+# MADE WITH CREATIVE COMMONS
+# Copyright (C) 2017 by Creative Commons.
+# This file is published under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike license (CC BY-SA), version 4.0
+# Authors: Paul Stacey and Sarah Hinchliff Pearson
+#
+msgid ""
+msgstr ""
+"Project-Id-Version: Made with Creative Commons 20170609-2\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2020-10-26 22:28+0100\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
+"Last-Translator: Automatically generated\n"
+"Language-Team: none\n"
+"Language: id\n"
+"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
+"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+
+#. type: Attribute 'lang' of: <book>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3
+msgid "en"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><title>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5
+msgid "Made with Creative Commons"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><authorgroup><author><firstname>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8
+msgid "Paul"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><authorgroup><author><surname>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9
+msgid "Stacey"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><authorgroup><author><firstname>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:12
+msgid "Sarah Hinchliff"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><authorgroup><author><surname>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:13
+msgid "Pearson"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><copyright>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:17
+msgid "<year>2017</year> <holder>Creative Commons</holder>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><publisher>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:21
+msgid "<publishername>Instituto de Investigaciones Económicas</publishername>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><publisher><address><city>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:23
+msgid "Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><legalnotice><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:28
+msgid ""
+"This book is published under a CC BY-SA license, which means that you can "
+"copy, redistribute, remix, transform, and build upon the content for any "
+"purpose, even commercially, as long as you give appropriate credit, provide "
+"a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. If you remix, "
+"transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your "
+"contributions under the same license as the original. License details: "
+"<ulink url=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:41
+msgid "Made with Creative Commons by Paul Stacey and Sarah Hinchliff Pearson"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:42
+msgid "© 2017 by the Creative Commons Foundation."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:43
+msgid ""
+"Published under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike license (CC "
+"BY-SA), version 4.0."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:45
+msgid ""
+"The license means that you can copy, redistribute, remix, transform, and "
+"build upon the content for any purpose, even commercially, as long as you "
+"give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if "
+"changes were made. If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you "
+"must distribute your contributions under the same license as the "
+"original. License details: <ulink "
+"url=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:52
+msgid "Illustrations by Bryan Mathers, <ulink url=\"https://bryanmmathers.com/\"/>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:54
+msgid "Publisher: Gunnar Wolf."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. space for information about translators
+#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:56
+msgid " "
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:58
+msgid ""
+"Made With Creative Commons was originally published with the kind support of "
+"Creative Commons and backers of our crowdfunding-campaign on the "
+"Kickstarter.com platform."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:61
+msgid ""
+"This edition of the book is maintained on <ulink "
+"url=\"https://gitlab.com/gunnarwolf/madewithcc-es/\"/>, and the translations "
+"are maintained on <ulink "
+"url=\"https://hosted.weblate.org/projects/madewithcc/\"/>. If you find any "
+"error in the book, please let us know."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:66
+msgid ""
+"ISBN: YET-TO-BE-DECIDED (PDF), YET-TO-BE-DECIDED (ePub), YET-TO-BE-DECIDED "
+"(Paperback)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:69
+msgid "<ulink url=\"https://madewith.cc/\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:72
+msgid "(Dewey) 346.048, 347.78"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:75
+msgid "(US Library of Congress) Z286 O63 S73 2017"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:78
+msgid "(Melvil) 025.523"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><blockquote><attribution>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:84
+msgid "David Foster Wallace"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:85
+msgid ""
+"I don’t know a whole lot about nonfiction journalism. . . The way that I "
+"think about these things, and in terms of what I can do is. . . essays like "
+"this are occasions to watch somebody reasonably bright but also reasonably "
+"average pay far closer attention and think at far more length about all "
+"sorts of different stuff than most of us have a chance to in our daily "
+"lives."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><preface><title>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:94
+msgid "Foreword"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:96
+msgid ""
+"Three years ago, just after I was hired as CEO of Creative Commons, I met "
+"with Cory Doctorow in the hotel bar of Toronto’s Gladstone Hotel. As one of "
+"CC’s most well-known proponents—one who has also had a successful career as "
+"a writer who shares his work using CC—I told him I thought CC had a role in "
+"defining and advancing open business models. He kindly disagreed, and called "
+"the pursuit of viable business models through CC <quote>a red "
+"herring.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:105
+msgid ""
+"He was, in a way, completely correct—those who make things with Creative "
+"Commons have ulterior motives, as Paul Stacey explains in this book: "
+"<quote>Regardless of legal status, they all have a social mission. Their "
+"primary reason for being is to make the world a better place, not to "
+"profit. Money is a means to a social end, not the end itself.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:113
+msgid ""
+"In the case study about Cory Doctorow, Sarah Hinchliff Pearson cites Cory’s "
+"words from his book Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free: <quote>Entering the "
+"arts because you want to get rich is like buying lottery tickets because you "
+"want to get rich. It might work, but it almost certainly won’t. Though, of "
+"course, someone always wins the lottery.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:121
+msgid ""
+"Today, copyright is like a lottery ticket—everyone has one, and almost "
+"nobody wins. What they don’t tell you is that if you choose to share your "
+"work, the returns can be significant and long-lasting. This book is filled "
+"with stories of those who take much greater risks than the two dollars we "
+"pay for a lottery ticket, and instead reap the rewards that come from "
+"pursuing their passions and living their values."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:130
+msgid ""
+"So it’s not about the money. Also: it is. Finding the means to continue to "
+"create and share often requires some amount of income. Max Temkin of Cards "
+"Against Humanity says it best in their case study: <quote>We don’t make "
+"jokes and games to make money—we make money so we can make more jokes and "
+"games.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:137
+msgid ""
+"Creative Commons’ focus is on building a vibrant, usable commons, powered by "
+"collaboration and gratitude. Enabling communities of collaboration is at the "
+"heart of our strategy. With that in mind, Creative Commons began this book "
+"project. Led by Paul and Sarah, the project set out to define and advance "
+"the best open business models. Paul and Sarah were the ideal authors to "
+"write Made with Creative Commons."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:146
+msgid ""
+"Paul dreams of a future where new models of creativity and innovation "
+"overpower the inequality and scarcity that today define the worst parts of "
+"capitalism. He is driven by the power of human connections between "
+"communities of creators. He takes a longer view than most, and it’s made him "
+"a better educator, an insightful researcher, and also a skilled gardener. He "
+"has a calm, cool voice that conveys a passion that inspires his colleagues "
+"and community."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:155
+msgid ""
+"Sarah is the best kind of lawyer—a true advocate who believes in the good of "
+"people, and the power of collective acts to change the world. Over the past "
+"year I’ve seen Sarah struggle with the heartbreak that comes from investing "
+"so much into a political campaign that didn’t end as she’d hoped. Today, "
+"she’s more determined than ever to live with her values right out on her "
+"sleeve. I can always count on Sarah to push Creative Commons to focus on our "
+"impact—to make the main thing the main thing. She’s practical, "
+"detail-oriented, and clever. There’s no one on my team that I enjoy debating "
+"more."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:167
+msgid ""
+"As coauthors, Paul and Sarah complement each other perfectly. They "
+"researched, analyzed, argued, and worked as a team, sometimes together and "
+"sometimes independently. They dove into the research and writing with "
+"passion and curiosity, and a deep respect for what goes into building the "
+"commons and sharing with the world. They remained open to new ideas, "
+"including the possibility that their initial theories would need refinement "
+"or might be completely wrong. That’s courageous, and it has made for a "
+"better book that is insightful, honest, and useful."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:178
+msgid ""
+"From the beginning, CC wanted to develop this project with the principles "
+"and values of open collaboration. The book was funded, developed, "
+"researched, and written in the open. It is being shared openly under a CC "
+"BY-SA license for anyone to use, remix, or adapt with attribution. It is, in "
+"itself, an example of an open business model."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:186
+msgid ""
+"For 31 days in August of 2015, Sarah took point to organize and execute a "
+"Kickstarter campaign to generate the core funding for the book. The "
+"remainder was provided by CC’s generous donors and supporters. In the end, "
+"it became one of the most successful book projects on Kickstarter, smashing "
+"through two stretch goals and engaging over 1,600 donors—the majority of "
+"them new supporters of Creative Commons."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:195
+msgid ""
+"Paul and Sarah worked openly throughout the project, publishing the plans, "
+"drafts, case studies, and analysis, early and often, and they engaged "
+"communities all over the world to help write this book. As their opinions "
+"diverged and their interests came into focus, they divided their voices and "
+"decided to keep them separate in the final product. Working in this way "
+"requires both humility and self-confidence, and without question it has made "
+"Made with Creative Commons a better project."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:205
+msgid ""
+"Those who work and share in the commons are not typical creators. They are "
+"part of something greater than themselves, and what they offer us all is a "
+"profound gift. What they receive in return is gratitude and a community."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:211
+msgid ""
+"Jonathan Mann, who is profiled in this book, writes a song a day. When I "
+"reached out to ask him to write a song for our Kickstarter (and to offer "
+"himself up as a Kickstarter benefit), he agreed immediately. Why would he "
+"agree to do that? Because the commons has collaboration at its core, and "
+"community as a key value, and because the CC licenses have helped so many to "
+"share in the ways that they choose with a global audience."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:220
+msgid ""
+"Sarah writes, <quote>Endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons thrive "
+"when community is built around what they do. This may mean a community "
+"collaborating together to create something new, or it may simply be a "
+"collection of like-minded people who get to know each other and rally around "
+"common interests or beliefs. To a certain extent, simply being Made with "
+"Creative Commons automatically brings with it some element of community, by "
+"helping connect you to like-minded others who recognize and are drawn to the "
+"values symbolized by using CC.</quote> Amanda Palmer, the other musician "
+"profiled in the book, would surely add this from her case study: "
+"<quote>There is no more satisfying end goal than having someone tell you "
+"that what you do is genuinely of value to them.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:234
+msgid ""
+"This is not a typical business book. For those looking for a recipe or a "
+"roadmap, you might be disappointed. But for those looking to pursue a social "
+"end, to build something great through collaboration, or to join a powerful "
+"and growing global community, they’re sure to be satisfied. Made with "
+"Creative Commons offers a world-changing set of clearly articulated values "
+"and principles, some essential tools for exploring your own business "
+"opportunities, and two dozen doses of pure inspiration."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:244
+msgid ""
+"In a 1996 Stanford Law Review article <quote>The Zones of "
+"Cyberspace</quote>, CC founder Lawrence Lessig wrote, <quote>Cyberspace is a "
+"place. People live there. They experience all the sorts of things that they "
+"experience in real space, there. For some, they experience more. They "
+"experience this not as isolated individuals, playing some high tech computer "
+"game; they experience it in groups, in communities, among strangers, among "
+"people they come to know, and sometimes like.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:254
+msgid ""
+"I’m incredibly proud that Creative Commons is able to publish this book for "
+"the many communities that we have come to know and like. I’m grateful to "
+"Paul and Sarah for their creativity and insights, and to the global "
+"communities that have helped us bring it to you. As CC board member "
+"Johnathan Nightingale often says, <quote>It’s all made of people.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:262
+msgid "That’s the true value of things that are Made with Creative Commons."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><preface><blockquote><attribution>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:265
+msgid "Ryan Merkley,"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><preface><blockquote><attribution>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:265
+msgid "CEO, Creative Commons"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><preface><title>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:270
+msgid "Introduction"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:272
+msgid ""
+"This book shows the world how sharing can be good for business—but with a "
+"twist."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:276
+msgid ""
+"We began the project intending to explore how creators, organizations, and "
+"businesses make money to sustain what they do when they share their work "
+"using Creative Commons licenses. Our goal was not to identify a formula for "
+"business models that use Creative Commons but instead gather fresh ideas and "
+"dynamic examples that spark new, innovative models and help others follow "
+"suit by building on what already works. At the onset, we framed our "
+"investigation in familiar business terms. We created a blank <quote>open "
+"business model canvas,</quote> an interactive online tool that would help "
+"people design and analyze their business model."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:288
+msgid ""
+"Through the generous funding of Kickstarter backers, we set about this "
+"project first by identifying and selecting a diverse group of creators, "
+"organizations, and businesses who use Creative Commons in an integral "
+"way—what we call being Made with Creative Commons. We interviewed them and "
+"wrote up their stories. We analyzed what we heard and dug deep into the "
+"literature."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:296
+msgid ""
+"But as we did our research, something interesting happened. Our initial way "
+"of framing the work did not match the stories we were hearing."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:301
+msgid ""
+"Those we interviewed were not typical businesses selling to consumers and "
+"seeking to maximize profits and the bottom line. Instead, they were sharing "
+"to make the world a better place, creating relationships and community "
+"around the works being shared, and generating revenue not for unlimited "
+"growth but to sustain the operation."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:309
+msgid ""
+"They often didn’t like hearing what they do described as an open business "
+"model. Their endeavor was something more than that. Something "
+"different. Something that generates not just economic value but social and "
+"cultural value. Something that involves human connection. Being Made with "
+"Creative Commons is not <quote>business as usual.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:317
+msgid ""
+"We had to rethink the way we conceived of this project. And it didn’t happen "
+"overnight. From the fall of 2015 through 2016, we documented our thoughts in "
+"blog posts on Medium and with regular updates to our Kickstarter backers. We "
+"shared drafts of case studies and analysis with our Kickstarter cocreators, "
+"who provided invaluable edits, feedback, and advice. Our thinking changed "
+"dramatically over the course of a year and a half."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:326
+msgid ""
+"Throughout the process, the two of us have often had very different ways of "
+"understanding and describing what we were learning. Learning from each other "
+"has been one of the great joys of this work, and, we hope, something that "
+"has made the final product much richer than it ever could have been if "
+"either of us undertook this project alone. We have preserved our voices "
+"throughout, and you’ll be able to sense our different but complementary "
+"approaches as you read through our different sections."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:336
+msgid ""
+"While we recommend that you read the book from start to finish, each section "
+"reads more or less independently. The book is structured into two main "
+"parts."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:341
+msgid ""
+"Part one, the overview, begins with a big-picture framework written by "
+"Paul. He provides some historical context for the digital commons, "
+"describing the three ways society has managed resources and shared "
+"wealth—the commons, the market, and the state. He advocates for thinking "
+"beyond business and market terms and eloquently makes the case for sharing "
+"and enlarging the digital commons."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:349
+msgid ""
+"The overview continues with Sarah’s chapter, as she considers what it means "
+"to be successfully Made with Creative Commons. While making money is one "
+"piece of the pie, there is also a set of public-minded values and the kind "
+"of human connections that make sharing truly meaningful. This section "
+"outlines the ways the creators, organizations, and businesses we interviewed "
+"bring in revenue, how they further the public interest and live out their "
+"values, and how they foster connections with the people with whom they "
+"share."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:359
+msgid ""
+"And to end part one, we have a short section that explains the different "
+"Creative Commons licenses. We talk about the misconception that the more "
+"restrictive licenses—the ones that are closest to the all-rights-reserved "
+"model of traditional copyright—are the only ways to make money."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:366
+msgid ""
+"Part two of the book is made up of the twenty-four stories of the creators, "
+"businesses, and organizations we interviewed. While both of us participated "
+"in the interviews, we divided up the writing of these profiles."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:372
+msgid ""
+"Of course, we are pleased to make the book available using a Creative "
+"Commons Attribution-ShareAlike license. Please copy, distribute, translate, "
+"localize, and build upon this work."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:377
+msgid ""
+"Writing this book has transformed and inspired us. The way we now look at "
+"and think about what it means to be Made with Creative Commons has "
+"irrevocably changed. We hope this book inspires you and your enterprise to "
+"use Creative Commons and in so doing contribute to the transformation of our "
+"economy and world for the better."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><preface><blockquote><attribution>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:384
+msgid "Paul and Sarah"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><title>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:389
+msgid "The Big Picture"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:391
+msgid "The New World of Digital Commons"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><attribution>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:393
+msgid "Paul Stacey"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:404
+msgid "Jonathan Rowe, Our Common Wealth (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2013), 14."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:397
+msgid ""
+"Jonathan Rowe eloquently describes the commons as <quote>the air and oceans, "
+"the web of species, wilderness and flowing water—all are parts of the "
+"commons. So are language and knowledge, sidewalks and public squares, the "
+"stories of childhood and the processes of democracy. Some parts of the "
+"commons are gifts of nature, others the product of human endeavor. Some are "
+"new, such as the Internet; others are as ancient as soil and "
+"calligraphy.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:409
+msgid ""
+"In Made with Creative Commons, we focus on our current era of digital "
+"commons, a commons of human-produced works. This commons cuts across a broad "
+"range of areas including cultural heritage, education, research, technology, "
+"art, design, literature, entertainment, business, and data. Human-produced "
+"works in all these areas are increasingly digital. The Internet is a kind of "
+"global, digital commons. The individuals, organizations, and businesses we "
+"profile in our case studies use Creative Commons to share their resources "
+"online over the Internet."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:424
+msgid ""
+"David Bollier, Think Like a Commoner: A Short Introduction to the Life of "
+"the Commons (Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014), 176."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:432
+msgid "Ibid., 15."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:420
+msgid ""
+"The commons is not just about shared resources, however. It’s also about the "
+"social practices and values that manage them. A resource is a noun, but to "
+"common—to put the resource into the commons—is a verb.<placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The creators, organizations, and businesses we "
+"profile are all engaged with commoning. Their use of Creative Commons "
+"involves them in the social practice of commoning, managing resources in a "
+"collective manner with a community of users.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
+"id=\"1\"/> Commoning is guided by a set of values and norms that balance the "
+"costs and benefits of the enterprise with those of the community. Special "
+"regard is given to equitable access, use, and sustainability."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:439
+msgid "The Commons, the Market, and the State"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:445
+msgid "Ibid., 145."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:441
+msgid ""
+"Historically, there have been three ways to manage resources and share "
+"wealth: the commons (managed collectively), the state (i.e., the "
+"government), and the market—with the last two being the dominant forms "
+"today.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:454
+msgid "Ibid., 175."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:449
+msgid ""
+"The organizations and businesses in our case studies are unique in the way "
+"they participate in the commons while still engaging with the market and/or "
+"state. The extent of engagement with market or state varies. Some operate "
+"primarily as a commons with minimal or no reliance on the market or "
+"state.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Others are very much a part "
+"of the market or state, depending on them for financial sustainability. All "
+"operate as hybrids, blending the norms of the commons with those of the "
+"market or state."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:461
+msgid ""
+"Fig. <xref xrefstyle=\"template:%n\" linkend=\"fig-1\"/> is a depiction of "
+"how an enterprise can have varying levels of engagement with commons, state, "
+"and market."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:465
+msgid ""
+"Some of our case studies are simply commons and market enterprises with "
+"little or no engagement with the state. A depiction of those case studies "
+"would show the state sphere as tiny or even absent. Other case studies are "
+"primarily market-based with only a small engagement with the commons. A "
+"depiction of those case studies would show the market sphere as large and "
+"the commons sphere as small. The extent to which an enterprise sees itself "
+"as being primarily of one type or another affects the balance of norms by "
+"which they operate."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:476
+msgid ""
+"All our case studies generate money as a means of livelihood and "
+"sustainability. Money is primarily of the market. Finding ways to generate "
+"revenue while holding true to the core values of the commons (usually "
+"expressed in mission statements) is challenging. To manage interaction and "
+"engagement between the commons and the market requires a deft touch, a "
+"strong sense of values, and the ability to blend the best of both."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:485
+msgid ""
+"The state has an important role to play in fostering the use and adoption of "
+"the commons. State programs and funding can deliberately contribute to and "
+"build the commons. Beyond money, laws and regulations regarding property, "
+"copyright, business, and finance can all be designed to foster the commons."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject><textobject><phrase>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:492 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:499
+msgid "Enterprise engagement with commons, state and market."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Attribute 'fileref' of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject><imageobject><imagedata>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:496
+msgid "Pictures/10000201000008000000045C30360249076453E6.png"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:494 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:543 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:660 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:788 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:830 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:918
+msgid "<placeholder type=\"mediaobject\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:505
+msgid ""
+"It’s helpful to understand how the commons, market, and state manage "
+"resources differently, and not just for those who consider themselves "
+"primarily as a commons. For businesses or governmental organizations who "
+"want to engage in and use the commons, knowing how the commons operates will "
+"help them understand how best to do so. Participating in and using the "
+"commons the same way you do the market or state is not a strategy for "
+"success."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:516
+msgid "The Four Aspects of a Resource"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:521
+msgid ""
+"Daniel H. Cole, <quote>Learning from Lin: Lessons and Cautions from the "
+"Natural Commons for the Knowledge Commons,</quote> in Governing Knowledge "
+"Commons, eds. Brett M. Frischmann, Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J. "
+"Strandburg (New York: Oxford University Press, 2014), 53."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:518
+msgid ""
+"As part of her Nobel Prize–winning work, Elinor Ostrom developed a framework "
+"for analyzing how natural resources are managed in a commons.<placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Her framework considered things like the "
+"biophysical characteristics of common resources, the community’s actors and "
+"the interactions that take place between them, rules-in-use, and "
+"outcomes. That framework has been simplified and generalized to apply to the "
+"commons, the market, and the state for this chapter."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:534
+msgid ""
+"To compare and contrast the ways in which the commons, market, and state "
+"work, let’s consider four aspects of resource management: resource "
+"characteristics, the people involved and the process they use, the norms and "
+"rules they develop to govern use, and finally actual resource use along with "
+"outcomes of that use (see Fig. <xref xrefstyle=\"template:%n\" "
+"linkend=\"fig-2\"/>)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject><textobject><phrase>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:542 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:548
+msgid "Four aspects of resource management"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Attribute 'fileref' of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject><imageobject><imagedata>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:545
+msgid "Pictures/10000201000007D0000007D0ACF13F8B71EAF0B9.png"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:554
+msgid "Characteristics"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:556
+msgid ""
+"Resources have particular characteristics or attributes that affect the way "
+"they can be used. Some resources are natural; others are human "
+"produced. And—significantly for today’s commons—resources can be physical or "
+"digital, which affects a resource’s inherent potential."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:563
+msgid ""
+"Physical resources exist in limited supply. If I have a physical resource "
+"and give it to you, I no longer have it. When a resource is removed and "
+"used, the supply becomes scarce or depleted. Scarcity can result in "
+"competing rivalry for the resource. Made with Creative Commons enterprises "
+"are usually digitally based but some of our case studies also produce "
+"resources in physical form. The costs of producing and distributing a "
+"physical good usually require them to engage with the market."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:574
+msgid ""
+"Physical resources are depletable, exclusive, and rivalrous. Digital "
+"resources, on the other hand, are nondepletable, nonexclusive, and "
+"nonrivalrous. If I share a digital resource with you, we both have the "
+"resource. Giving it to you does not mean I no longer have it. Digital "
+"resources can be infinitely stored, copied, and distributed without becoming "
+"depleted, and at close to zero cost. Abundance rather than scarcity is an "
+"inherent characteristic of digital resources."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:584
+msgid ""
+"The nondepletable, nonexclusive, and nonrivalrous nature of digital "
+"resources means the rules and norms for managing them can (and ought to) be "
+"different from how physical resources are managed. However, this is not "
+"always the case. Digital resources are frequently made artificially "
+"scarce. Placing digital resources in the commons makes them free and "
+"abundant."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:592
+msgid ""
+"Our case studies frequently manage hybrid resources, which start out as "
+"digital with the possibility of being made into a physical resource. The "
+"digital file of a book can be printed on paper and made into a physical "
+"book. A computer-rendered design for furniture can be physically "
+"manufactured in wood. This conversion from digital to physical invariably "
+"has costs. Often the digital resources are managed in a free and open way, "
+"but money is charged to convert a digital resource into a physical one."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:603
+msgid ""
+"Beyond this idea of physical versus digital, the commons, market, and state "
+"conceive of resources differently (see Fig. <xref xrefstyle=\"template:%n\" "
+"linkend=\"fig-3\"/>). The market sees resources as private goods—commodities "
+"for sale—from which value is extracted. The state sees resources as public "
+"goods that provide value to state citizens. The commons sees resources as "
+"common goods, providing a common wealth extending beyond state boundaries, "
+"to be passed on in undiminished or enhanced form to future generations."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:613
+msgid "People and processes"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:615
+msgid ""
+"In the commons, the market, and the state, different people and processes "
+"are used to manage resources. The processes used define both who has a say "
+"and how a resource is managed."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:620
+msgid ""
+"In the state, a government of elected officials is responsible for managing "
+"resources on behalf of the public. The citizens who produce and use those "
+"resources are not directly involved; instead, that responsibility is given "
+"over to the government. State ministries and departments staffed with "
+"public servants set budgets, implement programs, and manage resources based "
+"on government priorities and procedures."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:629
+msgid ""
+"In the market, the people involved are producers, buyers, sellers, and "
+"consumers. Businesses act as intermediaries between those who produce "
+"resources and those who consume or use them. Market processes seek to "
+"extract as much monetary value from resources as possible. In the market, "
+"resources are managed as commodities, frequently mass-produced, and sold to "
+"consumers on the basis of a cash transaction."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:640
+msgid ""
+"Max Haiven, Crises of Imagination, Crises of Power: Capitalism, Creativity "
+"and the Commons (New York: Zed Books, 2014), 93."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:638
+msgid ""
+"In contrast to the state and market, resources in a commons are managed more "
+"directly by the people involved.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> "
+"Creators of human produced resources can put them in the commons by personal "
+"choice. No permission from state or market is required. Anyone can "
+"participate in the commons and determine for themselves the extent to which "
+"they want to be involved—as a contributor, user, or manager. The people "
+"involved include not only those who create and use resources but those "
+"affected by outcome of use. Who you are affects your say, actions you can "
+"take, and extent of decision making. In the commons, the community as a "
+"whole manages the resources. Resources put into the commons using Creative "
+"Commons require users to give the original creator credit. Knowing the "
+"person behind a resource makes the commons less anonymous and more personal."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><mediaobject><textobject><phrase>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:658 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:665
+msgid "How the market, commons and state concieve of resources."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Attribute 'fileref' of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><mediaobject><imageobject><imagedata>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:662
+msgid "Pictures/10000201000009C40000065D9EC4F530BD4DFBE0.png"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:672
+msgid "Norms and rules"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:674
+msgid ""
+"The social interactions between people, and the processes used by the state, "
+"market, and commons, evolve social norms and rules. These norms and rules "
+"define permissions, allocate entitlements, and resolve disputes."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:680
+msgid ""
+"State authority is governed by national constitutions. Norms related to "
+"priorities and decision making are defined by elected officials and "
+"parliamentary procedures. State rules are expressed through policies, "
+"regulations, and laws. The state influences the norms and rules of the "
+"market and commons through the rules it passes."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:688
+msgid ""
+"Market norms are influenced by economics and competition for scarce "
+"resources. Market rules follow property, business, and financial laws "
+"defined by the state."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:700
+msgid "Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 175."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:693
+msgid ""
+"As with the market, a commons can be influenced by state policies, "
+"regulations, and laws. But the norms and rules of a commons are largely "
+"defined by the community. They weigh individual costs and benefits against "
+"the costs and benefits to the whole community. Consideration is given not "
+"just to economic efficiency but also to equity and "
+"sustainability.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:705
+msgid "Goals"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:707
+msgid ""
+"The combination of the aspects we’ve discussed so far—the resource’s "
+"inherent characteristics, people and processes, and norms and rules—shape "
+"how resources are used. Use is also influenced by the different goals the "
+"state, market, and commons have."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:719
+msgid ""
+"Joshua Farley and Ida Kubiszewski, <quote>The Economics of Information in a "
+"Post-Carbon Economy,</quote> in Free Knowledge: Confronting the "
+"Commodification of Human Discovery, eds. Patricia W. Elliott and Daryl "
+"H. Hepting (Regina, SK: University of Regina Press, 2015), 201–4."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:714
+msgid ""
+"In the market, the focus is on maximizing the utility of a resource. What we "
+"pay for the goods we consume is seen as an objective measure of the utility "
+"they provide. The goal then becomes maximizing total monetary value in the "
+"economy.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Units consumed translates "
+"to sales, revenue, profit, and growth, and these are all ways to measure "
+"goals of the market."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:729
+msgid ""
+"The state aims to use and manage resources in a way that balances the "
+"economy with the social and cultural needs of its citizens. Health care, "
+"education, jobs, the environment, transportation, security, heritage, and "
+"justice are all facets of a healthy society, and the state applies its "
+"resources toward these aims. State goals are reflected in quality of life "
+"measures."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:738
+msgid ""
+"In the commons, the goal is maximizing access, equity, distribution, "
+"participation, innovation, and sustainability. You can measure success by "
+"looking at how many people access and use a resource; how users are "
+"distributed across gender, income, and location; if a community to extend "
+"and enhance the resources is being formed; and if the resources are being "
+"used in innovative ways for personal and social good."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:747
+msgid ""
+"As hybrid combinations of the commons with the market or state, the success "
+"and sustainability of all our case study enterprises depends on their "
+"ability to strategically utilize and balance these different aspects of "
+"managing resources."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:755
+msgid "A Short History of the Commons"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:757
+msgid ""
+"Using the commons to manage resources is part of a long historical "
+"continuum. However, in contemporary society, the market and the state "
+"dominate the discourse on how resources are best managed. Rarely is the "
+"commons even considered as an option. The commons has largely disappeared "
+"from consciousness and consideration. There are no news reports or speeches "
+"about the commons."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:766
+msgid ""
+"But the more than 1.1 billion resources licensed with Creative Commons "
+"around the world are indications of a grassroots move toward the "
+"commons. The commons is making a resurgence. To understand the resilience of "
+"the commons and its current renewal, it’s helpful to know something of its "
+"history."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:777
+msgid ""
+"Rowe, Our Common Wealth, 19; and Heather Menzies, Reclaiming the Commons for "
+"the Common Good: A Memoir and Manifesto (Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, "
+"2014), 42–43."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:773
+msgid ""
+"For centuries, indigenous people and preindustrialized societies managed "
+"resources, including water, food, firewood, irrigation, fish, wild game, and "
+"many other things collectively as a commons.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
+"id=\"0\"/> There was no market, no global economy. The state in the form of "
+"rulers influenced the commons but by no means controlled it. Direct social "
+"participation in a commons was the primary way in which resources were "
+"managed and needs met. (Fig. <xref xrefstyle=\"template:%n\" "
+"linkend=\"fig-4\"/> illustrates the commons in relation to the state and the "
+"market.)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject><textobject><phrase>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:787 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:793
+msgid "In preindustrialized society."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Attribute 'fileref' of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject><imageobject><imagedata>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:790
+msgid "Pictures/10000201000009C4000005153EACBD62F00F6BA9.png"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:802
+msgid "Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 55–78."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:806
+msgid ""
+"Fritjof Capra and Ugo Mattei, The Ecology of Law: Toward a Legal System in "
+"Tune with Nature and Community (Oakland, CA: Berrett-Koehler, 2015), 46–57; "
+"and Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 88."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:799
+msgid ""
+"This is followed by a long history of the state (a monarchy or ruler) taking "
+"over the commons for their own purposes. This is called enclosure of the "
+"commons.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In olden days, "
+"<quote>commoners</quote> were evicted from the land, fences and hedges "
+"erected, laws passed, and security set up to forbid access.<placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Gradually, resources became the property of the "
+"state and the state became the primary means by which resources were "
+"managed. (See Fig. <xref xrefstyle=\"template:%n\" linkend=\"fig-5\"/>)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:815
+msgid ""
+"Holdings of land, water, and game were distributed to ruling family and "
+"political appointees. Commoners displaced from the land migrated to "
+"cities. With the emergence of the industrial revolution, land and resources "
+"became commodities sold to businesses to support production. Monarchies "
+"evolved into elected parliaments. Commoners became labourers earning money "
+"operating the machinery of industry. Financial, business, and property laws "
+"were revised by governments to support markets, growth, and "
+"productivity. Over time ready access to market produced goods resulted in a "
+"rising standard of living, improved health, and education. Fig. <xref "
+"xrefstyle=\"template:%n\" linkend=\"fig-6\"/> shows how today the market is "
+"the primary means by which resources are managed."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject><textobject><phrase>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:829 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:835
+msgid "The commons is gradually superseded by the state."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Attribute 'fileref' of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject><imageobject><imagedata>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:832
+msgid "Pictures/10000201000009C4000005150F069409C1CC12F0.png"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:841
+msgid ""
+"However, the world today is going through turbulent times. The benefits of "
+"the market have been offset by unequal distribution and overexploitation."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:846
+msgid ""
+"Overexploitation was the topic of Garrett Hardin’s influential essay "
+"<quote>The Tragedy of the Commons,</quote> published in Science in "
+"1968. Hardin argues that everyone in a commons seeks to maximize personal "
+"gain and will continue to do so even when the limits of the commons are "
+"reached. The commons is then tragically depleted to the point where it can "
+"no longer support anyone. Hardin’s essay became widely accepted as an "
+"economic truism and a justification for private property and free markets."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:874
+msgid ""
+"Brett M. Frischmann, Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J. Strandburg, "
+"<quote>Governing Knowledge Commons,</quote> in Frischmann, Madison, and "
+"Strandburg Governing Knowledge Commons, 12."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:857
+msgid ""
+"However, there is one serious flaw with Hardin’s <quote>The Tragedy of the "
+"Commons</quote>—it’s fiction. Hardin did not actually study how real commons "
+"work. Elinor Ostrom won the 2009 Nobel Prize in economics for her work "
+"studying different commons all around the world. Ostrom’s work shows that "
+"natural resource commons can be successfully managed by local communities "
+"without any regulation by central authorities or without privatization. "
+"Government and privatization are not the only two choices. There is a third "
+"way: management by the people, where those that are directly impacted are "
+"directly involved. With natural resources, there is a regional locality. The "
+"people in the region are the most familiar with the natural resource, have "
+"the most direct relationship and history with it, and are therefore best "
+"situated to manage it. Ostrom’s approach to the governance of natural "
+"resources broke with convention; she recognized the importance of the "
+"commons as an alternative to the market or state for solving problems of "
+"collective action.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:881
+msgid ""
+"Hardin failed to consider the actual social dynamic of the commons. His "
+"model assumed that people in the commons act autonomously, out of pure "
+"self-interest, without interaction or consideration of others. But as Ostrom "
+"found, in reality, managing common resources together forms a community and "
+"encourages discourse. This naturally generates norms and rules that help "
+"people work collectively and ensure a sustainable commons. Paradoxically, "
+"while Hardin’s essay is called The Tragedy of the Commons it might more "
+"accurately be titled The Tragedy of the Market."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:897
+msgid ""
+"Farley and Kubiszewski, <quote>Economics of Information,</quote> in Elliott "
+"and Hepting, Free Knowledge, 203."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:893
+msgid ""
+"Hardin’s story is based on the premise of depletable resources. Economists "
+"have focused almost exclusively on scarcity-based markets. Very little is "
+"known about how abundance works.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> "
