow we have to find a way to turn attention to this more important and " "fundamental issue. Somehow we have to find a way to avoid pouring gasoline " @@ -15020,7 +15055,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10770 +#: freeculture.xml:10786 msgid "" "We have not found that way yet. Instead, we seem trapped in a simpler, " "binary view. However much many people push to frame this debate more " @@ -15029,7 +15064,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10776 +#: freeculture.xml:10792 msgid "" "This challenge has been my life these last few years. It has also been my " "failure. In the two chapters that follow, I describe one small brace of " @@ -15038,17 +15073,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:10786 +#: freeculture.xml:10802 msgid "CHAPTER THIRTEEN: Eldred" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10787 +#: freeculture.xml:10803 msgid "Hawthorne, Nathaniel" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10789 +#: freeculture.xml:10805 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>In 1995</emphasis>, a father was frustrated that his " "daughters didn't seem to like Hawthorne. No doubt there was more than one " @@ -15060,7 +15095,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10798 +#: freeculture.xml:10814 msgid "" "It didn't work—at least for his daughters. They didn't find Hawthorne " "any more interesting than before. But Eldred's experiment gave birth to a " @@ -15070,7 +15105,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 221 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10807 +#: freeculture.xml:10823 msgid "" "Eldred's library was not simply a copy of certain public domain works, " "though even a copy would have been of great value to people across the world " @@ -15082,7 +15117,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10818 +#: freeculture.xml:10834 msgid "" "Eldred's freedom to do this with Hawthorne's work grew from the same source " "as Disney's. Hawthorne's <citetitle>Scarlet Letter</citetitle> had passed " @@ -15098,12 +15133,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10843 freeculture.xml:11860 +#: freeculture.xml:10859 freeculture.xml:11876 msgid "pornography" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10843 +#: freeculture.xml:10859 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> There's a parallel here with " "pornography that is a bit hard to describe, but it's a strong one. One " @@ -15122,7 +15157,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10832 +#: freeculture.xml:10848 msgid "" "The Internet created the possibility of noncommercial publications of public " "domain works. Eldred's is just one example. There are literally thousands of " @@ -15137,7 +15172,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10861 +#: freeculture.xml:10877 msgid "" "As I said, Eldred lives in New Hampshire. In 1998, Robert Frost's collection " "of poems <citetitle>New Hampshire</citetitle> was slated to pass into the " @@ -15153,17 +15188,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10874 freeculture.xml:10884 +#: freeculture.xml:10890 freeculture.xml:10900 msgid "Bono, Mary" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10875 freeculture.xml:10885 +#: freeculture.xml:10891 freeculture.xml:10901 msgid "Bono, Sonny" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10884 +#: freeculture.xml:10900 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " "id=\"1\"/> The full text is: <quote>Sonny [Bono] wanted the term of " @@ -15176,7 +15211,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10879 +#: freeculture.xml:10895 msgid "" "This was the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA), enacted in " "memory of the congressman and former musician Sonny Bono, who, his widow, " @@ -15185,7 +15220,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10897 +#: freeculture.xml:10913 msgid "" "Eldred decided to fight this law. He first resolved to fight it through " "civil disobedience. In a series of interviews, Eldred announced that he " @@ -15196,7 +15231,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10906 +#: freeculture.xml:10922 msgid "" "It was here that I became involved in Eldred's battle. I was a " "constitutional scholar whose first passion was constitutional " @@ -15206,7 +15241,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10917 +#: freeculture.xml:10933 msgid "" "Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science … by " "securing for limited Times to Authors … exclusive Right to their " @@ -15214,7 +15249,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10923 +#: freeculture.xml:10939 msgid "" "As I've described, this clause is unique within the power-granting clause of " "Article I, section 8 of our Constitution. Every other clause granting power " @@ -15228,13 +15263,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10932 freeculture.xml:12422 +#: freeculture.xml:10948 freeculture.xml:12438 msgid "Jaszi, Peter" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 223 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10934 +#: freeculture.xml:10950 msgid "" "In the past forty years, Congress has gotten into the practice of extending " "existing terms of copyright protection. What puzzled me about this was, if " @@ -15247,7 +15282,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10945 +#: freeculture.xml:10961 msgid "" "As an academic, my first response was to hit the books. I remember sitting " "late at the office, scouring on-line databases for any serious consideration " @@ -15260,7 +15295,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10956 +#: freeculture.xml:10972 msgid "" "For this is the core of the corruption in our present system of " "government. <quote>Corruption</quote> not in the sense that representatives " @@ -15272,7 +15307,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10965 +#: freeculture.xml:10981 msgid "" "If that's not obvious to you, consider the following: Say you're one of the " "very few lucky copyright owners whose copyright continues to make money one " @@ -15284,7 +15319,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10975 +#: freeculture.xml:10991 msgid "" "So imagine the Robert Frost estate is earning $100,000 a year from three of " "Frost's poems. And imagine the copyright for those poems is about to " @@ -15294,7 +15329,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 224 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10982 +#: freeculture.xml:10998 msgid "" "<quote>Next year,</quote> the adviser announces, <quote>our copyrights in " "works A, B, and C will expire. That means that after next year, we will no " @@ -15303,7 +15338,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10990 +#: freeculture.xml:11006 msgid "" "<quote>There's a proposal in Congress, however,</quote> she continues, " "<quote>that could change this. A few congressmen are floating a bill to " @@ -15312,14 +15347,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10996 +#: freeculture.xml:11012 msgid "" "<quote>Hope?</quote> a fellow board member says. <quote>Can't we be doing " "something about it?</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11000 +#: freeculture.xml:11016 msgid "" "<quote>Well, obviously, yes,</quote> the adviser responds. <quote>We could " "contribute to the campaigns of a number of representatives to try to assure " @@ -15327,7 +15362,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11005 +#: freeculture.xml:11021 msgid "" "You hate politics. You hate contributing to campaigns. So you want to know " "whether this disgusting practice is worth it. <quote>How much would we get " @@ -15336,7 +15371,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11011 +#: freeculture.xml:11027 msgid "" "<quote>Well,</quote> the adviser says, <quote>if you're confident that you " "will continue to get at least $100,000 a year from these copyrights, and you " @@ -15345,14 +15380,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11017 +#: freeculture.xml:11033 msgid "" "You're a bit shocked by the number, but you quickly come to the correct " "conclusion:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11021 +#: freeculture.xml:11037 msgid "" "<quote>So you're saying it would be worth it for us to pay more than " "$1,000,000 in campaign contributions if we were confident those " @@ -15360,7 +15395,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11027 +#: freeculture.xml:11043 msgid "" "<quote>Absolutely,</quote> the adviser responds. <quote>It is worth it to " "you to contribute up to the `present value' of the income you expect from " @@ -15369,7 +15404,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 225 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11033 +#: freeculture.xml:11049 msgid "" "You quickly get the point—you as the member of the board and, I trust, " "you the reader. Each time copyrights are about to expire, every beneficiary " @@ -15381,7 +15416,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11044 +#: freeculture.xml:11060 msgid "" "Thus a congressional perpetual motion machine: So long as legislation can be " "bought (albeit indirectly), there will be all the incentive in the world to " @@ -15390,7 +15425,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11056 +#: freeculture.xml:11072 msgid "" "Associated Press, <quote>Disney Lobbying for Copyright Extension No Mickey " "Mouse Effort; Congress OKs Bill Granting Creators 20 More Years,</quote> " @@ -15399,7 +15434,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11063 +#: freeculture.xml:11079 msgid "" "See Nick Brown, <quote>Fair Use No More?: Copyright in the Information " "Age,</quote> available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -15408,7 +15443,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f5. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11071 +#: freeculture.xml:11087 msgid "" "Alan K. Ota, <quote>Disney in Washington: The Mouse That Roars,</quote> " "<citetitle>Congressional Quarterly This Week</citetitle>, 8 August 1990, " @@ -15416,7 +15451,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11049 +#: freeculture.xml:11065 msgid "" "In the lobbying that led to the passage of the Sonny Bono Copyright Term " "Extension Act, this <quote>theory</quote> about incentives was proved " @@ -15431,7 +15466,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11078 +#: freeculture.xml:11094 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Constitutional law</emphasis> is not oblivious to " "the obvious. Or at least, it need not be. So when I was considering Eldred's " @@ -15446,7 +15481,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 226 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11090 +#: freeculture.xml:11106 msgid "" "It was also my judgment that <emphasis>this</emphasis> Supreme Court would " "not allow Congress to extend existing terms. As anyone close to the Supreme " @@ -15458,7 +15493,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11103 +#: freeculture.xml:11119 msgid "" "Since 1937, the Supreme Court had interpreted Congress's granted powers very " "broadly; so, while the Constitution grants Congress the power to regulate " @@ -15468,7 +15503,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11113 +#: freeculture.xml:11129 msgid "" "As the economy grew, this standard increasingly meant that there was no " "limit to Congress's power to regulate, since just about every activity, when " @@ -15478,12 +15513,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11119 freeculture.xml:11909 +#: freeculture.xml:11135 freeculture.xml:11925 msgid "Rehnquist, William H." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11121 +#: freeculture.xml:11137 msgid "" "The Supreme Court, under Chief Justice Rehnquist's command, changed that in " "<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>. The " @@ -15499,7 +15534,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11136 +#: freeculture.xml:11152 msgid "" "<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>, 514 " "U.S. 549, 564 (1995)." @@ -15507,14 +15542,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f7. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11143 +#: freeculture.xml:11159 msgid "" "<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Morrison</citetitle>, 529 " "U.S. 598 (2000)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11134 +#: freeculture.xml:11150 msgid "" "<quote>We pause to consider the implications of the government's " "arguments,</quote> the Chief Justice wrote.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -15527,7 +15562,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11150 +#: freeculture.xml:11166 msgid "" "If it is a principle about enumerated powers, then the principle carries " "from one enumerated power to another. The animating point in the context of " @@ -15542,7 +15577,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 227 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11147 +#: freeculture.xml:11163 msgid "" "If a principle were at work here, then it should apply to the Progress " "Clause as much as the Commerce Clause.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -15556,7 +15591,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11171 +#: freeculture.xml:11187 msgid "" "<emphasis>If</emphasis>, that is, the principle announced in " "<citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> stood for a principle. Many believed the " @@ -15572,17 +15607,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:11183 +#: freeculture.xml:11199 msgid "copyright purpose established in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:11184 +#: freeculture.xml:11200 msgid "constitutional purpose of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11188 +#: freeculture.xml:11204 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Now let's pause</emphasis> for a moment to make sure " "we understand what the argument in <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> was not " @@ -15602,13 +15637,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11205 +#: freeculture.xml:11221 msgid "Nashville Songwriters Association" msgstr "" #. f9. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11213 +#: freeculture.xml:11229 msgid "" "Brief of the Nashville Songwriters Association, " "<citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 537 U.S. " @@ -15617,7 +15652,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11207 +#: freeculture.xml:11223 msgid "" "Some people view the public domain with contempt. In their brief before the " "Supreme Court, the Nashville Songwriters Association wrote that the public " @@ -15629,7 +15664,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11223 +#: freeculture.xml:11239 msgid "" "As we've seen, our constitutional system requires limits on copyright as a " "way to assure that copyright holders do not too heavily influence the " @@ -15641,7 +15676,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11235 +#: freeculture.xml:11251 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>It is valuable</emphasis> copyrights that are " "responsible for terms being extended. Mickey Mouse and <quote>Rhapsody in " @@ -15656,7 +15691,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f10. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11253 +#: freeculture.xml:11269 msgid "" "The figure of 2 percent is an extrapolation from the study by the " "Congressional Research Service, in light of the estimated renewal " @@ -15666,7 +15701,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11247 +#: freeculture.xml:11263 msgid "" "If you look at the work created in the first twenty years (1923 to 1942) " "affected by the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act, 2 percent of that " @@ -15678,7 +15713,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 229 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11262 +#: freeculture.xml:11278 msgid "" "Think practically about the consequence of this extension—practically, " "as a businessperson, and not as a lawyer eager for more legal work. In 1930, " @@ -15689,7 +15724,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11275 +#: freeculture.xml:11291 msgid "" "Well, first, you'd have to determine which of the 9,873 books were still " "under copyright. That requires going to a library (these data are not " @@ -15700,14 +15735,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11283 +#: freeculture.xml:11299 msgid "" "Then for the books still under copyright, you would need to locate the " "current copyright owners. How would you do that?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11287 +#: freeculture.xml:11303 msgid "" "Most people think that there must be a list of these copyright owners " "somewhere. Practical people think this way. How could there be thousands and " @@ -15715,7 +15750,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11294 +#: freeculture.xml:11310 msgid "" "But there is no list. There may be a name from 1930, and then in 1959, of " "the person who registered the copyright. But just think practically about " @@ -15725,7 +15760,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11303 +#: freeculture.xml:11319 msgid "" "<quote>But there isn't a list of who owns property generally,</quote> the " "apologists for the system respond. <quote>Why should there be a list of " @@ -15733,7 +15768,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11308 +#: freeculture.xml:11324 msgid "" "Well, actually, if you think about it, there <emphasis>are</emphasis> plenty " "of lists of who owns what property. Think about deeds on houses, or titles " @@ -15745,7 +15780,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 230 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11317 +#: freeculture.xml:11333 msgid "" "So: You walk down a street and see a house. You can know who owns the house " "by looking it up in the courthouse registry. If you see a car, there is " @@ -15759,7 +15794,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11332 +#: freeculture.xml:11348 msgid "" "Compare this story to intangible property. You go into a library. The " "library owns the books. But who owns the copyrights? As I've already " @@ -15773,7 +15808,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11344 +#: freeculture.xml:11360 msgid "" "The consequence with respect to old books is that they won't be digitized, " "and hence will simply rot away on shelves. But the consequence for other " @@ -15781,28 +15816,28 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11349 +#: freeculture.xml:11365 msgid "Agee, Michael" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11350 freeculture.xml:11785 +#: freeculture.xml:11366 freeculture.xml:11801 msgid "Hal Roach Studios" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11351 +#: freeculture.xml:11367 msgid "Laurel and Hardy Films" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11352 +#: freeculture.xml:11368 msgid "Lucky Dog, The" msgstr "" #. f11. