<para>
<inlinemediaobject>
<imageobject>
- <imagedata fileref="images/cc.png" width="100%" align="center"/>
+ <imagedata fileref="images/cc.png" contentdepth="3em" width="100%" align="center"/>
</imageobject>
<imageobject>
- <imagedata fileref="images/cc.svg" width="100%" align="center"/>
+ <imagedata fileref="images/cc.svg" contentdepth="3em" width="100%" align="center"/>
</imageobject>
<textobject>
<phrase>Creative Commons, Some rights reserved</phrase>
<biblioid class="libraryofcongress">2003063276</biblioid>
</bookinfo>
-
-<colophon>
<!-- PAGE BREAK 1 -->
-
+<dedication id="salespoints">
+<title></title>
<para>
You can buy a copy of this book by clicking on one of the links below:
</para>
<listitem><para><ulink url="http://www.penguin.com/">Penguin</ulink></para></listitem>
<!-- <ulink url="">Local Bookstore</ulink> -->
</itemizedlist>
+</dedication>
<!-- PAGE BREAK 2 -->
-
<!-- PAGE BREAK 3 -->
+<dedication id="alsobylessig">
+<title></title>
<para>
ALSO BY LAWRENCE LESSIG
</para>
<para>
Code: And Other Laws of Cyberspace
</para>
-
+</dedication>
<!-- PAGE BREAK 4 -->
+<dedication id="frontpublisher">
+<title></title>
<para>
THE PENGUIN PRESS, NEW YORK
</para>
-
+</dedication>
<!-- PAGE BREAK 5 -->
+<dedication id="frontbookinfo">
+<title></title>
<para>
FREE CULTURE
</para>
<para>
LAWRENCE LESSIG
</para>
-
+</dedication>
<!-- PAGE BREAK 6 -->
+<colophon>
<para>
THE PENGUIN PRESS, a member of Penguin Group (USA) Inc. 375 Hudson Street New
York, New York
retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means
(electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise),
without the prior written permission of both the copyright owner and
-the above publisher of this book. The scanning, uploading, and
-distribution of this book via the Internet or via any other means
-without the permission of the publisher is illegal and punishable by
-law. Please purchase only authorized electronic editions and do not
-participate in or encourage electronic piracy of copyrighted
-materials. Your support of the author's rights is appreciated.
+the above publisher of this book.
+</para>
+<para>
+The scanning, uploading, and distribution of this book via the
+Internet or via any other means without the permission of the
+publisher is illegal and punishable by law. Please purchase only
+authorized electronic editions and do not participate in or encourage
+electronic piracy of copyrighted materials. Your support of the
+author's rights is appreciated.
</para>
</colophon>
<!-- PAGE BREAK 15 -->
<!-- PAGE BREAK 16 -->
-<chapter id="c-introduction">
+<chapter label="0" id="c-introduction">
<title>INTRODUCTION</title>
<para>
On December 17, 1903, on a windy North Carolina beach for just
</partintro>
<!-- PAGE BREAK 34 -->
-<chapter id="creators">
+<chapter label="1" id="creators">
<title>CHAPTER ONE: Creators</title>
<para>
In 1928, a cartoon character was born. An early Mickey Mouse
<!-- PAGE BREAK 44 -->
</chapter>
-<chapter id="mere-copyists">
+<chapter label="2" id="mere-copyists">
<title>CHAPTER TWO: "Mere Copyists"</title>
<indexterm id="idxphotography" class='startofrange'>
<primary>photography</primary>
camera and … saying, "Let's go have fun with the video camera and
make a little movie." But instead, really help you take these elements
that you understand, that are your language, and construct meaning
-about the topic. …
+about the topic.…
</para>
<para>
That empowers enormously. And then what happens, of
</para>
<!-- PAGE BREAK 61 -->
</chapter>
-<chapter id="catalogs">
+<chapter label="3" id="catalogs">
<title>CHAPTER THREE: Catalogs</title>
<para>
In the fall of 2002, Jesse Jordan of Oceanside, New York, enrolled as
</para>
<!-- PAGE BREAK 66 -->
</chapter>
-<chapter id="pirates">
+<chapter label="4" id="pirates">
<title>CHAPTER FOUR: "Pirates"</title>
<para>
If "piracy" means using the creative property of others without
</para></footnote>
</para>
</blockquote>
+<indexterm><primary>Heston, Charlton</primary></indexterm>
<para>
These were "free-ride[rs]," Screen Actor's Guild president Charlton
Heston said, who were "depriving actors of
<!-- f17 -->
Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 209 (statement of Charlton Heston,
president of the Screen Actors Guild).