+"The emergence of information technology and the Internet has led to an "
+"explosion in digital resources and new means of sharing and "
+"distribution. Digital resources can never be depleted. An absence of a "
+"theory or model for how abundance works, however, has led the market to make "
+"digital resources artificially scarce and makes it possible for the usual "
+"market norms and rules to be applied."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:909
+msgid ""
+"When it comes to use of state funds to create digital goods, however, there "
+"is really no justification for artificial scarcity. The norm for state "
+"funded digital works should be that they are freely and openly available to "
+"the public that paid for them."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject><textobject><phrase>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:916 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:923
+msgid "How the market, the state and the commons look today."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Attribute 'fileref' of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject><imageobject><imagedata>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:920
+msgid "Pictures/10000201000009C400000515F1CAA15B223F6BAF.png"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:930
+msgid "The Digital Revolution"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:932
+msgid ""
+"In the early days of computing, programmers and developers learned from each "
+"other by sharing software. In the 1980s, the free-software movement codified "
+"this practice of sharing into a set of principles and freedoms:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:940
+msgid "The freedom to run a software program as you wish, for any purpose."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:946
+msgid ""
+"The freedom to study how a software program works (because access to the "
+"source code has been freely given), and change it so it does your computing "
+"as you wish."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:953
+msgid "The freedom to redistribute copies."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:959
+msgid ""
+"<quote>What Is Free Software?</quote> GNU Operating System, the Free "
+"Software Foundation’s Licensing and Compliance Lab, accessed December 30, "
+"2016, <ulink url=\"http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw\"/>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:958
+msgid ""
+"The freedom to distribute copies of your modified versions to "
+"others.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:968
+msgid ""
+"These principles and freedoms constitute a set of norms and rules that "
+"typify a digital commons."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:983
+msgid ""
+"Wikipedia, s.v. <quote>Open-source software,</quote> last modified November "
+"22, 2016."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:972
+msgid ""
+"In the late 1990s, to make the sharing of source code and collaboration more "
+"appealing to companies, the open-source-software initiative converted these "
+"principles into licenses and standards for managing access to and "
+"distribution of software. The benefits of open source—such as reliability, "
+"scalability, and quality verified by independent peer review—became widely "
+"recognized and accepted. Customers liked the way open source gave them "
+"control without being locked into a closed, proprietary technology. Free and "
+"open-source software also generated a network effect where the value of a "
+"product or service increases with the number of people using it.<placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The dramatic growth of the Internet itself owes "
+"much to the fact that nobody has a proprietary lock on core Internet "
+"protocols."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:998
+msgid ""
+"Eric S. Raymond, <quote>The Magic Cauldron,</quote> in The Cathedral and the "
+"Bazaar: Musings on Linux and Open Source by an Accidental Revolutionary, "
+"rev. ed. (Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media, 2001), <ulink "
+"url=\"http://www.catb.org/esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/\"/>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:990
+msgid ""
+"While open-source software functions as a commons, many businesses and "
+"markets did build up around it. Business models based on the licenses and "
+"standards of open-source software evolved alongside organizations that "
+"managed software code on principles of abundance rather than scarcity. Eric "
+"Raymond’s essay <quote>The Magic Cauldron</quote> does a great job of "
+"analyzing the economics and business models associated with open-source "
+"software.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> These models can provide "
+"examples of sustainable approaches for those Made with Creative Commons."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1007
+msgid ""
+"It isn’t just about an abundant availability of digital assets but also "
+"about abundance of participation. The growth of personal computing, "
+"information technology, and the Internet made it possible for mass "
+"participation in producing creative works and distributing them. Photos, "
+"books, music, and many other forms of digital content could now be readily "
+"created and distributed by almost anyone. Despite this potential for "
+"abundance, by default these digital works are governed by copyright "
+"laws. Under copyright, a digital work is the property of the creator, and by "
+"law others are excluded from accessing and using it without the creator’s "
+"permission."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1026
+msgid ""
+"New York Times Customer Insight Group, The Psychology of Sharing: Why Do "
+"People Share Online? (New York: New York Times Customer Insight Group, "
+"2011), <ulink url=\"http://www.iab.net/media/file/POSWhitePaper.pdf\"/>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1020
+msgid ""
+"But people like to share. One of the ways we define ourselves is by sharing "
+"valuable and entertaining content. Doing so grows and nourishes "
+"relationships, seeks to change opinions, encourages action, and informs "
+"others about who we are and what we care about. Sharing lets us feel more "
+"involved with the world.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1034
+msgid "The Birth of Creative Commons"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1036
+msgid ""
+"In 2001, Creative Commons was created as a nonprofit to support all those "
+"who wanted to share digital content. A suite of Creative Commons licenses "
+"was modeled on those of open-source software but for use with digital "
+"content rather than software code. The licenses give everyone from "
+"individual creators to large companies and institutions a simple, "
+"standardized way to grant copyright permissions to their creative work."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1056
+msgid ""
+"<quote>Licensing Considerations,</quote> Creative Commons, accessed December "
+"30, 2016, <ulink "
+"url=\"http://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/licensing-considerations/\"/>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1045
+msgid ""
+"Creative Commons licenses have a three-layer design. The norms and rules of "
+"each license are first expressed in full legal language as used by "
+"lawyers. This layer is called the legal code. But since most creators and "
+"users are not lawyers, the licenses also have a commons deed, expressing the "
+"permissions in plain language, which regular people can read and quickly "
+"understand. It acts as a user-friendly interface to the legal-code layer "
+"beneath. The third layer is the machine-readable one, making it easy for the "
+"Web to know a work is Creative Commons–licensed by expressing permissions in "
+"a way that software systems, search engines, and other kinds of technology "
+"can understand.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Taken together, "
+"these three layers ensure creators, users, and even the Web itself "
+"understand the norms and rules associated with digital content in a commons."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1064
+msgid ""
+"In 2015, there were over one billion Creative Commons licensed works in a "
+"global commons. These works were viewed online 136 billion times. People are "
+"using Creative Commons licenses all around the world, in thirty-four "
+"languages. These resources include photos, artwork, research articles in "
+"journals, educational resources, music and other audio tracks, and videos."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1077
+msgid ""
+"Creative Commons, 2015 State of the Commons (Mountain View, CA: Creative "
+"Commons, 2015), <ulink url=\"http://stateof.creativecommons.org/2015/\"/>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1072
+msgid ""
+"Individual artists, photographers, musicians, and filmmakers use Creative "
+"Commons, but so do museums, governments, creative industries, manufacturers, "
+"and publishers. Millions of websites use CC licenses, including major "
+"platforms like Wikipedia and Flickr and smaller ones like blogs.<placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Users of Creative Commons are diverse and cut "
+"across many different sectors. (Our case studies were chosen to reflect that "
+"diversity.)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1085
+msgid ""
+"Some see Creative Commons as a way to share a gift with others, a way of "
+"getting known, or a way to provide social benefit. Others are simply "
+"committed to the norms associated with a commons. And for some, "
+"participation has been spurred by the free-culture movement, a social "
+"movement that promotes the freedom to distribute and modify creative "
+"works. The free-culture movement sees a commons as providing significant "
+"benefits compared to restrictive copyright laws. This ethos of free exchange "
+"in a commons aligns the free-culture movement with the free and open-source "
+"software movement."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1097
+msgid ""
+"Over time, Creative Commons has spawned a range of open movements, including "
+"open educational resources, open access, open science, and open data. The "
+"goal in every case has been to democratize participation and share digital "
+"resources at no cost, with legal permissions for anyone to freely access, "
+"use, and modify."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1110
+msgid ""
+"Wikipedia, s.v. <quote>Open Government Partnership,</quote> last modified "
+"September 24, 2016, <ulink "
+"url=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Government_Partnership\"/>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1105
+msgid ""
+"The state is increasingly involved in supporting open movements. The Open "
+"Government Partnership was launched in 2011 to provide an international "
+"platform for governments to become more open, accountable, and responsive to "
+"citizens. Since then, it has grown from eight participating countries to "
+"seventy.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In all these countries, "
+"government and civil society are working together to develop and implement "
+"ambitious open-government reforms. Governments are increasingly adopting "
+"Creative Commons to ensure works funded with taxpayer dollars are open and "
+"free to the public that paid for them."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1121
+msgid "The Changing Market"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1129
+msgid "Capra and Mattei, Ecology of Law, 114."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1137
+msgid "Ibid., 116."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1123
+msgid ""
+"Today’s market is largely driven by global capitalism. Law and financial "
+"systems are structured to support extraction, privatization, and corporate "
+"growth. A perception that the market is more efficient than the state has "
+"led to continual privatization of many public natural resources, utilities, "
+"services, and infrastructures.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> "
+"While this system has been highly efficient at generating consumerism and "
+"the growth of gross domestic product, the impact on human well-being has "
+"been mixed. Offsetting rising living standards and improvements to health "
+"and education are ever-increasing wealth inequality, social inequality, "
+"poverty, deterioration of our natural environment, and breakdowns of "
+"democracy.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1147
+msgid ""
+"The Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, <quote>Stockholm "
+"Statement</quote> accessed February 15, 2017, <ulink "
+"url=\"http://sida.se/globalassets/sida/eng/press/stockholm-statement.pdf\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1141
+msgid ""
+"In light of these challenges there is a growing recognition that GDP growth "
+"should not be an end in itself, that development needs to be socially and "
+"economically inclusive, that environmental sustainability is a requirement "
+"not an option, and that we need to better balance the market, state and "
+"community.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1159
+msgid ""
+"City of Bologna, Regulation on Collaboration between Citizens and the City "
+"for the Care and Regeneration of Urban Commons, trans. LabGov (LABoratory "
+"for the GOVernance of Commons) (Bologna, Italy: City of Bologna, 2014), "
+"<ulink "
+"url=\"http://www.labgov.it/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/Bologna-Regulation-on-collaboration-between-citizens-and-the-city-for-the-cure-and-regeneration-of-urban-commons1.pdf\"/>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1169
+msgid ""
+"The Seoul Sharing City website is <ulink "
+"url=\"http://english.sharehub.kr\"/>; for Amsterdam Sharing City, go to "
+"<ulink url=\"http://www.sharenl.nl/amsterdam-sharing-city/\"/>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1154
+msgid ""
+"These realizations have led to a resurgence of interest in the commons as a "
+"means of enabling that balance. City governments like Bologna, Italy, are "
+"collaborating with their citizens to put in place regulations for the care "
+"and regeneration of urban commons.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> "
+"Seoul and Amsterdam call themselves <quote>sharing cities,</quote> looking "
+"to make sustainable and more efficient use of scarce resources. They see "
+"sharing as a way to improve the use of public spaces, mobility, social "
+"cohesion, and safety.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1186
+msgid ""
+"Tom Slee, What’s Yours Is Mine: Against the Sharing Economy (New York: OR "
+"Books, 2015), 42."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1176
+msgid ""
+"The market itself has taken an interest in the sharing economy, with "
+"businesses like Airbnb providing a peer-to-peer marketplace for short-term "
+"lodging and Uber providing a platform for ride sharing. However, Airbnb and "
+"Uber are still largely operating under the usual norms and rules of the "
+"market, making them less like a commons and more like a traditional business "
+"seeking financial gain. Much of the sharing economy is not about the commons "
+"or building an alternative to a corporate-driven market economy; it’s about "
+"extending the deregulated free market into new areas of our "
+"lives.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> While none of the people we "
+"interviewed for our case studies would describe themselves as part of the "
+"sharing economy, there are in fact some significant parallels. Both the "
+"sharing economy and the commons make better use of asset capacity. The "
+"sharing economy sees personal residents and cars as having latent spare "
+"capacity with rental value. The equitable access of the commons broadens and "
+"diversifies the number of people who can use and derive value from an asset."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1208
+msgid ""
+"Chris Anderson, Free: How Today’s Smartest Businesses Profit by Giving "
+"Something for Nothing, Reprint with new preface. (New York: Hyperion, "
+"2010), 78."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1198
+msgid ""
+"One way Made with Creative Commons case studies differ from those of the "
+"sharing economy is their focus on digital resources. Digital resources "
+"function under different economic rules than physical ones. In a world where "
+"prices always seem to go up, information technology is an "
+"anomaly. Computer-processing power, storage, and bandwidth are all rapidly "
+"increasing, but rather than costs going up, costs are coming down. Digital "
+"technologies are getting faster, better, and cheaper. The cost of anything "
+"built on these technologies will always go down until it is close to "
+"zero.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1214
+msgid ""
+"Those that are Made with Creative Commons are looking to leverage the unique "
+"inherent characteristics of digital resources, including lowering costs. The "
+"use of digital-rights-management technologies in the form of locks, "
+"passwords, and controls to prevent digital goods from being accessed, "
+"changed, replicated, and distributed is minimal or nonexistent. Instead, "
+"Creative Commons licenses are used to put digital content out in the "
+"commons, taking advantage of the unique economics associated with being "
+"digital. The aim is to see digital resources used as widely and by as many "
+"people as possible. Maximizing access and participation is a common goal. "
+"They aim for abundance over scarcity."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1233
+msgid ""
+"Jeremy Rifkin, The Zero Marginal Cost Society: The Internet of Things, the "
+"Collaborative Commons, and the Eclipse of Capitalism (New York: Palgrave "
+"Macmillan, 2014), 273."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1228
+msgid ""
+"The incremental cost of storing, copying, and distributing digital goods is "
+"next to zero, making abundance possible. But imagining a market based on "
+"abundance rather than scarcity is so alien to the way we conceive of "
+"economic theory and practice that we struggle to do so.<placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Those that are Made with Creative Commons are "
+"each pioneering in this new landscape, devising their own economic models "
+"and practice."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1241
+msgid ""
+"Some are looking to minimize their interactions with the market and operate "
+"as autonomously as possible. Others are operating largely as a business "
+"within the existing rules and norms of the market. And still others are "
+"looking to change the norms and rules by which the market operates."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1255
+msgid ""
+"Gar Alperovitz, What Then Must We Do? Straight Talk about the Next American "
+"Revolution: Democratizing Wealth and Building a Community-Sustaining Economy "
+"from the Ground Up (White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2013), 39."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1264
+msgid ""
+"Marjorie Kelly, Owning Our Future: The Emerging Ownership Revolution; "
+"Journeys to a Generative Economy (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2012), "
+"8–9."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1248
+msgid ""
+"For an ordinary corporation, making social benefit a part of its operations "
+"is difficult, as it’s legally required to make decisions that financially "
+"benefit stockholders. But new forms of business are emerging. There are "
+"benefit corporations and social enterprises, which broaden their business "
+"goals from making a profit to making a positive impact on society, workers, "
+"the community, and the environment.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> "
+"Community-owned businesses, worker-owned businesses, cooperatives, guilds, "
+"and other organizational forms offer alternatives to the traditional "
+"corporation. Collectively, these alternative market entities are changing "
+"the rules and norms of the market.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1276
+msgid ""
+"Alex Osterwalder and Yves Pigneur, Business Model Generation (Hoboken, NJ: "
+"John Wiley and Sons, 2010). A preview of the book is available at <ulink "
+"url=\"http://strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation\"/>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1269
+msgid ""
+"<quote>A book on open business models</quote> is how we described it in this "
+"book’s Kickstarter campaign. We used a handbook called Business Model "
+"Generation as our reference for defining just what a business model "
+"is. Developed over nine years using an <quote>open process</quote> involving "
+"470 coauthors from forty-five countries, it is useful as a framework for "
+"talking about business models.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1286
+msgid ""
+"This business model canvas is available to download at <ulink "
+"url=\"http://strategyzer.com/canvas/business-model-canvas\"/>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1294
+msgid ""
+"We’ve made the <quote>Open Business Model Canvas,</quote> designed by the "
+"coauthor Paul Stacey, available online at <ulink "
+"url=\"http://docs.google.com/drawings/d/1QOIDa2qak7wZSSOa4Wv6qVMO77IwkKHN7CYyq0wHivs/edit\"/>. "
+"You can also find the accompanying Open Business Model Canvas Questions at "
+"<ulink "
+"url=\"http://docs.google.com/drawings/d/1kACK7TkoJgsM18HUWCbX9xuQ0Byna4plSVZXZGTtays/edit\"/>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1283
+msgid ""
+"It contains a <quote>business model canvas,</quote> which conceives of a "
+"business model as having nine building blocks.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
+"id=\"0\"/> This blank canvas can serve as a tool for anyone to design their "
+"own business model. We remixed this business model canvas into an open "
+"business model canvas, adding three more building blocks relevant to hybrid "
+"market, commons enterprises: social good, Creative Commons license, and "
+"<quote>type of open environment that the business fits "
+"in.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> This enhanced canvas "
+"proved useful when we analyzed businesses and helped start-ups plan their "
+"economic model."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1304
+msgid ""
+"In our case study interviews, many expressed discomfort over describing "
+"themselves as an open business model—the term business model suggested "
+"primarily being situated in the market. Where you sit on the "
+"commons-to-market spectrum affects the extent to which you see yourself as a "
+"business in the market. The more central to the mission shared resources "
+"and commons values are, the less comfort there is in describing yourself, or "
+"depicting what you do, as a business. Not all who have endeavors Made with "
+"Creative Commons use business speak; for some the process has been "
+"experimental, emergent, and organic rather than carefully planned using a "
+"predefined model."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1326
+msgid ""
+"A more comprehensive list of revenue streams is available in this post I "
+"wrote on Medium on March 6, 2016. <quote>What Is an Open Business Model and "
+"How Can You Generate Revenue?</quote>, available at <ulink "
+"url=\"http://medium.com/made-with-creative-commons/what-is-an-open-business-model-and-how-can-you-generate-revenue-5854d2659b15\"/>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1317
+msgid ""
+"The creators, businesses, and organizations we profile all engage with the "
+"market to generate revenue in some way. The ways in which this is done vary "
+"widely. Donations, pay what you can, memberships, <quote>digital for free "
+"but physical for a fee,</quote> crowdfunding, matchmaking, value-add "
+"services, patrons . . . the list goes on and on. (Initial description of how "
+"to earn revenue available through reference note. For latest thinking see "
+"How to Bring In Money in the next section.)<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
+"id=\"0\"/> There is no single magic bullet, and each endeavor has devised "
+"ways that work for them. Most make use of more than one way. Diversifying "
+"revenue streams lowers risk and provides multiple paths to sustainability."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1338
+msgid "Benefits of the Digital Commons"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1340
+msgid ""
+"While it may be clear why commons-based organizations want to interact and "
+"engage with the market (they need money to survive), it may be less obvious "
+"why the market would engage with the commons. The digital commons offers "
+"many benefits."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1346
+msgid ""
+"The commons speeds dissemination. The free flow of resources in the commons "
+"offers tremendous economies of scale. Distribution is decentralized, with "
+"all those in the commons empowered to share the resources they have access "
+"to. Those that are Made with Creative Commons have a reduced need for sales "
+"or marketing. Decentralized distribution amplifies supply and know-how."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1355
+msgid ""
+"The commons ensures access to all. The market has traditionally operated by "
+"putting resources behind a paywall requiring payment first before "
+"access. The commons puts resources in the open, providing access up front "
+"without payment. Those that are Made with Creative Commons make little or no "
+"use of digital rights management (DRM) to manage resources. Not using DRM "
+"frees them of the costs of acquiring DRM technology and staff resources to "
+"engage in the punitive practices associated with restricting access. The way "
+"the commons provides access to everyone levels the playing field and "
+"promotes inclusiveness, equity, and fairness."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1368
+msgid ""
+"The commons maximizes participation. Resources in the commons can be used "
+"and contributed to by everyone. Using the resources of others, contributing "
+"your own, and mixing yours with others to create new works are all dynamic "
+"forms of participation made possible by the commons. Being Made with "
+"Creative Commons means you’re engaging as many users with your resources as "
+"possible. Users are also authoring, editing, remixing, curating, "
+"localizing, translating, and distributing. The commons makes it possible for "
+"people to directly participate in culture, knowledge building, and even "
+"democracy, and many other socially beneficial practices."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1390
+msgid ""
+"Henry Chesbrough, Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating and "
+"Profiting from Technology (Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2006), "
+"31–44."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1381
+msgid ""
+"The commons spurs innovation. Resources in the hands of more people who can "
+"use them leads to new ideas. The way commons resources can be modified, "
+"customized, and improved results in derivative works never imagined by the "
+"original creator. Some endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons "
+"deliberately encourage users to take the resources being shared and innovate "
+"them. Doing so moves research and development (R&D) from being solely "
+"inside the organization to being in the community.<placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Community-based innovation will keep an "
+"organization or business on its toes. It must continue to contribute new "
+"ideas, absorb and build on top of the innovations of others, and steward the "
+"resources and the relationship with the community."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1399
+msgid ""
+"The commons boosts reach and impact. The digital commons is "
+"global. Resources may be created for a local or regional need, but they go "
+"far and wide generating a global impact. In the digital world, there are no "
+"borders between countries. When you are Made with Creative Commons, you are "
+"often local and global at the same time: Digital designs being globally "
+"distributed but made and manufactured locally. Digital books or music being "
+"globally distributed but readings and concerts performed locally. The "
+"digital commons magnifies impact by connecting creators to those who use and "
+"build on their work both locally and globally."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1412
+msgid ""
+"The commons is generative. Instead of extracting value, the commons adds "
+"value. Digitized resources persist without becoming depleted, and through "
+"use are improved, personalized, and localized. Each use adds value. The "
+"market focuses on generating value for the business and the customer. The "
+"commons generates value for a broader range of beneficiaries including the "
+"business, the customer, the creator, the public, and the commons itself. The "
+"generative nature of the commons means that it is more cost-effective and "
+"produces a greater return on investment. Value is not just measured in "
+"financial terms. Each new resource added to the commons provides value to "
+"the public and contributes to the overall value of the commons."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1426
+msgid ""
+"The commons brings people together for a common cause. The commons vests "
+"people directly with the responsibility to manage the resources for the "
+"common good. The costs and benefits for the individual are balanced with the "
+"costs and benefits for the community and for future generations. Resources "
+"are not anonymous or mass produced. Their provenance is known and "
+"acknowledged through attribution and other means. Those that are Made with "
+"Creative Commons generate awareness and reputation based on their "
+"contributions to the commons. The reach, impact, and sustainability of those "
+"contributions rest largely on their ability to forge relationships and "
+"connections with those who use and improve them. By functioning on the basis "
+"of social engagement, not monetary exchange, the commons unifies people."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1441
+msgid ""
+"The benefits of the commons are many. When these benefits align with the "
+"goals of individuals, communities, businesses in the market, or state "
+"enterprises, choosing to manage resources as a commons ought to be the "
+"option of choice."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1448
+msgid "Our Case Studies"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1450
+msgid ""
+"The creators, organizations, and businesses in our case studies operate as "
+"nonprofits, for-profits, and social enterprises. Regardless of legal "
+"status, they all have a social mission. Their primary reason for being is "
+"to make the world a better place, not to profit. Money is a means to a "
+"social end, not the end itself. They factor public interest into decisions, "
+"behavior, and practices. Transparency and trust are really important. Impact "
+"and success are measured against social aims expressed in mission "
+"statements, and are not just about the financial bottom line."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1462
+msgid ""
+"The case studies are based on the narratives told to us by founders and key "
+"staff. Instead of solely using financials as the measure of success and "
+"sustainability, they emphasized their mission, practices, and means by which "
+"they measure success. Metrics of success are a blend of how social goals "
+"are being met and how sustainable the enterprise is."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1470
+msgid ""
+"Our case studies are diverse, ranging from publishing to education and "
+"manufacturing. All of the organizations, businesses, and creators in the "
+"case studies produce digital resources. Those resources exist in many forms "
+"including books, designs, songs, research, data, cultural works, education "
+"materials, graphic icons, and video. Some are digital representations of "
+"physical resources. Others are born digital but can be made into physical "
+"resources."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1480
+msgid ""
+"They are creating new resources, or using the resources of others, or mixing "
+"existing resources together to make something new. They, and their audience, "
+"all play a direct, participatory role in managing those resources, including "
+"their preservation, curation, distribution, and enhancement. Access and "
+"participation is open to all regardless of monetary means."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1488
+msgid ""
+"And as users of Creative Commons licenses, they are automatically part of a "
+"global community. The new digital commons is global. Those we profiled come "
+"from nearly every continent in the world. To build and interact within this "
+"global community is conducive to success."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1495
+msgid ""
+"Creative Commons licenses may express legal rules around the use of "
+"resources in a commons, but success in the commons requires more than "
+"following the letter of the law and acquiring financial means. Over and over "
+"we heard in our interviews how success and sustainability are tied to a set "
+"of beliefs, values, and principles that underlie their actions: Give more "
+"than you take. Be open and inclusive. Add value. Make visible what you are "
+"using from the commons, what you are adding, and what you are "
+"monetizing. Maximize abundance. Give attribution. Express gratitude. Develop "
+"trust; don’t exploit. Build relationship and community. Be "
+"transparent. Defend the commons."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1508
+msgid ""
+"The new digital commons is here to stay. Made With Creative Commons case "
+"studies show how it’s possible to be part of this commons while still "
+"functioning within market and state systems. The commons generates benefits "
+"neither the market nor state can achieve on their own. Rather than the "
+"market or state dominating as primary means of resource management, a more "
+"balanced alternative is possible."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1517
+msgid ""
+"Enterprise use of Creative Commons has only just begun. The case studies in "
+"this book are merely starting points. Each is changing and evolving over "
+"time. Many more are joining and inventing new models. This overview aims to "
+"provide a framework and language for thinking and talking about the new "
+"digital commons. The remaining sections go deeper providing further guidance "
+"and insights on how it works."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1528
+msgid "How to Be Made with Creative Commons"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><attribution>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1530
+msgid "Sarah Hinchliff Pearson"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1534
+msgid ""
+"When we began this project in August 2015, we set out to write a book about "
+"business models that involve Creative Commons licenses in some significant "
+"way—what we call being Made with Creative Commons. With the help of our "
+"Kickstarter backers, we chose twenty-four endeavors from all around the "
+"world that are Made with Creative Commons. The mix is diverse, from an "
+"individual musician to a university-textbook publisher to an electronics "
+"manufacturer. Some make their own content and share under Creative Commons "
+"licensing. Others are platforms for CC-licensed creative work made by "
+"others. Many sit somewhere in between, both using and contributing creative "
+"work that’s shared with the public. Like all who use the licenses, these "
+"endeavors share their work—whether it’s open data or furniture designs—in a "
+"way that enables the public not only to access it but also to make use of "
+"it."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1550
+msgid ""
+"We analyzed the revenue models, customer segments, and value propositions of "
+"each endeavor. We searched for ways that putting their content under "
+"Creative Commons licenses helped boost sales or increase reach. Using "
+"traditional measures of economic success, we tried to map these business "
+"models in a way that meaningfully incorporated the impact of Creative "
+"Commons. In our interviews, we dug into the motivations, the role of CC "
+"licenses, modes of revenue generation, definitions of success."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1560
+msgid ""
+"In fairly short order, we realized the book we set out to write was quite "
+"different from the one that was revealing itself in our interviews and "
+"research."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1565
+msgid ""
+"It isn’t that we were wrong to think you can make money while using Creative "
+"Commons licenses. In many instances, CC can help make you more money. Nor "
+"were we wrong that there are business models out there that others who want "
+"to use CC licensing as part of their livelihood or business could "
+"replicate. What we didn’t realize was just how misguided it would be to "
+"write a book about being Made with Creative Commons using only a business "
+"lens."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1578
+msgid ""
+"Alex Osterwalder and Yves Pigneur, Business Model Generation (Hoboken, NJ: "
+"John Wiley and Sons, 2010), 14. A preview of the book is available at <ulink "
+"url=\"http://strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation\"/>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1574
+msgid ""
+"According to the seminal handbook Business Model Generation, a business "
+"model <quote>describes the rationale of how an organization creates, "
+"delivers, and captures value.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
+"id=\"0\"/> Thinking about sharing in terms of creating and capturing value "
+"always felt inappropriately transactional and out of place, something we "
+"heard time and time again in our interviews. And as Cory Doctorow told us in "
+"our interview with him, <quote>Business model can mean anything you want it "
+"to mean.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1590
+msgid ""
+"Eventually, we got it. Being Made with Creative Commons is more than a "
+"business model. While we will talk about specific revenue models as one "
+"piece of our analysis (and in more detail in the case studies), we scrapped "
+"that as our guiding rubric for the book."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1597
+msgid ""
+"Admittedly, it took me a long time to get there. When Paul and I divided up "
+"our writing after finishing the research, my charge was to distill "
+"everything we learned from the case studies and write up the practical "
+"lessons and takeaways. I spent months trying to jam what we learned into the "
+"business-model box, convinced there must be some formula for the way things "
+"interacted. But there is no formula. You’ll probably have to discard that "
+"way of thinking before you read any further."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1607
+msgid ""
+"In every interview, we started from the same simple questions. Amid all the "
+"diversity among the creators, organizations, and businesses we profiled, "
+"there was one constant. Being Made with Creative Commons may be good for "
+"business, but that is not why they do it. Sharing work with Creative Commons "
+"is, at its core, a moral decision. The commercial and other self-interested "
+"benefits are secondary. Most decided to use CC licenses first and found a "
+"revenue model later. This was our first hint that writing a book solely "
+"about the impact of sharing on business might be a little off track."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1619
+msgid ""
+"But we also started to realize something about what it means to be Made with "
+"Creative Commons. When people talked to us about how and why they used CC, "
+"it was clear that it meant something more than using a copyright license. It "
+"also represented a set of values. There is symbolism behind using CC, and "
+"that symbolism has many layers."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1627
+msgid ""
+"At one level, being Made with Creative Commons expresses an affinity for the "
+"value of Creative Commons. While there are many different flavors of CC "
+"licenses and nearly infinite ways to be Made with Creative Commons, the "
+"basic value system is rooted in a fundamental belief that knowledge and "
+"creativity are building blocks of our culture rather than just commodities "
+"from which to extract market value. These values reflect a belief that the "
+"common good should always be part of the equation when we determine how to "
+"regulate our cultural outputs. They reflect a belief that everyone has "
+"something to contribute, and that no one can own our shared culture. They "
+"reflect a belief in the promise of sharing."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1641
+msgid ""
+"Whether the public makes use of the opportunity to copy and adapt your work, "
+"sharing with a Creative Commons license is a symbol of how you want to "
+"interact with the people who consume your work. Whenever you create "
+"something, <quote>all rights reserved</quote> under copyright is automatic, "
+"so the copyright symbol (©) on the work does not necessarily come across as "
+"a marker of distrust or excessive protectionism. But using a CC license can "
+"be a symbol of the opposite—of wanting a real human relationship, rather "
+"than an impersonal market transaction. It leaves open the possibility of "
+"connection."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1653
+msgid ""
+"Being Made with Creative Commons not only demonstrates values connected to "
+"CC and sharing. It also demonstrates that something other than profit drives "
+"what you do. In our interviews, we always asked what success looked like for "
+"them. It was stunning how rarely money was mentioned. Most have a deeper "
+"purpose and a different vision of success."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1666
+msgid ""
+"Cory Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free: Laws for the Internet "
+"Age (San Francisco, CA: McSweeney’s, 2014) 68."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1661
+msgid ""
+"The driving motivation varies depending on the type of endeavor. For "
+"individual creators, it is most often about personal inspiration. In some "
+"ways, this is nothing new. As Doctorow has written, <quote>Creators usually "
+"start doing what they do for love.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
+"id=\"0\"/> But when you share your creative work under a CC license, that "
+"dynamic is even more pronounced. Similarly, for technological innovators, it "
+"is often less about creating a specific new thing that will make you rich "
+"and more about solving a specific problem you have. The creators of Arduino "
+"told us that the key question when creating something is <quote>Do you as "
+"the creator want to use it? It has to have personal use and meaning.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1678
+msgid ""
+"Many that are Made with Creative Commons have an express social mission that "
+"underpins everything they do. In many cases, sharing with Creative Commons "
+"expressly advances that social mission, and using the licenses can be the "
+"difference between legitimacy and hypocrisy. Noun Project co-founder Edward "
+"Boatman told us they could not have stated their social mission of sharing "
+"with a straight face if they weren’t willing to show the world that it was "
+"OK to share their content using a Creative Commons license."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1688
+msgid ""
+"This dynamic is probably one reason why there are so many nonprofit examples "
+"of being Made with Creative Commons. The content is the result of a labor of "
+"love or a tool to drive social change, and money is like gas in the car, "
+"something that you need to keep going but not an end in itself. Being Made "
+"with Creative Commons is a different vision of a business or livelihood, "
+"where profit is not paramount, and producing social good and human "
+"connection are integral to success."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1698
+msgid ""
+"Even if profit isn’t the end goal, you have to bring in money to be "
+"successfully Made with Creative Commons. At a bare minimum, you have to make "
+"enough money to keep the lights on."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1703
+msgid ""
+"The costs of doing business vary widely for those made with CC, but there is "
+"generally a much lower threshold for sustainability than there used to be "
+"for any creative endeavor. Digital technology has made it easier than ever "
+"to create, and easier than ever to distribute. As Doctorow put it in his "
+"book Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, <quote>If analog dollars have "
+"turned into digital dimes (as the critics of ad-supported media have it), "
+"there is the fact that it’s possible to run a business that gets the same "
+"amount of advertising as its forebears at a fraction of the price.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1720
+msgid "Ibid., 55."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1715
+msgid ""
+"Some creation costs are the same as they always were. It takes the same "
+"amount of time and money to write a peer-reviewed journal article or paint a "
+"painting. Technology can’t change that. But other costs are dramatically "
+"reduced by technology, particularly in production-heavy domains like "
+"filmmaking.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> CC-licensed content and "
+"content in the public domain, as well as the work of volunteer "
+"collaborators, can also dramatically reduce costs if they’re being used as "
+"resources to create something new. And, of course, there is the reality that "
+"some content would be created whether or not the creator is paid because it "
+"is a labor of love."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1732
+msgid ""
+"Chris Anderson, Free: How Today’s Smartest Businesses Profit by Giving "
+"Something for Nothing, reprint with new preface (New York: Hyperion, 2010), "
+"224."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1729
+msgid ""
+"Distributing content is almost universally cheaper than ever. Once content "
+"is created, the costs to distribute copies digitally are essentially "
+"zero.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The costs to distribute "
+"physical copies are still significant, but lower than they have been "
+"historically. And it is now much easier to print and distribute physical "
+"copies on-demand, which also reduces costs. Depending on the endeavor, there "
+"can be a whole host of other possible expenses like marketing and promotion, "
+"and even expenses associated with the various ways money is being made, like "
+"touring or custom training."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1754
+msgid "Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 44."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1744
+msgid ""
+"It’s important to recognize that the biggest impact of technology on "
+"creative endeavors is that creators can now foot the costs of creation and "
+"distribution themselves. People now often have a direct route to their "
+"potential public without necessarily needing intermediaries like record "
+"labels and book publishers. Doctorow wrote, <quote>If you’re a creator who "
+"never got the time of day from one of the great imperial powers, this is "
+"your time. Where once you had no means of reaching an audience without the "
+"assistance of the industry-dominating megacompanies, now you have hundreds "
+"of ways to do it without them.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
+"id=\"0\"/> Previously, distribution of creative work involved the costs "
+"associated with sustaining a monolithic entity, now creators can do the work "
+"themselves. That means the financial needs of creative endeavors can be a "
+"lot more modest."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1761
+msgid ""
+"Whether for an individual creator or a larger endeavor, it usually isn’t "
+"enough to break even if you want to make what you’re doing a livelihood. You "
+"need to build in some support for the general operation. This extra bit "
+"looks different for everyone, but importantly, in nearly all cases for those "
+"Made with Creative Commons, the definition of <quote>enough money</quote> "
+"looks a lot different than it does in the world of venture capital and stock "
+"options. It is more about sustainability and less about unlimited growth and "
+"profit. SparkFun founder Nathan Seidle told us, <quote>Business model is a "
+"really grandiose word for it. It is really just about keeping the operation "
+"going day to day.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1774
+msgid ""
+"This book is a testament to the notion that it is possible to make money "
+"while using CC licenses and CC-licensed content, but we are still very much "
+"at an experimental stage. The creators, organizations, and businesses we "
+"profile in this book are blazing the trail and adapting in real time as they "
+"pursue this new way of operating."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1782
+msgid ""
+"There are, however, plenty of ways in which CC licensing can be good for "
+"business in fairly predictable ways. The first is how it helps solve "