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11365 +#: freeculture.xml:11381 msgid "" "See David G. Savage, <quote>High Court Scene of Showdown on Copyright " "Law,</quote> <citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 6 October 2002; David " @@ -15812,7 +15847,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11354 +#: freeculture.xml:11370 msgid "" "Consider the story of Michael Agee, chairman of Hal Roach Studios, which " "owns the copyrights for the Laurel and Hardy films. Agee is a direct " @@ -15827,7 +15862,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11372 +#: freeculture.xml:11388 msgid "" "Yet Agee opposed the CTEA. His reasons demonstrate a rare virtue in this " "culture: selflessness. He argued in a brief before the Supreme Court that " @@ -15837,7 +15872,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 231 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11378 +#: freeculture.xml:11394 msgid "" "His argument is straightforward. A tiny fraction of this work has any " "continuing commercial value. The rest—to the extent it survives at " @@ -15849,7 +15884,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11396 +#: freeculture.xml:11412 msgid "" "Brief of Hal Roach Studios and Michael Agee as Amicus Curiae Supporting the " "Petitoners, <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> " @@ -15861,7 +15896,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11389 +#: freeculture.xml:11405 msgid "" "We can't know the benefits, but we do know a lot about the costs. For most " "of the history of film, the costs of restoring film were very high; digital " @@ -15872,7 +15907,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11406 +#: freeculture.xml:11422 msgid "" "Restoration technology is not the only cost, nor the most important. " "Lawyers, too, are a cost, and increasingly, a very important one. In " @@ -15882,7 +15917,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11414 +#: freeculture.xml:11430 msgid "" "Or more accurately, <emphasis>owners</emphasis>. As we've seen, there isn't " "only a single copyright associated with a film; there are many. There isn't " @@ -15893,7 +15928,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11422 +#: freeculture.xml:11438 msgid "" "<quote>But can't you just restore the film, distribute it, and then pay the " "copyright owner when she shows up?</quote> Sure, if you want to commit a " @@ -15908,7 +15943,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 232 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11433 +#: freeculture.xml:11449 msgid "" "For some films, the benefit of releasing the film may well exceed these " "costs. But for the vast majority of them, there is no way the benefit would " @@ -15918,7 +15953,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11444 +#: freeculture.xml:11460 msgid "" "But by the time the copyright for these films expires, the film will have " "expired. These films were produced on nitrate-based stock, and nitrate stock " @@ -15927,7 +15962,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11452 +#: freeculture.xml:11468 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Of all the</emphasis> creative work produced by " "humans anywhere, a tiny fraction has continuing commercial value. For that " @@ -15938,7 +15973,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11460 +#: freeculture.xml:11476 msgid "" "But even for that tiny fraction, the actual time during which the creative " "work has a commercial life is extremely short. As I've indicated, most books " @@ -15949,7 +15984,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11470 +#: freeculture.xml:11486 msgid "" "Yet that doesn't mean the life of the creative work ends. We don't keep " "libraries of books in order to compete with Barnes & Noble, and we don't " @@ -15963,7 +15998,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 233 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11483 +#: freeculture.xml:11499 msgid "" "Copyrights in this context do not drive an engine of free expression. In " "this context, there is no need for an exclusive right. Copyrights in this " @@ -15971,7 +16006,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11490 +#: freeculture.xml:11506 msgid "" "Yet, for most of our history, they also did little harm. For most of our " "history, when a work ended its commercial life, there was no " @@ -15984,7 +16019,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11501 +#: freeculture.xml:11517 msgid "" "The same was effectively true of film. Because the costs of restoring a " "film—the real economic costs, not the lawyer costs—were so high, " @@ -15995,7 +16030,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11510 +#: freeculture.xml:11526 msgid "" "In other words, though copyright has been relatively short for most of our " "history, long copyrights wouldn't have mattered for the works that lost " @@ -16004,12 +16039,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11516 +#: freeculture.xml:11532 msgid "But this situation has now changed." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11520 +#: freeculture.xml:11536 msgid "" "One crucially important consequence of the emergence of digital technologies " "is to enable the archive that Brewster Kahle dreams of. Digital " @@ -16024,7 +16059,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 234 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11533 +#: freeculture.xml:11549 msgid "" "And now copyright law does get in the way. Every step of producing this " "digital archive of our culture infringes on the exclusive right of " @@ -16037,7 +16072,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11543 +#: freeculture.xml:11559 msgid "" "Here is the core of the harm that comes from extending terms: Now that " "technology enables us to rebuild the library of Alexandria, the law gets in " @@ -16051,7 +16086,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11554 +#: freeculture.xml:11570 msgid "" "You may well ask, <quote>But if digital technologies lower the costs for " "Brewster Kahle, then they will lower the costs for Random House, too. So " @@ -16060,7 +16095,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11560 +#: freeculture.xml:11576 msgid "" "Maybe. Someday. But there is absolutely no evidence to suggest that " "publishers would be as complete as libraries. If Barnes & Noble offered " @@ -16075,7 +16110,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f13. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11584 +#: freeculture.xml:11600 msgid "" "Jason Schultz, <quote>The Myth of the 1976 Copyright `Chaos' Theory,</quote> " "20 December 2002, available at <ulink " @@ -16083,7 +16118,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11572 +#: freeculture.xml:11588 msgid "" "I would be the first to agree that it should do as much as it can: We should " "rely upon the market as much as possible to spread and enable culture. My " @@ -16097,7 +16132,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11591 +#: freeculture.xml:11607 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>In January 1999</emphasis>, we filed a lawsuit on " "Eric Eldred's behalf in federal district court in Washington, D.C., asking " @@ -16109,7 +16144,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11600 +#: freeculture.xml:11616 msgid "" "The district court dismissed our claims without even hearing an argument. A " "panel of the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit also dismissed our " @@ -16119,7 +16154,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11607 +#: freeculture.xml:11623 msgid "" "Judge David Sentelle said the CTEA violated the requirement that copyrights " "be for <quote>limited Times</quote> only. His argument was as elegant as it " @@ -16133,7 +16168,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11618 +#: freeculture.xml:11634 msgid "" "We asked the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit as a whole to hear the " "case. Cases are ordinarily heard in panels of three, except for important " @@ -16142,13 +16177,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11623 +#: freeculture.xml:11639 msgid "Tatel, David" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 236 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11625 +#: freeculture.xml:11641 msgid "" "The Court of Appeals rejected our request to hear the case en banc. This " "time, Judge Sentelle was joined by the most liberal member of the " @@ -16158,7 +16193,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11634 +#: freeculture.xml:11650 msgid "" "It was here that most expected Eldred v. Ashcroft would die, for the Supreme " "Court rarely reviews any decision by a court of appeals. (It hears about one " @@ -16168,7 +16203,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11641 +#: freeculture.xml:11657 msgid "" "But in February 2002, the Supreme Court surprised the world by granting our " "petition to review the D.C. Circuit opinion. Argument was set for October of " @@ -16176,7 +16211,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11647 +#: freeculture.xml:11663 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>It is over</emphasis> a year later as I write these " "words. It is still astonishingly hard. If you know anything at all about " @@ -16189,7 +16224,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11658 +#: freeculture.xml:11674 msgid "" "But my client and these friends were wrong. This case could have been " "won. It should have been won. And no matter how hard I try to retell this " @@ -16197,13 +16232,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11663 freeculture.xml:11677 +#: freeculture.xml:11679 freeculture.xml:11693 msgid "Steward, Geoffrey" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 237 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11665 +#: freeculture.xml:11681 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>The mistake</emphasis> was made early, though it " "became obvious only at the very end. Our case had been supported from the " @@ -16215,17 +16250,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11675 freeculture.xml:12038 freeculture.xml:12054 freeculture.xml:12151 freeculture.xml:12371 freeculture.xml:12402 freeculture.xml:12500 +#: freeculture.xml:11691 freeculture.xml:12054 freeculture.xml:12070 freeculture.xml:12167 freeculture.xml:12387 freeculture.xml:12418 freeculture.xml:12516 msgid "Ayer, Don" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11676 +#: freeculture.xml:11692 msgid "Bromberg, Dan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11679 +#: freeculture.xml:11695 msgid "" "There were three key lawyers on the case from Jones Day. Geoff Stewart was " "the first, but then Dan Bromberg and Don Ayer became quite " @@ -16238,7 +16273,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11689 +#: freeculture.xml:11705 msgid "" "I hate this view of the law. Of course I thought the Sonny Bono Act was a " "dramatic harm to free speech and free culture. Of course I still think it " @@ -16260,7 +16295,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11710 +#: freeculture.xml:11726 msgid "" "In any case, I thought, the Court must already see the danger and the harm " "caused by this sort of law. Why else would they grant review? There was no " @@ -16271,7 +16306,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 238 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11718 +#: freeculture.xml:11734 msgid "" "There was one way, however, in which I felt politics would matter and in " "which I thought a response was appropriate. I was convinced that the Court " @@ -16290,17 +16325,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11736 freeculture.xml:11763 +#: freeculture.xml:11752 freeculture.xml:11779 msgid "Eagle Forum" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11737 +#: freeculture.xml:11753 msgid "Schlafly, Phyllis" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11739 +#: freeculture.xml:11755 msgid "" "The first step happened all by itself. Phyllis Schlafly's organization, " "Eagle Forum, had been an opponent of the CTEA from the very beginning. " @@ -16317,7 +16352,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11753 +#: freeculture.xml:11769 msgid "" "In the Court of Appeals, Eagle Forum was eager to file a brief supporting " "our position. Their brief made the argument that became the core claim in " @@ -16328,7 +16363,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 239 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11765 +#: freeculture.xml:11781 msgid "" "In the Supreme Court, the briefs on our side were about as diverse as it " "gets. They included an extraordinary historical brief by the Free Software " @@ -16341,17 +16376,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11777 +#: freeculture.xml:11793 msgid "American Association of Law Libraries" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11778 +#: freeculture.xml:11794 msgid "National Writers Union" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11780 +#: freeculture.xml:11796 msgid "" "Those briefs framed a legal argument. Then to support the legal argument, " "there were a number of powerful briefs by libraries and archives, including " @@ -16360,7 +16395,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11787 +#: freeculture.xml:11803 msgid "" "But two briefs captured the policy argument best. One made the argument I've " "already described: A brief by Hal Roach Studios argued that unless the law " @@ -16369,32 +16404,32 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11793 +#: freeculture.xml:11809 msgid "Akerlof, George" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11794 +#: freeculture.xml:11810 msgid "Arrow, Kenneth" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11795 +#: freeculture.xml:11811 msgid "Buchanan, James" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11796 +#: freeculture.xml:11812 msgid "Coase, Ronald" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11797 +#: freeculture.xml:11813 msgid "Friedman, Milton" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11799 +#: freeculture.xml:11815 msgid "" "This economists' brief was signed by seventeen economists, including five " "Nobel Prize winners, including Ronald Coase, James Buchanan, Milton " @@ -16408,28 +16443,28 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11809 freeculture.xml:11827 freeculture.xml:12040 freeculture.xml:12403 +#: freeculture.xml:11825 freeculture.xml:11843 freeculture.xml:12056 freeculture.xml:12419 msgid "Fried, Charles" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11810 +#: freeculture.xml:11826 msgid "Morrison, Alan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11811 +#: freeculture.xml:11827 msgid "Public Citizen" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11812 freeculture.xml:12039 freeculture.xml:13188 +#: freeculture.xml:11828 freeculture.xml:12055 freeculture.xml:13204 msgid "Reagan, Ronald" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 240 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11814 +#: freeculture.xml:11830 msgid "" "The same effort at balance was reflected in the legal team we gathered to " "write our briefs in the case. The Jones Day lawyers had been with us from " @@ -16443,17 +16478,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:11828 +#: freeculture.xml:11844 msgid "constitutional powers of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:11829 +#: freeculture.xml:11845 msgid "Commerce Clause of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11831 +#: freeculture.xml:11847 msgid "" "Fried was a special victory for our side. Every other former solicitor " "general was hired by the other side to defend Congress's power to give media " @@ -16467,7 +16502,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11843 +#: freeculture.xml:11859 msgid "" "The government, in defending the statute, had its collection of friends, as " "well. Significantly, however, none of these <quote>friends</quote> included " @@ -16477,7 +16512,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11850 +#: freeculture.xml:11866 msgid "" "The media companies were not surprising. They had the most to gain from the " "law. The congressmen were not surprising either—they were defending " @@ -16488,18 +16523,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11858 +#: freeculture.xml:11874 msgid "Gershwin, George" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11859 +#: freeculture.xml:11875 msgid "Porgy and Bess" msgstr "" #. f14. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11869 +#: freeculture.xml:11885 msgid "" "Brief of Amici Dr. Seuss Enterprise et al., <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> " "v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 537 U.S. (2003) (No. 01-618), 19." @@ -16507,7 +16542,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f15. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11877 +#: freeculture.xml:11893 msgid "" "Dinitia Smith, <quote>Immortal Words, Immortal Royalties? Even Mickey Mouse " "Joins the Fray,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 28 March " @@ -16516,7 +16551,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 241 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11862 +#: freeculture.xml:11878 msgid "" "Dr. Seuss's representatives, for example, argued that it was better for the " "Dr. Seuss estate to control what happened to Dr. Seuss's work— better " @@ -16533,7 +16568,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11886 +#: freeculture.xml:11902 msgid "" "This argument made clear a theme that is rarely noticed in this debate. " "When Congress decides to extend the term of existing copyrights, Congress is " @@ -16548,7 +16583,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11898 +#: freeculture.xml:11914 msgid "" "We argued as much in a final brief. Not only would upholding the CTEA mean " "that there was no limit to the power of Congress to extend " @@ -16558,7 +16593,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11905 +#: freeculture.xml:11921 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Between February</emphasis> and October, there was " "little I did beyond preparing for this case. Early on, as I said, I set the " @@ -16566,12 +16601,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11910 freeculture.xml:12096 +#: freeculture.xml:11926 freeculture.xml:12112 msgid "O'Connor, Sandra Day" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11912 +#: freeculture.xml:11928 msgid "" "The Supreme Court was divided into two important camps. One camp we called " "<quote>the Conservatives.</quote> The other we called <quote>the " @@ -16584,18 +16619,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11921 freeculture.xml:11946 freeculture.xml:12298 freeculture.xml:12310 +#: freeculture.xml:11937 freeculture.xml:11962 freeculture.xml:12314 freeculture.xml:12326 msgid "Breyer, Stephen" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11922 freeculture.xml:12262 +#: freeculture.xml:11938 freeculture.xml:12278 msgid "Ginsburg, Ruth Bader" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 242 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11924 +#: freeculture.xml:11940 msgid "" "The Rest were the four Justices who had strongly opposed limits on " "Congress's power. These four—Justice Stevens, Justice Souter, Justice " @@ -16608,7 +16643,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11936 +#: freeculture.xml:11952 msgid "" "In particular, the least likely was Justice Ginsburg's. In addition to her " "general view about deference to Congress (except where issues of gender are " @@ -16621,7 +16656,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11948 +#: freeculture.xml:11964 msgid "" "Close behind Justice Ginsburg were two justices whom we also viewed as " "unlikely allies, though possible surprises. Justice Souter strongly favored " @@ -16631,7 +16666,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11957 +#: freeculture.xml:11973 msgid "" "The only vote we could be confident about was that of Justice " "Stevens. History will record Justice Stevens as one of the greatest judges " @@ -16642,7 +16677,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11965 +#: freeculture.xml:11981 msgid "" "This analysis of <quote>the Rest</quote> showed most clearly where our focus " "had to be: on the Conservatives. To win this case, we had to crack open " @@ -16655,7 +16690,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 243 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11975 +#: freeculture.xml:11991 msgid "" "This then was the core of our strategy—a strategy for which I am " "responsible. We would get the Court to see that just as with the " @@ -16670,7 +16705,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11989 +#: freeculture.xml:12005 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>The argument</emphasis> on the government's side " "came down to this: Congress has done it before. It should be allowed to do " @@ -16680,7 +16715,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11997 +#: freeculture.xml:12013 msgid "" "There was some truth to the government's claim, but not much. We certainly " "agreed that Congress had extended existing terms in 1831 and in 1909. And of " @@ -16689,7 +16724,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12004 +#: freeculture.xml:12020 msgid "" "But this <quote>consistency</quote> should be kept in perspective. Congress " "extended existing terms once in the first hundred years of the Republic. It " @@ -16704,7 +16739,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 244 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12019 +#: freeculture.xml:12035 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Oral argument</emphasis> was scheduled for the first " "week in October. I arrived in D.C. two weeks before the argument. During " @@ -16714,7 +16749,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12029 +#: freeculture.xml:12045 msgid "" "I was convinced that to win, I had to keep the Court focused on a single " "point: that if this extension is permitted, then there is no limit to the " @@ -16725,7 +16760,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12042 +#: freeculture.xml:12058 msgid "" "One moot was before the lawyers at Jones Day. Don Ayer was the skeptic. He " "had served in the Reagan Justice Department with Solicitor General Charles " @@ -16734,7 +16769,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12048 +#: freeculture.xml:12064 msgid "" "<quote>I'm just afraid that unless they really see the harm, they won't be " "willing to upset this practice that the government says has been a " @@ -16744,7 +16779,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12056 +#: freeculture.xml:12072 msgid "" "He may have argued many cases before this Court, I thought, but he didn't " "understand its soul. As a clerk, I had seen the Justices do the right " @@ -16758,7 +16793,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 245 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12066 +#: freeculture.xml:12082 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>The night before</emphasis> the argument, a line of " "people began to form in front of the Supreme Court. The case had become a " @@ -16768,7 +16803,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12076 +#: freeculture.xml:12092 msgid "" "Not everyone has to wait in line. People who know the Justices can ask for " "seats they control. (I asked Justice Scalia's chambers for seats for my " @@ -16784,7 +16819,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12091 +#: freeculture.xml:12107 msgid "" "When the Chief Justice called me to begin my argument, I began where I " "intended to stay: on the question of the limits on Congress's power. This " @@ -16793,14 +16828,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12098 +#: freeculture.xml:12114 msgid "" "Justice O'Connor stopped me within one minute of my opening. The history " "was bothering her." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12103 +#: freeculture.xml:12119 msgid "" "justice o'connor: Congress has extended the term so often through the years, " "and if you are right, don't we run the risk of upsetting previous extensions " @@ -16809,7 +16844,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12110 +#: freeculture.xml:12126 msgid "" "She was quite willing to concede <quote>that this flies directly in the face " "of what the framers had in mind.</quote> But my response again and again was " @@ -16818,7 +16853,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 246 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12116 +#: freeculture.xml:12132 msgid "" "mr. lessig: Well, if it flies in the face of what the framers had in mind, " "then the question is, is there a way of interpreting their words that gives " @@ -16826,14 +16861,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12124 +#: freeculture.xml:12140 msgid "" "There were two points in this argument when I should have seen where the " "Court was going. The first was a question by Justice Kennedy, who observed," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12130 +#: freeculture.xml:12146 msgid "" "justice kennedy: Well, I suppose implicit in the argument that the '76 act, " "too, should have been declared void, and that we might leave it alone " @@ -16843,14 +16878,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12138 +#: freeculture.xml:12154 msgid "" "Here follows my clear mistake. Like a professor correcting a student, I " "answered," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12144 +#: freeculture.xml:12160 msgid "" "mr. lessig: Justice, we are not making an empirical claim at all. Nothing " "in our Copyright Clause claim hangs upon the empirical assertion about " @@ -16860,7 +16895,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12153 +#: freeculture.xml:12169 msgid "" "That was a correct answer, but it wasn't the right answer. The right answer " "was instead that there was an obvious and profound harm. Any number of " @@ -16870,7 +16905,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12160 +#: freeculture.xml:12176 msgid "" "The second came from the Chief, for whom the whole case had been " "crafted. For the Chief Justice had crafted the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> " @@ -16879,21 +16914,21 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 247 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12165 +#: freeculture.xml:12181 msgid "" "It was clear a second into his question that he wasn't at all sympathetic. " "To him, we were a bunch of anarchists. As he asked:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12172 +#: freeculture.xml:12188 msgid "" "chief justice: Well, but you want more than that. You want the right to copy " "verbatim other people's books, don't you?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12176 +#: freeculture.xml:12192 msgid "" "mr. lessig: We want the right to copy verbatim works that should be in the " "public domain and would be in the public domain but for a statute that " @@ -16902,12 +16937,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12184 +#: freeculture.xml:12200 msgid "Olson, Theodore B." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12186 +#: freeculture.xml:12202 msgid "" "Things went better for us when the government gave its argument; for now the " "Court picked up on the core of our claim. As Justice Scalia asked Solicitor " @@ -16915,7 +16950,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12192 +#: freeculture.xml:12208 msgid "" "justice scalia: You say that the functional equivalent of an unlimited time " "would be a violation [of the Constitution], but that's precisely the " @@ -16924,7 +16959,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12200 +#: freeculture.xml:12216 msgid "" "When Olson was finished, it was my turn to give a closing rebuttal. Olson's " "flailing had revived my anger. But my anger still was directed to the " @@ -16940,7 +16975,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 248 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12213 +#: freeculture.xml:12229 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>As I left</emphasis> the court that day, I knew " "there were a hundred points I wished I could remake. There were a hundred " @@ -16949,7 +16984,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12222 +#: freeculture.xml:12238 msgid "" "The government had been asked over and over again, what is the limit? Over " "and over again, it had answered there is no limit. This was precisely the " @@ -16966,7 +17001,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12237 +#: freeculture.xml:12253 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>The morning</emphasis> of January 15, 2003, I was " "five minutes late to the office and missed the 7:00 A.M. call from the " @@ -16977,7 +17012,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12245 +#: freeculture.xml:12261 msgid "" "A few seconds later, the opinions arrived by e-mail. I took the phone off " "the hook, posted an announcement to our blog, and sat down to see where I " @@ -16985,7 +17020,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12250 +#: freeculture.xml:12266 msgid "" "My <emphasis>reasoning</emphasis>. Here was a case that pitted all the money " "in the world against <emphasis>reasoning</emphasis>. And here was the last " @@ -16993,7 +17028,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12256 +#: freeculture.xml:12272 msgid "" "I first scoured the opinion, looking for how the Court would distinguish the " "principle in this case from the principle in " @@ -17004,7 +17039,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 249 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12266 +#: freeculture.xml:12282 msgid "" "Justice Ginsburg simply ignored the enumerated powers argument. Consistent " "with her view that Congress's power was not limited generally, she had found " @@ -17012,7 +17047,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12271 +#: freeculture.xml:12287 msgid "" "Her opinion was perfectly reasonable—for her, and for Justice " "Souter. Neither believes in <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>. It would be too " @@ -17021,7 +17056,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12277 +#: freeculture.xml:12293 msgid "" "But as I realized what had happened, I couldn't quite believe what I was " "reading. I had said there was no way this Court could reconcile limited " @@ -17035,7 +17070,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12288 +#: freeculture.xml:12304 msgid "" "Yet by what right did they get to choose which of the framers' values they " "would respect? By what right did they—the silent five—get to " @@ -17048,7 +17083,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12300 +#: freeculture.xml:12316 msgid "" "Justices Breyer and Stevens wrote very strong dissents. Stevens's opinion " "was crafted internal to the law: He argued that the tradition of " @@ -17063,7 +17098,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 250 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12313 +#: freeculture.xml:12329 msgid "" "Justice Breyer's opinion, perhaps the best opinion he has ever written, was " "external to the Constitution. He argued that the term of copyrights has " @@ -17077,7 +17112,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12324 +#: freeculture.xml:12340 msgid "" "These two justices understood all the arguments we had made. But because " "neither believed in the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> case, neither was " @@ -17088,7 +17123,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12331 +#: freeculture.xml:12347 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Defeat brings depression</emphasis>. They say it is " "a sign of health when depression gives way to anger. My anger came quickly, " @@ -17096,12 +17131,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12336 +#: freeculture.xml:12352 msgid "originalism" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12338 +#: freeculture.xml:12354 msgid "" "It was first anger with the five <quote>Conservatives.</quote> It would have " "been one thing for them to have explained why the principle of " @@ -17119,7 +17154,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 251 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12351 +#: freeculture.xml:12367 msgid "" "Here, they had joined an opinion that never once tried to explain what the " "framers had meant by crafting the Progress Clause as they did; they joined " @@ -17134,7 +17169,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12366 +#: freeculture.xml:12382 msgid "" "My anger with the Conservatives quickly yielded to anger with myself. For I " "had let a view of the law that I liked interfere with a view of the law as " @@ -17142,7 +17177,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12373 +#: freeculture.xml:12389 msgid "" "Most lawyers, and most law professors, have little patience for idealism " "about courts in general and this Supreme Court in particular. Most have a " @@ -17157,7 +17192,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 252 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12384 +#: freeculture.xml:12400 msgid "" "As I read back over the transcript from that argument in October, I can see " "a hundred places where the answers could have taken the conversation in " @@ -17176,7 +17211,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12405 +#: freeculture.xml:12421 msgid "" "Would it have been different if I had argued it differently? Would it have " "been different if Don Ayer had argued it? Or Charles Fried? Or Kathleen " @@ -17184,7 +17219,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12410 +#: freeculture.xml:12426 msgid "" "My friends huddled around me to insist it would not. The Court was not " "ready, my friends insisted. This was a loss that was destined. It would take " @@ -17193,7 +17228,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12416 +#: freeculture.xml:12432 msgid "" "Maybe, but I doubt it. These Justices have no financial interest in doing " "anything except the right thing. They are not lobbied. They have little " @@ -17203,7 +17238,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12424 +#: freeculture.xml:12440 msgid "" "And even if I couldn't, then that doesn't excuse what happened in " "January. For at the start of this case, one of America's leading " @@ -17213,7 +17248,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12431 +#: freeculture.xml:12447 msgid "" "After the argument and after the decision, Peter said to me, and publicly, " "that he was wrong. But if indeed that Court could not have been persuaded, " @@ -17226,7 +17261,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 253 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12440 +#: freeculture.xml:12456 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>While the reaction</emphasis> to the Sonny Bono Act " "itself was almost unanimously negative, the reaction to the Court's decision " @@ -17240,7 +17275,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12455 +#: freeculture.xml:12471 msgid "" "In effect, the Supreme Court's decision makes it likely that we are seeing " "the beginning of the end of public domain and the birth of copyright " @@ -17251,12 +17286,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12469 freeculture.xml:12474 +#: freeculture.xml:12485 freeculture.xml:12490 msgid "Bolling, Ruben" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12464 +#: freeculture.xml:12480 msgid "" "The best responses were in the cartoons. There was a gaggle of hilarious " "images—of Mickey in jail and the like. The best, from my view of the " @@ -17267,19 +17302,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:12472 +#: freeculture.xml:12488 msgid "Tom the Dancing Bug cartoon" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:12473 +#: freeculture.xml:12489 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/18.png\"></graphic> <placeholder " "type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12477 +#: freeculture.xml:12493 msgid "" "The image that will always stick in my head is that evoked by the quote from " "<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle>. That <quote>grand " @@ -17292,12 +17327,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:12488 +#: freeculture.xml:12504 msgid "CHAPTER FOURTEEN: Eldred II" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12490 +#: freeculture.xml:12506 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>The day</emphasis> <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> was " "decided, fate would have it that I was to travel to Washington, D.C. (The " @@ -17310,7 +17345,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12502 +#: freeculture.xml:12518 msgid "" "It was an act of contrition. During the whole of the flight from San " "Francisco to Washington, I had heard over and over again in my head the same " @@ -17324,7 +17359,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 256 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12512 +#: freeculture.xml:12528 msgid "" "<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle> published the piece. In it, I " "proposed a simple fix: Fifty years after a work has been published, the " @@ -17334,7 +17369,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12520 +#: freeculture.xml:12536 msgid "" "We called this the Eldred Act, but that was just to give it a name. Eric " "Eldred was kind enough to let his name be used once again, but as he said " @@ -17342,7 +17377,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12525 +#: freeculture.xml:12541 msgid "" "Or another two names. For depending upon your perspective, this is either " "the <quote>Public Domain Enhancement Act</quote> or the <quote>Copyright " @@ -17354,12 +17389,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12533 freeculture.xml:12734 +#: freeculture.xml:12549 freeculture.xml:12750 msgid "Forbes, Steve" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12535 +#: freeculture.xml:12551 msgid "" "The reaction to this idea was amazingly strong. Steve Forbes endorsed it in " "an editorial. I received an avalanche of e-mail and letters expressing " @@ -17373,7 +17408,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12547 +#: freeculture.xml:12563 msgid "" "Indeed, many recognized the obvious benefit of the registration " "requirement. For one of the hardest things about the current system for " @@ -17386,22 +17421,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12557 +#: freeculture.xml:12573 msgid "Berlin Act (1908)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12558 freeculture.xml:12599 +#: freeculture.xml:12574 freeculture.xml:12615 msgid "Berne Convention (1908)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12566 +#: freeculture.xml:12582 msgid "German copyright law" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12566 +#: freeculture.xml:12582 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Until the 1908 Berlin Act of the " "Berne Convention, national copyright legislation sometimes made protection " @@ -17424,7 +17459,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12561 +#: freeculture.xml:12577 msgid "" "As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"property-i\"/>, formalities in copyright law were removed in 1976, " @@ -17439,7 +17474,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12593 +#: freeculture.xml:12609 msgid "" "That's great rhetoric. It sounds wonderfully romantic. But it is absurd " "copyright policy. It is absurd especially for authors, because a world " @@ -17449,7 +17484,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12601 +#: freeculture.xml:12617 msgid "" "The fight against formalities achieved its first real victory in Berlin in " "1908. International copyright lawyers amended the Berne Convention in 1908, " @@ -17462,7 +17497,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12611 +#: freeculture.xml:12627 msgid "" "These complaints were real and sensible. And the strictness of the " "formalities, especially in the United States, was absurd. The law should " @@ -17473,7 +17508,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12619 +#: freeculture.xml:12635 msgid "" "Even that would have been resisted, however, because registration in the " "nineteenth and twentieth centuries was still expensive. It was also a " @@ -17484,7 +17519,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 258 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12627 +#: freeculture.xml:12643 msgid "" "In addition to the practical complaint of authors in 1908, there was a moral " "claim as well. There was no reason that creative property should be a " @@ -17496,7 +17531,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12639 +#: freeculture.xml:12655 msgid "" "This argument is correct, but its implications are misleading. For the " "argument in favor of formalities does not depend upon creative property " @@ -17507,7 +17542,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12648 +#: freeculture.xml:12664 msgid "" "No one thinks, for example, that land is second-class property just because " "you have to register a deed with a court if your sale of land is to be " @@ -17525,7 +17560,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12664 +#: freeculture.xml:12680 msgid "" "It is similarly special physics that makes formalities important in " "copyright law. Unlike a carpenter's table, there's nothing in nature that " @@ -17540,7 +17575,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12679 +#: freeculture.xml:12695 msgid "" "This was the understanding of the problem with the Sonny Bono Act that we " "tried to demonstrate to the Court. This was the part it didn't " @@ -17553,7 +17588,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12689 +#: freeculture.xml:12705 msgid "" "But now that copyrights can be just about a century long, the inability to " "know what is protected and what is not protected becomes a huge and obvious " @@ -17565,7 +17600,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12698 +#: freeculture.xml:12714 msgid "" "The Eldred Act was designed to respond to exactly this problem. If it is " "worth $1 to you, then register your work and you can get the longer " @@ -17575,7 +17610,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12705 +#: freeculture.xml:12721 msgid "" "If it isn't worth it to you to register to get the benefit of an extended " "term, then it shouldn't be worth it for the government to defend your " @@ -17585,7 +17620,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12712 +#: freeculture.xml:12728 msgid "" "Some worry about the burden on authors. Won't the burden of registering the " "work mean that the $1 is really misleading? Isn't the hassle worth more than " @@ -17594,7 +17629,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 260 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12718 +#: freeculture.xml:12734 msgid "" "It is. The hassle is terrible. The system that exists now is awful. I " "completely agree that the Copyright Office has done a terrible job (no doubt " @@ -17612,7 +17647,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12736 +#: freeculture.xml:12752 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>When Steve Forbes</emphasis> endorsed the idea, some " "in Washington began to pay attention. Many people contacted me pointing to " @@ -17622,12 +17657,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12742 +#: freeculture.xml:12758 msgid "Lofgren, Zoe" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12744 +#: freeculture.xml:12760 msgid "" "One representative, Zoe Lofgren of California, went so far as to get the " "bill drafted. The draft solved any problem with international law. It " @@ -17638,7 +17673,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12753 +#: freeculture.xml:12769 msgid "" "But at this stage, the lobbyists began to intervene. Jack Valenti and the " "MPAA general counsel came to the congresswoman's office to give the view of " @@ -17650,7 +17685,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 261 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12761 +#: freeculture.xml:12777 msgid "" "The MPAA argued first that Congress had <quote>firmly rejected the central " "concept in the proposed bill</quote>—that copyrights be renewed. That " @@ -17672,7 +17707,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12782 +#: freeculture.xml:12798 msgid "" "Finally, the MPAA argued that existing law enabled copyright owners to do " "this if they wanted. But the whole point is that there are thousands of " @@ -17683,7 +17718,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12790 +#: freeculture.xml:12806 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>At the beginning</emphasis> of this book, I told two " "stories about the law reacting to changes in technology. In the one, common " @@ -17696,7 +17731,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12800 +#: freeculture.xml:12816 msgid "" "I used these two cases as a way to frame the war that this book has been " "about. For here, too, a new technology is forcing the law to react. And " @@ -17706,7 +17741,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 262 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12809 +#: freeculture.xml:12825 msgid "" "When the issue is piracy, it is right for the law to back the copyright " "owners. The commercial piracy that I described is wrong and harmful, and the " @@ -17720,12 +17755,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12819 +#: freeculture.xml:12835 msgid "Kelly, Kevin" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12821 +#: freeculture.xml:12837 msgid "" "But when the copyright owners oppose a proposal such as the Eldred Act, " "then, finally, there is an example that lays bare the naked selfinterest " @@ -17738,12 +17773,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12831 +#: freeculture.xml:12847 msgid "What does this industry really want?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12834 +#: freeculture.xml:12850 msgid "" "With very little effort, the warriors could protect their content. So the " "effort to block something like the Eldred Act is not really about protecting " @@ -17756,7 +17791,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12845 +#: freeculture.xml:12861 msgid "" "The opposition to the Eldred Act reveals how extreme the other side is. The " "most powerful and sexy and well loved of lobbies really has as its aim not " @@ -17767,7 +17802,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 263 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12853 +#: freeculture.xml:12869 msgid "" "It is not hard to understand why the warriors take this view. It is not hard " "to see why it would benefit them if the competition of the public domain " @@ -17778,7 +17813,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12865 +#: freeculture.xml:12881 msgid "" "What is hard to understand is why the public takes this view. It is as if " "the law made airplanes trespassers. The MPAA stands with the Causbys and " @@ -17788,7 +17823,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12872 +#: freeculture.xml:12888 msgid "" "All this seems to follow easily from this untroubled acceptance of the " "<quote>property</quote> in intellectual property. Common sense supports it, " @@ -17800,47 +17835,47 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:12884 +#: freeculture.xml:12900 msgid "CONCLUSION" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12885 +#: freeculture.xml:12901 msgid "Africa, medications for HIV patients in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12886 +#: freeculture.xml:12902 msgid "AIDS medications" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12887 +#: freeculture.xml:12903 msgid "antiretroviral drugs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12888 +#: freeculture.xml:12904 msgid "developing countries, foreign patent costs in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12889 freeculture.xml:13400 +#: freeculture.xml:12905 freeculture.xml:13416 msgid "drugs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:12889 freeculture.xml:13400 +#: freeculture.xml:12905 freeculture.xml:13416 msgid "pharmaceutical" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12890 +#: freeculture.xml:12906 msgid "HIV/AIDS therapies" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12892 +#: freeculture.xml:12908 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>There are more</emphasis> than 35 million people " "with the AIDS virus worldwide. Twenty-five million of them live in " @@ -17850,7 +17885,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12899 +#: freeculture.xml:12915 msgid "" "There is no cure for AIDS, but there are drugs to slow its progression. " "These antiretroviral therapies are still experimental, but they have already " @@ -17861,7 +17896,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12914 +#: freeculture.xml:12930 msgid "" "Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, <quote>Final Report: Integrating " "Intellectual Property Rights and Development Policy</quote> (London, 2002), " @@ -17872,7 +17907,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12907 +#: freeculture.xml:12923 msgid "" "These drugs are expensive. When they were first introduced in the United " "States, they cost between $10,000 and $15,000 per person per year. Today, " @@ -17884,23 +17919,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12923 freeculture.xml:13402 +#: freeculture.xml:12939 freeculture.xml:13418 msgid "patents" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:12923 freeculture.xml:13402 +#: freeculture.xml:12939 freeculture.xml:13418 msgid "on pharmaceuticals" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12924 +#: freeculture.xml:12940 msgid "pharmaceutical patents" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 265 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12927 +#: freeculture.xml:12943 msgid "" "These prices are not high because the ingredients of the drugs are " "expensive. These prices are high because the drugs are protected by " @@ -17911,7 +17946,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12935 +#: freeculture.xml:12951 msgid "" "There are many who are skeptical of patents, especially drug patents. I am " "not. Indeed, of all the areas of research that might be supported by " @@ -17924,7 +17959,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12946 +#: freeculture.xml:12962 msgid "" "But it is one thing to support patents, even drug patents. It is another " "thing to determine how best to deal with a crisis. And as African leaders " @@ -17934,27 +17969,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12952 +#: freeculture.xml:12968 msgid "international law" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12953 +#: freeculture.xml:12969 msgid "parallel importation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12954 +#: freeculture.xml:12970 msgid "South Africa, Republic of, pharmaceutical imports by" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12967 freeculture.xml:13458 +#: freeculture.xml:12983 freeculture.xml:13474 msgid "Braithwaite, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12965 +#: freeculture.xml:12981 msgid "" "See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism: " "Who Owns the Knowledge Economy?