msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2015-07-21 01:05+0300\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2015-07-22 22:49+0000\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
"Last-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL@ADDRESS>\n"
"Language-Team: LANGUAGE <LL@li.org>\n"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:336 freeculture.xml:991
+#: freeculture.xml:336 freeculture.xml:990
msgid "power, concentration of"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:418
+#: freeculture.xml:417
msgid "INTRODUCTION"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:419 freeculture.xml:522 freeculture.xml:980
+#: freeculture.xml:418 freeculture.xml:521 freeculture.xml:979
msgid "Wright brothers"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:421
+#: freeculture.xml:420
msgid ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">On December 17</emphasis>, 1903, on a windy North "
"Carolina beach for just shy of one hundred seconds, the Wright brothers "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:428
+#: freeculture.xml:427
msgid "air traffic, land ownership vs."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:429 freeculture.xml:14849
+#: freeculture.xml:428 freeculture.xml:14849
msgid "land ownership, air traffic and"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:430 freeculture.xml:4656 freeculture.xml:13728 freeculture.xml:14850
+#: freeculture.xml:429 freeculture.xml:4655 freeculture.xml:13728 freeculture.xml:14850
msgid "property rights"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:430 freeculture.xml:14850
+#: freeculture.xml:429 freeculture.xml:14850
msgid "air traffic vs."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:436
+#: freeculture.xml:435
msgid ""
"St. George Tucker, <citetitle>Blackstone's Commentaries</citetitle> 3 (South "
"Hackensack, N.J.: Rothman Reprints, 1969), 18."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:432
+#: freeculture.xml:431
msgid ""
"At the time the Wright brothers invented the airplane, American law held "
"that a property owner presumptively owned not just the surface of his land, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:446
+#: freeculture.xml:445
msgid ""
"Then came airplanes, and for the first time, this principle of American "
"law—deep within the foundations of our tradition, and acknowledged by "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:454 freeculture.xml:467 freeculture.xml:500 freeculture.xml:520 freeculture.xml:706 freeculture.xml:833 freeculture.xml:960 freeculture.xml:978 freeculture.xml:1026 freeculture.xml:9578 freeculture.xml:13144 freeculture.xml:13929
+#: freeculture.xml:453 freeculture.xml:466 freeculture.xml:499 freeculture.xml:519 freeculture.xml:705 freeculture.xml:832 freeculture.xml:959 freeculture.xml:977 freeculture.xml:1025 freeculture.xml:9578 freeculture.xml:13144 freeculture.xml:13929
msgid "Causby, Thomas Lee"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:455 freeculture.xml:468 freeculture.xml:501 freeculture.xml:521 freeculture.xml:707 freeculture.xml:834 freeculture.xml:961 freeculture.xml:979 freeculture.xml:1027 freeculture.xml:9579 freeculture.xml:13145 freeculture.xml:13930
+#: freeculture.xml:454 freeculture.xml:467 freeculture.xml:500 freeculture.xml:520 freeculture.xml:706 freeculture.xml:833 freeculture.xml:960 freeculture.xml:978 freeculture.xml:1026 freeculture.xml:9579 freeculture.xml:13145 freeculture.xml:13930
msgid "Causby, Tinie"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:457
+#: freeculture.xml:456
msgid ""
"In 1945, these questions became a federal case. When North Carolina farmers "
"Thomas Lee and Tinie Causby started losing chickens because of low-flying "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:469
+#: freeculture.xml:468
msgid "Douglas, William O."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:470 freeculture.xml:4545 freeculture.xml:5147 freeculture.xml:8891 freeculture.xml:14237
+#: freeculture.xml:469 freeculture.xml:4544 freeculture.xml:5146 freeculture.xml:8891 freeculture.xml:14237
msgid "Supreme Court, U.S."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:470
+#: freeculture.xml:469
msgid "on airspace vs. land rights"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:472
+#: freeculture.xml:471
msgid ""
"The Supreme Court agreed to hear the Causbys' case. Congress had declared "
"the airways public, but if one's property really extended to the heavens, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:492
+#: freeculture.xml:491
msgid ""
"United States v. Causby, U.S. 328 (1946): 256, 261. The Court did find that "
"there could be a <quote>taking</quote> if the government's use of its land "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:483
+#: freeculture.xml:482
msgid ""
"[The] doctrine has no place in the modern world. The air is a public "
"highway, as Congress has declared. Were that not true, every "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:506
+#: freeculture.xml:505
msgid "<quote>Common sense revolts at the idea.</quote>"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 18
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:510
+#: freeculture.xml:509
msgid ""
"This is how the law usually works. Not often this abruptly or impatiently, "
"but eventually, this is how it works. It was Douglas's style not to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:524
+#: freeculture.xml:523
msgid ""
"Or at least, this is how things happen when there's no one powerful on the "
"other side of the change. The Causbys were just farmers. And though there "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:545 freeculture.xml:9586 freeculture.xml:10281
+#: freeculture.xml:544 freeculture.xml:9586 freeculture.xml:10281
msgid "Armstrong, Edwin Howard"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:546
+#: freeculture.xml:545
msgid "Bell, Alexander Graham"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:547
+#: freeculture.xml:546
msgid "Edison, Thomas"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:548
+#: freeculture.xml:547
msgid "Faraday, Michael"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:549 freeculture.xml:4286 freeculture.xml:6828 freeculture.xml:10188
+#: freeculture.xml:548 freeculture.xml:4285 freeculture.xml:6827 freeculture.xml:10188
msgid "radio"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:549 freeculture.xml:6828
+#: freeculture.xml:548 freeculture.xml:6827
msgid "FM spectrum of"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 19
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:551
+#: freeculture.xml:550
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>Edwin Howard Armstrong</emphasis> is one of "
"America's forgotten inventor geniuses. He came to the great American "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:564
+#: freeculture.xml:563
msgid ""
"On the day after Christmas, 1933, four patents were issued to Armstrong for "
"his most significant invention—FM radio. Until then, consumer radio "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:574
+#: freeculture.xml:573
msgid ""
"On November 5, 1935, he demonstrated the technology at a meeting of the "
"Institute of Radio Engineers at the Empire State Building in New York "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:585
+#: freeculture.xml:584
msgid "The audience was hearing something no one had thought possible:"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:596
+#: freeculture.xml:595
msgid ""
"Lawrence Lessing, <citetitle>Man of High Fidelity: Edwin Howard "
"Armstrong</citetitle> (Philadelphia: J. B. Lipincott Company, 1956), 209."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:589
+#: freeculture.xml:588
msgid ""
"A glass of water was poured before the microphone in Yonkers; it sounded "
"like a glass of water being poured. … A paper was crumpled and torn; "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:601 freeculture.xml:6831
+#: freeculture.xml:600 freeculture.xml:6830
msgid "RCA"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:602 freeculture.xml:2479 freeculture.xml:2497 freeculture.xml:2531 freeculture.xml:2533
+#: freeculture.xml:601 freeculture.xml:2478 freeculture.xml:2496 freeculture.xml:2530 freeculture.xml:2532
msgid "media"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:602 freeculture.xml:2533
+#: freeculture.xml:601 freeculture.xml:2532
msgid "ownership concentration in"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 20
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:604
+#: freeculture.xml:603
msgid ""
"As our own common sense tells us, Armstrong had discovered a vastly superior "
"radio technology. But at the time of his invention, Armstrong was working "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:612 freeculture.xml:634
+#: freeculture.xml:611 freeculture.xml:633
msgid "Sarnoff, David"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:614
+#: freeculture.xml:613
msgid ""
"RCA's president, David Sarnoff, a friend of Armstrong's, was eager that "
"Armstrong discover a way to remove static from AM radio. So Sarnoff was "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:625
+#: freeculture.xml:624
msgid ""
"See <quote>Saints: The Heroes and Geniuses of the Electronic Era,</quote> "
"First Electronic Church of America, at www.webstationone.com/fecha, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:622
+#: freeculture.xml:621
msgid ""
"I thought Armstrong would invent some kind of a filter to remove static from "
"our AM radio. I didn't think he'd start a revolution— start up a whole "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:633 freeculture.xml:6827
+#: freeculture.xml:632 freeculture.xml:6826
msgid "FM radio"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:636
+#: freeculture.xml:635
msgid ""
"Armstrong's invention threatened RCA's AM empire, so the company launched a "
"campaign to smother FM radio. While FM may have been a superior technology, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:641
+#: freeculture.xml:640
msgid "Lessing, Lawrence"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:649
+#: freeculture.xml:648
msgid "Lessing, 226."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:644
+#: freeculture.xml:643
msgid ""
"The forces for FM, largely engineering, could not overcome the weight of "
"strategy devised by the sales, patent, and legal offices to subdue this "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:653
+#: freeculture.xml:652
msgid "FCC"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:653
+#: freeculture.xml:652
msgid "on FM radio"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:655
+#: freeculture.xml:654
msgid ""
"RCA at first kept the technology in house, insisting that further tests were "
"needed. When, after two years of testing, Armstrong grew impatient, RCA "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:674
+#: freeculture.xml:673
msgid "Lessing, 256."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:670
+#: freeculture.xml:669
msgid ""
"The series of body blows that FM radio received right after the war, in a "
"series of rulings manipulated through the FCC by the big radio interests, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:679
+#: freeculture.xml:678
msgid "AT&T"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:681
+#: freeculture.xml:680
msgid ""
"To make room in the spectrum for RCA's latest gamble, television, FM radio "
"users were to be moved to a totally new spectrum band. The power of FM radio "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:693
+#: freeculture.xml:692
msgid ""
"Armstrong resisted RCA's efforts. In response, RCA resisted Armstrong's "
"patents. After incorporating FM technology into the emerging standard for "
#. PAGE BREAK 22
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:709
+#: freeculture.xml:708
msgid ""
"This is how the law sometimes works. Not often this tragically, and rarely "
"with heroic drama, but sometimes, this is how it works. From the beginning, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:726 freeculture.xml:1099 freeculture.xml:2350 freeculture.xml:2362 freeculture.xml:2446 freeculture.xml:2480 freeculture.xml:2506 freeculture.xml:2756 freeculture.xml:4162 freeculture.xml:6711 freeculture.xml:7568 freeculture.xml:7641 freeculture.xml:10187 freeculture.xml:13460 freeculture.xml:14020 freeculture.xml:14021 freeculture.xml:14095
+#: freeculture.xml:725 freeculture.xml:1098 freeculture.xml:2349 freeculture.xml:2361 freeculture.xml:2445 freeculture.xml:2479 freeculture.xml:2505 freeculture.xml:2755 freeculture.xml:4161 freeculture.xml:6710 freeculture.xml:7567 freeculture.xml:7640 freeculture.xml:10187 freeculture.xml:13460 freeculture.xml:14020 freeculture.xml:14021 freeculture.xml:14095
msgid "Internet"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:726 freeculture.xml:4696 freeculture.xml:13460 freeculture.xml:14020
+#: freeculture.xml:725 freeculture.xml:4695 freeculture.xml:13460 freeculture.xml:14020
msgid "development of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:734
+#: freeculture.xml:733
msgid ""
"Amanda Lenhart, <quote>The Ever-Shifting Internet Population: A New Look at "
"Internet Access and the Digital Divide,</quote> Pew Internet and American "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:728
+#: freeculture.xml:727
msgid ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">There's no</emphasis> single inventor of the "
"Internet. Nor is there any good date upon which to mark its birth. Yet in a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:743
+#: freeculture.xml:742
msgid ""
"As the Internet has been integrated into ordinary life, it has changed "
"things. Some of these changes are technical—the Internet has made "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:754
+#: freeculture.xml:753
msgid ""
"Instead, this book is about an effect of the Internet beyond the Internet "
"itself: an effect upon how culture is made. My claim is that the Internet "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:763
+#: freeculture.xml:762
msgid "Barlow, Joel"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:764
+#: freeculture.xml:763
msgid "culture"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:764
+#: freeculture.xml:763
msgid "commercial vs. noncommercial"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:765
+#: freeculture.xml:764
msgid "Webster, Noah"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 23
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:767
+#: freeculture.xml:766
msgid ""
"We can glimpse a sense of this change by distinguishing between commercial "
"and noncommercial culture, and by mapping the law's regulation of each. By "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:779
+#: freeculture.xml:778
msgid ""
"At the beginning of our history, and for just about the whole of our "
"tradition, noncommercial culture was essentially unregulated. Of course, if "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:789 freeculture.xml:2852 freeculture.xml:2853 freeculture.xml:2880 freeculture.xml:2881 freeculture.xml:2882 freeculture.xml:7800 freeculture.xml:9645 freeculture.xml:9646 freeculture.xml:9921 freeculture.xml:9922 freeculture.xml:9923 freeculture.xml:9966
+#: freeculture.xml:788 freeculture.xml:2851 freeculture.xml:2852 freeculture.xml:2879 freeculture.xml:2880 freeculture.xml:2881 freeculture.xml:7799 freeculture.xml:9645 freeculture.xml:9646 freeculture.xml:9921 freeculture.xml:9922 freeculture.xml:9923 freeculture.xml:9966
msgid "copyright infringement lawsuits"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:789
+#: freeculture.xml:788
msgid "commercial creativity as primary purpose of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:805 freeculture.xml:1941 freeculture.xml:1954
+#: freeculture.xml:804 freeculture.xml:1940 freeculture.xml:1953
msgid "Brandeis, Louis D."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:797
+#: freeculture.xml:796
msgid ""
"This is not the only purpose of copyright, though it is the overwhelmingly "
"primary purpose of the copyright established in the federal constitution. "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:791
+#: freeculture.xml:790
msgid ""
"The focus of the law was on commercial creativity. At first slightly, then "
"quite extensively, the law protected the incentives of creators by granting "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:812 freeculture.xml:1700 freeculture.xml:5254 freeculture.xml:6482 freeculture.xml:14060
+#: freeculture.xml:811 freeculture.xml:1699 freeculture.xml:5253 freeculture.xml:6481 freeculture.xml:14060
msgid "free culture"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:812
+#: freeculture.xml:811
msgid "permission culture vs."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:813
+#: freeculture.xml:812
msgid "permission culture"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:813
+#: freeculture.xml:812
msgid "free culture vs."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:819 freeculture.xml:10171
+#: freeculture.xml:818 freeculture.xml:10171
msgid "Litman, Jessica"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:817
+#: freeculture.xml:816
msgid ""
"See Jessica Litman, <citetitle>Digital Copyright</citetitle> (New York: "
"Prometheus Books, 2001), ch. 13. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:815
+#: freeculture.xml:814
msgid ""
"This rough divide between the free and the controlled has now been "
"erased.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The Internet has set the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:835
+#: freeculture.xml:834
msgid "protection of artists vs. business interests"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:837
+#: freeculture.xml:836
msgid ""
"This change gets justified as necessary to protect commercial creativity. "
"And indeed, protectionism is precisely its motivation. But the protectionism "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:851
+#: freeculture.xml:850
msgid ""
"For the Internet has unleashed an extraordinary possibility for many to "
"participate in the process of building and cultivating a culture that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:870
+#: freeculture.xml:869
msgid ""
"Yet, as I argue in the pages that follow, that is precisely what is "
"happening in our culture today. These modern-day equivalents of the early "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:879 freeculture.xml:7523
+#: freeculture.xml:878 freeculture.xml:7522
msgid "Valenti, Jack"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:879 freeculture.xml:7523
+#: freeculture.xml:878 freeculture.xml:7522
msgid "on creative property rights"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:889
+#: freeculture.xml:888
msgid ""
"Amy Harmon, <quote>Black Hawk Download: Moving Beyond Music, Pirates Use New "
"Tools to Turn the Net into an Illicit Video Club,</quote> <citetitle>New "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:881
+#: freeculture.xml:880
msgid ""
"It doesn't seem this way to many. The battles over copyright and the "
"Internet seem remote to most. To the few who follow them, they seem mainly "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:898
+#: freeculture.xml:897
msgid ""
"If those really were the choices, then I would be with Jack Valenti and the "
"content industry. I, too, am a believer in property, and especially in the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:906
+#: freeculture.xml:905
msgid ""
"But those simple beliefs mask a much more fundamental question and a much "
"more dramatic change. My fear is that unless we come to see this change, the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:911 freeculture.xml:6863 freeculture.xml:6976 freeculture.xml:6977 freeculture.xml:6978 freeculture.xml:7023 freeculture.xml:7611 freeculture.xml:8889 freeculture.xml:11174 freeculture.xml:11465 freeculture.xml:12111
+#: freeculture.xml:910 freeculture.xml:6862 freeculture.xml:6975 freeculture.xml:6976 freeculture.xml:6977 freeculture.xml:7022 freeculture.xml:7610 freeculture.xml:8889 freeculture.xml:11174 freeculture.xml:11465 freeculture.xml:12111
msgid "Constitution, U.S."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:911 freeculture.xml:6863 freeculture.xml:7611 freeculture.xml:8889
+#: freeculture.xml:910 freeculture.xml:6862 freeculture.xml:7610 freeculture.xml:8889
msgid "First Amendment to"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:912 freeculture.xml:1077 freeculture.xml:1184 freeculture.xml:1209 freeculture.xml:1553 freeculture.xml:1597 freeculture.xml:1711 freeculture.xml:3113 freeculture.xml:3204 freeculture.xml:4284 freeculture.xml:4285 freeculture.xml:4696 freeculture.xml:4697 freeculture.xml:5298 freeculture.xml:6484 freeculture.xml:6930 freeculture.xml:7010 freeculture.xml:7011 freeculture.xml:7195 freeculture.xml:7294 freeculture.xml:7326 freeculture.xml:7356 freeculture.xml:7391 freeculture.xml:7505 freeculture.xml:7506 freeculture.xml:7567 freeculture.xml:7601 freeculture.xml:7706 freeculture.xml:7720 freeculture.xml:7779 freeculture.xml:7780 freeculture.xml:7878 freeculture.xml:9807 freeculture.xml:10160 freeculture.xml:11114 freeculture.xml:11159
+#: freeculture.xml:911 freeculture.xml:1076 freeculture.xml:1183 freeculture.xml:1208 freeculture.xml:1552 freeculture.xml:1596 freeculture.xml:1710 freeculture.xml:3112 freeculture.xml:3203 freeculture.xml:4283 freeculture.xml:4284 freeculture.xml:4695 freeculture.xml:4696 freeculture.xml:5297 freeculture.xml:6483 freeculture.xml:6929 freeculture.xml:7009 freeculture.xml:7010 freeculture.xml:7194 freeculture.xml:7293 freeculture.xml:7325 freeculture.xml:7355 freeculture.xml:7390 freeculture.xml:7504 freeculture.xml:7505 freeculture.xml:7566 freeculture.xml:7600 freeculture.xml:7705 freeculture.xml:7719 freeculture.xml:7778 freeculture.xml:7779 freeculture.xml:7877 freeculture.xml:9807 freeculture.xml:10160 freeculture.xml:11114 freeculture.xml:11159
msgid "copyright law"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:912 freeculture.xml:7010
+#: freeculture.xml:911 freeculture.xml:7009
msgid "as protection of creators"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:913 freeculture.xml:6864 freeculture.xml:7612 freeculture.xml:8890
+#: freeculture.xml:912 freeculture.xml:6863 freeculture.xml:7611 freeculture.xml:8890
msgid "First Amendment"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:914 freeculture.xml:924 freeculture.xml:15248
+#: freeculture.xml:913 freeculture.xml:923 freeculture.xml:15248
msgid "Netanel, Neil Weinstock"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:922
+#: freeculture.xml:921
msgid ""
"Neil W. Netanel, <quote>Copyright and a Democratic Civil Society,</quote> "
"<citetitle>Yale Law Journal</citetitle> 106 (1996): 283. <placeholder "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:916
+#: freeculture.xml:915
msgid ""
"These values built a tradition that, for at least the first 180 years of our "
"Republic, guaranteed creators the right to build freely upon their past, and "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:932
+#: freeculture.xml:931
msgid ""
"Yet the law's response to the Internet, when tied to changes in the "
"technology of the Internet itself, has massively increased the effective "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:944
+#: freeculture.xml:943
msgid ""
"The story that follows is about this war. It is not about the "
"<quote>centrality of technology</quote> to ordinary life. I don't believe in "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:952
+#: freeculture.xml:951
msgid ""
"It is instead an effort to understand a hopelessly destructive war inspired "
"by the technologies of the Internet but reaching far beyond its code. And by "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:962 freeculture.xml:13376 freeculture.xml:13459 freeculture.xml:13629
+#: freeculture.xml:961 freeculture.xml:13376 freeculture.xml:13459 freeculture.xml:13629
msgid "intellectual property rights"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:964
+#: freeculture.xml:963
msgid ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Like the Causbys'</emphasis> battle, this war is, "
"in part, about <quote>property.</quote> The property of this war is not as "
#. PAGE BREAK 27
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:982
+#: freeculture.xml:981
msgid ""
"And thus, when geeks and technologists defend their Armstrong or Wright "
"brothers technology, most of us are simply unsympathetic. Common sense does "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:993
+#: freeculture.xml:992
msgid ""
"My hope is to push this common sense along. I have become increasingly "
"amazed by the power of this idea of intellectual property and, more "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1003
+#: freeculture.xml:1002
msgid ""
"The puzzle is, Why? Is it because we have come to understand a truth about "
"the value and importance of absolute property over ideas and culture? Is it "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1009
+#: freeculture.xml:1008
msgid ""
"Or is it because the idea of absolute property over ideas and culture "
"benefits the RCAs of our time and fits our own unreflective intuitions?"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1013
+#: freeculture.xml:1012
msgid ""
"Is the radical shift away from our tradition of free culture an instance of "
"America correcting a mistake from its past, as we did after a bloody war "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1020
+#: freeculture.xml:1019
msgid ""
"Does common sense lead to the extremes on this question because common sense "
"actually believes in these extremes? Or does common sense stand silent in "
#. PAGE BREAK 28
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1029
+#: freeculture.xml:1028
msgid ""
"I don't mean to be mysterious. My own views are resolved. I believe it was "
"right for common sense to revolt against the extremism of the Causbys. I "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1040
+#: freeculture.xml:1039
msgid ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">The struggle</emphasis> that rages just now "
"centers on two ideas: <quote>piracy</quote> and <quote>property.</quote> My "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1045
+#: freeculture.xml:1044
msgid ""
"My method is not the usual method of an academic. I don't want to plunge you "
"into a complex argument, buttressed with references to obscure French "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1053
+#: freeculture.xml:1052
msgid ""
"The two sections set up the core claim of this book: that while the Internet "
"has indeed produced something fantastic and new, our government, pushed by "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1064
+#: freeculture.xml:1063
msgid ""
"We allow this, I believe, not because it is right, and not because most of "
"us really believe in these changes. We allow it because the interests most "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:1074
+#: freeculture.xml:1073
msgid "<quote>PIRACY</quote>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1077 freeculture.xml:4697
+#: freeculture.xml:1076 freeculture.xml:4696
msgid "English"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1078 freeculture.xml:5107
+#: freeculture.xml:1077 freeculture.xml:5106
msgid "Mansfield, William Murray, Lord"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1079
+#: freeculture.xml:1078
msgid "music publishing"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1080 freeculture.xml:3201
+#: freeculture.xml:1079 freeculture.xml:3200
msgid "sheet music"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1082
+#: freeculture.xml:1081
msgid ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Since the inception</emphasis> of the law "
"regulating creative property, there has been a war against "
#. f1
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1094
+#: freeculture.xml:1093
msgid ""
"<citetitle>Bach</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Longman</citetitle>, 98 "
"Eng. Rep. 1274 (1777) (Mansfield)."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1090
+#: freeculture.xml:1089
msgid ""
"A person may use the copy by playing it, but he has no right to rob the "
"author of the profit, by multiplying copies and disposing of them for his "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1099
+#: freeculture.xml:1098
msgid "efficient content distribution on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1100 freeculture.xml:6712 freeculture.xml:11162
+#: freeculture.xml:1099 freeculture.xml:6711 freeculture.xml:11162
msgid "peer-to-peer (p2p) file sharing"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1100
+#: freeculture.xml:1099
msgid "efficiency of"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 31
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1102
+#: freeculture.xml:1101
msgid ""
"Today we are in the middle of another <quote>war</quote> against "
"<quote>piracy.</quote> The Internet has provoked this war. The Internet "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1111
+#: freeculture.xml:1110
msgid ""
"This efficiency does not respect the traditional lines of copyright. The "
"network doesn't discriminate between the sharing of copyrighted and "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1120
+#: freeculture.xml:1119
msgid ""
"The warriors have turned to the courts, to the legislatures, and "
"increasingly to technology to defend their <quote>property</quote> against "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1128
+#: freeculture.xml:1127
msgid ""
"There's no doubt that <quote>piracy</quote> is wrong, and that pirates "
"should be punished. But before we summon the executioners, we should put "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1134
+#: freeculture.xml:1133
msgid "The idea goes something like this:"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1138
+#: freeculture.xml:1137
msgid ""
"Creative work has value; whenever I use, or take, or build upon the creative "
"work of others, I am taking from them something of value. Whenever I take "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1146
+#: freeculture.xml:1145
msgid "ASCAP"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1147
+#: freeculture.xml:1146
msgid "Dreyfuss, Rochelle"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1148
+#: freeculture.xml:1147
msgid "Girl Scouts"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1149 freeculture.xml:6981 freeculture.xml:7081 freeculture.xml:7524
+#: freeculture.xml:1148 freeculture.xml:6980 freeculture.xml:7080 freeculture.xml:7523
msgid "creative property"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1149
+#: freeculture.xml:1148
msgid "<quote>if value, then right</quote> theory of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1150 freeculture.xml:3009
+#: freeculture.xml:1149 freeculture.xml:3008
msgid "<quote>if value, then right</quote> theory"
msgstr ""
#. f2
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1156
+#: freeculture.xml:1155
msgid ""
"See Rochelle Dreyfuss, <quote>Expressive Genericity: Trademarks as Language "
"in the Pepsi Generation,</quote> <citetitle>Notre Dame Law "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1169 freeculture.xml:7460
+#: freeculture.xml:1168 freeculture.xml:7459
msgid "Zittrain, Jonathan"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1164
+#: freeculture.xml:1163
msgid ""
"Lisa Bannon, <quote>The Birds May Sing, but Campers Can't Unless They Pay "
"Up,</quote> <citetitle>Wall Street Journal</citetitle>, 21 August 1996, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1152
+#: freeculture.xml:1151
msgid ""
"This view runs deep within the current debates. It is what NYU law professor "
"Rochelle Dreyfuss criticizes as the <quote>if value, then right</quote> "
#. PAGE BREAK 32
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1176
+#: freeculture.xml:1175
msgid ""
"This idea is certainly a possible understanding of how creative property "
"should work. It might well be a possible design for a system of law "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1184 freeculture.xml:7294 freeculture.xml:7391 freeculture.xml:7706
+#: freeculture.xml:1183 freeculture.xml:7293 freeculture.xml:7390 freeculture.xml:7705
msgid "on republishing vs. transformation of original work"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1185 freeculture.xml:1367 freeculture.xml:1524
+#: freeculture.xml:1184 freeculture.xml:1366 freeculture.xml:1523
msgid "creativity"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1185
+#: freeculture.xml:1184
msgid "legal restrictions on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1187
+#: freeculture.xml:1186
msgid ""
"Instead, in our tradition, intellectual property is an instrument. It sets "
"the groundwork for a richly creative society but remains subservient to the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1194
+#: freeculture.xml:1193
msgid ""
"The source of this confusion is a distinction that the law no longer takes "
"care to draw—the distinction between republishing someone's work on "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1202
+#: freeculture.xml:1201
msgid ""
"Before the technologies of the Internet, this conflation didn't matter all "
"that much. The technologies of publishing were expensive; that meant the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1209
+#: freeculture.xml:1208
msgid "creativity impeded by"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1210 freeculture.xml:1241
+#: freeculture.xml:1209 freeculture.xml:1240
msgid "Florida, Richard"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1211 freeculture.xml:1242
+#: freeculture.xml:1210 freeculture.xml:1241
msgid "Rise of the Creative Class, The (Florida)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1233
+#: freeculture.xml:1232
msgid ""
"In <citetitle>The Rise of the Creative Class</citetitle> (New York: Basic "
"Books, 2002), Richard Florida documents a shift in the nature of labor "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1213
+#: freeculture.xml:1212
msgid ""
"But with the birth of the Internet, this natural limit to the reach of the "
"law has disappeared. The law controls not just the creativity of commercial "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1249
+#: freeculture.xml:1248
msgid ""
"These burdens make no sense in our tradition. We should begin by "
"understanding that tradition a bit more and by placing in their proper "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:1257
+#: freeculture.xml:1256
msgid "Creators"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1258
+#: freeculture.xml:1257
msgid "animated cartoons"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1259
+#: freeculture.xml:1258
msgid "cartoon films"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1260 freeculture.xml:5302 freeculture.xml:5336 freeculture.xml:6051 freeculture.xml:6095
+#: freeculture.xml:1259 freeculture.xml:5301 freeculture.xml:5335 freeculture.xml:6050 freeculture.xml:6094
msgid "films"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1260
+#: freeculture.xml:1259
msgid "animated"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1261
+#: freeculture.xml:1260
msgid "Steamboat Willie"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1262 freeculture.xml:7485
+#: freeculture.xml:1261 freeculture.xml:7484
msgid "Mickey Mouse"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1264
+#: freeculture.xml:1263
msgid ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">In 1928</emphasis>, a cartoon character was "
"born. An early Mickey Mouse made his debut in May of that year, in a silent "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1270 freeculture.xml:1487 freeculture.xml:1541 freeculture.xml:1682 freeculture.xml:1928 freeculture.xml:4532 freeculture.xml:6227 freeculture.xml:7484 freeculture.xml:11055 freeculture.xml:11468
+#: freeculture.xml:1269 freeculture.xml:1486 freeculture.xml:1540 freeculture.xml:1681 freeculture.xml:1927 freeculture.xml:4531 freeculture.xml:6226 freeculture.xml:7483 freeculture.xml:11055 freeculture.xml:11468
msgid "Disney, Walt"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1272
+#: freeculture.xml:1271
msgid ""
"Synchronized sound had been introduced to film a year earlier in the movie "
"<citetitle>The Jazz Singer</citetitle>. That success led Walt Disney to copy "
#. PAGE BREAK 35
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1281
+#: freeculture.xml:1280
msgid ""
"A couple of my boys could read music, and one of them could play a mouth "
"organ. We put them in a room where they could not see the screen and "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1288
+#: freeculture.xml:1287
msgid ""
"The boys worked from a music and sound-effects score. After several false "
"starts, sound and action got off with the gun. The mouth organist played the "
#. f1
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1301
+#: freeculture.xml:1300
msgid ""
"Leonard Maltin, <citetitle>Of Mice and Magic: A History of American Animated "
"Cartoons</citetitle> (New York: Penguin Books, 1987), 34–35."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1295
+#: freeculture.xml:1294
msgid ""
"The effect on our little audience was nothing less than electric. They "
"responded almost instinctively to this union of sound and motion. I thought "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1306
+#: freeculture.xml:1305
msgid "Iwerks, Ub"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1308
+#: freeculture.xml:1307
msgid ""
"Disney's then partner, and one of animation's most extraordinary talents, Ub "
"Iwerks, put it more strongly: <quote>I have never been so thrilled in my "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1313
+#: freeculture.xml:1312
msgid ""
"Disney had created something very new, based upon something relatively "
"new. Synchronized sound brought life to a form of creativity that had "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1322 freeculture.xml:1684
+#: freeculture.xml:1321 freeculture.xml:1683
msgid "Keaton, Buster"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1323 freeculture.xml:1554 freeculture.xml:1942
+#: freeculture.xml:1322 freeculture.xml:1553 freeculture.xml:1941
msgid "Steamboat Bill, Jr."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1325
+#: freeculture.xml:1324
msgid ""
"This much is familiar. What you might not know is that 1928 also marks "
"another important transition. In that year, a comic (as opposed to cartoon) "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1331
+#: freeculture.xml:1330
msgid ""
"Keaton was born into a vaudeville family in 1895. In the era of silent film, "
"he had mastered using broad physical comedy as a way to spark uncontrollable "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1338 freeculture.xml:1495 freeculture.xml:7295 freeculture.xml:7392 freeculture.xml:7570 freeculture.xml:7679 freeculture.xml:7721
+#: freeculture.xml:1337 freeculture.xml:1494 freeculture.xml:7294 freeculture.xml:7391 freeculture.xml:7569 freeculture.xml:7678 freeculture.xml:7720
msgid "derivative works"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1338 freeculture.xml:1495 freeculture.xml:7392 freeculture.xml:7570
+#: freeculture.xml:1337 freeculture.xml:1494 freeculture.xml:7391 freeculture.xml:7569
msgid "piracy vs."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1339 freeculture.xml:1498 freeculture.xml:3008 freeculture.xml:3707 freeculture.xml:7393 freeculture.xml:7571 freeculture.xml:15314
+#: freeculture.xml:1338 freeculture.xml:1497 freeculture.xml:3007 freeculture.xml:3706 freeculture.xml:7392 freeculture.xml:7570 freeculture.xml:15314
msgid "piracy"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1339 freeculture.xml:1498 freeculture.xml:7393 freeculture.xml:7571
+#: freeculture.xml:1338 freeculture.xml:1497 freeculture.xml:7392 freeculture.xml:7570
msgid "derivative work vs."