+"<quote>problem zero.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1787
+msgid "Problem Zero: Getting Discovered"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1794
+msgid ""
+"Amanda Palmer, The Art of Asking: Or How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Let "
+"People Help (New York: Grand Central, 2014), 121."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1809
+msgid ""
+"Chris Anderson, Makers: The New Industrial Revolution (New York: Signal, "
+"2012), 64."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1789
+msgid ""
+"Once you create or collect your content, the next step is finding users, "
+"customers, fans—in other words, your people. As Amanda Palmer wrote, "
+"<quote>It has to start with the art. The songs had to touch people "
+"initially, and mean something, for anything to work at "
+"all.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> There isn’t any magic "
+"to finding your people, and there is certainly no formula. Your work has to "
+"connect with people and offer them some artistic and/or utilitarian "
+"value. In some ways, this is easier than ever. Online we are not limited by "
+"shelf space, so there is room for every obscure interest, taste, and need "
+"imaginable. This is what Chris Anderson dubbed the Long Tail, where "
+"consumption becomes less about mainstream mass <quote>hits</quote> and more "
+"about micromarkets for every particular niche. As Anderson wrote, <quote>We "
+"are all different, with different wants and needs, and the Internet now has "
+"a place for all of them in the way that physical markets did "
+"not.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> We are no longer "
+"limited to what appeals to the masses."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1823
+msgid ""
+"David Bollier, Think Like a Commoner: A Short Introduction to the Life of "
+"the Commons (Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014), 70."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1830
+msgid "Anderson, Makers, 66."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1835
+msgid ""
+"Bryan Kramer, Shareology: How Sharing Is Powering the Human Economy (New "
+"York: Morgan James, 2016), 10."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1815
+msgid ""
+"While finding <quote>your people</quote> online is theoretically easier than "
+"in the analog world, as a practical matter it can still be difficult to "
+"actually get noticed. The Internet is a firehose of content, one that only "
+"grows larger by the minute. As a content creator, not only are you "
+"competing for attention against more content creators than ever before, you "
+"are competing against creativity generated outside the market as "
+"well.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Anderson wrote, <quote>The "
+"greatest change of the past decade has been the shift in time people spend "
+"consuming amateur content instead of professional "
+"content.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> To top it all off, "
+"you have to compete against the rest of their lives, too—<quote>friends, "
+"family, music playlists, soccer games, and nights on the "
+"town.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> Somehow, some way, "
+"you have to get noticed by the right people."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1849
+msgid "Anderson, Free, 62."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1841
+msgid ""
+"When you come to the Internet armed with an all-rights-reserved mentality "
+"from the start, you are often restricting access to your work before there "
+"is even any demand for it. In many cases, requiring payment for your work is "
+"part of the traditional copyright system. Even a tiny cost has a big effect "
+"on demand. It’s called the penny gap—the large difference in demand between "
+"something that is available at the price of one cent versus the price of "
+"zero.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> That doesn’t mean it is wrong "
+"to charge money for your content. It simply means you need to recognize the "
+"effect that doing so will have on demand. The same principle applies to "
+"restricting access to copy the work. If your problem is how to get "
+"discovered and find <quote>your people,</quote> prohibiting people from "
+"copying your work and sharing it with others is counterproductive."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1863
+msgid "Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 38."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1859
+msgid ""
+"Of course, it’s not that being discovered by people who like your work will "
+"make you rich—far from it. But as Cory Doctorow says, <quote>Recognition is "
+"one of many necessary preconditions for artistic "
+"success.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1867
+msgid ""
+"Choosing not to spend time and energy restricting access to your work and "
+"policing infringement also builds goodwill. Lumen Learning, a for-profit "
+"company that publishes online educational materials, made an early decision "
+"not to prevent students from accessing their content, even in the form of a "
+"tiny paywall, because it would negatively impact student success in a way "
+"that would undermine the social mission behind what they do. They believe "
+"this decision has generated an immense amount of goodwill within the "
+"community."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1885
+msgid "Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 68."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1878
+msgid ""
+"It is not just that restricting access to your work may undermine your "
+"social mission. It also may alienate the people who most value your creative "
+"work. If people like your work, their natural instinct will be to share it "
+"with others. But as David Bollier wrote, <quote>Our natural human impulses "
+"to imitate and share—the essence of culture—have been "
+"criminalized.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1889
+msgid ""
+"The fact that copying can carry criminal penalties undoubtedly deters "
+"copying it, but copying with the click of a button is too easy and "
+"convenient to ever fully stop it. Try as the copyright industry might to "
+"persuade us otherwise, copying a copyrighted work just doesn’t feel like "
+"stealing a loaf of bread. And, of course, that’s because it isn’t. Sharing a "
+"creative work has no impact on anyone else’s ability to make use of it."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1898
+msgid ""
+"If you take some amount of copying and sharing your work as a given, you can "
+"invest your time and resources elsewhere, rather than wasting them on "
+"playing a cat and mouse game with people who want to copy and share your "
+"work. Lizzy Jongma from the Rijksmuseum said, <quote>We could spend a lot of "
+"money trying to protect works, but people are going to do it anyway. And "
+"they will use bad-quality versions.</quote> Instead, they started releasing "
+"high-resolution digital copies of their collection into the public domain "
+"and making them available for free on their website. For them, sharing was a "
+"form of quality control over the copies that were inevitably being shared "
+"online. Doing this meant forgoing the revenue they previously got from "
+"selling digital images. But Lizzy says that was a small price to pay for all "
+"of the opportunities that sharing unlocked for them."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1918
+msgid "Anderson, Free, 86."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1914
+msgid ""
+"Being Made with Creative Commons means you stop thinking about ways to "
+"artificially make your content scarce, and instead leverage it as the "
+"potentially abundant resource it is.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
+"id=\"0\"/> When you see information abundance as a feature, not a bug, you "
+"start thinking about the ways to use the idling capacity of your content to "
+"your advantage. As my friend and colleague Eric Steuer once said, "
+"<quote>Using CC licenses shows you get the Internet.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1929
+msgid "Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 144."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1926
+msgid ""
+"Cory Doctorow says it costs him nothing when other people make copies of his "
+"work, and it opens the possibility that he might get something in "
+"return.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Similarly, the makers of "
+"the Arduino boards knew it was impossible to stop people from copying their "
+"hardware, so they decided not to even try and instead look for the benefits "
+"of being open. For them, the result is one of the most ubiquitous pieces of "
+"hardware in the world, with a thriving online community of tinkerers and "
+"innovators that have done things with their work they never could have done "
+"otherwise."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1939
+msgid ""
+"There are all kinds of way to leverage the power of sharing and remix to "
+"your benefit. Here are a few."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1943
+msgid "Use CC to grow a larger audience"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1945
+msgid ""
+"Putting a Creative Commons license on your content won’t make it "
+"automatically go viral, but eliminating legal barriers to copying the work "
+"certainly can’t hurt the chances that your work will be shared. The CC "
+"license symbolizes that sharing is welcome. It can act as a little tap on "
+"the shoulder to those who come across the work—a nudge to copy the work if "
+"they have any inkling of doing so. All things being equal, if one piece of "
+"content has a sign that says Share and the other says Don’t Share (which is "
+"what <quote>©</quote> means), which do you think people are more likely to "
+"share?"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1957
+msgid ""
+"The Conversation is an online news site with in-depth articles written by "
+"academics who are experts on particular topics. All of the articles are "
+"CC-licensed, and they are copied and reshared on other sites by design. This "
+"proliferating effect, which they track, is a central part of the value to "
+"their academic authors who want to reach as many readers as possible."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1974
+msgid "Anderson, Free, 123."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1966
+msgid ""
+"The idea that more eyeballs equates with more success is a form of the max "
+"strategy, adopted by Google and other technology companies. According to "
+"Google’s Eric Schmidt, the idea is simple: <quote>Take whatever it is you "
+"are doing and do it at the max in terms of distribution. The other way of "
+"saying this is that since marginal cost of distribution is free, you might "
+"as well put things everywhere.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
+"id=\"0\"/> This strategy is what often motivates companies to make their "
+"products and services free (i.e., no cost), but the same logic applies to "
+"making content freely shareable. Because CC-licensed content is free (as in "
+"cost) and can be freely copied, CC licensing makes it even more accessible "
+"and likely to spread."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1988
+msgid "Ibid., 132."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1993
+msgid "Ibid., 70."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1983
+msgid ""
+"If you are successful in reaching more users, readers, listeners, or other "
+"consumers of your work, you can start to benefit from the bandwagon "
+"effect. The simple fact that there are other people consuming or following "
+"your work spurs others to want to do the same.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
+"id=\"0\"/> This is, in part, because we simply have a tendency to engage in "
+"herd behavior, but it is also because a large following is at least a "
+"partial indicator of quality or usefulness.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
+"id=\"1\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1998
+msgid "Use CC to get attribution and name recognition"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2012
+msgid ""
+"James Surowiecki, The Wisdom of Crowds (New York: Anchor Books, 2005), "
+"124. Surowiecki says, <quote>The measure of success of laws and contracts is "
+"how rarely they are invoked.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2000
+msgid ""
+"Every Creative Commons license requires that credit be given to the author, "
+"and that reusers supply a link back to the original source of the "
+"material. CC0, not a license but a tool used to put work in the public "
+"domain, does not make attribution a legal requirement, but many communities "
+"still give credit as a matter of best practices and social norms. In fact, "
+"it is social norms, rather than the threat of legal enforcement, that most "
+"often motivate people to provide attribution and otherwise comply with the "
+"CC license terms anyway. This is the mark of any well-functioning community, "
+"within both the marketplace and the society at large.<placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> CC licenses reflect a set of wishes on the part "
+"of creators, and in the vast majority of circumstances, people are naturally "
+"inclined to follow those wishes. This is particularly the case for something "
+"as straightforward and consistent with basic notions of fairness as "
+"providing credit."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2023
+msgid ""
+"The fact that the name of the creator follows a CC-licensed work makes the "
+"licenses an important means to develop a reputation or, in corporate speak, "
+"a brand. The drive to associate your name with your work is not just based "
+"on commercial motivations, it is fundamental to authorship. Knowledge "
+"Unlatched is a nonprofit that helps to subsidize the print production of "
+"CC-licensed academic texts by pooling contributions from libraries around "
+"the United States. The CEO, Frances Pinter, says that the Creative Commons "
+"license on the works has a huge value to authors because reputation is the "
+"most important currency for academics. Sharing with CC is a way of having "
+"the most people see and cite your work."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2037
+msgid ""
+"Attribution can be about more than just receiving credit. It can also be "
+"about establishing provenance. People naturally want to know where content "
+"came from—the source of a work is sometimes just as interesting as the work "
+"itself. Opendesk is a platform for furniture designers to share their "
+"designs. Consumers who like those designs can then get matched with local "
+"makers who turn the designs into real-life furniture. The fact that I, "
+"sitting in the middle of the United States, can pick out a design created by "
+"a designer in Tokyo and then use a maker within my own community to "
+"transform the design into something tangible is part of the power of their "
+"platform. The provenance of the design is a special part of the product."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2052
+msgid ""
+"Knowing the source of a work is also critical to ensuring its "
+"credibility. Just as a trademark is designed to give consumers a way to "
+"identify the source and quality of a particular good and service, knowing "
+"the author of a work gives the public a way to assess its credibility. In a "
+"time when online discourse is plagued with misinformation, being a trusted "
+"information source is more valuable than ever."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2062
+msgid "Use CC-licensed content as a marketing tool"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2064
+msgid ""
+"As we will cover in more detail later, many endeavors that are Made with "
+"Creative Commons make money by providing a product or service other than the "
+"CC-licensed work. Sometimes that other product or service is completely "
+"unrelated to the CC content. Other times it’s a physical copy or live "
+"performance of the CC content. In all cases, the CC content can attract "
+"people to your other product or service."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2086
+msgid "Anderson, Free, 44."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2073
+msgid ""
+"Knowledge Unlatched’s Pinter told us she has seen time and again how "
+"offering CC-licensed content—that is, digitally for free—actually increases "
+"sales of the printed goods because it functions as a marketing tool. We see "
+"this phenomenon regularly with famous artwork. The Mona Lisa is likely the "
+"most recognizable painting on the planet. Its ubiquity has the effect of "
+"catalyzing interest in seeing the painting in person, and in owning physical "
+"goods with the image. Abundant copies of the content often entice more "
+"demand, not blunt it. Another example came with the advent of the "
+"radio. Although the music industry did not see it coming (and fought it!), "
+"free music on the radio functioned as advertising for the paid version "
+"people bought in music stores.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Free "
+"can be a form of promotion."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2090
+msgid ""
+"In some cases, endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons do not even "
+"need dedicated marketing teams or marketing budgets. Cards Against Humanity "
+"is a CC-licensed card game available as a free download. And because of this "
+"(thanks to the CC license on the game), the creators say it is one of the "
+"best-marketed games in the world, and they have never spent a dime on "
+"marketing. The textbook publisher OpenStax has also avoided hiring a "
+"marketing team. Their products are free, or cheaper to buy in the case of "
+"physical copies, which makes them much more attractive to students who then "
+"demand them from their universities. They also partner with service "
+"providers who build atop the CC-licensed content and, in turn, spend money "
+"and resources marketing those services (and by extension, the OpenStax "
+"textbooks)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2107
+msgid "Use CC to enable hands-on engagement with your work"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2110
+msgid ""
+"The great promise of Creative Commons licensing is that it signifies an "
+"embrace of remix culture. Indeed, this is the great promise of digital "
+"technology. The Internet opened up a whole new world of possibilities for "
+"public participation in creative work."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2124
+msgid "Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 23."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2117
+msgid ""
+"Four of the six CC licenses enable reusers to take apart, build upon, or "
+"otherwise adapt the work. Depending on the context, adaptation can mean "
+"wildly different things—translating, updating, localizing, improving, "
+"transforming. It enables a work to be customized for particular needs, uses, "
+"people, and communities, which is another distinct value to offer the "
+"public.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Adaptation is more game "
+"changing in some contexts than others. With educational materials, the "
+"ability to customize and update the content is critically important for its "
+"usefulness. For photography, the ability to adapt a photo is less important."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2137
+msgid "Anderson, Free, 67."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2142
+msgid "Ibid., 58."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2145
+msgid "Anderson, Makers, 71."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2150
+msgid ""
+"Clay Shirky, Cognitive Surplus: How Technology Makes Consumers into "
+"Collaborators (London: Penguin Books, 2010), 78."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2132
+msgid ""
+"This is a way to counteract a potential downside of the abundance of free "
+"and open content described above. As Anderson wrote in Free, <quote>People "
+"often don’t care as much about things they don’t pay for, and as a result "
+"they don’t think as much about how they consume them.</quote><placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> If even the tiny act of volition of paying one "
+"penny for something changes our perception of that thing, then surely the "
+"act of remixing it enhances our perception exponentially.<placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> We know that people will pay more for products "
+"they had a part in creating.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> And we "
+"know that creating something, no matter what quality, brings with it a type "
+"of creative satisfaction that can never be replaced by consuming something "
+"created by someone else.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"3\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2163
+msgid "Ibid., 21."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2156
+msgid ""
+"Actively engaging with the content helps us avoid the type of aimless "
+"consumption that anyone who has absentmindedly scrolled through their "
+"social-media feeds for an hour knows all too well. In his book, Cognitive "
+"Surplus, Clay Shirky says, <quote>To participate is to act as if your "
+"presence matters, as if, when you see something or hear something, your "
+"response is part of the event.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
+"id=\"0\"/> Opening the door to your content can get people more deeply tied "
+"to your work."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2169
+msgid "Use CC to differentiate yourself"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2178
+msgid "Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 43."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2171
+msgid ""
+"Operating under a traditional copyright regime usually means operating under "
+"the rules of establishment players in the media. Business strategies that "
+"are embedded in the traditional copyright system, like using digital rights "
+"management (DRM) and signing exclusivity contracts, can tie the hands of "
+"creators, often at the expense of the creator’s best interest.<placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Being Made with Creative Commons means you can "
+"function without those barriers and, in many cases, use the increased "
+"openness as a competitive advantage. David Harris from OpenStax said they "
+"specifically pursue strategies they know that traditional publishers "
+"cannot. <quote>Don’t go into a market and play by the incumbent "
+"rules,</quote> David said. <quote>Change the rules of engagement.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2190
+msgid "Making Money"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2200
+msgid ""
+"William Landes Foster, Peter Kim, and Barbara Christiansen, <quote>Ten "
+"Nonprofit Funding Models,</quote> Stanford Social Innovation Review, Spring "
+"2009, <ulink "
+"url=\"http://ssir.org/articles/entry/ten_nonprofit_funding_models\"/>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2192
+msgid ""
+"Like any moneymaking endeavor, those that are Made with Creative Commons "
+"have to generate some type of value for their audience or "
+"customers. Sometimes that value is subsidized by funders who are not "
+"actually beneficiaries of that value. Funders, whether philanthropic "
+"institutions, governments, or concerned individuals, provide money to the "
+"organization out of a sense of pure altruism. This is the way traditional "
+"nonprofit funding operates.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> But in "
+"many cases, the revenue streams used by endeavors that are Made with "
+"Creative Commons are directly tied to the value they generate, where the "
+"recipient is paying for the value they receive like any standard market "
+"transaction. In still other cases, rather than the quid pro quo exchange of "
+"money for value that typically drives market transactions, the recipient "
+"gives money out of a sense of reciprocity."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2221
+msgid "Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 111."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2213
+msgid ""
+"Most who are Made with Creative Commons use a variety of methods to bring in "
+"revenue, some market-based and some not. One common strategy is using grant "
+"funding for content creation when research-and-development costs are "
+"particularly high, and then finding a different revenue stream (or streams) "
+"for ongoing expenses. As Shirky wrote, <quote>The trick is in knowing when "
+"markets are an optimal way of organizing interactions and when they are "
+"not.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2225
+msgid ""
+"Our case studies explore in more detail the various revenue-generating "
+"mechanisms used by the creators, organizations, and businesses we "
+"interviewed. There is nuance hidden within the specific ways each of them "
+"makes money, so it is a bit dangerous to generalize too much about what we "
+"learned. Nonetheless, zooming out and viewing things from a higher level of "
+"abstraction can be instructive."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2234
+msgid "Market-based revenue streams"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2239
+msgid "Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 30."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2246
+msgid ""
+"Jim Whitehurst, The Open Organization: Igniting Passion and Performance "
+"(Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2015), 202."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2236
+msgid ""
+"In the market, the central question when determining how to bring in revenue "
+"is what value people are willing to pay for.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
+"id=\"0\"/> By definition, if you are Made with Creative Commons, the content "
+"you provide is available for free and not a market commodity. Like the "
+"ubiquitous freemium business model, any possible market transaction with a "
+"consumer of your content has to be based on some added value you "
+"provide.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2262
+msgid "Anderson, Free, 71."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2252
+msgid ""
+"In many ways, this is the way of the future for all content-driven "
+"endeavors. In the market, value lives in things that are scarce. Because the "
+"Internet makes a universe of content available to all of us for free, it is "
+"difficult to get people to pay for content online. The struggling newspaper "
+"industry is a testament to this fact. This is compounded by the fact that at "
+"least some amount of copying is probably inevitable. That means you may end "
+"up competing with free versions of your own content, whether you condone it "
+"or not.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> If people can easily find "
+"your content for free, getting people to buy it will be difficult, "
+"particularly in a context where access to content is more important than "
+"owning it. In Free, Anderson wrote, <quote>Copyright protection schemes, "
+"whether coded into either law or software, are simply holding up a price "
+"against the force of gravity.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2281
+msgid "Ibid., 231."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2271
+msgid ""
+"Of course, this doesn’t mean that content-driven endeavors have no future in "
+"the traditional marketplace. In Free, Anderson explains how when one product "
+"or service becomes free, as information and content largely have in the "
+"digital age, other things become more valuable. <quote>Every abundance "
+"creates a new scarcity,</quote> he wrote. You just have to find some way "
+"other than the content to provide value to your audience or customers. As "
+"Anderson says, <quote>It’s easy to compete with Free: simply offer something "
+"better or at least different from the free version.</quote><placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2285
+msgid ""
+"In light of this reality, in some ways endeavors that are Made with Creative "
+"Commons are at a level playing field with all content-based endeavors in the "
+"digital age. In fact, they may even have an advantage because they can use "
+"the abundance of content to derive revenue from something scarce. They can "
+"also benefit from the goodwill that stems from the values behind being Made "
+"with Creative Commons."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2294
+msgid ""
+"For content creators and distributors, there are nearly infinite ways to "
+"provide value to the consumers of your work, above and beyond the value that "
+"lives within your free digital content. Often, the CC-licensed content "
+"functions as a marketing tool for the paid product or service."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2301
+msgid "Here are the most common high-level categories."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2305
+msgid ""
+"Providing a custom service to consumers of your work "
+"<emphasis>[MARKET-BASED]</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2315
+msgid "Ibid., 97."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2308
+msgid ""
+"In this age of information abundance, we don’t lack for content. The trick "
+"is finding content that matches our needs and wants, so customized services "
+"are particularly valuable. As Anderson wrote, <quote>Commodity information "
+"(everybody gets the same version) wants to be free. Customized information "
+"(you get something unique and meaningful to you) wants to be "
+"expensive.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> This can be "
+"anything from the artistic and cultural consulting services provided by "
+"Ártica to the custom-song business of Jonathan <quote>Song-A-Day</quote> "
+"Mann."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2323
+msgid "Charging for the physical copy <emphasis>[MARKET-BASED]</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2330
+msgid "Anderson, Makers, 107."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2326
+msgid ""
+"In his book about maker culture, Anderson characterizes this model as giving "
+"away the bits and selling the atoms (where bits refers to digital content "
+"and atoms refer to a physical object).<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
+"id=\"0\"/> This is particularly successful in domains where the digital "
+"version of the content isn’t as valuable as the analog version, like book "
+"publishing where a significant subset of people still prefer reading "
+"something they can hold in their hands. Or in domains where the content "
+"isn’t useful until it is in physical form, like furniture designs. In those "
+"situations, a significant portion of consumers will pay for the convenience "
+"of having someone else put the physical version together for them. Some "
+"endeavors squeeze even more out of this revenue stream by using a Creative "
+"Commons license that only allows noncommercial uses, which means no one else "
+"can sell physical copies of their work in competition with them. This "
+"strategy of reserving commercial rights can be particularly important for "
+"items like books, where every printed copy of the same work is likely to be "
+"the same quality, so it is harder to differentiate one publishing service "
+"from another. On the other hand, for items like furniture or electronics, "
+"the provider of the physical goods can compete with other providers of the "
+"same works based on quality, service, or other traditional business "
+"principles."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2354
+msgid "Charging for the in-person version <emphasis>[MARKET-BASED]</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2357
+msgid ""
+"As anyone who has ever gone to a concert will tell you, experiencing "
+"creativity in person is a completely different experience from consuming a "
+"digital copy on your own. Far from acting as a substitute for face-to-face "
+"interaction, CC-licensed content can actually create demand for the "
+"in-person version of experience. You can see this effect when people go view "
+"original art in person or pay to attend a talk or training course."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2368
+msgid "Selling merchandise <emphasis>[MARKET-BASED]</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2371
+msgid ""
+"In many cases, people who like your work will pay for products demonstrating "
+"a connection to your work. As a child of the 1980s, I can personally attest "
+"to the power of a good concert T-shirt. This can also be an important "
+"revenue stream for museums and galleries."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2388
+msgid "Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 89."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2378
+msgid ""
+"Sometimes the way to find a market-based revenue stream is by providing "
+"value to people other than those who consume your CC-licensed content. In "
+"these revenue streams, the free content is being subsidized by an entirely "
+"different category of people or businesses. Often, those people or "
+"businesses are paying to access your main audience. The fact that the "
+"content is free increases the size of the audience, which in turn makes the "
+"offer more valuable to the paying customers. This is a variation of a "
+"traditional business model built on free called multi-sided "
+"platforms.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Access to your audience "
+"isn’t the only thing people are willing to pay for—there are other services "
+"you can provide as well."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2395
+msgid "Charging advertisers or sponsors <emphasis>[MARKET-BASED]</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2403
+msgid "Ibid., 92."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2407
+msgid "Anderson, Free, 142."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2398
+msgid ""
+"The traditional model of subsidizing free content is advertising. In this "
+"version of multi-sided platforms, advertisers pay for the opportunity to "
+"reach the set of eyeballs the content creators provide in the form of their "
+"audience.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The Internet has made "
+"this model more difficult because the number of potential channels available "
+"to reach those eyeballs has become essentially infinite.<placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Nonetheless, it remains a viable revenue stream "
+"for many content creators, including those who are Made with Creative "
+"Commons. Often, instead of paying to display advertising, the advertiser "
+"pays to be an official sponsor of particular content or projects, or of the "
+"overall endeavor."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2416
+msgid "Charging your content creators <emphasis>[MARKET-BASED]</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2419
+msgid ""
+"Another type of multisided platform is where the content creators themselves "
+"pay to be featured on the platform. Obviously, this revenue stream is only "
+"available to those who rely on work created, at least in part, by "
+"others. The most well-known version of this model is the "
+"<quote>author-processing charge</quote> of open-access journals like those "
+"published by the Public Library of Science, but there are other "
+"variations. The Conversation is primarily funded by a university-membership "
+"model, where universities pay to have their faculties participate as writers "
+"of the content on the Conversation website."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2433
+msgid "Charging a transaction fee <emphasis>[MARKET-BASED]</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2438
+msgid "Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 32."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2436
+msgid ""
+"This is a version of a traditional business model based on brokering "
+"transactions between parties.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> "
+"Curation is an important element of this model. Platforms like the Noun "
+"Project add value by wading through CC-licensed content to curate a "
+"high-quality set and then derive revenue when creators of that content make "
+"transactions with customers. Other platforms make money when service "
+"providers transact with their customers; for example, Opendesk makes money "
+"every time someone on their site pays a maker to make furniture based on one "
+"of the designs on the platform."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2450
+msgid "Providing a service to your creators <emphasis>[MARKET-BASED]</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2453
+msgid ""
+"As mentioned above, endeavors can make money by providing customized "
+"services to their users. Platforms can undertake a variation of this service "
+"model directed at the creators that provide the content they feature. The "
+"data platforms Figure.NZ and Figshare both capitalize on this model by "
+"providing paid tools to help their users make the data they contribute to "
+"the platform more discoverable and reusable."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2463
+msgid "Licensing a trademark <emphasis>[MARKET-BASED]</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2466
+msgid ""
+"Finally, some that are Made with Creative Commons make money by selling use "
+"of their trademarks. Well known brands that consumers associate with "
+"quality, credibility, or even an ethos can license that trademark to "
+"companies that want to take advantage of that goodwill. By definition, "
+"trademarks are scarce because they represent a particular source of a good "
+"or service. Charging for the ability to use that trademark is a way of "
+"deriving revenue from something scarce while taking advantage of the "
+"abundance of CC content."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2478
+msgid "Reciprocity-based revenue streams"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2480
+msgid ""
+"Even if we set aside grant funding, we found that the traditional economic "
+"framework of understanding the market failed to fully capture the ways the "
+"endeavors we analyzed were making money. It was not simply about monetizing "
+"scarcity."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2487
+msgid ""
+"Rather than devising a scheme to get people to pay money in exchange for "
+"some direct value provided to them, many of the revenue streams were more "
+"about providing value, building a relationship, and then eventually finding "
+"some money that flows back out of a sense of reciprocity. While some look "
+"like traditional nonprofit funding models, they aren’t charity. The endeavor "
+"exchange value with people, just not necessarily synchronously or in a way "
+"that requires that those values be equal. As David Bollier wrote in Think "
+"Like a Commoner, <quote>There is no self-serving calculation of whether the "
+"value given and received is strictly equal.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2500
+msgid ""
+"This should be a familiar dynamic—it is the way you deal with your friends "
+"and family. We give without regard for what and when we will get back. David "
+"Bollier wrote, <quote>Reciprocal social exchange lies at the heart of human "
+"identity, community and culture. It is a vital brain function that helps the "
+"human species survive and evolve.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2510
+msgid "Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 150."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2514
+msgid "Ibid., 134."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2508
+msgid ""
+"What is rare is to incorporate this sort of relationship into an endeavor "
+"that also engages with the market.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> "
+"We almost can’t help but think of relationships in the market as being "
+"centered on an even-steven exchange of value.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
+"id=\"1\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2519
+msgid ""
+"Memberships and individual donations "
+"<emphasis>[RECIPROCITY-BASED]</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2522
+msgid ""
+"While memberships and donations are traditional nonprofit funding models, in "
+"the Made with Creative Commons context, they are directly tied to the "
+"reciprocal relationship that is cultivated with the beneficiaries of their "
+"work. The bigger the pool of those receiving value from the content, the "
+"more likely this strategy will work, given that only a small percentage of "
+"people are likely to contribute. Since using CC licenses can grease the "
+"wheels for content to reach more people, this strategy can be more effective "
+"for endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons. The greater the argument "
+"that the content is a public good or that the entire endeavor is furthering "
+"a social mission, the more likely this strategy is to succeed."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2538
+msgid "The pay-what-you-want model <emphasis>[RECIPROCITY-BASED]</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2541
+msgid ""
+"In the pay-what-you-want model, the beneficiary of Creative Commons content "
+"is invited to give—at any amount they can and feel is appropriate, based on "
+"the public and personal value they feel is generated by the open "
+"content. Critically, these models are not touted as <quote>buying</quote> "
+"something free. They are similar to a tip jar. People make financial "
+"contributions as an act of gratitude. These models capitalize on the fact "
+"that we are naturally inclined to give money for things we value in the "
+"marketplace, even in situations where we could find a way to get it for "
+"free."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2554
+msgid "Crowdfunding <emphasis>[RECIPROCITY-BASED]</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2557
+msgid ""
+"Crowdfunding models are based on recouping the costs of creating and "
+"distributing content before the content is created. If the endeavor is Made "
+"with Creative Commons, anyone who wants the work in question could simply "
+"wait until it’s created and then access it for free. That means, for this "
+"model to work, people have to care about more than just receiving the "
+"work. They have to want you to succeed. Amanda Palmer credits the success of "
+"her crowdfunding on Kickstarter and Patreon to the years she spent building "
+"her community and creating a connection with her fans. She wrote in The Art "
+"of Asking, <quote>Good art is made, good art is shared, help is offered, "
+"ears are bent, emotions are exchanged, the compost of real, deep connection "
+"is sprayed all over the fields. Then one day, the artist steps up and asks "
+"for something. And if the ground has been fertilized enough, the audience "
+"says, without hesitation: of course.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2575
+msgid ""
+"Other types of crowdfunding rely on a sense of responsibility that a "
+"particular community may feel. Knowledge Unlatched pools funds from major "
+"U.S. libraries to subsidize CC-licensed academic work that will be, by "
+"definition, available to everyone for free. Libraries with bigger budgets "
+"tend to give more out of a sense of commitment to the library community and "
+"to the idea of open access generally."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2586
+msgid "Making Human Connections"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2588
+msgid ""
+"Regardless of how they made money, in our interviews, we repeatedly heard "
+"language like <quote>persuading people to buy</quote> and <quote>inviting "
+"people to pay.</quote> We heard it even in connection with revenue streams "
+"that sit squarely within the market. Cory Doctorow told us, <quote>I have to "
+"convince my readers that the right thing to do is to pay me.</quote> The "
+"founders of the for-profit company Lumen Learning showed us the letter they "
+"send to those who opt not to pay for the services they provide in connection "
+"with their CC-licensed educational content. It isn’t a cease-and-desist "
+"letter; it’s an invitation to pay because it’s the right thing to do. This "
+"sort of behavior toward what could be considered nonpaying customers is "
+"largely unheard of in the traditional marketplace. But it seems to be part "
+"of the fabric of being Made with Creative Commons."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2605
+msgid ""
+"Nearly every endeavor we profiled relied, at least in part, on people being "
+"invested in what they do. The closer the Creative Commons content is to "
+"being <quote>the product,</quote> the more pronounced this dynamic has to "
+"be. Rather than simply selling a product or service, they are making "
+"ideological, personal, and creative connections with the people who value "
+"what they do."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2613
+msgid ""
+"It took me a very long time to see how this avoidance of thinking about what "
+"they do in pure market terms was deeply tied to being Made with Creative "
+"Commons."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2618
+msgid ""
+"I came to the research with preconceived notions about what Creative Commons "
+"is and what it means to be Made with Creative Commons. It turned out I was "
+"wrong on so many counts."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2623
+msgid ""
+"Obviously, being Made with Creative Commons means using Creative Commons "
+"licenses. That much I knew. But in our interviews, people spoke of so much "
+"more than copyright permissions when they explained how sharing fit into "
+"what they do. I was thinking about sharing too narrowly, and as a result, I "
+"was missing vast swaths of the meaning packed within Creative "
+"Commons. Rather than parsing the specific and narrow role of the copyright "
+"license in the equation, it is important not to disaggregate the rest of "
+"what comes with sharing. You have to widen the lens."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2634
+msgid ""
+"Being Made with Creative Commons is not just about the simple act of "
+"licensing a copyrighted work under a set of standardized terms, but also "
+"about community, social good, contributing ideas, expressing a value system, "
+"working together. These components of sharing are hard to cultivate if you "
+"think about what you do in purely market terms. Decent social behavior isn’t "
+"as intuitive when we are doing something that involves monetary exchange. It "
+"takes a conscious effort to foster the context for real sharing, based not "
+"strictly on impersonal market exchange, but on connections with the people "
+"with whom you share—connections with you, with your work, with your values, "
+"with each other."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2648
+msgid ""
+"The rest of this section will explore some of the common strategies that "
+"creators, companies, and organizations use to remind us that there are "
+"humans behind every creative endeavor. To remind us we have obligations to "
+"each other. To remind us what sharing really looks like."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2655
+msgid "Be human"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2659
+msgid ""
+"Dan Ariely, Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Forces That Shape Our "
+"Decisions, rev. ed. (New York: Harper Perennial, 2010), 109."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2657
+msgid ""
+"Humans are social animals, which means we are naturally inclined to treat "
+"each other well.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> But the further "
+"removed we are from the person with whom we are interacting, the less caring "
+"our behavior will be. While the Internet has democratized cultural "
+"production, increased access to knowledge, and connected us in extraordinary "
+"ways, it can also make it easy forget we are dealing with another human."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2683
+msgid ""
+"Austin Kleon, Show Your Work: 10 Ways to Share Your Creativity and Get "
+"Discovered (New York: Workman, 2014), 93."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2670
+msgid ""
+"To counteract the anonymous and impersonal tendencies of how we operate "
+"online, individual creators and corporations who use Creative Commons "
+"licenses work to demonstrate their humanity. For some, this means pouring "
+"their lives out on the page. For others, it means showing their creative "
+"process, giving a glimpse into how they do what they do. As writer Austin "
+"Kleon wrote, <quote>Our work doesn’t speak for itself. Human beings want to "
+"know where things came from, how they were made, and who made them. The "
+"stories you tell about the work you do have a huge effect on how people feel "
+"and what they understand about your work, and how people feel and what they "
+"understand about your work affects how they value it.</quote><placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2689
+msgid ""
+"A critical component to doing this effectively is not worrying about being a "
+"<quote>brand.</quote> That means not being afraid to be vulnerable. Amanda "
+"Palmer says, <quote>When you’re afraid of someone’s judgment, you can’t "
+"connect with them. You’re too preoccupied with the task of impressing "
+"them.</quote> Not everyone is suited to live life as an open book like "
+"Palmer, and that’s OK. There are a lot of ways to be human. The trick is "
