X-Git-Url: https://pere.pagekite.me/gitweb/text-free-culture-lessig.git/blobdiff_plain/68de86b730f9e9467dbbc01acd16cb5714dc798d..bc8f52da63ed50171bace493b7bdd9f55d247672:/freeculture.pot diff --git a/freeculture.pot b/freeculture.pot index f986976..3efea41 100644 --- a/freeculture.pot +++ b/freeculture.pot @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n" -"POT-Creation-Date: 2015-07-21 01:05+0300\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2015-07-22 22:49+0000\n" "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n" "Last-Translator: FULL NAME \n" "Language-Team: LANGUAGE \n" @@ -345,7 +345,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:336 freeculture.xml:991 +#: freeculture.xml:336 freeculture.xml:990 msgid "power, concentration of" msgstr "" @@ -451,17 +451,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:418 +#: freeculture.xml:417 msgid "INTRODUCTION" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:419 freeculture.xml:522 freeculture.xml:980 +#: freeculture.xml:418 freeculture.xml:521 freeculture.xml:979 msgid "Wright brothers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:421 +#: freeculture.xml:420 msgid "" "<emphasis role=\"strong\">On December 17</emphasis>, 1903, on a windy North " "Carolina beach for just shy of one hundred seconds, the Wright brothers " @@ -472,34 +472,34 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:428 +#: freeculture.xml:427 msgid "air traffic, land ownership vs." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:429 freeculture.xml:14849 +#: freeculture.xml:428 freeculture.xml:14849 msgid "land ownership, air traffic and" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:430 freeculture.xml:4656 freeculture.xml:13728 freeculture.xml:14850 +#: freeculture.xml:429 freeculture.xml:4655 freeculture.xml:13728 freeculture.xml:14850 msgid "property rights" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:430 freeculture.xml:14850 +#: freeculture.xml:429 freeculture.xml:14850 msgid "air traffic vs." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:436 +#: freeculture.xml:435 msgid "" "St. George Tucker, <citetitle>Blackstone's Commentaries</citetitle> 3 (South " "Hackensack, N.J.: Rothman Reprints, 1969), 18." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:432 +#: freeculture.xml:431 msgid "" "At the time the Wright brothers invented the airplane, American law held " "that a property owner presumptively owned not just the surface of his land, " @@ -512,7 +512,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:446 +#: freeculture.xml:445 msgid "" "Then came airplanes, and for the first time, this principle of American " "law—deep within the foundations of our tradition, and acknowledged by " @@ -524,17 +524,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:454 freeculture.xml:467 freeculture.xml:500 freeculture.xml:520 freeculture.xml:706 freeculture.xml:833 freeculture.xml:960 freeculture.xml:978 freeculture.xml:1026 freeculture.xml:9578 freeculture.xml:13144 freeculture.xml:13929 +#: freeculture.xml:453 freeculture.xml:466 freeculture.xml:499 freeculture.xml:519 freeculture.xml:705 freeculture.xml:832 freeculture.xml:959 freeculture.xml:977 freeculture.xml:1025 freeculture.xml:9578 freeculture.xml:13144 freeculture.xml:13929 msgid "Causby, Thomas Lee" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:455 freeculture.xml:468 freeculture.xml:501 freeculture.xml:521 freeculture.xml:707 freeculture.xml:834 freeculture.xml:961 freeculture.xml:979 freeculture.xml:1027 freeculture.xml:9579 freeculture.xml:13145 freeculture.xml:13930 +#: freeculture.xml:454 freeculture.xml:467 freeculture.xml:500 freeculture.xml:520 freeculture.xml:706 freeculture.xml:833 freeculture.xml:960 freeculture.xml:978 freeculture.xml:1026 freeculture.xml:9579 freeculture.xml:13145 freeculture.xml:13930 msgid "Causby, Tinie" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:457 +#: freeculture.xml:456 msgid "" "In 1945, these questions became a federal case. When North Carolina farmers " "Thomas Lee and Tinie Causby started losing chickens because of low-flying " @@ -548,22 +548,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:469 +#: freeculture.xml:468 msgid "Douglas, William O." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:470 freeculture.xml:4545 freeculture.xml:5147 freeculture.xml:8891 freeculture.xml:14237 +#: freeculture.xml:469 freeculture.xml:4544 freeculture.xml:5146 freeculture.xml:8891 freeculture.xml:14237 msgid "Supreme Court, U.S." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:470 +#: freeculture.xml:469 msgid "on airspace vs. land rights" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:472 +#: freeculture.xml:471 msgid "" "The Supreme Court agreed to hear the Causbys' case. Congress had declared " "the airways public, but if one's property really extended to the heavens, " @@ -576,7 +576,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:492 +#: freeculture.xml:491 msgid "" "United States v. Causby, U.S. 328 (1946): 256, 261. The Court did find that " "there could be a <quote>taking</quote> if the government's use of its land " @@ -590,7 +590,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:483 +#: freeculture.xml:482 msgid "" "[The] doctrine has no place in the modern world. The air is a public " "highway, as Congress has declared. Were that not true, every " @@ -603,13 +603,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:506 +#: freeculture.xml:505 msgid "<quote>Common sense revolts at the idea.</quote>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 18 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:510 +#: freeculture.xml:509 msgid "" "This is how the law usually works. Not often this abruptly or impatiently, " "but eventually, this is how it works. It was Douglas's style not to " @@ -622,7 +622,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:524 +#: freeculture.xml:523 msgid "" "Or at least, this is how things happen when there's no one powerful on the " "other side of the change. The Causbys were just farmers. And though there " @@ -643,38 +643,38 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:545 freeculture.xml:9586 freeculture.xml:10281 +#: freeculture.xml:544 freeculture.xml:9586 freeculture.xml:10281 msgid "Armstrong, Edwin Howard" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:546 +#: freeculture.xml:545 msgid "Bell, Alexander Graham" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:547 +#: freeculture.xml:546 msgid "Edison, Thomas" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:548 +#: freeculture.xml:547 msgid "Faraday, Michael" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:549 freeculture.xml:4286 freeculture.xml:6828 freeculture.xml:10188 +#: freeculture.xml:548 freeculture.xml:4285 freeculture.xml:6827 freeculture.xml:10188 msgid "radio" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:549 freeculture.xml:6828 +#: freeculture.xml:548 freeculture.xml:6827 msgid "FM spectrum of" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 19 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:551 +#: freeculture.xml:550 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Edwin Howard Armstrong</emphasis> is one of " "America's forgotten inventor geniuses. He came to the great American " @@ -689,7 +689,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:564 +#: freeculture.xml:563 msgid "" "On the day after Christmas, 1933, four patents were issued to Armstrong for " "his most significant invention—FM radio. Until then, consumer radio " @@ -701,7 +701,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:574 +#: freeculture.xml:573 msgid "" "On November 5, 1935, he demonstrated the technology at a meeting of the " "Institute of Radio Engineers at the Empire State Building in New York " @@ -714,19 +714,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:585 +#: freeculture.xml:584 msgid "The audience was hearing something no one had thought possible:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:596 +#: freeculture.xml:595 msgid "" "Lawrence Lessing, <citetitle>Man of High Fidelity: Edwin Howard " "Armstrong</citetitle> (Philadelphia: J. B. Lipincott Company, 1956), 209." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:589 +#: freeculture.xml:588 msgid "" "A glass of water was poured before the microphone in Yonkers; it sounded " "like a glass of water being poured. … A paper was crumpled and torn; " @@ -738,23 +738,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:601 freeculture.xml:6831 +#: freeculture.xml:600 freeculture.xml:6830 msgid "RCA" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:602 freeculture.xml:2479 freeculture.xml:2497 freeculture.xml:2531 freeculture.xml:2533 +#: freeculture.xml:601 freeculture.xml:2478 freeculture.xml:2496 freeculture.xml:2530 freeculture.xml:2532 msgid "media" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:602 freeculture.xml:2533 +#: freeculture.xml:601 freeculture.xml:2532 msgid "ownership concentration in" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 20 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:604 +#: freeculture.xml:603 msgid "" "As our own common sense tells us, Armstrong had discovered a vastly superior " "radio technology. But at the time of his invention, Armstrong was working " @@ -765,12 +765,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:612 freeculture.xml:634 +#: freeculture.xml:611 freeculture.xml:633 msgid "Sarnoff, David" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:614 +#: freeculture.xml:613 msgid "" "RCA's president, David Sarnoff, a friend of Armstrong's, was eager that " "Armstrong discover a way to remove static from AM radio. So Sarnoff was " @@ -780,7 +780,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:625 +#: freeculture.xml:624 msgid "" "See <quote>Saints: The Heroes and Geniuses of the Electronic Era,</quote> " "First Electronic Church of America, at www.webstationone.com/fecha, " @@ -788,7 +788,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:622 +#: freeculture.xml:621 msgid "" "I thought Armstrong would invent some kind of a filter to remove static from " "our AM radio. I didn't think he'd start a revolution— start up a whole " @@ -797,12 +797,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:633 freeculture.xml:6827 +#: freeculture.xml:632 freeculture.xml:6826 msgid "FM radio" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:636 +#: freeculture.xml:635 msgid "" "Armstrong's invention threatened RCA's AM empire, so the company launched a " "campaign to smother FM radio. While FM may have been a superior technology, " @@ -810,17 +810,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:641 +#: freeculture.xml:640 msgid "Lessing, Lawrence" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:649 +#: freeculture.xml:648 msgid "Lessing, 226." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:644 +#: freeculture.xml:643 msgid "" "The forces for FM, largely engineering, could not overcome the weight of " "strategy devised by the sales, patent, and legal offices to subdue this " @@ -831,17 +831,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:653 +#: freeculture.xml:652 msgid "FCC" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:653 +#: freeculture.xml:652 msgid "on FM radio" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:655 +#: freeculture.xml:654 msgid "" "RCA at first kept the technology in house, insisting that further tests were " "needed. When, after two years of testing, Armstrong grew impatient, RCA " @@ -857,12 +857,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:674 +#: freeculture.xml:673 msgid "Lessing, 256." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:670 +#: freeculture.xml:669 msgid "" "The series of body blows that FM radio received right after the war, in a " "series of rulings manipulated through the FCC by the big radio interests, " @@ -871,12 +871,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:679 +#: freeculture.xml:678 msgid "AT&T" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:681 +#: freeculture.xml:680 msgid "" "To make room in the spectrum for RCA's latest gamble, television, FM radio " "users were to be moved to a totally new spectrum band. The power of FM radio " @@ -888,7 +888,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:693 +#: freeculture.xml:692 msgid "" "Armstrong resisted RCA's efforts. In response, RCA resisted Armstrong's " "patents. After incorporating FM technology into the emerging standard for " @@ -903,7 +903,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 22 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:709 +#: freeculture.xml:708 msgid "" "This is how the law sometimes works. Not often this tragically, and rarely " "with heroic drama, but sometimes, this is how it works. From the beginning, " @@ -919,17 +919,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:726 freeculture.xml:1099 freeculture.xml:2350 freeculture.xml:2362 freeculture.xml:2446 freeculture.xml:2480 freeculture.xml:2506 freeculture.xml:2756 freeculture.xml:4162 freeculture.xml:6711 freeculture.xml:7568 freeculture.xml:7641 freeculture.xml:10187 freeculture.xml:13460 freeculture.xml:14020 freeculture.xml:14021 freeculture.xml:14095 +#: freeculture.xml:725 freeculture.xml:1098 freeculture.xml:2349 freeculture.xml:2361 freeculture.xml:2445 freeculture.xml:2479 freeculture.xml:2505 freeculture.xml:2755 freeculture.xml:4161 freeculture.xml:6710 freeculture.xml:7567 freeculture.xml:7640 freeculture.xml:10187 freeculture.xml:13460 freeculture.xml:14020 freeculture.xml:14021 freeculture.xml:14095 msgid "Internet" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:726 freeculture.xml:4696 freeculture.xml:13460 freeculture.xml:14020 +#: freeculture.xml:725 freeculture.xml:4695 freeculture.xml:13460 freeculture.xml:14020 msgid "development of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:734 +#: freeculture.xml:733 msgid "" "Amanda Lenhart, <quote>The Ever-Shifting Internet Population: A New Look at " "Internet Access and the Digital Divide,</quote> Pew Internet and American " @@ -938,7 +938,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:728 +#: freeculture.xml:727 msgid "" "<emphasis role=\"strong\">There's no</emphasis> single inventor of the " "Internet. Nor is there any good date upon which to mark its birth. Yet in a " @@ -950,7 +950,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:743 +#: freeculture.xml:742 msgid "" "As the Internet has been integrated into ordinary life, it has changed " "things. Some of these changes are technical—the Internet has made " @@ -964,7 +964,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:754 +#: freeculture.xml:753 msgid "" "Instead, this book is about an effect of the Internet beyond the Internet " "itself: an effect upon how culture is made. My claim is that the Internet " @@ -975,28 +975,28 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:763 +#: freeculture.xml:762 msgid "Barlow, Joel" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:764 +#: freeculture.xml:763 msgid "culture" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:764 +#: freeculture.xml:763 msgid "commercial vs. noncommercial" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:765 +#: freeculture.xml:764 msgid "Webster, Noah" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 23 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:767 +#: freeculture.xml:766 msgid "" "We can glimpse a sense of this change by distinguishing between commercial " "and noncommercial culture, and by mapping the law's regulation of each. By " @@ -1010,7 +1010,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:779 +#: freeculture.xml:778 msgid "" "At the beginning of our history, and for just about the whole of our " "tradition, noncommercial culture was essentially unregulated. Of course, if " @@ -1024,22 +1024,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:789 freeculture.xml:2852 freeculture.xml:2853 freeculture.xml:2880 freeculture.xml:2881 freeculture.xml:2882 freeculture.xml:7800 freeculture.xml:9645 freeculture.xml:9646 freeculture.xml:9921 freeculture.xml:9922 freeculture.xml:9923 freeculture.xml:9966 +#: freeculture.xml:788 freeculture.xml:2851 freeculture.xml:2852 freeculture.xml:2879 freeculture.xml:2880 freeculture.xml:2881 freeculture.xml:7799 freeculture.xml:9645 freeculture.xml:9646 freeculture.xml:9921 freeculture.xml:9922 freeculture.xml:9923 freeculture.xml:9966 msgid "copyright infringement lawsuits" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:789 +#: freeculture.xml:788 msgid "commercial creativity as primary purpose of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:805 freeculture.xml:1941 freeculture.xml:1954 +#: freeculture.xml:804 freeculture.xml:1940 freeculture.xml:1953 msgid "Brandeis, Louis D." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:797 +#: freeculture.xml:796 msgid "" "This is not the only purpose of copyright, though it is the overwhelmingly " "primary purpose of the copyright established in the federal constitution. " @@ -1052,7 +1052,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:791 +#: freeculture.xml:790 msgid "" "The focus of the law was on commercial creativity. At first slightly, then " "quite extensively, the law protected the incentives of creators by granting " @@ -1065,39 +1065,39 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:812 freeculture.xml:1700 freeculture.xml:5254 freeculture.xml:6482 freeculture.xml:14060 +#: freeculture.xml:811 freeculture.xml:1699 freeculture.xml:5253 freeculture.xml:6481 freeculture.xml:14060 msgid "free culture" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:812 +#: freeculture.xml:811 msgid "permission culture vs." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:813 +#: freeculture.xml:812 msgid "permission culture" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:813 +#: freeculture.xml:812 msgid "free culture vs." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:819 freeculture.xml:10171 +#: freeculture.xml:818 freeculture.xml:10171 msgid "Litman, Jessica" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:817 +#: freeculture.xml:816 msgid "" "See Jessica Litman, <citetitle>Digital Copyright</citetitle> (New York: " "Prometheus Books, 2001), ch. 13. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:815 +#: freeculture.xml:814 msgid "" "This rough divide between the free and the controlled has now been " "erased.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The Internet has set the " @@ -1113,12 +1113,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:835 +#: freeculture.xml:834 msgid "protection of artists vs. business interests" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:837 +#: freeculture.xml:836 msgid "" "This change gets justified as necessary to protect commercial creativity. " "And indeed, protectionism is precisely its motivation. But the protectionism " @@ -1132,7 +1132,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:851 +#: freeculture.xml:850 msgid "" "For the Internet has unleashed an extraordinary possibility for many to " "participate in the process of building and cultivating a culture that " @@ -1153,7 +1153,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:870 +#: freeculture.xml:869 msgid "" "Yet, as I argue in the pages that follow, that is precisely what is " "happening in our culture today. These modern-day equivalents of the early " @@ -1164,17 +1164,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:879 freeculture.xml:7523 +#: freeculture.xml:878 freeculture.xml:7522 msgid "Valenti, Jack" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:879 freeculture.xml:7523 +#: freeculture.xml:878 freeculture.xml:7522 msgid "on creative property rights" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:889 +#: freeculture.xml:888 msgid "" "Amy Harmon, <quote>Black Hawk Download: Moving Beyond Music, Pirates Use New " "Tools to Turn the Net into an Illicit Video Club,</quote> <citetitle>New " @@ -1182,7 +1182,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:881 +#: freeculture.xml:880 msgid "" "It doesn't seem this way to many. The battles over copyright and the " "Internet seem remote to most. To the few who follow them, they seem mainly " @@ -1198,7 +1198,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:898 +#: freeculture.xml:897 msgid "" "If those really were the choices, then I would be with Jack Valenti and the " "content industry. I, too, am a believer in property, and especially in the " @@ -1209,7 +1209,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:906 +#: freeculture.xml:905 msgid "" "But those simple beliefs mask a much more fundamental question and a much " "more dramatic change. My fear is that unless we come to see this change, the " @@ -1218,37 +1218,37 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:911 freeculture.xml:6863 freeculture.xml:6976 freeculture.xml:6977 freeculture.xml:6978 freeculture.xml:7023 freeculture.xml:7611 freeculture.xml:8889 freeculture.xml:11174 freeculture.xml:11465 freeculture.xml:12111 +#: freeculture.xml:910 freeculture.xml:6862 freeculture.xml:6975 freeculture.xml:6976 freeculture.xml:6977 freeculture.xml:7022 freeculture.xml:7610 freeculture.xml:8889 freeculture.xml:11174 freeculture.xml:11465 freeculture.xml:12111 msgid "Constitution, U.S." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:911 freeculture.xml:6863 freeculture.xml:7611 freeculture.xml:8889 +#: freeculture.xml:910 freeculture.xml:6862 freeculture.xml:7610 freeculture.xml:8889 msgid "First Amendment to" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:912 freeculture.xml:1077 freeculture.xml:1184 freeculture.xml:1209 freeculture.xml:1553 freeculture.xml:1597 freeculture.xml:1711 freeculture.xml:3113 freeculture.xml:3204 freeculture.xml:4284 freeculture.xml:4285 freeculture.xml:4696 freeculture.xml:4697 freeculture.xml:5298 freeculture.xml:6484 freeculture.xml:6930 freeculture.xml:7010 freeculture.xml:7011 freeculture.xml:7195 freeculture.xml:7294 freeculture.xml:7326 freeculture.xml:7356 freeculture.xml:7391 freeculture.xml:7505 freeculture.xml:7506 freeculture.xml:7567 freeculture.xml:7601 freeculture.xml:7706 freeculture.xml:7720 freeculture.xml:7779 freeculture.xml:7780 freeculture.xml:7878 freeculture.xml:9807 freeculture.xml:10160 freeculture.xml:11114 freeculture.xml:11159 +#: freeculture.xml:911 freeculture.xml:1076 freeculture.xml:1183 freeculture.xml:1208 freeculture.xml:1552 freeculture.xml:1596 freeculture.xml:1710 freeculture.xml:3112 freeculture.xml:3203 freeculture.xml:4283 freeculture.xml:4284 freeculture.xml:4695 freeculture.xml:4696 freeculture.xml:5297 freeculture.xml:6483 freeculture.xml:6929 freeculture.xml:7009 freeculture.xml:7010 freeculture.xml:7194 freeculture.xml:7293 freeculture.xml:7325 freeculture.xml:7355 freeculture.xml:7390 freeculture.xml:7504 freeculture.xml:7505 freeculture.xml:7566 freeculture.xml:7600 freeculture.xml:7705 freeculture.xml:7719 freeculture.xml:7778 freeculture.xml:7779 freeculture.xml:7877 freeculture.xml:9807 freeculture.xml:10160 freeculture.xml:11114 freeculture.xml:11159 msgid "copyright law" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:912 freeculture.xml:7010 +#: freeculture.xml:911 freeculture.xml:7009 msgid "as protection of creators" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:913 freeculture.xml:6864 freeculture.xml:7612 freeculture.xml:8890 +#: freeculture.xml:912 freeculture.xml:6863 freeculture.xml:7611 freeculture.xml:8890 msgid "First Amendment" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:914 freeculture.xml:924 freeculture.xml:15248 +#: freeculture.xml:913 freeculture.xml:923 freeculture.xml:15248 msgid "Netanel, Neil Weinstock" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:922 +#: freeculture.xml:921 msgid "" "Neil W. Netanel, <quote>Copyright and a Democratic Civil Society,</quote> " "<citetitle>Yale Law Journal</citetitle> 106 (1996): 283. <placeholder " @@ -1256,7 +1256,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:916 +#: freeculture.xml:915 msgid "" "These values built a tradition that, for at least the first 180 years of our " "Republic, guaranteed creators the right to build freely upon their past, and " @@ -1270,7 +1270,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:932 +#: freeculture.xml:931 msgid "" "Yet the law's response to the Internet, when tied to changes in the " "technology of the Internet itself, has massively increased the effective " @@ -1283,7 +1283,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:944 +#: freeculture.xml:943 msgid "" "The story that follows is about this war. It is not about the " "<quote>centrality of technology</quote> to ordinary life. I don't believe in " @@ -1293,7 +1293,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:952 +#: freeculture.xml:951 msgid "" "It is instead an effort to understand a hopelessly destructive war inspired " "by the technologies of the Internet but reaching far beyond its code. And by " @@ -1305,12 +1305,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:962 freeculture.xml:13376 freeculture.xml:13459 freeculture.xml:13629 +#: freeculture.xml:961 freeculture.xml:13376 freeculture.xml:13459 freeculture.xml:13629 msgid "intellectual property rights" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:964 +#: freeculture.xml:963 msgid "" "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Like the Causbys'</emphasis> battle, this war is, " "in part, about <quote>property.</quote> The property of this war is not as " @@ -1329,7 +1329,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 27 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:982 +#: freeculture.xml:981 msgid "" "And thus, when geeks and technologists defend their Armstrong or Wright " "brothers technology, most of us are simply unsympathetic. Common sense does " @@ -1339,7 +1339,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:993 +#: freeculture.xml:992 msgid "" "My hope is to push this common sense along. I have become increasingly " "amazed by the power of this idea of intellectual property and, more " @@ -1352,7 +1352,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1003 +#: freeculture.xml:1002 msgid "" "The puzzle is, Why? Is it because we have come to understand a truth about " "the value and importance of absolute property over ideas and culture? Is it " @@ -1361,14 +1361,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1009 +#: freeculture.xml:1008 msgid "" "Or is it because the idea of absolute property over ideas and culture " "benefits the RCAs of our time and fits our own unreflective intuitions?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1013 +#: freeculture.xml:1012 msgid "" "Is the radical shift away from our tradition of free culture an instance of " "America correcting a mistake from its past, as we did after a bloody war " @@ -1378,7 +1378,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1020 +#: freeculture.xml:1019 msgid "" "Does common sense lead to the extremes on this question because common sense " "actually believes in these extremes? Or does common sense stand silent in " @@ -1388,7 +1388,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 28 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1029 +#: freeculture.xml:1028 msgid "" "I don't mean to be mysterious. My own views are resolved. I believe it was " "right for common sense to revolt against the extremism of the Causbys. I " @@ -1400,7 +1400,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1040 +#: freeculture.xml:1039 msgid "" "<emphasis role=\"strong\">The struggle</emphasis> that rages just now " "centers on two ideas: <quote>piracy</quote> and <quote>property.</quote> My " @@ -1408,7 +1408,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1045 +#: freeculture.xml:1044 msgid "" "My method is not the usual method of an academic. I don't want to plunge you " "into a complex argument, buttressed with references to obscure French " @@ -1419,7 +1419,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1053 +#: freeculture.xml:1052 msgid "" "The two sections set up the core claim of this book: that while the Internet " "has indeed produced something fantastic and new, our government, pushed by " @@ -1433,7 +1433,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1064 +#: freeculture.xml:1063 msgid "" "We allow this, I believe, not because it is right, and not because most of " "us really believe in these changes. We allow it because the interests most " @@ -1444,32 +1444,32 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><title> -#: freeculture.xml:1074 +#: freeculture.xml:1073 msgid "<quote>PIRACY</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:1077 freeculture.xml:4697 +#: freeculture.xml:1076 freeculture.xml:4696 msgid "English" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1078 freeculture.xml:5107 +#: freeculture.xml:1077 freeculture.xml:5106 msgid "Mansfield, William Murray, Lord" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1079 +#: freeculture.xml:1078 msgid "music publishing" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1080 freeculture.xml:3201 +#: freeculture.xml:1079 freeculture.xml:3200 msgid "sheet music" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1082 +#: freeculture.xml:1081 msgid "" "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Since the inception</emphasis> of the law " "regulating creative property, there has been a war against " @@ -1481,14 +1481,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1094 +#: freeculture.xml:1093 msgid "" "<citetitle>Bach</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Longman</citetitle>, 98 " "Eng. Rep. 1274 (1777) (Mansfield)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1090 +#: freeculture.xml:1089 msgid "" "A person may use the copy by playing it, but he has no right to rob the " "author of the profit, by multiplying copies and disposing of them for his " @@ -1496,23 +1496,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:1099 +#: freeculture.xml:1098 msgid "efficient content distribution on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1100 freeculture.xml:6712 freeculture.xml:11162 +#: freeculture.xml:1099 freeculture.xml:6711 freeculture.xml:11162 msgid "peer-to-peer (p2p) file sharing" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:1100 +#: freeculture.xml:1099 msgid "efficiency of" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 31 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1102 +#: freeculture.xml:1101 msgid "" "Today we are in the middle of another <quote>war</quote> against " "<quote>piracy.</quote> The Internet has provoked this war. The Internet " @@ -1523,7 +1523,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1111 +#: freeculture.xml:1110 msgid "" "This efficiency does not respect the traditional lines of copyright. The " "network doesn't discriminate between the sharing of copyrighted and " @@ -1533,7 +1533,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1120 +#: freeculture.xml:1119 msgid "" "The warriors have turned to the courts, to the legislatures, and " "increasingly to technology to defend their <quote>property</quote> against " @@ -1544,7 +1544,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1128 +#: freeculture.xml:1127 msgid "" "There's no doubt that <quote>piracy</quote> is wrong, and that pirates " "should be punished. But before we summon the executioners, we should put " @@ -1554,12 +1554,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1134 +#: freeculture.xml:1133 msgid "The idea goes something like this:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1138 +#: freeculture.xml:1137 msgid "" "Creative work has value; whenever I use, or take, or build upon the creative " "work of others, I am taking from them something of value. Whenever I take " @@ -1569,38 +1569,38 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1146 +#: freeculture.xml:1145 msgid "ASCAP" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1147 +#: freeculture.xml:1146 msgid "Dreyfuss, Rochelle" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1148 +#: freeculture.xml:1147 msgid "Girl Scouts" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1149 freeculture.xml:6981 freeculture.xml:7081 freeculture.xml:7524 +#: freeculture.xml:1148 freeculture.xml:6980 freeculture.xml:7080 freeculture.xml:7523 msgid "creative property" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:1149 +#: freeculture.xml:1148 msgid "<quote>if value, then right</quote> theory of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1150 freeculture.xml:3009 +#: freeculture.xml:1149 freeculture.xml:3008 msgid "<quote>if value, then right</quote> theory" msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1156 +#: freeculture.xml:1155 msgid "" "See Rochelle Dreyfuss, <quote>Expressive Genericity: Trademarks as Language " "in the Pepsi Generation,</quote> <citetitle>Notre Dame Law " @@ -1608,12 +1608,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1169 freeculture.xml:7460 +#: freeculture.xml:1168 freeculture.xml:7459 msgid "Zittrain, Jonathan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1164 +#: freeculture.xml:1163 msgid "" "Lisa Bannon, <quote>The Birds May Sing, but Campers Can't Unless They Pay " "Up,</quote> <citetitle>Wall Street Journal</citetitle>, 21 August 1996, " @@ -1625,7 +1625,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1152 +#: freeculture.xml:1151 msgid "" "This view runs deep within the current debates. It is what NYU law professor " "Rochelle Dreyfuss criticizes as the <quote>if value, then right</quote> " @@ -1640,7 +1640,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 32 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1176 +#: freeculture.xml:1175 msgid "" "This idea is certainly a possible understanding of how creative property " "should work. It might well be a possible design for a system of law " @@ -1650,22 +1650,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:1184 freeculture.xml:7294 freeculture.xml:7391 freeculture.xml:7706 +#: freeculture.xml:1183 freeculture.xml:7293 freeculture.xml:7390 freeculture.xml:7705 msgid "on republishing vs. transformation of original work" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1185 freeculture.xml:1367 freeculture.xml:1524 +#: freeculture.xml:1184 freeculture.xml:1366 freeculture.xml:1523 msgid "creativity" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:1185 +#: freeculture.xml:1184 msgid "legal restrictions on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1187 +#: freeculture.xml:1186 msgid "" "Instead, in our tradition, intellectual property is an instrument. It sets " "the groundwork for a richly creative society but remains subservient to the " @@ -1675,7 +1675,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1194 +#: freeculture.xml:1193 msgid "" "The source of this confusion is a distinction that the law no longer takes " "care to draw—the distinction between republishing someone's work on " @@ -1685,7 +1685,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1202 +#: freeculture.xml:1201 msgid "" "Before the technologies of the Internet, this conflation didn't matter all " "that much. The technologies of publishing were expensive; that meant the " @@ -1695,22 +1695,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:1209 +#: freeculture.xml:1208 msgid "creativity impeded by" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1210 freeculture.xml:1241 +#: freeculture.xml:1209 freeculture.xml:1240 msgid "Florida, Richard" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1211 freeculture.xml:1242 +#: freeculture.xml:1210 freeculture.xml:1241 msgid "Rise of the Creative Class, The (Florida)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1233 +#: freeculture.xml:1232 msgid "" "In <citetitle>The Rise of the Creative Class</citetitle> (New York: Basic " "Books, 2002), Richard Florida documents a shift in the nature of labor " @@ -1723,7 +1723,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1213 +#: freeculture.xml:1212 msgid "" "But with the birth of the Internet, this natural limit to the reach of the " "law has disappeared. The law controls not just the creativity of commercial " @@ -1745,7 +1745,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1249 +#: freeculture.xml:1248 msgid "" "These burdens make no sense in our tradition. We should begin by " "understanding that tradition a bit more and by placing in their proper " @@ -1753,42 +1753,42 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:1257 +#: freeculture.xml:1256 msgid "Creators" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1258 +#: freeculture.xml:1257 msgid "animated cartoons" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1259 +#: freeculture.xml:1258 msgid "cartoon films" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1260 freeculture.xml:5302 freeculture.xml:5336 freeculture.xml:6051 freeculture.xml:6095 +#: freeculture.xml:1259 freeculture.xml:5301 freeculture.xml:5335 freeculture.xml:6050 freeculture.xml:6094 msgid "films" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:1260 +#: freeculture.xml:1259 msgid "animated" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1261 +#: freeculture.xml:1260 msgid "Steamboat Willie" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1262 freeculture.xml:7485 +#: freeculture.xml:1261 freeculture.xml:7484 msgid "Mickey Mouse" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1264 +#: freeculture.xml:1263 msgid "" "<emphasis role=\"strong\">In 1928</emphasis>, a cartoon character was " "born. An early Mickey Mouse made his debut in May of that year, in a silent " @@ -1799,12 +1799,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1270 freeculture.xml:1487 freeculture.xml:1541 freeculture.xml:1682 freeculture.xml:1928 freeculture.xml:4532 freeculture.xml:6227 freeculture.xml:7484 freeculture.xml:11055 freeculture.xml:11468 +#: freeculture.xml:1269 freeculture.xml:1486 freeculture.xml:1540 freeculture.xml:1681 freeculture.xml:1927 freeculture.xml:4531 freeculture.xml:6226 freeculture.xml:7483 freeculture.xml:11055 freeculture.xml:11468 msgid "Disney, Walt" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1272 +#: freeculture.xml:1271 msgid "" "Synchronized sound had been introduced to film a year earlier in the movie " "<citetitle>The Jazz Singer</citetitle>. That success led Walt Disney to copy " @@ -1816,7 +1816,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 35 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1281 +#: freeculture.xml:1280 msgid "" "A couple of my boys could read music, and one of them could play a mouth " "organ. We put them in a room where they could not see the screen and " @@ -1825,7 +1825,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1288 +#: freeculture.xml:1287 msgid "" "The boys worked from a music and sound-effects score. After several false " "starts, sound and action got off with the gun. The mouth organist played the " @@ -1835,14 +1835,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1301 +#: freeculture.xml:1300 msgid "" "Leonard Maltin, <citetitle>Of Mice and Magic: A History of American Animated " "Cartoons</citetitle> (New York: Penguin Books, 1987), 34–35." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1295 +#: freeculture.xml:1294 msgid "" "The effect on our little audience was nothing less than electric. They " "responded almost instinctively to this union of sound and motion. I thought " @@ -1852,12 +1852,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1306 +#: freeculture.xml:1305 msgid "Iwerks, Ub" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1308 +#: freeculture.xml:1307 msgid "" "Disney's then partner, and one of animation's most extraordinary talents, Ub " "Iwerks, put it more strongly: <quote>I have never been so thrilled in my " @@ -1865,7 +1865,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1313 +#: freeculture.xml:1312 msgid "" "Disney had created something very new, based upon something relatively " "new. Synchronized sound brought life to a form of creativity that had " @@ -1877,17 +1877,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1322 freeculture.xml:1684 +#: freeculture.xml:1321 freeculture.xml:1683 msgid "Keaton, Buster" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1323 freeculture.xml:1554 freeculture.xml:1942 +#: freeculture.xml:1322 freeculture.xml:1553 freeculture.xml:1941 msgid "Steamboat Bill, Jr." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1325 +#: freeculture.xml:1324 msgid "" "This much is familiar. What you might not know is that 1928 also marks " "another important transition. In that year, a comic (as opposed to cartoon) " @@ -1896,7 +1896,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1331 +#: freeculture.xml:1330 msgid "" "Keaton was born into a vaudeville family in 1895. In the era of silent film, " "he had mastered using broad physical comedy as a way to spark uncontrollable " @@ -1907,28 +1907,28 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1338 freeculture.xml:1495 freeculture.xml:7295 freeculture.xml:7392 freeculture.xml:7570 freeculture.xml:7679 freeculture.xml:7721 +#: freeculture.xml:1337 freeculture.xml:1494 freeculture.xml:7294 freeculture.xml:7391 freeculture.xml:7569 freeculture.xml:7678 freeculture.xml:7720 msgid "derivative works" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:1338 freeculture.xml:1495 freeculture.xml:7392 freeculture.xml:7570 +#: freeculture.xml:1337 freeculture.xml:1494 freeculture.xml:7391 freeculture.xml:7569 msgid "piracy vs." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1339 freeculture.xml:1498 freeculture.xml:3008 freeculture.xml:3707 freeculture.xml:7393 freeculture.xml:7571 freeculture.xml:15314 +#: freeculture.xml:1338 freeculture.xml:1497 freeculture.xml:3007 freeculture.xml:3706 freeculture.xml:7392 freeculture.xml:7570 freeculture.xml:15314 msgid "piracy" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:1339 freeculture.xml:1498 freeculture.xml:7393 freeculture.xml:7571 +#: freeculture.xml:1338 freeculture.xml:1497 freeculture.xml:7392 freeculture.xml:7570 msgid "derivative work vs." msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1347 +#: freeculture.xml:1346 msgid "" "I am grateful to David Gerstein and his careful history, described at <ulink " "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #4</ulink>. According to Dave " @@ -1942,7 +1942,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1341 +#: freeculture.xml:1340 msgid "" "<citetitle>Steamboat Bill, Jr</citetitle>. appeared before Disney's cartoon " "Steamboat Willie. The coincidence of titles is not coincidental. Steamboat " @@ -1956,18 +1956,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:1367 freeculture.xml:1524 +#: freeculture.xml:1366 freeculture.xml:1523 msgid "by transforming previous works" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1368 freeculture.xml:6268 freeculture.xml:7778 +#: freeculture.xml:1367 freeculture.xml:6267 freeculture.xml:7777 msgid "Disney, Inc." msgstr "" #. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1374 +#: freeculture.xml:1373 msgid "" "He was also a fan of the public domain. See Chris Sprigman, <quote>The Mouse " "that Ate the Public Domain,</quote> Findlaw, 5 March 2002, at <ulink " @@ -1975,7 +1975,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1370 +#: freeculture.xml:1369 msgid "" "This <quote>borrowing</quote> was nothing unique, either for Disney or for " "the industry. Disney was always parroting the feature-length mainstream " @@ -1990,12 +1990,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1388 freeculture.xml:1683 freeculture.xml:11056 +#: freeculture.xml:1387 freeculture.xml:1682 freeculture.xml:11056 msgid "Grimm fairy tales" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1390 +#: freeculture.xml:1389 msgid "" "Sometimes this borrowing was slight. Sometimes it was significant. Think " "about the fairy tales of the Brothers Grimm. If you're as oblivious as I " @@ -2008,7 +2008,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 37 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1399 +#: freeculture.xml:1398 msgid "" "Disney took these stories and retold them in a way that carried them into a " "new age. He animated the stories, with both characters and light. Without " @@ -2035,7 +2035,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1422 +#: freeculture.xml:1421 msgid "" "This is a kind of creativity. It is a creativity that we should remember and " "celebrate. There are some who would say that there is no creativity except " @@ -2047,33 +2047,33 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1433 freeculture.xml:4749 freeculture.xml:4750 freeculture.xml:4816 freeculture.xml:4854 freeculture.xml:4910 freeculture.xml:4956 freeculture.xml:5091 freeculture.xml:5185 freeculture.xml:6679 freeculture.xml:6979 freeculture.xml:6980 freeculture.xml:6983 freeculture.xml:7052 freeculture.xml:7078 freeculture.xml:7117 freeculture.xml:7240 freeculture.xml:7287 freeculture.xml:7324 freeculture.xml:7632 freeculture.xml:7799 freeculture.xml:11113 freeculture.xml:11137 freeculture.xml:11466 freeculture.xml:11467 +#: freeculture.xml:1432 freeculture.xml:4748 freeculture.xml:4749 freeculture.xml:4815 freeculture.xml:4853 freeculture.xml:4909 freeculture.xml:4955 freeculture.xml:5090 freeculture.xml:5184 freeculture.xml:6678 freeculture.xml:6978 freeculture.xml:6979 freeculture.xml:6982 freeculture.xml:7051 freeculture.xml:7077 freeculture.xml:7116 freeculture.xml:7239 freeculture.xml:7286 freeculture.xml:7323 freeculture.xml:7631 freeculture.xml:7798 freeculture.xml:11113 freeculture.xml:11137 freeculture.xml:11466 freeculture.xml:11467 msgid "copyright" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:1433 freeculture.xml:4749 freeculture.xml:4910 freeculture.xml:6980 freeculture.xml:6983 freeculture.xml:7078 freeculture.xml:11113 freeculture.xml:11467 +#: freeculture.xml:1432 freeculture.xml:4748 freeculture.xml:4909 freeculture.xml:6979 freeculture.xml:6982 freeculture.xml:7077 freeculture.xml:11113 freeculture.xml:11467 msgid "duration of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1434 freeculture.xml:1435 freeculture.xml:5186 freeculture.xml:7082 freeculture.xml:7205 freeculture.xml:8090 freeculture.xml:11047 freeculture.xml:13464 freeculture.xml:14254 freeculture.xml:14255 +#: freeculture.xml:1433 freeculture.xml:1434 freeculture.xml:5185 freeculture.xml:7081 freeculture.xml:7204 freeculture.xml:8089 freeculture.xml:11047 freeculture.xml:13464 freeculture.xml:14254 freeculture.xml:14255 msgid "public domain" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:1434 +#: freeculture.xml:1433 msgid "defined" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:1435 +#: freeculture.xml:1434 msgid "traditional term for conversion to" msgstr "" #. f4 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1442 +#: freeculture.xml:1441 msgid "" "Until 1976, copyright law granted an author the possibility of two terms: an " "initial term and a renewal term. I have calculated the " @@ -2087,7 +2087,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1436 +#: freeculture.xml:1435 msgid "" "In 1928, the culture that Disney was free to draw upon was relatively " "fresh. The public domain in 1928 was not very old and was therefore quite " @@ -2101,7 +2101,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1459 +#: freeculture.xml:1458 msgid "" "At the end of a copyright term, a work passes into the public domain. No " "permission is then needed to draw upon or use that work. No permission and, " @@ -2114,7 +2114,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 38 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1470 +#: freeculture.xml:1469 msgid "" "This is the ways things always were—until quite recently. For most of " "our history, the public domain was just over the horizon. From until 1978, " @@ -2127,7 +2127,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1489 +#: freeculture.xml:1488 msgid "" "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Of course</emphasis>, Walt Disney had no monopoly " "on <quote>Walt Disney creativity.</quote> Nor does America. The norm of free " @@ -2136,22 +2136,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1494 freeculture.xml:1598 freeculture.xml:1712 +#: freeculture.xml:1493 freeculture.xml:1597 freeculture.xml:1711 msgid "comics, Japanese" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1496 freeculture.xml:1714 +#: freeculture.xml:1495 freeculture.xml:1713 msgid "Japanese comics" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1497 freeculture.xml:1715 +#: freeculture.xml:1496 freeculture.xml:1714 msgid "manga" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1500 +#: freeculture.xml:1499 msgid "" "Consider, for example, a form of creativity that seems strange to many " "Americans but that is inescapable within Japanese culture: " @@ -2163,7 +2163,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1509 +#: freeculture.xml:1508 msgid "" "Americans tend to look down upon this form of culture. That's an " "unattractive characteristic of ours. We're likely to misunderstand much " @@ -2177,7 +2177,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1520 +#: freeculture.xml:1519 msgid "" "But my purpose here is not to understand manga. It is to describe a variant " "on manga that from a lawyer's perspective is quite odd, but from a Disney " @@ -2185,13 +2185,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1525 freeculture.xml:1713 +#: freeculture.xml:1524 freeculture.xml:1712 msgid "doujinshi comics" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 39 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1527 +#: freeculture.xml:1526 msgid "" "This is the phenomenon of <citetitle>doujinshi</citetitle>. Doujinshi are " "also comics, but they are a kind of copycat comic. A rich ethic governs the " @@ -2208,7 +2208,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1543 +#: freeculture.xml:1542 msgid "" "These copycat comics are not a tiny part of the manga market. They are " "huge. More than 33,000 <quote>circles</quote> of creators from across Japan " @@ -2222,12 +2222,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:1553 freeculture.xml:1597 freeculture.xml:1711 +#: freeculture.xml:1552 freeculture.xml:1596 freeculture.xml:1710 msgid "Japanese" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1556 +#: freeculture.xml:1555 msgid "" "The most puzzling feature of the doujinshi market, for those trained in the " "law, at least, is that it is allowed to exist at all. Under Japanese " @@ -2244,20 +2244,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1570 +#: freeculture.xml:1569 msgid "Winick, Judd" msgstr "" #. f5 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1582 +#: freeculture.xml:1581 msgid "" "For an excellent history, see Scott McCloud, <citetitle>Reinventing " "Comics</citetitle> (New York: Perennial, 2000)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1572 +#: freeculture.xml:1571 msgid "" "Yet this illegal market exists and indeed flourishes in Japan, and in the " "view of many, it is precisely because it exists that Japanese manga " @@ -2270,12 +2270,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1587 +#: freeculture.xml:1586 msgid "Superman comics" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1589 +#: freeculture.xml:1588 msgid "" "American comics now are quite different, Winick explains, in part because of " "the legal difficulty of adapting comics the way doujinshi are " @@ -2286,13 +2286,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1599 +#: freeculture.xml:1598 msgid "Mehra, Salil" msgstr "" #. f6 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1609 +#: freeculture.xml:1608 msgid "" "See Salil K. Mehra, <quote>Copyright and Comics in Japan: Does Law Explain " "Why All the Comics My Kid Watches Are Japanese Imports?</quote> " @@ -2306,7 +2306,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1601 +#: freeculture.xml:1600 msgid "" "The norm in Japan mitigates this legal difficulty. Some say it is precisely " "the benefit accruing to the Japanese manga market that explains the " @@ -2318,7 +2318,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1623 +#: freeculture.xml:1622 msgid "" "The problem with this story, however, as Mehra plainly acknowledges, is that " "the mechanism producing this laissez faire response is not clear. It may " @@ -2331,7 +2331,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1636 +#: freeculture.xml:1635 msgid "" "I spent four wonderful months in Japan, and I asked this question as often " "as I could. Perhaps the best account in the end was offered by a friend from " @@ -2342,7 +2342,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 41 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1643 +#: freeculture.xml:1642 msgid "" "This is a theme to which we will return: that regulation by law is a " "function of both the words on the books and the costs of making those words " @@ -2355,12 +2355,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1656 +#: freeculture.xml:1655 msgid "<emphasis role='strong'>Let's pause</emphasis> for a moment." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1659 +#: freeculture.xml:1658 msgid "" "If you're like I was a decade ago, or like most people are when they first " "start thinking about these issues, then just about now you should be puzzled " @@ -2368,12 +2368,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1669 freeculture.xml:3026 freeculture.xml:4762 freeculture.xml:5021 freeculture.xml:7909 freeculture.xml:9034 +#: freeculture.xml:1668 freeculture.xml:3025 freeculture.xml:4761 freeculture.xml:5020 freeculture.xml:7908 freeculture.xml:9034 msgid "Vaidhyanathan, Siva" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1669 +#: freeculture.xml:1668 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> The term <citetitle>intellectual " "property</citetitle> is of relatively recent origin. See Siva Vaidhyanathan, " @@ -2386,7 +2386,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1664 +#: freeculture.xml:1663 msgid "" "We live in a world that celebrates <quote>property.</quote> I am one of " "those celebrants. I believe in the value of property in general, and I also " @@ -2398,7 +2398,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1686 +#: freeculture.xml:1685 msgid "" "But it takes just a second's reflection to realize that there is plenty of " "value out there that <quote>property</quote> doesn't capture. I don't mean " @@ -2415,13 +2415,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:1700 +#: freeculture.xml:1699 msgid "derivative works based on" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 42 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1702 +#: freeculture.xml:1701 msgid "" "Thus, even though the things that Disney took—or more generally, the " "things taken by anyone exercising Walt Disney creativity—are valuable, " @@ -2430,7 +2430,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1717 +#: freeculture.xml:1716 msgid "" "The same with the doujinshi culture. If a doujinshi artist broke into a " "publisher's office and ran off with a thousand copies of his latest " @@ -2441,7 +2441,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1726 +#: freeculture.xml:1725 msgid "" "Yet there is an obvious reluctance, even among Japanese lawyers, to say that " "the copycat comic artists are <quote>stealing.</quote> This form of Walt " @@ -2450,12 +2450,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1737 freeculture.xml:4702 freeculture.xml:4834 freeculture.xml:4871 freeculture.xml:5201 +#: freeculture.xml:1736 freeculture.xml:4701 freeculture.xml:4833 freeculture.xml:4870 freeculture.xml:5200 msgid "Shakespeare, William" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1739 +#: freeculture.xml:1738 msgid "" "It's the same with a thousand examples that appear everywhere once you begin " "to look. Scientists build upon the work of other scientists without asking " @@ -2472,7 +2472,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 43 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1753 +#: freeculture.xml:1752 msgid "" "Creators here and everywhere are always and at all times building upon the " "creativity that went before and that surrounds them now. That building is " @@ -2485,7 +2485,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1765 +#: freeculture.xml:1764 msgid "" "The hard question is therefore not <emphasis>whether</emphasis> a culture is " "free. All cultures are free to some degree. The hard question instead is " @@ -2499,7 +2499,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1777 +#: freeculture.xml:1776 msgid "" "Free cultures are cultures that leave a great deal open for others to build " "upon; unfree, or permission, cultures leave much less. Ours was a free " @@ -2507,27 +2507,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:1786 +#: freeculture.xml:1785 msgid "<quote>Mere Copyists</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1787 +#: freeculture.xml:1786 msgid "Daguerre, Louis" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1788 freeculture.xml:1943 freeculture.xml:1998 freeculture.xml:6790 +#: freeculture.xml:1787 freeculture.xml:1942 freeculture.xml:1997 freeculture.xml:6789 msgid "camera technology" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1789 +#: freeculture.xml:1788 msgid "photography" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1791 +#: freeculture.xml:1790 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>In 1839</emphasis>, Louis Daguerre invented the " "first practical technology for producing what we would call " @@ -2540,12 +2540,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1800 +#: freeculture.xml:1799 msgid "Talbot, William" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1802 +#: freeculture.xml:1801 msgid "" "Yet despite high prices, the demand for daguerreotypes was strong. This " "pushed inventors to find simpler and cheaper ways to make <quote>automatic " @@ -2558,13 +2558,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1812 +#: freeculture.xml:1811 msgid "Eastman, George" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 45 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1814 +#: freeculture.xml:1813 msgid "" "The technological change that made mass photography possible didn't happen " "until 1888, and was the creation of a single man. George Eastman, himself an " @@ -2577,25 +2577,25 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1825 freeculture.xml:1980 freeculture.xml:6792 +#: freeculture.xml:1824 freeculture.xml:1979 freeculture.xml:6791 msgid "Kodak cameras" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1826 +#: freeculture.xml:1825 msgid "Kodak Primer, The (Eastman)" msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1833 +#: freeculture.xml:1832 msgid "" "Reese V. Jenkins, <citetitle>Images and Enterprise</citetitle> (Baltimore: " "Johns Hopkins University Press, 1975), 112." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1828 +#: freeculture.xml:1827 msgid "" "Eastman developed flexible, emulsion-coated paper film and placed rolls of " "it in small, simple cameras: the Kodak. The device was marketed on the basis " @@ -2605,19 +2605,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1849 freeculture.xml:1875 +#: freeculture.xml:1848 freeculture.xml:1874 msgid "Coe, Brian" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1849 +#: freeculture.xml:1848 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Brian Coe, <citetitle>The Birth " "of Photography</citetitle> (New York: Taplinger Publishing, 1977), 53." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1838 +#: freeculture.xml:1837 msgid "" "The principle of the Kodak system is the separation of the work that any " "person whomsoever can do in making a photograph, from the work that only an " @@ -2631,18 +2631,18 @@ msgstr "" #. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1868 +#: freeculture.xml:1867 msgid "Jenkins, 177." msgstr "" #. f4 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1872 +#: freeculture.xml:1871 msgid "Based on a chart in Jenkins, p. 178." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1857 +#: freeculture.xml:1856 msgid "" "For $25, anyone could make pictures. The camera came preloaded with film, " "and when it had been used, the camera was returned to an Eastman factory, " @@ -2659,12 +2659,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f5 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1890 +#: freeculture.xml:1889 msgid "Coe, 58." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1879 +#: freeculture.xml:1878 msgid "" "The real significance of Eastman's invention, however, was not economic. It " "was social. Professional photography gave individuals a glimpse of places " @@ -2679,27 +2679,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1893 freeculture.xml:1999 freeculture.xml:2377 freeculture.xml:2395 +#: freeculture.xml:1892 freeculture.xml:1998 freeculture.xml:2376 freeculture.xml:2394 msgid "democracy" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:1893 freeculture.xml:1999 freeculture.xml:2377 +#: freeculture.xml:1892 freeculture.xml:1998 freeculture.xml:2376 msgid "in technologies of expression" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1894 freeculture.xml:2000 freeculture.xml:2040 freeculture.xml:2379 +#: freeculture.xml:1893 freeculture.xml:1999 freeculture.xml:2039 freeculture.xml:2378 msgid "expression, technologies of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:1894 freeculture.xml:2000 freeculture.xml:2379 +#: freeculture.xml:1893 freeculture.xml:1999 freeculture.xml:2378 msgid "democratic" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1896 +#: freeculture.xml:1895 msgid "" "In this way, the Kodak camera and film were technologies of expression. The " "pencil or paintbrush was also a technology of expression, of course. But it " @@ -2714,18 +2714,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1909 +#: freeculture.xml:1908 msgid "permissions" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:1909 +#: freeculture.xml:1908 msgid "photography exempted from" msgstr "" #. f6 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1920 +#: freeculture.xml:1919 msgid "" "For illustrative cases, see, for example, <citetitle>Pavesich</citetitle> " "v. <citetitle>N.E. Life Ins. Co</citetitle>., 50 S.E. 68 (Ga. 1905); " @@ -2735,7 +2735,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1911 +#: freeculture.xml:1910 msgid "" "What was required for this technology to flourish? Obviously, Eastman's " "genius was an important part. But also important was the legal environment " @@ -2748,13 +2748,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1929 freeculture.xml:9733 +#: freeculture.xml:1928 freeculture.xml:9733 msgid "images, ownership of" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 47 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1931 +#: freeculture.xml:1930 msgid "" "The arguments in favor of requiring permission will sound surprisingly " "familiar. The photographer was <quote>taking</quote> something from the " @@ -2766,12 +2766,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1955 +#: freeculture.xml:1954 msgid "Warren, Samuel D." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1952 +#: freeculture.xml:1951 msgid "" "Samuel D. Warren and Louis D. Brandeis, <quote>The Right to Privacy,</quote> " "<citetitle>Harvard Law Review</citetitle> 4 (1890): 193. <placeholder " @@ -2779,7 +2779,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1945 +#: freeculture.xml:1944 msgid "" "On the other side was an argument that should be familiar, as well. Sure, " "there may be something of value being used. But citizens should have the " @@ -2794,7 +2794,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f8 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1973 +#: freeculture.xml:1972 msgid "" "See Melville B. Nimmer, <quote>The Right of Publicity,</quote> " "<citetitle>Law and Contemporary Problems</citetitle> 19 (1954): 203; William " @@ -2805,7 +2805,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1963 +#: freeculture.xml:1962 msgid "" "Fortunately for Mr. Eastman, and for photography in general, these early " "decisions went in favor of the pirates. In general, no permission would be " @@ -2819,12 +2819,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1981 freeculture.xml:3809 freeculture.xml:3831 freeculture.xml:3832 freeculture.xml:5781 freeculture.xml:9974 +#: freeculture.xml:1980 freeculture.xml:3808 freeculture.xml:3830 freeculture.xml:3831 freeculture.xml:5780 freeculture.xml:9974 msgid "Napster" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1983 +#: freeculture.xml:1982 msgid "" "We can only speculate about how photography would have developed had the law " "gone the other way. If the presumption had been against the photographer, " @@ -2842,7 +2842,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 48 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2004 +#: freeculture.xml:2003 msgid "" "But though we could imagine this system of permission, it would be very hard " "to see how photography could have flourished as it did if the requirement " @@ -2857,17 +2857,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2020 freeculture.xml:6791 +#: freeculture.xml:2019 freeculture.xml:6790 msgid "digital cameras" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2021 +#: freeculture.xml:2020 msgid "Just Think!" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2023 +#: freeculture.xml:2022 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>If you drive</emphasis> through San Francisco's " "Presidio, you might see two gaudy yellow school buses painted over with " @@ -2885,28 +2885,28 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2038 freeculture.xml:2836 +#: freeculture.xml:2037 freeculture.xml:2835 msgid "education" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2038 +#: freeculture.xml:2037 msgid "in media literacy" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2039 +#: freeculture.xml:2038 msgid "media literacy" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2040 +#: freeculture.xml:2039 msgid "media literacy and" msgstr "" #. f9 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2048 +#: freeculture.xml:2047 msgid "" "H. Edward Goldberg, <quote>Essential Presentation Tools: Hardware and " "Software You Need to Create Digital Multimedia Presentations,</quote> " @@ -2915,7 +2915,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2042 +#: freeculture.xml:2041 msgid "" "These buses are not cheap, but the technology they carry is increasingly " "so. The cost of a high-quality digital video system has fallen " @@ -2930,13 +2930,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2058 +#: freeculture.xml:2057 msgid "Yanofsky, Dave" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 49 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2061 +#: freeculture.xml:2060 msgid "" "<quote>Media literacy,</quote> as Dave Yanofsky, the executive director of " "Just Think!, puts it, <quote>is the ability … to understand, analyze, " @@ -2946,7 +2946,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2069 +#: freeculture.xml:2068 msgid "" "This may seem like an odd way to think about <quote>literacy.</quote> For " "most people, literacy is about reading and writing. Faulkner and Hemingway " @@ -2955,28 +2955,28 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2074 freeculture.xml:2626 freeculture.xml:6787 freeculture.xml:7759 freeculture.xml:8856 freeculture.xml:8910 +#: freeculture.xml:2073 freeculture.xml:2625 freeculture.xml:6786 freeculture.xml:7758 freeculture.xml:8856 freeculture.xml:8910 msgid "advertising" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2075 freeculture.xml:6789 freeculture.xml:8857 +#: freeculture.xml:2074 freeculture.xml:6788 freeculture.xml:8857 msgid "commercials" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2076 freeculture.xml:6788 freeculture.xml:8858 freeculture.xml:8892 freeculture.xml:15312 +#: freeculture.xml:2075 freeculture.xml:6787 freeculture.xml:8858 freeculture.xml:8892 freeculture.xml:15312 msgid "television" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2076 freeculture.xml:6788 freeculture.xml:8858 +#: freeculture.xml:2075 freeculture.xml:6787 freeculture.xml:8858 msgid "advertising on" msgstr "" #. f10 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2082 +#: freeculture.xml:2081 msgid "" "Judith Van Evra, <citetitle>Television and Child Development</citetitle> " "(Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1990); <quote>Findings on " @@ -2985,7 +2985,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2078 +#: freeculture.xml:2077 msgid "" "Maybe. But in a world where children see on average 390 hours of television " "commercials per year, or between 20,000 and 45,000 commercials " @@ -2998,7 +2998,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2093 +#: freeculture.xml:2092 msgid "" "A growing field of academics and activists sees this form of literacy as " "crucial to the next generation of culture. For though anyone who has written " @@ -3011,7 +3011,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2104 +#: freeculture.xml:2103 msgid "" "It took filmmaking a generation before it could do these things well. But " "even then, the knowledge was in the filming, not in writing about the " @@ -3022,22 +3022,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2111 freeculture.xml:2127 freeculture.xml:2233 +#: freeculture.xml:2110 freeculture.xml:2126 freeculture.xml:2232 msgid "Daley, Elizabeth" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2112 +#: freeculture.xml:2111 msgid "Crichton, Michael" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2126 freeculture.xml:2186 freeculture.xml:2193 freeculture.xml:2266 freeculture.xml:2689 +#: freeculture.xml:2125 freeculture.xml:2185 freeculture.xml:2192 freeculture.xml:2265 freeculture.xml:2688 msgid "Barish, Stephanie" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2124 +#: freeculture.xml:2123 msgid "" "Interview with Elizabeth Daley and Stephanie Barish, 13 December 2002. " "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " @@ -3046,7 +3046,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2138 +#: freeculture.xml:2137 msgid "" "See Scott Steinberg, <quote>Crichton Gets Medieval on PCs,</quote> E!online, " "4 November 2000, available at <ulink " @@ -3056,7 +3056,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2114 +#: freeculture.xml:2113 msgid "" "This grammar has changed as media has changed. When it was just film, as " "Elizabeth Daley, executive director of the University of Southern " @@ -3075,12 +3075,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2145 +#: freeculture.xml:2144 msgid "computer games" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2147 +#: freeculture.xml:2146 msgid "" "This skill is precisely the craft a filmmaker learns. As Daley describes, " "<quote>people are very surprised about how they are led through a film. [I]t " @@ -3090,7 +3090,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2154 +#: freeculture.xml:2153 msgid "" "Yet the push for an expanded literacy—one that goes beyond text to " "include audio and visual elements—is not about making better film " @@ -3099,7 +3099,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2161 +#: freeculture.xml:2160 msgid "" "From my perspective, probably the most important digital divide is not " "access to a box. It's the ability to be empowered with the language that " @@ -3108,7 +3108,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2169 +#: freeculture.xml:2168 msgid "" "<quote>Read-only.</quote> Passive recipients of culture produced elsewhere. " "Couch potatoes. Consumers. This is the world of media from the twentieth " @@ -3116,18 +3116,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2185 +#: freeculture.xml:2184 msgid "Interview with Daley and Barish. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. f31 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2190 freeculture.xml:4076 freeculture.xml:5249 freeculture.xml:8745 +#: freeculture.xml:2189 freeculture.xml:4075 freeculture.xml:5248 freeculture.xml:8745 msgid "Ibid." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2174 +#: freeculture.xml:2173 msgid "" "The twenty-first century could be different. This is the crucial point: It " "could be both read and write. Or at least reading and better understanding " @@ -3141,7 +3141,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2195 +#: freeculture.xml:2194 msgid "" "As with any language, this language comes more easily to some than to " "others. It doesn't necessarily come more easily to those who excel in " @@ -3155,7 +3155,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2208 +#: freeculture.xml:2207 msgid "" "The class was held on Friday afternoons, and it created a relatively new " "problem for the school. While the challenge in most classes was getting the " @@ -3166,7 +3166,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2216 +#: freeculture.xml:2215 msgid "" "Using whatever <quote>free web stuff they could find,</quote> and relatively " "simple tools to enable the kids to mix <quote>image, sound, and " @@ -3187,7 +3187,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 52 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2237 +#: freeculture.xml:2236 msgid "" "<quote>But isn't education about teaching kids to write?</quote> I asked. In " "part, of course, it is. But why are we teaching kids to write? Education, " @@ -3199,7 +3199,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2248 +#: freeculture.xml:2247 msgid "" "What you want is to give these students ways of constructing meaning. If all " "you give them is text, they're not going to do it. Because they can't. You " @@ -3220,7 +3220,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2268 +#: freeculture.xml:2267 msgid "" "That empowers enormously. And then what happens, of course, is eventually, " "as it has happened in all these classes, they bump up against the fact, " @@ -3231,7 +3231,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 53 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2275 +#: freeculture.xml:2274 msgid "" "Because they needed to. There was a reason for doing it. They needed to say " "something, as opposed to just jumping through your hoops. They actually " @@ -3240,22 +3240,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2289 freeculture.xml:2348 freeculture.xml:6080 +#: freeculture.xml:2288 freeculture.xml:2347 freeculture.xml:6079 msgid "September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2290 +#: freeculture.xml:2289 msgid "World Trade Center" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2291 freeculture.xml:6000 +#: freeculture.xml:2290 freeculture.xml:5999 msgid "news coverage" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2293 +#: freeculture.xml:2292 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>When two planes</emphasis> crashed into the World " "Trade Center, another into the Pentagon, and a fourth into a Pennsylvania " @@ -3269,7 +3269,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2305 +#: freeculture.xml:2304 msgid "" "These retellings had an increasingly familiar feel. There was music scored " "for the intermissions, and fancy graphics that flashed across the " @@ -3280,17 +3280,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2312 freeculture.xml:8684 freeculture.xml:8904 +#: freeculture.xml:2311 freeculture.xml:8684 freeculture.xml:8904 msgid "ABC" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2313 +#: freeculture.xml:2312 msgid "CBS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2315 +#: freeculture.xml:2314 msgid "" "But in addition to this produced news about the <quote>tragedy of September " "11,</quote> those of us tied to the Internet came to see a very different " @@ -3307,7 +3307,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 54 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2330 +#: freeculture.xml:2329 msgid "" "I don't mean simply to praise the Internet—though I do think the " "people who supported this form of speech should be praised. I mean instead " @@ -3318,7 +3318,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2340 +#: freeculture.xml:2339 msgid "" "But unlike any technology for simply capturing images, the Internet allows " "these creations to be shared with an extraordinary number of people, " @@ -3330,22 +3330,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2349 freeculture.xml:2444 freeculture.xml:2583 +#: freeculture.xml:2348 freeculture.xml:2443 freeculture.xml:2582 msgid "blogs (Web-logs)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2350 freeculture.xml:2446 +#: freeculture.xml:2349 freeculture.xml:2445 msgid "blogs on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2351 freeculture.xml:2447 +#: freeculture.xml:2350 freeculture.xml:2446 msgid "Web-logs (blogs)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2353 +#: freeculture.xml:2352 msgid "" "September 11 was not an aberration. It was a beginning. Around the same " "time, a form of communication that has grown dramatically was just beginning " @@ -3357,17 +3357,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2361 freeculture.xml:2430 +#: freeculture.xml:2360 freeculture.xml:2429 msgid "political discourse" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2362 +#: freeculture.xml:2361 msgid "public discourse conducted on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2364 +#: freeculture.xml:2363 msgid "" "But in the United States, blogs have taken on a very different character. " "There are some who use the space simply to talk about their private " @@ -3383,13 +3383,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2378 +#: freeculture.xml:2377 msgid "elections" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 55 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2381 +#: freeculture.xml:2380 msgid "" "That's a strong statement. Yet it says as much about our democracy as it " "does about blogs. This is the part of America that is most difficult for " @@ -3401,23 +3401,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2394 +#: freeculture.xml:2393 msgid "Tocqueville, Alexis de" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2395 +#: freeculture.xml:2394 msgid "public discourse in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2396 +#: freeculture.xml:2395 msgid "jury system" msgstr "" #. f15 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2413 +#: freeculture.xml:2412 msgid "" "See, for example, Alexis de Tocqueville, <citetitle>Democracy in " "America</citetitle>, bk. 1, trans. Henry Reeve (New York: Bantam Books, " @@ -3425,7 +3425,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2398 +#: freeculture.xml:2397 msgid "" "But democracy has never just been about elections. Democracy means rule by " "the people, but rule means something more than mere elections. In our " @@ -3445,14 +3445,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f16 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2423 +#: freeculture.xml:2422 msgid "" "Bruce Ackerman and James Fishkin, <quote>Deliberation Day,</quote> " "<citetitle>Journal of Political Philosophy</citetitle> 10 (2) (2002): 129." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2419 +#: freeculture.xml:2418 msgid "" "Yet even this institution flags in American life today. And in its place, " "there is no systematic effort to enable citizen deliberation. Some are " @@ -3464,14 +3464,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f17 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2439 +#: freeculture.xml:2438 msgid "" "Cass Sunstein, <citetitle>Republic.com</citetitle> (Princeton: Princeton " "University Press, 2001), 65–80, 175, 182, 183, 192." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2432 +#: freeculture.xml:2431 msgid "" "More bizarrely, there is generally not even permission for it to occur. We, " "the most powerful democracy in the world, have developed a strong norm " @@ -3483,13 +3483,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2445 +#: freeculture.xml:2444 msgid "e-mail" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 56 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2452 +#: freeculture.xml:2451 msgid "" "Enter the blog. The blog's very architecture solves one part of this " "problem. People post when they want to post, and people read when they want " @@ -3500,7 +3500,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2463 +#: freeculture.xml:2462 msgid "" "But beyond architecture, blogs also have solved the problem of " "norms. There's no norm (yet) in blog space not to talk about politics. " @@ -3511,12 +3511,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2470 +#: freeculture.xml:2469 msgid "Dean, Howard" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2472 +#: freeculture.xml:2471 msgid "" "The significance of these blogs is tiny now, though not so tiny. The name " "Howard Dean may well have faded from the 2004 presidential race but for " @@ -3525,35 +3525,35 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2477 +#: freeculture.xml:2476 msgid "Lott, Trent" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2478 +#: freeculture.xml:2477 msgid "Thurmond, Strom" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2479 +#: freeculture.xml:2478 msgid "blog pressure on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2480 +#: freeculture.xml:2479 msgid "news events on" msgstr "" #. f18 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2493 +#: freeculture.xml:2492 msgid "" "Noah Shachtman, <quote>With Incessant Postings, a Pundit Stirs the " "Pot,</quote> New York Times, 16 January 2003, G5." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2482 +#: freeculture.xml:2481 msgid "" "One direct effect is on stories that had a different life cycle in the " "mainstream media. The Trent Lott affair is an example. When Lott " @@ -3568,12 +3568,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2497 freeculture.xml:2531 +#: freeculture.xml:2496 freeculture.xml:2530 msgid "commercial imperatives of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2499 +#: freeculture.xml:2498 msgid "" "This different cycle is possible because the same commercial pressures don't " "exist with blogs as with other ventures. Television and newspapers are " @@ -3582,12 +3582,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2506 +#: freeculture.xml:2505 msgid "peer-generated rankings on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2508 +#: freeculture.xml:2507 msgid "" "But bloggers don't have a similar constraint. They can obsess, they can " "focus, they can get serious. If a particular blogger writes a particularly " @@ -3598,18 +3598,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2517 +#: freeculture.xml:2516 msgid "journalism" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2518 +#: freeculture.xml:2517 msgid "Winer, Dave" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 57 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2520 +#: freeculture.xml:2519 msgid "" "There's a second way, as well, in which blogs have a different cycle from " "the mainstream press. As Dave Winer, one of the fathers of this movement and " @@ -3622,23 +3622,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2530 freeculture.xml:2580 +#: freeculture.xml:2529 freeculture.xml:2579 msgid "CNN" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2532 freeculture.xml:2581 freeculture.xml:5944 +#: freeculture.xml:2531 freeculture.xml:2580 freeculture.xml:5943 msgid "Iraq war" msgstr "" #. f19 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2541 +#: freeculture.xml:2540 msgid "Telephone interview with David Winer, 16 April 2003." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2535 +#: freeculture.xml:2534 msgid "" "These conflicts become more important as media becomes more concentrated " "(more on this below). A concentrated media can hide more from the public " @@ -3656,7 +3656,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f20 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2561 +#: freeculture.xml:2560 msgid "" "John Schwartz, <quote>Loss of the Shuttle: The Internet; A Wealth of " "Information Online,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 2 " @@ -3666,7 +3666,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2553 +#: freeculture.xml:2552 msgid "" "Blog space gives amateurs a way to enter the " "debate—<quote>amateur</quote> not in the sense of inexperienced, but " @@ -3682,12 +3682,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2582 +#: freeculture.xml:2581 msgid "Olafson, Steve" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2580 +#: freeculture.xml:2579 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " "id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder " @@ -3704,7 +3704,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 58 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2573 +#: freeculture.xml:2572 msgid "" "Winer is optimistic about the future of journalism infected with " "blogs. <quote>It's going to become an essential skill,</quote> Winer " @@ -3721,7 +3721,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2604 +#: freeculture.xml:2603 msgid "" "This speech affects democracy. Winer thinks that happens because <quote>you " "don't have to work for somebody who controls, [for] a gatekeeper.</quote> " @@ -3738,12 +3738,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2625 freeculture.xml:6778 +#: freeculture.xml:2624 freeculture.xml:6777 msgid "Brown, John Seely" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2628 +#: freeculture.xml:2627 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>John Seely Brown</emphasis> is the chief scientist " "of the Xerox Corporation. His work, as his Web site describes it, is " @@ -3752,7 +3752,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2634 +#: freeculture.xml:2633 msgid "" "Brown thus looks at these technologies of digital creativity a bit " "differently from the perspectives I've sketched so far. I'm sure he would be " @@ -3762,7 +3762,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 59 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2641 +#: freeculture.xml:2640 msgid "" "As Brown believes, we learn by tinkering. When <quote>a lot of us grew " "up,</quote> he explains, that tinkering was done <quote>on motorcycle " @@ -3777,7 +3777,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2654 +#: freeculture.xml:2653 msgid "" "The best large-scale example of this kind of tinkering so far is free " "software or open-source software (FS/OSS). FS/OSS is software whose source " @@ -3787,7 +3787,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2661 +#: freeculture.xml:2660 msgid "" "This opportunity creates a <quote>completely new kind of learning " "platform,</quote> as Brown describes. <quote>As soon as you start doing " @@ -3799,7 +3799,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2669 +#: freeculture.xml:2668 msgid "" "In this process, <quote>the concrete things you tinker with are abstract. " "They are code.</quote> Kids are <quote>shifting to the ability to tinker in " @@ -3811,7 +3811,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2678 +#: freeculture.xml:2677 msgid "" "This same thing happens with content, too. And it happens in the same " "collaborative way when that content is part of the Web. As Brown puts it, " @@ -3826,7 +3826,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 60 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2691 +#: freeculture.xml:2690 msgid "" "Brown is talking about what Elizabeth Daley, Stephanie Barish, and Just " "Think! teach: that this tinkering with culture teaches as well as " @@ -3835,7 +3835,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2699 +#: freeculture.xml:2698 msgid "" "Yet the freedom to tinker with these objects is not guaranteed. Indeed, as " "we'll see through the course of this book, that freedom is increasingly " @@ -3848,7 +3848,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f22 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2715 +#: freeculture.xml:2714 msgid "" "See, for example, Edward Felten and Andrew Appel, <quote>Technological " "Access Control Interferes with Noninfringing Scholarship,</quote> " @@ -3857,7 +3857,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2708 +#: freeculture.xml:2707 msgid "" "These restrictions have become the focus of researchers and scholars. " "Professor Ed Felten of Princeton (whom we'll see more of in chapter <xref " @@ -3870,7 +3870,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2723 +#: freeculture.xml:2722 msgid "" "<quote>This is where education in the twenty-first century is going,</quote> " "Brown explains. We need to <quote>understand how kids who grow up digital " @@ -3878,7 +3878,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2728 +#: freeculture.xml:2727 msgid "" "<quote>Yet,</quote> as Brown continued, and as the balance of this book will " "evince, <quote>we are building a legal system that completely suppresses the " @@ -3888,7 +3888,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2736 +#: freeculture.xml:2735 msgid "" "We're building a technology that takes the magic of Kodak, mixes moving " "images and sound, and adds a space for commentary and an opportunity to " @@ -3897,7 +3897,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2742 +#: freeculture.xml:2741 msgid "" "<quote>No way to run a culture,</quote> as Brewster Kahle, whom we'll meet " "in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"collectors\"/>, " @@ -3905,47 +3905,47 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:2749 +#: freeculture.xml:2748 msgid "Catalogs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2750 freeculture.xml:2793 freeculture.xml:9648 +#: freeculture.xml:2749 freeculture.xml:2792 freeculture.xml:9648 msgid "Jordan, Jesse" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2751 +#: freeculture.xml:2750 msgid "RPI" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2751 freeculture.xml:2752 freeculture.xml:2753 +#: freeculture.xml:2750 freeculture.xml:2751 freeculture.xml:2752 msgid "Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2753 +#: freeculture.xml:2752 msgid "computer network search engine of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2754 +#: freeculture.xml:2753 msgid "search engines" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2755 +#: freeculture.xml:2754 msgid "university computer networks, p2p sharing on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2756 +#: freeculture.xml:2755 msgid "search engines used on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2758 +#: freeculture.xml:2757 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>In the fall</emphasis> of 2002, Jesse Jordan of " "Oceanside, New York, enrolled as a freshman at Rensselaer Polytechnic " @@ -3956,7 +3956,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2766 +#: freeculture.xml:2765 msgid "" "RPI is one of America's foremost technological research institutions. It " "offers degrees in fields ranging from architecture and engineering to " @@ -3967,7 +3967,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2774 +#: freeculture.xml:2773 msgid "" "RPI's computer network links students, faculty, and administration to one " "another. It also links RPI to the Internet. Not everything available on the " @@ -3977,13 +3977,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2780 freeculture.xml:2835 +#: freeculture.xml:2779 freeculture.xml:2834 msgid "Google" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 62 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2782 +#: freeculture.xml:2781 msgid "" "Search engines are a measure of a network's intimacy. Google brought the " "Internet much closer to all of us by fantastically improving the quality of " @@ -3997,17 +3997,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2794 freeculture.xml:3711 freeculture.xml:3713 freeculture.xml:3714 freeculture.xml:5533 freeculture.xml:8220 freeculture.xml:13563 freeculture.xml:13632 +#: freeculture.xml:2793 freeculture.xml:3710 freeculture.xml:3712 freeculture.xml:3713 freeculture.xml:5532 freeculture.xml:8219 freeculture.xml:13563 freeculture.xml:13632 msgid "Microsoft" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2794 +#: freeculture.xml:2793 msgid "network file system of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2796 +#: freeculture.xml:2795 msgid "" "These engines are enabled by the network technology itself. Microsoft, for " "example, has a network file system that makes it very easy for search " @@ -4018,7 +4018,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2806 +#: freeculture.xml:2805 msgid "" "Jesse's wasn't the first search engine built for the RPI network. Indeed, " "his engine was a simple modification of engines that others had built. His " @@ -4032,7 +4032,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2819 +#: freeculture.xml:2818 msgid "" "Jesse's engine went on-line in late October. Over the following six months, " "he continued to tweak it to improve its functionality. By March, the system " @@ -4043,7 +4043,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 63 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2827 +#: freeculture.xml:2826 msgid "" "Thus the index his search engine produced included pictures, which students " "could use to put on their own Web sites; copies of notes or research; copies " @@ -4053,12 +4053,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2836 +#: freeculture.xml:2835 msgid "tinkering as means of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2838 +#: freeculture.xml:2837 msgid "" "But the index also included music files. In fact, one quarter of the files " "that Jesse's search engine listed were music files. But that means, of " @@ -4075,37 +4075,37 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2852 freeculture.xml:9646 freeculture.xml:9923 +#: freeculture.xml:2851 freeculture.xml:9646 freeculture.xml:9923 msgid "in recording industry" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2853 +#: freeculture.xml:2852 msgid "against student file sharing" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2854 freeculture.xml:2952 freeculture.xml:3205 freeculture.xml:3334 freeculture.xml:4287 freeculture.xml:4288 freeculture.xml:4289 freeculture.xml:9924 freeculture.xml:10335 freeculture.xml:10336 freeculture.xml:10337 freeculture.xml:10493 +#: freeculture.xml:2853 freeculture.xml:2951 freeculture.xml:3204 freeculture.xml:3333 freeculture.xml:4286 freeculture.xml:4287 freeculture.xml:4288 freeculture.xml:9924 freeculture.xml:10335 freeculture.xml:10336 freeculture.xml:10337 freeculture.xml:10493 msgid "recording industry" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2854 freeculture.xml:9924 +#: freeculture.xml:2853 freeculture.xml:9924 msgid "copyright infringement lawsuits of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2855 freeculture.xml:2884 freeculture.xml:2953 freeculture.xml:9925 freeculture.xml:10338 freeculture.xml:10339 freeculture.xml:10491 +#: freeculture.xml:2854 freeculture.xml:2883 freeculture.xml:2952 freeculture.xml:9925 freeculture.xml:10338 freeculture.xml:10339 freeculture.xml:10491 msgid "Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2855 freeculture.xml:9925 +#: freeculture.xml:2854 freeculture.xml:9925 msgid "copyright infringement lawsuits filed by" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2858 +#: freeculture.xml:2857 msgid "" "On April 3, 2003, Jesse was contacted by the dean of students at RPI. The " "dean informed Jesse that the Recording Industry Association of America, the " @@ -4116,7 +4116,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2867 +#: freeculture.xml:2866 msgid "" "<quote>It was absurd,</quote> he told me. <quote>I don't think I did " "anything wrong. … I don't think there's anything wrong with the " @@ -4131,33 +4131,33 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2880 freeculture.xml:9645 freeculture.xml:9922 +#: freeculture.xml:2879 freeculture.xml:9645 freeculture.xml:9922 msgid "exaggerated claims of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2881 +#: freeculture.xml:2880 msgid "statutory damages of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2882 +#: freeculture.xml:2881 msgid "individual defendants intimidated by" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2883 +#: freeculture.xml:2882 msgid "statutory damages" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2884 +#: freeculture.xml:2883 msgid "intimidation tactics of" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 64 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2886 +#: freeculture.xml:2885 msgid "" "But the RIAA branded Jesse a pirate. They claimed he operated a network and " "had therefore <quote>willfully</quote> violated copyright laws. They " @@ -4170,18 +4170,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2896 +#: freeculture.xml:2895 msgid "Michigan Technical University" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2897 +#: freeculture.xml:2896 msgid "Princeton University" msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2911 +#: freeculture.xml:2910 msgid "" "Tim Goral, <quote>Recording Industry Goes After Campus P-2-P Networks: Suit " "Alleges $97.8 Billion in Damages,</quote> <citetitle>Professional Media " @@ -4189,7 +4189,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2899 +#: freeculture.xml:2898 msgid "" "Similar lawsuits were brought against three other students: one other " "student at RPI, one at Michigan Technical University, and one at " @@ -4204,7 +4204,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2918 +#: freeculture.xml:2917 msgid "" "Jesse called his parents. They were supportive but a bit frightened. An " "uncle was a lawyer. He began negotiations with the RIAA. They demanded to " @@ -4213,12 +4213,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2924 +#: freeculture.xml:2923 msgid "Oppenheimer, Matt" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2926 +#: freeculture.xml:2925 msgid "" "The RIAA wanted Jesse to admit to doing something wrong. He refused. They " "wanted him to agree to an injunction that would essentially make it " @@ -4232,13 +4232,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2936 +#: freeculture.xml:2935 msgid "legal system, attorney costs in" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 65 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2938 +#: freeculture.xml:2937 msgid "" "Jesse's family was outraged at these claims. They wanted to fight. But " "Jesse's uncle worked to educate the family about the nature of the American " @@ -4250,35 +4250,35 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2948 +#: freeculture.xml:2947 msgid "" "So Jesse faced a mafia-like choice: $250,000 and a chance at winning, or " "$12,000 and a settlement." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2951 freeculture.xml:3335 freeculture.xml:4280 freeculture.xml:5542 freeculture.xml:5591 freeculture.xml:10233 freeculture.xml:10331 freeculture.xml:10492 freeculture.xml:10515 freeculture.xml:15213 freeculture.xml:15278 +#: freeculture.xml:2950 freeculture.xml:3334 freeculture.xml:4279 freeculture.xml:5541 freeculture.xml:5590 freeculture.xml:10233 freeculture.xml:10331 freeculture.xml:10492 freeculture.xml:10515 freeculture.xml:15213 freeculture.xml:15278 msgid "artists" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2951 freeculture.xml:3335 freeculture.xml:4280 freeculture.xml:10233 freeculture.xml:10331 freeculture.xml:10492 freeculture.xml:10515 freeculture.xml:15213 freeculture.xml:15278 +#: freeculture.xml:2950 freeculture.xml:3334 freeculture.xml:4279 freeculture.xml:10233 freeculture.xml:10331 freeculture.xml:10492 freeculture.xml:10515 freeculture.xml:15213 freeculture.xml:15278 msgid "recording industry payments to" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2952 freeculture.xml:4287 freeculture.xml:10335 freeculture.xml:10493 +#: freeculture.xml:2951 freeculture.xml:4286 freeculture.xml:10335 freeculture.xml:10493 msgid "artist remuneration in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2953 freeculture.xml:10339 +#: freeculture.xml:2952 freeculture.xml:10339 msgid "lobbying power of" msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2963 +#: freeculture.xml:2962 msgid "" "Occupational Employment Survey, U.S. Dept. of Labor (2001) " "(27–2042—Musicians and Singers). See also National Endowment for " @@ -4287,7 +4287,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2971 +#: freeculture.xml:2970 msgid "" "Douglas Lichtman makes a related point in <quote>KaZaA and " "Punishment,</quote> <citetitle>Wall Street Journal</citetitle>, 10 September " @@ -4295,7 +4295,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2955 +#: freeculture.xml:2954 msgid "" "The recording industry insists this is a matter of law and morality. Let's " "put the law aside for a moment and think about the morality. Where is the " @@ -4309,7 +4309,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2978 +#: freeculture.xml:2977 msgid "" "On June 23, Jesse wired his savings to the lawyer working for the RIAA. The " "case against him was then dismissed. And with this, this kid who had " @@ -4317,7 +4317,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2985 +#: freeculture.xml:2984 msgid "" "I was definitely not an activist [before]. I never really meant to be an " "activist. … [But] I've been pushed into this. In no way did I ever " @@ -4326,7 +4326,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2992 +#: freeculture.xml:2991 msgid "" "Jesse's parents betray a certain pride in their reluctant activist. As his " "father told me, Jesse <quote>considers himself very conservative, and so do " @@ -4336,17 +4336,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:3007 +#: freeculture.xml:3006 msgid "<quote>Pirates</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3008 +#: freeculture.xml:3007 msgid "in development of content industry" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3011 +#: freeculture.xml:3010 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>If <quote>piracy</quote> means</emphasis> using the " "creative property of others without their permission—if <quote>if " @@ -4358,12 +4358,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:3022 +#: freeculture.xml:3021 msgid "Film" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3026 +#: freeculture.xml:3025 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> I am grateful to Peter DiMauro " "for pointing me to this extraordinary history. See also Siva Vaidhyanathan, " @@ -4373,7 +4373,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 67 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3024 +#: freeculture.xml:3023 msgid "" "The film industry of Hollywood was built by fleeing pirates.<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Creators and directors migrated from the East " @@ -4387,12 +4387,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3042 +#: freeculture.xml:3041 msgid "As one commentator tells one part of the story," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3046 +#: freeculture.xml:3045 msgid "" "A January 1909 deadline was set for all companies to comply with the " "license. By February, unlicensed outlaws, who referred to themselves as " @@ -4403,27 +4403,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3054 +#: freeculture.xml:3053 msgid "Fox, William" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3055 +#: freeculture.xml:3054 msgid "General Film Company" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3056 freeculture.xml:3353 freeculture.xml:4514 freeculture.xml:10381 +#: freeculture.xml:3055 freeculture.xml:3352 freeculture.xml:4513 freeculture.xml:10381 msgid "Picker, Randal C." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3080 freeculture.xml:4513 freeculture.xml:10101 freeculture.xml:10214 +#: freeculture.xml:3079 freeculture.xml:4512 freeculture.xml:10101 freeculture.xml:10214 msgid "broadcast flag" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3069 +#: freeculture.xml:3068 msgid "" "J. A. Aberdeen, <citetitle>Hollywood Renegades: The Society of Independent " "Motion Picture Producers</citetitle> (Cobblestone Entertainment, 2000) and " @@ -4439,7 +4439,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3058 +#: freeculture.xml:3057 msgid "" "With the country experiencing a tremendous expansion in the number of " "nickelodeons, the Patents Company reacted to the independent movement by " @@ -4455,7 +4455,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3091 +#: freeculture.xml:3090 msgid "" "Marc Wanamaker, <quote>The First Studios,</quote> <citetitle>The Silents " "Majority</citetitle>, archived at <ulink " @@ -4463,7 +4463,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3085 +#: freeculture.xml:3084 msgid "" "The Napsters of those days, the <quote>independents,</quote> were companies " "like Fox. And no less than today, these independents were vigorously " @@ -4478,7 +4478,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 68 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3101 +#: freeculture.xml:3100 msgid "" "Of course, California grew quickly, and the effective enforcement of federal " "law eventually spread west. But because patents grant the patent holder a " @@ -4489,34 +4489,34 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:3112 +#: freeculture.xml:3111 msgid "Recorded Music" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3113 freeculture.xml:4284 +#: freeculture.xml:3112 freeculture.xml:4283 msgid "on music recordings" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3115 +#: freeculture.xml:3114 msgid "" "The record industry was born of another kind of piracy, though to see how " "requires a bit of detail about the way the law regulates music." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3118 +#: freeculture.xml:3117 msgid "Fourneaux, Henri" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3119 +#: freeculture.xml:3118 msgid "Russel, Phil" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3121 +#: freeculture.xml:3120 msgid "" "At the time that Edison and Henri Fourneaux invented machines for " "reproducing music (Edison the phonograph, Fourneaux the player piano), the " @@ -4529,12 +4529,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3130 freeculture.xml:3268 +#: freeculture.xml:3129 freeculture.xml:3267 msgid "Beatles" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3132 +#: freeculture.xml:3131 msgid "" "But what if I wanted to record <quote>Happy Mose,</quote> using Edison's " "phonograph or Fourneaux's player piano? Here the law stumbled. It was clear " @@ -4554,12 +4554,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3155 freeculture.xml:3172 +#: freeculture.xml:3154 freeculture.xml:3171 msgid "Kittredge, Alfred" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3151 +#: freeculture.xml:3150 msgid "" "The composers (and publishers) were none too happy about this capacity to " "pirate. As South Dakota senator Alfred Kittredge put it, <placeholder " @@ -4567,7 +4567,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3166 +#: freeculture.xml:3165 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright: Hearings on S. 6330 " "and H.R. 19853 Before the (Joint) Committees on Patents, 59th Cong. 59, 1st " @@ -4579,7 +4579,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3159 +#: freeculture.xml:3158 msgid "" "Imagine the injustice of the thing. A composer writes a song or an opera. A " "publisher buys at great expense the rights to the same and copyrights " @@ -4590,13 +4590,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3176 +#: freeculture.xml:3175 msgid "Sousa, John Philip" msgstr "" #. f5 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3182 +#: freeculture.xml:3181 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 223 (statement of " "Nathan Burkan, attorney for the Music Publishers Association)." @@ -4604,7 +4604,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f6 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3188 +#: freeculture.xml:3187 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 226 (statement of " "Nathan Burkan, attorney for the Music Publishers Association)." @@ -4612,14 +4612,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f7 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3195 +#: freeculture.xml:3194 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 23 (statement of " "John Philip Sousa, composer)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3178 +#: freeculture.xml:3177 msgid "" "The innovators who developed the technology to record other people's works " "were <quote>sponging upon the toil, the work, the talent, and genius of " @@ -4632,43 +4632,43 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3199 +#: freeculture.xml:3198 msgid "American Graphophone Company" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3200 +#: freeculture.xml:3199 msgid "player pianos" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3202 freeculture.xml:3203 freeculture.xml:4282 freeculture.xml:4283 freeculture.xml:4366 freeculture.xml:4367 freeculture.xml:6990 freeculture.xml:7079 freeculture.xml:7193 freeculture.xml:7194 freeculture.xml:10332 freeculture.xml:10333 freeculture.xml:10334 freeculture.xml:11112 freeculture.xml:11173 freeculture.xml:12110 +#: freeculture.xml:3201 freeculture.xml:3202 freeculture.xml:4281 freeculture.xml:4282 freeculture.xml:4365 freeculture.xml:4366 freeculture.xml:6989 freeculture.xml:7078 freeculture.xml:7192 freeculture.xml:7193 freeculture.xml:10332 freeculture.xml:10333 freeculture.xml:10334 freeculture.xml:11112 freeculture.xml:11173 freeculture.xml:12110 msgid "Congress, U.S." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3202 freeculture.xml:4282 freeculture.xml:4366 freeculture.xml:7079 freeculture.xml:7193 freeculture.xml:10332 +#: freeculture.xml:3201 freeculture.xml:4281 freeculture.xml:4365 freeculture.xml:7078 freeculture.xml:7192 freeculture.xml:10332 msgid "on copyright laws" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3203 freeculture.xml:4283 freeculture.xml:10334 +#: freeculture.xml:3202 freeculture.xml:4282 freeculture.xml:10334 msgid "on recording industry" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3204 freeculture.xml:4285 freeculture.xml:10160 +#: freeculture.xml:3203 freeculture.xml:4284 freeculture.xml:10160 msgid "statutory licenses in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3205 +#: freeculture.xml:3204 msgid "statutory license system in" msgstr "" #. f8 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3215 +#: freeculture.xml:3214 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 283–84 " "(statement of Albert Walker, representative of the Auto-Music Perforating " @@ -4677,7 +4677,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f9 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3226 +#: freeculture.xml:3225 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 376 (prepared " "memorandum of Philip Mauro, general patent counsel of the American " @@ -4685,7 +4685,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3207 +#: freeculture.xml:3206 msgid "" "These arguments have familiar echoes in the wars of our day. So, too, do the " "arguments on the other side. The innovators who developed the player piano " @@ -4702,13 +4702,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3231 +#: freeculture.xml:3230 msgid "cover songs" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 70 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3233 +#: freeculture.xml:3232 msgid "" "The law soon resolved this battle in favor of the composer " "<emphasis>and</emphasis> the recording artist. Congress amended the law to " @@ -4723,17 +4723,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3247 +#: freeculture.xml:3246 msgid "compulsory license" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3248 freeculture.xml:4290 freeculture.xml:10159 +#: freeculture.xml:3247 freeculture.xml:4289 freeculture.xml:10159 msgid "statutory licenses" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3250 +#: freeculture.xml:3249 msgid "" "American law ordinarily calls this a <quote>compulsory license,</quote> but " "I will refer to it as a <quote>statutory license.</quote> A statutory " @@ -4744,12 +4744,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3257 freeculture.xml:14909 +#: freeculture.xml:3256 freeculture.xml:14909 msgid "Grisham, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3259 +#: freeculture.xml:3258 msgid "" "This is an exception within the law of copyright. When John Grisham writes a " "novel, a publisher is free to publish that novel only if Grisham gives the " @@ -4761,7 +4761,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f10 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3284 +#: freeculture.xml:3283 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision: Hearings on S. 2499, S. 2900, H.R. 243, and " "H.R. 11794 Before the (Joint) Committee on Patents, 60th Cong., 1st sess., " @@ -4772,7 +4772,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3270 +#: freeculture.xml:3269 msgid "" "But the law governing recordings gives recording artists less. And thus, in " "effect, the law <emphasis>subsidizes</emphasis> the recording industry " @@ -4788,7 +4788,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3295 +#: freeculture.xml:3294 msgid "" "While the recording industry has been quite coy about this recently, " "historically it has been quite a supporter of the statutory license for " @@ -4797,7 +4797,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f11 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3317 +#: freeculture.xml:3316 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision: Report to Accompany H.R. 2512, House Committee on " "the Judiciary, 90th Cong., 1st sess., House Document no. 83, (8 March " @@ -4805,7 +4805,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3302 +#: freeculture.xml:3301 msgid "" "the record producers argued vigorously that the compulsory license system " "must be retained. They asserted that the record industry is a " @@ -4822,34 +4822,34 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3328 +#: freeculture.xml:3327 msgid "" "By limiting the rights musicians have, by partially pirating their creative " "work, the record producers, and the public, benefit." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:3333 freeculture.xml:4478 +#: freeculture.xml:3332 freeculture.xml:4477 msgid "Radio" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3334 freeculture.xml:4289 freeculture.xml:10336 +#: freeculture.xml:3333 freeculture.xml:4288 freeculture.xml:10336 msgid "radio broadcast and" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3337 +#: freeculture.xml:3336 msgid "Radio was also born of piracy." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3352 +#: freeculture.xml:3351 msgid "Hand, Learned" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3343 +#: freeculture.xml:3342 msgid "" "See 17 <citetitle>United States Code</citetitle>, sections 106 and 110. At " "the beginning, record companies printed <quote>Not Licensed for Radio " @@ -4866,7 +4866,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3340 +#: freeculture.xml:3339 msgid "" "When a radio station plays a record on the air, that constitutes a " "<quote>public performance</quote> of the composer's work.<placeholder " @@ -4877,13 +4877,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3370 freeculture.xml:9402 freeculture.xml:9877 freeculture.xml:12958 +#: freeculture.xml:3369 freeculture.xml:9402 freeculture.xml:9877 freeculture.xml:12958 msgid "Lovett, Lyle" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 72 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3360 +#: freeculture.xml:3359 msgid "" "But when the radio station plays a record, it is not only performing a copy " "of the <emphasis>composer's</emphasis> work. The radio station is also " @@ -4898,7 +4898,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3375 +#: freeculture.xml:3374 msgid "" "But it doesn't. Under the law governing radio performances, the radio " "station does not have to pay the recording artist. The radio station need " @@ -4908,12 +4908,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3382 freeculture.xml:3894 freeculture.xml:6501 freeculture.xml:6517 +#: freeculture.xml:3381 freeculture.xml:3893 freeculture.xml:6500 freeculture.xml:6516 msgid "Madonna" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3384 +#: freeculture.xml:3383 msgid "" "This difference can be huge. Imagine you compose a piece of music. Imagine " "it is your first. You own the exclusive right to authorize public " @@ -4922,7 +4922,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3390 +#: freeculture.xml:3389 msgid "" "Imagine she does sing your song, and imagine she likes it a lot. She then " "decides to make a recording of your song, and it becomes a top hit. Under " @@ -4934,7 +4934,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3402 +#: freeculture.xml:3401 msgid "" "No doubt, one might argue that, on balance, the recording artists " "benefit. On average, the promotion they get is worth more than the " @@ -4945,23 +4945,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:3412 freeculture.xml:4484 +#: freeculture.xml:3411 freeculture.xml:4483 msgid "Cable TV" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3413 freeculture.xml:4304 freeculture.xml:8581 freeculture.xml:8620 freeculture.xml:15311 +#: freeculture.xml:3412 freeculture.xml:4303 freeculture.xml:8581 freeculture.xml:8620 freeculture.xml:15311 msgid "cable television" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3415 +#: freeculture.xml:3414 msgid "Cable TV was also born of a kind of piracy." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 73 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3418 +#: freeculture.xml:3417 msgid "" "When cable entrepreneurs first started wiring communities with cable " "television in 1948, most refused to pay broadcasters for the content that " @@ -4973,22 +4973,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3428 +#: freeculture.xml:3427 msgid "Anello, Douglas" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3429 +#: freeculture.xml:3428 msgid "Burdick, Quentin" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3430 freeculture.xml:3441 +#: freeculture.xml:3429 freeculture.xml:3440 msgid "Hyde, Rosel H." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3436 +#: freeculture.xml:3435 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV: Hearing on S. 1006 Before the " "Subcommittee on Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights of the Senate Committee " @@ -4999,14 +4999,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f14 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3448 +#: freeculture.xml:3447 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 116 (statement of Douglas A. Anello, " "general counsel of the National Association of Broadcasters)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3432 +#: freeculture.xml:3431 msgid "" "Broadcasters and copyright owners were quick to attack this theft. Rosel " "Hyde, chairman of the FCC, viewed the practice as a kind of <quote>unfair " @@ -5021,14 +5021,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f15 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3459 +#: freeculture.xml:3458 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 126 (statement of Ernest W. Jennes, " "general counsel of the Association of Maximum Service Telecasters, Inc.)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3455 +#: freeculture.xml:3454 msgid "" "The extraordinary thing about the CATV business is that it is the only " "business I know of where the product that is being sold is not paid " @@ -5036,13 +5036,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3465 +#: freeculture.xml:3464 msgid "Again, the demand of the copyright holders seemed reasonable enough:" msgstr "" #. f16 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3474 +#: freeculture.xml:3473 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 169 (joint statement of Arthur B. Krim, " "president of United Artists Corp., and John Sinn, president of United " @@ -5050,7 +5050,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3469 +#: freeculture.xml:3468 msgid "" "All we are asking for is a very simple thing, that people who now take our " "property for nothing pay for it. We are trying to stop piracy and I don't " @@ -5059,12 +5059,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3480 freeculture.xml:3488 +#: freeculture.xml:3479 freeculture.xml:3487 msgid "Heston, Charlton" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3486 +#: freeculture.xml:3485 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 209 (statement of Charlton Heston, " "president of the Screen Actors Guild). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " @@ -5072,7 +5072,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3482 +#: freeculture.xml:3481 msgid "" "These were <quote>free-ride[rs],</quote> Screen Actor's Guild president " "Charlton Heston said, who were <quote>depriving actors of " @@ -5080,19 +5080,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3493 +#: freeculture.xml:3492 msgid "" "But again, there was another side to the debate. As Assistant Attorney " "General Edwin Zimmerman put it," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3509 freeculture.xml:3511 +#: freeculture.xml:3508 freeculture.xml:3510 msgid "Zimmerman, Edwin" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3507 +#: freeculture.xml:3506 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 216 (statement of Edwin M. Zimmerman, " "acting assistant attorney general). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " @@ -5100,7 +5100,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3498 +#: freeculture.xml:3497 msgid "" "Our point here is that unlike the problem of whether you have any copyright " "protection at all, the problem here is whether copyright holders who are " @@ -5112,14 +5112,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3515 +#: freeculture.xml:3514 msgid "" "Copyright owners took the cable companies to court. Twice the Supreme Court " "held that the cable companies owed the copyright owners nothing." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3519 +#: freeculture.xml:3518 msgid "" "It took Congress almost thirty years before it resolved the question of " "whether cable companies had to pay for the content they " @@ -5135,7 +5135,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f19 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3538 +#: freeculture.xml:3537 msgid "" "See, for example, National Music Publisher's Association, <citetitle>The " "Engine of Free Expression: Copyright on the Internet—The Myth of Free " @@ -5146,7 +5146,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3533 +#: freeculture.xml:3532 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>These separate stories</emphasis> sing a common " "theme. If <quote>piracy</quote> means using value from someone else's " @@ -5160,12 +5160,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:3555 +#: freeculture.xml:3554 msgid "<quote>Piracy</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3557 +#: freeculture.xml:3556 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>There is piracy</emphasis> of copyrighted " "material. Lots of it. This piracy comes in many forms. The most significant " @@ -5177,7 +5177,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 76 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3565 +#: freeculture.xml:3564 msgid "" "But as well as copy-shop piracy, there is another kind of " "<quote>taking</quote> that is more directly related to the Internet. That " @@ -5189,28 +5189,28 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:3575 +#: freeculture.xml:3574 msgid "Piracy I" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3576 freeculture.xml:3656 freeculture.xml:3706 freeculture.xml:15313 +#: freeculture.xml:3575 freeculture.xml:3655 freeculture.xml:3705 freeculture.xml:15313 msgid "Asia, commercial piracy in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3577 freeculture.xml:4029 freeculture.xml:9878 freeculture.xml:10733 freeculture.xml:14704 freeculture.xml:15295 +#: freeculture.xml:3576 freeculture.xml:4028 freeculture.xml:9878 freeculture.xml:10733 freeculture.xml:14704 freeculture.xml:15295 msgid "CDs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3577 +#: freeculture.xml:3576 msgid "foreign piracy of" msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3585 +#: freeculture.xml:3584 msgid "" "See IFPI (International Federation of the Phonographic Industry), " "<citetitle>The Recording Industry Commercial Piracy Report 2003</citetitle>, " @@ -5220,7 +5220,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3579 +#: freeculture.xml:3578 msgid "" "All across the world, but especially in Asia and Eastern Europe, there are " "businesses that do nothing but take others people's copyrighted content, " @@ -5232,7 +5232,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3595 +#: freeculture.xml:3594 msgid "" "This is piracy plain and simple. Nothing in the argument of this book, nor " "in the argument that most people make when talking about the subject of this " @@ -5240,7 +5240,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3601 +#: freeculture.xml:3600 msgid "" "Which is not to say that excuses and justifications couldn't be made for " "it. We could, for example, remind ourselves that for the first one hundred " @@ -5252,7 +5252,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3610 +#: freeculture.xml:3609 msgid "" "That excuse isn't terribly strong. Technically, our law did not ban the " "taking of foreign works. It explicitly limited itself to American " @@ -5267,7 +5267,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 77 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3621 +#: freeculture.xml:3620 msgid "" "True, these local rules have, in effect, been imposed upon these " "countries. No country can be part of the world economy and choose not to " @@ -5276,17 +5276,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3649 +#: freeculture.xml:3648 msgid "agricultural patents" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3650 freeculture.xml:13250 freeculture.xml:13741 freeculture.xml:13748 +#: freeculture.xml:3649 freeculture.xml:13250 freeculture.xml:13741 freeculture.xml:13748 msgid "Drahos, Peter" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3634 +#: freeculture.xml:3633 msgid "" "See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, Information Feudalism: " "<citetitle>Who Owns the Knowledge Economy?</citetitle> (New York: The New " @@ -5306,7 +5306,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3629 +#: freeculture.xml:3628 msgid "" "If a country is to be treated as a sovereign, however, then its laws are its " "laws regardless of their source. The international law under which these " @@ -5318,12 +5318,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3671 freeculture.xml:3950 freeculture.xml:15461 +#: freeculture.xml:3670 freeculture.xml:3949 freeculture.xml:15461 msgid "Liebowitz, Stan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3664 +#: freeculture.xml:3663 msgid "" "For an analysis of the economic impact of copying technology, see Stan " "Liebowitz, <citetitle>Rethinking the Network Economy</citetitle> (New York: " @@ -5336,7 +5336,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3658 +#: freeculture.xml:3657 msgid "" "Alternatively, we could try to excuse this piracy by noting that in any " "case, it does no harm to the industry. The Chinese who get access to " @@ -5346,7 +5346,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3675 +#: freeculture.xml:3674 msgid "" "This is often true (though I have friends who have purchased many thousands " "of pirated DVDs who certainly have enough money to pay for the content they " @@ -5362,7 +5362,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 78 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3689 +#: freeculture.xml:3688 msgid "" "This argument is still very weak. However, although copyright is a property " "right of a very special sort, it <emphasis>is</emphasis> a property " @@ -5381,47 +5381,47 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3707 freeculture.xml:15314 +#: freeculture.xml:3706 freeculture.xml:15314 msgid "in Asia" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3708 freeculture.xml:13561 freeculture.xml:14147 +#: freeculture.xml:3707 freeculture.xml:13561 freeculture.xml:14147 msgid "free software/open-source software (FS/OSS)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3709 freeculture.xml:3739 freeculture.xml:12042 freeculture.xml:13576 freeculture.xml:14203 +#: freeculture.xml:3708 freeculture.xml:3738 freeculture.xml:12042 freeculture.xml:13576 freeculture.xml:14203 msgid "GNU/Linux operating system" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3710 freeculture.xml:3740 freeculture.xml:12044 freeculture.xml:13577 freeculture.xml:14204 +#: freeculture.xml:3709 freeculture.xml:3739 freeculture.xml:12044 freeculture.xml:13577 freeculture.xml:14204 msgid "Linux operating system" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3711 +#: freeculture.xml:3710 msgid "competitive strategies of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3712 +#: freeculture.xml:3711 msgid "Windows" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3713 +#: freeculture.xml:3712 msgid "international software piracy of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3714 +#: freeculture.xml:3713 msgid "Windows operating system of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3716 +#: freeculture.xml:3715 msgid "" "Finally, we could try to excuse this piracy with the argument that the " "piracy actually helps the copyright owner. When the Chinese " @@ -5437,17 +5437,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3728 freeculture.xml:4771 freeculture.xml:4995 freeculture.xml:6485 freeculture.xml:6561 freeculture.xml:6696 freeculture.xml:7108 freeculture.xml:14235 +#: freeculture.xml:3727 freeculture.xml:4770 freeculture.xml:4994 freeculture.xml:6484 freeculture.xml:6560 freeculture.xml:6695 freeculture.xml:7107 freeculture.xml:14235 msgid "law" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3728 freeculture.xml:14235 +#: freeculture.xml:3727 freeculture.xml:14235 msgid "databases of case reports in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3730 +#: freeculture.xml:3729 msgid "" "This argument, too, is somewhat true. The addiction strategy is a good " "one. Many businesses practice it. Some thrive because of it. Law students, " @@ -5458,17 +5458,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3737 +#: freeculture.xml:3736 msgid "Netscape" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3738 +#: freeculture.xml:3737 msgid "Internet Explorer" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3742 +#: freeculture.xml:3741 msgid "" "Still, the argument is not terribly persuasive. We don't give the alcoholic " "a defense when he steals his first beer, merely because that will make it " @@ -5484,7 +5484,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 79 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3756 +#: freeculture.xml:3755 msgid "" "Thus, while I understand the pull of these justifications for piracy, and I " "certainly see the motivation, in my view, in the end, these efforts at " @@ -5496,7 +5496,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3766 +#: freeculture.xml:3765 msgid "" "But as the examples from the four chapters that introduced this part " "suggest, even if some piracy is plainly wrong, not all <quote>piracy</quote> " @@ -5509,7 +5509,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3775 +#: freeculture.xml:3774 msgid "" "This doesn't mean that there are no questions raised by the latest piracy " "concern, peer-to-peer file sharing. But it does mean that we need to " @@ -5518,7 +5518,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3781 +#: freeculture.xml:3780 msgid "" "For (1) like the original Hollywood, p2p sharing escapes an overly " "controlling industry; and (2) like the original recording industry, it " @@ -5527,20 +5527,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3787 +#: freeculture.xml:3786 msgid "" "These differences distinguish p2p sharing from true piracy. They should push " "us to find a way to protect artists while enabling this sharing to survive." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:3793 +#: freeculture.xml:3792 msgid "Piracy II" msgstr "" #. f4 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3798 +#: freeculture.xml:3797 msgid "" "<citetitle>Bach</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Longman</citetitle>, 98 " "Eng. Rep. 1274 (1777)." @@ -5548,7 +5548,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 80 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3795 +#: freeculture.xml:3794 msgid "" "The key to the <quote>piracy</quote> that the law aims to quash is a use " "that <quote>rob[s] the author of [his] profit.</quote><placeholder " @@ -5558,22 +5558,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3807 +#: freeculture.xml:3806 msgid "Fanning, Shawn" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3808 freeculture.xml:3815 freeculture.xml:9808 +#: freeculture.xml:3807 freeculture.xml:3814 freeculture.xml:9808 msgid "innovation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3825 freeculture.xml:8814 +#: freeculture.xml:3824 freeculture.xml:8814 msgid "Christensen, Clayton M." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3815 +#: freeculture.xml:3814 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> See Clayton M. Christensen, " "<citetitle>The Innovator's Dilemma: The Revolutionary National Bestseller " @@ -5588,7 +5588,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3807 +#: freeculture.xml:3806 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " "id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> Peer-to-peer sharing " @@ -5600,23 +5600,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3830 +#: freeculture.xml:3829 msgid "Kazaa" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3831 +#: freeculture.xml:3830 msgid "number of registrations on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3832 +#: freeculture.xml:3831 msgid "replacement of" msgstr "" #. f6 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3838 +#: freeculture.xml:3837 msgid "" "See Carolyn Lochhead, <quote>Silicon Valley Dream, Hollywood " "Nightmare,</quote> <citetitle>San Francisco Chronicle</citetitle>, 24 " @@ -5630,7 +5630,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3830 +#: freeculture.xml:3829 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " "id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> The result was " @@ -5648,7 +5648,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f7 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3861 +#: freeculture.xml:3860 msgid "" "See Ipsos-Insight, <citetitle>TEMPO: Keeping Pace with Online Music " "Distribution</citetitle> (September 2002), reporting that 28 percent of " @@ -5659,14 +5659,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f8 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3870 +#: freeculture.xml:3869 msgid "" "Amy Harmon, <quote>Industry Offers a Carrot in Online Music Fight,</quote> " "<citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 6 June 2003, A1." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3855 +#: freeculture.xml:3854 msgid "" "According to a number of estimates, a huge proportion of Americans have " "tasted file-sharing technology. A study by Ipsos-Insight in September 2002 " @@ -5682,7 +5682,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3879 +#: freeculture.xml:3878 msgid "" "Some of this enjoying involves copyright infringement. Some of it does " "not. And even among the part that is technically copyright infringement, " @@ -5694,7 +5694,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 81 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3889 +#: freeculture.xml:3888 msgid "" "File sharers share different kinds of content. We can divide these different " "kinds into four types." @@ -5702,7 +5702,7 @@ msgstr "" #. A. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3897 +#: freeculture.xml:3896 msgid "" "There are some who use sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing " "content. Thus, when a new Madonna CD is released, rather than buying the CD, " @@ -5715,7 +5715,7 @@ msgstr "" #. B. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3907 +#: freeculture.xml:3906 msgid "" "There are some who use sharing networks to sample music before purchasing " "it. Thus, a friend sends another friend an MP3 of an artist he's not heard " @@ -5728,7 +5728,7 @@ msgstr "" #. C. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3918 +#: freeculture.xml:3917 msgid "" "There are many who use sharing networks to get access to copyrighted content " "that is no longer sold or that they would not have purchased because the " @@ -5747,26 +5747,26 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 82 #. D. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3935 +#: freeculture.xml:3934 msgid "" "Finally, there are many who use sharing networks to get access to content " "that is not copyrighted or that the copyright owner wants to give away." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3941 +#: freeculture.xml:3940 msgid "How do these different types of sharing balance out?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3949 +#: freeculture.xml:3948 msgid "" "See Liebowitz, <citetitle>Rethinking the Network Economy</citetitle>, " "148–49. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3944 +#: freeculture.xml:3943 msgid "" "Let's start with some simple but important points. From the perspective of " "the law, only type D sharing is clearly legal. From the perspective of " @@ -5780,7 +5780,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3960 +#: freeculture.xml:3959 msgid "" "Whether on balance sharing is harmful depends importantly on how harmful " "type A sharing is. Just as Edison complained about Hollywood, composers " @@ -5791,17 +5791,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3967 freeculture.xml:3976 freeculture.xml:4336 freeculture.xml:8380 freeculture.xml:8409 freeculture.xml:10157 freeculture.xml:15021 +#: freeculture.xml:3966 freeculture.xml:3975 freeculture.xml:4335 freeculture.xml:8379 freeculture.xml:8408 freeculture.xml:10157 freeculture.xml:15021 msgid "cassette recording" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3967 freeculture.xml:4336 freeculture.xml:8380 freeculture.xml:8409 freeculture.xml:10157 freeculture.xml:10158 freeculture.xml:15021 freeculture.xml:15022 +#: freeculture.xml:3966 freeculture.xml:4335 freeculture.xml:8379 freeculture.xml:8408 freeculture.xml:10157 freeculture.xml:10158 freeculture.xml:15021 freeculture.xml:15022 msgid "VCRs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3976 +#: freeculture.xml:3975 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> See Cap Gemini Ernst & Young, " "<citetitle>Technology Evolution and the Music Industry's Business Model " @@ -5818,7 +5818,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3969 +#: freeculture.xml:3968 msgid "" "While the numbers do suggest that sharing is harmful, how harmful is harder " "to reckon. It has long been the recording industry's practice to blame " @@ -5833,18 +5833,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3994 +#: freeculture.xml:3993 msgid "MTV" msgstr "" #. f11 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4004 +#: freeculture.xml:4003 msgid "U.S. Congress, <citetitle>Copyright and Home Copying</citetitle>, 4." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3996 +#: freeculture.xml:3995 msgid "" "Yet soon thereafter, and before Congress was given an opportunity to enact " "regulation, MTV was launched, and the industry had a record " @@ -5856,7 +5856,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4009 +#: freeculture.xml:4008 msgid "" "But just because the industry was wrong before does not mean it is wrong " "today. To evaluate the real threat that p2p sharing presents to the industry " @@ -5869,7 +5869,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4019 +#: freeculture.xml:4018 msgid "" "We start to answer this question by focusing on the net harm, from the " "standpoint of the industry as a whole, that sharing networks cause. The " @@ -5881,12 +5881,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4029 +#: freeculture.xml:4028 msgid "sales levels of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4031 +#: freeculture.xml:4030 msgid "" "Could that be true? Could the industry as a whole be gaining because of file " "sharing? Odd as that might sound, the data about CD sales actually suggest " @@ -5895,7 +5895,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4040 +#: freeculture.xml:4039 msgid "" "See Recording Industry Association of America, <citetitle>2002 Yearend " "Statistics</citetitle>, available at <ulink " @@ -5913,12 +5913,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4067 +#: freeculture.xml:4066 msgid "Black, Jane" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4064 +#: freeculture.xml:4063 msgid "" "Jane Black, <quote>Big Music's Broken Record,</quote> BusinessWeek online, " "13 February 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -5927,7 +5927,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4036 +#: freeculture.xml:4035 msgid "" "In 2002, the RIAA reported that CD sales had fallen by 8.9 percent, from 882 " "million to 803 million units; revenues fell 6.7 percent.