</citetitle> (New York: The New Press, 2003), " @@ -17963,7 +17998,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12956 +#: freeculture.xml:12972 msgid "" "In 1997, South Africa tried one tack. It passed a law to allow the " "importation of patented medicines that had been produced or sold in another " @@ -17975,13 +18010,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12971 +#: freeculture.xml:12987 msgid "United States Trade Representative (USTR)" msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12979 +#: freeculture.xml:12995 msgid "" "International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent " "Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a " @@ -17996,7 +18031,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13006 +#: freeculture.xml:13022 msgid "" "International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent " "Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a " @@ -18005,7 +18040,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12973 +#: freeculture.xml:12989 msgid "" "However, the United States government opposed the bill. Indeed, more than " "opposed. As the International Intellectual Property Association " @@ -18028,7 +18063,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13013 +#: freeculture.xml:13029 msgid "" "We should place the intervention by the United States in context. No doubt " "patents are not the most important reason that Africans don't have access to " @@ -18040,7 +18075,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13023 +#: freeculture.xml:13039 msgid "" "By stopping the flow of HIV treatment into Africa, the United States " "government was not saving drugs for United States citizens. This is not " @@ -18051,7 +18086,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13031 +#: freeculture.xml:13047 msgid "" "Nor was the intervention by the United States going to protect the profits " "of United States drug companies—at least, not substantially. It was " @@ -18065,7 +18100,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f5. #. PAGE BREAK 333 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13046 +#: freeculture.xml:13062 msgid "" "See Sabin Russell, <quote>New Crusade to Lower AIDS Drug Costs: Africa's " "Needs at Odds with Firms' Profit Motive,</quote> <citetitle>San Francisco " @@ -18083,7 +18118,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13040 +#: freeculture.xml:13056 msgid "" "Instead, the argument in favor of restricting this flow of information, " "which was needed to save the lives of millions, was an argument about the " @@ -18095,7 +18130,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13068 +#: freeculture.xml:13084 msgid "" "Now just step back for a moment. There will be a time thirty years from now " "when our children look back at us and ask, how could we have let this " @@ -18108,17 +18143,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13077 +#: freeculture.xml:13093 msgid "corporations" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13077 +#: freeculture.xml:13093 msgid "in pharmaceutical industry" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13079 +#: freeculture.xml:13095 msgid "" "Some blame the drug companies. I don't. They are corporations. Their " "managers are ordered by law to make money for the corporation. They push a " @@ -18129,7 +18164,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13087 +#: freeculture.xml:13103 msgid "" "The corruption is our own politicians' failure of integrity. For the drug " "companies would love—they say, and I believe them—to sell their " @@ -18140,13 +18175,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13094 +#: freeculture.xml:13110 msgid "of drug patents" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 268 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13096 +#: freeculture.xml:13112 msgid "" "A different problem, however, could not be overcome. This is the fear of the " "grandstanding politician who would call the presidents of the drug companies " @@ -18163,7 +18198,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13118 +#: freeculture.xml:13134 msgid "" "So when the common sense of your child confronts you, what will you say? " "When the common sense of a generation finally revolts against what we have " @@ -18171,7 +18206,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13124 +#: freeculture.xml:13140 msgid "" "A sensible patent policy could endorse and strongly support the patent " "system without having to reach everyone everywhere in exactly the same " @@ -18185,7 +18220,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13139 +#: freeculture.xml:13155 msgid "" "But we as a culture have lost this sense of balance. We have lost the " "critical eye that helps us see the difference between truth and extremism. " @@ -18197,7 +18232,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 269 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13148 +#: freeculture.xml:13164 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>A simple idea</emphasis> blinds us, and under the " "cover of darkness, much happens that most of us would reject if any of us " @@ -18212,7 +18247,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13162 +#: freeculture.xml:13178 msgid "" "So far, common sense sleeps. There is no revolt. Common sense does not yet " "see what there could be to revolt about. The extremism that now dominates " @@ -18229,68 +18264,68 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13175 freeculture.xml:13943 +#: freeculture.xml:13191 freeculture.xml:13959 msgid "academic journals" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13176 freeculture.xml:13189 +#: freeculture.xml:13192 freeculture.xml:13205 msgid "biomedical research" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13177 freeculture.xml:13345 +#: freeculture.xml:13193 freeculture.xml:13361 msgid "international organization on issues of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13179 freeculture.xml:13294 freeculture.xml:13862 +#: freeculture.xml:13195 freeculture.xml:13310 freeculture.xml:13878 msgid "IBM" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13180 freeculture.xml:14009 +#: freeculture.xml:13196 freeculture.xml:14025 msgid "PLoS (Public Library of Science)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13181 freeculture.xml:14010 +#: freeculture.xml:13197 freeculture.xml:14026 msgid "Public Library of Science (PLoS)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13182 +#: freeculture.xml:13198 msgid "public projects in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13183 +#: freeculture.xml:13199 msgid "single nucleotied polymorphisms (SNPs)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13184 +#: freeculture.xml:13200 msgid "Wellcome Trust" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13185 freeculture.xml:13346 +#: freeculture.xml:13201 freeculture.xml:13362 msgid "World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13186 +#: freeculture.xml:13202 msgid "World Wide Web" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13187 +#: freeculture.xml:13203 msgid "Global Positioning System" msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13194 +#: freeculture.xml:13210 msgid "" "Jonathan Krim, <quote>The Quiet War over Open-Source,</quote> " "<citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, August 2003, E1, available at <ulink " @@ -18306,7 +18341,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 270 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13191 +#: freeculture.xml:13207 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>In August 2003</emphasis>, a fight broke out in the " "United States about a decision by the World Intellectual Property " @@ -18330,7 +18365,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13225 +#: freeculture.xml:13241 msgid "" "The aim of the meeting was to consider this wide range of projects from one " "common perspective: that none of these projects relied upon intellectual " @@ -18340,20 +18375,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13231 +#: freeculture.xml:13247 msgid "in international debate on intellectual property" msgstr "" #. f7. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13234 +#: freeculture.xml:13250 msgid "" "I should disclose that I was one of the people who asked WIPO for the " "meeting." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13233 +#: freeculture.xml:13249 msgid "" "From the perspective of this book, then, the conference was " "ideal.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The projects within its " @@ -18364,13 +18399,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13243 freeculture.xml:13399 +#: freeculture.xml:13259 freeculture.xml:13415 msgid "World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS)" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 271 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13245 +#: freeculture.xml:13261 msgid "" "Indeed, I was once publicly scolded for not recognizing this fact about " "WIPO. In February 2003, I delivered a keynote address to a preparatory " @@ -18394,7 +18429,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13269 +#: freeculture.xml:13285 msgid "" "So whether or not WSIS can discuss balance in intellectual property, I had " "thought it was taken for granted that WIPO could and should. And thus the " @@ -18403,17 +18438,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13278 freeculture.xml:15008 +#: freeculture.xml:13294 freeculture.xml:15024 msgid "Apple Corporation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13279 +#: freeculture.xml:13295 msgid "on free software" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13281 +#: freeculture.xml:13297 msgid "" "But there is one project within that list that is highly controversial, at " "least among lobbyists. That project is <quote>open source and free " @@ -18427,13 +18462,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13291 +#: freeculture.xml:13307 msgid "<quote>copyleft</quote> licenses" msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13307 +#: freeculture.xml:13323 msgid "" "Microsoft's position about free and open source software is more " "sophisticated. As it has repeatedly asserted, it has no problem with " @@ -18454,7 +18489,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13296 +#: freeculture.xml:13312 msgid "" "I don't mean to enter that debate here. It is important only to make clear " "that the distinction is not between commercial and noncommercial " @@ -18469,18 +18504,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13325 +#: freeculture.xml:13341 msgid "General Public License (GPL)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13326 +#: freeculture.xml:13342 msgid "GPL (General Public License)" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 272 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13328 +#: freeculture.xml:13344 msgid "" "More important for our purposes, to support <quote>open source and free " "software</quote> is not to oppose copyright. <quote>Open source and free " @@ -18498,25 +18533,25 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13347 +#: freeculture.xml:13363 msgid "Krim, Jonathan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13348 +#: freeculture.xml:13364 msgid "WIPO meeting opposed by" msgstr "" #. f9. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13358 +#: freeculture.xml:13374 msgid "" "Krim, <quote>The Quiet War over Open-Source,</quote> available at <ulink " "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #64</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13350 +#: freeculture.xml:13366 msgid "" "It is therefore understandable that as a proprietary software developer, " "Microsoft would oppose this WIPO meeting, and understandable that it would " @@ -18529,7 +18564,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13364 +#: freeculture.xml:13380 msgid "" "I don't blame Microsoft for doing what it can to advance its own interests, " "consistent with the law. And lobbying governments is plainly consistent with " @@ -18539,12 +18574,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13372 freeculture.xml:13430 +#: freeculture.xml:13388 freeculture.xml:13446 msgid "Boland, Lois" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13374 +#: freeculture.xml:13390 msgid "" "What was surprising was the United States government's reason for opposing " "the meeting. Again, as reported by Krim, Lois Boland, acting director of " @@ -18556,12 +18591,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13385 +#: freeculture.xml:13401 msgid "These statements are astonishing on a number of levels." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13390 +#: freeculture.xml:13406 msgid "" "First, they are just flat wrong. As I described, most open source and free " "software relies fundamentally upon the intellectual property right called " @@ -18574,12 +18609,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13401 +#: freeculture.xml:13417 msgid "generic drugs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13404 +#: freeculture.xml:13420 msgid "" "Second, who ever said that WIPO's exclusive aim was to " "<quote>promote</quote> intellectual property maximally? As I had been " @@ -18595,7 +18630,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13418 +#: freeculture.xml:13434 msgid "" "Third, even if one believed that the purpose of WIPO was to maximize " "intellectual property rights, in our tradition, intellectual property rights " @@ -18611,7 +18646,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 274 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13432 +#: freeculture.xml:13448 msgid "" "When Ms. Boland says that there is something wrong with a meeting " "<quote>which has as its purpose to disclaim or waive such rights,</quote> " @@ -18625,17 +18660,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13443 +#: freeculture.xml:13459 msgid "feudal system" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13444 +#: freeculture.xml:13460 msgid "feudal system of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13446 +#: freeculture.xml:13462 msgid "" "There is a history of just such a property system that is well known in the " "Anglo-American tradition. It is called <quote>feudalism.</quote> Under " @@ -18649,14 +18684,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13463 +#: freeculture.xml:13479 msgid "" "See Drahos with Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism</citetitle>, " "210–20. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13460 +#: freeculture.xml:13476 msgid "" "As Peter Drahos and John Braithwaite relate, this is precisely the choice we " "are now making about intellectual property.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -18667,7 +18702,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13474 +#: freeculture.xml:13490 msgid "" "When this battle broke, I blogged it. A spirited debate within the comment " "section ensued. Ms. Boland had a number of supporters who tried to show why " @@ -18677,7 +18712,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 275 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13483 +#: freeculture.xml:13499 msgid "" "George, you misunderstand Lessig: He's only talking about the world as it " "should be (<quote>the goal of WIPO, and the goal of any government, should " @@ -18690,7 +18725,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13495 +#: freeculture.xml:13511 msgid "" "I missed the irony the first time I read it. I read it quickly and thought " "the poster was supporting the idea that seeking balance was what our " @@ -18703,7 +18738,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13506 +#: freeculture.xml:13522 msgid "" "Obviously, however, the poster was not supporting that idea. Instead, the " "poster was ridiculing the very idea that in the real world, the " @@ -18715,7 +18750,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13514 +#: freeculture.xml:13530 msgid "" "I understand criticism of academic utopianism. I think utopianism is silly, " "too, and I'd be the first to poke fun at the absurdly unrealistic ideals of " @@ -18723,7 +18758,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13520 +#: freeculture.xml:13536 msgid "" "But when it has become silly to suppose that the role of our government " "should be to <quote>seek balance,</quote> then count me with the silly, for " @@ -18738,7 +18773,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 276 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13531 +#: freeculture.xml:13547 msgid "" "It might be crazy to expect a high government official to speak the " "truth. It might be crazy to believe that government policy will be something " @@ -18748,17 +18783,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13539 +#: freeculture.xml:13555 msgid "If this is crazy, then let there be more crazies. Soon." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13543 +#: freeculture.xml:13559 msgid "Turner, Ted" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13545 +#: freeculture.xml:13561 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>There are moments</emphasis> of hope in this " "struggle. And moments that surprise. When the FCC was considering relaxing " @@ -18772,7 +18807,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13556 +#: freeculture.xml:13572 msgid "" "This activism did not stop the FCC, but soon after, a broad coalition in the " "Senate voted to reverse the FCC decision. The hostile hearings leading up to " @@ -18782,7 +18817,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13564 +#: freeculture.xml:13580 msgid "" "But even this movement misses an important piece of the puzzle. Largeness " "as such is not bad. Freedom is not threatened just because some become very " @@ -18792,7 +18827,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13571 +#: freeculture.xml:13587 msgid "" "The danger in media concentration comes not from the concentration, but " "instead from the feudalism that this concentration, tied to the change in " @@ -18804,7 +18839,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13581 +#: freeculture.xml:13597 msgid "" "It is therefore significant that so many would rally to demand competition " "and increased diversity. Still, if the rally is understood as being about " @@ -18814,7 +18849,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13588 +#: freeculture.xml:13604 msgid "" "It would be something new, and something very important, if an equal number " "could be rallied to fight the increasing extremism built within the idea of " @@ -18825,20 +18860,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13596 +#: freeculture.xml:13612 msgid "" "If we were Achilles, this would be our heel. This would be the place of our " "tragedy." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13599 +#: freeculture.xml:13615 msgid "Dylan, Bob" msgstr "" #. f11. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13605 +#: freeculture.xml:13621 msgid "" "John Borland, <quote>RIAA Sues 261 File Swappers,</quote> CNET News.com, " "September 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -18857,7 +18892,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13623 +#: freeculture.xml:13639 msgid "" "Jon Wiederhorn, <quote>Eminem Gets Sued … by a Little Old " "Lady,</quote> mtv.com, 17 September 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -18867,7 +18902,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f13. #. PAGE BREAK 334 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13630 +#: freeculture.xml:13646 msgid "" "Kenji Hall, Associated Press, <quote>Japanese Book May Be Inspiration for " "Dylan Songs,</quote> Kansascity.com, 9 July 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -18875,7 +18910,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13601 +#: freeculture.xml:13617 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>As I write</emphasis> these final words, the news is " "filled with stories about the RIAA lawsuits against almost three hundred " @@ -18895,38 +18930,38 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13647 +#: freeculture.xml:13663 msgid "BBC" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13648 +#: freeculture.xml:13664 msgid "Brazil, free culture in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13649 freeculture.xml:14040 +#: freeculture.xml:13665 freeculture.xml:14056 msgid "Creative Commons" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13650 +#: freeculture.xml:13666 msgid "Gil, Gilberto" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13651 +#: freeculture.xml:13667 msgid "United Kingdom" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13651 +#: freeculture.xml:13667 msgid "public creative archive in" msgstr "" #. f14. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13656 +#: freeculture.xml:13672 msgid "" "<quote>BBC Plans to Open Up Its Archive to the Public,</quote> BBC press " "release, 24 August 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -18935,7 +18970,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f15. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13665 +#: freeculture.xml:13681 msgid "" "<quote>Creative Commons and Brazil,</quote> Creative Commons Weblog, 6 " "August 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -18944,7 +18979,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 278 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13653 +#: freeculture.xml:13669 msgid "" "Yet on the other side of the Atlantic, the BBC has just announced that it " "will build a <quote>Creative Archive,</quote> from which British citizens " @@ -18963,20 +18998,20 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 279 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13679 +#: freeculture.xml:13695 msgid "" "Common sense must revolt. It must act to free culture. Soon, if this " "potential is ever to be realized." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13687 +#: freeculture.xml:13703 msgid "AFTERWORD" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 280 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13691 +#: freeculture.xml:13707 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>At least some</emphasis> who have read this far will " "agree with me that something must be done to change where we are " @@ -18984,7 +19019,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13696 +#: freeculture.xml:13712 msgid "" "I divide this map into two parts: that which anyone can do now, and that " "which requires the help of lawmakers. If there is one lesson that we can " @@ -18993,7 +19028,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13702 +#: freeculture.xml:13718 msgid "" "That means this movement must begin in the streets. It must recruit a " "significant number of parents, teachers, librarians, creators, authors, " @@ -19002,7 +19037,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13709 +#: freeculture.xml:13725 msgid "" "Once this movement has its effect in the streets, it has some hope of having " "an effect in Washington. We are still a democracy. What people think " @@ -19012,12 +19047,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13718 +#: freeculture.xml:13734 msgid "US, NOW" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13720 +#: freeculture.xml:13736 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Common sense</emphasis> is with the copyright " "warriors because the debate so far has been framed at the extremes—as " @@ -19027,7 +19062,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13727 +#: freeculture.xml:13743 msgid "" "The mistake here is the error of the excluded middle. There are extremes in " "this debate, but the extremes are not all that there is. There are those who " @@ -19040,13 +19075,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13737 +#: freeculture.xml:13753 msgid "initial free character of" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 282 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13739 +#: freeculture.xml:13755 msgid "" "When the Internet was first born, its initial architecture effectively " "tilted in the <quote>no rights reserved</quote> direction. Content could be " @@ -19058,7 +19093,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13751 +#: freeculture.xml:13767 msgid "" "This initial character produced a reaction (opposite, but not quite equal) " "by copyright owners. That reaction has been the topic of this book. Through " @@ -19075,7 +19110,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13767 +#: freeculture.xml:13783 msgid "" "What's needed is a way to say something in the middle—neither " "<quote>all rights reserved</quote> nor <quote>no rights reserved</quote> but " @@ -19086,22 +19121,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13775 +#: freeculture.xml:13791 msgid "Rebuilding Freedoms Previously Presumed: Examples" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13776 +#: freeculture.xml:13792 msgid "restoration efforts on previous aspects of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13778 +#: freeculture.xml:13794 msgid "privacy rights" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13780 +#: freeculture.xml:13796 msgid "" "If you step back from the battle I've been describing here, you will " "recognize this problem from other contexts. Think about privacy. Before the " @@ -19113,12 +19148,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13790 +#: freeculture.xml:13806 msgid "What made it assured?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13794 +#: freeculture.xml:13810 msgid "" "Well, if we think in terms of the modalities I described in chapter <xref " "xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"property-i\"/>, your privacy was " @@ -19136,22 +19171,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13809 +#: freeculture.xml:13825 msgid "Amazon" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13810 +#: freeculture.xml:13826 msgid "cookies, Internet" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13811 +#: freeculture.xml:13827 msgid "privacy protection on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13813 +#: freeculture.xml:13829 msgid "" "Enter the Internet, where the cost of tracking browsing in particular has " "become quite tiny. If you're a customer at Amazon, then as you browse the " @@ -19164,12 +19199,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13822 +#: freeculture.xml:13838 msgid "privacy rights in use of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13824 +#: freeculture.xml:13840 msgid "" "Amazon, of course, is not the problem. But we might begin to worry about " "libraries. If you're one of those crazy lefties who thinks that people " @@ -19182,7 +19217,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13842 +#: freeculture.xml:13858 msgid "" "See, for example, Marc Rotenberg, <quote>Fair Information Practices and the " "Architecture of Privacy (What Larry Doesn't Get),</quote> " @@ -19197,7 +19232,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 284 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13836 +#: freeculture.xml:13852 msgid "" "It is this reality that explains the push of many to define " "<quote>privacy</quote> on the Internet. It is the recognition that " @@ -19211,12 +19246,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13861 +#: freeculture.xml:13877 msgid "Data General" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13865 +#: freeculture.xml:13881 msgid "" "A similar story could be told about the birth of the free software " "movement. When computers with software were first made available " @@ -19227,12 +19262,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13872 +#: freeculture.xml:13888 msgid "Stallman, Richard" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13874 +#: freeculture.xml:13890 msgid "" "That was the world Richard Stallman was born into, and while he was a " "researcher at MIT, he grew to love the community that developed when one was " @@ -19242,7 +19277,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13882 +#: freeculture.xml:13898 msgid "" "In an academic setting, at least, that's not a terribly radical idea. In a " "math department, anyone would be free to tinker with a proof that someone " @@ -19256,12 +19291,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13893 +#: freeculture.xml:13909 msgid "proprietary code" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13895 +#: freeculture.xml:13911 msgid "" "No one answered that question. Instead, the architecture of revenue for " "computing changed. As it became possible to import programs from one system " @@ -19274,7 +19309,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 285 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13904 +#: freeculture.xml:13920 msgid "" "Thus, the practice of proprietary code began to spread, and by the early " "1980s, Stallman found himself surrounded by proprietary code. The world of " @@ -19284,12 +19319,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13913 +#: freeculture.xml:13929 msgid "Torvalds, Linus" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13915 +#: freeculture.xml:13931 msgid "" "Therefore, in 1984, Stallman began a project to build a free operating " "system, so that at least a strain of free software would survive. That was " @@ -19300,7 +19335,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13923 +#: freeculture.xml:13939 msgid "" "Stallman's technique was to use copyright law to build a world of software " "that must be kept free. Software licensed under the Free Software " @@ -19313,7 +19348,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13934 +#: freeculture.xml:13950 msgid "" "Stallman was thus doing for software what privacy advocates now do for " "privacy. He was seeking a way to rebuild a kind of freedom that was taken " @@ -19324,12 +19359,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13944 +#: freeculture.xml:13960 msgid "scientific journals" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13946 +#: freeculture.xml:13962 msgid "" "Finally, consider a very recent example that more directly resonates with " "the story of this book. This is the shift in the way academic and scientific " @@ -19337,23 +19372,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13950 +#: freeculture.xml:13966 msgid "Lexis and Westlaw" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13952 freeculture.xml:13988 +#: freeculture.xml:13968 freeculture.xml:14004 msgid "journals in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13953 +#: freeculture.xml:13969 msgid "access to opinions of" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 286 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13955 +#: freeculture.xml:13971 msgid "" "As digital technologies develop, it is becoming obvious to many that " "printing thousands of copies of journals every month and sending them to " @@ -19370,17 +19405,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13970 +#: freeculture.xml:13986 msgid "access fees for material in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13971 +#: freeculture.xml:13987 msgid "license system for rebuilding of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13973 +#: freeculture.xml:13989 msgid "" "There's nothing wrong in general with this, and indeed, the ability to " "charge for access to even public domain materials is a good incentive for " @@ -19392,7 +19427,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13984 +#: freeculture.xml:14000 msgid "" "But what if the only way to get access to social and scientific data was " "through proprietary services? What if no one had the ability to browse this " @@ -19400,7 +19435,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13990 +#: freeculture.xml:14006 msgid "" "As many are beginning to notice, this is increasingly the reality with " "scientific journals. When these journals were distributed in paper form, " @@ -19415,7 +19450,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14002 +#: freeculture.xml:14018 msgid "" "As journals become electronic, however, the publishers are demanding that " "libraries not give the general public access to the journals. This means " @@ -19426,7 +19461,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 287 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14012 +#: freeculture.xml:14028 msgid "" "This shrinking freedom has led many to take affirmative steps to restore the " "freedom that has been lost. The Public Library of Science (PLoS), for " @@ -19440,7 +19475,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14026 +#: freeculture.xml:14042 msgid "" "This is one of many such efforts to restore a freedom taken for granted " "before, but now threatened by changing technology and markets. There's no " @@ -19451,24 +19486,24 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14039 +#: freeculture.xml:14055 msgid "Rebuilding Free Culture: One Idea" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14042 +#: freeculture.xml:14058 msgid "" "The same strategy could be applied to culture, as a response to the " "increasing control effected through law and technology." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14045 +#: freeculture.xml:14061 msgid "Stanford University" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14047 +#: freeculture.xml:14063 msgid "" "Enter the Creative Commons. The Creative Commons is a nonprofit corporation " "established in Massachusetts, but with its home at Stanford University. Its " @@ -19482,7 +19517,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 288 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14058 +#: freeculture.xml:14074 msgid "" "<emphasis>Simple</emphasis>—which means without a middleman, or " "without a lawyer. By developing a free set of licenses that people can " @@ -19501,7 +19536,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14076 +#: freeculture.xml:14092 msgid "" "These freedoms are beyond the freedoms promised by fair use. Their precise " "contours depend upon the choices the creator makes. The creator can choose a " @@ -19515,7 +19550,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14087 +#: freeculture.xml:14103 msgid "" "These choices thus establish a range of freedoms beyond the default of " "copyright law. They also enable freedoms that go beyond traditional fair " @@ -19528,13 +19563,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14097 +#: freeculture.xml:14113 msgid "Garlick, Mia" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 289 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14099 +#: freeculture.xml:14115 msgid "" "This is just one project among many within the Creative Commons. And of " "course, Creative Commons is not the only organization pursuing such " @@ -19548,7 +19583,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14112 +#: freeculture.xml:14128 msgid "" "The aim is not to fight the <quote>All Rights Reserved</quote> sorts. The " "aim is to complement them. The problems that the law creates for us as a " @@ -19563,7 +19598,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14125 +#: freeculture.xml:14141 msgid "" "Why would creators participate in giving up total control? Some participate " "to better spread their content. Cory Doctorow, for example, is a science " @@ -19573,7 +19608,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14132 +#: freeculture.xml:14148 msgid "" "Why would a publisher ever agree to this? I suspect his publisher reasoned " "like this: There are two groups of people out there: (1) those who will buy " @@ -19587,7 +19622,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14144 +#: freeculture.xml:14160 msgid "" "Indeed, the experience of his publisher clearly supports that conclusion. " "The book's first printing was exhausted months before the publisher had " @@ -19595,18 +19630,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14149 +#: freeculture.xml:14165 msgid "Free for All (Wayner)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14150 +#: freeculture.xml:14166 msgid "Wayner, Peter" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 290 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14152 +#: freeculture.xml:14168 msgid "" "The idea that free content might increase the value of nonfree content was " "confirmed by the experience of another author. Peter Wayner, who wrote a " @@ -19618,23 +19653,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14163 +#: freeculture.xml:14179 msgid "Public Enemy" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14164 +#: freeculture.xml:14180 msgid "rap music" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14165 +#: freeculture.xml:14181 msgid "Leaphart, Walter" msgstr "" #. f2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14182 +#: freeculture.xml:14198 msgid "" "<citetitle>Willful Infringement: A Report from the Front Lines of the Real " "Culture Wars</citetitle> (2003), produced by Jed Horovitz, directed by Greg " @@ -19643,7 +19678,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14167 +#: freeculture.xml:14183 msgid "" "These are examples of using the Commons to better spread proprietary " "content. I believe that is a wonderful and common use of the Commons. There " @@ -19663,7 +19698,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14191 +#: freeculture.xml:14207 msgid "" "Finally, there are many who mark their content with a Creative Commons " "license just because they want to express to others the importance of " @@ -19678,7 +19713,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 291 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14203 +#: freeculture.xml:14219 msgid "" "In the first six months of the Creative Commons experiment, over 1 million " "objects were licensed with these free-culture licenses. The next step is " @@ -19689,7 +19724,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14213 +#: freeculture.xml:14229 msgid "" "These are first steps to rebuilding a public domain. They are not mere " "arguments; they are action. Building a public domain is the first step to " @@ -19700,7 +19735,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14221 +#: freeculture.xml:14237 msgid "" "Creative Commons is just one example of voluntary efforts by individuals and " "creators to change the mix of rights that now govern the creative field. The " @@ -19711,12 +19746,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14235 +#: freeculture.xml:14251 msgid "THEM, SOON" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14237 +#: freeculture.xml:14253 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>We will</emphasis> not reclaim a free culture by " "individual action alone. It will also take important reforms of laws. We " @@ -19726,7 +19761,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14244 +#: freeculture.xml:14260 msgid "" "In this chapter, I outline five kinds of changes: four that are general, and " "one that's specific to the most heated battle of the day, music. Each is a " @@ -19735,12 +19770,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14251 +#: freeculture.xml:14267 msgid "1. More Formalities" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14253 +#: freeculture.xml:14269 msgid "" "If you buy a house, you have to record the sale in a deed. If you buy land " "upon which to build a house, you have to record the purchase in a deed. If " @@ -19750,14 +19785,14 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 293 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14260 +#: freeculture.xml:14276 msgid "" "These are all formalities associated with property. They are requirements " "that we all must bear if we want our property to be protected." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14265 +#: freeculture.xml:14281 msgid "" "In contrast, under current copyright law, you automatically get a copyright, " "regardless of whether you comply with any formality. You don't have to " @@ -19766,12 +19801,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14271 +#: freeculture.xml:14287 msgid "Why?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14274 +#: freeculture.xml:14290 msgid "" "As I suggested in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"property-i\"/>, the motivation to abolish formalities was a good " @@ -19782,7 +19817,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14283 +#: freeculture.xml:14299 msgid "" "But the Internet changes all this. Formalities today need not be a " "burden. Rather, the world without formalities is the world that burdens " @@ -19797,7 +19832,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14297 +#: freeculture.xml:14313 msgid "" "The proposal I am advancing here would apply to American works only. " "Obviously, I believe it would be beneficial for the same idea to be adopted " @@ -19805,7 +19840,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14295 +#: freeculture.xml:14311 msgid "" "The law should therefore change this requirement<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>—but it should not change it by going back " @@ -19815,7 +19850,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14305 +#: freeculture.xml:14321 msgid "" "The important formalities are three: marking copyrighted work, registering " "copyrights, and renewing the claim to copyright. Traditionally, the first of " @@ -19826,12 +19861,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14317 +#: freeculture.xml:14333 msgid "REGISTRATION AND RENEWAL" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14319 +#: freeculture.xml:14335 msgid "" "Under the old system, a copyright owner had to file a registration with the " "Copyright Office to register or renew a copyright. When filing that " @@ -19846,7 +19881,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14332 +#: freeculture.xml:14348 msgid "" "Yet it is always astonishing to me that we, who come from a tradition of " "extraordinary innovation in governmental design, can no longer think " @@ -19858,7 +19893,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14341 +#: freeculture.xml:14357 msgid "" "In the context of registration, one obvious model is the Internet. There " "are at least 32 million Web sites registered around the world. Domain name " @@ -19871,7 +19906,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 295 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14351 +#: freeculture.xml:14367 msgid "" "We should adopt a similar model for the registration and renewal of " "copyrights. The Copyright Office may well serve as the central registry, but " @@ -19885,12 +19920,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14366 +#: freeculture.xml:14382 msgid "MARKING" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14368 +#: freeculture.xml:14384 msgid "" "It used to be that the failure to include a copyright notice on a creative " "work meant that the copyright was forfeited. That was a harsh punishment for " @@ -19902,7 +19937,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14378 +#: freeculture.xml:14394 msgid "" "The aim of marking is to signal to the public that this work is copyrighted " "and that the author wants to enforce his rights. The mark also makes it easy " @@ -19910,7 +19945,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14384 +#: freeculture.xml:14400 msgid "" "One of the problems the copyright system confronted early on was that " "different copyrighted works had to be differently marked. It wasn't clear " @@ -19924,7 +19959,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14401 +#: freeculture.xml:14417 msgid "" "There would be a complication with derivative works that I have not solved " "here. In my view, the law of derivatives creates a more complicated system " @@ -19933,7 +19968,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 296 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14394 +#: freeculture.xml:14410 msgid "" "Let's start with the last point. If a copyright owner allows his work to be " "published without a copyright notice, the consequence of that failure need " @@ -19949,7 +19984,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14414 +#: freeculture.xml:14430 msgid "" "That in turn raises the question about how work should best be marked. Here " "again, the system needs to adjust as the technologies evolve. The best way " @@ -19959,12 +19994,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14420 +#: freeculture.xml:14436 msgid "copyright marking of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14422 +#: freeculture.xml:14438 msgid "" "For example, if a recording industry association devises a method for " "marking CDs, it would propose that to the Copyright Office. The Copyright " @@ -19978,7 +20013,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14434 +#: freeculture.xml:14450 msgid "" "Finally, marking content clearly would simplify registration requirements. " "If photographs were marked by author and year, there would be little reason " @@ -19989,7 +20024,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14442 +#: freeculture.xml:14458 msgid "" "The objective of formalities is to make things clear. The existing system " "does nothing to make things clear. Indeed, it seems designed to make things " @@ -19997,7 +20032,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14447 +#: freeculture.xml:14463 msgid "" "If formalities such as registration were reinstated, one of the most " "difficult aspects of relying upon the public domain would be removed. It " @@ -20008,12 +20043,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14459 +#: freeculture.xml:14475 msgid "2. Shorter Terms" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14461 +#: freeculture.xml:14477 msgid "" "The term of copyright has gone from fourteen years to ninety-five years for " "corporate authors, and life of the author plus seventy years for natural " @@ -20022,7 +20057,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14474 +#: freeculture.xml:14490 msgid "" "<quote>A Radical Rethink,</quote> <citetitle>Economist</citetitle>, 366:8308 " "(25 January 2003): 15, available at <ulink " @@ -20030,7 +20065,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14466 +#: freeculture.xml:14482 msgid "" "In <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>, I proposed a " "seventy-five-year term, granted in five-year increments with a requirement " @@ -20043,7 +20078,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14481 +#: freeculture.xml:14497 msgid "" "I agree with those who believe that we need a radical change in copyright's " "term. But whether fourteen years or seventy-five, there are four principles " @@ -20052,7 +20087,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (1) #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14489 +#: freeculture.xml:14505 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it short:</emphasis> The term should be as long as necessary " "to give incentives to create, but no longer. If it were tied to very strong " @@ -20065,7 +20100,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (2) #. PAGE BREAK 298 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14498 +#: freeculture.xml:14514 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it simple:</emphasis> The line between the public domain and " "protected content must be kept clear. Lawyers like the fuzziness of " @@ -20079,13 +20114,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14510 +#: freeculture.xml:14526 msgid "veterans' pensions" msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14521 +#: freeculture.xml:14537 msgid "" "Department of Veterans Affairs, Veteran's Application for Compensation " "and/or Pension, VA Form 21-526 (OMB Approved No. 2900-0001), available at " @@ -20093,7 +20128,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14513 +#: freeculture.xml:14529 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it alive:</emphasis> Copyright should have to be renewed. " "Especially if the maximum term is long, the copyright owner should be " @@ -20108,7 +20143,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (4) #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14532 +#: freeculture.xml:14548 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it prospective:</emphasis> Whatever the term of copyright " "should be, the clearest lesson that economists teach is that a term once " @@ -20125,7 +20160,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14548 +#: freeculture.xml:14564 msgid "" "These changes together should produce an <emphasis>average</emphasis> " "copyright term that is much shorter than the current term. Until 1976, the " @@ -20133,7 +20168,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14554 +#: freeculture.xml:14570 msgid "" "No doubt the extremists will call these ideas <quote>radical.</quote> (After " "all, I call them <quote>extremists.</quote>) But again, the term I " @@ -20143,12 +20178,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14564 +#: freeculture.xml:14580 msgid "3. Free Use Vs. Fair Use" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14568 +#: freeculture.xml:14584 msgid "" "As I observed at the beginning of this book, property law originally granted " "property owners the right to control their property from the ground to the " @@ -20159,7 +20194,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14576 +#: freeculture.xml:14592 msgid "" "Our Constitution gives Congress the power to give authors <quote>exclusive " "right</quote> to <quote>their writings.</quote> Congress has given authors " @@ -20171,20 +20206,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14584 +#: freeculture.xml:14600 msgid "Kaplan, Benjamin" msgstr "" #. f5. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14590 +#: freeculture.xml:14606 msgid "" "Benjamin Kaplan, <citetitle>An Unhurried View of Copyright</citetitle> (New " "York: Columbia University Press, 1967), 32." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14586 +#: freeculture.xml:14602 msgid "" "Congress granted the beginnings of this right in 1870, when it expanded the " "exclusive right of copyright to include a right to control translations and " @@ -20196,12 +20231,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14603 +#: freeculture.xml:14619 msgid "Ibid., 56." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14599 +#: freeculture.xml:14615 msgid "" "So inured have we become to the extension of the monopoly to a large range " "of so-called derivative works, that we no longer sense the oddity of " @@ -20210,7 +20245,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14608 +#: freeculture.xml:14624 msgid "" "I think it's time to recognize that there are airplanes in this field and " "the expansiveness of these rights of derivative use no longer make " @@ -20220,7 +20255,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14615 +#: freeculture.xml:14631 msgid "" "<emphasis>Term:</emphasis> If Congress wants to grant a derivative right, " "then that right should be for a much shorter term. It makes sense to protect " @@ -20232,7 +20267,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14628 +#: freeculture.xml:14644 msgid "" "<emphasis>Scope:</emphasis> Likewise should the scope of derivative rights " "be narrowed. Again, there are some cases in which derivative rights are " @@ -20247,7 +20282,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14642 +#: freeculture.xml:14658 msgid "" "This was the point that Alben made when describing the making of the Clint " "Eastwood CD. While it makes sense to require negotiation for foreseeable " @@ -20257,12 +20292,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14658 +#: freeculture.xml:14674 msgid "Goldstein, Paul" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14656 +#: freeculture.xml:14672 msgid "" "Paul Goldstein, <citetitle>Copyright's Highway: From Gutenberg to the " "Celestial Jukebox</citetitle> (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), " @@ -20270,7 +20305,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14650 +#: freeculture.xml:14666 msgid "" "In each of these cases, the law should mark the uses that are protected, and " "the presumption should be that other uses are not protected. This is the " @@ -20280,7 +20315,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14664 +#: freeculture.xml:14680 msgid "" "Goldstein's analysis would make perfect sense if the cost of the legal " "system were small. But as we are currently seeing in the context of the " @@ -20291,7 +20326,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 301 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14671 +#: freeculture.xml:14687 msgid "" "The law could remedy this problem either by removing protection beyond the " "part explicitly drawn or by granting reuse rights upon certain statutory " @@ -20301,12 +20336,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14681 +#: freeculture.xml:14697 msgid "4. Liberate the Music—Again" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14683 +#: freeculture.xml:14699 msgid "" "The battle that got this whole war going was about music, so it wouldn't be " "fair to end this book without addressing the issue that is, to most people, " @@ -20316,7 +20351,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14690 +#: freeculture.xml:14706 msgid "" "The appeal of file-sharing music was the crack cocaine of the Internet's " "growth. It drove demand for access to the Internet more powerfully than any " @@ -20327,7 +20362,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14699 +#: freeculture.xml:14715 msgid "" "The aim of copyright, with respect to content in general and music in " "particular, is to create the incentives for music to be composed, performed, " @@ -20337,7 +20372,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14706 +#: freeculture.xml:14722 msgid "" "File-sharing networks complicate this model by enabling the spread of " "content for which the performer has not been paid. But of course, that's not " @@ -20348,7 +20383,7 @@ msgstr "" #. A. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14715 +#: freeculture.xml:14731 msgid "" "There are some who are using sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing " "CDs." @@ -20356,7 +20391,7 @@ msgstr "" #. B. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14720 +#: freeculture.xml:14736 msgid "" "There are also some who are using sharing networks to sample, on the way to " "purchasing CDs." @@ -20365,7 +20400,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 302 #. C. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14726 +#: freeculture.xml:14742 msgid "" "There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content " "that is no longer sold but is still under copyright or that would have been " @@ -20374,7 +20409,7 @@ msgstr "" #. D. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14732 +#: freeculture.xml:14748 msgid "" "There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content " "that is not copyrighted or to get access that the copyright owner plainly " @@ -20382,7 +20417,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14740 +#: freeculture.xml:14756 msgid "" "Any reform of the law needs to keep these different uses in focus. It must " "avoid burdening type D even if it aims to eliminate type A. The eagerness " @@ -20393,7 +20428,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14748 +#: freeculture.xml:14764 msgid "" "As I said in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"piracy\"/>, the actual harm caused by sharing is controversial. " @@ -20403,7 +20438,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14756 +#: freeculture.xml:14772 msgid "" "Nonetheless, there is a crucial fact about the current technological context " "that we must keep in mind if we are to understand how the law should " @@ -20411,7 +20446,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14761 +#: freeculture.xml:14777 msgid "" "Today, file sharing is addictive. In ten years, it won't be. It is addictive " "today because it is the easiest way to gain access to a broad range of " @@ -20426,7 +20461,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 303 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14773 +#: freeculture.xml:14789 msgid "" "But it will become a reality, and that means the way we get access to the " "Internet today is a technology in transition. Policy makers should not make " @@ -20442,13 +20477,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14787 +#: freeculture.xml:14803 msgid "cell phones, music streamed over" msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14807 +#: freeculture.xml:14823 msgid "" "See, for example, <quote>Music Media Watch,</quote> The J@pan " "Inc. Newsletter, 3 April 2002, available at <ulink " @@ -20456,7 +20491,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14789 +#: freeculture.xml:14805 msgid "" "In that world, it will be extremely easy to connect to services that give " "you access to content on the fly—such as Internet radio, content that " @@ -20478,7 +20513,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 304 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14814 +#: freeculture.xml:14830 msgid "" "This point about the future is meant to suggest a perspective on the " "present: It is emphatically temporary. The <quote>problem</quote> with file " @@ -20494,7 +20529,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14830 +#: freeculture.xml:14846 msgid "" "The answer begins with recognizing that there are different " "<quote>problems</quote> here to solve. Let's start with type D " @@ -20508,7 +20543,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14841 +#: freeculture.xml:14857 msgid "" "Type C content raises a different <quote>problem.