+"just avoiding pretense and the temptation to artificially craft an "
+"image. People don’t just want the glossy version of you. They can’t relate "
+"to it, at least not in a meaningful way."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2710
+msgid "Kramer, Shareology, 76."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2702
+msgid ""
+"This advice is probably even more important for businesses and organizations "
+"because we instinctively conceive of them as nonhuman (though in the United "
+"States, corporations are people!). When corporations and organizations make "
+"the people behind them more apparent, it reminds people that they are "
+"dealing with something other than an anonymous corporate entity. In "
+"business-speak, this is about <quote>humanizing your interactions</quote> "
+"with the public.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> But it can’t be a "
+"gimmick. You can’t fake being human."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2716
+msgid "Be open and accountable"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2725
+msgid "Palmer, Art of Asking, 252."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2730
+msgid "Whitehurst, Open Organization, 145."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2718
+msgid ""
+"Transparency helps people understand who you are and why you do what you do, "
+"but it also inspires trust. Max Temkin of Cards Against Humanity told us, "
+"<quote>One of the most surprising things you can do in capitalism is just be "
+"honest with people.</quote> That means sharing the good and the bad. As "
+"Amanda Palmer wrote, <quote>You can fix almost anything by authentically "
+"communicating.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It isn’t "
+"about trying to satisfy everyone or trying to sugarcoat mistakes or bad "
+"news, but instead about explaining your rationale and then being prepared to "
+"defend it when people are critical.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2739
+msgid "Surowiecki, Wisdom of Crowds, 203."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2746
+msgid "Whitehurst, Open Organization, 80."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2734
+msgid ""
+"Being accountable does not mean operating on consensus. According to James "
+"Surowiecki, consensus-driven groups tend to resort to "
+"lowest-common-denominator solutions and avoid the sort of candid exchange of "
+"ideas that cultivates healthy collaboration.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
+"id=\"0\"/> Instead, it can be as simple as asking for input and then giving "
+"context and explanation about decisions you make, even if soliciting "
+"feedback and inviting discourse is time-consuming. If you don’t go through "
+"the effort to actually respond to the input you receive, it can be worse "
+"than not inviting input in the first place.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
+"id=\"1\"/> But when you get it right, it can guarantee the type of diversity "
+"of thought that helps endeavors excel. And it is another way to get people "
+"involved and invested in what you do."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2754
+msgid "Design for the good actors"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2758
+msgid "Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 25."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2763
+msgid "Ibid., 31."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2756
+msgid ""
+"Traditional economics assumes people make decisions based solely on their "
+"own economic self-interest.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Any "
+"relatively introspective human knows this is a fiction—we are much more "
+"complicated beings with a whole range of needs, emotions, and "
+"motivations. In fact, we are hardwired to work together and ensure "
+"fairness.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Being Made with Creative "
+"Commons requires an assumption that people will largely act on those social "
+"motivations, motivations that would be considered <quote>irrational</quote> "
+"in an economic sense. As Knowledge Unlatched’s Pinter told us, <quote>It is "
+"best to ignore people who try to scare you about free riding. That fear is "
+"based on a very shallow view of what motivates human behavior.</quote> There "
+"will always be people who will act in purely selfish ways, but endeavors "
+"that are Made with Creative Commons design for the good actors."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2782
+msgid "Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 112."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2776
+msgid ""
+"The assumption that people will largely do the right thing can be a "
+"self-fulfilling prophecy. Shirky wrote in Cognitive Surplus, <quote>Systems "
+"that assume people will act in ways that create public goods, and that give "
+"them opportunities and rewards for doing so, often let them work together "
+"better than neoclassical economics would predict.</quote><placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> When we acknowledge that people are often "
+"motivated by something other than financial self-interest, we design our "
+"endeavors in ways that encourage and accentuate our social instincts."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2800
+msgid "Surowiecki, Wisdom of Crowds, 124."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2789
+msgid ""
+"Rather than trying to exert control over people’s behavior, this mode of "
+"operating requires a certain level of trust. We might not realize it, but "
+"our daily lives are already built on trust. As Surowiecki wrote in The "
+"Wisdom of Crowds, <quote>It’s impossible for a society to rely on law alone "
+"to make sure citizens act honestly and responsibly. And it’s impossible for "
+"any organization to rely on contracts alone to make sure that its managers "
+"and workers live up to their obligation.</quote> Instead, we largely trust "
+"that people—mostly strangers—will do what they are supposed to "
+"do.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> And most often, they do."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2805
+msgid "Treat humans like, well, humans"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2810
+msgid "Kleon, Show Your Work, 127."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2818
+msgid "Palmer, Art of Asking, 121."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2807
+msgid ""
+"For creators, treating people as humans means not treating them like "
+"fans. As Kleon says, <quote>If you want fans, you have to be a fan "
+"first.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Even if you happen "
+"to be one of the few to reach celebrity levels of fame, you are better off "
+"remembering that the people who follow your work are human, too. Cory "
+"Doctorow makes a point to answer every single email someone sends him. "
+"Amanda Palmer spends vast quantities of time going online to communicate "
+"with her public, making a point to listen just as much as she "
+"talks.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2822
+msgid ""
+"The same idea goes for businesses and organizations. Rather than automating "
+"its customer service, the music platform Tribe of Noise makes a point to "
+"ensure its employees have personal, one-on-one interaction with users."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2833
+msgid "Ariely, Predictably Irrational, 87."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2843
+msgid "Ibid., 105."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2828
+msgid ""
+"When we treat people like humans, they typically return the gift in "
+"kind. It’s called karma. But social relationships are fragile. It is all too "
+"easy to destroy them if you make the mistake of treating people as anonymous "
+"customers or free labor.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Platforms "
+"that rely on content from contributors are especially at risk of creating an "
+"exploitative dynamic. It is important to find ways to acknowledge and pay "
+"back the value that contributors generate. That does not mean you can solve "
+"this problem by simply paying contributors for their time or "
+"contributions. As soon as we introduce money into a relationship—at least "
+"when it takes a form of paying monetary value in exchange for other value—it "
+"can dramatically change the dynamic.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
+"id=\"1\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2848
+msgid "State your principles and stick to them"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2850
+msgid ""
+"Being Made with Creative Commons makes a statement about who you are and "
+"what you do. The symbolism is powerful. Using Creative Commons licenses "
+"demonstrates adherence to a particular belief system, which generates "
+"goodwill and connects like-minded people to your work. Sometimes people will "
+"be drawn to endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons as a way of "
+"demonstrating their own commitment to the Creative Commons value system, "
+"akin to a political statement. Other times people will identify and feel "
+"connected with an endeavor’s separate social mission. Often both."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2862
+msgid ""
+"The expression of your values doesn’t have to be implicit. In fact, many of "
+"the people we interviewed talked about how important it is to state your "
+"guiding principles up front. Lumen Learning attributes a lot of their "
+"success to having been outspoken about the fundamental values that guide "
+"what they do. As a for-profit company, they think their expressed commitment "
+"to low-income students and open licensing has been critical to their "
+"credibility in the OER (open educational resources) community in which they "
+"operate."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2877
+msgid "Ibid., 36."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2873
+msgid ""
+"When your end goal is not about making a profit, people trust that you "
+"aren’t just trying to extract value for your own gain. People notice when "
+"you have a sense of purpose that transcends your own "
+"self-interest.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It attracts "
+"committed employees, motivates contributors, and builds trust."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2883
+msgid "Build a community"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2891
+msgid ""
+"Jono Bacon, The Art of Community, 2nd ed. (Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media, "
+"2012), 36."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2885
+msgid ""
+"Endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons thrive when community is built "
+"around what they do. This may mean a community collaborating together to "
+"create something new, or it may simply be a collection of like-minded people "
+"who get to know each other and rally around common interests or "
+"beliefs.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> To a certain extent, "
+"simply being Made with Creative Commons automatically brings with it some "
+"element of community, by helping connect you to like-minded others who "
+"recognize and are drawn to the values symbolized by using CC."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2907
+msgid "Palmer, Art of Asking, 98."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2914
+msgid "Whitehurst, Open Organization, 34."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2899
+msgid ""
+"To be sustainable, though, you have to work to nurture community. People "
+"have to care—about you and each other. One critical piece to this is "
+"fostering a sense of belonging. As Jono Bacon writes in The Art of "
+"Community, <quote>If there is no belonging, there is no community.</quote> "
+"For Amanda Palmer and her band, that meant creating an accepting and "
+"inclusive environment where people felt a part of their <quote>weird little "
+"family.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> For organizations "
+"like Red Hat, that means connecting around common beliefs or goals. As the "
+"CEO Jim Whitehurst wrote in The Open Organization, <quote>Tapping into "
+"passion is especially important in building the kinds of participative "
+"communities that drive open organizations.</quote><placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2926
+msgid "Surowiecki, Wisdom of Crowds, 200."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2930
+msgid "Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 29."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2918
+msgid ""
+"Communities that collaborate together take deliberate planning. Surowiecki "
+"wrote, <quote>It takes a lot of work to put the group together. It’s "
+"difficult to ensure that people are working in the group’s interest and not "
+"in their own. And when there’s a lack of trust between the members of the "
+"group (which isn’t surprising given that they don’t really know each other), "
+"considerable energy is wasted trying to determine each other’s bona "
+"fides.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Building true "
+"community requires giving people within the community the power to create or "
+"influence the rules that govern the community.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
+"id=\"1\"/> If the rules are created and imposed in a top-down manner, people "
+"feel like they don’t have a voice, which in turn leads to disengagement."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2936
+msgid ""
+"Community takes work, but working together, or even simply being connected "
+"around common interests or values, is in many ways what sharing is about."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2942
+msgid "Give more to the commons than you take"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2953
+msgid ""
+"Giana Eckhardt and Fleura Bardhi, <quote>The Sharing Economy Isn’t about "
+"Sharing at All,</quote> Harvard Business Review (website), January 28, 2015, "
+"<ulink "
+"url=\"http://hbr.org/2015/01/the-sharing-economy-isnt-about-sharing-at-all\"/>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2961
+msgid ""
+"Lisa Gansky, The Mesh: Why the Future of Business Is Sharing, reprint with "
+"new epilogue (New York: Portfolio, 2012)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2944
+msgid ""
+"Conventional wisdom in the marketplace dictates that people should try to "
+"extract as much money as possible from resources. This is essentially what "
+"defines so much of the so-called sharing economy. In an article on the "
+"Harvard Business Review website called <quote>The Sharing Economy Isn’t "
+"about Sharing at All,</quote> authors Giana Eckhardt and Fleura Bardhi "
+"explained how the anonymous market-driven trans-actions in most "
+"sharing-economy businesses are purely about monetizing access.<placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> As Lisa Gansky put it in her book The Mesh, the "
+"primary strategy of the sharing economy is to sell the same product multiple "
+"times, by selling access rather than ownership.<placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> That is not sharing."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2977
+msgid ""
+"David Lee, <quote>Inside Medium: An Attempt to Bring Civility to the "
+"Internet,</quote> BBC News, March 3, 2016, <ulink "
+"url=\"http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-35709680\"/>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2967
+msgid ""
+"Sharing requires adding as much or more value to the ecosystem than you "
+"take. You can’t simply treat open content as a free pool of resources from "
+"which to extract value. Part of giving back to the ecosystem is contributing "
+"content back to the public under CC licenses. But it doesn’t have to just be "
+"about creating content; it can be about adding value in other ways. The "
+"social blogging platform Medium provides value to its community by "
+"incentivizing good behavior, and the result is an online space with "
+"remarkably high-quality user-generated content and limited "
+"trolling.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Opendesk contributes to "
+"its community by committing to help its designers make money, in part by "
+"actively curating and displaying their work on its platform effectively."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2986
+msgid ""
+"In all cases, it is important to openly acknowledge the amount of value you "
+"add versus that which you draw on that was created by others. Being "
+"transparent about this builds credibility and shows you are a contributing "
+"player in the commons. When your endeavor is making money, that also means "
+"apportioning financial compensation in a way that reflects the value "
+"contributed by others, providing more to contributors when the value they "
+"add outweighs the value provided by you."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2997
+msgid "Involve people in what you do"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3002
+msgid "Anderson, Makers, 148."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3006
+msgid "Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 164."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3013 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3077
+msgid "Whitehurst, foreword to Open Organization."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2999
+msgid ""
+"Thanks to the Internet, we can tap into the talents and expertise of people "
+"around the globe. Chris Anderson calls it the Long Tail of "
+"talent.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> But to make collaboration "
+"work, the group has to be effective at what it is doing, and the people "
+"within the group have to find satisfaction from being involved.<placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> This is easier to facilitate for some types of "
+"creative work than it is for others. Groups tied together online collaborate "
+"best when people can work independently and asynchronously, and particularly "
+"for larger groups with loose ties, when contributors can make simple "
+"improvements without a particularly heavy time commitment.<placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3026
+msgid "Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 144."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3017
+msgid ""
+"As the success of Wikipedia demonstrates, editing an online encyclopedia is "
+"exactly the sort of activity that is perfect for massive co-creation because "
+"small, incremental edits made by a diverse range of people acting on their "
+"own are immensely valuable in the aggregate. Those same sorts of small "
+"contributions would be less useful for many other types of creative work, "
+"and people are inherently less motivated to contribute when it doesn’t "
+"appear that their efforts will make much of a difference.<placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><quote><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3038
+msgid "Ibid., 154."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3050
+msgid "Palmer, Art of Asking, 163."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3030
+msgid ""
+"It is easy to romanticize the opportunities for global cocreation made "
+"possible by the Internet, and, indeed, the successful examples of it are "
+"truly incredible and inspiring. But in a wide range of "
+"circumstances—perhaps more often than not—community cocreation is not part "
+"of the equation, even within endeavors built on CC content. Shirky wrote, "
+"<quote>Sometimes the value of professional work trumps the value of amateur "
+"sharing or a feeling of belonging.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> "
+"The textbook publisher OpenStax, which distributes all of its material for "
+"free under CC licensing, is an example of this dynamic. Rather than tapping "
+"the community to help cocreate their college textbooks, they invest a "
+"significant amount of time and money to develop professional content. For "
+"individual creators, where the creative work is the basis for what they do, "
+"community cocreation is only rarely a part of the picture. Even musician "
+"Amanda Palmer, who is famous for her openness and involvement with her fans, "
+"said,</quote>The only department where I wasn’t open to input was the "
+"writing, the music itself.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3061
+msgid "Anderson, Makers, 173."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3068
+msgid ""
+"Tom Kelley and David Kelley, Creative Confidence: Unleashing the Potential "
+"within Us All (New York: Crown, 2013), 82."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3054
+msgid ""
+"While we tend to immediately think of cocreation and remixing when we hear "
+"the word collaboration, you can also involve others in your creative process "
+"in more informal ways, by sharing half-baked ideas and early drafts, and "
+"interacting with the public to incubate ideas and get feedback. So-called "
+"<quote>making in public</quote> opens the door to letting people feel more "
+"invested in your creative work.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> And "
+"it shows a nonterritorial approach to ideas and information. Stephen Covey "
+"(of The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People fame) calls this the abundance "
+"mentality—treating ideas like something plentiful—and it can create an "
+"environment where collaboration flourishes.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
+"id=\"1\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3085
+msgid ""
+"Rachel Botsman and Roo Rogers, What’s Mine Is Yours: The Rise of "
+"Collaborative Consumption (New York: Harper Business, 2010), 188."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3074
+msgid ""
+"There is no one way to involve people in what you do. They key is finding a "
+"way for people to contribute on their terms, compelled by their own "
+"motivations.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> What that looks like "
+"varies wildly depending on the project. Not every endeavor that is Made with "
+"Creative Commons can be Wikipedia, but every endeavor can find ways to "
+"invite the public into what they do. The goal for any form of collaboration "
+"is to move away from thinking of consumers as passive recipients of your "
+"content and transition them into active participants.<placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3094
+msgid "The Creative Commons Licenses"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3096
+msgid ""
+"All of the Creative Commons licenses grant a basic set of permissions. At a "
+"minimum, a CC- licensed work can be copied and shared in its original form "
+"for noncommercial purposes so long as attribution is given to the "
+"creator. There are six licenses in the CC license suite that build on that "
+"basic set of permissions, ranging from the most restrictive (allowing only "
+"those basic permissions to share unmodified copies for noncommercial "
+"purposes) to the most permissive (reusers can do anything they want with "
+"the work, even for commercial purposes, as long as they give the creator "
+"credit). The licenses are built on copyright and do not cover other types of "
+"rights that creators might have in their works, like patents or trademarks."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3110
+msgid "Here are the six licenses:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Attribute 'fileref' of: <book><part><chapter><para><inlinemediaobject><imageobject><imagedata>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3115
+msgid "Pictures/10000201000001930000008D83BF99FC0821C489.png"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3113 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3127 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3143 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3155 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3168 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3181 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3201 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3213
+msgid "<placeholder type=\"inlinemediaobject\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3120
+msgid ""
+"The Attribution license (CC BY) lets others distribute, remix, tweak, and "
+"build upon your work, even commercially, as long as they credit you for the "
+"original creation. This is the most accommodating of licenses "
+"offered. Recommended for maximum dissemination and use of licensed "
+"materials."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Attribute 'fileref' of: <book><part><chapter><para><inlinemediaobject><imageobject><imagedata>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3129
+msgid "Pictures/10000201000001930000008DFD3592CB17C4EC38.png"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3134
+msgid ""
+"The Attribution-Share-Alike license (CC BY-SA) lets others remix, tweak, and "
+"build upon your work, even for commercial purposes, as long as they credit "
+"you and license their new creations under identical terms. This license is "
+"often compared to <quote>copyleft</quote> free and open source software "
+"licenses. All new works based on yours will carry the same license, so any "
+"derivatives will also allow commercial use."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Attribute 'fileref' of: <book><part><chapter><para><inlinemediaobject><imageobject><imagedata>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3145
+msgid "Pictures/10000201000001930000008D254882DE24793FEA.png"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3150
+msgid ""
+"The Attribution-NoDerivs license (CC BY-ND) allows for redistribution, "
+"commercial and noncommercial, as long as it is passed along unchanged with "
+"credit to you."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Attribute 'fileref' of: <book><part><chapter><para><inlinemediaobject><imageobject><imagedata>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3157
+msgid "Pictures/10000201000001930000008DCAF78FB61D1CBDA6.png"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3162
+msgid ""
+"The Attribution-NonCommercial license (CC BY-NC) lets others remix, tweak, "
+"and build upon your work noncommercially. Although their new works must also "
+"acknowledge you, they don’t have to license their derivative works on the "
+"same terms."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Attribute 'fileref' of: <book><part><chapter><para><inlinemediaobject><imageobject><imagedata>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3170
+msgid "Pictures/10000201000001930000008D16DA603376395620.png"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3175
+msgid ""
+"The Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license (CC BY-NC-SA) lets others "
+"remix, tweak, and build upon your work noncommercially, as long as they "
+"credit you and license their new creations under the same terms."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Attribute 'fileref' of: <book><part><chapter><para><inlinemediaobject><imageobject><imagedata>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3183
+msgid "Pictures/10000201000001930000008DC3FEF92B21310965.png"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3188
+msgid ""
+"The Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs license (CC BY-NC-ND) is the most "
+"restrictive of our six main licenses, only allowing others to download your "
+"works and share them with others as long as they credit you, but they can’t "
+"change them or use them commercially."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3195
+msgid ""
+"In addition to these six licenses, Creative Commons has two public-domain "
+"tools—one for creators and the other for those who manage collections of "
+"existing works by authors whose terms of copyright have expired:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Attribute 'fileref' of: <book><part><chapter><para><inlinemediaobject><imageobject><imagedata>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3203
+msgid "Pictures/10000201000001900000008DBE3414994CD27786.png"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3208
+msgid ""
+"CC0 enables authors and copyright owners to dedicate their works to the "
+"worldwide public domain (<quote>no rights reserved</quote>)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Attribute 'fileref' of: <book><part><chapter><para><inlinemediaobject><imageobject><imagedata>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3215
+msgid "Pictures/10000201000001900000008D36DCD649C5B1411F.png"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3220
+msgid ""
+"The Creative Commons Public Domain Mark facilitates the labeling and "
+"discovery of works that are already free of known copyright restrictions."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3225
+msgid ""
+"In our case studies, some use just one Creative Commons license, others use "
+"several. Attribution (found in thirteen case studies) and "
+"Attribution-ShareAlike (found in eight studies) were the most common, with "
+"the other licenses coming up in four or so case studies, including the "
+"public-domain tool CC0. Some of the organizations we profiled offer both "
+"digital content and software: by using open-source-software licenses for the "
+"software code and Creative Commons licenses for digital content, they "
+"amplify their involvement with and commitment to sharing."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3236
+msgid ""
+"There is a popular misconception that the three NonCommercial licenses "
+"offered by CC are the only options for those who want to make money off "
+"their work. As we hope this book makes clear, there are many ways to make "
+"endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons sustainable. Reserving "
+"commercial rights is only one of those ways. It is certainly true that a "
+"license that allows others to make commercial use of your work (CC BY, CC "
+"BY-SA, and CC BY-ND) forecloses some traditional revenue streams. If you "
+"apply an Attribution (CC BY) license to your book, you can’t force a film "
+"company to pay you royalties if they turn your book into a feature-length "
+"film, or prevent another company from selling physical copies of your work."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3250
+msgid ""
+"The decision to choose a NonCommercial and/or NoDerivs license comes down to "
+"how much you need to retain control over the creative work. The "
+"NonCommercial and NoDerivs licenses are ways of reserving some significant "
+"portion of the exclusive bundle of rights that copyright grants to "
+"creators. In some cases, reserving those rights is important to how you "
+"bring in revenue. In other cases, creators use a NonCommercial or NoDerivs "
+"license because they can’t give up on the dream of hitting the creative "
+"jackpot. The music platform Tribe of Noise told us the NonCommercial "
+"licenses were popular among their users because people still held out the "
+"dream of having a major record label discover their work."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3263
+msgid ""
+"Other times the decision to use a more restrictive license is due to a "
+"concern about the integrity of the work. For example, the nonprofit "
+"TeachAIDS uses a NoDerivs license for its educational materials because the "
+"medical subject matter is particularly important to get right."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3270
+msgid ""
+"There is no one right way. The NonCommercial and NoDerivs restrictions "
+"reflect the values and preferences of creators about how their creative work "
+"should be reused, just as the ShareAlike license reflects a different set of "
+"values, one that is less about controlling access to their own work and more "
+"about ensuring that whatever gets created with their work is available to "
+"all on the same terms. Since the beginning of the commons, people have been "
+"setting up structures that helped regulate the way in which shared resources "
+"were used. The CC licenses are an attempt to standardize norms across all "
+"domains."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3282
+msgid "Note"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3285
+msgid ""
+"For more about the licenses including examples and tips on sharing your work "
+"in the digital commons, start with the Creative Commons page called "
+"<quote>Share Your Work</quote> at <ulink "
+"url=\"http://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/\"/>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><title>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3293
+msgid "The Case Studies"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3296
+msgid ""
+"The twenty-four case studies in this section were chosen from hundreds of "
+"nominations received from Kickstarter backers, Creative Commons staff, and "
+"the global Creative Commons community. We selected eighty potential "
+"candidates that represented a mix of industries, content types, revenue "
+"streams, and parts of the world. Twelve of the case studies were selected "
+"from that group based on votes cast by Kickstarter backers, and the other "
+"twelve were selected by us."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3306
+msgid ""
+"We did background research and conducted interviews for each case study, "
+"based on the same set of basic questions about the endeavor. The idea for "
+"each case study is to tell the story about the endeavor and the role sharing "
+"plays within it, largely the way in which it was told to us by those we "
+"interviewed."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3314
+msgid "Arduino"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><attribution>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3317 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4169 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4605 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4849 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5131 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5441 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5954 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6208 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6529 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6881 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7426 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7710 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8182 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8961
+msgid "Profile written by Paul Stacey"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3320
+msgid ""
+"Arduino is a for-profit open-source electronics platform and computer "
+"hardware and software company. Founded in 2005 in Italy."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3325
+msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.arduino.cc\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3327
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging for physical "
+"copies (sales of boards, modules, shields, and kits), licensing a trademark "
+"(fees paid by those who want to sell Arduino products using their name)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3332 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4183
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: February 4, 2016"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3335
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewees</emphasis>: David Cuartielles and Tom "
+"Igoe, cofounders"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3340
+msgid ""
+"In 2005, at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea in northern Italy, "
+"teachers and students needed an easy way to use electronics and programming "
+"to quickly prototype design ideas. As musicians, artists, and designers, "
+"they needed a platform that didn’t require engineering expertise. A group of "
+"teachers and students, including Massimo Banzi, David Cuartielles, Tom Igoe, "
+"Gianluca Martino, and David Mellis, built a platform that combined different "
+"open technologies. They called it Arduino. The platform integrated software, "
+"hardware, microcontrollers, and electronics. All aspects of the platform "
+"were openly licensed: hardware designs and documentation with the "
+"Attribution-Share-Alike license (CC BY-SA), and software with the GNU "
+"General Public License."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3354
+msgid ""
+"Arduino boards are able to read inputs—light on a sensor, a finger on a "
+"button, or a Twitter message—and turn it into outputs—activating a motor, "
+"turning on an LED, publishing something online. You send a set of "
+"instructions to the microcontroller on the board by using the Arduino "
+"programming language and Arduino software (based on a piece of open-source "
+"software called Processing, a programming tool used to make visual art)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3363
+msgid ""
+"<quote>The reasons for making Arduino open source are complicated,</quote> "
+"Tom says. Partly it was about supporting flexibility. The open-source nature "
+"of Arduino empowers users to modify it and create a lot of different "
+"variations, adding on top of what the founders build. David says this "
+"<quote>ended up strengthening the platform far beyond what we had even "
+"thought of building.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3372
+msgid ""
+"For Tom another factor was the impending closure of the Ivrea design "
+"school. He’d seen other organizations close their doors and all their work "
+"and research just disappear. Open-sourcing ensured that Arduino would "
+"outlive the Ivrea closure. Persistence is one thing Tom really likes about "
+"open source. If key people leave, or a company shuts down, an open-source "
+"product lives on. In Tom’s view, <quote>Open sourcing makes it easier to "
+"trust a product.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3382
+msgid ""
+"With the school closing, David and some of the other Arduino founders "
+"started a consulting firm and multidisciplinary design studio they called "
+"Tinker, in London. Tinker designed products and services that bridged the "
+"digital and the physical, and they taught people how to use new technologies "
+"in creative ways. Revenue from Tinker was invested in sustaining and "
+"enhancing Arduino."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3391
+msgid ""
+"For Tom, part of Arduino’s success is because the founders made themselves "
+"the first customer of their product. They made products they themselves "
+"personally wanted. It was a matter of <quote>I need this thing,</quote> not "
+"<quote>If we make this, we’ll make a lot of money.</quote> Tom notes that "
+"being your own first customer makes you more confident and convincing at "
+"selling your product."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3399
+msgid ""
+"Arduino’s business model has evolved over time—and Tom says model is a "
+"grandiose term for it. Originally, they just wanted to make a few boards and "
+"get them out into the world. They started out with two hundred boards, sold "
+"them, and made a little profit. They used that to make another thousand, "
+"which generated enough revenue to make five thousand. In the early days, "
+"they simply tried to generate enough funding to keep the venture going day "
+"to day. When they hit the ten thousand mark, they started to think about "
+"Arduino as a company. By then it was clear you can open-source the design "
+"but still manufacture the physical product. As long as it’s a quality "
+"product and sold at a reasonable price, people will buy it."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3413
+msgid ""
+"Arduino now has a worldwide community of makers—students, hobbyists, "
+"artists, programmers, and professionals. Arduino provides a wiki called "
+"Playground (a wiki is where all users can edit and add pages, contributing "
+"to and benefiting from collective research). People share code, circuit "
+"diagrams, tutorials, DIY instructions, and tips and tricks, and show off "
+"their projects. In addition, there’s a multilanguage discussion forum where "
+"users can get help using Arduino, discuss topics like robotics, and make "
+"suggestions for new Arduino product designs. As of January 2017, 324,928 "
+"members had made 2,989,489 posts on 379,044 topics. The worldwide community "
+"of makers has contributed an incredible amount of accessible knowledge "
+"helpful to novices and experts alike."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3427
+msgid ""
+"Transitioning Arduino from a project to a company was a big step. Other "
+"businesses who made boards were charging a lot of money for them. Arduino "
+"wanted to make theirs available at a low price to people across a wide range "
+"of industries. As with any business, pricing was key. They wanted prices "
+"that would get lots of customers but were also high enough to sustain the "
+"business."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3435
+msgid ""
+"For a business, getting to the end of the year and not being in the red is a "
+"success. Arduino may have an open-licensing strategy, but they are still a "
+"business, and all the things needed to successfully run one still "
+"apply. David says, <quote>If you do those other things well, sharing things "
+"in an open-source way can only help you.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3443
+msgid ""
+"While openly licensing the designs, documentation, and software ensures "
+"longevity, it does have risks. There’s a possibility that others will create "
+"knockoffs, clones, and copies. The CC BY-SA license means anyone can produce "
+"copies of their boards, redesign them, and even sell boards that copy the "
+"design. They don’t have to pay a license fee to Arduino or even ask "
+"permission. However, if they republish the design of the board, they have to "
+"give attribution to Arduino. If they change the design, they must release "
+"the new design using the same Creative Commons license to ensure that the "
+"new version is equally free and open."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3455
+msgid ""
+"Tom and David say that a lot of people have built companies off of Arduino, "
+"with dozens of Arduino derivatives out there. But in contrast to closed "
+"business models that can wring money out of the system over many years "
+"because there is no competition, Arduino founders saw competition as keeping "
+"them honest, and aimed for an environment of collaboration. A benefit of "
+"open over closed is the many new ideas and designs others have contributed "
+"back to the Arduino ecosystem, ideas and designs that Arduino and the "
+"Arduino community use and incorporate into new products."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3475
+msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.arduino.cc/en/Main/Products\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3466
+msgid ""
+"Over time, the range of Arduino products has diversified, changing and "
+"adapting to new needs and challenges. In addition to simple entry level "
+"boards, new products have been added ranging from enhanced boards that "
+"provide advanced functionality and faster performance, to boards for "
+"creating Internet of Things applications, wearables, and 3-D printing. The "
+"full range of official Arduino products includes boards, modules (a smaller "
+"form-factor of classic boards), shields (elements that can be plugged onto a "
+"board to give it extra features), and kits.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
+"id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3478
+msgid ""
+"Arduino’s focus is on high-quality boards, well-designed support materials, "
+"and the building of community; this focus is one of the keys to their "
+"success. And being open lets you build a real community. David says "
+"Arduino’s community is a big strength and something that really does "
+"matter—in his words, <quote>It’s good business.</quote> When they started, "
+"the Arduino team had almost entirely no idea how to build a community. They "
+"started by conducting numerous workshops, working directly with people using "
+"the platform to make sure the hardware and software worked the way it was "
+"meant to work and solved people’s problems. The community grew organically "
+"from there."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3491
+msgid ""
+"A key decision for Arduino was trademarking the name. The founders needed a "
+"way to guarantee to people that they were buying a quality product from a "
+"company committed to open-source values and knowledge sharing. Trademarking "
+"the Arduino name and logo expresses that guarantee and helps customers "
+"easily identify their products, and the products sanctioned by them. If "
+"others want to sell boards using the Arduino name and logo, they have to pay "
+"a small fee to Arduino. This allows Arduino to scale up manufacturing and "
+"distribution while at the same time ensuring the Arduino brand isn’t hurt by "
+"low-quality copies."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3503
+msgid ""
+"Current official manufacturers are Smart Projects in Italy, SparkFun in the "
+"United States, and Dog Hunter in Taiwan/China. These are the only "
+"manufacturers that are allowed to use the Arduino logo on their "
+"boards. Trademarking their brand provided the founders with a way to protect "
+"Arduino, build it out further, and fund software and tutorial "
+"development. The trademark-licensing fee for the brand became Arduino’s "
+"revenue-generating model."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3513
+msgid ""
+"How far to open things up wasn’t always something the founders perfectly "
+"agreed on. David, who was always one to advocate for opening things up more, "
+"had some fears about protecting the Arduino name, thinking people would be "
+"mad if they policed their brand. There was some early backlash with a "
+"project called Freeduino, but overall, trademarking and branding has been a "
+"critical tool for Arduino."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3534
+msgid "<ulink url=\"http://blog.arduino.cc/2013/07/10/send-in-the-clones/\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3522
+msgid ""
+"David encourages people and businesses to start by sharing everything as a "
+"default strategy, and then think about whether there is anything that really "
+"needs to be protected and why. There are lots of good reasons to not open up "
+"certain elements. This strategy of sharing everything is certainly the "
+"complete opposite of how today’s world operates, where nothing is "
+"shared. Tom suggests a business formalize which elements are based on open "
+"sharing and which are closed. An Arduino blog post from 2013 entitled "
+"<quote>Send In the Clones,</quote> by one of the founders Massimo Banzi, "
+"does a great job of explaining the full complexities of how trademarking "
+"their brand has played out, distinguishing between official boards and those "
+"that are clones, derivatives, compatibles, and counterfeits.<placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3537
+msgid ""
+"For David, an exciting aspect of Arduino is the way lots of people can use "
+"it to adapt technology in many different ways. Technology is always making "
+"more things possible but doesn’t always focus on making it easy to use and "
+"adapt. This is where Arduino steps in. Arduino’s goal is <quote>making "
+"things that help other people make things.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3545
+msgid ""
+"Arduino has been hugely successful in making technology and electronics "
+"reach a larger audience. For Tom, Arduino has been about <quote>the "
+"democratization of technology.</quote> Tom sees Arduino’s open-source "
+"strategy as helping the world get over the idea that technology has to be "
+"protected. Tom says, <quote>Technology is a literacy everyone should "
+"learn.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3553
+msgid ""
+"Ultimately, for Arduino, going open has been good business—good for product "
+"development, good for distribution, good for pricing, and good for "
+"manufacturing."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3559
+msgid "Ártica"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><attribution>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3562 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3752 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3948 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4372 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5745 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7196 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7979 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8507 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8729 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9199
+msgid "Profile written by Sarah Hinchliff Pearson"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3565
+msgid ""
+"Ártica provides online courses and consulting services focused on how to use "
+"digital technology to share knowledge and enable collaboration in arts and "
+"culture. Founded in 2011 in Uruguay."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3570
+msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.articaonline.com\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3572
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging for custom "
+"services"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3575
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: March 9, 2016"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3577
