Undo changes to line ending done by commit from Kirill, and merge his changes.

[text-free-culture-lessig.git] / freeculture.xml

diff --git a/freeculture.xml b/freeculture.xml
index fe4d133f956b08a41da8acee0be2e2e913212f3d..f22ac2c707ac3f50dc824ffeb5c5c5fcdcf124df 100644 (file)
--- a/freeculture.xml
+++ b/freeculture.xml
@@ -2078,6 +2078,8 @@ realized.
 <indexterm startref='idxeastmangeorge' class='endofrange'/>
 <indexterm startref='idxpermissionsphotographyexemptedfrom' class='endofrange'/>
 <indexterm startref='idximagesownershipof' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm><primary>digital cameras</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxjustthink' class='startofrange'><primary>Just Think!</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 <emphasis role='strong'>If you drive</emphasis> through San
 Francisco's Presidio, you might see two gaudy yellow school buses
@@ -2094,6 +2096,9 @@ schools and enable three hundred to five hundred children to learn
 something about media by doing something with media.  By doing, they
 think. By tinkering, they learn.
 </para>
+<indexterm id='idxeducationinmedialiteracy' class='startofrange'><primary>education</primary><secondary>in media literacy</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxmedialiteracy' class='startofrange'><primary>media literacy</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxexpressiontechnologiesofmedialiteracyand' class='startofrange'><primary>expression, technologies of</primary><secondary>media literacy and</secondary></indexterm>
 <para>
 These buses are not cheap, but the technology they carry is
 increasingly so. The cost of a high-quality digital video system has
@@ -2120,6 +2125,7 @@ deconstruct media images. Its aim is to make [kids] literate about the
 way media works, the way it's constructed, the way it's delivered, and
 the way people access it.</quote>
 </para>
+<indexterm startref='idxjustthink' class='endofrange'/>
 <para>
 This may seem like an odd way to think about <quote>literacy.</quote> For most
 people, literacy is about reading and writing. Faulkner and Hemingway
@@ -2163,8 +2169,8 @@ from reading a book about it. One learns to write by writing and then
 reflecting upon what one has written. One learns to write with images
 by making them and then reflecting upon what one has created.
 </para>
-<indexterm><primary>Crichton, Michael</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm id='idxdaleyelizabeth' class='startofrange'><primary>Daley, Elizabeth</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Crichton, Michael</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 This grammar has changed as media has changed. When it was just film,
 as Elizabeth Daley, executive director of the University of Southern
@@ -2285,6 +2291,7 @@ can do well. Yet neither is text a form in which
 this message depended upon its connection to this form of expression.
 </para>
 <indexterm startref='idxbarishstephanie' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm id='idxdaleyelizabeth2' class='startofrange'><primary>Daley, Elizabeth</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 52 -->
@@ -2317,6 +2324,7 @@ make a little movie.</quote> But instead, really help you take these elements
 that you understand, that are your language, and construct meaning
 about the topic.&hellip;
 </para>
+<indexterm><primary>Barish, Stephanie</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 That empowers enormously. And then what happens, of
 course, is eventually, as it has happened in all these classes, they
@@ -2335,6 +2343,10 @@ had a lot of power with this language.
 <!-- FIXME removed a " from the end of the previous paragraph that did
      not match with any start quote. -->
 </blockquote>
+<indexterm startref='idxeducationinmedialiteracy' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxmedialiteracy' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxexpressiontechnologiesofmedialiteracyand' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxdaleyelizabeth2' class='endofrange'/>
 <indexterm id='idxseptemberterroristattacksof' class='startofrange'><primary>September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks of</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>World Trade Center</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm id='idxnewscoverage' class='startofrange'><primary>news coverage</primary></indexterm>
@@ -9838,10 +9850,12 @@ think there's little in this story to worry you.
 But there's an aspect of this story that is not lefty in any sense.
 Indeed, it is an aspect that could be written by the most extreme
 promarket ideologue. And if you're one of these sorts (and a special
-one at that, 188 pages into a book like this), then you can see this
-other aspect by substituting <quote>free market</quote> every place I've spoken of
-<quote>free culture.</quote>  The point is the same, even if the interests
-affecting culture are more fundamental.
+one at that, <xref xrefstyle="select: pagenumber"
+linkend="innovators"/> pages into a book like this), then you
+can see this other aspect by substituting <quote>free market</quote>
+every place I've spoken of <quote>free culture.</quote> The point is
+the same, even if the interests affecting culture are more
+fundamental.