-</para></footnote>
+<indexterm><primary>Heston, Charlton</primary></indexterm>
+</para>
+</footnote>
</para>
<para>
But again, there was another side to the debate. As Assistant Attorney
<!-- PAGE BREAK 75 -->
</section>
</chapter>
-<chapter id="piracy">
+<chapter label="5" id="piracy">
<title>CHAPTER FIVE: "Piracy"</title>
<para>
There is piracy of copyrighted material. Lots of it. This piracy comes
together, a pattern is clear:
</para>
-<table id="t1">
-<title>Pattern of Court and Congress response</title>
+<informaltable id="t1">
<tgroup cols="4" align="char">
<thead>
<row>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
-</table>
+</informaltable>
<para>
In each case throughout our history, a new technology changed the
</partintro>
<!-- PAGE BREAK 96 -->
-<chapter id="founders">
+<chapter label="6" id="founders">
<title>CHAPTER SIX: Founders</title>
<para>
William Shakespeare wrote <citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> in 1595. The play
Kenneth Branagh's adaptation of Henry V: "I liked it, but Shakespeare
is so full of clichés."
</para>
+<indexterm><primary>Henry V</primary></indexterm>
<para>
In 1774, almost 180 years after <citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> was written, the
"copy-right" for the work was still thought by many to be the exclusive
<para>
So, for example, even if the copyright to Shakespeare's works were
perpetual, all that would have meant under the original meaning of the
-term was that no one could reprint Shakespeare's work without the
- permission
-of the Shakespeare estate. It would not have controlled
- anything,
-for example, about how the work could be performed, whether
+term was that no one could reprint Shakespeare's work without the
+permission of the Shakespeare estate. It would not have controlled
+anything, for example, about how the work could be performed, whether
the work could be translated, or whether Kenneth Branagh would be
-allowed to make his films. The "copy-right" was only an exclusive right
-to print—no less, of course, but also no more.
+allowed to make his films. The "copy-right" was only an exclusive
+right to print—no less, of course, but also no more.
</para>
<para>
Even that limited right was viewed with skepticism by the British.
-They had had a long and ugly experience with "exclusive rights,"
- especially
-"exclusive rights" granted by the Crown. The English had fought
-a civil war in part about the Crown's practice of handing out
- monopolies—especially
-monopolies for works that already existed. King Henry
-VIII granted a patent to print the Bible and a monopoly to Darcy to
-print playing cards. The English Parliament began to fight back
-against this power of the Crown. In 1656, it passed the Statute of
- Monopolies,
-limiting monopolies to patents for new inventions. And by
-1710, Parliament was eager to deal with the growing monopoly in
-publishing.
-</para>
-<para>
-Thus the "copy-right," when viewed as a monopoly right, was
- naturally
-viewed as a right that should be limited. (However convincing
-the claim that "it's my property, and I should have it forever," try
+They had had a long and ugly experience with "exclusive rights,"
+especially "exclusive rights" granted by the Crown. The English had
+fought a civil war in part about the Crown's practice of handing out
+monopolies—especially monopolies for works that already
+existed. King Henry VIII granted a patent to print the Bible and a
+monopoly to Darcy to print playing cards. The English Parliament began
+to fight back against this power of the Crown. In 1656, it passed the
+Statute of Monopolies, limiting monopolies to patents for new
+inventions. And by 1710, Parliament was eager to deal with the growing
+monopoly in publishing.
+</para>
+<indexterm><primary>Henry VIII, King of England</primary></indexterm>
+<para>
+Thus the "copy-right," when viewed as a monopoly right, was naturally
+viewed as a right that should be limited. (However convincing the
+claim that "it's my property, and I should have it forever," try
sounding convincing when uttering, "It's my monopoly, and I should
-have it forever.") The state would protect the exclusive right, but only
-so long as it benefited society. The British saw the harms from
- specialinterest
-favors; they passed a law to stop them.
+have it forever.") The state would protect the exclusive right, but
+only so long as it benefited society. The British saw the harms from
+specialinterest favors; they passed a law to stop them.