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewees</emphasis>: Mariana Fossatti and "
+"Jorge Gemetto, cofounders"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3582
+msgid ""
+"The story of Mariana Fossatti and Jorge Gemetto’s business, Ártica, is the "
+"ultimate example of DIY. Not only are they successful entrepreneurs, the "
+"niche in which their small business operates is essentially one they built "
+"themselves."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3588
+msgid "Their dream jobs didn’t exist, so they created them."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3591
+msgid ""
+"In 2011, Mariana was a sociologist working for an international organization "
+"to develop research and online education about rural-development "
+"issues. Jorge was a psychologist, also working in online education. Both "
+"were bloggers and heavy users of social media, and both had a passion for "
+"arts and culture. They decided to take their skills in digital technology "
+"and online learning and apply them to a topic area they loved. They launched "
+"Ártica, an online business that provides education and consulting for people "
+"and institutions creating artistic and cultural projects on the Internet."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3603
+msgid ""
+"Ártica feels like a uniquely twenty-first century business. The small "
+"company has a global online presence with no physical offices. Jorge and "
+"Mariana live in Uruguay, and the other two full-time employees, who Jorge "
+"and Mariana have never actually met in person, live in Spain. They started "
+"by creating a MOOC (massive open online course) about remix culture and "
+"collaboration in the arts, which gave them a direct way to reach an "
+"international audience, attracting students from across Latin America and "
+"Spain. In other words, it is the classic Internet story of being able to "
+"directly tap into an audience without relying upon gatekeepers or "
+"intermediaries."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3616
+msgid ""
+"Ártica offers personalized education and consulting services, and helps "
+"clients implement projects. All of these services are customized. They call "
+"it an <quote>artisan</quote> process because of the time and effort it takes "
+"to adapt their work for the particular needs of students and "
+"clients. <quote>Each student or client is paying for a specific solution to "
+"his or her problems and questions,</quote> Mariana said. Rather than sell "
+"access to their content, they provide it for free and charge for the "
+"personalized services."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3627
+msgid ""
+"When they started, they offered a smaller number of courses designed to "
+"attract large audiences. <quote>Over the years, we realized that online "
+"communities are more specific than we thought,</quote> Mariana said. Ártica "
+"now provides more options for classes and has lower enrollment in each "
+"course. This means they can provide more attention to individual students "
+"and offer classes on more specialized topics."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3636
+msgid ""
+"Online courses are their biggest revenue stream, but they also do more than "
+"a dozen consulting projects each year, ranging from digitization to event "
+"planning to marketing campaigns. Some are significant in scope, particularly "
+"when they work with cultural institutions, and some are smaller projects "
+"commissioned by individual artists."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3644
+msgid ""
+"Ártica also seeks out public and private funding for specific "
+"projects. Sometimes, even if they are unsuccessful in subsidizing a project "
+"like a new course or e-book, they will go ahead because they believe in "
+"it. They take the stance that every new project leads them to something new, "
+"every new resource they create opens new doors."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3652
+msgid ""
+"Ártica relies heavily on their free Creative Commons–licensed content to "
+"attract new students and clients. Everything they create—online education, "
+"blog posts, videos—is published under an Attribution-ShareAlike license (CC "
+"BY-SA). <quote>We use a ShareAlike license because we want to give the "
+"greatest freedom to our students and readers, and we also want that freedom "
+"to be viral,</quote> Jorge said. For them, giving others the right to reuse "
+"and remix their content is a fundamental value. <quote>How can you offer an "
+"online educational service without giving permission to download, make and "
+"keep copies, or print the educational resources?</quote> Jorge "
+"said. <quote>If we want to do the best for our students—those who trust in "
+"us to the point that they are willing to pay online without face-to-face "
+"contact—we have to offer them a fair and ethical agreement.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3668
+msgid ""
+"They also believe sharing their ideas and expertise openly helps them build "
+"their reputation and visibility. People often share and cite their work. A "
+"few years ago, a publisher even picked up one of their e-books and "
+"distributed printed copies. Ártica views reuse of their work as a way to "
+"open up new opportunities for their business."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3676
+msgid ""
+"This belief that openness creates new opportunities reflects another "
+"belief—in serendipity. When describing their process for creating content, "
+"they spoke of all of the spontaneous and organic ways they find "
+"inspiration. <quote>Sometimes, the collaborative process starts with a "
+"conversation between us, or with friends from other projects,</quote> Jorge "
+"said. <quote>That can be the first step for a new blog post or another "
+"simple piece of content, which can evolve to a more complex product in the "
+"future, like a course or a book.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3687
+msgid ""
+"Rather than planning their work in advance, they let their creative process "
+"be dynamic. <quote>This doesn’t mean that we don’t need to work hard in "
+"order to get good professional results, but the design process is more "
+"flexible,</quote> Jorge said. They share early and often, and they adjust "
+"based on what they learn, always exploring and testing new ideas and ways of "
+"operating. In many ways, for them, the process is just as important as the "
+"final product."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3697
+msgid ""
+"People and relationships are also just as important, sometimes "
+"more. <quote>In the educational and cultural business, it is more important "
+"to pay attention to people and process, rather than content or specific "
+"formats or materials,</quote> Mariana said. <quote>Materials and content "
+"are fluid. The important thing is the relationships.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3705
+msgid ""
+"Ártica believes in the power of the network. They seek to make connections "
+"with people and institutions across the globe so they can learn from them "
+"and share their knowledge."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3710
+msgid ""
+"At the core of everything Ártica does is a set of values. <quote>Good "
+"content is not enough,</quote> Jorge said. <quote>We also think that it is "
+"very important to take a stand for some things in the cultural "
+"sector.</quote> Mariana and Jorge are activists. They defend free culture "
+"(the movement promoting the freedom to modify and distribute creative work) "
+"and work to demonstrate the intersection between free culture and other "
+"social-justice movements. Their efforts to involve people in their work and "
+"enable artists and cultural institutions to better use technology are all "
+"tied closely to their belief system. Ultimately, what drives their work is "
+"a mission to democratize art and culture."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3724
+msgid ""
+"Of course, Ártica also has to make enough money to cover its expenses. Human "
+"resources are, by far, their biggest expense. They tap a network of "
+"collaborators on a case-by-case basis and hire contractors for specific "
+"projects. Whenever possible, they draw from artistic and cultural resources "
+"in the commons, and they rely on free software. Their operation is small, "
+"efficient, and sustainable, and because of that, it is a success."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3732
+msgid ""
+"<quote>There are lots of people offering online courses,</quote> Jorge "
+"said. <quote>But it is easy to differentiate us. We have an approach that is "
+"very specific and personal.</quote> Ártica’s model is rooted in the personal "
+"at every level. For Mariana and Jorge, success means doing what brings them "
+"personal meaning and purpose, and doing it sustainably and collaboratively."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3740
+msgid ""
+"In their work with younger artists, Mariana and Jorge try to emphasize that "
+"this model of success is just as valuable as the picture of success we get "
+"from the media. <quote>If they seek only the traditional type of success, "
+"they will get frustrated,</quote> Mariana said. <quote>We try to show them "
+"another image of what it looks like.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3749
+msgid "Blender Institute"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3755
+msgid ""
+"The Blender Institute is an animation studio that creates 3-D films using "
+"Blender software. Founded in 2006 in the Netherlands."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3760
+msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.blender.org\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3762
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: crowdfunding "
+"(subscription-based), charging for physical copies, selling merchandise"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3766
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: March 8, 2016"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3768
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Francesco Siddi, "
+"production coordinator"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3773
+msgid ""
+"For Ton Roosendaal, the creator of Blender software and its related "
+"entities, sharing is practical. Making their 3-D content creation software "
+"available under a free software license has been integral to its development "
+"and popularity. Using that software to make movies that were licensed with "
+"Creative Commons pushed that development even further. Sharing enables "
+"people to participate and to interact with and build upon the technology and "
+"content they create in a way that benefits Blender and its community in "
+"concrete ways."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3784
+msgid ""
+"Each open-movie project Blender runs produces a host of openly licensed "
+"outputs, not just the final film itself but all of the source material as "
+"well. The creative process also enhances the development of the Blender "
+"software because the technical team responds directly to the needs of the "
+"film production team, creating tools and features that make their lives "
+"easier. And, of course, each project involves a long, rewarding process for "
+"the creative and technical community working together."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3794
+msgid ""
+"Rather than just talking about the theoretical benefits of sharing and free "
+"culture, Ton is very much about doing and making free culture. Blender’s "
+"production coordinator Francesco Siddi told us, <quote>Ton believes if you "
+"don’t make content using your tools, then you’re not doing anything.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3801
+msgid ""
+"Blender’s history begins in the late 1990s, when Ton created the Blender "
+"software. Originally, the software was an in-house resource for his "
+"animation studio based in the Netherlands. Investors became interested in "
+"the software, so he began marketing the software to the public, offering a "
+"free version in addition to a paid version. Sales were disappointing, and "
+"his investors gave up on the endeavor in the early 2000s. He made a deal "
+"with investors—if he could raise enough money, he could then make the "
+"Blender software available under the GNU General Public License."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3812
+msgid ""
+"This was long before Kickstarter and other online crowdfunding sites "
+"existed, but Ton ran his own version of a crowdfunding campaign and quickly "
+"raised the money he needed. The Blender software became freely available for "
+"anyone to use. Simply applying the General Public License to the software, "
+"however, was not enough to create a thriving community around it. Francesco "
+"told us, <quote>Software of this complexity relies on people and their "
+"vision of how people work together. Ton is a fantastic community builder and "
+"manager, and he put a lot of work into fostering a community of developers "
+"so that the project could live.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3825
+msgid ""
+"Like any successful free and open-source software project, Blender developed "
+"quickly because the community could make fixes and "
+"improvements. <quote>Software should be free and open to hack,</quote> "
+"Francesco said. <quote>Otherwise, everyone is doing the same thing in the "
+"dark for ten years.</quote> Ton set up the Blender Foundation to oversee and "
+"steward the software development and maintenance."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3834
+msgid ""
+"After a few years, Ton began looking for new ways to push development of the "
+"software. He came up with the idea of creating CC-licensed films using the "
+"Blender software. Ton put a call online for all interested and skilled "
+"artists. Francesco said the idea was to get the best artists available, put "
+"them in a building together with the best developers, and have them work "
+"together. They would not only produce high-quality openly licensed content, "
+"they would improve the Blender software in the process."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3844
+msgid ""
+"They turned to crowdfunding to subsidize the costs of the project. They had "
+"about twenty people working full-time for six to ten months, so the costs "
+"were significant. Francesco said that when their crowdfunding campaign "
+"succeeded, people were astounded. <quote>The idea that making money was "
+"possible by producing CC-licensed material was mind-blowing to "
+"people,</quote> he said. <quote>They were like, <quote>I have to see it to "
+"believe it.</quote></quote>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3854
+msgid ""
+"The first film, which was released in 2006, was an experiment. It was so "
+"successful that Ton decided to set up the Blender Institute, an entity "
+"dedicated to hosting open-movie projects. The Blender Institute’s next "
+"project was an even bigger success. The film, Big Buck Bunny, went viral, "
+"and its animated characters were picked up by marketers."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3862
+msgid ""
+"Francesco said that, over time, the Blender Institute projects have gotten "
+"bigger and more prominent. That means the filmmaking process has become more "
+"complex, combining technical experts and artists who focus on "
+"storytelling. Francesco says the process is almost on an industrial scale "
+"because of the number of moving parts. This requires a lot of specialized "
+"assistance, but the Blender Institute has no problem finding the talent it "
+"needs to help on projects. <quote>Blender hardly does any recruiting for "
+"film projects because the talent emerges naturally,</quote> Francesco "
+"said. <quote>So many people want to work with us, and we can’t always hire "
+"them because of budget constraints.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3875
+msgid ""
+"Blender has had a lot of success raising money from its community over the "
+"years. In many ways, the pitch has gotten easier to make. Not only is "
+"crowdfunding simply more familiar to the public, but people know and trust "
+"Blender to deliver, and Ton has developed a reputation as an effective "
+"community leader and visionary for their work. <quote>There is a whole "
+"community who sees and understands the benefit of these projects,</quote> "
+"Francesco said."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3884
+msgid ""
+"While these benefits of each open-movie project make a compelling pitch for "
+"crowdfunding campaigns, Francesco told us the Blender Institute has found "
+"some limitations in the standard crowdfunding model where you propose a "
+"specific project and ask for funding. <quote>Once a project is over, "
+"everyone goes home,</quote> he said. <quote>It is great fun, but then it "
+"ends. That is a problem.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3893
+msgid ""
+"To make their work more sustainable, they needed a way to receive ongoing "
+"support rather than on a project-by-project basis. Their solution is Blender "
+"Cloud, a subscription-style crowdfunding model akin to the online "
+"crowdfunding platform, Patreon. For about ten euros each month, subscribers "
+"get access to download everything the Blender Institute produces—software, "
+"art, training, and more. All of the assets are available under an "
+"Attribution license (CC BY) or placed in the public domain (CC0), but they "
+"are initially made available only to subscribers. Blender Cloud enables "
+"subscribers to follow Blender’s movie projects as they develop, sharing "
+"detailed information and content used in the creative process. Blender Cloud "
+"also has extensive training materials and libraries of characters and other "
+"assets used in various projects."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3908
+msgid ""
+"The continuous financial support provided by Blender Cloud subsidizes five "
+"to six full-time employees at the Blender Institute. Francesco says their "
+"goal is to grow their subscriber base. <quote>This is our freedom,</quote> "
+"he told us, <quote>and for artists, freedom is everything.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3915
+msgid ""
+"Blender Cloud is the primary revenue stream of the Blender Institute. The "
+"Blender Foundation is funded primarily by donations, and that money goes "
+"toward software development and maintenance. The revenue streams of the "
+"Institute and Foundation are deliberately kept separate. Blender also has "
+"other revenue streams, such as the Blender Store, where people can purchase "
+"DVDs, T-shirts, and other Blender products."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3924
+msgid ""
+"Ton has worked on projects relating to his Blender software for nearly "
+"twenty years. Throughout most of that time, he has been committed to making "
+"the software and the content produced with the software free and "
+"open. Selling a license has never been part of the business model."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3931
+msgid ""
+"Since 2006, he has been making films available along with all of their "
+"source material. He says he has hardly ever seen people stepping into "
+"Blender’s shoes and trying to make money off of their content. Ton believes "
+"this is because the true value of what they do is in the creative and "
+"production process. <quote>Even when you share everything, all your original "
+"sources, it still takes a lot of talent, skills, time, and budget to "
+"reproduce what you did,</quote> Ton said."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3941
+msgid "For Ton and Blender, it all comes back to doing."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3945
+msgid "Cards Against Humanity"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3951
+msgid ""
+"Cards Against Humanity is a private, for-profit company that makes a popular "
+"party game by the same name. Founded in 2011 in the U.S."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3956
+msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.cardsagainsthumanity.com\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3958
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging for physical "
+"copies"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3961
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: February 3, 2016"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3964
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Max Temkin, cofounder"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3969
+msgid ""
+"If you ask cofounder Max Temkin, there is nothing particularly interesting "
+"about the Cards Against Humanity business model. <quote>We make a "
+"product. We sell it for money. Then we spend less money than we "
+"make,</quote> Max said."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3975
+msgid ""
+"He is right. Cards Against Humanity is a simple party game, modeled after "
+"the game Apples to Apples. To play, one player asks a question or "
+"fill-in-the-blank statement from a black card, and the other players submit "
+"their funniest white card in response. The catch is that all of the cards "
+"are filled with crude, gruesome, and otherwise awful things. For the right "
+"kind of people (<quote>horrible people,</quote> according to Cards Against "
+"Humanity advertising), this makes for a hilarious and fun game."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3985
+msgid ""
+"The revenue model is simple. Physical copies of the game are sold for a "
+"profit. And it works. At the time of this writing, Cards Against Humanity is "
+"the number-one best-selling item out of all toys and games on Amazon. There "
+"are official expansion packs available, and several official themed packs "
+"and international editions as well."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3993
+msgid ""
+"But Cards Against Humanity is also available for free. Anyone can download a "
+"digital version of the game on the Cards Against Humanity website. More than "
+"one million people have downloaded the game since the company began tracking "
+"the numbers."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3999
+msgid ""
+"The game is available under an Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license "
+"(CC BY-NC-SA). That means, in addition to copying the game, anyone can "
+"create new versions of the game as long as they make it available under the "
+"same noncommercial terms. The ability to adapt the game is like an entire "
+"new game unto itself."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4007
+msgid ""
+"All together, these factors—the crass tone of the game and company, the free "
+"download, the openness to fans remixing the game—give the game a massive "
+"cult following."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4012
+msgid ""
+"Their success is not the result of a grand plan. Instead, Cards Against "
+"Humanity was the last in a long line of games and comedy projects that Max "
+"Temkin and his friends put together for their own amusement. As Max tells "
+"the story, they made the game so they could play it themselves on New Year’s "
+"Eve because they were too nerdy to be invited to other parties. The game was "
+"a hit, so they decided to put it up online as a free PDF. People started "
+"asking if they could pay to have the game printed for them, and eventually "
+"they decided to run a Kickstarter to fund the printing. They set their "
+"Kickstarter goal at $4,000—and raised $15,000. The game was officially "
+"released in May 2011."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4025
+msgid ""
+"The game caught on quickly, and it has only grown more popular over "
+"time. Max says the eight founders never had a meeting where they decided to "
+"make it an ongoing business. <quote>It kind of just happened,</quote> he "
+"said."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4031
+msgid ""
+"But this tale of a <quote>happy accident</quote> belies marketing "
+"genius. Just like the game, the Cards Against Humanity brand is irreverent "
+"and memorable. It is hard to forget a company that calls the FAQ on their "
+"website <quote>Your dumb questions.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4037
+msgid ""
+"Like most quality satire, however, there is more to the joke than vulgarity "
+"and shock value. The company’s marketing efforts around Black Friday "
+"illustrate this particularly well. For those outside the United States, "
+"Black Friday is the term for the day after the Thanksgiving holiday, the "
+"biggest shopping day of the year. It is an incredibly important day for "
+"Cards Against Humanity, like it is for all U.S. retailers. Max said they "
+"struggled with what to do on Black Friday because they didn’t want to "
+"support what he called the <quote>orgy of consumerism</quote> the day has "
+"become, particularly since it follows a day that is about being grateful for "
+"what you have. In 2013, after deliberating, they decided to have an "
+"Everything Costs $5 More sale."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4050
+msgid ""
+"<quote>We sweated it out the night before Black Friday, wondering if our "
+"fans were going to hate us for it,</quote> he said. <quote>But it made us "
+"laugh so we went with it. People totally caught the joke.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4056
+msgid ""
+"This sort of bold transparency delights the media, but more importantly, it "
+"engages their fans. <quote>One of the most surprising things you can do in "
+"capitalism is just be honest with people,</quote> Max said. <quote>It shocks "
+"people that there is transparency about what you are doing.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4063
+msgid ""
+"Max also likened it to a grand improv scene. <quote>If we do something a "
+"little subversive and unexpected, the public wants to be a part of the "
+"joke.</quote> One year they did a Give Cards Against Humanity $5 event, "
+"where people literally paid them five dollars for no reason. Their fans "
+"wanted to make the joke funnier by making it successful. They made $70,000 "
+"in a single day."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4071
+msgid ""
+"This remarkable trust they have in their customers is what inspired their "
+"decision to apply a Creative Commons license to the game. Trusting your "
+"customers to reuse and remix your work requires a leap of faith. Cards "
+"Against Humanity obviously isn’t afraid of doing the unexpected, but there "
+"are lines even they do not want to cross. Before applying the license, Max "
+"said they worried that some fans would adapt the game to include all of the "
+"jokes they intentionally never made because they crossed that "
+"line. <quote>It happened, and the world didn’t end,</quote> Max "
+"said. <quote>If that is the worst cost of using CC, I’d pay that a hundred "
+"times over because there are so many benefits.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4084
+msgid ""
+"Any successful product inspires its biggest fans to create remixes of it, "
+"but unsanctioned adaptations are more likely to fly under the radar. The "
+"Creative Commons license gives fans of Cards Against Humanity the freedom to "
+"run with the game and copy, adapt, and promote their creations openly. Today "
+"there are thousands of fan expansions of the game."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4092
+msgid ""
+"Max said, <quote>CC was a no-brainer for us because it gets the most people "
+"involved. Making the game free and available under a CC license led to the "
+"unbelievable situation where we are one of the best-marketed games in the "
+"world, and we have never spent a dime on marketing.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4099
+msgid ""
+"Of course, there are limits to what the company allows its customers to do "
+"with the game. They chose the Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license "
+"because it restricts people from using the game to make money. It also "
+"requires that adaptations of the game be made available under the same "
+"licensing terms if they are shared publicly. Cards Against Humanity also "
+"polices its brand. <quote>We feel like we’re the only ones who can use our "
+"brand and our game and make money off of it,</quote> Max said. About 99.9 "
+"percent of the time, they just send an email to those making commercial use "
+"of the game, and that is the end of it. There have only been a handful of "
+"instances where they had to get a lawyer involved."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4113
+msgid ""
+"Just as there is more than meets the eye to the Cards Against Humanity "
+"business model, the same can be said of the game itself. To be playable, "
+"every white card has to work syntactically with enough black cards. The "
+"eight creators invest an incredible amount of work into creating new cards "
+"for the game. <quote>We have daylong arguments about commas,</quote> Max "
+"said. <quote>The slacker tone of the cards gives people the impression that "
+"it is easy to write them, but it is actually a lot of work and "
+"quibbling.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4124
+msgid ""
+"That means cocreation with their fans really doesn’t work. The company has a "
+"submission mechanism on their website, and they get thousands of "
+"suggestions, but it is very rare that a submitted card is adopted. Instead, "
+"the eight initial creators remain the primary authors of expansion decks and "
+"other new products released by the company. Interestingly, the creativity of "
+"their customer base is really only an asset to the company once their "
+"original work is created and published when people make their own "
+"adaptations of the game."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4135
+msgid ""
+"For all of their success, the creators of Cards Against Humanity are only "
+"partially motivated by money. Max says they have always been interested in "
+"the Walt Disney philosophy of financial success. <quote>We don’t make jokes "
+"and games to make money—we make money so we can make more jokes and "
+"games,</quote> he said."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4142
+msgid ""
+"In fact, the company has given more than $4 million to various charities and "
+"causes. <quote>Cards is not our life plan,</quote> Max said. <quote>We all "
+"have other interests and hobbies. We are passionate about other things going "
+"on in our lives. A lot of the activism we have done comes out of us taking "
+"things from the rest of our lives and channeling some of the excitement from "
+"the game into it.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4151
+msgid ""
+"Seeing money as fuel rather than the ultimate goal is what has enabled them "
+"to embrace Creative Commons licensing without reservation. CC licensing "
+"ended up being a savvy marketing move for the company, but nonetheless, "
+"giving up exclusive control of your work necessarily means giving up some "
+"opportunities to extract more money from customers."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4158
+msgid ""
+"<quote>It’s not right for everyone to release everything under CC "
+"licensing,</quote> Max said. <quote>If your only goal is to make a lot of "
+"money, then CC is not best strategy. This kind of business model, though, "
+"speaks to your values, and who you are and why you’re making things.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4166
+msgid "The Conversation"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4172
+msgid ""
+"The Conversation is an independent source of news, sourced from the academic "
+"and research community and delivered direct to the public over the "
+"Internet. Founded in 2011 in Australia."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4177
+msgid "<ulink url=\"http://theconversation.com\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4179
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging content "
+"creators (universities pay membership fees to have their faculties serve as "
+"writers), grant funding"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4186
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Andrew Jaspan, founder"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4191
+msgid ""
+"Andrew Jaspan spent years as an editor of major newspapers including the "
+"Observer in London, the Sunday Herald in Glasgow, and the Age in Melbourne, "
+"Australia. He experienced firsthand the decline of newspapers, including the "
+"collapse of revenues, layoffs, and the constant pressure to reduce "
+"costs. After he left the Age in 2005, his concern for the future journalism "
+"didn’t go away. Andrew made a commitment to come up with an alternative "
+"model."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4201
+msgid ""
+"Around the time he left his job as editor of the Melbourne Age, Andrew "
+"wondered where citizens would get news grounded in fact and evidence rather "
+"than opinion or ideology. He believed there was still an appetite for "
+"journalism with depth and substance but was concerned about the increasing "
+"focus on the sensational and sexy."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4208
+msgid ""
+"While at the Age, he’d become friends with a vice-chancellor of a university "
+"in Melbourne who encouraged him to talk to smart people across campus—an "
+"astrophysicist, a Nobel laureate, earth scientists, economists . . . These "
+"were the kind of smart people he wished were more involved in informing the "
+"world about what is going on and correcting the errors that appear in "
+"media. However, they were reluctant to engage with mass media. Often, "
+"journalists didn’t understand what they said, or unilaterally chose what "
+"aspect of a story to tell, putting out a version that these people felt was "
+"wrong or mischaracterized. Newspapers want to attract a mass "
+"audience. Scholars want to communicate serious news, findings, and "
+"insights. It’s not a perfect match. Universities are massive repositories of "
+"knowledge, research, wisdom, and expertise. But a lot of that stays behind a "
+"wall of their own making—there are the walled garden and ivory tower "
+"metaphors, and in more literal terms, the paywall. Broadly speaking, "
+"universities are part of society but disconnected from it. They are an "
+"enormous public resource but not that good at presenting their expertise to "
+"the wider public."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4229
+msgid ""
+"Andrew believed he could to help connect academics back into the public "
+"arena, and maybe help society find solutions to big problems. He thought "
+"about pairing professional editors with university and research experts, "
+"working one-on-one to refine everything from story structure to headline, "
+"captions, and quotes. The editors could help turn something that is "
+"academic into something understandable and readable. And this would be a key "
+"difference from traditional journalism—the subject matter expert would get a "
+"chance to check the article and give final approval before it is "
+"published. Compare this with reporters just picking and choosing the quotes "
+"and writing whatever they want."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4242
+msgid ""
+"The people he spoke to liked this idea, and Andrew embarked on raising money "
+"and support with the help of the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial "
+"Research Organisation (CSIRO), the University of Melbourne, Monash "
+"University, the University of Technology Sydney, and the University of "
+"Western Australia. These founding partners saw the value of an independent "
+"information channel that would also showcase the talent and knowledge of the "
+"university and research sector. With their help, in 2011, the Conversation, "
+"was launched as an independent news site in Australia. Everything published "
+"in the Conversation is openly licensed with Creative Commons."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4255
+msgid ""
+"The Conversation is founded on the belief that underpinning a functioning "
+"democracy is access to independent, high-quality, informative "
+"journalism. The Conversation’s aim is for people to have a better "
+"understanding of current affairs and complex issues—and hopefully a better "
+"quality of public discourse. The Conversation sees itself as a source of "
+"trusted information dedicated to the public good. Their core mission is "
+"simple: to provide readers with a reliable source of evidence-based "
+"information."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4268
+msgid "<ulink url=\"http://theconversation.com/us/charter\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4266
+msgid ""
+"Andrew worked hard to reinvent a methodology for creating reliable, credible "
+"content. He introduced strict new working practices, a charter, and codes of "
+"conduct.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> These include fully "
+"disclosing who every author is (with their relevant expertise); who is "
+"funding their research; and if there are any potential or real conflicts of "
+"interest. Also important is where the content originates, and even though it "
+"comes from the university and research community, it still needs to be fully "
+"disclosed. The Conversation does not sit behind a paywall. Andrew believes "
+"access to information is an issue of equality—everyone should have access, "
+"like access to clean water. The Conversation is committed to an open and "
+"free Internet. Everyone should have free access to their content, and be "
+"able to share it or republish it."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4281
+msgid ""
+"Creative Commons help with these goals; articles are published with the "
+"Attribution- NoDerivs license (CC BY-ND). They’re freely available for "
+"others to republish elsewhere as long as attribution is given and the "
+"content is not edited. Over five years, more than twenty-two thousand sites "
+"have republished their content. The Conversation website gets about 2.9 "
+"million unique views per month, but through republication they have "
+"thirty-five million readers. This couldn’t have been done without the "
+"Creative Commons license, and in Andrew’s view, Creative Commons is central "
+"to everything the Conversation does."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4293
+msgid ""
+"When readers come across the Conversation, they seem to like what they find "
+"and recommend it to their friends, peers, and networks. Readership has "
+"grown primarily through word of mouth. While they don’t have sales and "
+"marketing, they do promote their work through social media (including "
+"Twitter and Facebook), and by being an accredited supplier to Google News."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4301
+msgid ""
+"It’s usual for the founders of any company to ask themselves what kind of "
+"company it should be. It quickly became clear to the founders of the "
+"Conversation that they wanted to create a public good rather than make money "
+"off of information. Most media companies are working to aggregate as many "
+"eyeballs as possible and sell ads. The Conversation founders didn’t want "
+"this model. It takes no advertising and is a not-for-profit venture."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4310
+msgid ""
+"There are now different editions of the Conversation for Africa, the United "
+"Kingdom, France, and the United States, in addition to the one for "
+"Australia. All five editions have their own editorial mastheads, advisory "
+"boards, and content. The Conversation’s global virtual newsroom has roughly "
+"ninety staff working with thirty-five thousand academics from over sixteen "
+"hundred universities around the world. The Conversation would like to be "
+"working with university scholars from even more parts of the world."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4320
+msgid ""
+"Additionally, each edition has its own set of founding partners, strategic "
+"partners, and funders. They’ve received funding from foundations, "
+"corporates, institutions, and individual donations, but the Conversation is "
+"shifting toward paid memberships by universities and research institutions "
+"to sustain operations. This would safeguard the current service and help "
+"improve coverage and features."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4329
+msgid ""
+"When professors from member universities write an article, there is some "
+"branding of the university associated with the article. On the Conversation "
+"website, paying university members are listed as <quote>members and "
+"funders.</quote> Early participants may be designated as <quote>founding "
+"members,</quote> with seats on the editorial advisory board."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4337
+msgid ""
+"Academics are not paid for their contributions, but they get free editing "
+"from a professional (four to five hours per piece, on average). They also "
+"get access to a large audience. Every author and member university has "
+"access to a special analytics dashboard where they can check the reach of an "
+"article. The metrics include what people are tweeting, the comments, "
+"countries the readership represents, where the article is being republished, "
+"and the number of readers per article."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4347
+msgid ""
+"The Conversation plans to expand the dashboard to show not just reach but "
+"impact. This tracks activities, behaviors, and events that occurred as a "
+"result of publication, including things like a scholar being asked to go on "
+"a show to discuss their piece, give a talk at a conference, collaborate, "
+"submit a journal paper, and consult a company on a topic."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4355
+msgid ""
+"These reach and impact metrics show the benefits of membership. With the "
+"Conversation, universities can engage with the public and show why they’re "
+"of value."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4360
+msgid ""
+"With its tagline, <quote>Academic Rigor, Journalistic Flair,</quote> the "
+"Conversation represents a new form of journalism that contributes to a more "
+"informed citizenry and improved democracy around the world. Its open "
+"business model and use of Creative Commons show how it’s possible to "
+"generate both a public good and operational revenue at the same time."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4369
+msgid "Cory Doctorow"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4375
+msgid ""
+"Cory Doctorow is a science fiction writer, activist, blogger, and "
+"journalist. Based in the U.S."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4378
+msgid ""
+"<ulink url=\"http://craphound.com\"/> and <ulink "
+"url=\"http://boingboing.net\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4381
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging for physical "
+"copies (book sales), pay-what-you-want, selling translation rights to books"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4385
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: January 12, 2016"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4390
+msgid ""
+"Cory Doctorow hates the term <quote>business model,</quote> and he is "
+"adamant that he is not a brand. <quote>To me, branding is the idea that you "
+"can take a thing that has certain qualities, remove the qualities, and go on "
+"selling it,</quote> he said. <quote>I’m not out there trying to figure out "
+"how to be a brand. I’m doing this thing that animates me to work crazy "
+"insane hours because it’s the most important thing I know how to do.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4399
+msgid ""
+"Cory calls himself an entrepreneur. He likes to say his success came from "
+"making stuff people happened to like and then getting out of the way of them "
+"sharing it."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4404
+msgid ""
+"He is a science fiction writer, activist, blogger, and journalist. "
+"Beginning with his first novel, Down and Out in the Magic Kingdom, in 2003, "
+"his work has been published under a Creative Commons license. Cory is "
+"coeditor of the popular CC-licensed site Boing Boing, where he writes about "
+"technology, politics, and intellectual property. He has also written several "
+"nonfiction books, including the most recent Information Doesn’t Want to Be "
+"Free, about the ways in which creators can make a living in the Internet "
+"age."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4415
+msgid ""
+"Cory primarily makes money by selling physical books, but he also takes on "
+"paid speaking gigs and is experimenting with pay-what-you-want models for "
+"his work."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4420
+msgid ""
+"While Cory’s extensive body of fiction work has a large following, he is "
+"just as well known for his activism. He is an outspoken opponent of "
+"restrictive copyright and digital-rights-management (DRM) technology used to "
+"lock up content because he thinks both undermine creators and the public "
+"interest. He is currently a special adviser at the Electronic Frontier "
+"Foundation, where he is involved in a lawsuit challenging the U.S. law that "
+"protects DRM. Cory says his political work doesn’t directly make him money, "
+"but if he gave it up, he thinks he would lose credibility and, more "
+"importantly, lose the drive that propels him to create. <quote>My political "
+"work is a different expression of the same artistic-political urge,</quote> "
+"he said. <quote>I have this suspicion that if I gave up the things that "
+"didn’t make me money, the genuineness would leach out of what I do, and the "
+"quality that causes people to like what I do would be gone.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4437
+msgid ""
+"Cory has been financially successful, but money is not his primary "
+"motivation. At the start of his book Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, he "
+"stresses how important it is not to become an artist if your goal is to get "
+"rich. <quote>Entering the arts because you want to get rich is like buying "
+"lottery tickets because you want to get rich,</quote> he wrote. <quote>It "
+"might work, but it almost certainly won’t. Though, of course, someone always "
+"wins the lottery.</quote> He acknowledges that he is one of the lucky few to "
+"<quote>make it,</quote> but he says he would be writing no matter "
+"what. <quote>I am compelled to write,</quote> he wrote. <quote>Long before "
+"I wrote to keep myself fed and sheltered, I was writing to keep myself "
+"sane.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4451
+msgid ""
+"Just as money is not his primary motivation to create, money is not his "
+"primary motivation to share. For Cory, sharing his work with Creative "
+"Commons is a moral imperative. <quote>It felt morally right,</quote> he said "
+"of his decision to adopt Creative Commons licenses. <quote>I felt like I "
+"wasn’t contributing to the culture of surveillance and censorship that has "
+"been created to try to stop copying.</quote> In other words, using CC "
+"licenses symbolizes his worldview."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4461
+msgid ""
+"He also feels like there is a solid commercial basis for licensing his work "
+"with Creative Commons. While he acknowledges he hasn’t been able to do a "
+"controlled experiment to compare the commercial benefits of licensing with "
+"CC against reserving all rights, he thinks he has sold more books using a CC "
+"license than he would have without it. Cory says his goal is to convince "
+"people they should pay him for his work. <quote>I started by not calling "
+"them thieves,</quote> he said."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4471
+msgid ""
+"Cory started using CC licenses soon after they were first created. At the "
+"time his first novel came out, he says the science fiction genre was overrun "
+"with people scanning and downloading books without permission. When he and "
+"his publisher took a closer look at who was doing that sort of thing online, "
+"they realized it looked a lot like book promotion. <quote>I knew there was a "
+"relationship between having enthusiastic readers and having a successful "
+"career as a writer,</quote> he said. <quote>At the time, it took eighty "
+"hours to OCR a book, which is a big effort. I decided to spare them the time "
+"and energy, and give them the book for free in a format destined to "
+"spread.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4484
+msgid ""
+"Cory admits the stakes were pretty low for him when he first adopted "
+"Creative Commons licenses. He only had to sell two thousand copies of his "
+"book to break even. People often said he was only able to use CC licenses "
+"successfully at that time because he was just starting out. Now they say he "
+"can only do it because he is an established author."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4492
+msgid ""
+"The bottom line, Cory says, is that no one has found a way to prevent people "
+"from copying the stuff they like. Rather than fighting the tide, Cory makes "
+"his work intrinsically shareable. <quote>Getting the hell out of the way "
+"for people who want to share their love of you with other people sounds "
+"obvious, but it’s remarkable how many people don’t do it,</quote> he said."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4500
+msgid ""
+"Making his work available under Creative Commons licenses enables him to "
+"view his biggest fans as his ambassadors. <quote>Being open to fan activity "
+"makes you part of the conversation about what fans do with your work and how "