msgstr ""
#. f2
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1347
+#: freeculture.xml:1346
msgid ""
"I am grateful to David Gerstein and his careful history, described at <ulink "
"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #4</ulink>. According to Dave "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1341
+#: freeculture.xml:1340
msgid ""
"<citetitle>Steamboat Bill, Jr</citetitle>. appeared before Disney's cartoon "
"Steamboat Willie. The coincidence of titles is not coincidental. Steamboat "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1367 freeculture.xml:1524
+#: freeculture.xml:1366 freeculture.xml:1523
msgid "by transforming previous works"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1368 freeculture.xml:6268 freeculture.xml:7778
+#: freeculture.xml:1367 freeculture.xml:6267 freeculture.xml:7777
msgid "Disney, Inc."
msgstr ""
#. f3
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1374
+#: freeculture.xml:1373
msgid ""
"He was also a fan of the public domain. See Chris Sprigman, <quote>The Mouse "
"that Ate the Public Domain,</quote> Findlaw, 5 March 2002, at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1370
+#: freeculture.xml:1369
msgid ""
"This <quote>borrowing</quote> was nothing unique, either for Disney or for "
"the industry. Disney was always parroting the feature-length mainstream "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1388 freeculture.xml:1683 freeculture.xml:11056
+#: freeculture.xml:1387 freeculture.xml:1682 freeculture.xml:11056
msgid "Grimm fairy tales"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1390
+#: freeculture.xml:1389
msgid ""
"Sometimes this borrowing was slight. Sometimes it was significant. Think "
"about the fairy tales of the Brothers Grimm. If you're as oblivious as I "
#. PAGE BREAK 37
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1399
+#: freeculture.xml:1398
msgid ""
"Disney took these stories and retold them in a way that carried them into a "
"new age. He animated the stories, with both characters and light. Without "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1422
+#: freeculture.xml:1421
msgid ""
"This is a kind of creativity. It is a creativity that we should remember and "
"celebrate. There are some who would say that there is no creativity except "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1433 freeculture.xml:4749 freeculture.xml:4750 freeculture.xml:4816 freeculture.xml:4854 freeculture.xml:4910 freeculture.xml:4956 freeculture.xml:5091 freeculture.xml:5185 freeculture.xml:6679 freeculture.xml:6979 freeculture.xml:6980 freeculture.xml:6983 freeculture.xml:7052 freeculture.xml:7078 freeculture.xml:7117 freeculture.xml:7240 freeculture.xml:7287 freeculture.xml:7324 freeculture.xml:7632 freeculture.xml:7799 freeculture.xml:11113 freeculture.xml:11137 freeculture.xml:11466 freeculture.xml:11467
+#: freeculture.xml:1432 freeculture.xml:4748 freeculture.xml:4749 freeculture.xml:4815 freeculture.xml:4853 freeculture.xml:4909 freeculture.xml:4955 freeculture.xml:5090 freeculture.xml:5184 freeculture.xml:6678 freeculture.xml:6978 freeculture.xml:6979 freeculture.xml:6982 freeculture.xml:7051 freeculture.xml:7077 freeculture.xml:7116 freeculture.xml:7239 freeculture.xml:7286 freeculture.xml:7323 freeculture.xml:7631 freeculture.xml:7798 freeculture.xml:11113 freeculture.xml:11137 freeculture.xml:11466 freeculture.xml:11467
msgid "copyright"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1433 freeculture.xml:4749 freeculture.xml:4910 freeculture.xml:6980 freeculture.xml:6983 freeculture.xml:7078 freeculture.xml:11113 freeculture.xml:11467
+#: freeculture.xml:1432 freeculture.xml:4748 freeculture.xml:4909 freeculture.xml:6979 freeculture.xml:6982 freeculture.xml:7077 freeculture.xml:11113 freeculture.xml:11467
msgid "duration of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1434 freeculture.xml:1435 freeculture.xml:5186 freeculture.xml:7082 freeculture.xml:7205 freeculture.xml:8090 freeculture.xml:11047 freeculture.xml:13464 freeculture.xml:14254 freeculture.xml:14255
+#: freeculture.xml:1433 freeculture.xml:1434 freeculture.xml:5185 freeculture.xml:7081 freeculture.xml:7204 freeculture.xml:8089 freeculture.xml:11047 freeculture.xml:13464 freeculture.xml:14254 freeculture.xml:14255
msgid "public domain"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1434
+#: freeculture.xml:1433
msgid "defined"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1435
+#: freeculture.xml:1434
msgid "traditional term for conversion to"
msgstr ""
#. f4
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1442
+#: freeculture.xml:1441
msgid ""
"Until 1976, copyright law granted an author the possibility of two terms: an "
"initial term and a renewal term. I have calculated the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1436
+#: freeculture.xml:1435
msgid ""
"In 1928, the culture that Disney was free to draw upon was relatively "
"fresh. The public domain in 1928 was not very old and was therefore quite "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1459
+#: freeculture.xml:1458
msgid ""
"At the end of a copyright term, a work passes into the public domain. No "
"permission is then needed to draw upon or use that work. No permission and, "
#. PAGE BREAK 38
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1470
+#: freeculture.xml:1469
msgid ""
"This is the ways things always were—until quite recently. For most of "
"our history, the public domain was just over the horizon. From until 1978, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1489
+#: freeculture.xml:1488
msgid ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Of course</emphasis>, Walt Disney had no monopoly "
"on <quote>Walt Disney creativity.</quote> Nor does America. The norm of free "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1494 freeculture.xml:1598 freeculture.xml:1712
+#: freeculture.xml:1493 freeculture.xml:1597 freeculture.xml:1711
msgid "comics, Japanese"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1496 freeculture.xml:1714
+#: freeculture.xml:1495 freeculture.xml:1713
msgid "Japanese comics"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1497 freeculture.xml:1715
+#: freeculture.xml:1496 freeculture.xml:1714
msgid "manga"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1500
+#: freeculture.xml:1499
msgid ""
"Consider, for example, a form of creativity that seems strange to many "
"Americans but that is inescapable within Japanese culture: "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1509
+#: freeculture.xml:1508
msgid ""
"Americans tend to look down upon this form of culture. That's an "
"unattractive characteristic of ours. We're likely to misunderstand much "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1520
+#: freeculture.xml:1519
msgid ""
"But my purpose here is not to understand manga. It is to describe a variant "
"on manga that from a lawyer's perspective is quite odd, but from a Disney "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1525 freeculture.xml:1713
+#: freeculture.xml:1524 freeculture.xml:1712
msgid "doujinshi comics"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 39
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1527
+#: freeculture.xml:1526
msgid ""
"This is the phenomenon of <citetitle>doujinshi</citetitle>. Doujinshi are "
"also comics, but they are a kind of copycat comic. A rich ethic governs the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1543
+#: freeculture.xml:1542
msgid ""
"These copycat comics are not a tiny part of the manga market. They are "
"huge. More than 33,000 <quote>circles</quote> of creators from across Japan "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1553 freeculture.xml:1597 freeculture.xml:1711
+#: freeculture.xml:1552 freeculture.xml:1596 freeculture.xml:1710
msgid "Japanese"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1556
+#: freeculture.xml:1555
msgid ""
"The most puzzling feature of the doujinshi market, for those trained in the "
"law, at least, is that it is allowed to exist at all. Under Japanese "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1570
+#: freeculture.xml:1569
msgid "Winick, Judd"
msgstr ""
#. f5
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1582
+#: freeculture.xml:1581
msgid ""
"For an excellent history, see Scott McCloud, <citetitle>Reinventing "
"Comics</citetitle> (New York: Perennial, 2000)."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1572
+#: freeculture.xml:1571
msgid ""
"Yet this illegal market exists and indeed flourishes in Japan, and in the "
"view of many, it is precisely because it exists that Japanese manga "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1587
+#: freeculture.xml:1586
msgid "Superman comics"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1589
+#: freeculture.xml:1588
msgid ""
"American comics now are quite different, Winick explains, in part because of "
"the legal difficulty of adapting comics the way doujinshi are "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1599
+#: freeculture.xml:1598
msgid "Mehra, Salil"
msgstr ""
#. f6
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1609
+#: freeculture.xml:1608
msgid ""
"See Salil K. Mehra, <quote>Copyright and Comics in Japan: Does Law Explain "
"Why All the Comics My Kid Watches Are Japanese Imports?</quote> "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1601
+#: freeculture.xml:1600
msgid ""
"The norm in Japan mitigates this legal difficulty. Some say it is precisely "
"the benefit accruing to the Japanese manga market that explains the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1623
+#: freeculture.xml:1622
msgid ""
"The problem with this story, however, as Mehra plainly acknowledges, is that "
"the mechanism producing this laissez faire response is not clear. It may "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1636
+#: freeculture.xml:1635
msgid ""
"I spent four wonderful months in Japan, and I asked this question as often "
"as I could. Perhaps the best account in the end was offered by a friend from "
#. PAGE BREAK 41
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1643
+#: freeculture.xml:1642
msgid ""
"This is a theme to which we will return: that regulation by law is a "
"function of both the words on the books and the costs of making those words "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1656
+#: freeculture.xml:1655
msgid "<emphasis role='strong'>Let's pause</emphasis> for a moment."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1659
+#: freeculture.xml:1658
msgid ""
"If you're like I was a decade ago, or like most people are when they first "
"start thinking about these issues, then just about now you should be puzzled "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1669 freeculture.xml:3026 freeculture.xml:4762 freeculture.xml:5021 freeculture.xml:7909 freeculture.xml:9034
+#: freeculture.xml:1668 freeculture.xml:3025 freeculture.xml:4761 freeculture.xml:5020 freeculture.xml:7908 freeculture.xml:9034
msgid "Vaidhyanathan, Siva"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1669
+#: freeculture.xml:1668
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> The term <citetitle>intellectual "
"property</citetitle> is of relatively recent origin. See Siva Vaidhyanathan, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1664
+#: freeculture.xml:1663
msgid ""
"We live in a world that celebrates <quote>property.</quote> I am one of "
"those celebrants. I believe in the value of property in general, and I also "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1686
+#: freeculture.xml:1685
msgid ""
"But it takes just a second's reflection to realize that there is plenty of "
"value out there that <quote>property</quote> doesn't capture. I don't mean "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1700
+#: freeculture.xml:1699
msgid "derivative works based on"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 42
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1702
+#: freeculture.xml:1701
msgid ""
"Thus, even though the things that Disney took—or more generally, the "
"things taken by anyone exercising Walt Disney creativity—are valuable, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1717
+#: freeculture.xml:1716
msgid ""
"The same with the doujinshi culture. If a doujinshi artist broke into a "
"publisher's office and ran off with a thousand copies of his latest "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1726
+#: freeculture.xml:1725
msgid ""
"Yet there is an obvious reluctance, even among Japanese lawyers, to say that "
"the copycat comic artists are <quote>stealing.</quote> This form of Walt "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1737 freeculture.xml:4702 freeculture.xml:4834 freeculture.xml:4871 freeculture.xml:5201
+#: freeculture.xml:1736 freeculture.xml:4701 freeculture.xml:4833 freeculture.xml:4870 freeculture.xml:5200
msgid "Shakespeare, William"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1739
+#: freeculture.xml:1738
msgid ""
"It's the same with a thousand examples that appear everywhere once you begin "
"to look. Scientists build upon the work of other scientists without asking "
#. PAGE BREAK 43
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1753
+#: freeculture.xml:1752
msgid ""
"Creators here and everywhere are always and at all times building upon the "
"creativity that went before and that surrounds them now. That building is "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1765
+#: freeculture.xml:1764
msgid ""
"The hard question is therefore not <emphasis>whether</emphasis> a culture is "
"free. All cultures are free to some degree. The hard question instead is "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1777
+#: freeculture.xml:1776
msgid ""
"Free cultures are cultures that leave a great deal open for others to build "
"upon; unfree, or permission, cultures leave much less. Ours was a free "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:1786
+#: freeculture.xml:1785
msgid "<quote>Mere Copyists</quote>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1787
+#: freeculture.xml:1786
msgid "Daguerre, Louis"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1788 freeculture.xml:1943 freeculture.xml:1998 freeculture.xml:6790
+#: freeculture.xml:1787 freeculture.xml:1942 freeculture.xml:1997 freeculture.xml:6789
msgid "camera technology"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1789
+#: freeculture.xml:1788
msgid "photography"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1791
+#: freeculture.xml:1790
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>In 1839</emphasis>, Louis Daguerre invented the "
"first practical technology for producing what we would call "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1800
+#: freeculture.xml:1799
msgid "Talbot, William"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1802
+#: freeculture.xml:1801
msgid ""
"Yet despite high prices, the demand for daguerreotypes was strong. This "
"pushed inventors to find simpler and cheaper ways to make <quote>automatic "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1812
+#: freeculture.xml:1811
msgid "Eastman, George"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 45
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1814
+#: freeculture.xml:1813
msgid ""
"The technological change that made mass photography possible didn't happen "
"until 1888, and was the creation of a single man. George Eastman, himself an "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1825 freeculture.xml:1980 freeculture.xml:6792
+#: freeculture.xml:1824 freeculture.xml:1979 freeculture.xml:6791
msgid "Kodak cameras"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1826
+#: freeculture.xml:1825
msgid "Kodak Primer, The (Eastman)"
msgstr ""
#. f1
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1833
+#: freeculture.xml:1832
msgid ""
"Reese V. Jenkins, <citetitle>Images and Enterprise</citetitle> (Baltimore: "
"Johns Hopkins University Press, 1975), 112."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1828
+#: freeculture.xml:1827
msgid ""
"Eastman developed flexible, emulsion-coated paper film and placed rolls of "
"it in small, simple cameras: the Kodak. The device was marketed on the basis "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1849 freeculture.xml:1875
+#: freeculture.xml:1848 freeculture.xml:1874
msgid "Coe, Brian"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1849
+#: freeculture.xml:1848
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Brian Coe, <citetitle>The Birth "
"of Photography</citetitle> (New York: Taplinger Publishing, 1977), 53."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1838
+#: freeculture.xml:1837
msgid ""
"The principle of the Kodak system is the separation of the work that any "
"person whomsoever can do in making a photograph, from the work that only an "
#. f3
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1868
+#: freeculture.xml:1867
msgid "Jenkins, 177."