</quote> This is content " "that was, at one time, published and is no longer available. It may be " @@ -20520,7 +20555,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14852 +#: freeculture.xml:14868 msgid "" "Again, the model here is the used book store. Once a book goes out of print, " "it may still be available in libraries and used book stores. But libraries " @@ -20533,7 +20568,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14862 +#: freeculture.xml:14878 msgid "" "The model of used book stores suggests that the law could simply deem " "out-of-print music fair game. If the publisher does not make copies of the " @@ -20546,7 +20581,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 305 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14873 +#: freeculture.xml:14889 msgid "" "Alternatively, the law could create a statutory license that would ensure " "that artists get something from the trade of their work. For example, if the " @@ -20558,7 +20593,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14883 +#: freeculture.xml:14899 msgid "" "This system would also create an incentive for publishers to keep works " "available commercially. Works that are available commercially would not be " @@ -20571,7 +20606,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14893 +#: freeculture.xml:14909 msgid "" "The hard case is content of types A and B, and again, this case is hard only " "because the extent of the problem will change over time, as the technologies " @@ -20582,14 +20617,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14901 +#: freeculture.xml:14917 msgid "" "So here's a solution that will at first seem very strange to both sides in " "this war, but which upon reflection, I suggest, should make some sense." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14905 +#: freeculture.xml:14921 msgid "" "Stripped of the rhetoric about the sanctity of property, the basic claim of " "the content industry is this: A new technology (the Internet) has harmed a " @@ -20603,7 +20638,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 306 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14916 +#: freeculture.xml:14932 msgid "" "I love the Internet, and so I don't like likening it to tobacco or " "asbestos. But the analogy is a fair one from the perspective of the law. " @@ -20614,17 +20649,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14923 freeculture.xml:14965 +#: freeculture.xml:14939 freeculture.xml:14981 msgid "Promises to Keep (Fisher)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14963 +#: freeculture.xml:14979 msgid "Fisher, William" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14929 +#: freeculture.xml:14945 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> William Fisher, " "<citetitle>Digital Music: Problems and Possibilities</citetitle> (last " @@ -20666,7 +20701,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14925 +#: freeculture.xml:14941 msgid "" "The idea would be a modification of a proposal that has been floated by " "Harvard law professor William Fisher.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -20681,7 +20716,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14979 +#: freeculture.xml:14995 msgid "" "Fisher's proposal is careful and comprehensive. It raises a million " "questions, most of which he answers well in his upcoming book, " @@ -20699,7 +20734,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 307 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14996 +#: freeculture.xml:15012 msgid "" "Fisher would balk at the idea of allowing the system to lapse. His aim is " "not just to ensure that artists are paid, but also to ensure that the system " @@ -20712,17 +20747,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:15009 +#: freeculture.xml:15025 msgid "MusicStore" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:15011 +#: freeculture.xml:15027 msgid "prices of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15013 +#: freeculture.xml:15029 msgid "" "No doubt it would be difficult to calculate the proper measure of " "<quote>harm</quote> to an industry. But the difficulty of making that " @@ -20740,22 +20775,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:15028 +#: freeculture.xml:15044 msgid "cable vs. broadcast" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:15031 +#: freeculture.xml:15047 msgid "film industry" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:15031 +#: freeculture.xml:15047 msgid "luxury theatres vs. video piracy in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15033 +#: freeculture.xml:15049 msgid "" "This competition has already occurred against the background of " "<quote>free</quote> music from p2p systems. As the sellers of cable " @@ -20771,7 +20806,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15045 +#: freeculture.xml:15061 msgid "" "This regime of competition, with a backstop to assure that artists don't " "lose, would facilitate a great deal of innovation in the delivery of " @@ -20782,13 +20817,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15054 +#: freeculture.xml:15070 msgid "In summary, then, my proposal is this:" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 308 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15059 +#: freeculture.xml:15075 msgid "" "The Internet is in transition. We should not be regulating a technology in " "transition. We should instead be regulating to minimize the harm to " @@ -20797,19 +20832,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15066 +#: freeculture.xml:15082 msgid "We can minimize that harm while maximizing the benefit to innovation by" msgstr "" #. 1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15072 +#: freeculture.xml:15088 msgid "guaranteeing the right to engage in type D sharing;" msgstr "" #. 2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15076 +#: freeculture.xml:15092 msgid "" "permitting noncommercial type C sharing without liability, and commercial " "type C sharing at a low and fixed rate set by statute;" @@ -20817,14 +20852,14 @@ msgstr "" #. 3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15082 +#: freeculture.xml:15098 msgid "" "while in this transition, taxing and compensating for type A sharing, to the " "extent actual harm is demonstrated." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15087 +#: freeculture.xml:15103 msgid "" "But what if <quote>piracy</quote> doesn't disappear? What if there is a " "competitive market providing content at a low cost, but a significant number " @@ -20833,7 +20868,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15093 +#: freeculture.xml:15109 msgid "" "Yes, it should. But, again, what it should do depends upon how the facts " "develop. These changes may not eliminate type A sharing. But the real issue " @@ -20850,7 +20885,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 309 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15107 +#: freeculture.xml:15123 msgid "" "But we're a long way away from whittling the problem down to this subset of " "type A sharers. And our focus until we're there should not be on finding " @@ -20860,12 +20895,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:15118 +#: freeculture.xml:15134 msgid "5. Fire Lots of Lawyers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15120 +#: freeculture.xml:15136 msgid "" "I'm a lawyer. I make lawyers for a living. I believe in the law. I believe " "in the law of copyright. Indeed, I have devoted my life to working in law, " @@ -20874,7 +20909,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15126 +#: freeculture.xml:15142 msgid "" "Yet much of this book has been a criticism of lawyers, or the role lawyers " "have played in this debate. The law speaks to ideals, but it is my view that " @@ -20884,23 +20919,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:15133 +#: freeculture.xml:15149 msgid "Nimmer, Melville" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:15134 +#: freeculture.xml:15150 msgid "Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA) (1998)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:15134 +#: freeculture.xml:15150 msgid "Supreme Court challenge of" msgstr "" #. f10. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15145 +#: freeculture.xml:15161 msgid "" "Lawrence Lessig, <quote>Copyright's First Amendment</quote> (Melville " "B. Nimmer Memorial Lecture), <citetitle>UCLA Law Review</citetitle> 48 " @@ -20908,7 +20943,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15136 +#: freeculture.xml:15152 msgid "" "The evidence of this bending is compelling. I'm attacked as a " "<quote>radical</quote> by many within the profession, yet the positions that " @@ -20921,7 +20956,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15151 +#: freeculture.xml:15167 msgid "" "However, my criticism of the role that lawyers have played in this debate is " "not just about a professional bias. It is more importantly about our failure " @@ -20929,7 +20964,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15161 +#: freeculture.xml:15177 msgid "" "A good example is the work of Professor Stan Liebowitz. Liebowitz is to be " "commended for his careful review of data about infringement, leading him to " @@ -20949,7 +20984,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15156 +#: freeculture.xml:15172 msgid "" "Economists are supposed to be good at reckoning costs and benefits. But " "more often than not, economists, with no clue about how the legal system " @@ -20961,7 +20996,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 310 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15185 +#: freeculture.xml:15201 msgid "" "But the legal system doesn't work. Or more accurately, it doesn't work for " "anyone except those with the most resources. Not because the system is " @@ -20971,7 +21006,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15193 +#: freeculture.xml:15209 msgid "" "These costs distort free culture in many ways. A lawyer's time is billed at " "the largest firms at more than $400 per hour. How much time should such a " @@ -20984,7 +21019,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15203 +#: freeculture.xml:15219 msgid "" "The costliness and clumsiness and randomness of this system mock our " "tradition. And lawyers, as well as academics, should consider it their duty " @@ -20995,7 +21030,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15211 +#: freeculture.xml:15227 msgid "" "But until that reform is complete, we as a society should keep the law away " "from areas that we know it will only harm. And that is precisely what the " @@ -21003,7 +21038,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15218 +#: freeculture.xml:15234 msgid "" "Think about the amazing things your kid could do or make with digital " "technology—the film, the music, the Web page, the blog. Or think about " @@ -21016,7 +21051,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 311 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15227 +#: freeculture.xml:15243 msgid "" "The law should regulate in certain areas of culture—but it should " "regulate culture only where that regulation does good. Yet lawyers rarely " @@ -21026,7 +21061,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15236 +#: freeculture.xml:15252 msgid "" "We should ask, <quote>Why?</quote> Show me why your regulation of culture is " "needed. Show me how it does good. And until you can show me both, keep your " @@ -21034,12 +21069,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:15245 +#: freeculture.xml:15261 msgid "NOTES" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15247 +#: freeculture.xml:15263 msgid "" "Throughout this text, there are references to links on the World Wide " "Web. As anyone who has tried to use the Web knows, these links can be highly " @@ -21053,12 +21088,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:15266 +#: freeculture.xml:15282 msgid "ACKNOWLEDGMENTS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15268 +#: freeculture.xml:15284 msgid "" "This book is the product of a long and as yet unsuccessful struggle that " "began when I read of Eric Eldred's war to keep books free. Eldred's work " @@ -21067,7 +21102,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15275 +#: freeculture.xml:15291 msgid "" "I received guidance in various places from friends and academics, including " "Glenn Brown, Peter DiCola, Jennifer Mnookin, Richard Posner, Mark Rose, and " @@ -21083,7 +21118,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 337 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15288 +#: freeculture.xml:15304 msgid "" "Yuko Noguchi helped me to understand the laws of Japan as well as its " "culture. I am thankful to her, and to the many in Japan who helped me " @@ -21096,7 +21131,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15299 +#: freeculture.xml:15315 msgid "" "These are the traditional sorts of help that academics regularly draw " "upon. But in addition to them, the Internet has made it possible to receive " @@ -21118,7 +21153,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15319 +#: freeculture.xml:15335 msgid "" "Richard Stallman and Michael Carroll each read the whole book in draft, and " "each provided extremely helpful correction and advice. Michael helped me to " @@ -21129,7 +21164,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15328 +#: freeculture.xml:15344 msgid "" "Finally, and forever, I am thankful to Bettina, who has always insisted that " "there would be unending happiness away from these battles, and who has " diff --git a/freeculture.xml b/freeculture.xml index 26448bc..26bc66f 100644 --- a/freeculture.xml +++ b/freeculture.xml @@ -6581,6 +6581,7 @@ effective liberty that each of these groups might face. <indexterm startref='idxlawasconstraintmodality2' class='endofrange'/> <section id="hollywood"> <title>Why Hollywood Is Right +copyrightfour regulatory modalities on The most obvious point that this model reveals is just why, or just how, Hollywood is right. The copyright warriors have rallied Congress @@ -6656,6 +6657,7 @@ educate kids to better protect copyright. +farming steel industry This mixed strategy is just what copyright needed—if it was to @@ -6674,7 +6676,9 @@ to bail them out when a virus (architecture) devastates their crop. Unions have no hesitation appealing to the government to bail them out when imports (market) wipe out the U.S. steel industry. + +Brown, John Seely Thus, there's nothing wrong or surprising in the content industry's campaign to protect itself from the harmful consequences of a @@ -6759,6 +6763,9 @@ changes they create, in response to the request of those hurt by changing technology, are changes that preserve the incentives and opportunities for innovation and change. +Constitution, U.S.First Amendment to +First Amendment +speech, freedom ofconstitutional guarantee of In the context of laws regulating speech—which include, obviously, copyright law—that duty is even stronger. When the @@ -6787,8 +6794,10 @@ effect of the changes the content industry wants. Here's the metaphor that will capture the argument to follow. +Müller, Paul Hermann DDT -Müller, Paul Hermann +insecticide, environmental consequences of +farming In 1873, the chemical DDT was first synthesized. In 1948, Swiss chemist Paul Hermann Müller won the Nobel Prize for his work @@ -6802,7 +6811,8 @@ production is a good thing. No one doubts that the work of Müller was important and valuable and probably saved lives, possibly millions. Carson, Rachel -Silent Sprint (Carson) +Silent Spring (Carson) +environmentalism But in 1962, Rachel Carson published Silent Spring, which argued that DDT, whatever its primary benefits, was also having unintended @@ -6818,7 +6828,9 @@ problems DDT caused were worse than the problems it solved, at least when considering the other, more environmentally friendly ways to solve the problems that DDT was meant to solve. + Boyle, James +copyright lawinnovative freedom balanced with fair compensation in It is to this image precisely that Duke University law professor James Boyle appeals when he argues that we need an environmentalism for @@ -6840,6 +6852,7 @@ protecting copyright not an endorsement of anarchy or an attack on authors. It is an environment of creativity that we seek, and we should be aware of our actions' effects on the environment. + My argument, in the balance of this chapter, tries to map exactly this effect. No doubt the technology of the Internet has had a dramatic @@ -6851,12 +6864,15 @@ not be only that copyrighted work is effectively protected. Also, and generally missed, the net effect of this massive increase in protection will be devastating to the environment for creativity. + In a line: To kill a gnat, we are spraying DDT with consequences for free culture that will be far more devastating than that this gnat will be lost. + +
Beginnings