+"they interact with it,</quote> he said. Cory’s own website routinely "
+"highlights cool things his audience has done with his work. Unlike "
+"corporations like Disney that tend to have a hands-off relationship with "
+"their fan activity, he has a symbiotic relationship with his "
+"audience. <quote>Engaging with your audience can’t guarantee you "
+"success,</quote> he said. <quote>And Disney is an example of being able to "
+"remain aloof and still being the most successful company in the creative "
+"industry in history. But I figure my likelihood of being Disney is pretty "
+"slim, so I should take all the help I can get.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4515
+msgid ""
+"His first book was published under the most restrictive Creative Commons "
+"license, Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs (CC BY-NC-ND). It allows only "
+"verbatim copying for noncommercial purposes. His later work is published "
+"under the Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license (CC BY-NC-SA), which "
+"gives people the right to adapt his work for noncommercial purposes but only "
+"if they share it back under the same license terms. Before releasing his "
+"work under a CC license that allows adaptations, he always sells the right "
+"to translate the book to other languages to a commercial publisher first. He "
+"wants to reach new potential buyers in other parts of the world, and he "
+"thinks it is more difficult to get people to pay for translations if there "
+"are fan translations already available for free."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4530
+msgid ""
+"In his book Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, Cory likens his philosophy "
+"to thinking like a dandelion. Dandelions produce thousands of seeds each "
+"spring, and they are blown into the air going in every direction. The "
+"strategy is to maximize the number of blind chances the dandelion has for "
+"continuing its genetic line. Similarly, he says there are lots of people out "
+"there who may want to buy creative work or compensate authors for it in some "
+"other way. <quote>The more places your work can find itself, the greater the "
+"likelihood that it will find one of those would-be customers in some "
+"unsuspected crack in the metaphorical pavement,</quote> he wrote. <quote>The "
+"copies that others make of my work cost me nothing, and present the "
+"possibility that I’ll get something.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4545
+msgid ""
+"Applying a CC license to his work increases the chances it will be shared "
+"more widely around the Web. He avoids DRM—and openly opposes the "
+"practice—for similar reasons. DRM has the effect of tying a work to a "
+"particular platform. This digital lock, in turn, strips the authors of "
+"control over their own work and hands that control over to the platform. He "
+"calls it Cory’s First Law: <quote>Anytime someone puts a lock on something "
+"that belongs to you and won’t give you the key, that lock isn’t there for "
+"your benefit.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4556
+msgid ""
+"Cory operates under the premise that artists benefit when there are more, "
+"rather than fewer, places where people can access their work. The Internet "
+"has opened up those avenues, but DRM is designed to limit them. <quote>On "
+"the one hand, we can credibly make our work available to a widely dispersed "
+"audience,</quote> he said. <quote>On the other hand, the intermediaries we "
+"historically sold to are making it harder to go around them.</quote> Cory "
+"continually looks for ways to reach his audience without relying upon major "
+"platforms that will try to take control over his work."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4567
+msgid ""
+"Cory says his e-book sales have been lower than those of his competitors, "
+"and he attributes some of that to the CC license making the work available "
+"for free. But he believes people are willing to pay for content they like, "
+"even when it is available for free, as long as it is easy to do. He was "
+"extremely successful using Humble Bundle, a platform that allows people to "
+"pay what they want for DRM-free versions of a bundle of a particular "
+"creator’s work. He is planning to try his own pay-what-you-want experiment "
+"soon."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4578
+msgid ""
+"Fans are particularly willing to pay when they feel personally connected to "
+"the artist. Cory works hard to create that personal connection. One way he "
+"does this is by personally answering every single email he gets. <quote>If "
+"you look at the history of artists, most die in penury,</quote> he "
+"said. <quote>That reality means that for artists, we have to find ways to "
+"support ourselves when public tastes shift, when copyright stops producing. "
+"Future-proofing your artistic career in many ways means figuring out how to "
+"stay connected to those people who have been touched by your work.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4590
+msgid ""
+"Cory’s realism about the difficulty of making a living in the arts does not "
+"reflect pessimism about the Internet age. Instead, he says the fact that it "
+"is hard to make a living as an artist is nothing new. What is new, he writes "
+"in his book, <quote>is how many ways there are to make things, and to get "
+"them into other people’s hands and minds.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4598
+msgid "It has never been easier to think like a dandelion."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4602
+msgid "Figshare"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4608
+msgid ""
+"Figshare is a for-profit company offering an online repository where "
+"researchers can preserve and share the output of their research, including "
+"figures, data sets, images, and videos. Founded in 2011 in the UK."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4614
+msgid "<ulink url=\"http://figshare.com\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4616
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: platform providing paid "
+"services to creators"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4619
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: January 28, 2016"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4622
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Mark Hahnel, founder"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4627
+msgid ""
+"Figshare’s mission is to change the face of academic publishing through "
+"improved dissemination, discoverability, and reusability of scholarly "
+"research. Figshare is a repository where users can make all the output of "
+"their research available—from posters and presentations to data sets and "
+"code—in a way that’s easy to discover, cite, and share. Users can upload any "
+"file format, which can then be previewed in a Web browser. Research output "
+"is disseminated in a way that the current scholarly-publishing model does "
+"not allow."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4638
+msgid ""
+"Figshare founder Mark Hahnel often gets asked: How do you make money? How do "
+"we know you’ll be here in five years? Can you, as a for-profit venture, be "
+"trusted? Answers have evolved over time."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4643
+msgid ""
+"Mark traces the origins of Figshare back to when he was a graduate student "
+"getting his PhD in stem cell biology. His research involved working with "
+"videos of stem cells in motion. However, when he went to publish his "
+"research, there was no way for him to also publish the videos, figures, "
+"graphs, and data sets. This was frustrating. Mark believed publishing his "
+"complete research would lead to more citations and be better for his career."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4652
+msgid ""
+"Mark does not consider himself an advanced software programmer. "
+"Fortunately, things like cloud-based computing and wikis had become "
+"mainstream, and he believed it ought to be possible to put all his research "
+"online and share it with anyone. So he began working on a solution."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4659
+msgid ""
+"There were two key needs: licenses to make the data citable, and persistent "
+"identifiers— URL links that always point back to the original object "
+"ensuring the research is citable for the long term."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4665
+msgid ""
+"Mark chose Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs) to meet the need for a "
+"persistent identifier. In the DOI system, an object’s metadata is stored as "
+"a series of numbers in the DOI name. Referring to an object by its DOI is "
+"more stable than referring to it by its URL, because the location of an "
+"object (the web page or URL) can often change. Mark partnered with DataCite "
+"for the provision of DOIs for research data."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4674
+msgid ""
+"As for licenses, Mark chose Creative Commons. The open-access and "
+"open-science communities were already using and recommending Creative "
+"Commons. Based on what was happening in those communities and Mark’s "
+"dialogue with peers, he went with CC0 (in the public domain) for data sets "
+"and CC BY (Attribution) for figures, videos, and data sets."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4682
+msgid ""
+"So Mark began using DOIs and Creative Commons for his own research work. He "
+"had a science blog where he wrote about it and made all his data "
+"open. People started commenting on his blog that they wanted to do the "
+"same. So he opened it up for them to use, too."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4688
+msgid ""
+"People liked the interface and simple upload process. People started asking "
+"if they could also share theses, grant proposals, and code. Inclusion of "
+"code raised new licensing issues, as Creative Commons licenses are not used "
+"for software. To allow the sharing of software code, Mark chose the MIT "
+"license, but GNU and Apache licenses can also be used."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4696
+msgid ""
+"Mark sought investment to make this into a scalable product. After a few "
+"unsuccessful funding pitches, UK-based Digital Science expressed interest "
+"but insisted on a more viable business model. They made an initial "
+"investment, and together they came up with a freemium-like business model."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4703
+msgid ""
+"Under the freemium model, academics upload their research to Figshare for "
+"storage and sharing for free. Each research object is licensed with Creative "
+"Commons and receives a DOI link. The premium option charges researchers a "
+"fee for gigabytes of private storage space, and for private online space "
+"designed for a set number of research collaborators, which is ideal for "
+"larger teams and geographically dispersed research groups. Figshare sums up "
+"its value proposition to researchers as <quote>You retain ownership. You "
+"license it. You get credit. We just make sure it persists.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4715
+msgid ""
+"In January 2012, Figshare was launched. (The fig in Figshare stands for "
+"figures.) Using investment funds, Mark made significant improvements to "
+"Figshare. For example, researchers could quickly preview their research "
+"files within a browser without having to download them first or require "
+"third-party software. Journals who were still largely publishing articles as "
+"static noninteractive PDFs became interested in having Figshare provide that "
+"functionality for them."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4725
+msgid ""
+"Figshare diversified its business model to include services for "
+"journals. Figshare began hosting large amounts of data for the journals’ "
+"online articles. This additional data improved the quality of the "
+"articles. Outsourcing this service to Figshare freed publishers from having "
+"to develop this functionality as part of their own "
+"infrastructure. Figshare-hosted data also provides a link back to the "
+"article, generating additional click-through and readership—a benefit to "
+"both journal publishers and researchers. Figshare now provides "
+"research-data infrastructure for a wide variety of publishers including "
+"Wiley, Springer Nature, PLOS, and Taylor and Francis, to name a few, and has "
+"convinced them to use Creative Commons licenses for the data."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4739
+msgid ""
+"Governments allocate significant public funds to research. In parallel with "
+"the launch of Figshare, governments around the world began requesting the "
+"research they fund be open and accessible. They mandated that researchers "
+"and academic institutions better manage and disseminate their research "
+"outputs. Institutions looking to comply with this new mandate became "
+"interested in Figshare. Figshare once again diversified its business model, "
+"adding services for institutions."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4749
+msgid ""
+"Figshare now offers a range of fee-based services to institutions, including "
+"their own minibranded Figshare space (called Figshare for Institutions) that "
+"securely hosts research data of institutions in the cloud. Services include "
+"not just hosting but data metrics, data dissemination, and user-group "
+"administration. Figshare’s workflow, and the services they offer for "
+"institutions, take into account the needs of librarians and administrators, "
+"as well as of the researchers."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4759
+msgid ""
+"As with researchers and publishers, Fig-share encouraged institutions to "
+"share their research with CC BY (Attribution) and their data with CC0 (into "
+"the public domain). Funders who require researchers and institutions to use "
+"open licensing believe in the social responsibilities and benefits of making "
+"research accessible to all. Publishing research in this open way has come to "
+"be called open access. But not all funders specify CC BY; some institutions "
+"want to offer their researchers a choice, including less permissive licenses "
+"like CC BY-NC (Attribution-NonCommercial), CC BY-SA "
+"(Attribution-ShareAlike), or CC BY-ND (Attribution-NoDerivs)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4772
+msgid ""
+"For Mark this created a conflict. On the one hand, the principles and "
+"benefits of open science are at the heart of Figshare, and Mark believes CC "
+"BY is the best license for this. On the other hand, institutions were saying "
+"they wouldn’t use Figshare unless it offered a choice in licenses. He "
+"initially refused to offer anything beyond CC0 and CC BY, but after seeing "
+"an open-source CERN project offer all Creative Commons licenses without any "
+"negative repercussions, he decided to follow suit."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4782
+msgid ""
+"Mark is thinking of doing a Figshare study that tracks research "
+"dissemination according to Creative Commons license, and gathering metrics "
+"on views, citations, and downloads. You could see which license generates "
+"the biggest impact. If the data showed that CC BY is more impactful, Mark "
+"believes more and more researchers and institutions will make it their "
+"license of choice."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4795
+msgid ""
+"<ulink "
+"url=\"http://figshare.com/articles/Journal_subscription_costs_FOIs_to_UK_universities/1186832\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4798
+msgid ""
+"<ulink "
+"url=\"http://retr0.shinyapps.io/journal_costs/?year=2014&inst=19,22,38,42,59,64,80,95,136\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4790
+msgid ""
+"Figshare has an Application Programming Interface (API) that makes it "
+"possible for data to be pulled from Figshare and used in other "
+"applications. As an example, Mark shared a Figshare data set showing the "
+"journal subscriptions that higher-education institutions in the United "
+"Kingdom paid to ten major publishers.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
+"id=\"0\"/> Figshare’s API enables that data to be pulled into an app "
+"developed by a completely different researcher that converts the data into a "
+"visually interesting graph, which any viewer can alter by changing any of "
+"the variables.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4801
+msgid ""
+"The free version of Figshare has built a community of academics, who through "
+"word of mouth and presentations have promoted and spread awareness of "
+"Figshare. To amplify and reward the community, Figshare established an "
+"Advisor program, providing those who promoted Figshare with hoodies and "
+"T-shirts, early access to new features, and travel expenses when they gave "
+"presentations outside of their area. These Advisors also helped Mark on what "
+"license to use for software code and whether to offer universities an option "
+"of using Creative Commons licenses."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4816
+msgid "<ulink url=\"http://figshare.com/features\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4812
+msgid ""
+"Mark says his success is partly about being in the right place at the right "
+"time. He also believes that the diversification of Figshare’s model over "
+"time has been key to success. Figshare now offers a comprehensive set of "
+"services to researchers, publishers, and institutions.<placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> If he had relied solely on revenue from premium "
+"subscriptions, he believes Figshare would have struggled. In Figshare’s "
+"early days, their primary users were early-career and late-career "
+"academics. It has only been because funders mandated open licensing that "
+"Figshare is now being used by the mainstream."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4823
+msgid ""
+"Today Figshare has 26 million–plus page views, 7.5 million–plus downloads, "
+"800,000–plus user uploads, 2 million–plus articles, 500,000-plus "
+"collections, and 5,000–plus projects. Sixty percent of their traffic comes "
+"from Google. A sister company called Altmetric tracks the use of Figshare by "
+"others, including Wikipedia and news sources."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4831
+msgid ""
+"Figshare uses the revenue it generates from the premium subscribers, journal "
+"publishers, and institutions to fund and expand what it can offer to "
+"researchers for free. Figshare has publicly stuck to its principles—keeping "
+"the free service free and requiring the use of CC BY and CC0 from the "
+"start—and from Mark’s perspective, this is why people trust Figshare. Mark "
+"sees new competitors coming forward who are just in it for money. If "
+"Figshare was only in it for the money, they wouldn’t care about offering a "
+"free version. Figshare’s principles and advocacy for openness are a key "
+"differentiator. Going forward, Mark sees Figshare not only as supporting "
+"open access to research but also enabling people to collaborate and make new "
+"discoveries."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4846
+msgid "Figure.NZ"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4852
+msgid ""
+"Figure.NZ is a nonprofit charity that makes an online data platform designed "
+"to make data reusable and easy to understand. Founded in 2012 in New "
+"Zealand."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4857
+msgid "<ulink url=\"http://figure.nz\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4859
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: platform providing paid "
+"services to creators, donations, sponsorships"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4862
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: May 3, 2016"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4864
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Lillian Grace, founder"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4870
+msgid ""
+"<ulink "
+"url=\"http://www.nzdatafutures.org.nz/sites/default/files/NZDFF_harness-the-power.pdf\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4869
+msgid ""
+"In the paper Harnessing the Economic and Social Power of Data presented at "
+"the New Zealand Data Futures Forum in 2014,<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
+"id=\"0\"/> Figure.NZ founder Lillian Grace said there are thousands of "
+"valuable and relevant data sets freely available to us right now, but most "
+"people don’t use them. She used to think this meant people didn’t care about "
+"being informed, but she’s come to see that she was wrong. Almost everyone "
+"wants to be informed about issues that matter—not only to them, but also to "
+"their families, their communities, their businesses, and their country. But "
+"there’s a big difference between availability and accessibility of "
+"information. Data is spread across thousands of sites and is held within "
+"databases and spreadsheets that require both time and skill to engage "
+"with. To use data when making a decision, you have to know what specific "
+"question to ask, identify a source that has collected the data, and "
+"manipulate complex tools to extract and visualize the information within the "
+"data set. Lillian established Figure.NZ to make data truly accessible to "
+"all, with a specific focus on New Zealand."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4888
+msgid ""
+"Lillian had the idea for Figure.NZ in February 2012 while working for the "
+"New Zealand Institute, a think tank concerned with improving economic "
+"prosperity, social well-being, environmental quality, and environmental "
+"productivity for New Zealand and New Zealanders. While giving talks to "
+"community and business groups, Lillian realized <quote>every single issue we "
+"addressed would have been easier to deal with if more people understood the "
+"basic facts.</quote> But understanding the basic facts sometimes requires "
+"data and research that you often have to pay for."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4899
+msgid ""
+"Lillian began to imagine a website that lifted data up to a visual form that "
+"could be easily understood and freely accessed. Initially launched as Wiki "
+"New Zealand, the original idea was that people could contribute their data "
+"and visuals via a wiki. However, few people had graphs that could be used "
+"and shared, and there were no standards or consistency around the data and "
+"the visuals. Realizing the wiki model wasn’t working, Lillian brought the "
+"process of data aggregation, curation, and visual presentation in-house, and "
+"invested in the technology to help automate some of it. Wiki New Zealand "
+"became Figure.NZ, and efforts were reoriented toward providing services to "
+"those wanting to open their data and present it visually."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4913
+msgid ""
+"Here’s how it works. Figure.NZ sources data from other organizations, "
+"including corporations, public repositories, government departments, and "
+"academics. Figure.NZ imports and extracts that data, and then validates and "
+"standardizes it—all with a strong eye on what will be best for users. They "
+"then make the data available in a series of standardized forms, both human- "
+"and machine-readable, with rich metadata about the sources, the licenses, "
+"and data types. Figure.NZ has a chart-designing tool that makes simple bar, "
+"line, and area graphs from any data source. The graphs are posted to the "
+"Figure.NZ website, and they can also be exported in a variety of formats for "
+"print or online use. Figure.NZ makes its data and graphs available using "
+"the Attribution (CC BY) license. This allows others to reuse, revise, remix, "
+"and redistribute Figure.NZ data and graphs as long as they give attribution "
+"to the original source and to Figure.NZ."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4939
+msgid ""
+"<ulink "
+"url=\"http://www.ict.govt.nz/guidance-and-resources/open-government/new-zealand-government-open-access-and-licensing-nzgoal-framework/\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4930
+msgid ""
+"Lillian characterizes the initial decision to use Creative Commons as "
+"naively fortunate. It was first recommended to her by a colleague. Lillian "
+"spent time looking at what Creative Commons offered and thought it looked "
+"good, was clear, and made common sense. It was easy to use and easy for "
+"others to understand. Over time, she’s come to realize just how fortunate "
+"and important that decision turned out to be. New Zealand’s government has "
+"an open-access and licensing framework called NZGOAL, which provides "
+"guidance for agencies when they release copyrighted and noncopyrighted work "
+"and material.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It aims to "
+"standardize the licensing of works with government copyright and how they "
+"can be reused, and it does this with Creative Commons licenses. As a result, "
+"98 percent of all government-agency data is Creative Commons licensed, "
+"fitting in nicely with Figure.NZ’s decision."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4946
+msgid ""
+"Lillian thinks current ideas of what a business is are relatively new, only "
+"a hundred years old or so. She’s convinced that twenty years from now, we "
+"will see new and different models for business. Figure.NZ is set up as a "
+"nonprofit charity. It is purpose-driven but also strives to pay people well "
+"and thinks like a business. Lillian sees the charity-nonprofit status as an "
+"essential element for the mission and purpose of Figure.NZ. She believes "
+"Wikipedia would not work if it were for profit, and similarly, Figure.NZ’s "
+"nonprofit status assures people who have data and people who want to use it "
+"that they can rely on Figure.NZ’s motives. People see them as a trusted "
+"wrangler and source."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4959
+msgid ""
+"Although Figure.NZ is a social enterprise that openly licenses their data "
+"and graphs for everyone to use for free, they have taken care not to be "
+"perceived as a free service all around the table. Lillian believes hundreds "
+"of millions of dollars are spent by the government and organizations to "
+"collect data. However, very little money is spent on taking that data and "
+"making it accessible, understandable, and useful for decision making. "
+"Government uses some of the data for policy, but Lillian believes that it is "
+"underutilized and the potential value is much larger. Figure.NZ is focused "
+"on solving that problem. They believe a portion of money allocated to "
+"collecting data should go into making sure that data is useful and generates "
+"value. If the government wants citizens to understand why certain decisions "
+"are being made and to be more aware about what the government is doing, why "
+"not transform the data it collects into easily understood visuals? It could "
+"even become a way for a government or any organization to differentiate, "
+"market, and brand itself."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4978
+msgid ""
+"Figure.NZ spends a lot of time seeking to understand the motivations of data "
+"collectors and to identify the channels where it can provide value. Every "
+"part of their business model has been focused on who is going to get value "
+"from the data and visuals."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4984
+msgid ""
+"Figure.NZ has multiple lines of business. They provide commercial services "
+"to organizations that want their data publicly available and want to use "
+"Figure.NZ as their publishing platform. People who want to publish open data "
+"appreciate Figure.NZ’s ability to do it faster, more easily, and better than "
+"they can. Customers are encouraged to help their users find, use, and make "
+"things from the data they make available on Figure.NZ’s website. Customers "
+"control what is released and the license terms (although Figure.NZ "
+"encourages Creative Commons licensing). Figure.NZ also serves customers who "
+"want a specific collection of charts created—for example, for their website "
+"or annual report. Charging the organizations that want to make their data "
+"available enables Figure.NZ to provide their site free to all users, to "
+"truly democratize data."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5000
+msgid ""
+"Lillian notes that the current state of most data is terrible and often not "
+"well understood by the people who have it. This sometimes makes it difficult "
+"for customers and Figure.NZ to figure out what it would cost to import, "
+"standardize, and display that data in a useful way. To deal with this, "
+"Figure.NZ uses <quote>high-trust contracts,</quote> where customers allocate "
+"a certain budget to the task that Figure.NZ is then free to draw from, as "
+"long as Figure.NZ frequently reports on what they’ve produced so the "
+"customer can determine the value for money. This strategy has helped build "
+"trust and transparency about the level of effort associated with doing work "
+"that has never been done before."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5019
+msgid "<ulink url=\"http://figure.nz/business/\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5014
+msgid ""
+"A second line of business is what Figure.NZ calls partners. ASB Bank and "
+"Statistics New Zealand are partners who back Figure.NZ’s efforts. As one "
+"example, with their support Figure.NZ has been able to create Business "
+"Figures, a special way for businesses to find useful data without having to "
+"know what questions to ask.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5022
+msgid "<ulink url=\"http://figure.nz/patrons/\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5022
+msgid ""
+"Figure.NZ also has patrons.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Patrons "
+"donate to topic areas they care about, directly enabling Figure.NZ to get "
+"data together to flesh out those areas. Patrons do not direct what data is "
+"included or excluded."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5028
+msgid ""
+"Figure.NZ also accepts philanthropic donations, which are used to provide "
+"more content, extend technology, and improve services, or are targeted to "
+"fund a specific effort or provide in-kind support. As a charity, donations "
+"are tax deductible."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5034
+msgid ""
+"Figure.NZ has morphed and grown over time. With data aggregation, curation, "
+"and visualizing services all in-house, Figure.NZ has developed a deep "
+"expertise in taking random styles of data, standardizing it, and making it "
+"useful. Lillian realized that Figure.NZ could easily become a warehouse of "
+"seventy people doing data. But for Lillian, growth isn’t always good. In her "
+"view, bigger often means less effective. Lillian set artificial constraints "
+"on growth, forcing the organization to think differently and be more "
+"efficient. Rather than in-house growth, they are growing and building "
+"external relationships."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5046
+msgid ""
+"Figure.NZ’s website displays visuals and data associated with a wide range "
+"of categories including crime, economy, education, employment, energy, "
+"environment, health, information and communications technology, industry, "
+"tourism, and many others. A search function helps users find tables and "
+"graphs. Figure.NZ does not provide analysis or interpretation of the data or "
+"visuals. Their goal is to teach people how to think, not think for them. "
+"Figure.NZ wants to create intuitive experiences, not user manuals."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5056
+msgid ""
+"Figure.NZ believes data and visuals should be useful. They provide their "
+"customers with a data collection template and teach them why it’s important "
+"and how to use it. They’ve begun putting more emphasis on tracking what "
+"users of their website want. They also get requests from social media and "
+"through email for them to share data for a specific topic—for example, can "
+"you share data for water quality? If they have the data, they respond "
+"quickly; if they don’t, they try and identify the organizations that would "
+"have that data and forge a relationship so they can be included on "
+"Figure.NZ’s site. Overall, Figure.NZ is seeking to provide a place for "
+"people to be curious about, access, and interpret data on topics they are "
+"interested in."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5070
+msgid ""
+"Lillian has a deep and profound vision for Figure.NZ that goes well beyond "
+"simply providing open-data services. She says things are different now. \"We "
+"used to live in a world where it was really hard to share information "
+"widely. And in that world, the best future was created by having a few great "
+"leaders who essentially had access to the information and made decisions on "
+"behalf of others, whether it was on behalf of a country or companies."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5080
+msgid ""
+"\"But now we live in a world where it’s really easy to share information "
+"widely and also to communicate widely. In the world we live in now, the best "
+"future is the one where everyone can make well-informed decisions."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5086
+msgid ""
+"\"The use of numbers and data as a way of making well-informed decisions is "
+"one of the areas where there is the biggest gaps. We don’t really use "
+"numbers as a part of our thinking and part of our understanding yet."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5092
+msgid ""
+"\"Part of the reason is the way data is spread across hundreds of sites. In "
+"addition, for the most part, deep thinking based on data is constrained to "
+"experts because most people don’t have data literacy. There once was a time "
+"when many citizens in society couldn’t read or write. However, as a society, "
+"we’ve now come to believe that reading and writing skills should be "
+"something all citizens have. We haven’t yet adopted a similar belief around "
+"numbers and data literacy. We largely still believe that only a few "
+"specially trained people can analyze and think with numbers."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5103
+msgid ""
+"\"Figure.NZ may be the first organization to assert that everyone can use "
+"numbers in their thinking, and it’s built a technological platform along "
+"with trust and a network of relationships to make that possible. What you "
+"can see on Figure.NZ are tens of thousands of graphs, maps, and data."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5110
+msgid ""
+"<quote>Figure.NZ sees this as a new kind of alphabet that can help people "
+"analyze what they see around them. A way to be thoughtful and informed about "
+"society. A means of engaging in conversation and shaping decision making "
+"that transcends personal experience. The long-term value and impact is "
+"almost impossible to measure, but the goal is to help citizens gain "
+"understanding and work together in more informed ways to shape the "
+"future.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5119
+msgid ""
+"Lillian sees Figure.NZ’s model as having global potential. But for now, "
+"their focus is completely on making Figure.NZ work in New Zealand and to get "
+"the <quote>network effect</quote>— users dramatically increasing value for "
+"themselves and for others through use of their service. Creative Commons is "
+"core to making the network effect possible."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5128
+msgid "Knowledge Unlatched"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5134
+msgid ""
+"Knowledge Unlatched is a not-for-profit community interest company that "
+"brings libraries together to pool funds to publish open-access "
+"books. Founded in 2012 in the UK."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5139
+msgid "<ulink url=\"http://knowledgeunlatched.org\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5141
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: crowdfunding "
+"(specialized)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5144
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: February 26, 2016"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5147
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Frances Pinter, founder"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5152
+msgid ""
+"The serial entrepreneur Dr. Frances Pinter has been at the forefront of "
+"innovation in the publishing industry for nearly forty years. She founded "
+"the UK-based Knowledge Unlatched with a mission to enable open access to "
+"scholarly books. For Frances, the current scholarly- book-publishing system "
+"is not working for anyone, and especially not for monographs in the "
+"humanities and social sciences. Knowledge Unlatched is committed to changing "
+"this and has been working with libraries to create a sustainable alternative "
+"model for publishing scholarly books, sharing the cost of making monographs "
+"(released under a Creative Commons license) and savings costs over the long "
+"term. Since its launch, Knowledge Unlatched has received several awards, "
+"including the IFLA/Brill Open Access award in 2014 and a Curtin University "
+"Commercial Innovation Award for Innovation in Education in 2015."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5168
+msgid ""
+"Dr. Pinter has been in academic publishing most of her career. About ten "
+"years ago, she became acquainted with the Creative Commons founder Lawrence "
+"Lessig and got interested in Creative Commons as a tool for both protecting "
+"content online and distributing it free to users."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5175
+msgid ""
+"Not long after, she ran a project in Africa convincing publishers in Uganda "
+"and South Africa to put some of their content online for free using a "
+"Creative Commons license and to see what happened to print sales. Sales went "
+"up, not down."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5181
+msgid ""
+"In 2008, Bloomsbury Academic, a new imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing in the "
+"United Kingdom, appointed her its founding publisher in London. As part of "
+"the launch, Frances convinced Bloomsbury to differentiate themselves by "
+"putting out monographs for free online under a Creative Commons license "
+"(BY-NC or BY-NC-ND, i.e., Attribution-NonCommercial or "
+"Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs). This was seen as risky, as the biggest "
+"cost for publishers is getting a book to the stage where it can be "
+"printed. If everyone read the online book for free, there would be no "
+"print-book sales at all, and the costs associated with getting the book to "
+"print would be lost. Surprisingly, Bloomsbury found that sales of the print "
+"versions of these books were 10 to 20 percent higher than normal. Frances "
+"found it intriguing that the Creative Commons–licensed free online book acts "
+"as a marketing vehicle for the print format."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5198
+msgid ""
+"Frances began to look at customer interest in the three forms of the book: "
+"1) the Creative Commons–licensed free online book in PDF form, 2) the "
+"printed book, and 3) a digital version of the book on an aggregator platform "
+"with enhanced features. She thought of this as the <quote>ice cream "
+"model</quote>: the free PDF was vanilla ice cream, the printed book was an "
+"ice cream cone, and the enhanced e-book was an ice cream sundae."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5207
+msgid ""
+"After a while, Frances had an epiphany—what if there was a way to get "
+"libraries to underwrite the costs of making these books up until they’re "
+"ready be printed, in other words, cover the fixed costs of getting to the "
+"first digital copy? Then you could either bring down the cost of the printed "
+"book, or do a whole bunch of interesting things with the printed book and "
+"e-book—the ice cream cone or sundae part of the model."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5216
+msgid ""
+"This idea is similar to the article-processing charge some open-access "
+"journals charge researchers to cover publishing costs. Frances began to "
+"imagine a coalition of libraries paying for the prepress costs—a "
+"<quote>book-processing charge</quote>—and providing everyone in the world "
+"with an open-access version of the books released under a Creative Commons "
+"license."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5224
+msgid ""
+"This idea really took hold in her mind. She didn’t really have a name for it "
+"but began talking about it and making presentations to see if there was "
+"interest. The more she talked about it, the more people agreed it had "
+"appeal. She offered a bottle of champagne to anyone who could come up with a "
+"good name for the idea. Her husband came up with Knowledge Unlatched, and "
+"after two years of generating interest, she decided to move forward and "
+"launch a community interest company (a UK term for not-for-profit social "
+"enterprises) in 2012."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5235
+msgid ""
+"She describes the business model in a paper called Knowledge Unlatched: "
+"Toward an Open and Networked Future for Academic Publishing:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5242
+msgid ""
+"Publishers offer titles for sale reflecting origination costs only via "
+"Knowledge Unlatched."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5248
+msgid ""
+"Individual libraries select titles either as individual titles or as "
+"collections (as they do from library suppliers now)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5254
+msgid ""
+"Their selections are sent to Knowledge Unlatched specifying the titles to be "
+"purchased at the stated price(s)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5260
+msgid ""
+"The price, called a Title Fee (set by publishers and negotiated by Knowledge "
+"Unlatched), is paid to publishers to cover the fixed costs of publishing "
+"each of the titles that were selected by a minimum number of libraries to "
+"cover the Title Fee."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5269
+msgid ""
+"Publishers make the selected titles available Open Access (on a Creative "
+"Commons or similar open license) and are then paid the Title Fee which is "
+"the total collected from the libraries."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><orderedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5279
+msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.pinter.org.uk/pdfs/Toward_an_Open.pdf\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5276
+msgid ""
+"Publishers make print copies, e-Pub, and other digital versions of selected "
+"titles available to member libraries at a discount that reflects their "
+"contribution to the Title Fee and incentivizes membership.<placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5284
+msgid ""
+"The first round of this model resulted in a collection of twenty-eight "
+"current titles from thirteen recognized scholarly publishers being "
+"unlatched. The target was to have two hundred libraries participate. The "
+"cost of the package per library was capped at $1,680, which was an average "
+"price of sixty dollars per book, but in the end they had nearly three "
+"hundred libraries sharing the costs, and the price per book came in at just "
+"under forty-three dollars."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5295
+msgid ""
+"<ulink "
+"url=\"http://collections.knowledgeunlatched.org/collection-availability-1/\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5294
+msgid ""
+"The open-access, Creative Commons versions of these twenty-eight books are "
+"still available online.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Most books "
+"have been licensed with CC BY-NC or CC BY-NC-ND. Authors are the copyright "
+"holder, not the publisher, and negotiate choice of license as part of the "
+"publishing agreement. Frances has found that most authors want to retain "
+"control over the commercial and remix use of their work. Publishers list the "
+"book in their catalogs, and the noncommercial restriction in the Creative "
+"Commons license ensures authors continue to get royalties on sales of "
+"physical copies."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5305
+msgid ""
+"There are three cost variables to consider for each round: the overall cost "
+"incurred by the publishers, total cost for each library to acquire all the "
+"books, and the individual price per book. The fee publishers charge for each "
+"title is a fixed charge, and Knowledge Unlatched calculates the total amount "
+"for all the books being unlatched at a time. The cost of an order for each "
+"library is capped at a maximum based on a minimum number of libraries "
+"participating. If the number of participating libraries exceeds the minimum, "
+"then the cost of the order and the price per book go down for each library."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5317
+msgid ""
+"The second round, recently completed, unlatched seventy-eight books from "
+"twenty-six publishers. For this round, Frances was experimenting with the "
+"size and shape of the offerings. Books were being bundled into eight small "
+"packages separated by subject (including Anthropology, History, Literature, "
+"Media and Communications, and Politics), of around ten books per package. "
+"Three hundred libraries around the world have to commit to at least six of "
+"the eight packages to enable unlatching. The average cost per book was just "
+"under fifty dollars. The unlatching process took roughly ten months. It "
+"started with a call to publishers for titles, followed by having a library "
+"task force select the titles, getting authors’ permissions, getting the "
+"libraries to pledge, billing the libraries, and finally, unlatching."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5332
+msgid ""
+"The longest part of the whole process is getting libraries to pledge and "
+"commit funds. It takes about five months, as library buy-in has to fit "
+"within acquisition cycles, budget cycles, and library-committee meetings."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5338
+msgid ""
+"Knowledge Unlatched informs and recruits libraries through social media, "
+"mailing lists, listservs, and library associations. Of the three hundred "
+"libraries that participated in the first round, 80 percent are also "
+"participating in the second round, and there are an additional eighty new "
+"libraries taking part. Knowledge Unlatched is also working not just with "
+"individual libraries but also library consortia, which has been getting even "
+"more libraries involved."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5348
+msgid ""
+"Knowledge Unlatched is scaling up, offering 150 new titles in the second "
+"half of 2016. It will also offer backlist titles, and in 2017 will start to "
+"make journals open access too."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5353
+msgid ""
+"Knowledge Unlatched deliberately chose monographs as the initial type of "
+"book to unlatch. Monographs are foundational and important, but also "
+"problematic to keep going in the standard closed publishing model."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5359
+msgid ""
+"The cost for the publisher to get to a first digital copy of a monograph is "
+"$5,000 to $50,000. A good one costs in the $10,000 to $15,000 "
+"range. Monographs typically don’t sell a lot of copies. A publisher who in "
+"the past sold three thousand copies now typically sells only three "
+"hundred. That makes unlatching monographs a low risk for publishers. For the "
+"first round, it took five months to get thirteen publishers. For the second "
+"round, it took one month to get twenty-six."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5376
+msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.knowledgeunlatched.org/featured-authors-section/\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5369
+msgid ""
+"Authors don’t generally make a lot of royalties from monographs. Royalties "
+"range from zero dollars to 5 to 10 percent of receipts. The value to the "
+"author is the awareness it brings to them; when their book is being read, it "
+"increases their reputation. Open access through unlatching generates many "
+"more downloads and therefore awareness. (On the Knowledge Unlatched website, "
+"you can find interviews with the twenty-eight round-one authors describing "
+"their experience and the benefits of taking part.)<placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5379
+msgid ""
+"Library budgets are constantly being squeezed, partly due to the inflation "
+"of journal subscriptions. But even without budget constraints, academic "
+"libraries are moving away from buying physical copies. An academic library "
+"catalog entry is typically a URL to wherever the book is hosted. Or if they "
+"have enough electronic storage space, they may download the digital file "
+"into their digital repository. Only secondarily do they consider getting a "
+"print book, and if they do, they buy it separately from the digital version."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5390
+msgid ""
+"Knowledge Unlatched offers libraries a compelling economic argument. Many of "
+"the participating libraries would have bought a copy of the monograph "
+"anyway, but instead of paying $95 for a print copy or $150 for a digital "
+"multiple-use copy, they pay $50 to unlatch. It costs them less, and it opens "