msgstr ""
#. f4
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1872
+#: freeculture.xml:1871
msgid "Based on a chart in Jenkins, p. 178."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1857
+#: freeculture.xml:1856
msgid ""
"For $25, anyone could make pictures. The camera came preloaded with film, "
"and when it had been used, the camera was returned to an Eastman factory, "
#. f5
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1890
+#: freeculture.xml:1889
msgid "Coe, 58."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1879
+#: freeculture.xml:1878
msgid ""
"The real significance of Eastman's invention, however, was not economic. It "
"was social. Professional photography gave individuals a glimpse of places "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1893 freeculture.xml:1999 freeculture.xml:2377 freeculture.xml:2395
+#: freeculture.xml:1892 freeculture.xml:1998 freeculture.xml:2376 freeculture.xml:2394
msgid "democracy"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1893 freeculture.xml:1999 freeculture.xml:2377
+#: freeculture.xml:1892 freeculture.xml:1998 freeculture.xml:2376
msgid "in technologies of expression"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1894 freeculture.xml:2000 freeculture.xml:2040 freeculture.xml:2379
+#: freeculture.xml:1893 freeculture.xml:1999 freeculture.xml:2039 freeculture.xml:2378
msgid "expression, technologies of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1894 freeculture.xml:2000 freeculture.xml:2379
+#: freeculture.xml:1893 freeculture.xml:1999 freeculture.xml:2378
msgid "democratic"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1896
+#: freeculture.xml:1895
msgid ""
"In this way, the Kodak camera and film were technologies of expression. The "
"pencil or paintbrush was also a technology of expression, of course. But it "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1909
+#: freeculture.xml:1908
msgid "permissions"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1909
+#: freeculture.xml:1908
msgid "photography exempted from"
msgstr ""
#. f6
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1920
+#: freeculture.xml:1919
msgid ""
"For illustrative cases, see, for example, <citetitle>Pavesich</citetitle> "
"v. <citetitle>N.E. Life Ins. Co</citetitle>., 50 S.E. 68 (Ga. 1905); "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1911
+#: freeculture.xml:1910
msgid ""
"What was required for this technology to flourish? Obviously, Eastman's "
"genius was an important part. But also important was the legal environment "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1929 freeculture.xml:9733
+#: freeculture.xml:1928 freeculture.xml:9733
msgid "images, ownership of"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 47
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1931
+#: freeculture.xml:1930
msgid ""
"The arguments in favor of requiring permission will sound surprisingly "
"familiar. The photographer was <quote>taking</quote> something from the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1955
+#: freeculture.xml:1954
msgid "Warren, Samuel D."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1952
+#: freeculture.xml:1951
msgid ""
"Samuel D. Warren and Louis D. Brandeis, <quote>The Right to Privacy,</quote> "
"<citetitle>Harvard Law Review</citetitle> 4 (1890): 193. <placeholder "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1945
+#: freeculture.xml:1944
msgid ""
"On the other side was an argument that should be familiar, as well. Sure, "
"there may be something of value being used. But citizens should have the "
#. f8
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1973
+#: freeculture.xml:1972
msgid ""
"See Melville B. Nimmer, <quote>The Right of Publicity,</quote> "
"<citetitle>Law and Contemporary Problems</citetitle> 19 (1954): 203; William "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1963
+#: freeculture.xml:1962
msgid ""
"Fortunately for Mr. Eastman, and for photography in general, these early "
"decisions went in favor of the pirates. In general, no permission would be "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1981 freeculture.xml:3809 freeculture.xml:3831 freeculture.xml:3832 freeculture.xml:5781 freeculture.xml:9974
+#: freeculture.xml:1980 freeculture.xml:3808 freeculture.xml:3830 freeculture.xml:3831 freeculture.xml:5780 freeculture.xml:9974
msgid "Napster"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1983
+#: freeculture.xml:1982
msgid ""
"We can only speculate about how photography would have developed had the law "
"gone the other way. If the presumption had been against the photographer, "
#. PAGE BREAK 48
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2004
+#: freeculture.xml:2003
msgid ""
"But though we could imagine this system of permission, it would be very hard "
"to see how photography could have flourished as it did if the requirement "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2020 freeculture.xml:6791
+#: freeculture.xml:2019 freeculture.xml:6790
msgid "digital cameras"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2021
+#: freeculture.xml:2020
msgid "Just Think!"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2023
+#: freeculture.xml:2022
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>If you drive</emphasis> through San Francisco's "
"Presidio, you might see two gaudy yellow school buses painted over with "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2038 freeculture.xml:2836
+#: freeculture.xml:2037 freeculture.xml:2835
msgid "education"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2038
+#: freeculture.xml:2037
msgid "in media literacy"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2039
+#: freeculture.xml:2038
msgid "media literacy"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2040
+#: freeculture.xml:2039
msgid "media literacy and"
msgstr ""
#. f9
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2048
+#: freeculture.xml:2047
msgid ""
"H. Edward Goldberg, <quote>Essential Presentation Tools: Hardware and "
"Software You Need to Create Digital Multimedia Presentations,</quote> "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2042
+#: freeculture.xml:2041
msgid ""
"These buses are not cheap, but the technology they carry is increasingly "
"so. The cost of a high-quality digital video system has fallen "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2058
+#: freeculture.xml:2057
msgid "Yanofsky, Dave"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 49
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2061
+#: freeculture.xml:2060
msgid ""
"<quote>Media literacy,</quote> as Dave Yanofsky, the executive director of "
"Just Think!, puts it, <quote>is the ability … to understand, analyze, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2069
+#: freeculture.xml:2068
msgid ""
"This may seem like an odd way to think about <quote>literacy.</quote> For "
"most people, literacy is about reading and writing. Faulkner and Hemingway "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2074 freeculture.xml:2626 freeculture.xml:6787 freeculture.xml:7759 freeculture.xml:8856 freeculture.xml:8910
+#: freeculture.xml:2073 freeculture.xml:2625 freeculture.xml:6786 freeculture.xml:7758 freeculture.xml:8856 freeculture.xml:8910
msgid "advertising"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2075 freeculture.xml:6789 freeculture.xml:8857
+#: freeculture.xml:2074 freeculture.xml:6788 freeculture.xml:8857
msgid "commercials"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2076 freeculture.xml:6788 freeculture.xml:8858 freeculture.xml:8892 freeculture.xml:15312
+#: freeculture.xml:2075 freeculture.xml:6787 freeculture.xml:8858 freeculture.xml:8892 freeculture.xml:15312
msgid "television"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2076 freeculture.xml:6788 freeculture.xml:8858
+#: freeculture.xml:2075 freeculture.xml:6787 freeculture.xml:8858
msgid "advertising on"
msgstr ""
#. f10
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2082
+#: freeculture.xml:2081
msgid ""
"Judith Van Evra, <citetitle>Television and Child Development</citetitle> "
"(Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1990); <quote>Findings on "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2078
+#: freeculture.xml:2077
msgid ""
"Maybe. But in a world where children see on average 390 hours of television "
"commercials per year, or between 20,000 and 45,000 commercials "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2093
+#: freeculture.xml:2092
msgid ""
"A growing field of academics and activists sees this form of literacy as "
"crucial to the next generation of culture. For though anyone who has written "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2104
+#: freeculture.xml:2103
msgid ""
"It took filmmaking a generation before it could do these things well. But "
"even then, the knowledge was in the filming, not in writing about the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2111 freeculture.xml:2127 freeculture.xml:2233
+#: freeculture.xml:2110 freeculture.xml:2126 freeculture.xml:2232
msgid "Daley, Elizabeth"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2112
+#: freeculture.xml:2111
msgid "Crichton, Michael"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2126 freeculture.xml:2186 freeculture.xml:2193 freeculture.xml:2266 freeculture.xml:2689
+#: freeculture.xml:2125 freeculture.xml:2185 freeculture.xml:2192 freeculture.xml:2265 freeculture.xml:2688
msgid "Barish, Stephanie"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2124
+#: freeculture.xml:2123
msgid ""
"Interview with Elizabeth Daley and Stephanie Barish, 13 December 2002. "
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
#. f12
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2138
+#: freeculture.xml:2137
msgid ""
"See Scott Steinberg, <quote>Crichton Gets Medieval on PCs,</quote> E!online, "
"4 November 2000, available at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2114
+#: freeculture.xml:2113
msgid ""
"This grammar has changed as media has changed. When it was just film, as "
"Elizabeth Daley, executive director of the University of Southern "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2145
+#: freeculture.xml:2144
msgid "computer games"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2147
+#: freeculture.xml:2146
msgid ""
"This skill is precisely the craft a filmmaker learns. As Daley describes, "
"<quote>people are very surprised about how they are led through a film. [I]t "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2154
+#: freeculture.xml:2153
msgid ""
"Yet the push for an expanded literacy—one that goes beyond text to "
"include audio and visual elements—is not about making better film "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2161
+#: freeculture.xml:2160
msgid ""
"From my perspective, probably the most important digital divide is not "
"access to a box. It's the ability to be empowered with the language that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2169
+#: freeculture.xml:2168
msgid ""
"<quote>Read-only.</quote> Passive recipients of culture produced elsewhere. "
"Couch potatoes. Consumers. This is the world of media from the twentieth "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2185
+#: freeculture.xml:2184
msgid "Interview with Daley and Barish. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. f31
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2190 freeculture.xml:4076 freeculture.xml:5249 freeculture.xml:8745
+#: freeculture.xml:2189 freeculture.xml:4075 freeculture.xml:5248 freeculture.xml:8745
msgid "Ibid."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2174
+#: freeculture.xml:2173
msgid ""
"The twenty-first century could be different. This is the crucial point: It "
"could be both read and write. Or at least reading and better understanding "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2195
+#: freeculture.xml:2194
msgid ""
"As with any language, this language comes more easily to some than to "
"others. It doesn't necessarily come more easily to those who excel in "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2208
+#: freeculture.xml:2207
msgid ""
"The class was held on Friday afternoons, and it created a relatively new "
"problem for the school. While the challenge in most classes was getting the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2216
+#: freeculture.xml:2215
msgid ""
"Using whatever <quote>free web stuff they could find,</quote> and relatively "
"simple tools to enable the kids to mix <quote>image, sound, and "
#. PAGE BREAK 52
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2237
+#: freeculture.xml:2236
msgid ""
"<quote>But isn't education about teaching kids to write?</quote> I asked. In "
"part, of course, it is. But why are we teaching kids to write? Education, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2248
+#: freeculture.xml:2247
msgid ""
"What you want is to give these students ways of constructing meaning. If all "
"you give them is text, they're not going to do it. Because they can't. You "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2268
+#: freeculture.xml:2267
msgid ""
"That empowers enormously. And then what happens, of course, is eventually, "
"as it has happened in all these classes, they bump up against the fact, "
#. PAGE BREAK 53
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2275
+#: freeculture.xml:2274
msgid ""
"Because they needed to. There was a reason for doing it. They needed to say "
"something, as opposed to just jumping through your hoops. They actually "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2289 freeculture.xml:2348 freeculture.xml:6080
+#: freeculture.xml:2288 freeculture.xml:2347 freeculture.xml:6079
msgid "September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2290
+#: freeculture.xml:2289
msgid "World Trade Center"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2291 freeculture.xml:6000
+#: freeculture.xml:2290 freeculture.xml:5999
msgid "news coverage"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2293
+#: freeculture.xml:2292
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>When two planes</emphasis> crashed into the World "
"Trade Center, another into the Pentagon, and a fourth into a Pennsylvania "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2305
+#: freeculture.xml:2304
msgid ""
"These retellings had an increasingly familiar feel. There was music scored "
"for the intermissions, and fancy graphics that flashed across the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2312 freeculture.xml:8684 freeculture.xml:8904
+#: freeculture.xml:2311 freeculture.xml:8684 freeculture.xml:8904
msgid "ABC"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2313
+#: freeculture.xml:2312
msgid "CBS"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2315
+#: freeculture.xml:2314
msgid ""
"But in addition to this produced news about the <quote>tragedy of September "
"11,</quote> those of us tied to the Internet came to see a very different "
#. PAGE BREAK 54
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2330
+#: freeculture.xml:2329
msgid ""
"I don't mean simply to praise the Internet—though I do think the "
"people who supported this form of speech should be praised. I mean instead "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2340
+#: freeculture.xml:2339
msgid ""
"But unlike any technology for simply capturing images, the Internet allows "
"these creations to be shared with an extraordinary number of people, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2349 freeculture.xml:2444 freeculture.xml:2583
+#: freeculture.xml:2348 freeculture.xml:2443 freeculture.xml:2582
msgid "blogs (Web-logs)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2350 freeculture.xml:2446
+#: freeculture.xml:2349 freeculture.xml:2445
msgid "blogs on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2351 freeculture.xml:2447
+#: freeculture.xml:2350 freeculture.xml:2446
msgid "Web-logs (blogs)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2353
+#: freeculture.xml:2352
msgid ""
"September 11 was not an aberration. It was a beginning. Around the same "
"time, a form of communication that has grown dramatically was just beginning "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2361 freeculture.xml:2430
+#: freeculture.xml:2360 freeculture.xml:2429
msgid "political discourse"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2362
+#: freeculture.xml:2361
msgid "public discourse conducted on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2364
+#: freeculture.xml:2363
msgid ""
"But in the United States, blogs have taken on a very different character. "
"There are some who use the space simply to talk about their private "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2378
+#: freeculture.xml:2377
msgid "elections"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 55
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2381
+#: freeculture.xml:2380
msgid ""
"That's a strong statement. Yet it says as much about our democracy as it "
"does about blogs. This is the part of America that is most difficult for "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2394
+#: freeculture.xml:2393
msgid "Tocqueville, Alexis de"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2395
+#: freeculture.xml:2394
msgid "public discourse in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2396
+#: freeculture.xml:2395
msgid "jury system"
msgstr ""
#. f15
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2413
+#: freeculture.xml:2412
msgid ""
"See, for example, Alexis de Tocqueville, <citetitle>Democracy in "
"America</citetitle>, bk. 1, trans. Henry Reeve (New York: Bantam Books, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2398
+#: freeculture.xml:2397
msgid ""
"But democracy has never just been about elections. Democracy means rule by "
"the people, but rule means something more than mere elections. In our "
#. f16
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2423
+#: freeculture.xml:2422
msgid ""
"Bruce Ackerman and James Fishkin, <quote>Deliberation Day,</quote> "
"<citetitle>Journal of Political Philosophy</citetitle> 10 (2) (2002): 129."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2419
+#: freeculture.xml:2418
msgid ""
"Yet even this institution flags in American life today. And in its place, "
"there is no systematic effort to enable citizen deliberation. Some are "
#. f17
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2439
+#: freeculture.xml:2438
msgid ""
"Cass Sunstein, <citetitle>Republic.com</citetitle> (Princeton: Princeton "
"University Press, 2001), 65–80, 175, 182, 183, 192."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2432
+#: freeculture.xml:2431
msgid ""
"More bizarrely, there is generally not even permission for it to occur. We, "
"the most powerful democracy in the world, have developed a strong norm "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2445
+#: freeculture.xml:2444
msgid "e-mail"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 56
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2452
+#: freeculture.xml:2451
msgid ""
"Enter the blog. The blog's very architecture solves one part of this "
"problem. People post when they want to post, and people read when they want "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2463
+#: freeculture.xml:2462
msgid ""
"But beyond architecture, blogs also have solved the problem of "
"norms. There's no norm (yet) in blog space not to talk about politics. "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2470
+#: freeculture.xml:2469
msgid "Dean, Howard"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2472
+#: freeculture.xml:2471
msgid ""
"The significance of these blogs is tiny now, though not so tiny. The name "
"Howard Dean may well have faded from the 2004 presidential race but for "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2477
+#: freeculture.xml:2476
msgid "Lott, Trent"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2478
+#: freeculture.xml:2477
msgid "Thurmond, Strom"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2479
+#: freeculture.xml:2478
msgid "blog pressure on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2480
+#: freeculture.xml:2479
msgid "news events on"
msgstr ""
#. f18
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2493
+#: freeculture.xml:2492
msgid ""
"Noah Shachtman, <quote>With Incessant Postings, a Pundit Stirs the "
"Pot,</quote> New York Times, 16 January 2003, G5."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2482
+#: freeculture.xml:2481
msgid ""
"One direct effect is on stories that had a different life cycle in the "
"mainstream media. The Trent Lott affair is an example. When Lott "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2497 freeculture.xml:2531
+#: freeculture.xml:2496 freeculture.xml:2530
msgid "commercial imperatives of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2499
+#: freeculture.xml:2498
msgid ""
"This different cycle is possible because the same commercial pressures don't "
"exist with blogs as with other ventures. Television and newspapers are "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2506
+#: freeculture.xml:2505
msgid "peer-generated rankings on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2508
+#: freeculture.xml:2507
msgid ""
"But bloggers don't have a similar constraint. They can obsess, they can "
"focus, they can get serious. If a particular blogger writes a particularly "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2517
+#: freeculture.xml:2516
msgid "journalism"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2518
+#: freeculture.xml:2517
msgid "Winer, Dave"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 57
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2520
+#: freeculture.xml:2519
msgid ""
"There's a second way, as well, in which blogs have a different cycle from "
"the mainstream press. As Dave Winer, one of the fathers of this movement and "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2530 freeculture.xml:2580
+#: freeculture.xml:2529 freeculture.xml:2579
msgid "CNN"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2532 freeculture.xml:2581 freeculture.xml:5944
+#: freeculture.xml:2531 freeculture.xml:2580 freeculture.xml:5943
msgid "Iraq war"
msgstr ""
#. f19
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2541
+#: freeculture.xml:2540
msgid "Telephone interview with David Winer, 16 April 2003."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2535
+#: freeculture.xml:2534
msgid ""
"These conflicts become more important as media becomes more concentrated "
"(more on this below). A concentrated media can hide more from the public "
#. f20
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2561
+#: freeculture.xml:2560
msgid ""
"John Schwartz, <quote>Loss of the Shuttle: The Internet; A Wealth of "
"Information Online,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 2 "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2553
+#: freeculture.xml:2552
msgid ""
"Blog space gives amateurs a way to enter the "
"debate—<quote>amateur</quote> not in the sense of inexperienced, but "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2582
+#: freeculture.xml:2581
msgid "Olafson, Steve"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2580
+#: freeculture.xml:2579
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
"id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder "
#. PAGE BREAK 58
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2573
+#: freeculture.xml:2572
msgid ""
"Winer is optimistic about the future of journalism infected with "
"blogs. <quote>It's going to become an essential skill,</quote> Winer "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2604
+#: freeculture.xml:2603
msgid ""
"This speech affects democracy. Winer thinks that happens because <quote>you "
"don't have to work for somebody who controls, [for] a gatekeeper.</quote> "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2625 freeculture.xml:6778
+#: freeculture.xml:2624 freeculture.xml:6777
msgid "Brown, John Seely"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2628
+#: freeculture.xml:2627
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>John Seely Brown</emphasis> is the chief scientist "
"of the Xerox Corporation. His work, as his Web site describes it, is "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2634
+#: freeculture.xml:2633
msgid ""
"Brown thus looks at these technologies of digital creativity a bit "
"differently from the perspectives I've sketched so far. I'm sure he would be "
#. PAGE BREAK 59
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2641
+#: freeculture.xml:2640
msgid ""
"As Brown believes, we learn by tinkering. When <quote>a lot of us grew "
"up,</quote> he explains, that tinkering was done <quote>on motorcycle "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2654
+#: freeculture.xml:2653
msgid ""
"The best large-scale example of this kind of tinkering so far is free "
"software or open-source software (FS/OSS). FS/OSS is software whose source "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2661
+#: freeculture.xml:2660
msgid ""
"This opportunity creates a <quote>completely new kind of learning "
"platform,</quote> as Brown describes. <quote>As soon as you start doing "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2669
+#: freeculture.xml:2668
msgid ""
"In this process, <quote>the concrete things you tinker with are abstract. "
"They are code.</quote> Kids are <quote>shifting to the ability to tinker in "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2678
+#: freeculture.xml:2677
msgid ""
"This same thing happens with content, too. And it happens in the same "
"collaborative way when that content is part of the Web. As Brown puts it, "
#. PAGE BREAK 60
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2691
+#: freeculture.xml:2690
msgid ""
"Brown is talking about what Elizabeth Daley, Stephanie Barish, and Just "
"Think! teach: that this tinkering with culture teaches as well as "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2699
+#: freeculture.xml:2698
msgid ""
"Yet the freedom to tinker with these objects is not guaranteed. Indeed, as "
"we'll see through the course of this book, that freedom is increasingly "
#. f22
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2715
+#: freeculture.xml:2714
msgid ""
"See, for example, Edward Felten and Andrew Appel, <quote>Technological "
"Access Control Interferes with Noninfringing Scholarship,</quote> "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2708
+#: freeculture.xml:2707
msgid ""
"These restrictions have become the focus of researchers and scholars. "
"Professor Ed Felten of Princeton (whom we'll see more of in chapter <xref "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2723
+#: freeculture.xml:2722
msgid ""
"<quote>This is where education in the twenty-first century is going,</quote> "
"Brown explains. We need to <quote>understand how kids who grow up digital "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2728
+#: freeculture.xml:2727
msgid ""
"<quote>Yet,</quote> as Brown continued, and as the balance of this book will "
"evince, <quote>we are building a legal system that completely suppresses the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2736
+#: freeculture.xml:2735
msgid ""
"We're building a technology that takes the magic of Kodak, mixes moving "
"images and sound, and adds a space for commentary and an opportunity to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2742
+#: freeculture.xml:2741
msgid ""
"<quote>No way to run a culture,</quote> as Brewster Kahle, whom we'll meet "
"in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"collectors\"/>, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:2749
+#: freeculture.xml:2748
msgid "Catalogs"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2750 freeculture.xml:2793 freeculture.xml:9648
+#: freeculture.xml:2749 freeculture.xml:2792 freeculture.xml:9648
msgid "Jordan, Jesse"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2751
+#: freeculture.xml:2750
msgid "RPI"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2751 freeculture.xml:2752 freeculture.xml:2753
+#: freeculture.xml:2750 freeculture.xml:2751 freeculture.xml:2752
msgid "Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2753
+#: freeculture.xml:2752
msgid "computer network search engine of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2754
+#: freeculture.xml:2753
msgid "search engines"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2755
+#: freeculture.xml:2754
msgid "university computer networks, p2p sharing on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2756
+#: freeculture.xml:2755
msgid "search engines used on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2758
+#: freeculture.xml:2757
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>In the fall</emphasis> of 2002, Jesse Jordan of "
"Oceanside, New York, enrolled as a freshman at Rensselaer Polytechnic "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2766
+#: freeculture.xml:2765
msgid ""
"RPI is one of America's foremost technological research institutions. It "
"offers degrees in fields ranging from architecture and engineering to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2774
+#: freeculture.xml:2773
msgid ""
"RPI's computer network links students, faculty, and administration to one "
"another. It also links RPI to the Internet. Not everything available on the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2780 freeculture.xml:2835
+#: freeculture.xml:2779 freeculture.xml:2834
msgid "Google"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 62
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2782
+#: freeculture.xml:2781
msgid ""
"Search engines are a measure of a network's intimacy. Google brought the "
"Internet much closer to all of us by fantastically improving the quality of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2794 freeculture.xml:3711 freeculture.xml:3713 freeculture.xml:3714 freeculture.xml:5533 freeculture.xml:8220 freeculture.xml:13563 freeculture.xml:13632
+#: freeculture.xml:2793 freeculture.xml:3710 freeculture.xml:3712 freeculture.xml:3713 freeculture.xml:5532 freeculture.xml:8219 freeculture.xml:13563 freeculture.xml:13632
msgid "Microsoft"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2794
+#: freeculture.xml:2793
msgid "network file system of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2796
+#: freeculture.xml:2795
msgid ""
"These engines are enabled by the network technology itself. Microsoft, for "
"example, has a network file system that makes it very easy for search "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2806
+#: freeculture.xml:2805
msgid ""
"Jesse's wasn't the first search engine built for the RPI network. Indeed, "
"his engine was a simple modification of engines that others had built. His "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2819
+#: freeculture.xml:2818
msgid ""
"Jesse's engine went on-line in late October. Over the following six months, "
"he continued to tweak it to improve its functionality. By March, the system "
#. PAGE BREAK 63
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2827
+#: freeculture.xml:2826
msgid ""
"Thus the index his search engine produced included pictures, which students "
"could use to put on their own Web sites; copies of notes or research; copies "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2836
+#: freeculture.xml:2835
msgid "tinkering as means of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2838
+#: freeculture.xml:2837
msgid ""
"But the index also included music files. In fact, one quarter of the files "
"that Jesse's search engine listed were music files. But that means, of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2852 freeculture.xml:9646 freeculture.xml:9923
+#: freeculture.xml:2851 freeculture.xml:9646 freeculture.xml:9923
msgid "in recording industry"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2853
+#: freeculture.xml:2852
msgid "against student file sharing"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2854 freeculture.xml:2952 freeculture.xml:3205 freeculture.xml:3334 freeculture.xml:4287 freeculture.xml:4288 freeculture.xml:4289 freeculture.xml:9924 freeculture.xml:10335 freeculture.xml:10336 freeculture.xml:10337 freeculture.xml:10493
+#: freeculture.xml:2853 freeculture.xml:2951 freeculture.xml:3204 freeculture.xml:3333 freeculture.xml:4286 freeculture.xml:4287 freeculture.xml:4288 freeculture.xml:9924 freeculture.xml:10335 freeculture.xml:10336 freeculture.xml:10337 freeculture.xml:10493
msgid "recording industry"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2854 freeculture.xml:9924
+#: freeculture.xml:2853 freeculture.xml:9924
msgid "copyright infringement lawsuits of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2855 freeculture.xml:2884 freeculture.xml:2953 freeculture.xml:9925 freeculture.xml:10338 freeculture.xml:10339 freeculture.xml:10491
+#: freeculture.xml:2854 freeculture.xml:2883 freeculture.xml:2952 freeculture.xml:9925 freeculture.xml:10338 freeculture.xml:10339 freeculture.xml:10491
msgid "Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2855 freeculture.xml:9925
+#: freeculture.xml:2854 freeculture.xml:9925
msgid "copyright infringement lawsuits filed by"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2858
+#: freeculture.xml:2857
msgid ""
"On April 3, 2003, Jesse was contacted by the dean of students at RPI. The "
"dean informed Jesse that the Recording Industry Association of America, the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2867
+#: freeculture.xml:2866
msgid ""
"<quote>It was absurd,</quote> he told me. <quote>I don't think I did "
"anything wrong. … I don't think there's anything wrong with the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2880 freeculture.xml:9645 freeculture.xml:9922
+#: freeculture.xml:2879 freeculture.xml:9645 freeculture.xml:9922
msgid "exaggerated claims of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2881
+#: freeculture.xml:2880
msgid "statutory damages of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2882
+#: freeculture.xml:2881
msgid "individual defendants intimidated by"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2883
+#: freeculture.xml:2882
msgid "statutory damages"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2884
+#: freeculture.xml:2883
msgid "intimidation tactics of"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 64
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2886
+#: freeculture.xml:2885
msgid ""
"But the RIAA branded Jesse a pirate. They claimed he operated a network and "
"had therefore <quote>willfully</quote> violated copyright laws. They "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2896
+#: freeculture.xml:2895
msgid "Michigan Technical University"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2897
+#: freeculture.xml:2896
msgid "Princeton University"
msgstr ""
#. f1
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2911
+#: freeculture.xml:2910
msgid ""
"Tim Goral, <quote>Recording Industry Goes After Campus P-2-P Networks: Suit "
"Alleges $97.8 Billion in Damages,</quote> <citetitle>Professional Media "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2899
+#: freeculture.xml:2898
msgid ""
"Similar lawsuits were brought against three other students: one other "
"student at RPI, one at Michigan Technical University, and one at "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2918
+#: freeculture.xml:2917
msgid ""
"Jesse called his parents. They were supportive but a bit frightened. An "
"uncle was a lawyer. He began negotiations with the RIAA. They demanded to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2924
+#: freeculture.xml:2923
msgid "Oppenheimer, Matt"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2926
+#: freeculture.xml:2925
msgid ""
"The RIAA wanted Jesse to admit to doing something wrong. He refused. They "
"wanted him to agree to an injunction that would essentially make it "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2936
+#: freeculture.xml:2935
msgid "legal system, attorney costs in"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 65
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2938
+#: freeculture.xml:2937
msgid ""
"Jesse's family was outraged at these claims. They wanted to fight. But "
"Jesse's uncle worked to educate the family about the nature of the American "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2948
+#: freeculture.xml:2947
msgid ""
"So Jesse faced a mafia-like choice: $250,000 and a chance at winning, or "
"$12,000 and a settlement."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2951 freeculture.xml:3335 freeculture.xml:4280 freeculture.xml:5542 freeculture.xml:5591 freeculture.xml:10233 freeculture.xml:10331 freeculture.xml:10492 freeculture.xml:10515 freeculture.xml:15213 freeculture.xml:15278
+#: freeculture.xml:2950 freeculture.xml:3334 freeculture.xml:4279 freeculture.xml:5541 freeculture.xml:5590 freeculture.xml:10233 freeculture.xml:10331 freeculture.xml:10492 freeculture.xml:10515 freeculture.xml:15213 freeculture.xml:15278
msgid "artists"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2951 freeculture.xml:3335 freeculture.xml:4280 freeculture.xml:10233 freeculture.xml:10331 freeculture.xml:10492 freeculture.xml:10515 freeculture.xml:15213 freeculture.xml:15278
+#: freeculture.xml:2950 freeculture.xml:3334 freeculture.xml:4279 freeculture.xml:10233 freeculture.xml:10331 freeculture.xml:10492 freeculture.xml:10515 freeculture.xml:15213 freeculture.xml:15278
msgid "recording industry payments to"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2952 freeculture.xml:4287 freeculture.xml:10335 freeculture.xml:10493
+#: freeculture.xml:2951 freeculture.xml:4286 freeculture.xml:10335 freeculture.xml:10493
msgid "artist remuneration in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2953 freeculture.xml:10339
+#: freeculture.xml:2952 freeculture.xml:10339
msgid "lobbying power of"
msgstr ""
#. f2
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2963
+#: freeculture.xml:2962
msgid ""
"Occupational Employment Survey, U.S. Dept. of Labor (2001) "
"(27–2042—Musicians and Singers). See also National Endowment for "
#. f3
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2971
+#: freeculture.xml:2970
msgid ""
"Douglas Lichtman makes a related point in <quote>KaZaA and "
"Punishment,</quote> <citetitle>Wall Street Journal</citetitle>, 10 September "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2955
+#: freeculture.xml:2954
msgid ""
"The recording industry insists this is a matter of law and morality. Let's "
"put the law aside for a moment and think about the morality. Where is the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2978
+#: freeculture.xml:2977
msgid ""
"On June 23, Jesse wired his savings to the lawyer working for the RIAA. The "
"case against him was then dismissed. And with this, this kid who had "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2985
+#: freeculture.xml:2984
msgid ""
"I was definitely not an activist [before]. I never really meant to be an "
"activist. … [But] I've been pushed into this. In no way did I ever "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2992
+#: freeculture.xml:2991
msgid ""
"Jesse's parents betray a certain pride in their reluctant activist. As his "
"father told me, Jesse <quote>considers himself very conservative, and so do "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:3007
+#: freeculture.xml:3006
msgid "<quote>Pirates</quote>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3008
+#: freeculture.xml:3007
msgid "in development of content industry"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3011
+#: freeculture.xml:3010
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>If <quote>piracy</quote> means</emphasis> using the "
"creative property of others without their permission—if <quote>if "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:3022
+#: freeculture.xml:3021
msgid "Film"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3026
+#: freeculture.xml:3025
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> I am grateful to Peter DiMauro "
"for pointing me to this extraordinary history. See also Siva Vaidhyanathan, "
#. PAGE BREAK 67
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3024
+#: freeculture.xml:3023
msgid ""
"The film industry of Hollywood was built by fleeing pirates.<placeholder "
"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Creators and directors migrated from the East "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3042
+#: freeculture.xml:3041
msgid "As one commentator tells one part of the story,"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3046
+#: freeculture.xml:3045
msgid ""
"A January 1909 deadline was set for all companies to comply with the "
"license. By February, unlicensed outlaws, who referred to themselves as "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3054
+#: freeculture.xml:3053
msgid "Fox, William"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3055
+#: freeculture.xml:3054
msgid "General Film Company"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3056 freeculture.xml:3353 freeculture.xml:4514 freeculture.xml:10381
+#: freeculture.xml:3055 freeculture.xml:3352 freeculture.xml:4513 freeculture.xml:10381
msgid "Picker, Randal C."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3080 freeculture.xml:4513 freeculture.xml:10101 freeculture.xml:10214
+#: freeculture.xml:3079 freeculture.xml:4512 freeculture.xml:10101 freeculture.xml:10214
msgid "broadcast flag"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3069
+#: freeculture.xml:3068
msgid ""
"J. A. Aberdeen, <citetitle>Hollywood Renegades: The Society of Independent "
"Motion Picture Producers</citetitle> (Cobblestone Entertainment, 2000) and "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3058
+#: freeculture.xml:3057
msgid ""
"With the country experiencing a tremendous expansion in the number of "
"nickelodeons, the Patents Company reacted to the independent movement by "
#. f3
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3091
+#: freeculture.xml:3090
msgid ""
"Marc Wanamaker, <quote>The First Studios,</quote> <citetitle>The Silents "
"Majority</citetitle>, archived at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3085
+#: freeculture.xml:3084
msgid ""
"The Napsters of those days, the <quote>independents,</quote> were companies "
"like Fox. And no less than today, these independents were vigorously "
#. PAGE BREAK 68
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3101
+#: freeculture.xml:3100
msgid ""
"Of course, California grew quickly, and the effective enforcement of federal "
"law eventually spread west. But because patents grant the patent holder a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:3112
+#: freeculture.xml:3111
msgid "Recorded Music"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3113 freeculture.xml:4284
+#: freeculture.xml:3112 freeculture.xml:4283
msgid "on music recordings"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3115
+#: freeculture.xml:3114
msgid ""
"The record industry was born of another kind of piracy, though to see how "
"requires a bit of detail about the way the law regulates music."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3118
+#: freeculture.xml:3117
msgid "Fourneaux, Henri"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3119
+#: freeculture.xml:3118
msgid "Russel, Phil"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3121
+#: freeculture.xml:3120
msgid ""
"At the time that Edison and Henri Fourneaux invented machines for "
"reproducing music (Edison the phonograph, Fourneaux the player piano), the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3130 freeculture.xml:3268
+#: freeculture.xml:3129 freeculture.xml:3267
msgid "Beatles"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3132
+#: freeculture.xml:3131
msgid ""
"But what if I wanted to record <quote>Happy Mose,</quote> using Edison's "
"phonograph or Fourneaux's player piano? Here the law stumbled. It was clear "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3155 freeculture.xml:3172
+#: freeculture.xml:3154 freeculture.xml:3171
msgid "Kittredge, Alfred"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3151
+#: freeculture.xml:3150
msgid ""
"The composers (and publishers) were none too happy about this capacity to "
"pirate. As South Dakota senator Alfred Kittredge put it, <placeholder "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3166
+#: freeculture.xml:3165
msgid ""
"To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright: Hearings on S. 6330 "
"and H.R. 19853 Before the (Joint) Committees on Patents, 59th Cong. 59, 1st "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3159
+#: freeculture.xml:3158
msgid ""
"Imagine the injustice of the thing. A composer writes a song or an opera. A "
"publisher buys at great expense the rights to the same and copyrights "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3176
+#: freeculture.xml:3175
msgid "Sousa, John Philip"
msgstr ""
#. f5
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3182
+#: freeculture.xml:3181
msgid ""
"To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 223 (statement of "
"Nathan Burkan, attorney for the Music Publishers Association)."