 </para>
 <para>
 The charge I've been making about the regulation of culture is the
@@ -9995,7 +10009,7 @@ such a view of the law will cost you and your firm dearly.
 This strategy is not just limited to the lawyers. In April 2003,
 Universal and EMI brought a lawsuit against Hummer Winblad, the
 venture capital firm (VC) that had funded Napster at a certain stage of
-its development, its cofounder ( John Hummer), and general partner
+its development, its cofounder (John Hummer), and general partner
 (Hank Barry).<footnote><para>
 <!-- f4. -->
 See Joseph Menn, <quote>Universal, EMI Sue Napster Investor,</quote> <citetitle>Los Angeles
@@ -11047,6 +11061,7 @@ success will require.
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 220 -->
 <chapter label="13" id="eldred">
 <title>CHAPTER THIRTEEN: Eldred</title>
+<indexterm id='idxeldrederic' class='startofrange'><primary>Eldred, Eric</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm id='idxhawthornenathaniel' class='startofrange'><primary>Hawthorne, Nathaniel</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 <emphasis role='strong'>In 1995</emphasis>, a father was frustrated
@@ -11057,6 +11072,8 @@ Hampshire, decided to put Hawthorne on the Web. An electronic version,
 Eldred thought, with links to pictures and explanatory text, would
 make this nineteenth-century author's work come alive.
 </para>
+<indexterm id='idxlibrariesofpublicdomainliterature' class='startofrange'><primary>libraries</primary><secondary>of public-domain literature</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxpublicdomainlibraryofworksderivedfrom' class='startofrange'><primary>public domain</primary><secondary>library of works derived from</secondary></indexterm>
 <para>
 It didn't work&mdash;at least for his daughters. They didn't find
 Hawthorne any more interesting than before. But Eldred's experiment
@@ -11077,6 +11094,7 @@ accessible to the twentieth century, Eldred transformed Hawthorne, and
 many others, into a form more accessible&mdash;technically
 accessible&mdash;today.
 </para>
+<indexterm><primary>Scarlet Letter, The (Hawthorne)</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 Eldred's freedom to do this with Hawthorne's work grew from the same
 source as Disney's. Hawthorne's <citetitle>Scarlet Letter</citetitle> had passed into the
@@ -11120,6 +11138,13 @@ world before the Internet were extremely few. Yet one would think it
 at least as important to protect the Eldreds of the world as to
 protect noncommercial pornographers.</para></footnote>
 </para>
+<indexterm id='idxcongressuscopyrighttermsextendedby2' class='startofrange'><primary>Congress, U.S.</primary><secondary>copyright terms extended by</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxcopyrightdurationof6' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright</primary><secondary>duration of</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxcopyrightlawtermextensionsin2' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright law</primary><secondary>term extensions in</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Frost, Robert</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>New Hampshire (Frost)</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>patents</primary><secondary>in public domain</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxpatentsfuturepatentsvsfuturecopyrightsin' class='startofrange'><primary>patents</primary><secondary>future patents vs. future copyrights in</secondary></indexterm>
 <para>
 As I said, Eldred lives in New Hampshire. In 1998, Robert Frost's
 collection of poems <citetitle>New Hampshire</citetitle> was slated to
@@ -11134,8 +11159,12 @@ would pass into the public domain until that year (and not even then,
 if Congress extends the term again). By contrast, in the same period,
 more than 1 million patents will pass into the public domain.
 </para>
+<indexterm startref='idxlibrariesofpublicdomainliterature' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxpublicdomainlibraryofworksderivedfrom' class='endofrange'/>
 <indexterm><primary>Bono, Mary</primary></indexterm>
 <indexterm><primary>Bono, Sonny</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxcopyrightinperpetuity4' class='startofrange'><primary>copyright</primary><secondary>in perpetuity</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxsonnybonocopyrighttermextensionactctea2' class='startofrange'><primary>Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA) (1998)</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 222 -->
@@ -11154,8 +11183,12 @@ you know, there is also Jack Valenti's proposal for a term to last
 forever less one day. Perhaps the Committee may look at that next
 Congress,</quote> 144 Cong. Rec. H9946, 9951-2 (October 7, 1998).