+"the book to not just the participating libraries, but to the world."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5398
+msgid ""
+"Not only do the economics make sense, but there is very strong alignment "
+"with library mandates. The participating libraries pay less than they would "
+"have in the closed model, and the open-access book is available to all "
+"libraries. While this means nonparticipating libraries could be seen as free "
+"riders, in the library world, wealthy libraries are used to paying more than "
+"poor libraries and accept that part of their money should be spent to "
+"support open access. <quote>Free ride</quote> is more like community "
+"responsibility. By the end of March 2016, the round-one books had been "
+"downloaded nearly eighty thousand times in 175 countries."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5411
+msgid ""
+"For publishers, authors, and librarians, the Knowledge Unlatched model for "
+"monographs is a win-win-win."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5415
+msgid ""
+"In the first round, Knowledge Unlatched’s overheads were covered by "
+"grants. In the second round, they aim to demonstrate the model is "
+"sustainable. Libraries and publishers will each pay a 7.5 percent service "
+"charge that will go toward Knowledge Unlatched’s running costs. With plans "
+"to scale up in future rounds, Frances figures they can fully recover costs "
+"when they are unlatching two hundred books at a time. Moving forward, "
+"Knowledge Unlatched is making investments in technology and "
+"processes. Future plans include unlatching journals and older books."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5426
+msgid ""
+"Frances believes that Knowledge Unlatched is tapping into new ways of "
+"valuing academic content. It’s about considering how many people can find, "
+"access, and use your content without pay barriers. Knowledge Unlatched taps "
+"into the new possibilities and behaviors of the digital world. In the "
+"Knowledge Unlatched model, the content-creation process is exactly the same "
+"as it always has been, but the economics are different. For Frances, "
+"Knowledge Unlatched is connected to the past but moving into the future, an "
+"evolution rather than a revolution."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5438
+msgid "Lumen Learning"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5444
+msgid ""
+"Lumen Learning is a for-profit company helping educational institutions use "
+"open educational resources (OER). Founded in 2013 in the U.S."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5449
+msgid "<ulink url=\"http://lumenlearning.com\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5451
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging for custom "
+"services, grant funding"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5454
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: December 21, 2015"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5457
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewees</emphasis>: David Wiley and Kim "
+"Thanos, cofounders"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5468
+msgid "<ulink url=\"http://lumenlearning.com/innovative-projects/\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5462
+msgid ""
+"Cofounded by open education visionary Dr. David Wiley and "
+"education-technology strategist Kim Thanos, Lumen Learning is dedicated to "
+"improving student success, bringing new ideas to pedagogy, and making "
+"education more affordable by facilitating adoption of open educational "
+"resources. In 2012, David and Kim partnered on a grant-funded project called "
+"the Kaleidoscope Open Course Initiative.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
+"id=\"0\"/> It involved a set of fully open general-education courses across "
+"eight colleges predominantly serving at-risk students, with goals to "
+"dramatically reduce textbook costs and collaborate to improve the courses to "
+"help students succeed. David and Kim exceeded those goals: the cost of the "
+"required textbooks, replaced with OER, decreased to zero dollars, and "
+"average student-success rates improved by 5 to 10 percent when compared with "
+"previous years. After a second round of funding, a total of more than "
+"twenty-five institutions participated in and benefited from this project. It "
+"was career changing for David and Kim to see the impact this initiative had "
+"on low-income students. David and Kim sought further funding from the Bill "
+"and Melinda Gates Foundation, who asked them to define a plan to scale their "
+"work in a financially sustainable way. That is when they decided to create "
+"Lumen Learning."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5485
+msgid ""
+"David and Kim went back and forth on whether it should be a nonprofit or "
+"for- profit. A nonprofit would make it a more comfortable fit with the "
+"education sector but meant they’d be constantly fund-raising and seeking "
+"grants from philanthropies. Also, grants usually require money to be used "
+"in certain ways for specific deliverables. If you learn things along the way "
+"that change how you think the grant money should be used, there often isn’t "
+"a lot of flexibility to do so."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5495
+msgid ""
+"But as a for-profit, they’d have to convince educational institutions to pay "
+"for what Lumen had to offer. On the positive side, they’d have more control "
+"over what to do with the revenue and investment money; they could make "
+"decisions to invest the funds or use them differently based on the situation "
+"and shifting opportunities. In the end, they chose the for-profit status, "
+"with its different model for and approach to sustainability."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5504
+msgid ""
+"Right from the start, David and Kim positioned Lumen Learning as a way to "
+"help institutions engage in open educational resources, or OER. OER are "
+"teaching, learning, and research materials, in all different media, that "
+"reside in the public domain or are released under an open license that "
+"permits free use and repurposing by others."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5512
+msgid ""
+"Originally, Lumen did custom contracts for each institution. This was "
+"complicated and challenging to manage. However, through that process "
+"patterns emerged which allowed them to generalize a set of approaches and "
+"offerings. Today they don’t customize as much as they used to, and instead "
+"they tend to work with customers who can use their off-the-shelf "
+"options. Lumen finds that institutions and faculty are generally very good "
+"at seeing the value Lumen brings and are willing to pay for it. Serving "
+"disadvantaged learner populations has led Lumen to be very pragmatic; they "
+"describe what they offer in quantitative terms—with facts and figures—and in "
+"a way that is very student-focused. Lumen Learning helps colleges and "
+"universities—"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5528
+msgid "replace expensive textbooks in high-enrollment courses with OER;"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5534
+msgid ""
+"provide enrolled students day one access to Lumen’s fully customizable OER "
+"course materials through the institution’s learning-management system;"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5541
+msgid ""
+"measure improvements in student success with metrics like passing rates, "
+"persistence, and course completion; and"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5547
+msgid ""
+"collaborate with faculty to make ongoing improvements to OER based on "
+"student success research."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5553
+msgid ""
+"Lumen has developed a suite of open, Creative Commons–licensed courseware in "
+"more than sixty-five subjects. All courses are freely and publicly available "
+"right off their website. They can be copied and used by others as long as "
+"they provide attribution to Lumen Learning following the terms of the "
+"Creative Commons license."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5561
+msgid ""
+"Then there are three types of bundled services that cost money. One option, "
+"which Lumen calls Candela courseware, offers integration with the "
+"institution’s learning-management system, technical and pedagogical support, "
+"and tracking of effectiveness. Candela courseware costs institutions ten "
+"dollars per enrolled student."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5569
+msgid ""
+"A second option is Waymaker, which offers the services of Candela but adds "
+"personalized learning technologies, such as study plans, automated messages, "
+"and assessments, and helps instructors find and support the students who "
+"need it most. Waymaker courses cost twenty-five dollars per enrolled "
+"student."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5576
+msgid ""
+"The third and emerging line of business for Lumen is providing guidance and "
+"support for institutions and state systems that are pursuing the development "
+"of complete OER degrees. Often called Z-Degrees, these programs eliminate "
+"textbook costs for students in all courses that make up the degree (both "
+"required and elective) by replacing commercial textbooks and other "
+"expensive resources with OER."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5585
+msgid ""
+"Lumen generates revenue by charging for their value-added tools and services "
+"on top of their free courses, just as solar-power companies provide the "
+"tools and services that help people use a free resource—sunlight. And "
+"Lumen’s business model focuses on getting the institutions to pay, not the "
+"students. With projects they did prior to Lumen, David and Kim learned that "
+"students who have access to all course materials from day one have greater "
+"success. If students had to pay, Lumen would have to restrict access to "
+"those who paid. Right from the start, their stance was that they would not "
+"put their content behind a paywall. Lumen invests zero dollars in "
+"technologies and processes for restricting access—no digital rights "
+"management, no time bombs. While this has been a challenge from a "
+"business-model perspective, from an open-access perspective, it has "
+"generated immense goodwill in the community."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5602
+msgid ""
+"In most cases, development of their courses is funded by the institution "
+"Lumen has a contract with. When creating new courses, Lumen typically works "
+"with the faculty who are teaching the new course. They’re often part of the "
+"institution paying Lumen, but sometimes Lumen has to expand the team and "
+"contract faculty from other institutions. First, the faculty identifies all "
+"of the course’s learning outcomes. Lumen then searches for, aggregates, and "
+"curates the best OER they can find that addresses those learning needs, "
+"which the faculty reviews."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5613
+msgid ""
+"Sometimes faculty like the existing OER but not the way it is presented. The "
+"open licensing of existing OER allows Lumen to pick and choose from images, "
+"videos, and other media to adapt and customize the course. Lumen creates new "
+"content as they discover gaps in existing OER. Test-bank items and feedback "
+"for students on their progress are areas where new content is frequently "
+"needed. Once a course is created, Lumen puts it on their platform with all "
+"the attributions and links to the original sources intact, and any of "
+"Lumen’s new content is given an Attribution (CC BY) license."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5624
+msgid ""
+"Using only OER made them experience firsthand how complex it could be to mix "
+"differently licensed work together. A common strategy with OER is to place "
+"the Creative Commons license and attribution information in the website’s "
+"footer, which stays the same for all pages. This doesn’t quite work, "
+"however, when mixing different OER together."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5632
+msgid ""
+"Remixing OER often results in multiple attributions on every page of every "
+"course—text from one place, images from another, and videos from yet "
+"another. Some are licensed as Attribution (CC BY), others as "
+"Attribution-ShareAlike (CC BY-SA). If this information is put within the "
+"text of the course, faculty members sometimes try to edit it and students "
+"find it a distraction. Lumen dealt with this challenge by capturing the "
+"license and attribution information as metadata, and getting it to show up "
+"at the end of each page."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5643
+msgid ""
+"Lumen’s commitment to open licensing and helping low-income students has led "
+"to strong relationships with institutions, open-education enthusiasts, and "
+"grant funders. People in their network generously increase the visibility of "
+"Lumen through presentations, word of mouth, and referrals. Sometimes the "
+"number of general inquiries exceed Lumen’s sales capacity."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5651
+msgid ""
+"To manage demand and ensure the success of projects, their strategy is to be "
+"proactive and focus on what’s going on in higher education in different "
+"regions of the United States, watching out for things happening at the "
+"system level in a way that fits with what Lumen offers. A great example is "
+"the Virginia community college system, which is building out "
+"Z-Degrees. David and Kim say there are nine other U.S. states with similar "
+"system-level activity where Lumen is strategically focusing its "
+"efforts. Where there are projects that would require a lot of resources on "
+"Lumen’s part, they prioritize the ones that would impact the largest number "
+"of students."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5664
+msgid ""
+"As a business, Lumen is committed to openness. There are two core "
+"nonnegotiables: Lumen’s use of CC BY, the most permissive of the Creative "
+"Commons licenses, for all the materials it creates; and day-one access for "
+"students. Having clear nonnegotiables allows them to then engage with the "
+"education community to solve for other challenges and work with institutions "
+"to identify new business models that achieve institution goals, while "
+"keeping Lumen healthy."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5674
+msgid ""
+"Openness also means that Lumen’s OER must necessarily be nonexclusive and "
+"nonrivalrous. This represents several big challenges for the business model: "
+"Why should you invest in creating something that people will be reluctant to "
+"pay for? How do you ensure that the investment the diverse education "
+"community makes in OER is not exploited? Lumen thinks we all need to be "
+"clear about how we are benefiting from and contributing to the open "
+"community."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5684
+msgid ""
+"In the OER sector, there are examples of corporations, and even "
+"institutions, acting as free riders. Some simply take and use open resources "
+"without paying anything or contributing anything back. Others give back the "
+"minimum amount so they can save face. Sustainability will require those "
+"using open resources to give back an amount that seems fair or even give "
+"back something that is generous."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5693
+msgid ""
+"Lumen does track institutions accessing and using their free content. They "
+"proactively contact those institutions, with an estimate of how much their "
+"students are saving and encouraging them to switch to a paid model. Lumen "
+"explains the advantages of the paid model: a more interactive relationship "
+"with Lumen; integration with the institution’s learning-management system; a "
+"guarantee of support for faculty and students; and future sustainability "
+"with funding supporting the evolution and improvement of the OER they are "
+"using."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5704
+msgid ""
+"Lumen works hard to be a good corporate citizen in the OER community. For "
+"David and Kim, a good corporate citizen gives more than they take, adds "
+"unique value, and is very transparent about what they are taking from "
+"community, what they are giving back, and what they are monetizing. Lumen "
+"believes these are the building blocks of a sustainable model and strives "
+"for a correct balance of all these factors."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5713
+msgid ""
+"Licensing all the content they produce with CC BY is a key part of giving "
+"more value than they take. They’ve also worked hard at finding the right "
+"structure for their value-add and how to package it in a way that is "
+"understandable and repeatable."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5719
+msgid ""
+"As of the fall 2016 term, Lumen had eighty-six different open courses, "
+"working relationships with ninety-two institutions, and more than "
+"seventy-five thousand student enrollments. Lumen received early start-up "
+"funding from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, the Hewlett Foundation, "
+"and the Shuttleworth Foundation. Since then, Lumen has also attracted "
+"investment funding. Over the last three years, Lumen has been roughly 60 "
+"percent grant funded, 20 percent revenue earned, and 20 percent funded with "
+"angel capital. Going forward, their strategy is to replace grant funding "
+"with revenue."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5731
+msgid ""
+"In creating Lumen Learning, David and Kim say they’ve landed on solutions "
+"they never imagined, and there is still a lot of learning taking place. For "
+"them, open business models are an emerging field where we are all learning "
+"through sharing. Their biggest recommendations for others wanting to pursue "
+"the open model are to make your commitment to open resources public, let "
+"people know where you stand, and don’t back away from it. It really is about "
+"trust."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5742
+msgid "Jonathan Mann"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5748
+msgid ""
+"Jonathan Mann is a singer and songwriter who is most well known as the "
+"<quote>Song A Day</quote> guy. Based in the U.S."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5751
+msgid ""
+"<ulink url=\"http://jonathanmann.net\"/> and <ulink "
+"url=\"http://jonathanmann.bandcamp.com\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5754
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging for custom "
+"services, pay-what-you-want, crowdfunding (subscription-based), charging for "
+"in-person version (speaking engagements and musical performances)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5759
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: February 22, 2016"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5764
+msgid ""
+"Jonathan Mann thinks of his business model as "
+"<quote>hustling</quote>—seizing nearly every opportunity he sees to make "
+"money. The bulk of his income comes from writing songs under commission for "
+"people and companies, but he has a wide variety of income sources. He has "
+"supporters on the crowdfunding site Patreon. He gets advertising revenue "
+"from YouTube and Bandcamp, where he posts all of his music. He gives paid "
+"speaking engagements about creativity and motivation. He has been hired by "
+"major conferences to write songs summarizing what speakers have said in the "
+"conference sessions."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5776
+msgid ""
+"His entrepreneurial spirit is coupled with a willingness to take action "
+"quickly. A perfect illustration of his ability to act fast happened in 2010, "
+"when he read that Apple was having a conference the following day to address "
+"a snafu related to the iPhone 4. He decided to write and post a song about "
+"the iPhone 4 that day, and the next day he got a call from the public "
+"relations people at Apple wanting to use and promote his video at the Apple "
+"conference. The song then went viral, and the experience landed him in Time "
+"magazine."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5787
+msgid ""
+"Jonathan’s successful <quote>hustling</quote> is also about old-fashioned "
+"persistence. He is currently in his eighth straight year of writing one song "
+"each day. He holds the Guinness World Record for consecutive daily "
+"songwriting, and he is widely known as the <quote>song-a-day guy.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5794
+msgid ""
+"He fell into this role by, naturally, seizing a random opportunity a friend "
+"alerted him to seven years ago—an event called Fun-A-Day, where people are "
+"supposed to create a piece of art every day for thirty-one days straight. He "
+"was in need of a new project, so he decided to give it a try by writing and "
+"posting a song each day. He added a video component to the songs because he "
+"knew people were more likely to watch video online than simply listening to "
+"audio files."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5804
+msgid ""
+"He had a really good time doing the thirty-one-day challenge, so he decided "
+"to see if he could continue it for one year. He never stopped. He has "
+"written and posted a new song literally every day, seven days a week, since "
+"he began the project in 2009. When he isn’t writing songs that he is hired "
+"to write by clients, he writes songs about whatever is on his mind that "
+"day. His songs are catchy and mostly lighthearted, but they often contain at "
+"least an undercurrent of a deeper theme or meaning. Occasionally, they are "
+"extremely personal, like the song he cowrote with his exgirlfriend "
+"announcing their breakup. Rain or shine, in sickness or health, Jonathan "
+"posts and writes a song every day. If he is on a flight or otherwise "
+"incapable of getting Internet access in time to meet the deadline, he will "
+"prepare ahead and have someone else post the song for him."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5820
+msgid ""
+"Over time, the song-a-day gig became the basis of his livelihood. In the "
+"beginning, he made money one of two ways. The first was by entering a wide "
+"variety of contests and winning a handful. The second was by having the "
+"occasional song and video go some varying degree of viral, which would bring "
+"more eyeballs and mean that there were more people wanting him to write "
+"songs for them. Today he earns most of his money this way."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5829
+msgid ""
+"His website explains his gig as <quote>taking any message, from the super "
+"simple to the totally complicated, and conveying that message through a "
+"heartfelt, fun and quirky song.</quote> He charges $500 to create a produced "
+"song and $300 for an acoustic song. He has been hired for product launches, "
+"weddings, conferences, and even Kickstarter campaigns like the one that "
+"funded the production of this book."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5838
+msgid ""
+"Jonathan can’t recall when exactly he first learned about Creative Commons, "
+"but he began applying CC licenses to his songs and videos as soon as he "
+"discovered the option. <quote>CC seems like such a no-brainer,</quote> "
+"Jonathan said. <quote>I don’t understand how anything else would make "
+"sense. It seems like such an obvious thing that you would want your work to "
+"be able to be shared.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5847
+msgid ""
+"His songs are essentially marketing for his services, so obviously the "
+"further his songs spread, the better. Using CC licenses helps grease the "
+"wheels, letting people know that Jonathan allows and encourages them to "
+"copy, interact with, and remix his music. <quote>If you let someone cover "
+"your song or remix it or use parts of it, that’s how music is supposed to "
+"work,</quote> Jonathan said. <quote>That is how music has worked since the "
+"beginning of time. Our me-me, mine-mine culture has undermined that.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5857
+msgid ""
+"There are some people who cover his songs fairly regularly, and he would "
+"never shut that down. But he acknowledges there is a lot more he could do to "
+"build community. <quote>There is all of this conventional wisdom about how "
+"to build an audience online, and I generally think I don’t do any of "
+"that,</quote> Jonathan said."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5864
+msgid ""
+"He does have a fan community he cultivates on Bandcamp, but it isn’t his "
+"major focus. <quote>I do have a core audience that has stuck around for a "
+"really long time, some even longer than I’ve been doing song-a-day,</quote> "
+"he said. <quote>There is also a transitional aspect that drop in and get "
+"what they need and then move on.</quote> Focusing less on community building "
+"than other artists makes sense given Jonathan’s primary income source of "
+"writing custom songs for clients."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5874
+msgid ""
+"Jonathan recognizes what comes naturally to him and leverages those "
+"skills. Through the practice of daily songwriting, he realized he has a gift "
+"for distilling complicated subjects into simple concepts and putting them to "
+"music. In his song <quote>How to Choose a Master Password,</quote> Jonathan "
+"explained the process of creating a secure password in a silly, simple "
+"song. He was hired to write the song by a client who handed him a long "
+"technical blog post from which to draw the information. Like a good (and "
+"rare) journalist, he translated the technical concepts into something "
+"understandable."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5886
+msgid ""
+"When he is hired by a client to write a song, he first asks them to send a "
+"list of talking points and other information they want to include in the "
+"song. He puts all of that into a text file and starts moving things around, "
+"cutting and pasting until the message starts to come together. The first "
+"thing he tries to do is grok the core message and develop the chorus. Then "
+"he looks for connections or parts he can make rhyme. The entire process "
+"really does resemble good journalism, but of course the final product of his "
+"work is a song rather than news. <quote>There is something about being "
+"challenged and forced to take information that doesn’t seem like it should "
+"be sung about or doesn’t seem like it lends itself to a song,</quote> he "
+"said. <quote>I find that creative challenge really satisfying. I enjoy "
+"getting lost in that process.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5902
+msgid ""
+"Jonathan admits that in an ideal world, he would exclusively write the music "
+"he wanted to write, rather than what clients hire him to write. But his "
+"business model is about capitalizing on his strengths as a songwriter, and "
+"he has found a way to keep it interesting for himself."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5909
+msgid ""
+"Jonathan uses nearly every tool possible to make money from his art, but he "
+"does have lines he won’t cross. He won’t write songs about things he "
+"fundamentally does not believe in, and there are times he has turned down "
+"jobs on principle. He also won’t stray too much from his natural "
+"style. <quote>My style is silly, so I can’t really accommodate people who "
+"want something super serious,</quote> Jonathan said. <quote>I do what I do "
+"very easily, and it’s part of who I am.</quote> Jonathan hasn’t gotten into "
+"writing commercials for the same reasons; he is best at using his own unique "
+"style rather than mimicking others."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5921
+msgid ""
+"Jonathan’s song-a-day commitment exemplifies the power of habit and "
+"grit. Conventional wisdom about creative productivity, including advice in "
+"books like the best-seller The Creative Habit by Twyla Tharp, routinely "
+"emphasizes the importance of ritual and action. No amount of planning can "
+"replace the value of simple practice and just doing. Jonathan Mann’s work is "
+"a living embodiment of these principles."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5930
+msgid ""
+"When he speaks about his work, he talks about how much the song-a-day "
+"process has changed him. Rather than seeing any given piece of work as "
+"precious and getting stuck on trying to make it perfect, he has become "
+"comfortable with just doing. If today’s song is a bust, tomorrow’s song "
+"might be better."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5937
+msgid ""
+"Jonathan seems to have this mentality about his career more generally. He is "
+"constantly experimenting with ways to make a living while sharing his work "
+"as widely as possible, seeing what sticks. While he has major "
+"accomplishments he is proud of, like being in the Guinness World Records or "
+"having his song used by Steve Jobs, he says he never truly feels successful."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5944
+msgid ""
+"<quote>Success feels like it’s over,</quote> he said. <quote>To a certain "
+"extent, a creative person is not ever going to feel completely satisfied "
+"because then so much of what drives you would be gone.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5951
+msgid "Noun Project"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5957
+msgid ""
+"The Noun Project is a for-profit company offering an online platform to "
+"display visual icons from a global network of designers. Founded in 2010 in "
+"the U.S."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5962
+msgid "<ulink url=\"http://thenounproject.com\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5964
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging a transaction "
+"fee, charging for custom services"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5967
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: October 6, 2015"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5970
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Edward Boatman, cofounder"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5975
+msgid ""
+"The Noun Project creates and shares visual language. There are millions who "
+"use Noun Project symbols to simplify communication across borders, "
+"languages, and cultures."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5980
+msgid ""
+"The original idea for the Noun Project came to cofounder Edward Boatman "
+"while he was a student in architecture design school. He’d always done a lot "
+"of sketches and started to draw what used to fascinate him as a child, like "
+"trains, sequoias, and bulldozers. He began thinking how great it would be "
+"if he had a simple image or small icon of every single object or concept on "
+"the planet."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5988
+msgid ""
+"When Edward went on to work at an architecture firm, he had to make a lot of "
+"presentation boards for clients. But finding high-quality sources for "
+"symbols and icons was difficult. He couldn’t find any website that could "
+"provide them. Perhaps his idea for creating a library of icons could "
+"actually help people in similar situations."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5996
+msgid ""
+"With his partner, Sofya Polyakov, he began collecting symbols for a website "
+"and writing a business plan. Inspiration came from the book Professor and "
+"the Madman, which chronicles the use of crowdsourcing to create the Oxford "
+"English Dictionary in 1870. Edward began to imagine crowdsourcing icons and "
+"symbols from volunteer designers around the world."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6007
+msgid ""
+"<ulink "
+"url=\"http://www.kickstarter.com/projects/tnp/building-a-free-collection-of-our-worlds-visual-sy/description\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6004
+msgid ""
+"Then Edward got laid off during the recession, which turned out to be a huge "
+"catalyst. He decided to give his idea a go, and in 2010 Edward and Sofya "
+"launched the Noun Project with a Kickstarter campaign, back when Kickstarter "
+"was in its infancy.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> They thought "
+"it’d be a good way to introduce the global web community to their "
+"idea. Their goal was to raise $1,500, but in twenty days they got over "
+"$14,000. They realized their idea had the potential to be something much "
+"bigger."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6013
+msgid ""
+"They created a platform where symbols and icons could be uploaded, and "
+"Edward began recruiting talented designers to contribute their designs, a "
+"process he describes as a relatively easy sell. Lots of designers have old "
+"drawings just gathering <quote>digital dust</quote> on their hard "
+"drives. It’s easy to convince them to finally share them with the world."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6021
+msgid ""
+"The Noun Project currently has about seven thousand designers from around "
+"the world. But not all submissions are accepted. The Noun Project’s "
+"quality-review process means that only the best works become part of its "
+"collection. They make sure to provide encouraging, constructive feedback "
+"whenever they reject a piece of work, which maintains and builds the "
+"relationship they have with their global community of designers."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6030
+msgid ""
+"Creative Commons is an integral part of the Noun Project’s business model; "
+"this decision was inspired by Chris Anderson’s book Free: The Future of "
+"Radical Price, which introduced Edward to the idea that you could build a "
+"business model around free content."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6037
+msgid ""
+"Edward knew he wanted to offer a free visual language while still providing "
+"some protection and reward for its contributors. There is a tension between "
+"those two goals, but for Edward, Creative Commons licenses bring this "
+"idealism and business opportunity together elegantly. He chose the "
+"Attribution (CC BY) license, which means people can download the icons for "
+"free and modify them and even use them commercially. The requirement to give "
+"attribution to the original creator ensures that the creator can build a "
+"reputation and get global recognition for their work. And if they simply "
+"want to offer an icon that people can use without having to give credit, "
+"they can use CC0 to put the work into the public domain."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6051
+msgid ""
+"Noun Project’s business model and means of generating revenue have evolved "
+"significantly over time. Their initial plan was to sell T-shirts with the "
+"icons on it, which in retrospect Edward says was a horrible idea. They did "
+"get a lot of email from people saying they loved the icons but asking if "
+"they could pay a fee instead of giving attribution. Ad agencies (among "
+"others) wanted to keep marketing and presentation materials clean and free "
+"of attribution statements. For Edward, <quote>That’s when our lightbulb went "
+"off.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6062
+msgid ""
+"They asked their global network of designers whether they’d be open to "
+"receiving modest remuneration instead of attribution. Designers saw it as a "
+"win-win. The idea that you could offer your designs for free and have a "
+"global audience and maybe even make some money was pretty exciting for most "
+"designers."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6069
+msgid ""
+"The Noun Project first adopted a model whereby using an icon without giving "
+"attribution would cost $1.99 per icon. The model’s second iteration added a "
+"subscription component, where there would be a monthly fee to access a "
+"certain number of icons—ten, fifty, a hundred, or five hundred. However, "
+"users didn’t like these hard-count options. They preferred to try out many "
+"similar icons to see which worked best before eventually choosing the one "
+"they wanted to use. So the Noun Project moved to an unlimited model, whereby "
+"users have unlimited access to the whole library for a flat monthly "
+"fee. This service is called NounPro and costs $9.99 per month. Edward says "
+"this model is working well—good for customers, good for creators, and good "
+"for the platform."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6083
+msgid ""
+"Customers then began asking for an application-programming interface (API), "
+"which would allow Noun Project icons and symbols to be directly accessed "
+"from within other applications. Edward knew that the icons and symbols would "
+"be valuable in a lot of different contexts and that they couldn’t possibly "
+"know all of them in advance, so they built an API with a lot of "
+"flexibility. Knowing that most API applications would want to use the icons "
+"without giving attribution, the API was built with the aim of charging for "
+"its use. You can use what’s called the <quote>Playground API</quote> for "
+"free to test how it integrates with your application, but full "
+"implementation will require you to purchase the API Pro version."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6097
+msgid ""
+"The Noun Project shares revenue with its international designers. For "
+"one-off purchases, the revenue is split 70 percent to the designer and 30 "
+"percent to Noun Project."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6102
+msgid ""
+"The revenue from premium purchases (the subscription and API options) is "
+"split a little differently. At the end of each month, the total revenue from "
+"subscriptions is divided by Noun Project’s total number of downloads, "
+"resulting in a rate per download—for example, it could be $0.13 per download "
+"for that month. For each download, the revenue is split 40 percent to the "
+"designer and 60 percent to the Noun Project. (For API usage, it’s per use "
+"instead of per download.) Noun Project’s share is higher this time as it’s "
+"providing more service to the user."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6114 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6186
+msgid "<ulink url=\"http://thenounproject.com/handbook/royalties/#getting_paid\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6113
+msgid ""
+"The Noun Project tries to be completely transparent about their royalty "
+"structure.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> They tend to over "
+"communicate with creators about it because building trust is the top "
+"priority."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6118
+msgid ""
+"For most creators, contributing to the Noun Project is not a full-time job "
+"but something they do on the side. Edward categorizes monthly earnings for "
+"creators into three broad categories: enough money to buy beer; enough to "
+"pay the bills; and most successful of all, enough to pay the rent."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6125
+msgid ""
+"Recently the Noun Project launched a new app called Lingo. Designers can "
+"use Lingo to organize not just their Noun Project icons and symbols but also "
+"their photos, illustrations, UX designs, et cetera. You simply drag any "
+"visual item directly into Lingo to save it. Lingo also works for teams so "
+"people can share visuals with each other and search across their combined "
+"collections. Lingo is free for personal use. A pro version for $9.99 per "
+"month lets you add guests. A team version for $49.95 per month allows up to "
+"twenty-five team members to collaborate, and to view, use, edit, and add new "
+"assets to each other’s collections. And if you subscribe to NounPro, you "
+"can access Noun Project from within Lingo."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6139
+msgid ""
+"The Noun Project gives a ton of value away for free. A very large percentage "
+"of their roughly one million members have a free account, but there are "
+"still lots of paid accounts coming from digital designers, advertising and "
+"design agencies, educators, and others who need to communicate ideas "
+"visually."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6146
+msgid ""
+"For Edward, <quote>creating, sharing, and celebrating the world’s visual "
+"language</quote> is the most important aspect of what they do; it’s their "
+"stated mission. It differentiates them from others who offer graphics, "
+"icons, or clip art."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6152
+msgid ""
+"Noun Project creators agree. When surveyed on why they participate in the "
+"Noun Project, this is how designers rank their reasons: 1) to support the "
+"Noun Project mission, 2) to promote their own personal brand, and 3) to "
+"generate money. It’s striking to see that money comes third, and mission, "
+"first. If you want to engage a global network of contributors, it’s "
+"important to have a mission beyond making money."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6161
+msgid ""
+"In Edward’s view, Creative Commons is central to their mission of sharing "
+"and social good. Using Creative Commons makes the Noun Project’s mission "
+"genuine and has generated a lot of their initial traction and "
+"credibility. CC comes with a built-in community of users and fans."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6168
+msgid ""
+"Edward told us, <quote>Don’t underestimate the power of a passionate "
+"community around your product or your business. They are going to go to bat "
+"for you when you’re getting ripped in the media. If you go down the road of "
+"choosing to work with Creative Commons, you’re taking the first step to "
+"building a great community and tapping into a really awesome community that "
+"comes with it. But you need to continue to foster that community through "
+"other initiatives and continue to nurture it.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6178
+msgid ""
+"The Noun Project nurtures their creators’ second motivation—promoting a "
+"personal brand—by connecting every icon and symbol to the creator’s name and "
+"profile page; each profile features their full collection. Users can also "
+"search the icons by the creator’s name."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6185
+msgid ""
+"The Noun Project also builds community through Iconathons—hackathons for "
+"icons.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In partnership with a "
+"sponsoring organization, the Noun Project comes up with a theme (e.g., "
+"sustainable energy, food bank, guerrilla gardening, human rights) and a list "
+"of icons that are needed, which designers are invited to create at the "
+"event. The results are vectorized, and added to the Noun Project using CC0 "
+"so they can be used by anyone for free."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6194
+msgid ""
+"Providing a free version of their product that satisfies a lot of their "
+"customers’ needs has actually enabled the Noun Project to build the paid "
+"version, using a service-oriented model. The Noun Project’s success lies in "
+"creating services and content that are a strategic mix of free and paid "
+"while staying true to their mission—creating, sharing, and celebrating the "
+"world’s visual language. Integrating Creative Commons into their model has "
+"been key to that goal."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6205
+msgid "Open Data Institute"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6211
+msgid ""
+"The Open Data Institute is an independent nonprofit that connects, equips, "
+"and inspires people around the world to innovate with data. Founded in 2012 "
+"in the UK."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6216
+msgid "<ulink url=\"http://theodi.org\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6218
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: grant and government "
+"funding, charging for custom services, donations"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6221
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: November 11, 2015"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6224
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Jeni Tennison, technical "
+"director"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6229
+msgid ""
+"Cofounded by Sir Tim Berners-Lee and Sir Nigel Shadbolt in 2012, the "
+"London-based Open Data Institute (ODI) offers data-related training, events, "
+"consulting services, and research. For ODI, Creative Commons licenses are "
+"central to making their own business model and their customers’ open. CC BY "
+"(Attribution), CC BY-SA (Attribution-ShareAlike), and CC0 (placed in the "
+"public domain) all play a critical role in ODI’s mission to help people "
+"around the world innovate with data."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6239
+msgid ""
+"Data underpins planning and decision making across all aspects of "
+"society. Weather data helps farmers know when to plant their crops, flight "
+"time data from airplane companies helps us plan our travel, data on local "
+"housing informs city planning. When this data is not only accurate and "
+"timely, but open and accessible, it opens up new possibilities. Open data "
+"can be a resource businesses use to build new products and services. It can "
+"help governments measure progress, improve efficiency, and target "
+"investments. It can help citizens improve their lives by better "
+"understanding what is happening around them."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6251
+msgid ""
+"The Open Data Institute’s 2012–17 business plan starts out by describing its "
+"vision to establish itself as a world-leading center and to research and be "
+"innovative with the opportunities created by the UK government’s open data "
+"policy. (The government was an early pioneer in open policy and open-data "
+"initiatives.) It goes on to say that the ODI wants to—"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6261
+msgid ""
+"demonstrate the commercial value of open government data and how open-data "
+"policies affect this;"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6267
+msgid "develop the economic benefits case and business models for open data;"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6273
+msgid "help UK businesses use open data; and"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6278
+msgid ""
+"<ulink "
+"url=\"http://e642e8368e3bf8d5526e-464b4b70b4554c1a79566214d402739e.r6.cf3.rackcdn.com/odi-business-plan-may-release.pdf\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6278
+msgid ""
+"show how open data can improve public services.<placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6283
+msgid ""
+"ODI is very explicit about how it wants to make open business models, and "
+"defining what this means. Jeni Tennison, ODI’s technical director, puts it "
+"this way: <quote>There is a whole ecosystem of open—open-source software, "
+"open government, open-access research—and a whole ecosystem of data. ODI’s "
+"work cuts across both, with an emphasis on where they overlap—with open "
+"data.</quote> ODI’s particular focus is to show open data’s potential for "
+"revenue."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6293
+msgid ""
+"As an independent nonprofit, ODI secured £10 million over five years from "
+"the UK government via Innovate UK, an agency that promotes innovation in "
+"science and technology. For this funding, ODI has to secure matching funds "
+"from other sources, some of which were met through a $4.75-million "
+"investment from the Omidyar Network."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6301
+msgid ""
+"Jeni started out as a developer and technical architect for data.gov.uk, the "
+"UK government’s pioneering open-data initiative. She helped make data sets "
+"from government departments available as open data. She joined ODI in 2012 "
+"when it was just starting up, as one of six people. It now has a staff of "
+"about sixty."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6308
+msgid ""
+"ODI strives to have half its annual budget come from the core UK government "
+"and Omidyar grants, and the other half from project-based research and "
+"commercial work. In Jeni’s view, having this balance of revenue sources "
+"establishes some stability, but also keeps them motivated to go out and "
+"generate these matching funds in response to market needs."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6316
+msgid ""
+"On the commercial side, ODI generates funding through memberships, training, "
+"and advisory services."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6331
+msgid "<ulink url=\"http://directory.theodi.org/members\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6320
+msgid ""
+"You can join the ODI as an individual or commercial member. Individual "
+"membership is pay-what-you-can, with options ranging from £1 to "
+"£100. Members receive a newsletter and related communications and a discount "
+"on ODI training courses and the annual summit, and they can display an "
+"ODI-supporter badge on their website. Commercial membership is divided into "
+"two tiers: small to medium size enterprises and nonprofits at £720 a year, "
+"and corporations and government organizations at £2,200 a year. Commercial "
+"members have greater opportunities to connect and collaborate, explore the "
+"benefits of open data, and unlock new business opportunities. (All members "
+"are listed on their website.)<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6334
+msgid ""
+"ODI provides standardized open data training courses in which anyone can "
+"enroll. The initial idea was to offer an intensive and academically oriented "