#. f6
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3188
+#: freeculture.xml:3187
msgid ""
"To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 226 (statement of "
"Nathan Burkan, attorney for the Music Publishers Association)."
#. f7
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3195
+#: freeculture.xml:3194
msgid ""
"To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 23 (statement of "
"John Philip Sousa, composer)."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3178
+#: freeculture.xml:3177
msgid ""
"The innovators who developed the technology to record other people's works "
"were <quote>sponging upon the toil, the work, the talent, and genius of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3199
+#: freeculture.xml:3198
msgid "American Graphophone Company"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3200
+#: freeculture.xml:3199
msgid "player pianos"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3202 freeculture.xml:3203 freeculture.xml:4282 freeculture.xml:4283 freeculture.xml:4366 freeculture.xml:4367 freeculture.xml:6990 freeculture.xml:7079 freeculture.xml:7193 freeculture.xml:7194 freeculture.xml:10332 freeculture.xml:10333 freeculture.xml:10334 freeculture.xml:11112 freeculture.xml:11173 freeculture.xml:12110
+#: freeculture.xml:3201 freeculture.xml:3202 freeculture.xml:4281 freeculture.xml:4282 freeculture.xml:4365 freeculture.xml:4366 freeculture.xml:6989 freeculture.xml:7078 freeculture.xml:7192 freeculture.xml:7193 freeculture.xml:10332 freeculture.xml:10333 freeculture.xml:10334 freeculture.xml:11112 freeculture.xml:11173 freeculture.xml:12110
msgid "Congress, U.S."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3202 freeculture.xml:4282 freeculture.xml:4366 freeculture.xml:7079 freeculture.xml:7193 freeculture.xml:10332
+#: freeculture.xml:3201 freeculture.xml:4281 freeculture.xml:4365 freeculture.xml:7078 freeculture.xml:7192 freeculture.xml:10332
msgid "on copyright laws"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3203 freeculture.xml:4283 freeculture.xml:10334
+#: freeculture.xml:3202 freeculture.xml:4282 freeculture.xml:10334
msgid "on recording industry"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3204 freeculture.xml:4285 freeculture.xml:10160
+#: freeculture.xml:3203 freeculture.xml:4284 freeculture.xml:10160
msgid "statutory licenses in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3205
+#: freeculture.xml:3204
msgid "statutory license system in"
msgstr ""
#. f8
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3215
+#: freeculture.xml:3214
msgid ""
"To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 283–84 "
"(statement of Albert Walker, representative of the Auto-Music Perforating "
#. f9
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3226
+#: freeculture.xml:3225
msgid ""
"To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 376 (prepared "
"memorandum of Philip Mauro, general patent counsel of the American "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3207
+#: freeculture.xml:3206
msgid ""
"These arguments have familiar echoes in the wars of our day. So, too, do the "
"arguments on the other side. The innovators who developed the player piano "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3231
+#: freeculture.xml:3230
msgid "cover songs"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 70
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3233
+#: freeculture.xml:3232
msgid ""
"The law soon resolved this battle in favor of the composer "
"<emphasis>and</emphasis> the recording artist. Congress amended the law to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3247
+#: freeculture.xml:3246
msgid "compulsory license"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3248 freeculture.xml:4290 freeculture.xml:10159
+#: freeculture.xml:3247 freeculture.xml:4289 freeculture.xml:10159
msgid "statutory licenses"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3250
+#: freeculture.xml:3249
msgid ""
"American law ordinarily calls this a <quote>compulsory license,</quote> but "
"I will refer to it as a <quote>statutory license.</quote> A statutory "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3257 freeculture.xml:14909
+#: freeculture.xml:3256 freeculture.xml:14909
msgid "Grisham, John"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3259
+#: freeculture.xml:3258
msgid ""
"This is an exception within the law of copyright. When John Grisham writes a "
"novel, a publisher is free to publish that novel only if Grisham gives the "
#. f10
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3284
+#: freeculture.xml:3283
msgid ""
"Copyright Law Revision: Hearings on S. 2499, S. 2900, H.R. 243, and "
"H.R. 11794 Before the (Joint) Committee on Patents, 60th Cong., 1st sess., "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3270
+#: freeculture.xml:3269
msgid ""
"But the law governing recordings gives recording artists less. And thus, in "
"effect, the law <emphasis>subsidizes</emphasis> the recording industry "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3295
+#: freeculture.xml:3294
msgid ""
"While the recording industry has been quite coy about this recently, "
"historically it has been quite a supporter of the statutory license for "
#. f11
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3317
+#: freeculture.xml:3316
msgid ""
"Copyright Law Revision: Report to Accompany H.R. 2512, House Committee on "
"the Judiciary, 90th Cong., 1st sess., House Document no. 83, (8 March "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3302
+#: freeculture.xml:3301
msgid ""
"the record producers argued vigorously that the compulsory license system "
"must be retained. They asserted that the record industry is a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3328
+#: freeculture.xml:3327
msgid ""
"By limiting the rights musicians have, by partially pirating their creative "
"work, the record producers, and the public, benefit."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:3333 freeculture.xml:4478
+#: freeculture.xml:3332 freeculture.xml:4477
msgid "Radio"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3334 freeculture.xml:4289 freeculture.xml:10336
+#: freeculture.xml:3333 freeculture.xml:4288 freeculture.xml:10336
msgid "radio broadcast and"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3337
+#: freeculture.xml:3336
msgid "Radio was also born of piracy."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3352
+#: freeculture.xml:3351
msgid "Hand, Learned"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3343
+#: freeculture.xml:3342
msgid ""
"See 17 <citetitle>United States Code</citetitle>, sections 106 and 110. At "
"the beginning, record companies printed <quote>Not Licensed for Radio "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3340
+#: freeculture.xml:3339
msgid ""
"When a radio station plays a record on the air, that constitutes a "
"<quote>public performance</quote> of the composer's work.<placeholder "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3370 freeculture.xml:9402 freeculture.xml:9877 freeculture.xml:12958
+#: freeculture.xml:3369 freeculture.xml:9402 freeculture.xml:9877 freeculture.xml:12958
msgid "Lovett, Lyle"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 72
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3360
+#: freeculture.xml:3359
msgid ""
"But when the radio station plays a record, it is not only performing a copy "
"of the <emphasis>composer's</emphasis> work. The radio station is also "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3375
+#: freeculture.xml:3374
msgid ""
"But it doesn't. Under the law governing radio performances, the radio "
"station does not have to pay the recording artist. The radio station need "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3382 freeculture.xml:3894 freeculture.xml:6501 freeculture.xml:6517
+#: freeculture.xml:3381 freeculture.xml:3893 freeculture.xml:6500 freeculture.xml:6516
msgid "Madonna"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3384
+#: freeculture.xml:3383
msgid ""
"This difference can be huge. Imagine you compose a piece of music. Imagine "
"it is your first. You own the exclusive right to authorize public "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3390
+#: freeculture.xml:3389
msgid ""
"Imagine she does sing your song, and imagine she likes it a lot. She then "
"decides to make a recording of your song, and it becomes a top hit. Under "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3402
+#: freeculture.xml:3401
msgid ""
"No doubt, one might argue that, on balance, the recording artists "
"benefit. On average, the promotion they get is worth more than the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:3412 freeculture.xml:4484
+#: freeculture.xml:3411 freeculture.xml:4483
msgid "Cable TV"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3413 freeculture.xml:4304 freeculture.xml:8581 freeculture.xml:8620 freeculture.xml:15311
+#: freeculture.xml:3412 freeculture.xml:4303 freeculture.xml:8581 freeculture.xml:8620 freeculture.xml:15311
msgid "cable television"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3415
+#: freeculture.xml:3414
msgid "Cable TV was also born of a kind of piracy."
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 73
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3418
+#: freeculture.xml:3417
msgid ""
"When cable entrepreneurs first started wiring communities with cable "
"television in 1948, most refused to pay broadcasters for the content that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3428
+#: freeculture.xml:3427
msgid "Anello, Douglas"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3429
+#: freeculture.xml:3428
msgid "Burdick, Quentin"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3430 freeculture.xml:3441
+#: freeculture.xml:3429 freeculture.xml:3440
msgid "Hyde, Rosel H."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3436
+#: freeculture.xml:3435
msgid ""
"Copyright Law Revision—CATV: Hearing on S. 1006 Before the "
"Subcommittee on Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights of the Senate Committee "
#. f14
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3448
+#: freeculture.xml:3447
msgid ""
"Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 116 (statement of Douglas A. Anello, "
"general counsel of the National Association of Broadcasters)."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3432
+#: freeculture.xml:3431
msgid ""
"Broadcasters and copyright owners were quick to attack this theft. Rosel "
"Hyde, chairman of the FCC, viewed the practice as a kind of <quote>unfair "
#. f15
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3459
+#: freeculture.xml:3458
msgid ""
"Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 126 (statement of Ernest W. Jennes, "
"general counsel of the Association of Maximum Service Telecasters, Inc.)."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3455
+#: freeculture.xml:3454
msgid ""
"The extraordinary thing about the CATV business is that it is the only "
"business I know of where the product that is being sold is not paid "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3465
+#: freeculture.xml:3464
msgid "Again, the demand of the copyright holders seemed reasonable enough:"
msgstr ""
#. f16
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3474
+#: freeculture.xml:3473
msgid ""
"Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 169 (joint statement of Arthur B. Krim, "
"president of United Artists Corp., and John Sinn, president of United "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3469
+#: freeculture.xml:3468
msgid ""
"All we are asking for is a very simple thing, that people who now take our "
"property for nothing pay for it. We are trying to stop piracy and I don't "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3480 freeculture.xml:3488
+#: freeculture.xml:3479 freeculture.xml:3487
msgid "Heston, Charlton"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3486
+#: freeculture.xml:3485
msgid ""
"Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 209 (statement of Charlton Heston, "
"president of the Screen Actors Guild). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3482
+#: freeculture.xml:3481
msgid ""
"These were <quote>free-ride[rs],</quote> Screen Actor's Guild president "
"Charlton Heston said, who were <quote>depriving actors of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3493
+#: freeculture.xml:3492
msgid ""
"But again, there was another side to the debate. As Assistant Attorney "
"General Edwin Zimmerman put it,"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3509 freeculture.xml:3511
+#: freeculture.xml:3508 freeculture.xml:3510
msgid "Zimmerman, Edwin"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3507
+#: freeculture.xml:3506
msgid ""
"Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 216 (statement of Edwin M. Zimmerman, "
"acting assistant attorney general). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3498
+#: freeculture.xml:3497
msgid ""
"Our point here is that unlike the problem of whether you have any copyright "
"protection at all, the problem here is whether copyright holders who are "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3515
+#: freeculture.xml:3514
msgid ""
"Copyright owners took the cable companies to court. Twice the Supreme Court "
"held that the cable companies owed the copyright owners nothing."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3519
+#: freeculture.xml:3518
msgid ""
"It took Congress almost thirty years before it resolved the question of "
"whether cable companies had to pay for the content they "
#. f19
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3538
+#: freeculture.xml:3537
msgid ""
"See, for example, National Music Publisher's Association, <citetitle>The "
"Engine of Free Expression: Copyright on the Internet—The Myth of Free "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3533
+#: freeculture.xml:3532
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>These separate stories</emphasis> sing a common "
"theme. If <quote>piracy</quote> means using value from someone else's "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:3555
+#: freeculture.xml:3554
msgid "<quote>Piracy</quote>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3557
+#: freeculture.xml:3556
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>There is piracy</emphasis> of copyrighted "
"material. Lots of it. This piracy comes in many forms. The most significant "
#. PAGE BREAK 76
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3565
+#: freeculture.xml:3564
msgid ""
"But as well as copy-shop piracy, there is another kind of "
"<quote>taking</quote> that is more directly related to the Internet. That "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:3575
+#: freeculture.xml:3574
msgid "Piracy I"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3576 freeculture.xml:3656 freeculture.xml:3706 freeculture.xml:15313
+#: freeculture.xml:3575 freeculture.xml:3655 freeculture.xml:3705 freeculture.xml:15313
msgid "Asia, commercial piracy in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3577 freeculture.xml:4029 freeculture.xml:9878 freeculture.xml:10733 freeculture.xml:14704 freeculture.xml:15295
+#: freeculture.xml:3576 freeculture.xml:4028 freeculture.xml:9878 freeculture.xml:10733 freeculture.xml:14704 freeculture.xml:15295
msgid "CDs"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3577
+#: freeculture.xml:3576
msgid "foreign piracy of"
msgstr ""
#. f1
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3585
+#: freeculture.xml:3584
msgid ""
"See IFPI (International Federation of the Phonographic Industry), "
"<citetitle>The Recording Industry Commercial Piracy Report 2003</citetitle>, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3579
+#: freeculture.xml:3578
msgid ""
"All across the world, but especially in Asia and Eastern Europe, there are "
"businesses that do nothing but take others people's copyrighted content, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3595
+#: freeculture.xml:3594
msgid ""
"This is piracy plain and simple. Nothing in the argument of this book, nor "
"in the argument that most people make when talking about the subject of this "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3601
+#: freeculture.xml:3600
msgid ""
"Which is not to say that excuses and justifications couldn't be made for "
"it. We could, for example, remind ourselves that for the first one hundred "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3610
+#: freeculture.xml:3609
msgid ""
"That excuse isn't terribly strong. Technically, our law did not ban the "
"taking of foreign works. It explicitly limited itself to American "
#. PAGE BREAK 77
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3621
+#: freeculture.xml:3620
msgid ""
"True, these local rules have, in effect, been imposed upon these "
"countries. No country can be part of the world economy and choose not to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3649
+#: freeculture.xml:3648
msgid "agricultural patents"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3650 freeculture.xml:13250 freeculture.xml:13741 freeculture.xml:13748
+#: freeculture.xml:3649 freeculture.xml:13250 freeculture.xml:13741 freeculture.xml:13748
msgid "Drahos, Peter"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3634
+#: freeculture.xml:3633
msgid ""
"See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, Information Feudalism: "
"<citetitle>Who Owns the Knowledge Economy?</citetitle> (New York: The New "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3629
+#: freeculture.xml:3628
msgid ""
"If a country is to be treated as a sovereign, however, then its laws are its "
"laws regardless of their source. The international law under which these "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3671 freeculture.xml:3950 freeculture.xml:15461
+#: freeculture.xml:3670 freeculture.xml:3949 freeculture.xml:15461
msgid "Liebowitz, Stan"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3664
+#: freeculture.xml:3663
msgid ""
"For an analysis of the economic impact of copying technology, see Stan "
"Liebowitz, <citetitle>Rethinking the Network Economy</citetitle> (New York: "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3658
+#: freeculture.xml:3657
msgid ""
"Alternatively, we could try to excuse this piracy by noting that in any "
"case, it does no harm to the industry. The Chinese who get access to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3675
+#: freeculture.xml:3674
msgid ""
"This is often true (though I have friends who have purchased many thousands "
"of pirated DVDs who certainly have enough money to pay for the content they "
#. PAGE BREAK 78
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3689
+#: freeculture.xml:3688
msgid ""
"This argument is still very weak. However, although copyright is a property "
"right of a very special sort, it <emphasis>is</emphasis> a property "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3707 freeculture.xml:15314
+#: freeculture.xml:3706 freeculture.xml:15314
msgid "in Asia"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3708 freeculture.xml:13561 freeculture.xml:14147
+#: freeculture.xml:3707 freeculture.xml:13561 freeculture.xml:14147
msgid "free software/open-source software (FS/OSS)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3709 freeculture.xml:3739 freeculture.xml:12042 freeculture.xml:13576 freeculture.xml:14203
+#: freeculture.xml:3708 freeculture.xml:3738 freeculture.xml:12042 freeculture.xml:13576 freeculture.xml:14203
msgid "GNU/Linux operating system"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3710 freeculture.xml:3740 freeculture.xml:12044 freeculture.xml:13577 freeculture.xml:14204
+#: freeculture.xml:3709 freeculture.xml:3739 freeculture.xml:12044 freeculture.xml:13577 freeculture.xml:14204
msgid "Linux operating system"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3711
+#: freeculture.xml:3710
msgid "competitive strategies of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3712
+#: freeculture.xml:3711
msgid "Windows"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3713
+#: freeculture.xml:3712
msgid "international software piracy of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3714
+#: freeculture.xml:3713
msgid "Windows operating system of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3716
+#: freeculture.xml:3715
msgid ""
"Finally, we could try to excuse this piracy with the argument that the "
"piracy actually helps the copyright owner. When the Chinese "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3728 freeculture.xml:4771 freeculture.xml:4995 freeculture.xml:6485 freeculture.xml:6561 freeculture.xml:6696 freeculture.xml:7108 freeculture.xml:14235
+#: freeculture.xml:3727 freeculture.xml:4770 freeculture.xml:4994 freeculture.xml:6484 freeculture.xml:6560 freeculture.xml:6695 freeculture.xml:7107 freeculture.xml:14235
msgid "law"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3728 freeculture.xml:14235
+#: freeculture.xml:3727 freeculture.xml:14235
msgid "databases of case reports in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3730
+#: freeculture.xml:3729
msgid ""
"This argument, too, is somewhat true. The addiction strategy is a good "
"one. Many businesses practice it. Some thrive because of it. Law students, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3737
+#: freeculture.xml:3736
msgid "Netscape"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3738
+#: freeculture.xml:3737
msgid "Internet Explorer"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3742
+#: freeculture.xml:3741
msgid ""
"Still, the argument is not terribly persuasive. We don't give the alcoholic "
"a defense when he steals his first beer, merely because that will make it "
#. PAGE BREAK 79
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3756
+#: freeculture.xml:3755
msgid ""
"Thus, while I understand the pull of these justifications for piracy, and I "
"certainly see the motivation, in my view, in the end, these efforts at "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3766
+#: freeculture.xml:3765
msgid ""
"But as the examples from the four chapters that introduced this part "
"suggest, even if some piracy is plainly wrong, not all <quote>piracy</quote> "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3775
+#: freeculture.xml:3774
msgid ""
"This doesn't mean that there are no questions raised by the latest piracy "
"concern, peer-to-peer file sharing. But it does mean that we need to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3781
+#: freeculture.xml:3780
msgid ""
"For (1) like the original Hollywood, p2p sharing escapes an overly "
"controlling industry; and (2) like the original recording industry, it "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3787
+#: freeculture.xml:3786
msgid ""
"These differences distinguish p2p sharing from true piracy. They should push "
"us to find a way to protect artists while enabling this sharing to survive."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:3793
+#: freeculture.xml:3792
msgid "Piracy II"
msgstr ""
#. f4
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3798
+#: freeculture.xml:3797
msgid ""
"<citetitle>Bach</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Longman</citetitle>, 98 "
"Eng. Rep. 1274 (1777)."
#. PAGE BREAK 80
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3795
+#: freeculture.xml:3794
msgid ""
"The key to the <quote>piracy</quote> that the law aims to quash is a use "
"that <quote>rob[s] the author of [his] profit.</quote><placeholder "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3807
+#: freeculture.xml:3806
msgid "Fanning, Shawn"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3808 freeculture.xml:3815 freeculture.xml:9808
+#: freeculture.xml:3807 freeculture.xml:3814 freeculture.xml:9808
msgid "innovation"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3825 freeculture.xml:8814
+#: freeculture.xml:3824 freeculture.xml:8814
msgid "Christensen, Clayton M."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3815
+#: freeculture.xml:3814
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> See Clayton M. Christensen, "
"<citetitle>The Innovator's Dilemma: The Revolutionary National Bestseller "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3807
+#: freeculture.xml:3806
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
"id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> Peer-to-peer sharing "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3830
+#: freeculture.xml:3829
msgid "Kazaa"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3831
+#: freeculture.xml:3830
msgid "number of registrations on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3832
+#: freeculture.xml:3831
msgid "replacement of"
msgstr ""
#. f6
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3838
+#: freeculture.xml:3837
msgid ""
"See Carolyn Lochhead, <quote>Silicon Valley Dream, Hollywood "
"Nightmare,</quote> <citetitle>San Francisco Chronicle</citetitle>, 24 "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3830
+#: freeculture.xml:3829
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
"id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> The result was "
#. f7
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3861
+#: freeculture.xml:3860
msgid ""
"See Ipsos-Insight, <citetitle>TEMPO: Keeping Pace with Online Music "
"Distribution</citetitle> (September 2002), reporting that 28 percent of "
#. f8
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3870
+#: freeculture.xml:3869
msgid ""
"Amy Harmon, <quote>Industry Offers a Carrot in Online Music Fight,</quote> "
"<citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 6 June 2003, A1."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3855
+#: freeculture.xml:3854
msgid ""
"According to a number of estimates, a huge proportion of Americans have "
"tasted file-sharing technology. A study by Ipsos-Insight in September 2002 "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3879
+#: freeculture.xml:3878
msgid ""
"Some of this enjoying involves copyright infringement. Some of it does "
"not. And even among the part that is technically copyright infringement, "
#. PAGE BREAK 81
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3889
+#: freeculture.xml:3888
msgid ""
"File sharers share different kinds of content. We can divide these different "
"kinds into four types."