</para>
<para>
Second, about booksellers. It wasn't just that the copyright was a
</para>
<!-- PAGE BREAK 106 -->
</chapter>
-<chapter id="recorders">
+<chapter label="7" id="recorders">
<title>CHAPTER SEVEN: Recorders</title>
<para>
Jon Else is a filmmaker. He is best known for his documentaries and
</para>
<!-- PAGE BREAK 111 -->
</chapter>
-<chapter id="transformers">
+<chapter label="8" id="transformers">
<title>CHAPTER EIGHT: Transformers</title>
<indexterm><primary>Allen, Paul</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>Alben, Alex</primary></indexterm>
</para>
<!-- PAGE BREAK 119 -->
</chapter>
-<chapter id="collectors">
+<chapter label="9" id="collectors">
<title>CHAPTER NINE: Collectors</title>
<para>
In April 1996, millions of "bots"—computer codes designed to
</para>
<!-- PAGE BREAK 127 -->
</chapter>
-<chapter id="property-i">
+<chapter label="10" id="property-i">
<title>CHAPTER TEN: "Property"</title>
<para>
Jack Valenti has been the president of the Motion Picture Association
that copyright law has undergone. In 1790, the law looked like this:
</para>
-<table id="t2">
-<title>Law status in 1790</title>
+<informaltable id="t2">
<tgroup cols="3" align="char">
<thead>
<row>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
-</table>
+</informaltable>
<para>
The act of publishing a map, chart, and book was regulated by
By the end of the nineteenth century, the law had changed to this:
</para>
-<table id="t3">
-<title>Law status at the end of ninetheenth centory</title>
+<informaltable id="t3">
<tgroup cols="3" align="char">
<thead>
<row>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
-</table>
+</informaltable>
<para>
Derivative works were now regulated by copyright law—if
we could say the law began to look like this:
</para>
-<table id="t4">
-<title>Law status in 1975</title>
+<informaltable id="t4">
<tgroup cols="3" align="char">
<thead>
<row>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
-</table>
+</informaltable>
<para>
The law was interpreted to reach noncommercial copying through, say,
that the law now looks like this:
</para>
-<table id="t5">
-<title>Law status now</title>
+<informaltable id="t5">
<tgroup cols="3" align="char">
<thead>
<row>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
-</table>
+</informaltable>
<para>
Every realm is governed by copyright law, whereas before most
<title>PUZZLES</title>
<!-- PAGE BREAK 186 -->
-<chapter id="chimera">
+<chapter label="11" id="chimera">
<title>CHAPTER ELEVEN: Chimera</title>
<indexterm id="idxchimera" class='startofrange'>
<primary>chimeras</primary>
<!-- PAGE BREAK 192 -->
</chapter>
-<chapter id="harms">
+<chapter label="12" id="harms">
<title>CHAPTER TWELVE: Harms</title>
<para>
To fight "piracy," to protect "property," the content industry has
</partintro>
<!-- PAGE BREAK 220 -->
-<chapter id="eldred">
+<chapter label="13" id="eldred">
<title>CHAPTER THIRTEEN: Eldred</title>
+<indexterm id="idxhawthornenathaniel" class='startofrange'>
+ <primary>Hawthorne, Nathaniel</primary>
+</indexterm>
<para>
In 1995, a father was frustrated that his daughters didn't seem to
like Hawthorne. No doubt there was more than one such father, but at
(<citetitle>The Hunchback of Notre Dame</citetitle>, <citetitle>Treasure Planet</citetitle>). These are all
commercial publications of public domain works.
</para>
+<indexterm startref="idxhawthornenathaniel" class='endofrange'/>
<para>
The Internet created the possibility of noncommercial publications of
public domain works. Eldred's is just one example. There are literally
for other creative works is much more dire.
</para>
<indexterm><primary>Agee, Michael</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Hal Roach Studios</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>Laurel and Hardy Films</primary></indexterm>
<para>
Consider the story of Michael Agee, chairman of Hal Roach Studios,
<indexterm><primary>American Association of Law Libraries</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>National Writers Union</primary></indexterm>
</para>
+<indexterm><primary>Hal Roach Studios</primary></indexterm>
<para>
But two briefs captured the policy argument best. One made the
argument I've already described: A brief by Hal Roach Studios argued
who had advised us early on about a First Amendment strategy; and
finally, former solicitor general Charles Fried.
<indexterm><primary>Fried, Charles</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Morrison, Alan</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Public Citizen</primary></indexterm>
</para>
<para>
Fried was a special victory for our side. Every other former solicitor
</para>
<!-- PAGE BREAK 254 -->
</chapter>
-<chapter id="eldred-ii">
+<chapter label="14" id="eldred-ii">
<title>CHAPTER FOURTEEN: Eldred II</title>
<para>
The day <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> was decided, fate would have it that I was to travel to
<!-- PAGE BREAK 264 -->
</chapter>
</part>
-<chapter id="c-conclusion">
+<chapter label="15" id="c-conclusion">
<title>CONCLUSION</title>
<para>
There are more than 35 million people with the AIDS virus
</para>
</chapter>
-<chapter id="c-afterword">
+<chapter label="16" id="c-afterword">
<title>AFTERWORD</title>
<para>
<ulink url="http://free-culture.cc/notes/">link #85</ulink>.
<indexterm><primary>Fisher, William</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>Netanel, Neil Weinstock</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm><primary>Promises to Keep</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Promises to Keep (Fisher)</primary></indexterm>
</para></footnote>
Fisher suggests a very clever way around the current impasse of the
Internet. Under his plan, all content capable of digital transmission
system, then it can be continued. If this form of protection is no
longer necessary, then the system could lapse into the old system of
controlling access.
-<indexterm><primary>Promises to Keep</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm><primary>Promises to Keep (Fisher)</primary></indexterm>
</para>
<para>
Fisher would balk at the idea of allowing the system to lapse. His aim
</section>
</section>
</chapter>
-<chapter id="c-notes">
+<chapter label="17" id="c-notes">
<title>NOTES</title>
<para>
Throughout this text, there are references to links on the World Wide
<!-- PAGE BREAK 336 -->
</chapter>
-<chapter id="c-acknowledgments">
+<chapter label="18" id="c-acknowledgments">
<title>ACKNOWLEDGMENTS</title>
<para>
This book is the product of a long and as yet unsuccessful struggle that
projects / text-free-culture-lessig.git / blobdiff