 </para></footnote>
-
 </para>
+<indexterm startref='idxpatentsfuturepatentsvsfuturecopyrightsin' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm><primary>copyright law</primary><secondary>felony punishment for infringement of</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>NET (No Electronic Theft) Act (1998)</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>No Electronic Theft (NET) Act (1998)</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>peer-to-peer (p2p) file sharing</primary><secondary>felony punishments for</secondary></indexterm>
 <para>
 Eldred decided to fight this law. He first resolved to fight it through
 civil disobedience. In a series of interviews, Eldred announced that he
@@ -11165,6 +11198,11 @@ of publishing would make Eldred a felon&mdash;whether or not anyone
 complained. This was a dangerous strategy for a disabled programmer
 to undertake.
 </para>
+<indexterm startref='idxsonnybonocopyrighttermextensionactctea2' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm id='idxcongressusconstitutionalpowersof' class='startofrange'><primary>Congress, U.S.</primary><secondary>constitutional powers of</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxconstitutionusprogressclauseof2' class='startofrange'><primary>Constitution, U.S.</primary><secondary>Progress Clause of</secondary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxprogressclause2' class='startofrange'><primary>Progress Clause</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id='idxlessiglawrenceeldredcaseinvolvementof' class='startofrange'><primary>Lessig, Lawrence</primary><secondary>Eldred case involvement of</secondary></indexterm>
 <para>
 It was here that I became involved in Eldred's battle. I was a 
                constitutional
@@ -11182,6 +11220,7 @@ by securing for limited Times to Authors &hellip; exclusive Right to
 their &hellip; Writings. &hellip;
 </para>
 </blockquote>
+<indexterm startref='idxeldrederic' class='endofrange'/>
 <para>
 As I've described, this clause is unique within the power-granting
 clause of Article I, section 8 of our Constitution. Every other clause
@@ -11192,6 +11231,9 @@ specific&mdash;to <quote>promote &hellip; Progress</quote>&mdash;through means t
 are also specific&mdash; by <quote>securing</quote> <quote>exclusive Rights</quote> (i.e.,
 copyrights) <quote>for limited Times.</quote>
 </para>
+<indexterm startref='idxconstitutionusprogressclauseof2' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxprogressclause2' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxlessiglawrenceeldredcaseinvolvementof' class='endofrange'/>
 <indexterm><primary>Jaszi, Peter</primary></indexterm>
 <para>
 In the past forty years, Congress has gotten into the practice of
@@ -11204,6 +11246,9 @@ Congress has the power to extend its term, then Congress can achieve
 what the Constitution plainly forbids&mdash;perpetual terms <quote>on the
 installment plan,</quote> as Professor Peter Jaszi so nicely put it.
 </para>
+<indexterm startref='idxcopyrightinperpetuity4' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxcongressusconstitutionalpowersof' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm><primary>Lessig, Lawrence</primary><secondary>Eldred case involvement of</secondary></indexterm>
 <para>
 As an academic, my first response was to hit the books. I remember
 sitting late at the office, scouring on-line databases for any serious
@@ -11349,6 +11394,9 @@ constitutional requirement that terms be <quote>limited.</quote> If
 they could extend it once, they would extend it again and again and
 again.
 </para>
+<indexterm startref='idxcongressuscopyrighttermsextendedby2' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxcopyrightdurationof6' class='endofrange'/>
+<indexterm startref='idxcopyrightlawtermextensionsin2' class='endofrange'/>
 <para>
 It was also my judgment that <emphasis>this</emphasis> Supreme Court
 would not allow Congress to extend existing terms. As anyone close to
@@ -11654,7 +11702,7 @@ For most of the history of film, the costs of restoring film were very
 high; digital technology has lowered these costs substantially. While
 it cost more than $10,000 to restore a ninety-minute black-and-white
 film in 1993, it can now cost as little as $100 to digitize one hour of
-mm film.<footnote><para>
+8 mm film.<footnote><para>
 <!-- f12. -->
 Brief of Hal Roach Studios and Michael Agee as Amicus Curiae
 Supporting the Petitoners, <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 537
@@ -11840,7 +11888,7 @@ market is not doing the job, then we should allow nonmarket forces the
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 235 -->
 freedom to fill the gaps. As one researcher calculated for American
 culture, 94 percent of the films, books, and music produced between
-and 1946 is not commercially available. However much you love the
+1923 and 1946 is not commercially available. However much you love the
 commercial market, if access is a value, then 6 percent is a failure
 to provide that value.<footnote><para>
 <!-- f13. -->