#. A.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3897
+#: freeculture.xml:3896
msgid ""
"There are some who use sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing "
"content. Thus, when a new Madonna CD is released, rather than buying the CD, "
#. B.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3907
+#: freeculture.xml:3906
msgid ""
"There are some who use sharing networks to sample music before purchasing "
"it. Thus, a friend sends another friend an MP3 of an artist he's not heard "
#. C.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3918
+#: freeculture.xml:3917
msgid ""
"There are many who use sharing networks to get access to copyrighted content "
"that is no longer sold or that they would not have purchased because the "
#. PAGE BREAK 82
#. D.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3935
+#: freeculture.xml:3934
msgid ""
"Finally, there are many who use sharing networks to get access to content "
"that is not copyrighted or that the copyright owner wants to give away."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3941
+#: freeculture.xml:3940
msgid "How do these different types of sharing balance out?"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3949
+#: freeculture.xml:3948
msgid ""
"See Liebowitz, <citetitle>Rethinking the Network Economy</citetitle>, "
"148–49. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3944
+#: freeculture.xml:3943
msgid ""
"Let's start with some simple but important points. From the perspective of "
"the law, only type D sharing is clearly legal. From the perspective of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3960
+#: freeculture.xml:3959
msgid ""
"Whether on balance sharing is harmful depends importantly on how harmful "
"type A sharing is. Just as Edison complained about Hollywood, composers "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3967 freeculture.xml:3976 freeculture.xml:4336 freeculture.xml:8380 freeculture.xml:8409 freeculture.xml:10157 freeculture.xml:15021
+#: freeculture.xml:3966 freeculture.xml:3975 freeculture.xml:4335 freeculture.xml:8379 freeculture.xml:8408 freeculture.xml:10157 freeculture.xml:15021
msgid "cassette recording"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3967 freeculture.xml:4336 freeculture.xml:8380 freeculture.xml:8409 freeculture.xml:10157 freeculture.xml:10158 freeculture.xml:15021 freeculture.xml:15022
+#: freeculture.xml:3966 freeculture.xml:4335 freeculture.xml:8379 freeculture.xml:8408 freeculture.xml:10157 freeculture.xml:10158 freeculture.xml:15021 freeculture.xml:15022
msgid "VCRs"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3976
+#: freeculture.xml:3975
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> See Cap Gemini Ernst & Young, "
"<citetitle>Technology Evolution and the Music Industry's Business Model "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3969
+#: freeculture.xml:3968
msgid ""
"While the numbers do suggest that sharing is harmful, how harmful is harder "
"to reckon. It has long been the recording industry's practice to blame "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3994
+#: freeculture.xml:3993
msgid "MTV"
msgstr ""
#. f11
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4004
+#: freeculture.xml:4003
msgid "U.S. Congress, <citetitle>Copyright and Home Copying</citetitle>, 4."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3996
+#: freeculture.xml:3995
msgid ""
"Yet soon thereafter, and before Congress was given an opportunity to enact "
"regulation, MTV was launched, and the industry had a record "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4009
+#: freeculture.xml:4008
msgid ""
"But just because the industry was wrong before does not mean it is wrong "
"today. To evaluate the real threat that p2p sharing presents to the industry "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4019
+#: freeculture.xml:4018
msgid ""
"We start to answer this question by focusing on the net harm, from the "
"standpoint of the industry as a whole, that sharing networks cause. The "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4029
+#: freeculture.xml:4028
msgid "sales levels of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4031
+#: freeculture.xml:4030
msgid ""
"Could that be true? Could the industry as a whole be gaining because of file "
"sharing? Odd as that might sound, the data about CD sales actually suggest "
#. f12
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4040
+#: freeculture.xml:4039
msgid ""
"See Recording Industry Association of America, <citetitle>2002 Yearend "
"Statistics</citetitle>, available at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4067
+#: freeculture.xml:4066
msgid "Black, Jane"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4064
+#: freeculture.xml:4063
msgid ""
"Jane Black, <quote>Big Music's Broken Record,</quote> BusinessWeek online, "
"13 February 2003, available at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4036
+#: freeculture.xml:4035
msgid ""
"In 2002, the RIAA reported that CD sales had fallen by 8.9 percent, from 882 "
"million to 803 million units; revenues fell 6.7 percent.<placeholder "
#. PAGE BREAK 84
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4082
+#: freeculture.xml:4081
msgid ""
"But let's assume the RIAA is right, and all of the decline in CD sales is "
"because of Internet sharing. Here's the rub: In the same period that the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4090
+#: freeculture.xml:4089
msgid ""
"There are too many different things happening at the same time to explain "
"these numbers definitively, but one conclusion is unavoidable: The recording "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4106
+#: freeculture.xml:4105
msgid ""
"These are the harms—alleged and perhaps exaggerated but, let's assume, "
"real. What of the benefits? File sharing may impose costs on the recording "
#. f15
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4118
+#: freeculture.xml:4117
msgid ""
"By one estimate, 75 percent of the music released by the major labels is no "
"longer in print. See Online Entertainment and Copyright Law—Coming "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4112
+#: freeculture.xml:4111
msgid ""
"One benefit is type C sharing—making available content that is "
"technically still under copyright but is no longer commercially available. "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4131 freeculture.xml:4139 freeculture.xml:4160 freeculture.xml:4184 freeculture.xml:4695 freeculture.xml:6155 freeculture.xml:6160 freeculture.xml:6212 freeculture.xml:7179 freeculture.xml:7180 freeculture.xml:7566 freeculture.xml:7640 freeculture.xml:7924 freeculture.xml:14407 freeculture.xml:15133 freeculture.xml:15134
+#: freeculture.xml:4130 freeculture.xml:4138 freeculture.xml:4159 freeculture.xml:4183 freeculture.xml:4694 freeculture.xml:6154 freeculture.xml:6159 freeculture.xml:6211 freeculture.xml:7178 freeculture.xml:7179 freeculture.xml:7565 freeculture.xml:7639 freeculture.xml:7923 freeculture.xml:14407 freeculture.xml:15133 freeculture.xml:15134
msgid "books"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4131 freeculture.xml:4139 freeculture.xml:7179 freeculture.xml:15134
+#: freeculture.xml:4130 freeculture.xml:4138 freeculture.xml:7178 freeculture.xml:15134
msgid "resales of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4139
+#: freeculture.xml:4138
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> While there are not good "
"estimates of the number of used record stores in existence, in 2002, there "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4133
+#: freeculture.xml:4132
msgid ""
"In real space—long before the Internet—the market had a simple "
"response to this problem: used book and record stores. There are thousands "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4160 freeculture.xml:6155 freeculture.xml:6160 freeculture.xml:7180 freeculture.xml:15133
+#: freeculture.xml:4159 freeculture.xml:6154 freeculture.xml:6159 freeculture.xml:7179 freeculture.xml:15133
msgid "out of print"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4161
+#: freeculture.xml:4160
msgid "Bernstein, Leonard"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4162 freeculture.xml:7641
+#: freeculture.xml:4161 freeculture.xml:7640
msgid "books on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4164
+#: freeculture.xml:4163
msgid ""
"Type C sharing, then, is very much like used book stores or used record "
"stores. It is different, of course, because the person making the content "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4177
+#: freeculture.xml:4176
msgid ""
"It may well be, all things considered, that it would be better if the "
"copyright owner got something from this trade. But just because it may well "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4184 freeculture.xml:14407
+#: freeculture.xml:4183 freeculture.xml:14407
msgid "free on-line releases of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4185
+#: freeculture.xml:4184
msgid "Doctorow, Cory"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4186
+#: freeculture.xml:4185
msgid "Down and Out in the Magic Kingdom (Doctorow)"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 86
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4188
+#: freeculture.xml:4187
msgid ""
"Finally, and perhaps most importantly, file-sharing networks enable type D "
"sharing to occur—the sharing of content that copyright owners want to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4206
+#: freeculture.xml:4205
msgid ""
"Likewise for work in the public domain: This sharing benefits society with "
"no legal harm to authors at all. If efforts to solve the problem of type A "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4212
+#: freeculture.xml:4211
msgid ""
"The point throughout is this: While the recording industry understandably "
"says, <quote>This is how much we've lost,</quote> we must also ask, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4220
+#: freeculture.xml:4219
msgid ""
"For unlike the piracy I described in the first section of this chapter, much "
"of the <quote>piracy</quote> that file sharing enables is plainly legal and "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4234
+#: freeculture.xml:4233
msgid ""
"<quote>But isn't the war just a war against illegal sharing? Isn't the "
"target just what you call type A sharing?</quote>"
#. f17
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4250
+#: freeculture.xml:4249
msgid ""
"See Transcript of Proceedings, In Re: Napster Copyright Litigation at 34- 35 "
"(N.D. Cal., 11 July 2001), nos. MDL-00-1369 MHP, C 99-5183 MHP, available at "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4238
+#: freeculture.xml:4237
msgid ""
"You would think. And we should hope. But so far, it is not. The effect of "
"the war purportedly on type A sharing alone has been felt far beyond that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4261
+#: freeculture.xml:4260
msgid ""
"If 99.4 percent is not good enough, then this is a war on file-sharing "
"technologies, not a war on copyright infringement. There is no way to assure "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4272
+#: freeculture.xml:4271
msgid ""
"Zero tolerance has not been our history. It has not produced the content "
"industry that we know today. The history of American law has been a process "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4281
+#: freeculture.xml:4280
msgid "composers, copyright protections of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4286
+#: freeculture.xml:4285
msgid "music recordings played on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4288
+#: freeculture.xml:4287
msgid "copyright protections in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4291
+#: freeculture.xml:4290
msgid "composer's rights vs. producers' rights in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4293
+#: freeculture.xml:4292
msgid ""
"So, as we've seen, when <quote>mechanical reproduction</quote> threatened "
"the interests of composers, Congress balanced the rights of composers "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4306
+#: freeculture.xml:4305
msgid ""
"Cable TV followed the pattern of record albums. When the courts rejected the "
"claim that cable broadcasters had to pay for the content they rebroadcast, "
#. PAGE BREAK 88
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4317
+#: freeculture.xml:4316
msgid ""
"This compromise, like the compromise affecting records and player pianos, "
"served two important goals—indeed, the two central goals of any "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4335
+#: freeculture.xml:4334
msgid "Betamax"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4338
+#: freeculture.xml:4337
msgid ""
"In the same year that Congress struck this balance, two major producers and "
"distributors of film content filed a lawsuit against another technology, the "
#. PAGE BREAK 89
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4352
+#: freeculture.xml:4351
msgid ""
"There was something to Disney's and Universal's claim. Sony did decide to "
"design its machine to make it very simple to record television shows. It "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4367
+#: freeculture.xml:4366
msgid "on VCR technology"
msgstr ""
#. f18
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4376
+#: freeculture.xml:4375
msgid ""
"Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders): Hearing on S. 1758 "
"Before the Senate Committee on the Judiciary, 97th Cong., 1st and 2nd sess., "
#. f19
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4388
+#: freeculture.xml:4387
msgid "Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders), 475."
msgstr ""
#. f20
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4393
+#: freeculture.xml:4392
msgid ""
"<citetitle>Universal City Studios, Inc</citetitle>. v. <citetitle>Sony "
"Corp. of America</citetitle>, 480 F. Supp. 429, (C.D. Cal., 1979)."
#. f21
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4404
+#: freeculture.xml:4403
msgid ""
"Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders), 485 (testimony of Jack "
"Valenti)."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4369
+#: freeculture.xml:4368
msgid ""
"MPAA president Jack Valenti became the studios' most vocal champion. Valenti "
"called VCRs <quote>tapeworms.</quote> He warned, <quote>When there are 20, "
#. f22
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4422
+#: freeculture.xml:4421
msgid ""
"<citetitle>Universal City Studios, Inc</citetitle>. v. <citetitle>Sony "
"Corp. of America</citetitle>, 659 F. 2d 963 (9th Cir. 1981)."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4425
+#: freeculture.xml:4424
msgid "Kozinski, Alex"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4410
+#: freeculture.xml:4409
msgid ""
"It took eight years for this case to be resolved by the Supreme Court. In "
"the interim, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, which includes Hollywood in "
#. PAGE BREAK 90
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4428
+#: freeculture.xml:4427
msgid ""
"But the Supreme Court reversed the decision of the Ninth Circuit. And in "
"its reversal, the Court clearly articulated its understanding of when and "
#. f23
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4447
+#: freeculture.xml:4446
msgid ""
"<citetitle>Sony Corp. of America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal City "
"Studios, Inc</citetitle>., 464 U.S. 417, 431 (1984)."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4437
+#: freeculture.xml:4436
msgid ""
"Sound policy, as well as history, supports our consistent deference to "
"Congress when major technological innovations alter the market for "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4453
+#: freeculture.xml:4452
msgid ""
"Congress was asked to respond to the Supreme Court's decision. But as with "
"the plea of recording artists about radio broadcasts, Congress ignored the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4464
+#: freeculture.xml:4463
msgid "CASE"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4465
+#: freeculture.xml:4464
msgid "WHOSE VALUE WAS <quote>PIRATED</quote>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4466
+#: freeculture.xml:4465
msgid "RESPONSE OF THE COURTS"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4467
+#: freeculture.xml:4466
msgid "RESPONSE OF CONGRESS"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4472
+#: freeculture.xml:4471
msgid "Recordings"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4473
+#: freeculture.xml:4472
msgid "Composers"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4474 freeculture.xml:4486 freeculture.xml:4492
+#: freeculture.xml:4473 freeculture.xml:4485 freeculture.xml:4491
msgid "No protection"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4475 freeculture.xml:4487
+#: freeculture.xml:4474 freeculture.xml:4486
msgid "Statutory license"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4479
+#: freeculture.xml:4478
msgid "Recording artists"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4480
+#: freeculture.xml:4479
msgid "N/A"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4481 freeculture.xml:4493
+#: freeculture.xml:4480 freeculture.xml:4492
msgid "Nothing"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4485
+#: freeculture.xml:4484
msgid "Broadcasters"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4490
+#: freeculture.xml:4489
msgid "VCR"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4491
+#: freeculture.xml:4490
msgid "Film creators"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4503
+#: freeculture.xml:4502
msgid ""
"These are the most important instances in our history, but there are other "
"cases as well. The technology of digital audio tape (DAT), for example, was "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4500
+#: freeculture.xml:4499
msgid ""
"In each case throughout our history, a new technology changed the way "
"content was distributed.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In each "
#. PAGE BREAK 91
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4521
+#: freeculture.xml:4520
msgid ""
"In <emphasis>none</emphasis> of these cases did either the courts or "
"Congress eliminate all free riding. In <emphasis>none</emphasis> of these "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4534
+#: freeculture.xml:4533
msgid ""
"When you think across these examples, and the other examples that make up "
"the first four chapters of this section, this balance makes sense. Was Walt "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4545
+#: freeculture.xml:4544
msgid "on balance of interests in copyright law"
msgstr ""
#. f25
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4552
+#: freeculture.xml:4551
msgid ""
"<citetitle>Sony Corp. of America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal City "
"Studios, Inc</citetitle>., 464 U.S. 417, (1984)."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4547
+#: freeculture.xml:4546
msgid ""
"We could answer yes to each of these questions, but our tradition has "
"answered no. In our tradition, as the Supreme Court has stated, copyright "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4563
+#: freeculture.xml:4562
msgid ""
"We should be doing the same thing today. The technology of the Internet is "
"changing quickly. The way people connect to the Internet (wires "
#. f26
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4587
+#: freeculture.xml:4586
msgid ""
"John Schwartz, <quote>New Economy: The Attack on Peer-to-Peer Software "
"Echoes Past Efforts,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 22 "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4579
+#: freeculture.xml:4578
msgid ""
"This is especially true when a new technology enables a vastly superior mode "
"of distribution. And this p2p has done. P2p technologies can be ideally "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4592
+#: freeculture.xml:4591
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>Yet when anyone</emphasis> begins to talk about "
"<quote>balance,</quote> the copyright warriors raise a different "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4604
+#: freeculture.xml:4603
msgid ""
"<quote>It is <emphasis>our property</emphasis>,</quote> the warriors "
"insist. <quote>And it should be protected just as any other property is "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:4613
+#: freeculture.xml:4612
msgid "<quote>PROPERTY</quote>"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 94
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4618
+#: freeculture.xml:4617
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>The copyright warriors</emphasis> are right: A "
"copyright is a kind of property. It can be owned and sold, and the law "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4625
+#: freeculture.xml:4624
msgid ""
"But in ordinary language, to call a copyright a <quote>property</quote> "
"right is a bit misleading, for the property of copyright is an odd kind of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4636 freeculture.xml:6446 freeculture.xml:14394
+#: freeculture.xml:4635 freeculture.xml:6445 freeculture.xml:14394
msgid "Jefferson, Thomas"
msgstr ""
#. f1
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4651
+#: freeculture.xml:4650
msgid ""
"Letter from Thomas Jefferson to Isaac McPherson (13 August 1813) in "
"<citetitle>The Writings of Thomas Jefferson</citetitle>, vol. 6 (Andrew "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4638
+#: freeculture.xml:4637
msgid ""
"The point is not just about the thingness of picnic tables versus ideas, "
"though that's an important difference. The point instead is that in the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4656
+#: freeculture.xml:4655
msgid "intangibility of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4658
+#: freeculture.xml:4657
msgid ""
"The exceptions to free use are ideas and expressions within the reach of the "
"law of patent and copyright, and a few other domains that I won't discuss "
#. f2
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4671
+#: freeculture.xml:4670
msgid ""
"As the legal realists taught American law, all property rights are "
"intangible. A property right is simply a right that an individual has "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4666
+#: freeculture.xml:4665
msgid ""
"But how, and to what extent, and in what form—the details, in other "
"words—matter. To get a good sense of how this practice of turning the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4681
+#: freeculture.xml:4680
msgid ""
"My strategy in doing this will be the same as my strategy in the preceding "
"part. I offer four stories to help put the idea of <quote>copyright material "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:4694
+#: freeculture.xml:4693
msgid "Founders"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4695
+#: freeculture.xml:4694
msgid "English copyright law developed for"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4698
+#: freeculture.xml:4697
msgid "England, copyright laws developed in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4699 freeculture.xml:13935
+#: freeculture.xml:4698 freeculture.xml:13935
msgid "United Kingdom"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4699
+#: freeculture.xml:4698
msgid "history of copyright law in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4700 freeculture.xml:4870
+#: freeculture.xml:4699 freeculture.xml:4869
msgid "Branagh, Kenneth"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4701
+#: freeculture.xml:4700
msgid "Henry V"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4703 freeculture.xml:4835
+#: freeculture.xml:4702 freeculture.xml:4834
msgid "Romeo and Juliet (Shakespeare)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4705
+#: freeculture.xml:4704
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>William Shakespeare</emphasis> wrote "
"<citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> in 1595. The play was first "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4716 freeculture.xml:4800 freeculture.xml:4909 freeculture.xml:5042
+#: freeculture.xml:4715 freeculture.xml:4799 freeculture.xml:4908 freeculture.xml:5041
msgid "Conger"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4717
+#: freeculture.xml:4716
msgid "Tonson, Jacob"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4723
+#: freeculture.xml:4722
msgid "Jonson, Ben"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4724
+#: freeculture.xml:4723
msgid "Dryden, John"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4723
+#: freeculture.xml:4722
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
"id=\"1\"/> Jacob Tonson is typically remembered for his associations with "
#. f2
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4736
+#: freeculture.xml:4735
msgid ""
"Lyman Ray Patterson, <citetitle>Copyright in Historical "
"Perspective</citetitle> (Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 1968), "
#. PAGE BREAK 97
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4719
+#: freeculture.xml:4718
msgid ""
"In 1774, almost 180 years after <citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> was "
"written, the <quote>copy-right</quote> for the work was still thought by "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4748 freeculture.xml:4801 freeculture.xml:4941 freeculture.xml:5122 freeculture.xml:5278
+#: freeculture.xml:4747 freeculture.xml:4800 freeculture.xml:4940 freeculture.xml:5121 freeculture.xml:5277
msgid "British Parliament"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4750 freeculture.xml:7117
+#: freeculture.xml:4749 freeculture.xml:7116
msgid "renewability of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4751 freeculture.xml:4803 freeculture.xml:4847 freeculture.xml:4954 freeculture.xml:5041 freeculture.xml:7107
+#: freeculture.xml:4750 freeculture.xml:4802 freeculture.xml:4846 freeculture.xml:4953 freeculture.xml:5040 freeculture.xml:7106
msgid "Statute of Anne (1710)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4762
+#: freeculture.xml:4761
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> As Siva Vaidhyanathan nicely "
"argues, it is erroneous to call this a <quote>copyright law.</quote> See "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4753
+#: freeculture.xml:4752
msgid ""
"Now, there's something puzzling about the year 1774 to anyone who knows a "
"little about copyright law. The better-known year in the history of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4771 freeculture.xml:4995
+#: freeculture.xml:4770 freeculture.xml:4994
msgid "common vs. positive"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4772 freeculture.xml:4996
+#: freeculture.xml:4771 freeculture.xml:4995
msgid "positive law"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4773
+#: freeculture.xml:4772
msgid "Licensing Act (1662)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4775
+#: freeculture.xml:4774
msgid ""
"The reason is that the English hadn't yet agreed on what a "
"<quote>copyright</quote> was—indeed, no one had. At the time the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4786 freeculture.xml:4994 freeculture.xml:5065 freeculture.xml:5165
+#: freeculture.xml:4785 freeculture.xml:4993 freeculture.xml:5064 freeculture.xml:5164
msgid "common law"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4788
+#: freeculture.xml:4787
msgid ""
"There was no <emphasis>positive</emphasis> law, but that didn't mean that "
"there was no law. The Anglo-American legal tradition looks to both the words "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4802 freeculture.xml:5031 freeculture.xml:5139 freeculture.xml:5217
+#: freeculture.xml:4801 freeculture.xml:5030 freeculture.xml:5138 freeculture.xml:5216
msgid "Scottish publishers"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 98
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4805
+#: freeculture.xml:4804
msgid ""
"This question was important to the publishers, or "
"<quote>booksellers,</quote> as they were called, because there was growing "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4816
+#: freeculture.xml:4815
msgid "as narrow monopoly right"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4818
+#: freeculture.xml:4817
msgid ""
"The Statute of Anne granted the author or <quote>proprietor</quote> of a "
"book an exclusive right to print that book. In an important limitation, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4828
+#: freeculture.xml:4827
msgid ""
"Now, the thing to puzzle about for a moment is this: Why would Parliament "
"limit the exclusive right? Not why would they limit it to the particular "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4837
+#: freeculture.xml:4836
msgid ""
"For the booksellers, and the authors whom they represented, had a very "
"strong claim. Take <citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> as an example: "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4849
+#: freeculture.xml:4848
msgid ""
"The answer comes in two parts. We first need to see something special about "
"the notion of <quote>copyright</quote> that existed at the time of the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4854 freeculture.xml:7632 freeculture.xml:7799
+#: freeculture.xml:4853 freeculture.xml:7631 freeculture.xml:7798
msgid "usage restrictions attached to"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 99
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4856
+#: freeculture.xml:4855
msgid ""
"First, about copyright. In the last three hundred years, we have come to "
"apply the concept of <quote>copyright</quote> ever more broadly. But in "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4873
+#: freeculture.xml:4872
msgid ""
"So, for example, even if the copyright to Shakespeare's works were "
"perpetual, all that would have meant under the original meaning of the term "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4882
+#: freeculture.xml:4881
msgid "Henry VIII, King of England"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4883
+#: freeculture.xml:4882
msgid "monopoly, copyright as"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4884
+#: freeculture.xml:4883
msgid "Statute of Monopolies (1656)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4886
+#: freeculture.xml:4885
msgid ""
"Even that limited right was viewed with skepticism by the British. They had "
"had a long and ugly experience with <quote>exclusive rights,</quote> "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4899
+#: freeculture.xml:4898
msgid ""
"Thus the <quote>copy-right,</quote> when viewed as a monopoly right, was "
"naturally viewed as a right that should be limited. (However convincing the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4907 freeculture.xml:5200
+#: freeculture.xml:4906 freeculture.xml:5199
msgid "Milton, John"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4908
+#: freeculture.xml:4907
msgid "booksellers, English"
msgstr ""
#. f4
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4927
+#: freeculture.xml:4926
msgid ""
"Philip Wittenberg, <citetitle>The Protection and Marketing of Literary "
"Property</citetitle> (New York: J. Messner, Inc., 1937), 31."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4912
+#: freeculture.xml:4911
msgid ""
"Second, about booksellers. It wasn't just that the copyright was a "
"monopoly. It was also that it was a monopoly held by the booksellers. "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4931
+#: freeculture.xml:4930
msgid "Enlightenment"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4932
+#: freeculture.xml:4931
msgid "knowledge, freedom of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4934
+#: freeculture.xml:4933
msgid ""
"Many believed the power the booksellers exercised over the spread of "
"knowledge was harming that spread, just at the time the Enlightenment was "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4943
+#: freeculture.xml:4942
msgid ""
"To balance this power, Parliament decided to increase competition among "
"booksellers, and the simplest way to do that was to spread the wealth of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4956 freeculture.xml:5091 freeculture.xml:5185 freeculture.xml:11137
+#: freeculture.xml:4955 freeculture.xml:5090 freeculture.xml:5184 freeculture.xml:11137
msgid "in perpetuity"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4958
+#: freeculture.xml:4957
msgid ""
"When 1731 (1710 + 21) came along, however, the booksellers were getting "
"anxious. They saw the consequences of more competition, and like every "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4967
+#: freeculture.xml:4966
msgid ""
"Parliament rejected their requests. As one pamphleteer put it, in words that "
"echo today,"
#. f5
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4982
+#: freeculture.xml:4981
msgid ""
"A Letter to a Member of Parliament concerning the Bill now depending in the "
"House of Commons, for making more effectual an Act in the Eighth Year of the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4972
+#: freeculture.xml:4971
msgid ""
"I see no Reason for granting a further Term now, which will not hold as well "
"for granting it again and again, as often as the Old ones Expire; so that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4998
+#: freeculture.xml:4997
msgid ""
"Having failed in Parliament, the publishers turned to the courts in a series "
"of cases. Their argument was simple and direct: The Statute of Anne gave "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5020 freeculture.xml:5030 freeculture.xml:5073
+#: freeculture.xml:5019 freeculture.xml:5029 freeculture.xml:5072
msgid "Patterson, Raymond"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5020
+#: freeculture.xml:5019
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
"id=\"1\"/> Lyman Ray Patterson, <quote>Free Speech, Copyright, and Fair "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5014
+#: freeculture.xml:5013
msgid ""
"This was a clever argument, and one that had the support of some of the "
"leading jurists of the day. It also displayed extraordinary chutzpah. Until "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5029 freeculture.xml:5138
+#: freeculture.xml:5028 freeculture.xml:5137
msgid "Donaldson, Alexander"
msgstr ""
#. f7
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5037
+#: freeculture.xml:5036
msgid ""
"For a compelling account, see David Saunders, <citetitle>Authorship and "
"Copyright</citetitle> (London: Routledge, 1992), 62–69."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5033
+#: freeculture.xml:5032
msgid ""
"The booksellers' argument was not accepted without a fight. The hero of "
"this fight was a Scottish bookseller named Alexander Donaldson.<placeholder "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5043
+#: freeculture.xml:5042
msgid "Boswell, James"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5044
+#: freeculture.xml:5043
msgid "Erskine, Andrew"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5053 freeculture.xml:15557
+#: freeculture.xml:5052 freeculture.xml:15557
msgid "Rose, Mark"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5051
+#: freeculture.xml:5050
msgid ""
"Mark Rose, <citetitle>Authors and Owners</citetitle> (Cambridge: Harvard "
"University Press, 1993), 92. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
#. f9
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5062
+#: freeculture.xml:5061
msgid "Ibid., 93."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5046
+#: freeculture.xml:5045
msgid ""
"Donaldson was an outsider to the London Conger. He began his career in "
"Edinburgh in 1750. The focus of his business was inexpensive reprints "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5073
+#: freeculture.xml:5072
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Lyman Ray Patterson, "
"<citetitle>Copyright in Historical Perspective</citetitle>, 167 (quoting "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5067
+#: freeculture.xml:5066
msgid ""
"When the London booksellers tried to shut down Donaldson's shop in Scotland, "
"he responded by moving his shop to London, where he sold inexpensive "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5082
+#: freeculture.xml:5081
msgid "Millar v. Taylor"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5084
+#: freeculture.xml:5083
msgid ""
"The London booksellers quickly brought suit to block <quote>piracy</quote> "
"like Donaldson's. A number of actions were successful against the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5090 freeculture.xml:5144
+#: freeculture.xml:5089 freeculture.xml:5143
msgid "Thomson, James"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5092
+#: freeculture.xml:5091
msgid "Seasons, The (Thomson)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5093
+#: freeculture.xml:5092
msgid "Taylor, Robert"
msgstr ""
#. f11
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5102
+#: freeculture.xml:5101
msgid ""
"Howard B. Abrams, <quote>The Historic Foundation of American Copyright Law: "
"Exploding the Myth of Common Law Copyright,</quote> <citetitle>Wayne Law "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5095
+#: freeculture.xml:5094
msgid ""
"Millar was a bookseller who in 1729 had purchased the rights to James "
"Thomson's poem <quote>The Seasons.</quote> Millar complied with the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5109
+#: freeculture.xml:5108
msgid ""
"Astonishingly to modern lawyers, one of the greatest judges in English "
"history, Lord Mansfield, agreed with the booksellers. Whatever protection "
#. PAGE BREAK 103
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5124
+#: freeculture.xml:5123
msgid ""
"Considered as a matter of abstract justice—reasoning as if justice "
"were just a matter of logical deduction from first "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5141
+#: freeculture.xml:5140
msgid ""
"The fight to defend the limits of the Statute of Anne was not to end there, "
"however, and it is here that Donaldson enters the mix."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5145
+#: freeculture.xml:5144
msgid "Beckett, Thomas"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5146 freeculture.xml:5253
+#: freeculture.xml:5145 freeculture.xml:5252
msgid "House of Lords"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5147
+#: freeculture.xml:5146
msgid "House of Lords vs."