<placeholder " @@ -5948,7 +5948,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 84 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4082 +#: freeculture.xml:4081 msgid "" "But let's assume the RIAA is right, and all of the decline in CD sales is " "because of Internet sharing. Here's the rub: In the same period that the " @@ -5959,7 +5959,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4090 +#: freeculture.xml:4089 msgid "" "There are too many different things happening at the same time to explain " "these numbers definitively, but one conclusion is unavoidable: The recording " @@ -5977,7 +5977,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4106 +#: freeculture.xml:4105 msgid "" "These are the harms—alleged and perhaps exaggerated but, let's assume, " "real. What of the benefits? File sharing may impose costs on the recording " @@ -5986,7 +5986,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f15 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4118 +#: freeculture.xml:4117 msgid "" "By one estimate, 75 percent of the music released by the major labels is no " "longer in print. See Online Entertainment and Copyright Law—Coming " @@ -5997,7 +5997,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4112 +#: freeculture.xml:4111 msgid "" "One benefit is type C sharing—making available content that is " "technically still under copyright but is no longer commercially available. " @@ -6011,17 +6011,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4131 freeculture.xml:4139 freeculture.xml:4160 freeculture.xml:4184 freeculture.xml:4695 freeculture.xml:6155 freeculture.xml:6160 freeculture.xml:6212 freeculture.xml:7179 freeculture.xml:7180 freeculture.xml:7566 freeculture.xml:7640 freeculture.xml:7924 freeculture.xml:14407 freeculture.xml:15133 freeculture.xml:15134 +#: freeculture.xml:4130 freeculture.xml:4138 freeculture.xml:4159 freeculture.xml:4183 freeculture.xml:4694 freeculture.xml:6154 freeculture.xml:6159 freeculture.xml:6211 freeculture.xml:7178 freeculture.xml:7179 freeculture.xml:7565 freeculture.xml:7639 freeculture.xml:7923 freeculture.xml:14407 freeculture.xml:15133 freeculture.xml:15134 msgid "books" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4131 freeculture.xml:4139 freeculture.xml:7179 freeculture.xml:15134 +#: freeculture.xml:4130 freeculture.xml:4138 freeculture.xml:7178 freeculture.xml:15134 msgid "resales of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4139 +#: freeculture.xml:4138 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> While there are not good " "estimates of the number of used record stores in existence, in 2002, there " @@ -6035,7 +6035,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4133 +#: freeculture.xml:4132 msgid "" "In real space—long before the Internet—the market had a simple " "response to this problem: used book and record stores. There are thousands " @@ -6050,22 +6050,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4160 freeculture.xml:6155 freeculture.xml:6160 freeculture.xml:7180 freeculture.xml:15133 +#: freeculture.xml:4159 freeculture.xml:6154 freeculture.xml:6159 freeculture.xml:7179 freeculture.xml:15133 msgid "out of print" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4161 +#: freeculture.xml:4160 msgid "Bernstein, Leonard" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4162 freeculture.xml:7641 +#: freeculture.xml:4161 freeculture.xml:7640 msgid "books on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4164 +#: freeculture.xml:4163 msgid "" "Type C sharing, then, is very much like used book stores or used record " "stores. It is different, of course, because the person making the content " @@ -6081,7 +6081,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4177 +#: freeculture.xml:4176 msgid "" "It may well be, all things considered, that it would be better if the " "copyright owner got something from this trade. But just because it may well " @@ -6092,23 +6092,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4184 freeculture.xml:14407 +#: freeculture.xml:4183 freeculture.xml:14407 msgid "free on-line releases of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4185 +#: freeculture.xml:4184 msgid "Doctorow, Cory" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4186 +#: freeculture.xml:4185 msgid "Down and Out in the Magic Kingdom (Doctorow)" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 86 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4188 +#: freeculture.xml:4187 msgid "" "Finally, and perhaps most importantly, file-sharing networks enable type D " "sharing to occur—the sharing of content that copyright owners want to " @@ -6126,7 +6126,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4206 +#: freeculture.xml:4205 msgid "" "Likewise for work in the public domain: This sharing benefits society with " "no legal harm to authors at all. If efforts to solve the problem of type A " @@ -6135,7 +6135,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4212 +#: freeculture.xml:4211 msgid "" "The point throughout is this: While the recording industry understandably " "says, <quote>This is how much we've lost,</quote> we must also ask, " @@ -6145,7 +6145,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4220 +#: freeculture.xml:4219 msgid "" "For unlike the piracy I described in the first section of this chapter, much " "of the <quote>piracy</quote> that file sharing enables is plainly legal and " @@ -6161,7 +6161,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4234 +#: freeculture.xml:4233 msgid "" "<quote>But isn't the war just a war against illegal sharing? Isn't the " "target just what you call type A sharing?</quote>" @@ -6169,7 +6169,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f17 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4250 +#: freeculture.xml:4249 msgid "" "See Transcript of Proceedings, In Re: Napster Copyright Litigation at 34- 35 " "(N.D. Cal., 11 July 2001), nos. MDL-00-1369 MHP, C 99-5183 MHP, available at " @@ -6180,7 +6180,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4238 +#: freeculture.xml:4237 msgid "" "You would think. And we should hope. But so far, it is not. The effect of " "the war purportedly on type A sharing alone has been felt far beyond that " @@ -6193,7 +6193,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4261 +#: freeculture.xml:4260 msgid "" "If 99.4 percent is not good enough, then this is a war on file-sharing " "technologies, not a war on copyright infringement. There is no way to assure " @@ -6207,7 +6207,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4272 +#: freeculture.xml:4271 msgid "" "Zero tolerance has not been our history. It has not produced the content " "industry that we know today. The history of American law has been a process " @@ -6219,27 +6219,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4281 +#: freeculture.xml:4280 msgid "composers, copyright protections of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4286 +#: freeculture.xml:4285 msgid "music recordings played on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4288 +#: freeculture.xml:4287 msgid "copyright protections in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4291 +#: freeculture.xml:4290 msgid "composer's rights vs. producers' rights in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4293 +#: freeculture.xml:4292 msgid "" "So, as we've seen, when <quote>mechanical reproduction</quote> threatened " "the interests of composers, Congress balanced the rights of composers " @@ -6253,7 +6253,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4306 +#: freeculture.xml:4305 msgid "" "Cable TV followed the pattern of record albums. When the courts rejected the " "claim that cable broadcasters had to pay for the content they rebroadcast, " @@ -6264,7 +6264,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 88 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4317 +#: freeculture.xml:4316 msgid "" "This compromise, like the compromise affecting records and player pianos, " "served two important goals—indeed, the two central goals of any " @@ -6282,12 +6282,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4335 +#: freeculture.xml:4334 msgid "Betamax" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4338 +#: freeculture.xml:4337 msgid "" "In the same year that Congress struck this balance, two major producers and " "distributors of film content filed a lawsuit against another technology, the " @@ -6304,7 +6304,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 89 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4352 +#: freeculture.xml:4351 msgid "" "There was something to Disney's and Universal's claim. Sony did decide to " "design its machine to make it very simple to record television shows. It " @@ -6320,13 +6320,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4367 +#: freeculture.xml:4366 msgid "on VCR technology" msgstr "" #. f18 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4376 +#: freeculture.xml:4375 msgid "" "Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders): Hearing on S. 1758 " "Before the Senate Committee on the Judiciary, 97th Cong., 1st and 2nd sess., " @@ -6336,13 +6336,13 @@ msgstr "" #. f19 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4388 +#: freeculture.xml:4387 msgid "Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders), 475." msgstr "" #. f20 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4393 +#: freeculture.xml:4392 msgid "" "<citetitle>Universal City Studios, Inc</citetitle>. v. <citetitle>Sony " "Corp. of America</citetitle>, 480 F. Supp. 429, (C.D. Cal., 1979)." @@ -6350,14 +6350,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f21 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4404 +#: freeculture.xml:4403 msgid "" "Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders), 485 (testimony of Jack " "Valenti)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4369 +#: freeculture.xml:4368 msgid "" "MPAA president Jack Valenti became the studios' most vocal champion. Valenti " "called VCRs <quote>tapeworms.</quote> He warned, <quote>When there are 20, " @@ -6384,19 +6384,19 @@ msgstr "" #. f22 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4422 +#: freeculture.xml:4421 msgid "" "<citetitle>Universal City Studios, Inc</citetitle>. v. <citetitle>Sony " "Corp. of America</citetitle>, 659 F. 2d 963 (9th Cir. 1981)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4425 +#: freeculture.xml:4424 msgid "Kozinski, Alex" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4410 +#: freeculture.xml:4409 msgid "" "It took eight years for this case to be resolved by the Supreme Court. In " "the interim, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, which includes Hollywood in " @@ -6413,7 +6413,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 90 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4428 +#: freeculture.xml:4427 msgid "" "But the Supreme Court reversed the decision of the Ninth Circuit. And in " "its reversal, the Court clearly articulated its understanding of when and " @@ -6422,14 +6422,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f23 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4447 +#: freeculture.xml:4446 msgid "" "<citetitle>Sony Corp. of America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal City " "Studios, Inc</citetitle>., 464 U.S. 417, 431 (1984)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4437 +#: freeculture.xml:4436 msgid "" "Sound policy, as well as history, supports our consistent deference to " "Congress when major technological innovations alter the market for " @@ -6440,7 +6440,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4453 +#: freeculture.xml:4452 msgid "" "Congress was asked to respond to the Supreme Court's decision. But as with " "the plea of recording artists about radio broadcasts, Congress ignored the " @@ -6450,77 +6450,77 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4464 +#: freeculture.xml:4463 msgid "CASE" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4465 +#: freeculture.xml:4464 msgid "WHOSE VALUE WAS <quote>PIRATED</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4466 +#: freeculture.xml:4465 msgid "RESPONSE OF THE COURTS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4467 +#: freeculture.xml:4466 msgid "RESPONSE OF CONGRESS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4472 +#: freeculture.xml:4471 msgid "Recordings" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4473 +#: freeculture.xml:4472 msgid "Composers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4474 freeculture.xml:4486 freeculture.xml:4492 +#: freeculture.xml:4473 freeculture.xml:4485 freeculture.xml:4491 msgid "No protection" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4475 freeculture.xml:4487 +#: freeculture.xml:4474 freeculture.xml:4486 msgid "Statutory license" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4479 +#: freeculture.xml:4478 msgid "Recording artists" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4480 +#: freeculture.xml:4479 msgid "N/A" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4481 freeculture.xml:4493 +#: freeculture.xml:4480 freeculture.xml:4492 msgid "Nothing" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4485 +#: freeculture.xml:4484 msgid "Broadcasters" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4490 +#: freeculture.xml:4489 msgid "VCR" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4491 +#: freeculture.xml:4490 msgid "Film creators" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4503 +#: freeculture.xml:4502 msgid "" "These are the most important instances in our history, but there are other " "cases as well. The technology of digital audio tape (DAT), for example, was " @@ -6537,7 +6537,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4500 +#: freeculture.xml:4499 msgid "" "In each case throughout our history, a new technology changed the way " "content was distributed.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In each " @@ -6547,7 +6547,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 91 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4521 +#: freeculture.xml:4520 msgid "" "In <emphasis>none</emphasis> of these cases did either the courts or " "Congress eliminate all free riding. In <emphasis>none</emphasis> of these " @@ -6561,7 +6561,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4534 +#: freeculture.xml:4533 msgid "" "When you think across these examples, and the other examples that make up " "the first four chapters of this section, this balance makes sense. Was Walt " @@ -6574,20 +6574,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4545 +#: freeculture.xml:4544 msgid "on balance of interests in copyright law" msgstr "" #. f25 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4552 +#: freeculture.xml:4551 msgid "" "<citetitle>Sony Corp. of America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal City " "Studios, Inc</citetitle>., 464 U.S. 417, (1984)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4547 +#: freeculture.xml:4546 msgid "" "We could answer yes to each of these questions, but our tradition has " "answered no. In our tradition, as the Supreme Court has stated, copyright " @@ -6601,7 +6601,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4563 +#: freeculture.xml:4562 msgid "" "We should be doing the same thing today. The technology of the Internet is " "changing quickly. The way people connect to the Internet (wires " @@ -6618,7 +6618,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f26 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4587 +#: freeculture.xml:4586 msgid "" "John Schwartz, <quote>New Economy: The Attack on Peer-to-Peer Software " "Echoes Past Efforts,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 22 " @@ -6626,7 +6626,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4579 +#: freeculture.xml:4578 msgid "" "This is especially true when a new technology enables a vastly superior mode " "of distribution. And this p2p has done. P2p technologies can be ideally " @@ -6638,7 +6638,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4592 +#: freeculture.xml:4591 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Yet when anyone</emphasis> begins to talk about " "<quote>balance,</quote> the copyright warriors raise a different " @@ -6652,7 +6652,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4604 +#: freeculture.xml:4603 msgid "" "<quote>It is <emphasis>our property</emphasis>,</quote> the warriors " "insist. <quote>And it should be protected just as any other property is " @@ -6660,13 +6660,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><title> -#: freeculture.xml:4613 +#: freeculture.xml:4612 msgid "<quote>PROPERTY</quote>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 94 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4618 +#: freeculture.xml:4617 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>The copyright warriors</emphasis> are right: A " "copyright is a kind of property. It can be owned and sold, and the law " @@ -6676,7 +6676,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4625 +#: freeculture.xml:4624 msgid "" "But in ordinary language, to call a copyright a <quote>property</quote> " "right is a bit misleading, for the property of copyright is an odd kind of " @@ -6690,13 +6690,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4636 freeculture.xml:6446 freeculture.xml:14394 +#: freeculture.xml:4635 freeculture.xml:6445 freeculture.xml:14394 msgid "Jefferson, Thomas" msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4651 +#: freeculture.xml:4650 msgid "" "Letter from Thomas Jefferson to Isaac McPherson (13 August 1813) in " "<citetitle>The Writings of Thomas Jefferson</citetitle>, vol. 6 (Andrew " @@ -6704,7 +6704,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4638 +#: freeculture.xml:4637 msgid "" "The point is not just about the thingness of picnic tables versus ideas, " "though that's an important difference. The point instead is that in the " @@ -6720,12 +6720,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4656 +#: freeculture.xml:4655 msgid "intangibility of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4658 +#: freeculture.xml:4657 msgid "" "The exceptions to free use are ideas and expressions within the reach of the " "law of patent and copyright, and a few other domains that I won't discuss " @@ -6735,7 +6735,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4671 +#: freeculture.xml:4670 msgid "" "As the legal realists taught American law, all property rights are " "intangible. A property right is simply a right that an individual has " @@ -6747,7 +6747,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4666 +#: freeculture.xml:4665 msgid "" "But how, and to what extent, and in what form—the details, in other " "words—matter. To get a good sense of how this practice of turning the " @@ -6757,7 +6757,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4681 +#: freeculture.xml:4680 msgid "" "My strategy in doing this will be the same as my strategy in the preceding " "part. I offer four stories to help put the idea of <quote>copyright material " @@ -6770,47 +6770,47 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:4694 +#: freeculture.xml:4693 msgid "Founders" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4695 +#: freeculture.xml:4694 msgid "English copyright law developed for" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4698 +#: freeculture.xml:4697 msgid "England, copyright laws developed in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4699 freeculture.xml:13935 +#: freeculture.xml:4698 freeculture.xml:13935 msgid "United Kingdom" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4699 +#: freeculture.xml:4698 msgid "history of copyright law in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4700 freeculture.xml:4870 +#: freeculture.xml:4699 freeculture.xml:4869 msgid "Branagh, Kenneth" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4701 +#: freeculture.xml:4700 msgid "Henry V" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4703 freeculture.xml:4835 +#: freeculture.xml:4702 freeculture.xml:4834 msgid "Romeo and Juliet (Shakespeare)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4705 +#: freeculture.xml:4704 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>William Shakespeare</emphasis> wrote " "<citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> in 1595. The play was first " @@ -6824,27 +6824,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4716 freeculture.xml:4800 freeculture.xml:4909 freeculture.xml:5042 +#: freeculture.xml:4715 freeculture.xml:4799 freeculture.xml:4908 freeculture.xml:5041 msgid "Conger" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4717 +#: freeculture.xml:4716 msgid "Tonson, Jacob" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4723 +#: freeculture.xml:4722 msgid "Jonson, Ben" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4724 +#: freeculture.xml:4723 msgid "Dryden, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4723 +#: freeculture.xml:4722 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " "id=\"1\"/> Jacob Tonson is typically remembered for his associations with " @@ -6859,7 +6859,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4736 +#: freeculture.xml:4735 msgid "" "Lyman Ray Patterson, <citetitle>Copyright in Historical " "Perspective</citetitle> (Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 1968), " @@ -6868,7 +6868,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 97 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4719 +#: freeculture.xml:4718 msgid "" "In 1774, almost 180 years after <citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> was " "written, the <quote>copy-right</quote> for the work was still thought by " @@ -6884,22 +6884,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4748 freeculture.xml:4801 freeculture.xml:4941 freeculture.xml:5122 freeculture.xml:5278 +#: freeculture.xml:4747 freeculture.xml:4800 freeculture.xml:4940 freeculture.xml:5121 freeculture.xml:5277 msgid "British Parliament" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4750 freeculture.xml:7117 +#: freeculture.xml:4749 freeculture.xml:7116 msgid "renewability of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4751 freeculture.xml:4803 freeculture.xml:4847 freeculture.xml:4954 freeculture.xml:5041 freeculture.xml:7107 +#: freeculture.xml:4750 freeculture.xml:4802 freeculture.xml:4846 freeculture.xml:4953 freeculture.xml:5040 freeculture.xml:7106 msgid "Statute of Anne (1710)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4762 +#: freeculture.xml:4761 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> As Siva Vaidhyanathan nicely " "argues, it is erroneous to call this a <quote>copyright law.</quote> See " @@ -6907,7 +6907,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4753 +#: freeculture.xml:4752 msgid "" "Now, there's something puzzling about the year 1774 to anyone who knows a " "little about copyright law. The better-known year in the history of " @@ -6922,22 +6922,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4771 freeculture.xml:4995 +#: freeculture.xml:4770 freeculture.xml:4994 msgid "common vs. positive" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4772 freeculture.xml:4996 +#: freeculture.xml:4771 freeculture.xml:4995 msgid "positive law" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4773 +#: freeculture.xml:4772 msgid "Licensing Act (1662)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4775 +#: freeculture.xml:4774 msgid "" "The reason is that the English hadn't yet agreed on what a " "<quote>copyright</quote> was—indeed, no one had. At the time the " @@ -6950,12 +6950,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4786 freeculture.xml:4994 freeculture.xml:5065 freeculture.xml:5165 +#: freeculture.xml:4785 freeculture.xml:4993 freeculture.xml:5064 freeculture.xml:5164 msgid "common law" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4788 +#: freeculture.xml:4787 msgid "" "There was no <emphasis>positive</emphasis> law, but that didn't mean that " "there was no law. The Anglo-American legal tradition looks to both the words " @@ -6970,13 +6970,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4802 freeculture.xml:5031 freeculture.xml:5139 freeculture.xml:5217 +#: freeculture.xml:4801 freeculture.xml:5030 freeculture.xml:5138 freeculture.xml:5216 msgid "Scottish publishers" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 98 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4805 +#: freeculture.xml:4804 msgid "" "This question was important to the publishers, or " "<quote>booksellers,</quote> as they were called, because there was growing " @@ -6988,12 +6988,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4816 +#: freeculture.xml:4815 msgid "as narrow monopoly right" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4818 +#: freeculture.xml:4817 msgid "" "The Statute of Anne granted the author or <quote>proprietor</quote> of a " "book an exclusive right to print that book. In an important limitation, " @@ -7004,7 +7004,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4828 +#: freeculture.xml:4827 msgid "" "Now, the thing to puzzle about for a moment is this: Why would Parliament " "limit the exclusive right? Not why would they limit it to the particular " @@ -7013,7 +7013,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4837 +#: freeculture.xml:4836 msgid "" "For the booksellers, and the authors whom they represented, had a very " "strong claim. Take <citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> as an example: " @@ -7027,7 +7027,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4849 +#: freeculture.xml:4848 msgid "" "The answer comes in two parts. We first need to see something special about " "the notion of <quote>copyright</quote> that existed at the time of the " @@ -7036,13 +7036,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4854 freeculture.xml:7632 freeculture.xml:7799 +#: freeculture.xml:4853 freeculture.xml:7631 freeculture.xml:7798 msgid "usage restrictions attached to" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 99 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4856 +#: freeculture.xml:4855 msgid "" "First, about copyright. In the last three hundred years, we have come to " "apply the concept of <quote>copyright</quote> ever more broadly. But in " @@ -7058,7 +7058,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4873 +#: freeculture.xml:4872 msgid "" "So, for example, even if the copyright to Shakespeare's works were " "perpetual, all that would have meant under the original meaning of the term " @@ -7071,22 +7071,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4882 +#: freeculture.xml:4881 msgid "Henry VIII, King of England" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4883 +#: freeculture.xml:4882 msgid "monopoly, copyright as" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4884 +#: freeculture.xml:4883 msgid "Statute of Monopolies (1656)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4886 +#: freeculture.xml:4885 msgid "" "Even that limited right was viewed with skepticism by the British. They had " "had a long and ugly experience with <quote>exclusive rights,</quote> " @@ -7101,7 +7101,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4899 +#: freeculture.xml:4898 msgid "" "Thus the <quote>copy-right,</quote> when viewed as a monopoly right, was " "naturally viewed as a right that should be limited. (However convincing the " @@ -7113,25 +7113,25 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4907 freeculture.xml:5200 +#: freeculture.xml:4906 freeculture.xml:5199 msgid "Milton, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4908 +#: freeculture.xml:4907 msgid "booksellers, English" msgstr "" #. f4 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4927 +#: freeculture.xml:4926 msgid "" "Philip Wittenberg, <citetitle>The Protection and Marketing of Literary " "Property</citetitle> (New York: J. Messner, Inc., 1937), 31." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4912 +#: freeculture.xml:4911 msgid "" "Second, about booksellers. It wasn't just that the copyright was a " "monopoly. It was also that it was a monopoly held by the booksellers. " @@ -7147,17 +7147,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4931 +#: freeculture.xml:4930 msgid "Enlightenment" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4932 +#: freeculture.xml:4931 msgid "knowledge, freedom of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4934 +#: freeculture.xml:4933 msgid "" "Many believed the power the booksellers exercised over the spread of " "knowledge was harming that spread, just at the time the Enlightenment was " @@ -7167,7 +7167,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4943 +#: freeculture.xml:4942 msgid "" "To balance this power, Parliament decided to increase competition among " "booksellers, and the simplest way to do that was to spread the wealth of " @@ -7181,12 +7181,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4956 freeculture.xml:5091 freeculture.xml:5185 freeculture.xml:11137 +#: freeculture.xml:4955 freeculture.xml:5090 freeculture.xml:5184 freeculture.xml:11137 msgid "in perpetuity" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4958 +#: freeculture.xml:4957 msgid "" "When 1731 (1710 + 21) came along, however, the booksellers were getting " "anxious. They saw the consequences of more competition, and like every " @@ -7198,7 +7198,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4967 +#: freeculture.xml:4966 msgid "" "Parliament rejected their requests. As one pamphleteer put it, in words that " "echo today," @@ -7206,7 +7206,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f5 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4982 +#: freeculture.xml:4981 msgid "" "A Letter to a Member of Parliament concerning the Bill now depending in the " "House of Commons, for making more effectual an Act in the Eighth Year of the " @@ -7218,7 +7218,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4972 +#: freeculture.xml:4971 msgid "" "I see no Reason for granting a further Term now, which will not hold as well " "for granting it again and again, as often as the Old ones Expire; so that " @@ -7230,7 +7230,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4998 +#: freeculture.xml:4997 msgid "" "Having failed in Parliament, the publishers turned to the courts in a series " "of cases. Their argument was simple and direct: The Statute of Anne gave " @@ -7247,12 +7247,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5020 freeculture.xml:5030 freeculture.xml:5073 +#: freeculture.xml:5019 freeculture.xml:5029 freeculture.xml:5072 msgid "Patterson, Raymond" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5020 +#: freeculture.xml:5019 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " "id=\"1\"/> Lyman Ray Patterson, <quote>Free Speech, Copyright, and Fair " @@ -7261,7 +7261,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5014 +#: freeculture.xml:5013 msgid "" "This was a clever argument, and one that had the support of some of the " "leading jurists of the day. It also displayed extraordinary chutzpah. Until " @@ -7273,20 +7273,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5029 freeculture.xml:5138 +#: freeculture.xml:5028 freeculture.xml:5137 msgid "Donaldson, Alexander" msgstr "" #. f7 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5037 +#: freeculture.xml:5036 msgid "" "For a compelling account, see David Saunders, <citetitle>Authorship and " "Copyright</citetitle> (London: Routledge, 1992), 62–69." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5033 +#: freeculture.xml:5032 msgid "" "The booksellers' argument was not accepted without a fight. The hero of " "this fight was a Scottish bookseller named Alexander Donaldson.<placeholder " @@ -7294,22 +7294,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5043 +#: freeculture.xml:5042 msgid "Boswell, James" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5044 +#: freeculture.xml:5043 msgid "Erskine, Andrew" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5053 freeculture.xml:15557 +#: freeculture.xml:5052 freeculture.xml:15557 msgid "Rose, Mark" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5051 +#: freeculture.xml:5050 msgid "" "Mark Rose, <citetitle>Authors and Owners</citetitle> (Cambridge: Harvard " "University Press, 1993), 92. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" @@ -7317,12 +7317,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f9 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5062 +#: freeculture.xml:5061 msgid "Ibid., 93." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5046 +#: freeculture.xml:5045 msgid "" "Donaldson was an outsider to the London Conger. He began his career in " "Edinburgh in 1750. The focus of his business was inexpensive reprints " @@ -7336,7 +7336,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5073 +#: freeculture.xml:5072 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Lyman Ray Patterson, " "<citetitle>Copyright in Historical Perspective</citetitle>, 167 (quoting " @@ -7344,7 +7344,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5067 +#: freeculture.xml:5066 msgid "" "When the London booksellers tried to shut down Donaldson's shop in Scotland, " "he responded by moving his shop to London, where he sold inexpensive " @@ -7356,12 +7356,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5082 +#: freeculture.xml:5081 msgid "Millar v. Taylor" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5084 +#: freeculture.xml:5083 msgid "" "The London booksellers quickly brought suit to block <quote>piracy</quote> " "like Donaldson's. A number of actions were successful against the " @@ -7370,23 +7370,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5090 freeculture.xml:5144 +#: freeculture.xml:5089 freeculture.xml:5143 msgid "Thomson, James" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5092 +#: freeculture.xml:5091 msgid "Seasons, The (Thomson)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5093 +#: freeculture.xml:5092 msgid "Taylor, Robert" msgstr "" #. f11 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5102 +#: freeculture.xml:5101 msgid "" "Howard B. Abrams, <quote>The Historic Foundation of American Copyright Law: " "Exploding the Myth of Common Law Copyright,</quote> <citetitle>Wayne Law " @@ -7394,7 +7394,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5095 +#: freeculture.xml:5094 msgid "" "Millar was a bookseller who in 1729 had purchased the rights to James " "Thomson's poem <quote>The Seasons.</quote> Millar complied with the " @@ -7406,7 +7406,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5109 +#: freeculture.xml:5108 msgid "" "Astonishingly to modern lawyers, one of the greatest judges in English " "history, Lord Mansfield, agreed with the booksellers. Whatever protection " @@ -7421,7 +7421,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 103 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5124 +#: freeculture.xml:5123 msgid "" "Considered as a matter of abstract justice—reasoning as if justice " "were just a matter of logical deduction from first " @@ -7436,35 +7436,35 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5141 +#: freeculture.xml:5140 msgid "" "The fight to defend the limits of the Statute of Anne was not to end there, " "however, and it is here that Donaldson enters the mix." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5145 +#: freeculture.xml:5144 msgid "Beckett, Thomas" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5146 freeculture.xml:5253 +#: freeculture.xml:5145 freeculture.xml:5252 msgid "House of Lords" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5147 +#: freeculture.xml:5146 msgid "House of Lords vs." msgstr "" #. f12 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5153 +#: freeculture.xml:5152 msgid "Ibid., 1156." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5149 +#: freeculture.xml:5148 msgid "" "Millar died soon after his victory, so his case was not appealed. His estate " "sold Thomson's poems to a syndicate of printers that included Thomas " @@ -7478,12 +7478,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5164 +#: freeculture.xml:5163 msgid "Donaldson v. Beckett" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5167 +#: freeculture.xml:5166 msgid "" "As few legal cases ever do, <citetitle>Donaldson</citetitle> " "v. <citetitle>Beckett</citetitle> drew an enormous amount of attention " @@ -7496,7 +7496,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5178 +#: freeculture.xml:5177 msgid "" "The House of Lords was an odd institution. Legal questions were presented to " "the House and voted upon first by the <quote>law lords,</quote> members of " @@ -7506,13 +7506,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5186 freeculture.xml:5254 +#: freeculture.xml:5185 freeculture.xml:5253 msgid "English legal establishment of" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 104 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5188 +#: freeculture.xml:5187 msgid "" "The reports about the law lords' votes are mixed. On some counts, it looks " "as if perpetual copyright prevailed. But there is no ambiguity about how the " @@ -7524,22 +7524,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5197 +#: freeculture.xml:5196 msgid "Bacon, Francis" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5198 +#: freeculture.xml:5197 msgid "Bunyan, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5199 +#: freeculture.xml:5198 msgid "Johnson, Samuel" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5203 +#: freeculture.xml:5202 msgid "" "<quote>The public domain.</quote> Before the case of " "<citetitle>Donaldson</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Beckett</citetitle>, there " @@ -7553,12 +7553,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f13 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5229 +#: freeculture.xml:5228 msgid "Rose, 97." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5219 +#: freeculture.xml:5218 msgid "" "It is hard for us to imagine, but this decision by the House of Lords fueled " "an extraordinarily popular and political reaction. In Scotland, where most " @@ -7573,7 +7573,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5234 +#: freeculture.xml:5233 msgid "" "In London, however, at least among publishers, the reaction was equally " "strong in the opposite direction. The <citetitle>Morning " @@ -7581,7 +7581,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5240 +#: freeculture.xml:5239 msgid "" "By the above decision … near 200,000 pounds worth of what was " "honestly purchased at public sale, and which was yesterday thought property " @@ -7595,7 +7595,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 105 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5257 +#: freeculture.xml:5256 msgid "" "<quote>Ruined</quote> is a bit of an exaggeration. But it is not an " "exaggeration to say that the change was profound. The decision of the House " @@ -7618,7 +7618,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5280 +#: freeculture.xml:5279 msgid "" "At least, this was the rule in a world where the Parliament is antimonopoly, " "resistant to the protectionist pleas of publishers. In a world where the " @@ -7626,42 +7626,42 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:5297 +#: freeculture.xml:5296 msgid "Recorders" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5298 freeculture.xml:7601 freeculture.xml:7720 freeculture.xml:7779 +#: freeculture.xml:5297 freeculture.xml:7600 freeculture.xml:7719 freeculture.xml:7778 msgid "fair use and" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5299 +#: freeculture.xml:5298 msgid "documentary film" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5300 +#: freeculture.xml:5299 msgid "Else, Jon" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5301 freeculture.xml:5448 freeculture.xml:7600 freeculture.xml:7642 freeculture.xml:7719 freeculture.xml:7781 +#: freeculture.xml:5300 freeculture.xml:5447 freeculture.xml:7599 freeculture.xml:7641 freeculture.xml:7718 freeculture.xml:7780 msgid "fair use" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5301 +#: freeculture.xml:5300 msgid "in documentary film" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5302 +#: freeculture.xml:5301 msgid "fair use of copyrighted material in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5304 +#: freeculture.xml:5303 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Jon Else</emphasis> is a filmmaker. He is best known " "for his documentaries and has been very successful in spreading his art. He " @@ -7671,24 +7671,24 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5311 +#: freeculture.xml:5310 msgid "" "Else worked on a documentary that I was involved in. At a break, he told me " "a story about the freedom to create with film in America today." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5315 freeculture.xml:5381 +#: freeculture.xml:5314 freeculture.xml:5380 msgid "Wagner, Richard" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5316 freeculture.xml:5395 +#: freeculture.xml:5315 freeculture.xml:5394 msgid "San Francisco Opera" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5318 +#: freeculture.xml:5317 msgid "" "In 1990, Else was working on a documentary about Wagner's Ring Cycle. The " "focus was stagehands at the San Francisco Opera. Stagehands are a " @@ -7698,13 +7698,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5325 +#: freeculture.xml:5324 msgid "Simpsons, The" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 107 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5327 +#: freeculture.xml:5326 msgid "" "During one of the performances, Else was shooting some stagehands playing " "checkers. In one corner of the room was a television set. Playing on the " @@ -7715,12 +7715,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5336 +#: freeculture.xml:5335 msgid "multiple copyrights associated with" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5338 +#: freeculture.xml:5337 msgid "" "Years later, when he finally got funding to complete the film, Else " "attempted to clear the rights for those few seconds of <citetitle>The " @@ -7731,17 +7731,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5344 +#: freeculture.xml:5343 msgid "Gracie Films" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5345 freeculture.xml:5406 freeculture.xml:5470 +#: freeculture.xml:5344 freeculture.xml:5405 freeculture.xml:5469 msgid "Groening, Matt" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5347 +#: freeculture.xml:5346 msgid "" "Else called <citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle> creator Matt Groening's office " "to get permission. Groening approved the shot. The shot was a " @@ -7751,12 +7751,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5353 freeculture.xml:5405 freeculture.xml:5469 +#: freeculture.xml:5352 freeculture.xml:5404 freeculture.xml:5468 msgid "Fox (film company)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5355 +#: freeculture.xml:5354 msgid "" "Gracie Films was okay with it, too, but they, like Groening, wanted to be " "careful. So they told Else to contact Fox, Gracie's parent company. Else " @@ -7766,7 +7766,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5363 +#: freeculture.xml:5362 msgid "" "Then, as Else told me, <quote>two things happened. First we discovered " "… that Matt Groening doesn't own his own creation—or at least " @@ -7777,12 +7777,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5372 +#: freeculture.xml:5371 msgid "Herrera, Rebecca" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5374 +#: freeculture.xml:5373 msgid "" "Else was certain there was a mistake. He worked his way up to someone he " "thought was a vice president for licensing, Rebecca Herrera. He explained " @@ -7794,7 +7794,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 108 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5383 +#: freeculture.xml:5382 msgid "" "<quote>I wanted to make sure I had my facts straight,</quote> he told " "me. <quote>Yes, you have your facts straight,</quote> she said. It would " @@ -7806,12 +7806,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5396 +#: freeculture.xml:5395 msgid "Day After Trinity, The" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5398 +#: freeculture.xml:5397 msgid "" "Else didn't have the money to buy the right to replay what was playing on " "the television backstage at the San Francisco Opera. To reproduce this " @@ -7822,7 +7822,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5408 +#: freeculture.xml:5407 msgid "" "There's no doubt that someone, whether Matt Groening or Fox, owns the " "copyright to <citetitle>The Simpsons</citetitle>. That copyright is their " @@ -7836,7 +7836,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5419 +#: freeculture.xml:5418 msgid "" "For example, <quote>public performance</quote> is a use of <citetitle>The " "Simpsons</citetitle> that the copyright owner gets to control. If you take a " @@ -7849,7 +7849,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5431 +#: freeculture.xml:5430 msgid "" "For an excellent argument that such use is <quote>fair use,</quote> but that " "lawyers don't permit recognition that it is <quote>fair use,</quote> see " @@ -7859,7 +7859,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5428 +#: freeculture.xml:5427 msgid "" "But when lawyers hear this story about Jon Else and Fox, their first thought " "is <quote>fair use.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Else's " @@ -7871,19 +7871,19 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 109 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5445 +#: freeculture.xml:5444 msgid "" "So I asked Else why he didn't just rely upon <quote>fair use.</quote> Here's " "his reply:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5448 freeculture.xml:7781 +#: freeculture.xml:5447 freeculture.xml:7780 msgid "legal intimidation tactics against" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5450 +#: freeculture.xml:5449 msgid "" "The <citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle> fiasco was for me a great lesson in the " "gulf between what lawyers find irrelevant in some abstract sense, and what " @@ -7894,13 +7894,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5459 +#: freeculture.xml:5458 msgid "Errors and Omissions insurance" msgstr "" #. 1. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5462 +#: freeculture.xml:5461 msgid "" "Before our films can be broadcast, the network requires that we buy Errors " "and Omissions insurance. The carriers require a detailed <quote>visual cue " @@ -7910,18 +7910,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5471 +#: freeculture.xml:5470 msgid "Lucas, George" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5472 +#: freeculture.xml:5471 msgid "<citetitle>Star Wars</citetitle>" msgstr "" #. 2. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5475 +#: freeculture.xml:5474 msgid "" "I probably never should have asked Matt Groening in the first place. But I " "knew (at least from folklore) that Fox had a history of tracking down and " @@ -7937,7 +7937,7 @@ msgstr "" #. 3. #. PAGE BREAK 110 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5487 +#: freeculture.xml:5486 msgid "" "I did, in fact, speak with one of your colleagues at Stanford Law School " "… who confirmed that it was fair use. He also confirmed that Fox " @@ -7948,14 +7948,14 @@ msgstr "" #. 4. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5499 +#: freeculture.xml:5498 msgid "" "The question of fair use usually comes up at the end of the project, when we " "are up against a release deadline and out of money." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5507 +#: freeculture.xml:5506 msgid "" "In theory, fair use means you need no permission. The theory therefore " "supports free culture and insulates against a permission culture. But in " @@ -7966,7 +7966,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5515 +#: freeculture.xml:5514 msgid "" "This practice shows just how far the law has come from its " "eighteenth-century roots. The law was born as a shield to protect " @@ -7975,22 +7975,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:5530 +#: freeculture.xml:5529 msgid "Transformers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5531 +#: freeculture.xml:5530 msgid "Allen, Paul" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5532 freeculture.xml:5592 freeculture.xml:5777 freeculture.xml:10490 freeculture.xml:14924 +#: freeculture.xml:5531 freeculture.xml:5591 freeculture.xml:5776 freeculture.xml:10490 freeculture.xml:14924 msgid "Alben, Alex" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5535 +#: freeculture.xml:5534 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>In 1993</emphasis>, Alex Alben was a lawyer working " "at Starwave, Inc. Starwave was an innovative company founded by Microsoft " @@ -8000,17 +8000,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5542 +#: freeculture.xml:5541 msgid "retrospective compilations on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5543 +#: freeculture.xml:5542 msgid "CD-ROMs, film clips used in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5545 +#: freeculture.xml:5544 msgid "" "Alben had a special interest in new technology. He was intrigued by the " "emerging market for CD-ROM technology—not to distribute film, but to " @@ -8022,7 +8022,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5555 +#: freeculture.xml:5554 msgid "" "At that time, Eastwood had made more than fifty films, as an actor and as a " "director. Alben began with a series of interviews with Eastwood, asking him " @@ -8032,7 +8032,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 112 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5562 +#: freeculture.xml:5561 msgid "" "That alone would not have made a very interesting product, so Starwave " "wanted to add content from the movies in Eastwood's career: posters, " @@ -8042,7 +8042,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5569 +#: freeculture.xml:5568 msgid "" "Then Alben and his team decided to include actual film clips. <quote>Our " "goal was that we were going to have a clip from every one of Eastwood's " @@ -8053,19 +8053,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5577 +#: freeculture.xml:5576 msgid "" "Alben brought the idea to Michael Slade, the CEO of Starwave. Slade asked, " "<quote>Well, what will it take?</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5591 +#: freeculture.xml:5590 msgid "publicity rights on images of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5587 +#: freeculture.xml:5586 msgid "" "Technically, the rights that Alben had to clear were mainly those of " "publicity—rights an artist has to control the commercial exploitation " @@ -8075,7 +8075,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5581 +#: freeculture.xml:5580 msgid "" "Alben replied, <quote>Well, we're going to have to clear rights from " "everyone who appears in these films, and the music and everything else that " @@ -8084,7 +8084,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5596 +#: freeculture.xml:5595 msgid "" "The problem was that neither Alben nor Slade had any idea what clearing " "those rights would mean. Every actor in each of the films could have a claim " @@ -8094,7 +8094,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5603 +#: freeculture.xml:5602 msgid "" "I asked Alben how he dealt with the problem. With an obvious pride in his " "resourcefulness that obscured the obvious bizarreness of his tale, Alben " @@ -8102,7 +8102,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5609 +#: freeculture.xml:5608 msgid "" "So we very mechanically went about looking up the film clips. We made some " "artistic decisions about what film clips to include—of course we were " @@ -8114,7 +8114,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 113 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5618 +#: freeculture.xml:5617 msgid "" "We decided that it would be fair if we offered them the dayplayer rate for " "the right to reuse that performance. We're talking about a clip of less than " @@ -8127,12 +8127,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5629 +#: freeculture.xml:5628 msgid "Sutherland, Donald" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5631 +#: freeculture.xml:5630 msgid "" "Some actors were glad to help—Donald Sutherland, for example, followed " "up himself to be sure that the rights had been cleared. Others were " @@ -8145,14 +8145,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5642 +#: freeculture.xml:5641 msgid "" "It was one <emphasis>year</emphasis> later—<quote>and even then we " "weren't sure whether we were totally in the clear.</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5646 +#: freeculture.xml:5645 msgid "" "Alben is proud of his work. The project was the first of its kind and the " "only time he knew of that a team had undertaken such a massive project for " @@ -8160,7 +8160,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5652 +#: freeculture.xml:5651 msgid "" "Everyone thought it would be too hard. Everyone just threw up their hands " "and said, <quote>Oh, my gosh, a film, it's so many copyrights, there's the " @@ -8173,20 +8173,20 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 114 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5664 +#: freeculture.xml:5663 msgid "" "And no doubt, the product itself was exceptionally good. Eastwood loved it, " "and it sold very well." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5667 +#: freeculture.xml:5666 msgid "Drucker, Peter" msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5675 +#: freeculture.xml:5674 msgid "" "U.S. Department of Commerce Office of Acquisition Management, " "<citetitle>Seven Steps to Performance-Based Services " @@ -8195,7 +8195,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5669 +#: freeculture.xml:5668 msgid "" "But I pressed Alben about how weird it seems that it would have to take a " "year's work simply to clear rights. No doubt Alben had done this " @@ -8206,7 +8206,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5683 +#: freeculture.xml:5682 msgid "" "For, as he acknowledged, <quote>very few … have the time and " "resources, and the will to do this,</quote> and thus, very few such works " @@ -8216,7 +8216,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5691 +#: freeculture.xml:5690 msgid "" "I don't think so. When an actor renders a performance in a movie, he or she " "gets paid very well. … And then when 30 seconds of that performance " @@ -8225,7 +8225,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5699 +#: freeculture.xml:5698 msgid "" "Or at least, is this <emphasis>how</emphasis> the artist should be " "compensated? Would it make sense, I asked, for there to be some kind of " @@ -8238,7 +8238,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 115 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5710 +#: freeculture.xml:5709 msgid "" "Absolutely. I think that if there were some fair-licensing " "mechanism—where you weren't subject to hold-ups and you weren't " @@ -8259,7 +8259,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5730 +#: freeculture.xml:5729 msgid "" "Alben worked for a big company. His company was backed by some of the " "richest investors in the world. He therefore had authority and access that " @@ -8269,7 +8269,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5739 +#: freeculture.xml:5738 msgid "" "These costs are the burdens of a kind of regulation. Put on a Republican hat " "for a moment, and get angry for a bit. The government defines the scope of " @@ -8284,7 +8284,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 116 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5752 +#: freeculture.xml:5751 msgid "" "I've seen the flash of recognition when people get this point, but only a " "few times. The first was at a conference of federal judges in California. " @@ -8295,7 +8295,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5762 +#: freeculture.xml:5761 msgid "" "The video was a brilliant collage of film from every period in the twentieth " "century, all framed around the idea of a <citetitle>60 Minutes</citetitle> " @@ -8304,12 +8304,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5767 +#: freeculture.xml:5766 msgid "Nimmer, David" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5769 +#: freeculture.xml:5768 msgid "" "When the lights came up, I looked over to my copanelist, David Nimmer, " "perhaps the leading copyright scholar and practitioner in the nation. He had " @@ -8320,27 +8320,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5778 +#: freeculture.xml:5777 msgid "Boies, David" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5779 +#: freeculture.xml:5778 msgid "Court of Appeals" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5779 +#: freeculture.xml:5778 msgid "Ninth Circuit" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5780 +#: freeculture.xml:5779 msgid "Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5777 +#: freeculture.xml:5776 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " "id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder " @@ -8360,7 +8360,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5797 +#: freeculture.xml:5796 msgid "" "We live in a <quote>cut and paste</quote> culture enabled by " "technology. Anyone building a presentation knows the extraordinary freedom " @@ -8370,13 +8370,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5803 +#: freeculture.xml:5802 msgid "Camp Chaos" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 117 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5805 +#: freeculture.xml:5804 msgid "" "But presentations are just a tiny beginning. Using the Internet and its " "archives, musicians are able to string together mixes of sound never before " @@ -8389,7 +8389,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5816 +#: freeculture.xml:5815 msgid "" "All of these creations are technically illegal. Even if the creators wanted " "to be <quote>legal,</quote> the cost of complying with the law is impossibly " @@ -8399,7 +8399,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5823 +#: freeculture.xml:5822 msgid "" "To some, these stories suggest a solution: Let's alter the mix of rights so " "that people are free to build upon our culture. Free to add or mix as they " @@ -8416,7 +8416,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5838 +#: freeculture.xml:5837 msgid "" "Who could possibly object to this? And what reason would there be for " "objecting? We're talking about work that is not now being made; which if " @@ -8426,7 +8426,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 118 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5844 +#: freeculture.xml:5843 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>In February 2003</emphasis>, DreamWorks studios " "announced an agreement with Mike Myers, the comic genius of " @@ -8440,7 +8440,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5857 +#: freeculture.xml:5856 msgid "" "The announcement called this <quote>film sampling.</quote> As Myers " "explained, <quote>Film Sampling is an exciting way to put an original spin " @@ -8452,7 +8452,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5866 +#: freeculture.xml:5865 msgid "" "Spielberg is right. Film sampling by Myers will be brilliant. But if you " "don't think about it, you might miss the truly astonishing point about this " @@ -8465,7 +8465,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5876 +#: freeculture.xml:5875 msgid "" "This privilege becomes reserved for two sorts of reasons. The first " "continues the story of the last chapter: the vagueness of <quote>fair " @@ -8481,22 +8481,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:5891 +#: freeculture.xml:5890 msgid "Collectors" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5892 freeculture.xml:9232 freeculture.xml:11555 freeculture.xml:11800 +#: freeculture.xml:5891 freeculture.xml:9232 freeculture.xml:11555 freeculture.xml:11800 msgid "archives, digital" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5893 freeculture.xml:8519 +#: freeculture.xml:5892 freeculture.xml:8519 msgid "bots" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5895 +#: freeculture.xml:5894 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>In April 1996</emphasis>, millions of " "<quote>bots</quote>—computer codes designed to <quote>spider,</quote> " @@ -8509,12 +8509,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5905 freeculture.xml:5936 freeculture.xml:5998 +#: freeculture.xml:5904 freeculture.xml:5935 freeculture.xml:5997 msgid "Way Back Machine" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5907 +#: freeculture.xml:5906 msgid "" "By October 2001, the bots had collected more than five years of copies. And " "at a small announcement in Berkeley, California, the archive that these " @@ -8525,12 +8525,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5914 +#: freeculture.xml:5913 msgid "Orwell, George" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5916 +#: freeculture.xml:5915 msgid "" "This is the thing about the Internet that Orwell would have appreciated. In " "the dystopia described in <citetitle>1984</citetitle>, old newspapers were " @@ -8540,7 +8540,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 120 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5924 +#: freeculture.xml:5923 msgid "" "Thousands of workers constantly reedited the past, meaning there was no way " "ever to know whether the story you were reading today was the story that was " @@ -8548,7 +8548,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5929 +#: freeculture.xml:5928 msgid "" "It's the same with the Internet. If you go to a Web page today, there's no " "way for you to know whether the content you are reading is the same as the " @@ -8558,12 +8558,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5945 +#: freeculture.xml:5944 msgid "White House press releases" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5944 +#: freeculture.xml:5943 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " "id=\"1\"/> The temptations remain, however. Brewster Kahle reports that the " @@ -8574,7 +8574,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5938 +#: freeculture.xml:5937 msgid "" "Until the Way Back Machine, at least. With the Way Back Machine, and the " "Internet Archive underlying it, you can see what the Internet was. You have " @@ -8584,12 +8584,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5953 +#: freeculture.xml:5952 msgid "history, records of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5955 +#: freeculture.xml:5954 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>We take it</emphasis> for granted that we can go " "back to see what we remember reading. Think about newspapers. If you wanted " @@ -8602,7 +8602,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5966 +#: freeculture.xml:5965 msgid "" "It is said that those who fail to remember history are doomed to repeat " "it. That's not quite correct. We <emphasis>all</emphasis> forget " @@ -8615,7 +8615,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 121 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5975 +#: freeculture.xml:5974 msgid "" "The Internet was an exception to this presumption. Until the Internet " "Archive, there was no way to go back. The Internet was the quintessentially " @@ -8627,7 +8627,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5986 +#: freeculture.xml:5985 msgid "" "Brewster Kahle is the founder of the Internet Archive. He was a very " "successful Internet entrepreneur after he was a successful computer " @@ -8640,32 +8640,32 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5995 freeculture.xml:6050 freeculture.xml:10475 +#: freeculture.xml:5994 freeculture.xml:6049 freeculture.xml:10475 msgid "Library of Congress" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5996 +#: freeculture.xml:5995 msgid "Television Archive" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5997 +#: freeculture.xml:5996 msgid "Vanderbilt University" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5999 freeculture.xml:11046 freeculture.xml:14106 freeculture.xml:14236 freeculture.xml:14272 +#: freeculture.xml:5998 freeculture.xml:11046 freeculture.xml:14106 freeculture.xml:14236 freeculture.xml:14272 msgid "libraries" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5999 +#: freeculture.xml:5998 msgid "archival function of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6002 +#: freeculture.xml:6001 msgid "" "The Way Back Machine is the largest archive of human knowledge in human " "history. At the end of 2002, it held <quote>two hundred and thirty terabytes " @@ -8685,18 +8685,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6019 +#: freeculture.xml:6018 msgid "Quayle, Dan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6020 +#: freeculture.xml:6019 msgid "60 Minutes" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 122 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6022 +#: freeculture.xml:6021 msgid "" "Do you remember when Dan Quayle was interacting with Murphy Brown? Remember " "that back and forth surreal experience of a politician interacting with a " @@ -8708,17 +8708,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6033 +#: freeculture.xml:6032 msgid "newspapers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6033 +#: freeculture.xml:6032 msgid "archives of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6035 +#: freeculture.xml:6034 msgid "" "Why is that? Why is it that the part of our culture that is recorded in " "newspapers remains perpetually accessible, while the part that is recorded " @@ -8729,7 +8729,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6043 +#: freeculture.xml:6042 msgid "" "In part, this is because of the law. Early in American copyright law, " "copyright owners were required to deposit copies of their work in " @@ -8739,13 +8739,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6051 freeculture.xml:6095 +#: freeculture.xml:6050 freeculture.xml:6094 msgid "archive of" msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6062 +#: freeculture.xml:6061 msgid "" "Doug Herrick, <quote>Toward a National Film Collection: Motion Pictures at " "the Library of Congress,</quote> <citetitle>Film Library " @@ -8755,7 +8755,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6053 +#: freeculture.xml:6052 msgid "" "These rules applied to film as well. But in 1915, the Library of Congress " "made an exception for film. Film could be copyrighted so long as such " @@ -8768,7 +8768,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6070 +#: freeculture.xml:6069 msgid "" "The same is generally true about television. Television broadcasts were " "originally not copyrighted—there was no way to capture the broadcasts, " @@ -8783,7 +8783,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 123 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6082 +#: freeculture.xml:6081 msgid "" "Kahle was eager to correct this. Before September 11, 2001, he and his " "allies had started capturing television. They selected twenty stations from " @@ -8795,37 +8795,37 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6092 +#: freeculture.xml:6091 msgid "Movie Archive" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6093 +#: freeculture.xml:6092 msgid "archive.org" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6093 freeculture.xml:6096 +#: freeculture.xml:6092 freeculture.xml:6095 msgid "Internet Archive" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6097 +#: freeculture.xml:6096 msgid "Duck and Cover film" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6098 +#: freeculture.xml:6097 msgid "ephemeral films" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6099 +#: freeculture.xml:6098 msgid "Prelinger, Rick" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6101 +#: freeculture.xml:6100 msgid "" "Kahle had the same idea with film. Working with Rick Prelinger, whose " "archive of film includes close to 45,000 <quote>ephemeral films</quote> " @@ -8845,7 +8845,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6119 +#: freeculture.xml:6118 msgid "" "Here again, Kahle is providing access to a part of our culture that we " "otherwise could not get easily, if at all. It is yet another part of what " @@ -8855,7 +8855,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6127 +#: freeculture.xml:6126 msgid "" "The key here is access, not price. Kahle wants to enable free access to this " "content, but he also wants to enable others to sell access to it. His aim is " @@ -8866,7 +8866,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 124 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6135 +#: freeculture.xml:6134 msgid "" "For here is an idea that we should more clearly recognize. Every bit of " "creative property goes through different <quote>lives.</quote> In its first " @@ -8878,7 +8878,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6147 +#: freeculture.xml:6146 msgid "" "After the commercial life of creative property has ended, our tradition has " "always supported a second life as well. A newspaper delivers the news every " @@ -8889,7 +8889,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6160 +#: freeculture.xml:6159 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Dave Barns, <quote>Fledgling " "Career in Antique Books: Woodstock Landlord, Bar Owner Starts a New Chapter " @@ -8901,7 +8901,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6157 +#: freeculture.xml:6156 msgid "" "The same has always been true about books. A book goes out of print very " "quickly (the average today is after about a year<placeholder " @@ -8913,7 +8913,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6175 +#: freeculture.xml:6174 msgid "" "Yet increasingly, any assumption about a stable second life for creative " "property does not hold true with the most important components of popular " @@ -8927,7 +8927,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 125 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6186 +#: freeculture.xml:6185 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>For most of</emphasis> the twentieth century, it was " "economics that made this so. It would have been insanely expensive to " @@ -8940,7 +8940,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6198 +#: freeculture.xml:6197 msgid "" "Perhaps the single most important feature of the digital revolution is that " "for the first time since the Library of Alexandria, it is feasible to " @@ -8951,7 +8951,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6206 +#: freeculture.xml:6205 msgid "" "The scale of this potential archive is something we've never imagined " "before. The Brewster Kahles of our history have dreamed about it; but we are " @@ -8960,12 +8960,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6212 +#: freeculture.xml:6211 msgid "total number of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6214 +#: freeculture.xml:6213 msgid "" "It looks like there's about two to three million recordings of music. " "Ever. There are about a hundred thousand theatrical releases of movies, " @@ -8982,7 +8982,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 126 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6229 +#: freeculture.xml:6228 msgid "" "Kahle is not the only librarian. The Internet Archive is not the only " "archive. But Kahle and the Internet Archive suggest what the future of " @@ -8998,7 +8998,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6244 +#: freeculture.xml:6243 msgid "" "Technologists have thus removed the economic costs of building such an " "archive. But lawyers' costs remain. For as much as we might like to call " @@ -9010,22 +9010,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6255 +#: freeculture.xml:6254 msgid "<quote>Property</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6256 +#: freeculture.xml:6255 msgid "Johnson, Lyndon" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6257 freeculture.xml:10234 +#: freeculture.xml:6256 freeculture.xml:10234 msgid "Kennedy, John F." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6259 +#: freeculture.xml:6258 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Jack Valenti</emphasis> has been the president of " "the Motion Picture Association of America since 1966. He first came to " @@ -9037,37 +9037,37 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6269 +#: freeculture.xml:6268 msgid "Sony Pictures Entertainment" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6270 +#: freeculture.xml:6269 msgid "MGM" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6271 +#: freeculture.xml:6270 msgid "Paramount Pictures" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6272 +#: freeculture.xml:6271 msgid "Twentieth Century Fox" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6273 +#: freeculture.xml:6272 msgid "Universal Pictures" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6274 freeculture.xml:7890 freeculture.xml:8061 +#: freeculture.xml:6273 freeculture.xml:7889 freeculture.xml:8060 msgid "Warner Brothers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6276 +#: freeculture.xml:6275 msgid "" "The MPAA is the American branch of the international Motion Picture " "Association. It was formed in 1922 as a trade association whose goal was to " @@ -9082,7 +9082,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 128 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6289 +#: freeculture.xml:6288 msgid "" "Valenti is only the third president of the MPAA. No president before him has " "had as much influence over that organization, or over Washington. As a " @@ -9096,7 +9096,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6301 +#: freeculture.xml:6300 msgid "" "In defending artistic liberty and the freedom of speech that our culture " "depends upon, the MPAA has done important good. In crafting the MPAA rating " @@ -9108,13 +9108,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6310 +#: freeculture.xml:6309 msgid "In 1982, Valenti's testimony to Congress captured the strategy perfectly:" msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6324 +#: freeculture.xml:6323 msgid "" "Home Recording of Copyrighted Works: Hearings on H.R. 4783, H.R. 4794, " "H.R. 4808, H.R. 5250, H.R. 5488, and H.R. 5705 Before the Subcommittee on " @@ -9124,7 +9124,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6315 +#: freeculture.xml:6314 msgid "" "No matter the lengthy arguments made, no matter the charges and the " "counter-charges, no matter the tumult and the shouting, reasonable men and " @@ -9138,7 +9138,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 129 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6334 +#: freeculture.xml:6333 msgid "" "The strategy of this rhetoric, like the strategy of most of Valenti's " "rhetoric, is brilliant and simple and brilliant because simple. The " @@ -9150,7 +9150,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6345 +#: freeculture.xml:6344 msgid "" "This claim has an obvious and powerful intuitive pull. It is stated with " "such clarity as to make the idea as obvious as the notion that we use " @@ -9166,7 +9166,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6360 +#: freeculture.xml:6359 msgid "" "Lawyers speak of <quote>property</quote> not as an absolute thing, but as a " "bundle of rights that are sometimes associated with a particular " @@ -9179,7 +9179,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6357 +#: freeculture.xml:6356 msgid "" "While <quote>creative property</quote> is certainly <quote>property</quote> " "in a nerdy and precise sense that lawyers are trained to " @@ -9192,7 +9192,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6375 +#: freeculture.xml:6374 msgid "" "Valenti knows this. But he speaks for an industry that cares squat for our " "tradition and the values it represents. He speaks for an industry that is " @@ -9203,7 +9203,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 130 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6383 +#: freeculture.xml:6382 msgid "" "I have two purposes in this chapter. The first is to convince you that, " "historically, Valenti's claim is absolutely wrong. The second is to convince " @@ -9217,7 +9217,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6398 +#: freeculture.xml:6397 msgid "" "Organizations such as the MPAA, whose board includes the most powerful of " "the old guard, have little interest, their rhetoric notwithstanding, in " @@ -9229,7 +9229,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6407 +#: freeculture.xml:6406 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>To get</emphasis> just a hint that there is " "something fundamentally wrong in Valenti's argument, we need look no further " @@ -9237,7 +9237,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6412 +#: freeculture.xml:6411 msgid "" "The framers of our Constitution loved <quote>property.</quote> Indeed, so " "strongly did they love property that they built into the Constitution an " @@ -9252,7 +9252,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 131 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6423 +#: freeculture.xml:6422 msgid "" "Yet the very same Constitution speaks very differently about what Valenti " "calls <quote>creative property.</quote> In the clause granting Congress the " @@ -9269,7 +9269,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6438 +#: freeculture.xml:6437 msgid "" "The Constitution thus on its face states that these two forms of property " "are not to be accorded the same rights. They are plainly to be treated " @@ -9280,7 +9280,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6448 +#: freeculture.xml:6447 msgid "" "Arguing for a change in our Constitution is not necessarily wrong. There " "was much in our original Constitution that was plainly wrong. The " @@ -9294,7 +9294,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6460 +#: freeculture.xml:6459 msgid "" "Instead, my argument is that because Jefferson did it, we should at least " "try to understand <emphasis>why</emphasis>. Why did the framers, fanatical " @@ -9304,7 +9304,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6470 +#: freeculture.xml:6469 msgid "" "To answer this question, we need to get some perspective on the history of " "these <quote>creative property</quote> rights, and the control that they " @@ -9319,33 +9319,33 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6482 +#: freeculture.xml:6481 msgid "four modalities of constraint on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6483 freeculture.xml:6742 freeculture.xml:9809 freeculture.xml:9926 +#: freeculture.xml:6482 freeculture.xml:6741 freeculture.xml:9809 freeculture.xml:9926 msgid "regulation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6483 +#: freeculture.xml:6482 msgid "four modalities of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6484 +#: freeculture.xml:6483 msgid "as ex post regulation modality" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6485 freeculture.xml:6561 freeculture.xml:6696 +#: freeculture.xml:6484 freeculture.xml:6560 freeculture.xml:6695 msgid "as constraint modality" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 132 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6489 +#: freeculture.xml:6488 msgid "" "To answer these questions, we need a more general way to talk about how " "property is protected. More precisely, we need a more general way than the " @@ -9357,21 +9357,21 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6498 +#: freeculture.xml:6497 msgid "" "How four different modalities of regulation interact to support or weaken " "the right or regulation." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6499 freeculture.xml:6692 freeculture.xml:7062 +#: freeculture.xml:6498 freeculture.xml:6691 freeculture.xml:7061 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/1331.svg\" align=\"center\" " "width=\"50%\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6503 +#: freeculture.xml:6502 msgid "" "At the center of this picture is a regulated dot: the individual or group " "that is the target of regulation, or the holder of a right. (In each case " @@ -9388,12 +9388,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6519 freeculture.xml:6581 freeculture.xml:6697 +#: freeculture.xml:6518 freeculture.xml:6580 freeculture.xml:6696 msgid "norms, regulatory influence of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6521 +#: freeculture.xml:6520 msgid "" "Norms are a different kind of constraint. They, too, punish an individual " "for violating a rule. But the punishment of a norm is imposed by a " @@ -9406,12 +9406,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6531 freeculture.xml:6580 freeculture.xml:6673 freeculture.xml:6713 freeculture.xml:9818 freeculture.xml:10052 +#: freeculture.xml:6530 freeculture.xml:6579 freeculture.xml:6672 freeculture.xml:6712 freeculture.xml:9818 freeculture.xml:10052 msgid "market constraints" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6533 +#: freeculture.xml:6532 msgid "" "The market is a third type of constraint. Its constraint is effected through " "conditions: You can do X if you pay Y; you'll be paid M if you do N. These " @@ -9423,12 +9423,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6542 freeculture.xml:6579 freeculture.xml:6631 freeculture.xml:6672 freeculture.xml:6695 +#: freeculture.xml:6541 freeculture.xml:6578 freeculture.xml:6630 freeculture.xml:6671 freeculture.xml:6694 msgid "architecture, constraint effected through" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6544 +#: freeculture.xml:6543 msgid "" "Finally, and for the moment, perhaps, most mysteriously, " "<quote>architecture</quote>—the physical world as one finds " @@ -9447,7 +9447,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 134 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6565 +#: freeculture.xml:6564 msgid "" "So the first point about these four modalities of regulation is obvious: " "They interact. Restrictions imposed by one might be reinforced by " @@ -9455,7 +9455,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6571 +#: freeculture.xml:6570 msgid "" "The second point follows directly: If we want to understand the effective " "freedom that anyone has at a given moment to do any particular thing, we " @@ -9467,17 +9467,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6582 +#: freeculture.xml:6581 msgid "driving speed, constraints on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6583 +#: freeculture.xml:6582 msgid "speeding, constraints on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6585 +#: freeculture.xml:6584 msgid "" "So, for example, consider the <quote>freedom</quote> to drive a car at a " "high speed. That freedom is in part restricted by laws: speed limits that " @@ -9494,7 +9494,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6603 +#: freeculture.xml:6602 msgid "" "By describing the way law affects the other three modalities, I don't mean " "to suggest that the other three don't affect law. Obviously, they do. Law's " @@ -9508,7 +9508,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 135 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6599 +#: freeculture.xml:6598 msgid "" "The final point about this simple model should also be fairly clear: While " "these four modalities are analytically independent, law has a special role " @@ -9525,29 +9525,29 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6627 +#: freeculture.xml:6626 msgid "Law has a special role in affecting the three." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6628 +#: freeculture.xml:6627 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/1361.svg\" align=\"center\" " "width=\"50%\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6670 +#: freeculture.xml:6669 msgid "Americans with Disabilities Act (1990)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6671 +#: freeculture.xml:6670 msgid "Commons, John R." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6641 +#: freeculture.xml:6640 msgid "" "Some people object to this way of talking about <quote>liberty.</quote> They " "object because their focus when considering the constraints that exist at " @@ -9582,7 +9582,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6633 +#: freeculture.xml:6632 msgid "" "These constraints can thus change, and they can be changed. To understand " "the effective protection of liberty or protection of property at any " @@ -9593,17 +9593,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6678 +#: freeculture.xml:6677 msgid "Why Hollywood Is Right" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6679 freeculture.xml:7052 +#: freeculture.xml:6678 freeculture.xml:7051 msgid "four regulatory modalities on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6681 +#: freeculture.xml:6680 msgid "" "The most obvious point that this model reveals is just why, or just how, " "Hollywood is right. The copyright warriors have rallied Congress and the " @@ -9612,18 +9612,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6687 +#: freeculture.xml:6686 msgid "Let's say this is the picture of copyright's regulation before the Internet:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6691 freeculture.xml:7061 +#: freeculture.xml:6690 freeculture.xml:7060 msgid "Copyright's regulation before the Internet." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 136 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6700 +#: freeculture.xml:6699 msgid "" "There is balance between law, norms, market, and architecture. The law " "limits the ability to copy and share content, by imposing penalties on those " @@ -9637,22 +9637,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6711 +#: freeculture.xml:6710 msgid "copyright regulatory balance lost with" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6712 +#: freeculture.xml:6711 msgid "regulatory balance lost in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6714 +#: freeculture.xml:6713 msgid "MP3s" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6716 +#: freeculture.xml:6715 msgid "" "Enter the Internet, or, more precisely, technologies such as MP3s and p2p " "sharing. Now the constraint of architecture changes dramatically, as does " @@ -9663,18 +9663,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6725 freeculture.xml:7569 freeculture.xml:7879 +#: freeculture.xml:6724 freeculture.xml:7568 freeculture.xml:7878 msgid "technology" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6725 +#: freeculture.xml:6724 msgid "established industries threatened by changes in" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 137 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6727 +#: freeculture.xml:6726 msgid "" "Thus the sense of, and justification for, the warriors' response. " "Technology has changed, the warriors say, and the effect of this change, " @@ -9685,29 +9685,29 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6737 +#: freeculture.xml:6736 msgid "effective state of anarchy after the Internet." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6738 +#: freeculture.xml:6737 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/1381.svg\" align=\"center\" " "width=\"50%\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6741 +#: freeculture.xml:6740 msgid "Commerce, U.S. Department of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6742 freeculture.xml:9809 +#: freeculture.xml:6741 freeculture.xml:9809 msgid "as establishment protectionism" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6744 +#: freeculture.xml:6743 msgid "" "Neither this analysis nor the conclusions that follow are new to the " "warriors. Indeed, in a <quote>White Paper</quote> prepared by the Commerce " @@ -9721,18 +9721,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6757 freeculture.xml:6897 +#: freeculture.xml:6756 freeculture.xml:6896 msgid "farming" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6758 +#: freeculture.xml:6757 msgid "steel industry" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 138 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6760 +#: freeculture.xml:6759 msgid "" "This mixed strategy is just what copyright needed—if it was to " "preserve the particular balance that existed before the change induced by " @@ -9749,7 +9749,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6780 +#: freeculture.xml:6779 msgid "" "Thus, there's nothing wrong or surprising in the content industry's campaign " "to protect itself from the harmful consequences of a technological " @@ -9760,18 +9760,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6793 +#: freeculture.xml:6792 msgid "railroad industry" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6794 +#: freeculture.xml:6793 msgid "remote channel changers" msgstr "" #. f5 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6804 +#: freeculture.xml:6803 msgid "" "See Geoffrey Smith, <quote>Film vs. Digital: Can Kodak Build a " "Bridge?</quote> BusinessWeek online, 2 August 1999, available at <ulink " @@ -9783,7 +9783,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6796 +#: freeculture.xml:6795 msgid "" "But just because a particular interest asks for government support, it " "doesn't follow that support should be granted. And just because technology " @@ -9805,35 +9805,35 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6825 +#: freeculture.xml:6824 msgid "free market, technological changes in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6826 freeculture.xml:15500 +#: freeculture.xml:6825 freeculture.xml:15500 msgid "Brezhnev, Leonid" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6829 freeculture.xml:13700 +#: freeculture.xml:6828 freeculture.xml:13700 msgid "Gates, Bill" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6830 freeculture.xml:7844 +#: freeculture.xml:6829 freeculture.xml:7843 msgid "market competition" msgstr "" #. f6 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6843 +#: freeculture.xml:6842 msgid "" "Fred Warshofsky, <citetitle>The Patent Wars</citetitle> (New York: Wiley, " "1994), 170–71." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6833 +#: freeculture.xml:6832 msgid "" "The obvious answer to these obviously rhetorical questions is no. In a free " "society, with a free market, supported by free enterprise and free trade, " @@ -9851,7 +9851,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6854 +#: freeculture.xml:6853 msgid "" "Thus, while it is understandable for industries threatened with new " "technologies that change the way they do business to look to the government " @@ -9863,17 +9863,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6865 +#: freeculture.xml:6864 msgid "speech, freedom of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6865 +#: freeculture.xml:6864 msgid "constitutional guarantee of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6867 +#: freeculture.xml:6866 msgid "" "In the context of laws regulating speech—which include, obviously, " "copyright law—that duty is even stronger. When the industry " @@ -9890,7 +9890,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 140 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6883 +#: freeculture.xml:6882 msgid "" "My argument just now, however, has nothing to do with whether the changes " "that are being pushed by the copyright warriors are " @@ -9901,27 +9901,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6892 +#: freeculture.xml:6891 msgid "Here's the metaphor that will capture the argument to follow." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6894 +#: freeculture.xml:6893 msgid "Müller, Paul Hermann" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6895 +#: freeculture.xml:6894 msgid "DDT" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6896 +#: freeculture.xml:6895 msgid "insecticide, environmental consequences of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6899 +#: freeculture.xml:6898 msgid "" "In 1873, the chemical DDT was first synthesized. In 1948, Swiss chemist Paul " "Hermann Müller won the Nobel Prize for his work demonstrating the " @@ -9931,7 +9931,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6906 +#: freeculture.xml:6905 msgid "" "No one doubts that killing disease-carrying pests or increasing crop " "production is a good thing. No one doubts that the work of Müller was " @@ -9939,22 +9939,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6910 +#: freeculture.xml:6909 msgid "Carson, Rachel" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6911 +#: freeculture.xml:6910 msgid "Silent Spring (Carson)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6912 +#: freeculture.xml:6911 msgid "environmentalism" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6914 +#: freeculture.xml:6913 msgid "" "But in 1962, Rachel Carson published <citetitle>Silent Spring</citetitle>, " "which argued that DDT, whatever its primary benefits, was also having " @@ -9963,7 +9963,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6920 +#: freeculture.xml:6919 msgid "" "No one set out to destroy the environment. Paul Müller certainly did not aim " "to harm any birds. But the effort to solve one set of problems produced " @@ -9975,18 +9975,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6929 +#: freeculture.xml:6928 msgid "Boyle, James" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6930 +#: freeculture.xml:6929 msgid "innovative freedom balanced with fair compensation in" msgstr "" #. f7 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6936 +#: freeculture.xml:6935 msgid "" "See, for example, James Boyle, <quote>A Politics of Intellectual Property: " "Environmentalism for the Net?</quote> <citetitle>Duke Law " @@ -9995,7 +9995,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 141 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6932 +#: freeculture.xml:6931 msgid "" "It is to this image precisely that Duke University law professor James Boyle " "appeals when he argues that we need an <quote>environmentalism</quote> for " @@ -10013,7 +10013,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6954 +#: freeculture.xml:6953 msgid "" "My argument, in the balance of this chapter, tries to map exactly this " "effect. No doubt the technology of the Internet has had a dramatic effect on " @@ -10027,49 +10027,49 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6966 +#: freeculture.xml:6965 msgid "" "In a line: To kill a gnat, we are spraying DDT with consequences for free " "culture that will be far more devastating than that this gnat will be lost." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6975 +#: freeculture.xml:6974 msgid "Beginnings" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6976 +#: freeculture.xml:6975 msgid "on creative property" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6977 freeculture.xml:11465 +#: freeculture.xml:6976 freeculture.xml:11465 msgid "copyright purpose established in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6978 freeculture.xml:11174 +#: freeculture.xml:6977 freeculture.xml:11174 msgid "Progress Clause of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6979 freeculture.xml:11466 +#: freeculture.xml:6978 freeculture.xml:11466 msgid "constitutional purpose of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6981 +#: freeculture.xml:6980 msgid "constitutional tradition on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6982 freeculture.xml:11175 +#: freeculture.xml:6981 freeculture.xml:11175 msgid "Progress Clause" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6985 +#: freeculture.xml:6984 msgid "" "America copied English copyright law. Actually, we copied and improved " "English copyright law. Our Constitution makes the purpose of <quote>creative " @@ -10078,12 +10078,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6990 +#: freeculture.xml:6989 msgid "in constitutional Progress Clause" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6992 +#: freeculture.xml:6991 msgid "" "The power to establish <quote>creative property</quote> rights is granted to " "Congress in a way that, for our Constitution, at least, is very odd. Article " @@ -10092,7 +10092,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 142 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6997 +#: freeculture.xml:6996 msgid "" "Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, " "by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right " @@ -10106,12 +10106,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7011 +#: freeculture.xml:7010 msgid "history of American" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7013 +#: freeculture.xml:7012 msgid "" "The Progress Clause expressly limits the term of copyrights. As we saw in " "chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"founders\"/>, the " @@ -10124,22 +10124,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7022 +#: freeculture.xml:7021 msgid "Senate, U.S." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7023 +#: freeculture.xml:7022 msgid "structural checks and balances of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7024 +#: freeculture.xml:7023 msgid "electoral college" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7026 +#: freeculture.xml:7025 msgid "" "The design of the Progress Clause reflects something about the " "Constitution's design in general. To avoid a problem, the framers built " @@ -10156,7 +10156,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7043 +#: freeculture.xml:7042 msgid "" "I doubt the framers would recognize the regulation we call " "<quote>copyright</quote> today. The scope of that regulation is far beyond " @@ -10167,7 +10167,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 143 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7054 +#: freeculture.xml:7053 msgid "" "Some of these changes come from the law: some in light of changes in " "technology, and some in light of changes in technology given a particular " @@ -10175,17 +10175,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7065 +#: freeculture.xml:7064 msgid "We will end here:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7068 +#: freeculture.xml:7067 msgid "<quote>Copyright</quote> today." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7069 +#: freeculture.xml:7068 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/1442.svg\" align=\"center\" " "width=\"50%\"></graphic>" @@ -10193,37 +10193,37 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 144 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7072 +#: freeculture.xml:7071 msgid "Let me explain how." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7077 +#: freeculture.xml:7076 msgid "Law: Duration" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7080 freeculture.xml:7372 +#: freeculture.xml:7079 freeculture.xml:7371 msgid "Copyright Act (1790)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7081 +#: freeculture.xml:7080 msgid "common law protections of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7082 +#: freeculture.xml:7081 msgid "balance of U.S. content in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7098 +#: freeculture.xml:7097 msgid "Crosskey, William W." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7092 +#: freeculture.xml:7091 msgid "" "William W. Crosskey, <citetitle>Politics and the Constitution in the History " "of the United States</citetitle> (London: Cambridge University Press, 1953), " @@ -10234,7 +10234,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7084 +#: freeculture.xml:7083 msgid "" "When the first Congress enacted laws to protect creative property, it faced " "the same uncertainty about the status of creative property that the English " @@ -10250,12 +10250,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7108 +#: freeculture.xml:7107 msgid "federal vs. state" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7110 +#: freeculture.xml:7109 msgid "" "That uncertainty ended after Congress passed legislation granting " "copyrights. Because federal law overrides any contrary state law, federal " @@ -10266,7 +10266,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7119 +#: freeculture.xml:7118 msgid "" "In 1790, Congress enacted the first copyright law. It created a federal " "copyright and secured that copyright for fourteen years. If the author was " @@ -10277,7 +10277,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f9 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7135 +#: freeculture.xml:7134 msgid "" "Although 13,000 titles were published in the United States from 1790 to " "1799, only 556 copyright registrations were filed; John Tebbel, <citetitle>A " @@ -10296,7 +10296,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7127 +#: freeculture.xml:7126 msgid "" "While there were many works created in the United States in the first ten " "years of the Republic, only 5 percent of the works were actually registered " @@ -10309,7 +10309,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 145 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7153 +#: freeculture.xml:7152 msgid "" "This system of renewal was a crucial part of the American system of " "copyright. It assured that the maximum terms of copyright would be granted " @@ -10320,7 +10320,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f10 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7168 +#: freeculture.xml:7167 msgid "" "Few copyright holders ever chose to renew their copyrights. For instance, of " "the 25,006 copyrights registered in 1883, only 894 were renewed in 1910. For " @@ -10334,7 +10334,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7162 +#: freeculture.xml:7161 msgid "" "Fourteen years may not seem long to us, but for the vast majority of " "copyright owners at that time, it was long enough: Only a small minority of " @@ -10345,12 +10345,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f11 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7186 +#: freeculture.xml:7185 msgid "See Ringer, ch. 9, n. 2." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7182 +#: freeculture.xml:7181 msgid "" "Even today, this structure would make sense. Most creative work has an " "actual commercial life of just a couple of years. Most books fall out of " @@ -10363,17 +10363,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7194 freeculture.xml:11112 +#: freeculture.xml:7193 freeculture.xml:11112 msgid "copyright terms extended by" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7195 freeculture.xml:11114 +#: freeculture.xml:7194 freeculture.xml:11114 msgid "term extensions in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7197 +#: freeculture.xml:7196 msgid "" "In the first hundred years of the Republic, the term of copyright was " "changed once. In 1831, the term was increased from a maximum of 28 years to " @@ -10384,17 +10384,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7204 freeculture.xml:7239 freeculture.xml:11138 freeculture.xml:15418 +#: freeculture.xml:7203 freeculture.xml:7238 freeculture.xml:11138 freeculture.xml:15418 msgid "Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA) (1998)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7205 freeculture.xml:11118 +#: freeculture.xml:7204 freeculture.xml:11118 msgid "future patents vs. future copyrights in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7207 +#: freeculture.xml:7206 msgid "" "Then, beginning in 1962, Congress started a practice that has defined " "copyright law since. Eleven times in the last forty years, Congress has " @@ -10407,18 +10407,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7216 freeculture.xml:11117 freeculture.xml:11118 freeculture.xml:13205 freeculture.xml:13686 +#: freeculture.xml:7215 freeculture.xml:11117 freeculture.xml:11118 freeculture.xml:13205 freeculture.xml:13686 msgid "patents" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7216 freeculture.xml:11117 +#: freeculture.xml:7215 freeculture.xml:11117 msgid "in public domain" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 146 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7218 +#: freeculture.xml:7217 msgid "" "The effect of these extensions is simply to toll, or delay, the passing of " "works into the public domain. This latest extension means that the public " @@ -10430,7 +10430,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7230 +#: freeculture.xml:7229 msgid "" "The effect of these extensions has been exacerbated by another, " "little-noticed change in the copyright law. Remember I said that the framers " @@ -10442,22 +10442,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7240 +#: freeculture.xml:7239 msgid "of natural authors vs. corporations" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7241 freeculture.xml:13359 +#: freeculture.xml:7240 freeculture.xml:13359 msgid "corporations" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7241 +#: freeculture.xml:7240 msgid "copyright terms for" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7243 +#: freeculture.xml:7242 msgid "" "The United States abandoned this sensible system in 1976. For all works " "created after 1978, there was only one copyright term—the maximum " @@ -10469,7 +10469,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7253 +#: freeculture.xml:7252 msgid "" "This change meant that American law no longer had an automatic way to assure " "that works that were no longer exploited passed into the public domain. And " @@ -10481,7 +10481,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7272 +#: freeculture.xml:7271 msgid "" "These statistics are understated. Between the years 1910 and 1962 (the first " "year the renewal term was extended), the average term was never more than " @@ -10490,7 +10490,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7264 +#: freeculture.xml:7263 msgid "" "The effect of these changes on the average duration of copyright is " "dramatic. In 1973, more than 85 percent of copyright owners failed to renew " @@ -10502,17 +10502,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7286 +#: freeculture.xml:7285 msgid "Law: Scope" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7287 freeculture.xml:7506 +#: freeculture.xml:7286 freeculture.xml:7505 msgid "scope of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7289 +#: freeculture.xml:7288 msgid "" "The <quote>scope</quote> of a copyright is the range of rights granted by " "the law. The scope of American copyright has changed dramatically. Those " @@ -10521,12 +10521,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7295 +#: freeculture.xml:7294 msgid "historical shift in copyright coverage of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7297 +#: freeculture.xml:7296 msgid "" "In 1790, that scope was very narrow. Copyright covered only <quote>maps, " "charts, and books.