msgstr ""
#. f12
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5153
+#: freeculture.xml:5152
msgid "Ibid., 1156."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5149
+#: freeculture.xml:5148
msgid ""
"Millar died soon after his victory, so his case was not appealed. His estate "
"sold Thomson's poems to a syndicate of printers that included Thomas "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5164
+#: freeculture.xml:5163
msgid "Donaldson v. Beckett"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5167
+#: freeculture.xml:5166
msgid ""
"As few legal cases ever do, <citetitle>Donaldson</citetitle> "
"v. <citetitle>Beckett</citetitle> drew an enormous amount of attention "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5178
+#: freeculture.xml:5177
msgid ""
"The House of Lords was an odd institution. Legal questions were presented to "
"the House and voted upon first by the <quote>law lords,</quote> members of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5186 freeculture.xml:5254
+#: freeculture.xml:5185 freeculture.xml:5253
msgid "English legal establishment of"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 104
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5188
+#: freeculture.xml:5187
msgid ""
"The reports about the law lords' votes are mixed. On some counts, it looks "
"as if perpetual copyright prevailed. But there is no ambiguity about how the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5197
+#: freeculture.xml:5196
msgid "Bacon, Francis"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5198
+#: freeculture.xml:5197
msgid "Bunyan, John"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5199
+#: freeculture.xml:5198
msgid "Johnson, Samuel"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5203
+#: freeculture.xml:5202
msgid ""
"<quote>The public domain.</quote> Before the case of "
"<citetitle>Donaldson</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Beckett</citetitle>, there "
#. f13
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5229
+#: freeculture.xml:5228
msgid "Rose, 97."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5219
+#: freeculture.xml:5218
msgid ""
"It is hard for us to imagine, but this decision by the House of Lords fueled "
"an extraordinarily popular and political reaction. In Scotland, where most "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5234
+#: freeculture.xml:5233
msgid ""
"In London, however, at least among publishers, the reaction was equally "
"strong in the opposite direction. The <citetitle>Morning "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5240
+#: freeculture.xml:5239
msgid ""
"By the above decision … near 200,000 pounds worth of what was "
"honestly purchased at public sale, and which was yesterday thought property "
#. PAGE BREAK 105
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5257
+#: freeculture.xml:5256
msgid ""
"<quote>Ruined</quote> is a bit of an exaggeration. But it is not an "
"exaggeration to say that the change was profound. The decision of the House "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5280
+#: freeculture.xml:5279
msgid ""
"At least, this was the rule in a world where the Parliament is antimonopoly, "
"resistant to the protectionist pleas of publishers. In a world where the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:5297
+#: freeculture.xml:5296
msgid "Recorders"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5298 freeculture.xml:7601 freeculture.xml:7720 freeculture.xml:7779
+#: freeculture.xml:5297 freeculture.xml:7600 freeculture.xml:7719 freeculture.xml:7778
msgid "fair use and"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5299
+#: freeculture.xml:5298
msgid "documentary film"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5300
+#: freeculture.xml:5299
msgid "Else, Jon"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5301 freeculture.xml:5448 freeculture.xml:7600 freeculture.xml:7642 freeculture.xml:7719 freeculture.xml:7781
+#: freeculture.xml:5300 freeculture.xml:5447 freeculture.xml:7599 freeculture.xml:7641 freeculture.xml:7718 freeculture.xml:7780
msgid "fair use"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5301
+#: freeculture.xml:5300
msgid "in documentary film"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5302
+#: freeculture.xml:5301
msgid "fair use of copyrighted material in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5304
+#: freeculture.xml:5303
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>Jon Else</emphasis> is a filmmaker. He is best known "
"for his documentaries and has been very successful in spreading his art. He "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5311
+#: freeculture.xml:5310
msgid ""
"Else worked on a documentary that I was involved in. At a break, he told me "
"a story about the freedom to create with film in America today."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5315 freeculture.xml:5381
+#: freeculture.xml:5314 freeculture.xml:5380
msgid "Wagner, Richard"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5316 freeculture.xml:5395
+#: freeculture.xml:5315 freeculture.xml:5394
msgid "San Francisco Opera"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5318
+#: freeculture.xml:5317
msgid ""
"In 1990, Else was working on a documentary about Wagner's Ring Cycle. The "
"focus was stagehands at the San Francisco Opera. Stagehands are a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5325
+#: freeculture.xml:5324
msgid "Simpsons, The"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 107
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5327
+#: freeculture.xml:5326
msgid ""
"During one of the performances, Else was shooting some stagehands playing "
"checkers. In one corner of the room was a television set. Playing on the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5336
+#: freeculture.xml:5335
msgid "multiple copyrights associated with"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5338
+#: freeculture.xml:5337
msgid ""
"Years later, when he finally got funding to complete the film, Else "
"attempted to clear the rights for those few seconds of <citetitle>The "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5344
+#: freeculture.xml:5343
msgid "Gracie Films"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5345 freeculture.xml:5406 freeculture.xml:5470
+#: freeculture.xml:5344 freeculture.xml:5405 freeculture.xml:5469
msgid "Groening, Matt"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5347
+#: freeculture.xml:5346
msgid ""
"Else called <citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle> creator Matt Groening's office "
"to get permission. Groening approved the shot. The shot was a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5353 freeculture.xml:5405 freeculture.xml:5469
+#: freeculture.xml:5352 freeculture.xml:5404 freeculture.xml:5468
msgid "Fox (film company)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5355
+#: freeculture.xml:5354
msgid ""
"Gracie Films was okay with it, too, but they, like Groening, wanted to be "
"careful. So they told Else to contact Fox, Gracie's parent company. Else "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5363
+#: freeculture.xml:5362
msgid ""
"Then, as Else told me, <quote>two things happened. First we discovered "
"… that Matt Groening doesn't own his own creation—or at least "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5372
+#: freeculture.xml:5371
msgid "Herrera, Rebecca"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5374
+#: freeculture.xml:5373
msgid ""
"Else was certain there was a mistake. He worked his way up to someone he "
"thought was a vice president for licensing, Rebecca Herrera. He explained "
#. PAGE BREAK 108
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5383
+#: freeculture.xml:5382
msgid ""
"<quote>I wanted to make sure I had my facts straight,</quote> he told "
"me. <quote>Yes, you have your facts straight,</quote> she said. It would "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5396
+#: freeculture.xml:5395
msgid "Day After Trinity, The"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5398
+#: freeculture.xml:5397
msgid ""
"Else didn't have the money to buy the right to replay what was playing on "
"the television backstage at the San Francisco Opera. To reproduce this "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5408
+#: freeculture.xml:5407
msgid ""
"There's no doubt that someone, whether Matt Groening or Fox, owns the "
"copyright to <citetitle>The Simpsons</citetitle>. That copyright is their "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5419
+#: freeculture.xml:5418
msgid ""
"For example, <quote>public performance</quote> is a use of <citetitle>The "
"Simpsons</citetitle> that the copyright owner gets to control. If you take a "
#. f1
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5431
+#: freeculture.xml:5430
msgid ""
"For an excellent argument that such use is <quote>fair use,</quote> but that "
"lawyers don't permit recognition that it is <quote>fair use,</quote> see "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5428
+#: freeculture.xml:5427
msgid ""
"But when lawyers hear this story about Jon Else and Fox, their first thought "
"is <quote>fair use.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Else's "
#. PAGE BREAK 109
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5445
+#: freeculture.xml:5444
msgid ""
"So I asked Else why he didn't just rely upon <quote>fair use.</quote> Here's "
"his reply:"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5448 freeculture.xml:7781
+#: freeculture.xml:5447 freeculture.xml:7780
msgid "legal intimidation tactics against"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5450
+#: freeculture.xml:5449
msgid ""
"The <citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle> fiasco was for me a great lesson in the "
"gulf between what lawyers find irrelevant in some abstract sense, and what "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5459
+#: freeculture.xml:5458
msgid "Errors and Omissions insurance"
msgstr ""
#. 1.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5462
+#: freeculture.xml:5461
msgid ""
"Before our films can be broadcast, the network requires that we buy Errors "
"and Omissions insurance. The carriers require a detailed <quote>visual cue "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5471
+#: freeculture.xml:5470
msgid "Lucas, George"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5472
+#: freeculture.xml:5471
msgid "<citetitle>Star Wars</citetitle>"
msgstr ""
#. 2.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5475
+#: freeculture.xml:5474
msgid ""
"I probably never should have asked Matt Groening in the first place. But I "
"knew (at least from folklore) that Fox had a history of tracking down and "
#. 3.
#. PAGE BREAK 110
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5487
+#: freeculture.xml:5486
msgid ""
"I did, in fact, speak with one of your colleagues at Stanford Law School "
"… who confirmed that it was fair use. He also confirmed that Fox "
#. 4.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5499
+#: freeculture.xml:5498
msgid ""
"The question of fair use usually comes up at the end of the project, when we "
"are up against a release deadline and out of money."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5507
+#: freeculture.xml:5506
msgid ""
"In theory, fair use means you need no permission. The theory therefore "
"supports free culture and insulates against a permission culture. But in "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5515
+#: freeculture.xml:5514
msgid ""
"This practice shows just how far the law has come from its "
"eighteenth-century roots. The law was born as a shield to protect "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:5530
+#: freeculture.xml:5529
msgid "Transformers"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5531
+#: freeculture.xml:5530
msgid "Allen, Paul"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5532 freeculture.xml:5592 freeculture.xml:5777 freeculture.xml:10490 freeculture.xml:14924
+#: freeculture.xml:5531 freeculture.xml:5591 freeculture.xml:5776 freeculture.xml:10490 freeculture.xml:14924
msgid "Alben, Alex"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5535
+#: freeculture.xml:5534
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>In 1993</emphasis>, Alex Alben was a lawyer working "
"at Starwave, Inc. Starwave was an innovative company founded by Microsoft "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5542
+#: freeculture.xml:5541
msgid "retrospective compilations on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5543
+#: freeculture.xml:5542
msgid "CD-ROMs, film clips used in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5545
+#: freeculture.xml:5544
msgid ""
"Alben had a special interest in new technology. He was intrigued by the "
"emerging market for CD-ROM technology—not to distribute film, but to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5555
+#: freeculture.xml:5554
msgid ""
"At that time, Eastwood had made more than fifty films, as an actor and as a "
"director. Alben began with a series of interviews with Eastwood, asking him "
#. PAGE BREAK 112
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5562
+#: freeculture.xml:5561
msgid ""
"That alone would not have made a very interesting product, so Starwave "
"wanted to add content from the movies in Eastwood's career: posters, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5569
+#: freeculture.xml:5568
msgid ""
"Then Alben and his team decided to include actual film clips. <quote>Our "
"goal was that we were going to have a clip from every one of Eastwood's "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5577
+#: freeculture.xml:5576
msgid ""
"Alben brought the idea to Michael Slade, the CEO of Starwave. Slade asked, "
"<quote>Well, what will it take?</quote>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5591
+#: freeculture.xml:5590
msgid "publicity rights on images of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5587
+#: freeculture.xml:5586
msgid ""
"Technically, the rights that Alben had to clear were mainly those of "
"publicity—rights an artist has to control the commercial exploitation "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5581
+#: freeculture.xml:5580
msgid ""
"Alben replied, <quote>Well, we're going to have to clear rights from "
"everyone who appears in these films, and the music and everything else that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5596
+#: freeculture.xml:5595
msgid ""
"The problem was that neither Alben nor Slade had any idea what clearing "
"those rights would mean. Every actor in each of the films could have a claim "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5603
+#: freeculture.xml:5602
msgid ""
"I asked Alben how he dealt with the problem. With an obvious pride in his "
"resourcefulness that obscured the obvious bizarreness of his tale, Alben "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5609
+#: freeculture.xml:5608
msgid ""
"So we very mechanically went about looking up the film clips. We made some "
"artistic decisions about what film clips to include—of course we were "
#. PAGE BREAK 113
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5618
+#: freeculture.xml:5617
msgid ""
"We decided that it would be fair if we offered them the dayplayer rate for "
"the right to reuse that performance. We're talking about a clip of less than "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5629
+#: freeculture.xml:5628
msgid "Sutherland, Donald"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5631
+#: freeculture.xml:5630
msgid ""
"Some actors were glad to help—Donald Sutherland, for example, followed "
"up himself to be sure that the rights had been cleared. Others were "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5642
+#: freeculture.xml:5641
msgid ""
"It was one <emphasis>year</emphasis> later—<quote>and even then we "
"weren't sure whether we were totally in the clear.</quote>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5646
+#: freeculture.xml:5645
msgid ""
"Alben is proud of his work. The project was the first of its kind and the "
"only time he knew of that a team had undertaken such a massive project for "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5652
+#: freeculture.xml:5651
msgid ""
"Everyone thought it would be too hard. Everyone just threw up their hands "
"and said, <quote>Oh, my gosh, a film, it's so many copyrights, there's the "
#. PAGE BREAK 114
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5664
+#: freeculture.xml:5663
msgid ""
"And no doubt, the product itself was exceptionally good. Eastwood loved it, "
"and it sold very well."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5667
+#: freeculture.xml:5666
msgid "Drucker, Peter"
msgstr ""
#. f2
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5675
+#: freeculture.xml:5674
msgid ""
"U.S. Department of Commerce Office of Acquisition Management, "
"<citetitle>Seven Steps to Performance-Based Services "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5669
+#: freeculture.xml:5668
msgid ""
"But I pressed Alben about how weird it seems that it would have to take a "
"year's work simply to clear rights. No doubt Alben had done this "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5683
+#: freeculture.xml:5682
msgid ""
"For, as he acknowledged, <quote>very few … have the time and "
"resources, and the will to do this,</quote> and thus, very few such works "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5691
+#: freeculture.xml:5690
msgid ""
"I don't think so. When an actor renders a performance in a movie, he or she "
"gets paid very well. … And then when 30 seconds of that performance "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5699
+#: freeculture.xml:5698
msgid ""
"Or at least, is this <emphasis>how</emphasis> the artist should be "
"compensated? Would it make sense, I asked, for there to be some kind of "
#. PAGE BREAK 115
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5710
+#: freeculture.xml:5709
msgid ""
"Absolutely. I think that if there were some fair-licensing "
"mechanism—where you weren't subject to hold-ups and you weren't "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5730
+#: freeculture.xml:5729
msgid ""
"Alben worked for a big company. His company was backed by some of the "
"richest investors in the world. He therefore had authority and access that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5739
+#: freeculture.xml:5738
msgid ""
"These costs are the burdens of a kind of regulation. Put on a Republican hat "
"for a moment, and get angry for a bit. The government defines the scope of "
#. PAGE BREAK 116
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5752
+#: freeculture.xml:5751
msgid ""
"I've seen the flash of recognition when people get this point, but only a "
"few times. The first was at a conference of federal judges in California. "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5762
+#: freeculture.xml:5761
msgid ""
"The video was a brilliant collage of film from every period in the twentieth "
"century, all framed around the idea of a <citetitle>60 Minutes</citetitle> "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5767
+#: freeculture.xml:5766
msgid "Nimmer, David"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5769
+#: freeculture.xml:5768
msgid ""
"When the lights came up, I looked over to my copanelist, David Nimmer, "
"perhaps the leading copyright scholar and practitioner in the nation. He had "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5778
+#: freeculture.xml:5777
msgid "Boies, David"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5779
+#: freeculture.xml:5778
msgid "Court of Appeals"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5779
+#: freeculture.xml:5778
msgid "Ninth Circuit"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5780
+#: freeculture.xml:5779
msgid "Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5777
+#: freeculture.xml:5776
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
"id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5797
+#: freeculture.xml:5796
msgid ""
"We live in a <quote>cut and paste</quote> culture enabled by "
"technology. Anyone building a presentation knows the extraordinary freedom "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5803
+#: freeculture.xml:5802
msgid "Camp Chaos"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 117
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5805
+#: freeculture.xml:5804
msgid ""
"But presentations are just a tiny beginning. Using the Internet and its "
"archives, musicians are able to string together mixes of sound never before "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5816
+#: freeculture.xml:5815
msgid ""
"All of these creations are technically illegal. Even if the creators wanted "
"to be <quote>legal,</quote> the cost of complying with the law is impossibly "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5823
+#: freeculture.xml:5822
msgid ""
"To some, these stories suggest a solution: Let's alter the mix of rights so "
"that people are free to build upon our culture. Free to add or mix as they "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5838
+#: freeculture.xml:5837
msgid ""
"Who could possibly object to this? And what reason would there be for "
"objecting? We're talking about work that is not now being made; which if "
#. PAGE BREAK 118
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5844
+#: freeculture.xml:5843
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>In February 2003</emphasis>, DreamWorks studios "
"announced an agreement with Mike Myers, the comic genius of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5857
+#: freeculture.xml:5856
msgid ""
"The announcement called this <quote>film sampling.</quote> As Myers "
"explained, <quote>Film Sampling is an exciting way to put an original spin "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5866
+#: freeculture.xml:5865
msgid ""
"Spielberg is right. Film sampling by Myers will be brilliant. But if you "
"don't think about it, you might miss the truly astonishing point about this "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5876
+#: freeculture.xml:5875
msgid ""
"This privilege becomes reserved for two sorts of reasons. The first "
"continues the story of the last chapter: the vagueness of <quote>fair "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:5891
+#: freeculture.xml:5890
msgid "Collectors"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5892 freeculture.xml:9232 freeculture.xml:11555 freeculture.xml:11800
+#: freeculture.xml:5891 freeculture.xml:9232 freeculture.xml:11555 freeculture.xml:11800
msgid "archives, digital"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5893 freeculture.xml:8519
+#: freeculture.xml:5892 freeculture.xml:8519
msgid "bots"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5895
+#: freeculture.xml:5894
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>In April 1996</emphasis>, millions of "
"<quote>bots</quote>—computer codes designed to <quote>spider,</quote> "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5905 freeculture.xml:5936 freeculture.xml:5998
+#: freeculture.xml:5904 freeculture.xml:5935 freeculture.xml:5997
msgid "Way Back Machine"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5907
+#: freeculture.xml:5906
msgid ""
"By October 2001, the bots had collected more than five years of copies. And "
"at a small announcement in Berkeley, California, the archive that these "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5914
+#: freeculture.xml:5913
msgid "Orwell, George"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5916
+#: freeculture.xml:5915
msgid ""
"This is the thing about the Internet that Orwell would have appreciated. In "
"the dystopia described in <citetitle>1984</citetitle>, old newspapers were "
#. PAGE BREAK 120
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5924
+#: freeculture.xml:5923
msgid ""
"Thousands of workers constantly reedited the past, meaning there was no way "
"ever to know whether the story you were reading today was the story that was "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5929
+#: freeculture.xml:5928
msgid ""
"It's the same with the Internet. If you go to a Web page today, there's no "
"way for you to know whether the content you are reading is the same as the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5945
+#: freeculture.xml:5944
msgid "White House press releases"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5944
+#: freeculture.xml:5943
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
"id=\"1\"/> The temptations remain, however. Brewster Kahle reports that the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5938
+#: freeculture.xml:5937
msgid ""
"Until the Way Back Machine, at least. With the Way Back Machine, and the "
"Internet Archive underlying it, you can see what the Internet was. You have "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5953
+#: freeculture.xml:5952
msgid "history, records of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5955
+#: freeculture.xml:5954
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>We take it</emphasis> for granted that we can go "
"back to see what we remember reading. Think about newspapers. If you wanted "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5966
+#: freeculture.xml:5965
msgid ""
"It is said that those who fail to remember history are doomed to repeat "
"it. That's not quite correct. We <emphasis>all</emphasis> forget "
#. PAGE BREAK 121
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5975
+#: freeculture.xml:5974
msgid ""
"The Internet was an exception to this presumption. Until the Internet "
"Archive, there was no way to go back. The Internet was the quintessentially "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5986
+#: freeculture.xml:5985
msgid ""
"Brewster Kahle is the founder of the Internet Archive. He was a very "
"successful Internet entrepreneur after he was a successful computer "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5995 freeculture.xml:6050 freeculture.xml:10475
+#: freeculture.xml:5994 freeculture.xml:6049 freeculture.xml:10475
msgid "Library of Congress"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5996
+#: freeculture.xml:5995
msgid "Television Archive"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5997
+#: freeculture.xml:5996
msgid "Vanderbilt University"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5999 freeculture.xml:11046 freeculture.xml:14106 freeculture.xml:14236 freeculture.xml:14272
+#: freeculture.xml:5998 freeculture.xml:11046 freeculture.xml:14106 freeculture.xml:14236 freeculture.xml:14272
msgid "libraries"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5999
+#: freeculture.xml:5998
msgid "archival function of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6002
+#: freeculture.xml:6001
msgid ""
"The Way Back Machine is the largest archive of human knowledge in human "
"history. At the end of 2002, it held <quote>two hundred and thirty terabytes "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6019
+#: freeculture.xml:6018
msgid "Quayle, Dan"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6020
+#: freeculture.xml:6019
msgid "60 Minutes"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 122
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6022
+#: freeculture.xml:6021
msgid ""
"Do you remember when Dan Quayle was interacting with Murphy Brown? Remember "
"that back and forth surreal experience of a politician interacting with a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6033
+#: freeculture.xml:6032
msgid "newspapers"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6033
+#: freeculture.xml:6032
msgid "archives of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6035
+#: freeculture.xml:6034
msgid ""
"Why is that? Why is it that the part of our culture that is recorded in "
"newspapers remains perpetually accessible, while the part that is recorded "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6043
+#: freeculture.xml:6042
msgid ""
"In part, this is because of the law. Early in American copyright law, "
"copyright owners were required to deposit copies of their work in "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6051 freeculture.xml:6095
+#: freeculture.xml:6050 freeculture.xml:6094
msgid "archive of"
msgstr ""
#. f2
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6062
+#: freeculture.xml:6061
msgid ""
"Doug Herrick, <quote>Toward a National Film Collection: Motion Pictures at "
"the Library of Congress,</quote> <citetitle>Film Library "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6053
+#: freeculture.xml:6052
msgid ""
"These rules applied to film as well. But in 1915, the Library of Congress "
"made an exception for film. Film could be copyrighted so long as such "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6070
+#: freeculture.xml:6069
msgid ""
"The same is generally true about television. Television broadcasts were "
"originally not copyrighted—there was no way to capture the broadcasts, "
#. PAGE BREAK 123
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6082
+#: freeculture.xml:6081
msgid ""
"Kahle was eager to correct this. Before September 11, 2001, he and his "
"allies had started capturing television. They selected twenty stations from "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6092
+#: freeculture.xml:6091
msgid "Movie Archive"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6093
+#: freeculture.xml:6092
msgid "archive.org"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6093 freeculture.xml:6096
+#: freeculture.xml:6092 freeculture.xml:6095
msgid "Internet Archive"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6097
+#: freeculture.xml:6096
msgid "Duck and Cover film"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6098
+#: freeculture.xml:6097
msgid "ephemeral films"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6099
+#: freeculture.xml:6098
msgid "Prelinger, Rick"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6101
+#: freeculture.xml:6100
msgid ""
"Kahle had the same idea with film. Working with Rick Prelinger, whose "
"archive of film includes close to 45,000 <quote>ephemeral films</quote> "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6119
+#: freeculture.xml:6118
msgid ""
"Here again, Kahle is providing access to a part of our culture that we "
"otherwise could not get easily, if at all. It is yet another part of what "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6127
+#: freeculture.xml:6126
msgid ""
"The key here is access, not price. Kahle wants to enable free access to this "
"content, but he also wants to enable others to sell access to it. His aim is "
#. PAGE BREAK 124
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6135
+#: freeculture.xml:6134
msgid ""
"For here is an idea that we should more clearly recognize. Every bit of "
"creative property goes through different <quote>lives.</quote> In its first "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6147
+#: freeculture.xml:6146
msgid ""
"After the commercial life of creative property has ended, our tradition has "
"always supported a second life as well. A newspaper delivers the news every "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6160
+#: freeculture.xml:6159
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Dave Barns, <quote>Fledgling "
"Career in Antique Books: Woodstock Landlord, Bar Owner Starts a New Chapter "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6157
+#: freeculture.xml:6156
msgid ""
"The same has always been true about books. A book goes out of print very "
"quickly (the average today is after about a year<placeholder "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6175
+#: freeculture.xml:6174
msgid ""
"Yet increasingly, any assumption about a stable second life for creative "
"property does not hold true with the most important components of popular "
#. PAGE BREAK 125
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6186
+#: freeculture.xml:6185
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>For most of</emphasis> the twentieth century, it was "
"economics that made this so. It would have been insanely expensive to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6198
+#: freeculture.xml:6197
msgid ""
"Perhaps the single most important feature of the digital revolution is that "
"for the first time since the Library of Alexandria, it is feasible to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6206
+#: freeculture.xml:6205
msgid ""
"The scale of this potential archive is something we've never imagined "
"before. The Brewster Kahles of our history have dreamed about it; but we are "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6212
+#: freeculture.xml:6211
msgid "total number of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6214
+#: freeculture.xml:6213
msgid ""
"It looks like there's about two to three million recordings of music. "
"Ever. There are about a hundred thousand theatrical releases of movies, "
#. PAGE BREAK 126
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6229
+#: freeculture.xml:6228
msgid ""
"Kahle is not the only librarian. The Internet Archive is not the only "
"archive. But Kahle and the Internet Archive suggest what the future of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6244
+#: freeculture.xml:6243
msgid ""
"Technologists have thus removed the economic costs of building such an "
"archive. But lawyers' costs remain. For as much as we might like to call "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:6255
+#: freeculture.xml:6254
msgid "<quote>Property</quote>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6256
+#: freeculture.xml:6255
msgid "Johnson, Lyndon"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6257 freeculture.xml:10234
+#: freeculture.xml:6256 freeculture.xml:10234
msgid "Kennedy, John F."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6259
+#: freeculture.xml:6258
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>Jack Valenti</emphasis> has been the president of "
"the Motion Picture Association of America since 1966. He first came to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6269
+#: freeculture.xml:6268
msgid "Sony Pictures Entertainment"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6270
+#: freeculture.xml:6269
msgid "MGM"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6271
+#: freeculture.xml:6270
msgid "Paramount Pictures"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6272
+#: freeculture.xml:6271
msgid "Twentieth Century Fox"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6273
+#: freeculture.xml:6272
msgid "Universal Pictures"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6274 freeculture.xml:7890 freeculture.xml:8061
+#: freeculture.xml:6273 freeculture.xml:7889 freeculture.xml:8060
msgid "Warner Brothers"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6276
+#: freeculture.xml:6275
msgid ""
"The MPAA is the American branch of the international Motion Picture "
"Association. It was formed in 1922 as a trade association whose goal was to "
#. PAGE BREAK 128
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6289
+#: freeculture.xml:6288
msgid ""
"Valenti is only the third president of the MPAA. No president before him has "
"had as much influence over that organization, or over Washington. As a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6301
+#: freeculture.xml:6300
msgid ""
"In defending artistic liberty and the freedom of speech that our culture "
"depends upon, the MPAA has done important good. In crafting the MPAA rating "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6310
+#: freeculture.xml:6309
msgid "In 1982, Valenti's testimony to Congress captured the strategy perfectly:"
msgstr ""
#. f1
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6324
+#: freeculture.xml:6323
msgid ""
"Home Recording of Copyrighted Works: Hearings on H.R. 4783, H.R. 4794, "
"H.R. 4808, H.R. 5250, H.R. 5488, and H.R. 5705 Before the Subcommittee on "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6315
+#: freeculture.xml:6314
msgid ""
"No matter the lengthy arguments made, no matter the charges and the "
"counter-charges, no matter the tumult and the shouting, reasonable men and "
#. PAGE BREAK 129
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6334
+#: freeculture.xml:6333
msgid ""
"The strategy of this rhetoric, like the strategy of most of Valenti's "
"rhetoric, is brilliant and simple and brilliant because simple. The "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6345
+#: freeculture.xml:6344
msgid ""
"This claim has an obvious and powerful intuitive pull. It is stated with "
"such clarity as to make the idea as obvious as the notion that we use "
#. f2
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6360
+#: freeculture.xml:6359
msgid ""
"Lawyers speak of <quote>property</quote> not as an absolute thing, but as a "
"bundle of rights that are sometimes associated with a particular "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6357
+#: freeculture.xml:6356
msgid ""
"While <quote>creative property</quote> is certainly <quote>property</quote> "
"in a nerdy and precise sense that lawyers are trained to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6375
+#: freeculture.xml:6374
msgid ""
"Valenti knows this. But he speaks for an industry that cares squat for our "
"tradition and the values it represents. He speaks for an industry that is "
#. PAGE BREAK 130
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6383
+#: freeculture.xml:6382
msgid ""
"I have two purposes in this chapter. The first is to convince you that, "
"historically, Valenti's claim is absolutely wrong. The second is to convince "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6398
+#: freeculture.xml:6397
msgid ""
"Organizations such as the MPAA, whose board includes the most powerful of "
"the old guard, have little interest, their rhetoric notwithstanding, in "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6407
+#: freeculture.xml:6406
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>To get</emphasis> just a hint that there is "
"something fundamentally wrong in Valenti's argument, we need look no further "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6412
+#: freeculture.xml:6411
msgid ""
"The framers of our Constitution loved <quote>property.</quote> Indeed, so "
"strongly did they love property that they built into the Constitution an "
#. PAGE BREAK 131
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6423
+#: freeculture.xml:6422
msgid ""
"Yet the very same Constitution speaks very differently about what Valenti "
"calls <quote>creative property.</quote> In the clause granting Congress the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6438
+#: freeculture.xml:6437
msgid ""
"The Constitution thus on its face states that these two forms of property "
"are not to be accorded the same rights. They are plainly to be treated "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6448
+#: freeculture.xml:6447
msgid ""
"Arguing for a change in our Constitution is not necessarily wrong. There "
"was much in our original Constitution that was plainly wrong. The "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6460
+#: freeculture.xml:6459
msgid ""
"Instead, my argument is that because Jefferson did it, we should at least "
"try to understand <emphasis>why</emphasis>. Why did the framers, fanatical "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6470
+#: freeculture.xml:6469
msgid ""
"To answer this question, we need to get some perspective on the history of "
"these <quote>creative property</quote> rights, and the control that they "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6482
+#: freeculture.xml:6481
msgid "four modalities of constraint on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6483 freeculture.xml:6742 freeculture.xml:9809 freeculture.xml:9926
+#: freeculture.xml:6482 freeculture.xml:6741 freeculture.xml:9809 freeculture.xml:9926
msgid "regulation"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6483
+#: freeculture.xml:6482
msgid "four modalities of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6484
+#: freeculture.xml:6483
msgid "as ex post regulation modality"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6485 freeculture.xml:6561 freeculture.xml:6696
+#: freeculture.xml:6484 freeculture.xml:6560 freeculture.xml:6695
msgid "as constraint modality"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 132
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6489
+#: freeculture.xml:6488
msgid ""
"To answer these questions, we need a more general way to talk about how "
"property is protected. More precisely, we need a more general way than the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:6498
+#: freeculture.xml:6497
msgid ""
"How four different modalities of regulation interact to support or weaken "
"the right or regulation."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:6499 freeculture.xml:6692 freeculture.xml:7062
+#: freeculture.xml:6498 freeculture.xml:6691 freeculture.xml:7061
msgid ""
"<graphic fileref=\"images/1331.svg\" align=\"center\" "
"width=\"50%\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6503
+#: freeculture.xml:6502
msgid ""
"At the center of this picture is a regulated dot: the individual or group "
"that is the target of regulation, or the holder of a right. (In each case "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6519 freeculture.xml:6581 freeculture.xml:6697
+#: freeculture.xml:6518 freeculture.xml:6580 freeculture.xml:6696
msgid "norms, regulatory influence of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6521
+#: freeculture.xml:6520
msgid ""
"Norms are a different kind of constraint. They, too, punish an individual "
"for violating a rule. But the punishment of a norm is imposed by a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6531 freeculture.xml:6580 freeculture.xml:6673 freeculture.xml:6713 freeculture.xml:9818 freeculture.xml:10052
+#: freeculture.xml:6530 freeculture.xml:6579 freeculture.xml:6672 freeculture.xml:6712 freeculture.xml:9818 freeculture.xml:10052
msgid "market constraints"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6533
+#: freeculture.xml:6532
msgid ""
"The market is a third type of constraint. Its constraint is effected through "
"conditions: You can do X if you pay Y; you'll be paid M if you do N. These "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6542 freeculture.xml:6579 freeculture.xml:6631 freeculture.xml:6672 freeculture.xml:6695
+#: freeculture.xml:6541 freeculture.xml:6578 freeculture.xml:6630 freeculture.xml:6671 freeculture.xml:6694
msgid "architecture, constraint effected through"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6544
+#: freeculture.xml:6543
msgid ""
"Finally, and for the moment, perhaps, most mysteriously, "
"<quote>architecture</quote>—the physical world as one finds "
#. PAGE BREAK 134
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6565
+#: freeculture.xml:6564
msgid ""
"So the first point about these four modalities of regulation is obvious: "
"They interact. Restrictions imposed by one might be reinforced by "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6571
+#: freeculture.xml:6570
msgid ""
"The second point follows directly: If we want to understand the effective "
"freedom that anyone has at a given moment to do any particular thing, we "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6582
+#: freeculture.xml:6581
msgid "driving speed, constraints on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6583
+#: freeculture.xml:6582
msgid "speeding, constraints on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6585
+#: freeculture.xml:6584
msgid ""
"So, for example, consider the <quote>freedom</quote> to drive a car at a "
"high speed. That freedom is in part restricted by laws: speed limits that "
#. f3
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6603
+#: freeculture.xml:6602
msgid ""
"By describing the way law affects the other three modalities, I don't mean "
"to suggest that the other three don't affect law. Obviously, they do. Law's "
#. PAGE BREAK 135
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6599
+#: freeculture.xml:6598
msgid ""
"The final point about this simple model should also be fairly clear: While "
"these four modalities are analytically independent, law has a special role "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:6627
+#: freeculture.xml:6626
msgid "Law has a special role in affecting the three."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:6628
+#: freeculture.xml:6627
msgid ""
"<graphic fileref=\"images/1361.svg\" align=\"center\" "
"width=\"50%\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6670
+#: freeculture.xml:6669
msgid "Americans with Disabilities Act (1990)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6671
+#: freeculture.xml:6670
msgid "Commons, John R."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6641
+#: freeculture.xml:6640
msgid ""
"Some people object to this way of talking about <quote>liberty.</quote> They "
"object because their focus when considering the constraints that exist at "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6633
+#: freeculture.xml:6632
msgid ""
"These constraints can thus change, and they can be changed. To understand "
"the effective protection of liberty or protection of property at any "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:6678
+#: freeculture.xml:6677
msgid "Why Hollywood Is Right"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6679 freeculture.xml:7052
+#: freeculture.xml:6678 freeculture.xml:7051
msgid "four regulatory modalities on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6681
+#: freeculture.xml:6680
msgid ""
"The most obvious point that this model reveals is just why, or just how, "
"Hollywood is right. The copyright warriors have rallied Congress and the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6687
+#: freeculture.xml:6686
msgid "Let's say this is the picture of copyright's regulation before the Internet:"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:6691 freeculture.xml:7061
+#: freeculture.xml:6690 freeculture.xml:7060
msgid "Copyright's regulation before the Internet."
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 136
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6700
+#: freeculture.xml:6699
msgid ""
"There is balance between law, norms, market, and architecture. The law "
"limits the ability to copy and share content, by imposing penalties on those "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6711
+#: freeculture.xml:6710
msgid "copyright regulatory balance lost with"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6712
+#: freeculture.xml:6711
msgid "regulatory balance lost in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6714
+#: freeculture.xml:6713
msgid "MP3s"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6716
+#: freeculture.xml:6715
msgid ""
"Enter the Internet, or, more precisely, technologies such as MP3s and p2p "
"sharing. Now the constraint of architecture changes dramatically, as does "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6725 freeculture.xml:7569 freeculture.xml:7879
+#: freeculture.xml:6724 freeculture.xml:7568 freeculture.xml:7878
msgid "technology"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6725
+#: freeculture.xml:6724
msgid "established industries threatened by changes in"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 137
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6727
+#: freeculture.xml:6726
msgid ""
"Thus the sense of, and justification for, the warriors' response. "
"Technology has changed, the warriors say, and the effect of this change, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:6737
+#: freeculture.xml:6736
msgid "effective state of anarchy after the Internet."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:6738
+#: freeculture.xml:6737
msgid ""
"<graphic fileref=\"images/1381.svg\" align=\"center\" "
"width=\"50%\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6741
+#: freeculture.xml:6740
msgid "Commerce, U.S. Department of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6742 freeculture.xml:9809
+#: freeculture.xml:6741 freeculture.xml:9809
msgid "as establishment protectionism"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6744
+#: freeculture.xml:6743
msgid ""
"Neither this analysis nor the conclusions that follow are new to the "
"warriors. Indeed, in a <quote>White Paper</quote> prepared by the Commerce "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6757 freeculture.xml:6897
+#: freeculture.xml:6756 freeculture.xml:6896
msgid "farming"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6758
+#: freeculture.xml:6757
msgid "steel industry"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 138
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6760
+#: freeculture.xml:6759
msgid ""
"This mixed strategy is just what copyright needed—if it was to "
"preserve the particular balance that existed before the change induced by "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6780
+#: freeculture.xml:6779
msgid ""
"Thus, there's nothing wrong or surprising in the content industry's campaign "
"to protect itself from the harmful consequences of a technological "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6793
+#: freeculture.xml:6792
msgid "railroad industry"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6794
+#: freeculture.xml:6793
msgid "remote channel changers"
msgstr ""
#. f5
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6804
+#: freeculture.xml:6803
msgid ""
"See Geoffrey Smith, <quote>Film vs. Digital: Can Kodak Build a "
"Bridge?</quote> BusinessWeek online, 2 August 1999, available at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6796
+#: freeculture.xml:6795
msgid ""
"But just because a particular interest asks for government support, it "
"doesn't follow that support should be granted. And just because technology "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6825
+#: freeculture.xml:6824
msgid "free market, technological changes in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6826 freeculture.xml:15500
+#: freeculture.xml:6825 freeculture.xml:15500
msgid "Brezhnev, Leonid"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6829 freeculture.xml:13700
+#: freeculture.xml:6828 freeculture.xml:13700
msgid "Gates, Bill"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6830 freeculture.xml:7844
+#: freeculture.xml:6829 freeculture.xml:7843
msgid "market competition"
msgstr ""
#. f6
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6843
+#: freeculture.xml:6842
msgid ""
"Fred Warshofsky, <citetitle>The Patent Wars</citetitle> (New York: Wiley, "
"1994), 170–71."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6833
+#: freeculture.xml:6832
msgid ""
"The obvious answer to these obviously rhetorical questions is no. In a free "
"society, with a free market, supported by free enterprise and free trade, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6854
+#: freeculture.xml:6853
msgid ""
"Thus, while it is understandable for industries threatened with new "
"technologies that change the way they do business to look to the government "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6865
+#: freeculture.xml:6864
msgid "speech, freedom of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6865
+#: freeculture.xml:6864
msgid "constitutional guarantee of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6867
+#: freeculture.xml:6866
msgid ""
"In the context of laws regulating speech—which include, obviously, "
"copyright law—that duty is even stronger. When the industry "
#. PAGE BREAK 140
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6883
+#: freeculture.xml:6882
msgid ""
"My argument just now, however, has nothing to do with whether the changes "
"that are being pushed by the copyright warriors are "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6892
+#: freeculture.xml:6891
msgid "Here's the metaphor that will capture the argument to follow."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6894
+#: freeculture.xml:6893
msgid "Müller, Paul Hermann"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6895
+#: freeculture.xml:6894
msgid "DDT"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6896
+#: freeculture.xml:6895
msgid "insecticide, environmental consequences of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6899
+#: freeculture.xml:6898
msgid ""
"In 1873, the chemical DDT was first synthesized. In 1948, Swiss chemist Paul "
"Hermann Müller won the Nobel Prize for his work demonstrating the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6906
+#: freeculture.xml:6905
msgid ""
"No one doubts that killing disease-carrying pests or increasing crop "
"production is a good thing. No one doubts that the work of Müller was "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6910
+#: freeculture.xml:6909
msgid "Carson, Rachel"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6911
+#: freeculture.xml:6910
msgid "Silent Spring (Carson)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6912
+#: freeculture.xml:6911
msgid "environmentalism"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6914
+#: freeculture.xml:6913
msgid ""
"But in 1962, Rachel Carson published <citetitle>Silent Spring</citetitle>, "
"which argued that DDT, whatever its primary benefits, was also having "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6920
+#: freeculture.xml:6919
msgid ""
"No one set out to destroy the environment. Paul Müller certainly did not aim "
"to harm any birds. But the effort to solve one set of problems produced "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6929
+#: freeculture.xml:6928
msgid "Boyle, James"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6930
+#: freeculture.xml:6929
msgid "innovative freedom balanced with fair compensation in"
msgstr ""
#. f7
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6936
+#: freeculture.xml:6935
msgid ""
"See, for example, James Boyle, <quote>A Politics of Intellectual Property: "
"Environmentalism for the Net?</quote> <citetitle>Duke Law "
#. PAGE BREAK 141
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6932
+#: freeculture.xml:6931
msgid ""
"It is to this image precisely that Duke University law professor James Boyle "
"appeals when he argues that we need an <quote>environmentalism</quote> for "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6954
+#: freeculture.xml:6953
msgid ""
"My argument, in the balance of this chapter, tries to map exactly this "
"effect. No doubt the technology of the Internet has had a dramatic effect on "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6966
+#: freeculture.xml:6965
msgid ""
"In a line: To kill a gnat, we are spraying DDT with consequences for free "
"culture that will be far more devastating than that this gnat will be lost."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:6975
+#: freeculture.xml:6974
msgid "Beginnings"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6976
+#: freeculture.xml:6975
msgid "on creative property"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6977 freeculture.xml:11465
+#: freeculture.xml:6976 freeculture.xml:11465
msgid "copyright purpose established in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6978 freeculture.xml:11174
+#: freeculture.xml:6977 freeculture.xml:11174
msgid "Progress Clause of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6979 freeculture.xml:11466
+#: freeculture.xml:6978 freeculture.xml:11466
msgid "constitutional purpose of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6981
+#: freeculture.xml:6980
msgid "constitutional tradition on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6982 freeculture.xml:11175
+#: freeculture.xml:6981 freeculture.xml:11175
msgid "Progress Clause"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6985
+#: freeculture.xml:6984
msgid ""
"America copied English copyright law. Actually, we copied and improved "
"English copyright law. Our Constitution makes the purpose of <quote>creative "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6990
+#: freeculture.xml:6989
msgid "in constitutional Progress Clause"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6992
+#: freeculture.xml:6991
msgid ""
"The power to establish <quote>creative property</quote> rights is granted to "
"Congress in a way that, for our Constitution, at least, is very odd. Article "
#. PAGE BREAK 142
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6997
+#: freeculture.xml:6996
msgid ""
"Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, "
"by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7011
+#: freeculture.xml:7010
msgid "history of American"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7013
+#: freeculture.xml:7012
msgid ""
"The Progress Clause expressly limits the term of copyrights. As we saw in "
"chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"founders\"/>, the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7022
+#: freeculture.xml:7021
msgid "Senate, U.S."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7023
+#: freeculture.xml:7022
msgid "structural checks and balances of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7024
+#: freeculture.xml:7023
msgid "electoral college"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7026
+#: freeculture.xml:7025
msgid ""
"The design of the Progress Clause reflects something about the "
"Constitution's design in general. To avoid a problem, the framers built "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7043
+#: freeculture.xml:7042
msgid ""
"I doubt the framers would recognize the regulation we call "
"<quote>copyright</quote> today. The scope of that regulation is far beyond "
#. PAGE BREAK 143
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7054
+#: freeculture.xml:7053
msgid ""
"Some of these changes come from the law: some in light of changes in "
"technology, and some in light of changes in technology given a particular "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7065
+#: freeculture.xml:7064
msgid "We will end here:"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7068
+#: freeculture.xml:7067
msgid "<quote>Copyright</quote> today."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7069
+#: freeculture.xml:7068
msgid ""
"<graphic fileref=\"images/1442.svg\" align=\"center\" "
"width=\"50%\"></graphic>"
#. PAGE BREAK 144
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7072
+#: freeculture.xml:7071
msgid "Let me explain how."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7077
+#: freeculture.xml:7076
msgid "Law: Duration"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7080 freeculture.xml:7372
+#: freeculture.xml:7079 freeculture.xml:7371
msgid "Copyright Act (1790)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7081
+#: freeculture.xml:7080
msgid "common law protections of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7082
+#: freeculture.xml:7081
msgid "balance of U.S. content in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7098
+#: freeculture.xml:7097
msgid "Crosskey, William W."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7092
+#: freeculture.xml:7091
msgid ""
"William W. Crosskey, <citetitle>Politics and the Constitution in the History "
"of the United States</citetitle> (London: Cambridge University Press, 1953), "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7084
+#: freeculture.xml:7083
msgid ""
"When the first Congress enacted laws to protect creative property, it faced "
"the same uncertainty about the status of creative property that the English "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7108
+#: freeculture.xml:7107
msgid "federal vs. state"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7110
+#: freeculture.xml:7109
msgid ""
"That uncertainty ended after Congress passed legislation granting "
"copyrights. Because federal law overrides any contrary state law, federal "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7119
+#: freeculture.xml:7118
msgid ""
"In 1790, Congress enacted the first copyright law. It created a federal "
"copyright and secured that copyright for fourteen years. If the author was "
#. f9
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7135
+#: freeculture.xml:7134
msgid ""
"Although 13,000 titles were published in the United States from 1790 to "
"1799, only 556 copyright registrations were filed; John Tebbel, <citetitle>A "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7127
+#: freeculture.xml:7126
msgid ""
"While there were many works created in the United States in the first ten "
"years of the Republic, only 5 percent of the works were actually registered "
#. PAGE BREAK 145
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7153
+#: freeculture.xml:7152
msgid ""
"This system of renewal was a crucial part of the American system of "
"copyright. It assured that the maximum terms of copyright would be granted "
#. f10
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7168
+#: freeculture.xml:7167
msgid ""
"Few copyright holders ever chose to renew their copyrights. For instance, of "
"the 25,006 copyrights registered in 1883, only 894 were renewed in 1910. For "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7162
+#: freeculture.xml:7161
msgid ""
"Fourteen years may not seem long to us, but for the vast majority of "
"copyright owners at that time, it was long enough: Only a small minority of "
#. f11
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7186
+#: freeculture.xml:7185
msgid "See Ringer, ch. 9, n. 2."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7182
+#: freeculture.xml:7181
msgid ""
"Even today, this structure would make sense. Most creative work has an "
"actual commercial life of just a couple of years. Most books fall out of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7194 freeculture.xml:11112
+#: freeculture.xml:7193 freeculture.xml:11112
msgid "copyright terms extended by"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7195 freeculture.xml:11114
+#: freeculture.xml:7194 freeculture.xml:11114
msgid "term extensions in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7197
+#: freeculture.xml:7196
msgid ""
"In the first hundred years of the Republic, the term of copyright was "
"changed once. In 1831, the term was increased from a maximum of 28 years to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7204 freeculture.xml:7239 freeculture.xml:11138 freeculture.xml:15418
+#: freeculture.xml:7203 freeculture.xml:7238 freeculture.xml:11138 freeculture.xml:15418
msgid "Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA) (1998)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7205 freeculture.xml:11118
+#: freeculture.xml:7204 freeculture.xml:11118
msgid "future patents vs. future copyrights in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7207
+#: freeculture.xml:7206
msgid ""
"Then, beginning in 1962, Congress started a practice that has defined "
"copyright law since. Eleven times in the last forty years, Congress has "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7216 freeculture.xml:11117 freeculture.xml:11118 freeculture.xml:13205 freeculture.xml:13686
+#: freeculture.xml:7215 freeculture.xml:11117 freeculture.xml:11118 freeculture.xml:13205 freeculture.xml:13686
msgid "patents"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7216 freeculture.xml:11117
+#: freeculture.xml:7215 freeculture.xml:11117
msgid "in public domain"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 146
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7218
+#: freeculture.xml:7217
msgid ""
"The effect of these extensions is simply to toll, or delay, the passing of "
"works into the public domain. This latest extension means that the public "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7230
+#: freeculture.xml:7229
msgid ""
"The effect of these extensions has been exacerbated by another, "
"little-noticed change in the copyright law. Remember I said that the framers "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7240
+#: freeculture.xml:7239
msgid "of natural authors vs. corporations"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7241 freeculture.xml:13359
+#: freeculture.xml:7240 freeculture.xml:13359
msgid "corporations"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7241
+#: freeculture.xml:7240
msgid "copyright terms for"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7243
+#: freeculture.xml:7242
msgid ""
"The United States abandoned this sensible system in 1976. For all works "
"created after 1978, there was only one copyright term—the maximum "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7253
+#: freeculture.xml:7252
msgid ""
"This change meant that American law no longer had an automatic way to assure "
"that works that were no longer exploited passed into the public domain. And "
#. f12
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7272
+#: freeculture.xml:7271
msgid ""
"These statistics are understated. Between the years 1910 and 1962 (the first "
"year the renewal term was extended), the average term was never more than "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7264
+#: freeculture.xml:7263
msgid ""
"The effect of these changes on the average duration of copyright is "
"dramatic. In 1973, more than 85 percent of copyright owners failed to renew "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7286
+#: freeculture.xml:7285
msgid "Law: Scope"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7287 freeculture.xml:7506
+#: freeculture.xml:7286 freeculture.xml:7505
msgid "scope of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7289
+#: freeculture.xml:7288
msgid ""
"The <quote>scope</quote> of a copyright is the range of rights granted by "
"the law. The scope of American copyright has changed dramatically. Those "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7295
+#: freeculture.xml:7294
msgid "historical shift in copyright coverage of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7297
+#: freeculture.xml:7296
msgid ""
"In 1790, that scope was very narrow. Copyright covered only <quote>maps, "
"charts, and books.</quote> That means it didn't cover, for example, music or "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7310
+#: freeculture.xml:7309
msgid ""
"This, too, has changed dramatically. While the contours of copyright today "
"are extremely hard to describe simply, in general terms, the right covers "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7324
+#: freeculture.xml:7323
msgid "marking of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7325
+#: freeculture.xml:7324
msgid "formalities"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7326
+#: freeculture.xml:7325
msgid "registration requirement of"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 148
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7328
+#: freeculture.xml:7327
msgid ""
"At the same time that the scope of copyright has expanded, procedural "
"limitations on the right have been relaxed. I've already described the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7343
+#: freeculture.xml:7342
msgid ""
"The reason for the registration requirement was the sensible understanding "
"that for most works, no copyright was required. Again, in the first ten "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7356
+#: freeculture.xml:7355
msgid "European"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7358
+#: freeculture.xml:7357
msgid ""
"All of these <quote>formalities</quote> were abolished in the American "
"system when we decided to follow European copyright law. There is no "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7369
+#: freeculture.xml:7368
msgid "Consider a practical example to understand the scope of these differences."
msgstr ""
#. f13
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7381
+#: freeculture.xml:7380
msgid ""
"See Thomas Bender and David Sampliner, <quote>Poets, Pirates, and the "
"Creation of American Literature,</quote> 29 <citetitle>New York University "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7374
+#: freeculture.xml:7373
msgid ""
"If, in 1790, you wrote a book and you were one of the 5 percent who actually "
"copyrighted that book, then the copyright law protected you against another "
#. PAGE BREAK 149
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7396
+#: freeculture.xml:7395
msgid ""
"The act left other creators totally unregulated. If I copied your poem by "
"hand, over and over again, as a way to learn it by heart, my act was totally "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7406
+#: freeculture.xml:7405
msgid ""
"Today the story is very different: If you write a book, your book is "
"automatically protected. Indeed, not just your book. Every e-mail, every "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7415
+#: freeculture.xml:7414
msgid ""
"That protection gives you the right (subject to a narrow range of fair use "
"exceptions) to control how others copy the work, whether they copy it to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7420
+#: freeculture.xml:7419
msgid ""
"That much is the obvious part. Any system of copyright would control "
"competing publishing. But there's a second part to the copyright of today "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7435
+#: freeculture.xml:7434
msgid ""
"It is this derivative right that would seem most bizarre to our framers, "
"though it has become second nature to us. Initially, this expansion was "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7457
+#: freeculture.xml:7456
msgid ""
"Jonathan Zittrain, <quote>The Copyright Cage,</quote> <citetitle>Legal "
"Affairs</citetitle>, July/August 2003, available at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7447
+#: freeculture.xml:7446
msgid ""
"In preventing that joke, the law created an astonishing power within a free "
"culture—at least, it's astonishing when you understand that the law "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7479
+#: freeculture.xml:7478
msgid "Rubenfeld, Jeb"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7472
+#: freeculture.xml:7471
msgid ""
"Professor Rubenfeld has presented a powerful constitutional argument about "
"the difference that copyright law should draw (from the perspective of the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7467
+#: freeculture.xml:7466
msgid ""
"Yet copyright law treats these two different wrongs in the same way. I can "
"go to court and get an injunction against your pirating my book. I can go to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7487
+#: freeculture.xml:7486
msgid ""
"This again may seem right to you. If I wrote a book, then why should you be "
"able to write a movie that takes my story and makes money from it without "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7495
+#: freeculture.xml:7494
msgid ""
"These are good arguments, and, in general, my point is not that the "
"derivative right is unjustified. My aim just now is much narrower: simply to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7504
+#: freeculture.xml:7503
msgid "Law and Architecture: Reach"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7505 freeculture.xml:7567 freeculture.xml:7780
+#: freeculture.xml:7504 freeculture.xml:7566 freeculture.xml:7779
msgid "copies as core issue of"
msgstr ""
#. f16
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7513
+#: freeculture.xml:7512
msgid ""
"This is a simplification of the law, but not much of one. The law certainly "
"regulates more than <quote>copies</quote>—a public performance of a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7508
+#: freeculture.xml:7507
msgid ""
"Whereas originally the law regulated only publishers, the change in "
"copyright's scope means that the law today regulates publishers, users, and "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7524
+#: freeculture.xml:7523
msgid "other property rights vs."