</quote> That means it didn't cover, for example, music or " @@ -10542,7 +10542,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7310 +#: freeculture.xml:7309 msgid "" "This, too, has changed dramatically. While the contours of copyright today " "are extremely hard to describe simply, in general terms, the right covers " @@ -10559,23 +10559,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7324 +#: freeculture.xml:7323 msgid "marking of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7325 +#: freeculture.xml:7324 msgid "formalities" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7326 +#: freeculture.xml:7325 msgid "registration requirement of" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 148 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7328 +#: freeculture.xml:7327 msgid "" "At the same time that the scope of copyright has expanded, procedural " "limitations on the right have been relaxed. I've already described the " @@ -10590,7 +10590,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7343 +#: freeculture.xml:7342 msgid "" "The reason for the registration requirement was the sensible understanding " "that for most works, no copyright was required. Again, in the first ten " @@ -10606,12 +10606,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7356 +#: freeculture.xml:7355 msgid "European" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7358 +#: freeculture.xml:7357 msgid "" "All of these <quote>formalities</quote> were abolished in the American " "system when we decided to follow European copyright law. There is no " @@ -10622,13 +10622,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7369 +#: freeculture.xml:7368 msgid "Consider a practical example to understand the scope of these differences." msgstr "" #. f13 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7381 +#: freeculture.xml:7380 msgid "" "See Thomas Bender and David Sampliner, <quote>Poets, Pirates, and the " "Creation of American Literature,</quote> 29 <citetitle>New York University " @@ -10638,7 +10638,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7374 +#: freeculture.xml:7373 msgid "" "If, in 1790, you wrote a book and you were one of the 5 percent who actually " "copyrighted that book, then the copyright law protected you against another " @@ -10652,7 +10652,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 149 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7396 +#: freeculture.xml:7395 msgid "" "The act left other creators totally unregulated. If I copied your poem by " "hand, over and over again, as a way to learn it by heart, my act was totally " @@ -10663,7 +10663,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7406 +#: freeculture.xml:7405 msgid "" "Today the story is very different: If you write a book, your book is " "automatically protected. Indeed, not just your book. Every e-mail, every " @@ -10674,7 +10674,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7415 +#: freeculture.xml:7414 msgid "" "That protection gives you the right (subject to a narrow range of fair use " "exceptions) to control how others copy the work, whether they copy it to " @@ -10682,7 +10682,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7420 +#: freeculture.xml:7419 msgid "" "That much is the obvious part. Any system of copyright would control " "competing publishing. But there's a second part to the copyright of today " @@ -10697,7 +10697,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7435 +#: freeculture.xml:7434 msgid "" "It is this derivative right that would seem most bizarre to our framers, " "though it has become second nature to us. Initially, this expansion was " @@ -10709,7 +10709,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7457 +#: freeculture.xml:7456 msgid "" "Jonathan Zittrain, <quote>The Copyright Cage,</quote> <citetitle>Legal " "Affairs</citetitle>, July/August 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -10718,7 +10718,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7447 +#: freeculture.xml:7446 msgid "" "In preventing that joke, the law created an astonishing power within a free " "culture—at least, it's astonishing when you understand that the law " @@ -10733,12 +10733,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7479 +#: freeculture.xml:7478 msgid "Rubenfeld, Jeb" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7472 +#: freeculture.xml:7471 msgid "" "Professor Rubenfeld has presented a powerful constitutional argument about " "the difference that copyright law should draw (from the perspective of the " @@ -10750,7 +10750,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7467 +#: freeculture.xml:7466 msgid "" "Yet copyright law treats these two different wrongs in the same way. I can " "go to court and get an injunction against your pirating my book. I can go to " @@ -10760,7 +10760,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7487 +#: freeculture.xml:7486 msgid "" "This again may seem right to you. If I wrote a book, then why should you be " "able to write a movie that takes my story and makes money from it without " @@ -10770,7 +10770,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7495 +#: freeculture.xml:7494 msgid "" "These are good arguments, and, in general, my point is not that the " "derivative right is unjustified. My aim just now is much narrower: simply to " @@ -10779,18 +10779,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7504 +#: freeculture.xml:7503 msgid "Law and Architecture: Reach" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7505 freeculture.xml:7567 freeculture.xml:7780 +#: freeculture.xml:7504 freeculture.xml:7566 freeculture.xml:7779 msgid "copies as core issue of" msgstr "" #. f16 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7513 +#: freeculture.xml:7512 msgid "" "This is a simplification of the law, but not much of one. The law certainly " "regulates more than <quote>copies</quote>—a public performance of a " @@ -10804,7 +10804,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7508 +#: freeculture.xml:7507 msgid "" "Whereas originally the law regulated only publishers, the change in " "copyright's scope means that the law today regulates publishers, users, and " @@ -10814,13 +10814,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7524 +#: freeculture.xml:7523 msgid "other property rights vs." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 151 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7527 +#: freeculture.xml:7526 msgid "" "<quote>Copies.</quote> That certainly sounds like the obvious thing for " "<emphasis>copy</emphasis>right law to regulate. But as with Jack Valenti's " @@ -10836,7 +10836,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f17 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7546 +#: freeculture.xml:7545 msgid "" "Thus, my argument is not that in each place that copyright law extends, we " "should repeal it. It is instead that we should have a good argument for its " @@ -10845,7 +10845,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7541 +#: freeculture.xml:7540 msgid "" "This is perhaps the central claim of this book, so let me take this very " "slowly so that the point is not easily missed. My claim is that the Internet " @@ -10857,42 +10857,42 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7559 +#: freeculture.xml:7558 msgid "" "We can see this point abstractly by beginning with this largely empty " "circle." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7563 +#: freeculture.xml:7562 msgid "All potential uses of a book." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7564 +#: freeculture.xml:7563 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/1521.svg\" align=\"center\" " -"width=\"50%\"></graphic>" +"width=\"40%\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7566 +#: freeculture.xml:7565 msgid "three types of uses of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7568 +#: freeculture.xml:7567 msgid "copyright applicability altered by technology of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7569 +#: freeculture.xml:7568 msgid "copyright intent altered by" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 152 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7574 +#: freeculture.xml:7573 msgid "" "Think about a book in real space, and imagine this circle to represent all " "its potential <emphasis>uses</emphasis>. Most of these uses are unregulated " @@ -10907,19 +10907,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7587 +#: freeculture.xml:7586 msgid "Examples of unregulated uses of a book." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7588 +#: freeculture.xml:7587 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/1531.png\" align=\"center\" " -"width=\"50%\"></graphic>" +"width=\"40%\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7591 +#: freeculture.xml:7590 msgid "" "Obviously, however, some uses of a copyrighted book are regulated by " "copyright law. Republishing the book, for example, makes a copy. It is " @@ -10930,28 +10930,28 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7603 +#: freeculture.xml:7602 msgid "" "Finally, there is a tiny sliver of otherwise regulated copying uses that " "remain unregulated because the law considers these <quote>fair uses.</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7608 +#: freeculture.xml:7607 msgid "" "Republishing stands at the core of this circle of possible uses of a " "copyrighted work." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7609 +#: freeculture.xml:7608 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/1541.svg\" align=\"center\" " -"width=\"50%\"></graphic>" +"width=\"40%\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7614 +#: freeculture.xml:7613 msgid "" "These are uses that themselves involve copying, but which the law treats as " "unregulated because public policy demands that they remain unregulated. You " @@ -10964,34 +10964,34 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7624 +#: freeculture.xml:7623 msgid "Unregulated copying considered <quote>fair uses.</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7625 +#: freeculture.xml:7624 msgid "" -"<graphic fileref=\"images/1542.png\" align=\"center\" " -"width=\"50%\"></graphic>" +"<graphic fileref=\"images/1542.svg\" align=\"center\" " +"width=\"40%\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7629 +#: freeculture.xml:7628 msgid "" "Uses that before were presumptively unregulated are now presumptively " "regulated." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7630 +#: freeculture.xml:7629 msgid "" -"<graphic fileref=\"images/1551.png\" align=\"center\" " -"width=\"50%\"></graphic>" +"<graphic fileref=\"images/1551.svg\" align=\"center\" " +"width=\"40%\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 154 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7635 +#: freeculture.xml:7634 msgid "" "In real space, then, the possible uses of a book are divided into three " "sorts: (1) unregulated uses, (2) regulated uses, and (3) regulated uses that " @@ -11000,18 +11000,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7640 freeculture.xml:7924 freeculture.xml:10188 +#: freeculture.xml:7639 freeculture.xml:7923 freeculture.xml:10188 msgid "on Internet" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7642 freeculture.xml:7719 +#: freeculture.xml:7641 freeculture.xml:7718 msgid "Internet burdens on" msgstr "" #. f18 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7647 +#: freeculture.xml:7646 msgid "" "I don't mean <quote>nature</quote> in the sense that it couldn't be " "different, but rather that its present instantiation entails a copy. Optical " @@ -11021,7 +11021,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7644 +#: freeculture.xml:7643 msgid "" "Enter the Internet—a distributed, digital network where every use of a " "copyrighted work produces a copy.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " @@ -11038,7 +11038,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 155 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7667 +#: freeculture.xml:7666 msgid "" "So let's be very specific to make this general point clear. Before the " "Internet, if you purchased a book and read it ten times, there would be no " @@ -11051,17 +11051,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7678 +#: freeculture.xml:7677 msgid "e-books" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7679 +#: freeculture.xml:7678 msgid "technological developments and" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7681 +#: freeculture.xml:7680 msgid "" "But the same book as an e-book is effectively governed by a different set of " "rules. Now if the copyright owner says you may read the book only once or " @@ -11075,7 +11075,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7693 +#: freeculture.xml:7692 msgid "" "There are some people who think this makes perfect sense. My aim just now is " "not to argue about whether it makes sense or not. My aim is only to make " @@ -11084,7 +11084,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7699 +#: freeculture.xml:7698 msgid "" "First, making category 1 disappear is not anything any policy maker ever " "intended. Congress did not think through the collapse of the presumptively " @@ -11095,7 +11095,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7708 +#: freeculture.xml:7707 msgid "" "Second, this shift is especially troubling in the context of transformative " "uses of creative content. Again, we can all understand the wrong in " @@ -11109,13 +11109,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7721 +#: freeculture.xml:7720 msgid "fair use vs." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 156 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7723 +#: freeculture.xml:7722 msgid "" "Third, this shift from category 1 to category 2 puts an extraordinary burden " "on category 3 (<quote>fair use</quote>) that fair use never before had to " @@ -11129,7 +11129,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7742 +#: freeculture.xml:7741 msgid "" "This point about fair use is totally ignored, even by advocates for free " "culture. We have been cornered into arguing that our rights depend upon fair " @@ -11141,22 +11141,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7758 +#: freeculture.xml:7757 msgid "Video Pipeline" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7760 freeculture.xml:15315 +#: freeculture.xml:7759 freeculture.xml:15315 msgid "film industry" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7760 +#: freeculture.xml:7759 msgid "trailer advertisements of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7762 +#: freeculture.xml:7761 msgid "" "The case of Video Pipeline is a good example. Video Pipeline was in the " "business of making <quote>trailer</quote> advertisements for movies " @@ -11166,12 +11166,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7768 freeculture.xml:7843 freeculture.xml:14061 +#: freeculture.xml:7767 freeculture.xml:7842 freeculture.xml:14061 msgid "browsing" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7770 +#: freeculture.xml:7769 msgid "" "The company did this for about fifteen years. Then, in 1997, it began to " "think about the Internet as another way to distribute these previews. The " @@ -11184,7 +11184,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 157 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7783 +#: freeculture.xml:7782 msgid "" "In 1998, Video Pipeline informed Disney and other film distributors that it " "intended to distribute the trailers through the Internet (rather than " @@ -11200,17 +11200,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7800 +#: freeculture.xml:7799 msgid "willful infringement findings in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7801 +#: freeculture.xml:7800 msgid "willful infringement" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7803 +#: freeculture.xml:7802 msgid "" "Disney countersued—for $100 million in damages. Those damages were " "predicated upon a claim that Video Pipeline had <quote>willfully " @@ -11223,7 +11223,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7813 +#: freeculture.xml:7812 msgid "" "Disney has the right to control its property, of course. But the video " "stores that were selling Disney's films also had some sort of right to be " @@ -11235,12 +11235,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7821 +#: freeculture.xml:7820 msgid "first-sale doctrine" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7823 +#: freeculture.xml:7822 msgid "" "Now, you might think this is a close case, and I think the courts would " "consider it a close case. My point here is to map the change that gives " @@ -11256,13 +11256,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7842 +#: freeculture.xml:7841 msgid "Barnes & Noble" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 158 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7847 +#: freeculture.xml:7846 msgid "" "No doubt, a potential is not yet an abuse, and so the potential for control " "is not yet the abuse of control. Barnes & Noble has the right to say you " @@ -11279,7 +11279,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7862 +#: freeculture.xml:7861 msgid "" "Again, my aim so far is simply to map the changes that this changed " "architecture enables. Enabling technology to enforce the control of " @@ -11290,12 +11290,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7871 +#: freeculture.xml:7870 msgid "Architecture and Law: Force" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7873 +#: freeculture.xml:7872 msgid "" "The disappearance of unregulated uses would be change enough, but a second " "important change brought about by the Internet magnifies its " @@ -11304,17 +11304,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7878 +#: freeculture.xml:7877 msgid "technology as automatic enforcer of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7879 +#: freeculture.xml:7878 msgid "copyright enforcement controlled by" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7881 +#: freeculture.xml:7880 msgid "" "In the world before digital technology, it was generally the law that " "controlled whether and how someone was regulated by copyright law. The law, " @@ -11324,18 +11324,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7888 +#: freeculture.xml:7887 msgid "Casablanca" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7889 freeculture.xml:8060 +#: freeculture.xml:7888 freeculture.xml:8059 msgid "Marx Brothers" msgstr "" #. f19 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7900 +#: freeculture.xml:7899 msgid "" "See David Lange, <quote>Recognizing the Public Domain,</quote> " "<citetitle>Law and Contemporary Problems</citetitle> 44 (1981): " @@ -11343,7 +11343,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7892 +#: freeculture.xml:7891 msgid "" "There's a famous story about a battle between the Marx Brothers and Warner " "Brothers. The Marxes intended to make a parody of " @@ -11354,14 +11354,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7909 +#: freeculture.xml:7908 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Ibid. See also Vaidhyanathan, " "<citetitle>Copyrights and Copywrongs</citetitle>, 1–3." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7905 +#: freeculture.xml:7904 msgid "" "This led the Marx Brothers to respond in kind. They warned Warner Brothers " "that the Marx Brothers <quote>were brothers long before you " @@ -11373,7 +11373,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7919 +#: freeculture.xml:7918 msgid "" "An absurd and hollow threat, of course, because Warner Brothers, like the " "Marx Brothers, knew that no court would ever enforce such a silly " @@ -11382,7 +11382,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7926 +#: freeculture.xml:7925 msgid "" "On the Internet, however, there is no check on silly rules, because on the " "Internet, increasingly, rules are enforced not by a human but by a machine: " @@ -11394,17 +11394,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7938 +#: freeculture.xml:7937 msgid "Adobe eBook Reader" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7940 +#: freeculture.xml:7939 msgid "Consider the life of my Adobe eBook Reader." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7943 +#: freeculture.xml:7942 msgid "" "An e-book is a book delivered in electronic form. An Adobe eBook is not a " "book that Adobe has published; Adobe simply produces the software that " @@ -11413,7 +11413,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7950 +#: freeculture.xml:7949 msgid "" "In <xref linkend=\"fig-example-adobe-ebook-reader\"/> is a picture of an old " "version of my Adobe eBook Reader." @@ -11421,7 +11421,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 160 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7954 +#: freeculture.xml:7953 msgid "" "As you can see, I have a small collection of e-books within this e-book " "library. Some of these books reproduce content that is in the public domain: " @@ -11434,31 +11434,31 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7967 +#: freeculture.xml:7966 msgid "Picture of an old version of Adobe eBook Reader" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7968 +#: freeculture.xml:7967 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/example-adobe-ebook-reader.png\" align=\"center\" " "width=\"50%\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7971 +#: freeculture.xml:7970 msgid "" "If you click on the Permissions button, you'll see a list of the permissions " "that the publisher purports to grant with this book." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7975 +#: freeculture.xml:7974 msgid "List of the permissions that the publisher purports to grant." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7976 +#: freeculture.xml:7975 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/1612.png\" align=\"center\" " "width=\"50%\"></graphic>" @@ -11466,7 +11466,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 161 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7980 +#: freeculture.xml:7979 msgid "" "According to my eBook Reader, I have the permission to copy to the clipboard " "of the computer ten text selections every ten days. (So far, I've copied no " @@ -11477,90 +11477,90 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7987 +#: freeculture.xml:7986 msgid "Aristotle" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7988 +#: freeculture.xml:7987 msgid "<citetitle>Politics</citetitle>, (Aristotle)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7990 +#: freeculture.xml:7989 msgid "" "Here's the e-book for another work in the public domain (including the " "translation): Aristotle's <citetitle>Politics</citetitle>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7994 +#: freeculture.xml:7993 msgid "E-book of Aristotle's <quote>Politics</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7995 +#: freeculture.xml:7994 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/1621.png\" align=\"center\" " "width=\"50%\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7998 +#: freeculture.xml:7997 msgid "" "According to its permissions, no printing or copying is permitted at " "all. But fortunately, you can use the Read Aloud button to hear the book." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8003 +#: freeculture.xml:8002 msgid "List of the permissions for Aristotle's <quote>Politics</quote>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:8004 +#: freeculture.xml:8003 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/1622.png\" align=\"center\" " "width=\"50%\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8006 freeculture.xml:9859 +#: freeculture.xml:8005 freeculture.xml:9859 msgid "Future of Ideas, The (Lessig)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8007 freeculture.xml:9860 freeculture.xml:11176 freeculture.xml:11222 freeculture.xml:13515 +#: freeculture.xml:8006 freeculture.xml:9860 freeculture.xml:11176 freeculture.xml:11222 freeculture.xml:13515 msgid "Lessig, Lawrence" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8009 +#: freeculture.xml:8008 msgid "" "Finally (and most embarrassingly), here are the permissions for the original " "e-book version of my last book, <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8015 +#: freeculture.xml:8014 msgid "List of the permissions for <quote>The Future of Ideas</quote>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:8016 +#: freeculture.xml:8015 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/1631.png\" align=\"center\" " "width=\"50%\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8019 +#: freeculture.xml:8018 msgid "No copying, no printing, and don't you dare try to listen to this book!" msgstr "" #. f21 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8029 +#: freeculture.xml:8028 msgid "" "In principle, a contract might impose a requirement on me. I might, for " "example, buy a book from you that includes a contract that says I will read " @@ -11571,7 +11571,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8022 +#: freeculture.xml:8021 msgid "" "Now, the Adobe eBook Reader calls these controls " "<quote>permissions</quote>— as if the publisher has the power to " @@ -11586,7 +11586,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8044 +#: freeculture.xml:8043 msgid "" "The control comes instead from the code—from the technology within " "which the e-book <quote>lives.</quote> Though the e-book says that these are " @@ -11606,7 +11606,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 163 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8064 +#: freeculture.xml:8063 msgid "" "These are <emphasis>controls</emphasis>, not permissions. Imagine a world " "where the Marx Brothers sold word processing software that, when you tried " @@ -11615,7 +11615,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8070 +#: freeculture.xml:8069 msgid "" "This is the future of copyright law: not so much copyright " "<emphasis>law</emphasis> as copyright <emphasis>code</emphasis>. The " @@ -11627,7 +11627,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8079 +#: freeculture.xml:8078 msgid "" "How significant is this? Isn't it always possible to get around the controls " "built into the technology? Software used to be sold with technologies that " @@ -11637,24 +11637,24 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8086 +#: freeculture.xml:8085 msgid "" "We've only scratched the surface of this story. Return to the Adobe eBook " "Reader." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8089 +#: freeculture.xml:8088 msgid "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (Carroll)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:8090 +#: freeculture.xml:8089 msgid "e-book restrictions on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8092 +#: freeculture.xml:8091 msgid "" "Early in the life of the Adobe eBook Reader, Adobe suffered a public " "relations nightmare. Among the books that you could download for free on the " @@ -11664,19 +11664,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8100 +#: freeculture.xml:8099 msgid "List of the permissions for <quote>Alice's Adventures in Wonderland</quote>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:8102 +#: freeculture.xml:8101 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/1641.png\" align=\"center\" " "width=\"50%\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8106 +#: freeculture.xml:8105 msgid "" "Here was a public domain children's book that you were not allowed to copy, " "not allowed to lend, not allowed to give, and, as the " @@ -11685,7 +11685,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8111 +#: freeculture.xml:8110 msgid "" "The public relations nightmare attached to that final permission. For the " "text did not say that you were not permitted to use the Read Aloud button; " @@ -11696,7 +11696,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8119 +#: freeculture.xml:8118 msgid "" "Adobe responded quickly that it was absurd to think that it was trying to " "restrict the right to read a book aloud. Obviously it was only restricting " @@ -11711,7 +11711,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8134 +#: freeculture.xml:8133 msgid "" "The point is not to blame Adobe. Indeed, Adobe is among the most innovative " "companies developing strategies to balance open access to content with " @@ -11721,34 +11721,34 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8144 +#: freeculture.xml:8143 msgid "" "To see the point in a particularly absurd context, consider a favorite story " "of mine that makes the same point." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8147 freeculture.xml:8291 freeculture.xml:8356 freeculture.xml:8464 +#: freeculture.xml:8146 freeculture.xml:8290 freeculture.xml:8355 freeculture.xml:8464 msgid "Aibo robotic dog" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8148 freeculture.xml:8292 freeculture.xml:8357 freeculture.xml:8465 +#: freeculture.xml:8147 freeculture.xml:8291 freeculture.xml:8356 freeculture.xml:8465 msgid "robotic dog" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8149 freeculture.xml:8293 freeculture.xml:8358 freeculture.xml:8466 +#: freeculture.xml:8148 freeculture.xml:8292 freeculture.xml:8357 freeculture.xml:8466 msgid "Sony" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:8149 freeculture.xml:8293 freeculture.xml:8358 freeculture.xml:8466 +#: freeculture.xml:8148 freeculture.xml:8292 freeculture.xml:8357 freeculture.xml:8466 msgid "Aibo robotic dog produced by" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8151 +#: freeculture.xml:8150 msgid "" "Consider the robotic dog made by Sony named <quote>Aibo.</quote> The Aibo " "learns tricks, cuddles, and follows you around. It eats only electricity and " @@ -11757,7 +11757,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 165 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8156 +#: freeculture.xml:8155 msgid "" "The Aibo is expensive and popular. Fans from around the world have set up " "clubs to trade stories. One fan in particular set up a Web site to enable " @@ -11768,7 +11768,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8165 +#: freeculture.xml:8164 msgid "" "<quote>Teach</quote> here has a special meaning. Aibos are just cute " "computers. You teach a computer how to do something by programming it " @@ -11779,12 +11779,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8172 +#: freeculture.xml:8171 msgid "hacks" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8174 +#: freeculture.xml:8173 msgid "" "If you're not a programmer or don't know many programmers, the word " "<citetitle>hack</citetitle> has a particularly unfriendly " @@ -11800,7 +11800,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8188 +#: freeculture.xml:8187 msgid "" "Some hacks are easy. Some are unbelievably hard. Hackers as a community like " "to challenge themselves and others with increasingly difficult " @@ -11810,7 +11810,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8195 +#: freeculture.xml:8194 msgid "" "The Aibo fan was displaying a bit of both when he hacked the program and " "offered to the world a bit of code that would enable the Aibo to dance " @@ -11821,7 +11821,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 166 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8205 +#: freeculture.xml:8204 msgid "" "I've told this story in many contexts, both inside and outside the United " "States. Once I was asked by a puzzled member of the audience, is it " @@ -11836,12 +11836,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:8220 +#: freeculture.xml:8219 msgid "government case against" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8222 +#: freeculture.xml:8221 msgid "" "Let's put the dog to sleep for a minute, and turn to a pony show— not " "literally a pony show, but rather a paper that a Princeton academic named Ed " @@ -11855,12 +11855,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8245 freeculture.xml:10814 +#: freeculture.xml:8244 freeculture.xml:10814 msgid "Electronic Frontier Foundation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8235 +#: freeculture.xml:8234 msgid "" "See Pamela Samuelson, <quote>Anticircumvention Rules: Threat to " "Science,</quote> <citetitle>Science</citetitle> 293 (2001): 2028; Brendan " @@ -11879,7 +11879,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8233 +#: freeculture.xml:8232 msgid "" "But Felten's bravery was really tested in April 2001.<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> He and a group of colleagues were working on a " @@ -11889,7 +11889,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8253 +#: freeculture.xml:8252 msgid "" "The SDMI coalition had as its goal a technology to enable content owners to " "exercise much better control over their content than the Internet, as it " @@ -11901,7 +11901,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8263 +#: freeculture.xml:8262 msgid "" "When SDMI thought it was close to a standard, it set up a competition. In " "exchange for providing contestants with the code to an SDMI-encrypted bit of " @@ -11911,7 +11911,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 167 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8270 +#: freeculture.xml:8269 msgid "" "Felten and his team figured out the encryption system quickly. He and the " "team saw the weakness of this system as a type: Many encryption systems " @@ -11920,7 +11920,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8276 +#: freeculture.xml:8275 msgid "" "Let's review just what Felten was doing. Again, this is the United " "States. We have a principle of free speech. We have this principle not just " @@ -11931,7 +11931,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8284 +#: freeculture.xml:8283 msgid "" "What Felten and his colleagues were doing was publishing a paper describing " "the weakness in a technology. They were not spreading free music, or " @@ -11941,7 +11941,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8295 +#: freeculture.xml:8294 msgid "" "What links these two, aibopet.com and Felten, is the letters they then " "received. Aibopet.com received a letter from Sony about the aibopet.com " @@ -11949,7 +11949,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8302 +#: freeculture.xml:8301 msgid "" "Your site contains information providing the means to circumvent AIBO-ware's " "copy protection protocol constituting a violation of the anti-circumvention " @@ -11957,7 +11957,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8311 +#: freeculture.xml:8310 msgid "" "And though an academic paper describing the weakness in a system of " "encryption should also be perfectly legal, Felten received a letter from an " @@ -11966,7 +11966,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 168 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8317 +#: freeculture.xml:8316 msgid "" "Any disclosure of information gained from participating in the Public " "Challenge would be outside the scope of activities permitted by the " @@ -11975,7 +11975,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8325 +#: freeculture.xml:8324 msgid "" "In both cases, this weirdly Orwellian law was invoked to control the spread " "of information. The Digital Millennium Copyright Act made spreading such " @@ -11983,7 +11983,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8330 +#: freeculture.xml:8329 msgid "" "The DMCA was enacted as a response to copyright owners' first fear about " "cyberspace. The fear was that copyright control was effectively dead; the " @@ -11996,7 +11996,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8341 +#: freeculture.xml:8340 msgid "" "The DMCA was a bit of law intended to back up the protection of this code " "designed to protect copyrighted material. It was, we could say, " @@ -12006,7 +12006,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8348 +#: freeculture.xml:8347 msgid "" "But the DMCA was not designed merely to protect copyrighted works to the " "extent copyright law protected them. Its protection, that is, did not end at " @@ -12018,7 +12018,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 169 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8360 +#: freeculture.xml:8359 msgid "" "Aibopet.com and Felten make the point. The Aibo hack circumvented a " "copyright protection system for the purpose of enabling the dog to dance " @@ -12032,7 +12032,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8372 +#: freeculture.xml:8371 msgid "" "The threat against Felten was more attenuated, but it followed the same line " "of reasoning. By publishing a paper describing how a copyright protection " @@ -12043,17 +12043,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8379 freeculture.xml:8414 +#: freeculture.xml:8378 freeculture.xml:8413 msgid "Rogers, Fred" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8390 freeculture.xml:8427 freeculture.xml:8453 +#: freeculture.xml:8389 freeculture.xml:8427 freeculture.xml:8453 msgid "Conrad, Paul" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8382 +#: freeculture.xml:8381 msgid "" "The bizarreness of these arguments is captured in a cartoon drawn in 1981 by " "Paul Conrad. At that time, a court in California had held that the VCR could " @@ -12066,7 +12066,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8409 +#: freeculture.xml:8408 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <citetitle>Sony Corporation of " "America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal City Studios, Inc</citetitle>., " @@ -12077,7 +12077,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8394 +#: freeculture.xml:8393 msgid "" "Some public stations, as well as commercial stations, program the " "<quote>Neighborhood</quote> at hours when some children cannot use it. I " @@ -12097,7 +12097,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 170 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8420 +#: freeculture.xml:8419 msgid "" "Even though there were uses that were legal, because there were some uses " "that were illegal, the court held the companies producing the VCR " @@ -12105,10 +12105,11 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8425 +#: freeculture.xml:8424 msgid "" -"This led Conrad to draw the cartoon below, which we can adopt to the DMCA. " -"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"This led Conrad to draw the cartoon in <xref " +"linkend=\"fig-1711-vcr-handgun-cartoonfig\"/>, which we can adopt to the " +"DMCA. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> @@ -12151,7 +12152,7 @@ msgstr "" #: freeculture.xml:8451 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/1711.png\" align=\"center\" " -"width=\"70%\"></graphic>" +"width=\"100%\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> @@ -17747,7 +17748,7 @@ msgstr "" #: freeculture.xml:12755 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/tom-the-dancing-bug.png\" align=\"center\" " -"width=\"95%\"></graphic> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"width=\"100%\"></graphic> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>