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 151
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7527
+#: freeculture.xml:7526
msgid ""
"<quote>Copies.</quote> That certainly sounds like the obvious thing for "
"<emphasis>copy</emphasis>right law to regulate. But as with Jack Valenti's "
#. f17
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7546
+#: freeculture.xml:7545
msgid ""
"Thus, my argument is not that in each place that copyright law extends, we "
"should repeal it. It is instead that we should have a good argument for its "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7541
+#: freeculture.xml:7540
msgid ""
"This is perhaps the central claim of this book, so let me take this very "
"slowly so that the point is not easily missed. My claim is that the Internet "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7559
+#: freeculture.xml:7558
msgid ""
"We can see this point abstractly by beginning with this largely empty "
"circle."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7563
+#: freeculture.xml:7562
msgid "All potential uses of a book."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7564
+#: freeculture.xml:7563
msgid ""
"<graphic fileref=\"images/1521.svg\" align=\"center\" "
-"width=\"50%\"></graphic>"
+"width=\"40%\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7566
+#: freeculture.xml:7565
msgid "three types of uses of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7568
+#: freeculture.xml:7567
msgid "copyright applicability altered by technology of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7569
+#: freeculture.xml:7568
msgid "copyright intent altered by"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 152
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7574
+#: freeculture.xml:7573
msgid ""
"Think about a book in real space, and imagine this circle to represent all "
"its potential <emphasis>uses</emphasis>. Most of these uses are unregulated "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7587
+#: freeculture.xml:7586
msgid "Examples of unregulated uses of a book."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7588
+#: freeculture.xml:7587
msgid ""
"<graphic fileref=\"images/1531.png\" align=\"center\" "
-"width=\"50%\"></graphic>"
+"width=\"40%\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7591
+#: freeculture.xml:7590
msgid ""
"Obviously, however, some uses of a copyrighted book are regulated by "
"copyright law. Republishing the book, for example, makes a copy. It is "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7603
+#: freeculture.xml:7602
msgid ""
"Finally, there is a tiny sliver of otherwise regulated copying uses that "
"remain unregulated because the law considers these <quote>fair uses.</quote>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7608
+#: freeculture.xml:7607
msgid ""
"Republishing stands at the core of this circle of possible uses of a "
"copyrighted work."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7609
+#: freeculture.xml:7608
msgid ""
"<graphic fileref=\"images/1541.svg\" align=\"center\" "
-"width=\"50%\"></graphic>"
+"width=\"40%\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7614
+#: freeculture.xml:7613
msgid ""
"These are uses that themselves involve copying, but which the law treats as "
"unregulated because public policy demands that they remain unregulated. You "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7624
+#: freeculture.xml:7623
msgid "Unregulated copying considered <quote>fair uses.</quote>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7625
+#: freeculture.xml:7624
msgid ""
-"<graphic fileref=\"images/1542.png\" align=\"center\" "
-"width=\"50%\"></graphic>"
+"<graphic fileref=\"images/1542.svg\" align=\"center\" "
+"width=\"40%\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7629
+#: freeculture.xml:7628
msgid ""
"Uses that before were presumptively unregulated are now presumptively "
"regulated."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7630
+#: freeculture.xml:7629
msgid ""
-"<graphic fileref=\"images/1551.png\" align=\"center\" "
-"width=\"50%\"></graphic>"
+"<graphic fileref=\"images/1551.svg\" align=\"center\" "
+"width=\"40%\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 154
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7635
+#: freeculture.xml:7634
msgid ""
"In real space, then, the possible uses of a book are divided into three "
"sorts: (1) unregulated uses, (2) regulated uses, and (3) regulated uses that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7640 freeculture.xml:7924 freeculture.xml:10188
+#: freeculture.xml:7639 freeculture.xml:7923 freeculture.xml:10188
msgid "on Internet"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7642 freeculture.xml:7719
+#: freeculture.xml:7641 freeculture.xml:7718
msgid "Internet burdens on"
msgstr ""
#. f18
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7647
+#: freeculture.xml:7646
msgid ""
"I don't mean <quote>nature</quote> in the sense that it couldn't be "
"different, but rather that its present instantiation entails a copy. Optical "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7644
+#: freeculture.xml:7643
msgid ""
"Enter the Internet—a distributed, digital network where every use of a "
"copyrighted work produces a copy.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> "
#. PAGE BREAK 155
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7667
+#: freeculture.xml:7666
msgid ""
"So let's be very specific to make this general point clear. Before the "
"Internet, if you purchased a book and read it ten times, there would be no "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7678
+#: freeculture.xml:7677
msgid "e-books"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7679
+#: freeculture.xml:7678
msgid "technological developments and"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7681
+#: freeculture.xml:7680
msgid ""
"But the same book as an e-book is effectively governed by a different set of "
"rules. Now if the copyright owner says you may read the book only once or "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7693
+#: freeculture.xml:7692
msgid ""
"There are some people who think this makes perfect sense. My aim just now is "
"not to argue about whether it makes sense or not. My aim is only to make "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7699
+#: freeculture.xml:7698
msgid ""
"First, making category 1 disappear is not anything any policy maker ever "
"intended. Congress did not think through the collapse of the presumptively "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7708
+#: freeculture.xml:7707
msgid ""
"Second, this shift is especially troubling in the context of transformative "
"uses of creative content. Again, we can all understand the wrong in "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7721
+#: freeculture.xml:7720
msgid "fair use vs."
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 156
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7723
+#: freeculture.xml:7722
msgid ""
"Third, this shift from category 1 to category 2 puts an extraordinary burden "
"on category 3 (<quote>fair use</quote>) that fair use never before had to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7742
+#: freeculture.xml:7741
msgid ""
"This point about fair use is totally ignored, even by advocates for free "
"culture. We have been cornered into arguing that our rights depend upon fair "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7758
+#: freeculture.xml:7757
msgid "Video Pipeline"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7760 freeculture.xml:15315
+#: freeculture.xml:7759 freeculture.xml:15315
msgid "film industry"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7760
+#: freeculture.xml:7759
msgid "trailer advertisements of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7762
+#: freeculture.xml:7761
msgid ""
"The case of Video Pipeline is a good example. Video Pipeline was in the "
"business of making <quote>trailer</quote> advertisements for movies "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7768 freeculture.xml:7843 freeculture.xml:14061
+#: freeculture.xml:7767 freeculture.xml:7842 freeculture.xml:14061
msgid "browsing"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7770
+#: freeculture.xml:7769
msgid ""
"The company did this for about fifteen years. Then, in 1997, it began to "
"think about the Internet as another way to distribute these previews. The "
#. PAGE BREAK 157
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7783
+#: freeculture.xml:7782
msgid ""
"In 1998, Video Pipeline informed Disney and other film distributors that it "
"intended to distribute the trailers through the Internet (rather than "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7800
+#: freeculture.xml:7799
msgid "willful infringement findings in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7801
+#: freeculture.xml:7800
msgid "willful infringement"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7803
+#: freeculture.xml:7802
msgid ""
"Disney countersued—for $100 million in damages. Those damages were "
"predicated upon a claim that Video Pipeline had <quote>willfully "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7813
+#: freeculture.xml:7812
msgid ""
"Disney has the right to control its property, of course. But the video "
"stores that were selling Disney's films also had some sort of right to be "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7821
+#: freeculture.xml:7820
msgid "first-sale doctrine"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7823
+#: freeculture.xml:7822
msgid ""
"Now, you might think this is a close case, and I think the courts would "
"consider it a close case. My point here is to map the change that gives "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7842
+#: freeculture.xml:7841
msgid "Barnes & Noble"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 158
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7847
+#: freeculture.xml:7846
msgid ""
"No doubt, a potential is not yet an abuse, and so the potential for control "
"is not yet the abuse of control. Barnes & Noble has the right to say you "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7862
+#: freeculture.xml:7861
msgid ""
"Again, my aim so far is simply to map the changes that this changed "
"architecture enables. Enabling technology to enforce the control of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7871
+#: freeculture.xml:7870
msgid "Architecture and Law: Force"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7873
+#: freeculture.xml:7872
msgid ""
"The disappearance of unregulated uses would be change enough, but a second "
"important change brought about by the Internet magnifies its "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7878
+#: freeculture.xml:7877
msgid "technology as automatic enforcer of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7879
+#: freeculture.xml:7878
msgid "copyright enforcement controlled by"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7881
+#: freeculture.xml:7880
msgid ""
"In the world before digital technology, it was generally the law that "
"controlled whether and how someone was regulated by copyright law. The law, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7888
+#: freeculture.xml:7887
msgid "Casablanca"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7889 freeculture.xml:8060
+#: freeculture.xml:7888 freeculture.xml:8059
msgid "Marx Brothers"
msgstr ""
#. f19
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7900
+#: freeculture.xml:7899
msgid ""
"See David Lange, <quote>Recognizing the Public Domain,</quote> "
"<citetitle>Law and Contemporary Problems</citetitle> 44 (1981): "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7892
+#: freeculture.xml:7891
msgid ""
"There's a famous story about a battle between the Marx Brothers and Warner "
"Brothers. The Marxes intended to make a parody of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7909
+#: freeculture.xml:7908
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Ibid. See also Vaidhyanathan, "
"<citetitle>Copyrights and Copywrongs</citetitle>, 1–3."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7905
+#: freeculture.xml:7904
msgid ""
"This led the Marx Brothers to respond in kind. They warned Warner Brothers "
"that the Marx Brothers <quote>were brothers long before you "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7919
+#: freeculture.xml:7918
msgid ""
"An absurd and hollow threat, of course, because Warner Brothers, like the "
"Marx Brothers, knew that no court would ever enforce such a silly "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7926
+#: freeculture.xml:7925
msgid ""
"On the Internet, however, there is no check on silly rules, because on the "
"Internet, increasingly, rules are enforced not by a human but by a machine: "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7938
+#: freeculture.xml:7937
msgid "Adobe eBook Reader"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7940
+#: freeculture.xml:7939
msgid "Consider the life of my Adobe eBook Reader."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7943
+#: freeculture.xml:7942
msgid ""
"An e-book is a book delivered in electronic form. An Adobe eBook is not a "
"book that Adobe has published; Adobe simply produces the software that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7950
+#: freeculture.xml:7949
msgid ""
"In <xref linkend=\"fig-example-adobe-ebook-reader\"/> is a picture of an old "
"version of my Adobe eBook Reader."
#. PAGE BREAK 160
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7954
+#: freeculture.xml:7953
msgid ""
"As you can see, I have a small collection of e-books within this e-book "
"library. Some of these books reproduce content that is in the public domain: "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7967
+#: freeculture.xml:7966
msgid "Picture of an old version of Adobe eBook Reader"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7968
+#: freeculture.xml:7967
msgid ""
"<graphic fileref=\"images/example-adobe-ebook-reader.png\" align=\"center\" "
"width=\"50%\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7971
+#: freeculture.xml:7970
msgid ""
"If you click on the Permissions button, you'll see a list of the permissions "
"that the publisher purports to grant with this book."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7975
+#: freeculture.xml:7974
msgid "List of the permissions that the publisher purports to grant."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7976
+#: freeculture.xml:7975
msgid ""
"<graphic fileref=\"images/1612.png\" align=\"center\" "
"width=\"50%\"></graphic>"
#. PAGE BREAK 161
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7980
+#: freeculture.xml:7979
msgid ""
"According to my eBook Reader, I have the permission to copy to the clipboard "
"of the computer ten text selections every ten days. (So far, I've copied no "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7987
+#: freeculture.xml:7986
msgid "Aristotle"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7988
+#: freeculture.xml:7987
msgid "<citetitle>Politics</citetitle>, (Aristotle)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7990
+#: freeculture.xml:7989
msgid ""
"Here's the e-book for another work in the public domain (including the "
"translation): Aristotle's <citetitle>Politics</citetitle>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7994
+#: freeculture.xml:7993
msgid "E-book of Aristotle's <quote>Politics</quote>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7995
+#: freeculture.xml:7994
msgid ""
"<graphic fileref=\"images/1621.png\" align=\"center\" "
"width=\"50%\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7998
+#: freeculture.xml:7997
msgid ""
"According to its permissions, no printing or copying is permitted at "
"all. But fortunately, you can use the Read Aloud button to hear the book."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:8003
+#: freeculture.xml:8002
msgid "List of the permissions for Aristotle's <quote>Politics</quote>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:8004
+#: freeculture.xml:8003
msgid ""
"<graphic fileref=\"images/1622.png\" align=\"center\" "
"width=\"50%\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8006 freeculture.xml:9859
+#: freeculture.xml:8005 freeculture.xml:9859
msgid "Future of Ideas, The (Lessig)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8007 freeculture.xml:9860 freeculture.xml:11176 freeculture.xml:11222 freeculture.xml:13515
+#: freeculture.xml:8006 freeculture.xml:9860 freeculture.xml:11176 freeculture.xml:11222 freeculture.xml:13515
msgid "Lessig, Lawrence"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8009
+#: freeculture.xml:8008
msgid ""
"Finally (and most embarrassingly), here are the permissions for the original "
"e-book version of my last book, <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>:"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:8015
+#: freeculture.xml:8014
msgid "List of the permissions for <quote>The Future of Ideas</quote>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:8016
+#: freeculture.xml:8015
msgid ""
"<graphic fileref=\"images/1631.png\" align=\"center\" "
"width=\"50%\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8019
+#: freeculture.xml:8018
msgid "No copying, no printing, and don't you dare try to listen to this book!"
msgstr ""
#. f21
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8029
+#: freeculture.xml:8028
msgid ""
"In principle, a contract might impose a requirement on me. I might, for "
"example, buy a book from you that includes a contract that says I will read "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8022
+#: freeculture.xml:8021
msgid ""
"Now, the Adobe eBook Reader calls these controls "
"<quote>permissions</quote>— as if the publisher has the power to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8044
+#: freeculture.xml:8043
msgid ""
"The control comes instead from the code—from the technology within "
"which the e-book <quote>lives.</quote> Though the e-book says that these are "
#. PAGE BREAK 163
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8064
+#: freeculture.xml:8063
msgid ""
"These are <emphasis>controls</emphasis>, not permissions. Imagine a world "
"where the Marx Brothers sold word processing software that, when you tried "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8070
+#: freeculture.xml:8069
msgid ""
"This is the future of copyright law: not so much copyright "
"<emphasis>law</emphasis> as copyright <emphasis>code</emphasis>. The "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8079
+#: freeculture.xml:8078
msgid ""
"How significant is this? Isn't it always possible to get around the controls "
"built into the technology? Software used to be sold with technologies that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8086
+#: freeculture.xml:8085
msgid ""
"We've only scratched the surface of this story. Return to the Adobe eBook "
"Reader."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8089
+#: freeculture.xml:8088
msgid "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (Carroll)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8090
+#: freeculture.xml:8089
msgid "e-book restrictions on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8092
+#: freeculture.xml:8091
msgid ""
"Early in the life of the Adobe eBook Reader, Adobe suffered a public "
"relations nightmare. Among the books that you could download for free on the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:8100
+#: freeculture.xml:8099
msgid "List of the permissions for <quote>Alice's Adventures in Wonderland</quote>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:8102
+#: freeculture.xml:8101
msgid ""
"<graphic fileref=\"images/1641.png\" align=\"center\" "
"width=\"50%\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8106
+#: freeculture.xml:8105
msgid ""
"Here was a public domain children's book that you were not allowed to copy, "
"not allowed to lend, not allowed to give, and, as the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8111
+#: freeculture.xml:8110
msgid ""
"The public relations nightmare attached to that final permission. For the "
"text did not say that you were not permitted to use the Read Aloud button; "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8119
+#: freeculture.xml:8118
msgid ""
"Adobe responded quickly that it was absurd to think that it was trying to "
"restrict the right to read a book aloud. Obviously it was only restricting "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8134
+#: freeculture.xml:8133
msgid ""
"The point is not to blame Adobe. Indeed, Adobe is among the most innovative "
"companies developing strategies to balance open access to content with "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8144
+#: freeculture.xml:8143
msgid ""
"To see the point in a particularly absurd context, consider a favorite story "
"of mine that makes the same point."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8147 freeculture.xml:8291 freeculture.xml:8356 freeculture.xml:8464
+#: freeculture.xml:8146 freeculture.xml:8290 freeculture.xml:8355 freeculture.xml:8464
msgid "Aibo robotic dog"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8148 freeculture.xml:8292 freeculture.xml:8357 freeculture.xml:8465
+#: freeculture.xml:8147 freeculture.xml:8291 freeculture.xml:8356 freeculture.xml:8465
msgid "robotic dog"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8149 freeculture.xml:8293 freeculture.xml:8358 freeculture.xml:8466
+#: freeculture.xml:8148 freeculture.xml:8292 freeculture.xml:8357 freeculture.xml:8466
msgid "Sony"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8149 freeculture.xml:8293 freeculture.xml:8358 freeculture.xml:8466
+#: freeculture.xml:8148 freeculture.xml:8292 freeculture.xml:8357 freeculture.xml:8466
msgid "Aibo robotic dog produced by"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8151
+#: freeculture.xml:8150
msgid ""
"Consider the robotic dog made by Sony named <quote>Aibo.</quote> The Aibo "
"learns tricks, cuddles, and follows you around. It eats only electricity and "
#. PAGE BREAK 165
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8156
+#: freeculture.xml:8155
msgid ""
"The Aibo is expensive and popular. Fans from around the world have set up "
"clubs to trade stories. One fan in particular set up a Web site to enable "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8165
+#: freeculture.xml:8164
msgid ""
"<quote>Teach</quote> here has a special meaning. Aibos are just cute "
"computers. You teach a computer how to do something by programming it "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8172
+#: freeculture.xml:8171
msgid "hacks"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8174
+#: freeculture.xml:8173
msgid ""
"If you're not a programmer or don't know many programmers, the word "
"<citetitle>hack</citetitle> has a particularly unfriendly "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8188
+#: freeculture.xml:8187
msgid ""
"Some hacks are easy. Some are unbelievably hard. Hackers as a community like "
"to challenge themselves and others with increasingly difficult "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8195
+#: freeculture.xml:8194
msgid ""
"The Aibo fan was displaying a bit of both when he hacked the program and "
"offered to the world a bit of code that would enable the Aibo to dance "
#. PAGE BREAK 166
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8205
+#: freeculture.xml:8204
msgid ""
"I've told this story in many contexts, both inside and outside the United "
"States. Once I was asked by a puzzled member of the audience, is it "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8220
+#: freeculture.xml:8219
msgid "government case against"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8222
+#: freeculture.xml:8221
msgid ""
"Let's put the dog to sleep for a minute, and turn to a pony show— not "
"literally a pony show, but rather a paper that a Princeton academic named Ed "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8245 freeculture.xml:10814
+#: freeculture.xml:8244 freeculture.xml:10814
msgid "Electronic Frontier Foundation"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8235
+#: freeculture.xml:8234
msgid ""
"See Pamela Samuelson, <quote>Anticircumvention Rules: Threat to "
"Science,</quote> <citetitle>Science</citetitle> 293 (2001): 2028; Brendan "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8233
+#: freeculture.xml:8232
msgid ""
"But Felten's bravery was really tested in April 2001.<placeholder "
"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> He and a group of colleagues were working on a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8253
+#: freeculture.xml:8252
msgid ""
"The SDMI coalition had as its goal a technology to enable content owners to "
"exercise much better control over their content than the Internet, as it "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8263
+#: freeculture.xml:8262
msgid ""
"When SDMI thought it was close to a standard, it set up a competition. In "
"exchange for providing contestants with the code to an SDMI-encrypted bit of "
#. PAGE BREAK 167
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8270
+#: freeculture.xml:8269
msgid ""
"Felten and his team figured out the encryption system quickly. He and the "
"team saw the weakness of this system as a type: Many encryption systems "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8276
+#: freeculture.xml:8275
msgid ""
"Let's review just what Felten was doing. Again, this is the United "
"States. We have a principle of free speech. We have this principle not just "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8284
+#: freeculture.xml:8283
msgid ""
"What Felten and his colleagues were doing was publishing a paper describing "
"the weakness in a technology. They were not spreading free music, or "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8295
+#: freeculture.xml:8294
msgid ""
"What links these two, aibopet.com and Felten, is the letters they then "
"received. Aibopet.com received a letter from Sony about the aibopet.com "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8302
+#: freeculture.xml:8301
msgid ""
"Your site contains information providing the means to circumvent AIBO-ware's "
"copy protection protocol constituting a violation of the anti-circumvention "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8311
+#: freeculture.xml:8310
msgid ""
"And though an academic paper describing the weakness in a system of "
"encryption should also be perfectly legal, Felten received a letter from an "
#. PAGE BREAK 168
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8317
+#: freeculture.xml:8316
msgid ""
"Any disclosure of information gained from participating in the Public "
"Challenge would be outside the scope of activities permitted by the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8325
+#: freeculture.xml:8324
msgid ""
"In both cases, this weirdly Orwellian law was invoked to control the spread "
"of information. The Digital Millennium Copyright Act made spreading such "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8330
+#: freeculture.xml:8329
msgid ""
"The DMCA was enacted as a response to copyright owners' first fear about "
"cyberspace. The fear was that copyright control was effectively dead; the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8341
+#: freeculture.xml:8340
msgid ""
"The DMCA was a bit of law intended to back up the protection of this code "
"designed to protect copyrighted material. It was, we could say, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8348
+#: freeculture.xml:8347
msgid ""
"But the DMCA was not designed merely to protect copyrighted works to the "
"extent copyright law protected them. Its protection, that is, did not end at "
#. PAGE BREAK 169
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8360
+#: freeculture.xml:8359
msgid ""
"Aibopet.com and Felten make the point. The Aibo hack circumvented a "
"copyright protection system for the purpose of enabling the dog to dance "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8372
+#: freeculture.xml:8371
msgid ""
"The threat against Felten was more attenuated, but it followed the same line "
"of reasoning. By publishing a paper describing how a copyright protection "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8379 freeculture.xml:8414
+#: freeculture.xml:8378 freeculture.xml:8413
msgid "Rogers, Fred"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8390 freeculture.xml:8427 freeculture.xml:8453
+#: freeculture.xml:8389 freeculture.xml:8427 freeculture.xml:8453
msgid "Conrad, Paul"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8382
+#: freeculture.xml:8381
msgid ""
"The bizarreness of these arguments is captured in a cartoon drawn in 1981 by "
"Paul Conrad. At that time, a court in California had held that the VCR could "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8409
+#: freeculture.xml:8408
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <citetitle>Sony Corporation of "
"America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal City Studios, Inc</citetitle>., "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8394
+#: freeculture.xml:8393
msgid ""
"Some public stations, as well as commercial stations, program the "
"<quote>Neighborhood</quote> at hours when some children cannot use it. I "
#. PAGE BREAK 170
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8420
+#: freeculture.xml:8419
msgid ""
"Even though there were uses that were legal, because there were some uses "
"that were illegal, the court held the companies producing the VCR "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8425
+#: freeculture.xml:8424
msgid ""
-"This led Conrad to draw the cartoon below, which we can adopt to the DMCA. "
-"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"This led Conrad to draw the cartoon in <xref "
+"linkend=\"fig-1711-vcr-handgun-cartoonfig\"/>, which we can adopt to the "
+"DMCA. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
#: freeculture.xml:8451
msgid ""
"<graphic fileref=\"images/1711.png\" align=\"center\" "
-"width=\"70%\"></graphic>"
+"width=\"100%\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
#: freeculture.xml:12755
msgid ""
"<graphic fileref=\"images/tom-the-dancing-bug.png\" align=\"center\" "
-"width=\"
95%\"></graphic> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"width=\"
100%\"></graphic> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
projects / text-free-culture-lessig.git / blobdiff