+"diploma in open data, but it quickly became clear there was no market for "
+"that. Instead, they offered a five-day-long public training course, which "
+"has subsequently been reduced to three days; now the most popular course is "
+"one day long. The fee, in addition to the time commitment, can be a barrier "
+"for participation. Jeni says, <quote>Most of the people who would be able to "
+"pay don’t know they need it. Most who know they need it can’t pay.</quote> "
+"Public-sector organizations sometimes give vouchers to their employees so "
+"they can attend as a form of professional development."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6348
+msgid ""
+"ODI customizes training for clients as well, for which there is more "
+"demand. Custom training usually emerges through an established relationship "
+"with an organization. The training program is based on a definition of "
+"open-data knowledge as applicable to the organization and on the skills "
+"needed by their high-level executives, management, and technical staff. The "
+"training tends to generate high interest and commitment."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6357
+msgid ""
+"Education about open data is also a part of ODI’s annual summit event, where "
+"curated presentations and speakers showcase the work of ODI and its members "
+"across the entire ecosystem. Tickets to the summit are available to the "
+"public, and hundreds of people and organizations attend and participate. In "
+"2014, there were four thematic tracks and over 750 attendees."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6365
+msgid ""
+"In addition to memberships and training, ODI provides advisory services to "
+"help with technical-data support, technology development, change management, "
+"policies, and other areas. ODI has advised large commercial organizations, "
+"small businesses, and international governments; the focus at the moment is "
+"on government, but ODI is working to shift more toward commercial "
+"organizations."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6374
+msgid "On the commercial side, the following value propositions seem to resonate:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6380
+msgid ""
+"Data-driven insights. Businesses need data from outside their business to "
+"get more insight. Businesses can generate value and more effectively pursue "
+"their own goals if they open up their own data too. Big data is a hot topic."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6388
+msgid ""
+"Open innovation. Many large-scale enterprises are aware they don’t innovate "
+"very well. One way they can innovate is to open up their data. ODI "
+"encourages them to do so even if it exposes problems and challenges. The key "
+"is to invite other people to help while still maintaining organizational "
+"autonomy."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6397
+msgid ""
+"Corporate social responsibility. While this resonates with businesses, ODI "
+"cautions against having it be the sole reason for making data open. If a "
+"business is just thinking about open data as a way to be transparent and "
+"accountable, they can miss out on efficiencies and opportunities."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6406
+msgid ""
+"During their early years, ODI wanted to focus solely on the United "
+"Kingdom. But in their first year, large delegations of government visitors "
+"from over fifty countries wanted to learn more about the UK government’s "
+"open-data practices and how ODI saw that translating into economic "
+"value. They were contracted as a service provider to international "
+"governments, which prompted a need to set up international ODI "
+"<quote>nodes.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6415
+msgid ""
+"Nodes are franchises of the ODI at a regional or city level. Hosted by "
+"existing (for-profit or not-for-profit) organizations, they operate locally "
+"but are part of the global network. Each ODI node adopts the charter, a set "
+"of guiding principles and rules under which ODI operates. They develop and "
+"deliver training, connect people and businesses through membership and "
+"events, and communicate open-data stories from their part of the "
+"world. There are twenty-seven different nodes across nineteen countries. ODI "
+"nodes are charged a small fee to be part of the network and to use the "
+"brand."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6429
+msgid ""
+"<ulink url=\"http://theodi.org/odi-startup-programme\"/>; <ulink "
+"url=\"http://theodi.org/open-data-incubator-for-europe\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6427
+msgid ""
+"ODI also runs programs to help start-ups in the UK and across Europe develop "
+"a sustainable business around open data, offering mentoring, advice, "
+"training, and even office space.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6433
+msgid ""
+"A big part of ODI’s business model revolves around community "
+"building. Memberships, training, summits, consulting services, nodes, and "
+"start-up programs create an ever-growing network of open-data users and "
+"leaders. (In fact, ODI even operates something called an Open Data Leaders "
+"Network.) For ODI, community is key to success. They devote significant time "
+"and effort to build it, not just online but through face-to-face events."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6447
+msgid "<ulink url=\"http://certificates.theodi.org\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6442
+msgid ""
+"ODI has created an online tool that organizations can use to assess the "
+"legal, practical, technical, and social aspects of their open data. If it is "
+"of high quality, the organization can earn ODI’s Open Data Certificate, a "
+"globally recognized mark that signals that their open data is useful, "
+"reliable, accessible, discoverable, and supported.<placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6450
+msgid ""
+"Separate from commercial activities, the ODI generates funding through "
+"research grants. Research includes looking at evidence on the impact of open "
+"data, development of open-data tools and standards, and how to deploy open "
+"data at scale."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6456
+msgid ""
+"Creative Commons 4.0 licenses cover database rights and ODI recommends CC "
+"BY, CC BY-SA, and CC0 for data releases. ODI encourages publishers of data "
+"to use Creative Commons licenses rather than creating new <quote>open "
+"licenses</quote> of their own."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6463
+msgid ""
+"For ODI, open is at the heart of what they do. They also release any "
+"software code they produce under open-source-software licenses, and "
+"publications and reports under CC BY or CC BY-SA licenses. ODI’s mission is "
+"to connect and equip people around the world so they can innovate with "
+"data. Disseminating stories, research, guidance, and code under an open "
+"license is essential for achieving that mission. It also demonstrates that "
+"it is perfectly possible to generate sustainable revenue streams that do not "
+"rely on restrictive licensing of content, data, or code. People pay to have "
+"ODI experts provide training to them, not for the content of the training; "
+"people pay for the advice ODI gives them, not for the methodologies they "
+"use. Producing open content, data, and source code helps establish "
+"credibility and creates leads for the paid services that they "
+"offer. According to Jeni, <quote>The biggest lesson we have learned is that "
+"it is completely possible to be open, get customers, and make money.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6481
+msgid ""
+"To serve as evidence of a successful open business model and return on "
+"investment, ODI has a public dashboard of key performance indicators. Here "
+"are a few metrics as of April 27, 2016:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6489
+msgid ""
+"Total amount of cash investments unlocked in direct investments in ODI, "
+"competition funding, direct contracts, and partnerships, and income that ODI "
+"nodes and ODI start-ups have generated since joining the ODI program: £44.5 "
+"million"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6497
+msgid "Total number of active members and nodes across the globe: 1,350"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6503
+msgid "Total sales since ODI began: £7.44 million"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6508
+msgid ""
+"Total number of unique people reached since ODI began, in person and online: "
+"2.2 million"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6514
+msgid "Total Open Data Certificates created: 151,000"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6520
+msgid "<ulink url=\"http://dashboards.theodi.org/company/all\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6519
+msgid ""
+"Total number of people trained by ODI and its nodes since ODI began: "
+"5,080<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6526
+msgid "OpenDesk"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6532
+msgid ""
+"Opendesk is a for-profit company offering an online platform that connects "
+"furniture designers around the world with customers and local makers who "
+"bring the designs to life. Founded in 2014 in the UK."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6538
+msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.opendesk.cc\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6540 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8971
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging a transaction "
+"fee"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6543
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: November 4, 2015"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6546
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewees</emphasis>: Nick Ierodiaconou and "
+"Joni Steiner, cofounders"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6551
+msgid ""
+"Opendesk is an online platform that connects furniture designers around the "
+"world not just with customers but also with local registered makers who "
+"bring the designs to life. Opendesk and the designer receive a portion of "
+"every sale that is made by a maker."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6557
+msgid ""
+"Cofounders Nick Ierodiaconou and Joni Steiner studied and worked as "
+"architects together. They also made goods. Their first client was Mint "
+"Digital, who had an interest in open licensing. Nick and Joni were exploring "
+"digital fabrication, and Mint’s interest in open licensing got them to "
+"thinking how the open-source world may interact and apply to physical "
+"goods. They sought to design something for their client that was also "
+"reproducible. As they put it, they decided to <quote>ship the recipe, but "
+"not the goods.</quote> They created the design using software, put it under "
+"an open license, and had it manufactured locally near the client. This was "
+"the start of the idea for Opendesk. The idea for Wikihouse—another open "
+"project dedicated to accessible housing for all—started as discussions "
+"around the same table. The two projects ultimately went on separate paths, "
+"with Wikihouse becoming a nonprofit foundation and Opendesk a for-profit "
+"company."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6574
+msgid ""
+"When Nick and Joni set out to create Opendesk, there were a lot of questions "
+"about the viability of distributed manufacturing. No one was doing it in a "
+"way that was even close to realistic or competitive. The design community "
+"had the intent, but fulfilling this vision was still a long way away."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6581
+msgid ""
+"And now this sector is emerging, and Nick and Joni are highly interested in "
+"the commercialization aspects of it. As part of coming up with a business "
+"model, they began investigating intellectual property and licensing "
+"options. It was a thorny space, especially for designs. Just what aspect of "
+"a design is copyrightable? What is patentable? How can allowing for digital "
+"sharing and distribution be balanced against the designer’s desire to still "
+"hold ownership? In the end, they decided there was no need to reinvent the "
+"wheel and settled on using Creative Commons."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6592
+msgid ""
+"When designing the Opendesk system, they had two goals. They wanted anyone, "
+"anywhere in the world, to be able to download designs so that they could be "
+"made locally, and they wanted a viable model that benefited designers when "
+"their designs were sold. Coming up with a business model was going to be "
+"complex."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6599
+msgid ""
+"They gave a lot of thought to three angles—the potential for social sharing, "
+"allowing designers to choose their license, and the impact these choices "
+"would have on the business model."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6604
+msgid ""
+"In support of social sharing, Opendesk actively advocates for (but doesn’t "
+"demand) open licensing. And Nick and Joni are agnostic about which Creative "
+"Commons license is used; it’s up to the designer. They can be proprietary or "
+"choose from the full suite of Creative Commons licenses, deciding for "
+"themselves how open or closed they want to be."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6616
+msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.opendesk.cc/designers\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6612
+msgid ""
+"For the most part, designers love the idea of sharing content. They "
+"understand that you get positive feedback when you’re attributed, what Nick "
+"and Joni called <quote>reputational glow.</quote> And Opendesk does an "
+"awesome job profiling the designers.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
+"id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6619
+msgid ""
+"While designers are largely OK with personal sharing, there is a concern "
+"that someone will take the design and manufacture the furniture in bulk, "
+"with the designer not getting any benefits. So most Opendesk designers "
+"choose the Attribution-NonCommercial license (CC BY-NC)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6626
+msgid ""
+"Anyone can download a design and make it themselves, provided it’s for "
+"noncommercial use — and there have been many, many downloads. Or users can "
+"buy the product from Opendesk, or from a registered maker in Opendesk’s "
+"network, for on-demand personal fabrication. The network of Opendesk makers "
+"currently is made up of those who do digital fabrication using a "
+"computer-controlled CNC (Computer Numeric Control) machining device that "
+"cuts shapes out of wooden sheets according to the specifications in the "
+"design file."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6643
+msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.opendesk.cc/open-making/makers/\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6636
+msgid ""
+"Makers benefit from being part of Opendesk’s network. Making furniture for "
+"local customers is paid work, and Opendesk generates business for them. Joni "
+"said, <quote>Finding a whole network and community of makers was pretty easy "
+"because we built a site where people could write in about their "
+"capabilities. Building the community by learning from the maker community is "
+"how we have moved forward.</quote> Opendesk now has relationships with "
+"hundreds of makers in countries all around the world.<placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6646
+msgid ""
+"The makers are a critical part of the Opendesk business model. Their model "
+"builds off the makers’ quotes. Here’s how it’s expressed on Opendesk’s "
+"website:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6651
+msgid ""
+"When customers buy an Opendesk product directly from a registered maker, "
+"they pay:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6657
+msgid ""
+"the manufacturing cost as set by the maker (this covers material and labour "
+"costs for the product to be manufactured and any extra assembly costs "
+"charged by the maker)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6664
+msgid ""
+"a design fee for the designer (a design fee that is paid to the designer "
+"every time their design is used)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6670
+msgid ""
+"a percentage fee to the Opendesk platform (this supports the infrastructure "
+"and ongoing development of the platform that helps us build out our "
+"marketplace)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6677
+msgid ""
+"a percentage fee to the channel through which the sale is made (at the "
+"moment this is Opendesk, but in the future we aim to open this up to "
+"third-party sellers who can sell Opendesk products through their own "
+"channels—this covers sales and marketing fees for the relevant channel)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6686
+msgid ""
+"a local delivery service charge (the delivery is typically charged by the "
+"maker, but in some cases may be paid to a third-party delivery partner)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6693
+msgid ""
+"charges for any additional services the customer chooses, such as on-site "
+"assembly (additional services are discretionary—in many cases makers will be "
+"happy to quote for assembly on-site and designers may offer bespoke design "
+"options)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6702
+msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.opendesk.cc/open-making/join\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6701
+msgid ""
+"local sales taxes (variable by customer and maker location)<placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6707
+msgid "They then go into detail how makers’ quotes are created:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6710
+msgid ""
+"When a customer wants to buy an Opendesk . . . they are provided with a "
+"transparent breakdown of fees including the manufacturing cost, design fee, "
+"Opendesk platform fee and channel fees. If a customer opts to buy by getting "
+"in touch directly with a registered local maker using a downloaded Opendesk "
+"file, the maker is responsible for ensuring the design fee, Opendesk "
+"platform fee and channel fees are included in any quote at the time of "
+"sale. Percentage fees are always based on the underlying manufacturing cost "
+"and are typically apportioned as follows:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6723
+msgid ""
+"manufacturing cost: fabrication, finishing and any other costs as set by the "
+"maker (excluding any services like delivery or on-site assembly)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6730
+msgid "design fee: 8 percent of the manufacturing cost"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6735
+msgid "platform fee: 12 percent of the manufacturing cost"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6740
+msgid "channel fee: 18 percent of the manufacturing cost"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6745
+msgid "sales tax: as applicable (depends on product and location)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6750
+msgid ""
+"Opendesk shares revenue with their community of designers. According to "
+"Nick and Joni, a typical designer fee is around 2.5 percent, so Opendesk’s 8 "
+"percent is more generous, and providing a higher value to the designer."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6756
+msgid ""
+"The Opendesk website features stories of designers and makers. Denis Fuzii "
+"published the design for the Valovi Chair from his studio in São Paulo. His "
+"designs have been downloaded over five thousand times in ninety-five "
+"countries. I.J. CNC Services is Ian Jinks, a professional maker based in the "
+"United Kingdom. Opendesk now makes up a large proportion of his business."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6764
+msgid ""
+"To manage resources and remain effective, Opendesk has so far focused on a "
+"very narrow niche—primarily office furniture of a certain simple aesthetic, "
+"which uses only one type of material and one manufacturing technique. This "
+"allows them to be more strategic and more disruptive in the market, by "
+"getting things to market quickly with competitive prices. It also reflects "
+"their vision of creating reproducible and functional pieces."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6773
+msgid ""
+"On their website, Opendesk describes what they do as <quote>open "
+"making</quote>: <quote>Designers get a global distribution channel. Makers "
+"get profitable jobs and new customers. You get designer products without the "
+"designer price tag, a more social, eco-friendly alternative to "
+"mass-production and an affordable way to buy custom-made products.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6781
+msgid ""
+"Nick and Joni say that customers like the fact that the furniture has a "
+"known provenance. People really like that their furniture was designed by a "
+"certain international designer but was made by a maker in their local "
+"community; it’s a great story to tell. It certainly sets apart Opendesk "
+"furniture from the usual mass-produced items from a store."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6794
+msgid "<ulink url=\"http://openmaking.is\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6789
+msgid ""
+"Nick and Joni are taking a community-based approach to define and evolve "
+"Opendesk and the <quote>open making</quote> business model. They’re "
+"engaging thought leaders and practitioners to define this new movement. They "
+"have a separate Open Making site, which includes a manifesto, a field guide, "
+"and an invitation to get involved in the Open Making community.<placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> People can submit ideas and discuss the "
+"principles and business practices they’d like to see used."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6798
+msgid ""
+"Nick and Joni talked a lot with us about intellectual property (IP) and "
+"commercialization. Many of their designers fear the idea that someone could "
+"take one of their design files and make and sell infinite number of pieces "
+"of furniture with it. As a consequence, most Opendesk designers choose the "
+"Attribution-NonCommercial license (CC BY-NC)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6806
+msgid ""
+"Opendesk established a set of principles for what their community considers "
+"commercial and noncommercial use. Their website states:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6810
+msgid "It is unambiguously commercial use when anyone:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6815
+msgid "charges a fee or makes a profit when making an Opendesk"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6820
+msgid "sells (or bases a commercial service on) an Opendesk"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6825
+msgid ""
+"It follows from this that noncommercial use is when you make an Opendesk "
+"yourself, with no intention to gain commercial advantage or monetary "
+"compensation. For example, these qualify as noncommercial:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6833
+msgid ""
+"you are an individual with your own CNC machine, or access to a shared CNC "
+"machine, and will personally cut and make a few pieces of furniture yourself"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6840
+msgid ""
+"you are a student (or teacher) and you use the design files for educational "
+"purposes or training (and do not intend to sell the resulting pieces)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6847
+msgid ""
+"you work for a charity and get furniture cut by volunteers, or by employees "
+"at a fab lab or maker space"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6853
+msgid ""
+"Whether or not people technically are doing things that implicate IP, Nick "
+"and Joni have found that people tend to comply with the wishes of creators "
+"out of a sense of fairness. They have found that behavioral economics can "
+"replace some of the thorny legal issues. In their business model, Nick and "
+"Joni are trying to suspend the focus on IP and build an open business model "
+"that works for all stakeholders—designers, channels, manufacturers, and "
+"customers. For them, the value Opendesk generates hangs off "
+"<quote>open,</quote> not IP."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6864
+msgid ""
+"The mission of Opendesk is about relocalizing manufacturing, which changes "
+"the way we think about how goods are made. Commercialization is integral to "
+"their mission, and they’ve begun to focus on success metrics that track how "
+"many makers and designers are engaged through Opendesk in revenue-making "
+"work."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6871
+msgid ""
+"As a global platform for local making, Opendesk’s business model has been "
+"built on honesty, transparency, and inclusivity. As Nick and Joni describe "
+"it, they put ideas out there that get traction and then have faith in "
+"people."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6878
+msgid "OpenStax"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6884
+msgid ""
+"OpenStax is a nonprofit that provides free, openly licensed textbooks for "
+"high-enrollment introductory college courses and Advanced Placement "
+"courses. Founded in 2012 in the U.S."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6889
+msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.openstaxcollege.org\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6891
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: grant funding, charging "
+"for custom services, charging for physical copies (textbook sales)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6895
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: December 16, 2015"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6898
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: David Harris, "
+"editor-in-chief"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6903
+msgid ""
+"OpenStax is an extension of a program called Connexions, which was started "
+"in 1999 by Dr. Richard Baraniuk, the Victor E. Cameron Professor of "
+"Electrical and Computer Engineering at Rice University in Houston, "
+"Texas. Frustrated by the limitations of traditional textbooks and courses, "
+"Dr. Baraniuk wanted to provide authors and learners a way to share and "
+"freely adapt educational materials such as courses, books, and "
+"reports. Today, Connexions (now called OpenStax CNX) is one of the world’s "
+"best libraries of customizable educational materials, all licensed with "
+"Creative Commons and available to anyone, anywhere, anytime—for free."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6915
+msgid ""
+"In 2008, while in a senior leadership role at WebAssign and looking at ways "
+"to reduce the risk that came with relying on publishers, David Harris began "
+"investigating open educational resources (OER) and discovered Connexions. A "
+"year and a half later, Connexions received a grant to help grow the use of "
+"OER so that it could meet the needs of students who couldn’t afford "
+"textbooks. David came on board to spearhead this effort. Connexions became "
+"OpenStax CNX; the program to create open textbooks became OpenStax College, "
+"now simply called OpenStax."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6926
+msgid ""
+"David brought with him a deep understanding of the best practices of "
+"publishing along with where publishers have inefficiencies. In David’s view, "
+"peer review and high standards for quality are critically important if you "
+"want to scale easily. Books have to have logical scope and sequence, they "
+"have to exist as a whole and not in pieces, and they have to be easy to "
+"find. The working hypothesis for the launch of OpenStax was to "
+"professionally produce a turnkey textbook by investing effort up front, with "
+"the expectation that this would lead to rapid growth through easy downstream "
+"adoptions by faculty and students."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6944
+msgid ""
+"<ulink "
+"url=\"http://news.rice.edu/files/2016/01/0119-OPENSTAX-2016Infographic-lg-1tahxiu.jpg\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6938
+msgid ""
+"In 2012, OpenStax College launched as a nonprofit with the aim of producing "
+"high-quality, peer-reviewed full-color textbooks that would be available for "
+"free for the twenty-five most heavily attended college courses in the "
+"nation. Today they are fast approaching that number. There is data that "
+"proves the success of their original hypothesis on how many students they "
+"could help and how much money they could help save.<placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Professionally produced content scales "
+"rapidly. All with no sales force!"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6948
+msgid ""
+"OpenStax textbooks are all Attribution (CC BY) licensed, and each textbook "
+"is available as a PDF, an e-book, or web pages. Those who want a physical "
+"copy can buy one for an affordable price. Given the cost of education and "
+"student debt in North America, free or very low-cost textbooks are very "
+"appealing. OpenStax encourages students to talk to their professor and "
+"librarians about these textbooks and to advocate for their use."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6957
+msgid ""
+"Teachers are invited to try out a single chapter from one of the textbooks "
+"with students. If that goes well, they’re encouraged to adopt the entire "
+"book. They can simply paste a URL into their course syllabus, for free and "
+"unlimited access. And with the CC BY license, teachers are free to delete "
+"chapters, make changes, and customize any book to fit their needs."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6965
+msgid ""
+"Any teacher can post corrections, suggest examples for difficult concepts, "
+"or volunteer as an editor or author. As many teachers also want supplemental "
+"material to accompany a textbook, OpenStax also provides slide "
+"presentations, test banks, answer keys, and so on."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6976
+msgid "<ulink url=\"http://openstax.org/adopters\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6972
+msgid ""
+"Institutions can stand out by offering students a lower-cost education "
+"through the use of OpenStax textbooks; there’s even a textbook-savings "
+"calculator they can use to see how much students would save. OpenStax keeps "
+"a running list of institutions that have adopted their "
+"textbooks.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6979
+msgid ""
+"Unlike traditional publishers’ monolithic approach of controlling "
+"intellectual property, distribution, and so many other aspects, OpenStax has "
+"adopted a model that embraces open licensing and relies on an extensive "
+"network of partners."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6985
+msgid ""
+"Up-front funding of a professionally produced all-color turnkey textbook is "
+"expensive. For this part of their model, OpenStax relies on "
+"philanthropy. They have initially been funded by the William and Flora "
+"Hewlett Foundation, the Laura and John Arnold Foundation, the Bill and "
+"Melinda Gates Foundation, the 20 Million Minds Foundation, the Maxfield "
+"Foundation, the Calvin K. Kazanjian Foundation, and Rice University. To "
+"develop additional titles and supporting technology is probably still going "
+"to require philanthropic investment."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6996
+msgid ""
+"However, ongoing operations will not rely on foundation grants but instead "
+"on funds received through an ecosystem of over forty partners, whereby a "
+"partner takes core content from OpenStax and adds features that it can "
+"create revenue from. For example, WebAssign, an online homework and "
+"assessment tool, takes the physics book and adds algorithmically generated "
+"physics problems, with problem-specific feedback, detailed solutions, and "
+"tutorial support. WebAssign resources are available to students for a fee."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7006
+msgid ""
+"Another example is Odigia, who has turned OpenStax books into interactive "
+"learning experiences and created additional tools to measure and promote "
+"student engagement. Odigia licenses its learning platform to "
+"institutions. Partners like Odigia and WebAssign give a percentage of the "
+"revenue they earn back to OpenStax, as mission-support fees. OpenStax has "
+"already published revisions of their titles, such as Introduction to "
+"Sociology 2e, using these funds."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7016
+msgid ""
+"In David’s view, this approach lets the market operate at peak "
+"efficiency. OpenStax’s partners don’t have to worry about developing "
+"textbook content, freeing them up from those development costs and letting "
+"them focus on what they do best. With OpenStax textbooks available at no "
+"cost, they can provide their services at a lower cost—not free, but still "
+"saving students money. OpenStax benefits not only by receiving "
+"mission-support fees but through free publicity and marketing. OpenStax "
+"doesn’t have a sales force; partners are out there showcasing their "
+"materials."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7028
+msgid ""
+"OpenStax’s cost of sales to acquire a single student is very, very low and "
+"is a fraction of what traditional players in the market face. This year, "
+"Tyton Partners is actually evaluating the costs of sales for an OER effort "
+"like OpenStax in comparison with incumbents. David looks forward to sharing "
+"these findings with the community."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7036
+msgid ""
+"While OpenStax books are available online for free, many students still want "
+"a print copy. Through a partnership with a print and courier company, "
+"OpenStax offers a complete solution that scales. OpenStax sells tens of "
+"thousands of print books. The price of an OpenStax sociology textbook is "
+"about twenty-eight dollars, a fraction of what sociology textbooks usually "
+"cost. OpenStax keeps the prices low but does aim to earn a small margin on "
+"each book sold, which also contributes to ongoing operations."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7046
+msgid ""
+"Campus-based bookstores are part of the OpenStax solution. OpenStax "
+"collaborates with NACSCORP (the National Association of College Stores "
+"Corporation) to provide print versions of their textbooks in the "
+"stores. While the overall cost of the textbook is significantly less than a "
+"traditional textbook, bookstores can still make a profit on sales. Sometimes "
+"students take the savings they have from the lower-priced book and use it to "
+"buy other things in the bookstore. And OpenStax is trying to break the "
+"expensive behavior of excessive returns by having a no-returns policy. This "
+"is working well, since the sell-through of their print titles is virtually a "
+"hundred percent."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7059
+msgid ""
+"David thinks of the OpenStax model as <quote>OER 2.0.</quote> So what is OER "
+"1.0? Historically in the OER field, many OER initiatives have been locally "
+"funded by institutions or government ministries. In David’s view, this "
+"results in content that has high local value but is infrequently adopted "
+"nationally. It’s therefore difficult to show payback over a time scale that "
+"is reasonable."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7067
+msgid ""
+"OER 2.0 is about OER intended to be used and adopted on a national level "
+"right from the start. This requires a bigger investment up front but pays "
+"off through wide geographic adoption. The OER 2.0 process for OpenStax "
+"involves two development models. The first is what David calls the "
+"acquisition model, where OpenStax purchases the rights from a publisher or "
+"author for an already published book and then extensively revises it. The "
+"OpenStax physics textbook, for example, was licensed from an author after "
+"the publisher released the rights back to the authors. The second model is "
+"to develop a book from scratch, a good example being their biology book."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7080
+msgid ""
+"The process is similar for both models. First they look at the scope and "
+"sequence of existing textbooks. They ask questions like what does the "
+"customer need? Where are students having challenges? Then they identify "
+"potential authors and put them through a rigorous evaluation—only one in ten "
+"authors make it through. OpenStax selects a team of authors who come "
+"together to develop a template for a chapter and collectively write the "
+"first draft (or revise it, in the acquisitions model). (OpenStax doesn’t do "
+"books with just a single author as David says it risks the project going "
+"longer than scheduled.) The draft is peer-reviewed with no less than three "
+"reviewers per chapter. A second draft is generated, with artists producing "
+"illustrations and visuals to go along with the text. The book is then "
+"copyedited to ensure grammatical correctness and a singular voice. Finally, "
+"it goes into production and through a final proofread. The whole process is "
+"very time-consuming."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7098
+msgid ""
+"All the people involved in this process are paid. OpenStax does not rely on "
+"volunteers. Writers, reviewers, illustrators, and editors are all paid an "
+"up-front fee—OpenStax does not use a royalty model. A best-selling author "
+"might make more money under the traditional publishing model, but that is "
+"only maybe 5 percent of all authors. From David’s perspective, 95 percent of "
+"all authors do better under the OER 2.0 model, as there is no risk to them "
+"and they earn all the money up front."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7108
+msgid ""
+"David thinks of the Attribution license (CC BY) as the <quote>innovation "
+"license.</quote> It’s core to the mission of OpenStax, letting people use "
+"their textbooks in innovative ways without having to ask for permission. It "
+"frees up the whole market and has been central to OpenStax being able to "
+"bring on partners. OpenStax sees a lot of customization of their "
+"materials. By enabling frictionless remixing, CC BY gives teachers control "
+"and academic freedom."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7118
+msgid ""
+"Using CC BY is also a good example of using strategies that traditional "
+"publishers can’t. Traditional publishers rely on copyright to prevent others "
+"from making copies and heavily invest in digital rights management to ensure "
+"their books aren’t shared. By using CC BY, OpenStax avoids having to deal "
+"with digital rights management and its costs. OpenStax books can be copied "
+"and shared over and over again. CC BY changes the rules of engagement and "
+"takes advantage of traditional market inefficiencies."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7128
+msgid ""
+"As of September 16, 2016, OpenStax has achieved some impressive "
+"results. From the OpenStax at a Glance fact sheet from their recent press "
+"kit:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7135
+msgid "Books published: 23"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7140
+msgid "Students who have used OpenStax: 1.6 million"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7145
+msgid "Money saved for students: $155 million"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7150
+msgid "Money saved for students in the 2016/17 academic year: $77 million"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7156
+msgid ""
+"Schools that have used OpenStax: 2,668 (This number reflects all "
+"institutions using at least one OpenStax textbook. Out of 2,668 schools, 517 "
+"are two-year colleges, 835 four-year colleges and universities, and 344 "
+"colleges and universities outside the U.S.)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7165
+msgid ""
+"While OpenStax has to date been focused on the United States, there is "
+"overseas adoption especially in the science, technology, engineering, and "
+"math (STEM) fields. Large scale adoption in the United States is seen as a "
+"necessary precursor to international interest."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7172
+msgid ""
+"OpenStax has primarily focused on introductory-level college courses where "
+"there is high enrollment, but they are starting to think about verticals—a "
+"broad offering for a specific group or need. David thinks it would be "
+"terrific if OpenStax could provide access to free textbooks through the "
+"entire curriculum of a nursing degree, for example."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7180
+msgid ""
+"Finally, for OpenStax success is not just about the adoption of their "
+"textbooks and student savings. There is a human aspect to the work that is "
+"hard to quantify but incredibly important. They get emails from students "
+"saying how OpenStax saved them from making difficult choices like buying "
+"food or a textbook. OpenStax would also like to assess the impact their "
+"books have on learning efficiency, persistence, and completion. By building "
+"an open business model based on Creative Commons, OpenStax is making it "
+"possible for every student who wants access to education to get it."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7193
+msgid "Amanda Palmer"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7199
+msgid "Amanda Palmer is a musician, artist, and writer. Based in the U.S."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7203
+msgid "<ulink url=\"http://amandapalmer.net\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7205
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: crowdfunding "
+"(subscription-based), pay-what-you-want, charging for physical copies (book "
+"and album sales), charg-ing for in-person version (performances), selling "
+"merchandise"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7210
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: December 15, 2015"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7218
+msgid ""
+"<ulink "
+"url=\"http://www.forbes.com/sites/zackomalleygreenburg/2015/04/16/amanda-palmer-uncut-the-kickstarter-queen-on-spotify-patreon-and-taylor-swift/#44e20ce46d67\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7215
+msgid ""
+"Since the beginning of her career, Amanda Palmer has been on what she calls "
+"a <quote>journey with no roadmap,</quote> continually experimenting to find "
+"new ways to sustain her creative work.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
+"id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7221
+msgid ""
+"In her best-selling book, The Art of Asking, Amanda articulates exactly what "
+"she has been and continues to strive for—<quote>the ideal sweet spot "
+". . . in which the artist can share freely and directly feel the "
+"reverberations of their artistic gifts to the community, and make a living "
+"doing that.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7228
+msgid ""
+"While she seems to have successfully found that sweet spot for herself, "
+"Amanda is the first to acknowledge there is no silver bullet. She thinks the "
+"digital age is both an exciting and frustrating time for creators. <quote>On "
+"the one hand, we have this beautiful shareability,</quote> Amanda "
+"said. <quote>On the other, you’ve got a bunch of confused artists wondering "
+"how to make money to buy food so we can make more art.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7237
+msgid ""
+"Amanda began her artistic career as a street performer. She would dress up "
+"in an antique wedding gown, paint her face white, stand on a stack of milk "
+"crates, and hand out flowers to strangers as part of a silent dramatic "
+"performance. She collected money in a hat. Most people walked by her without "
+"stopping, but an essential few stopped to watch and drop some money into her "
+"hat to show their appreciation. Rather than dwelling on the majority of "
+"people who ignored her, she felt thankful for those who stopped. <quote>All "
+"I needed was . . . some people,</quote> she wrote in her book. <quote>Enough "
+"people. Enough to make it worth coming back the next day, enough people to "
+"help me make rent and put food on the table. Enough so I could keep making "
+"art.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7251
+msgid ""
+"Amanda has come a long way from her street-performing days, but her career "
+"remains dominated by that same sentiment—finding ways to reach <quote>her "
+"crowd</quote> and feeling gratitude when she does. With her band the Dresden "
+"Dolls, Amanda tried the traditional path of signing with a record label. It "
+"didn’t take for a variety of reasons, but one of them was that the label had "
+"absolutely no interest in Amanda’s view of success. They wanted hits, but "
+"making music for the masses was never what Amanda and the Dresden Dolls set "
+"out to do."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7262
+msgid ""
+"After leaving the record label in 2008, she began experimenting with "
+"different ways to make a living. She released music directly to the public "
+"without involving a middle man, releasing digital files on a <quote>pay what "
+"you want</quote> basis and selling CDs and vinyl. She also made money from "
+"live performances and merchandise sales. Eventually, in 2012 she decided to "
+"try her hand at the sort of crowdfunding we know so well today. Her "
+"Kickstarter project started with a goal of $100,000, and she made $1.2 "
+"million. It remains one of the most successful Kickstarter projects of all "
+"time."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7274
+msgid ""
+"Today, Amanda has switched gears away from crowdfunding for specific "
+"projects to instead getting consistent financial support from her fan base "
+"on Patreon, a crowdfunding site that allows artists to get recurring "
+"donations from fans. More than eight thousand people have signed up to "
+"support her so she can create music, art, and any other creative "
+"<quote>thing</quote> that she is inspired to make. The recurring pledges are "
+"made on a <quote>per thing</quote> basis. All of the content she makes is "
+"made freely available under an Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license "
+"(CC BY-NC-SA)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7286
+msgid ""
+"Making her music and art available under Creative Commons licensing "
+"undoubtedly limits her options for how she makes a living. But sharing her "
+"work has been part of her model since the beginning of her career, even "
+"before she discovered Creative Commons. Amanda says the Dresden Dolls used "
+"to get ten emails per week from fans asking if they could use their music "
+"for different projects. They said yes to all of the requests, as long as it "
+"wasn’t for a completely for-profit venture. At the time, they used a "
+"short-form agreement written by Amanda herself. <quote>I made everyone sign "
+"that contract so at least I wouldn’t be leaving the band vulnerable to "
+"someone later going on and putting our music in a Camel cigarette "
+"ad,</quote> Amanda said. Once she discovered Creative Commons, adopting the "
+"licenses was an easy decision because it gave them a more formal, "
+"standardized way of doing what they had been doing all along. The "
+"NonCommercial licenses were a natural fit."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7304
+msgid ""
+"Amanda embraces the way her fans share and build upon her music. In The Art "
+"of Asking, she wrote that some of her fans’ unofficial videos using her "
+"music surpass the official videos in number of views on YouTube. Rather than "
+"seeing this sort of thing as competition, Amanda celebrates it. <quote>We "
+"got into this because we wanted to share the joy of music,</quote> she said."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7312
+msgid ""
+"This is symbolic of how nearly everything she does in her career is "
+"motivated by a desire to connect with her fans. At the start of her career, "
+"she and the band would throw concerts at house parties. As the gatherings "
+"grew, the line between fans and friends was completely blurred. <quote>Not "
+"only did most our early fans know where I lived and where we practiced, but "
+"most of them had also been in my kitchen,</quote> Amanda wrote in The Art of "
+"Asking."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7322
+msgid ""
+"Even though her fan base is now huge and global, she continues to seek this "
+"sort of human connection with her fans. She seeks out face-to-face contact "
+"with her fans every chance she can get. Her hugely successful Kickstarter "
+"featured fifty concerts at house parties for backers. She spends hours in "
+"the signing line after shows. It helps that Amanda has the kind of dynamic, "
+"engaging personality that instantly draws people to her, but a big component "
+"of her ability to connect with people is her willingness to "
+"listen. <quote>Listening fast and caring immediately is a skill unto "
+"itself,</quote> Amanda wrote."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7334
+msgid ""
+"Another part of the connection fans feel with Amanda is how much they know "
+"about her life. Rather than trying to craft a public persona or image, she "
+"essentially lives her life as an open book. She has written openly about "
+"incredibly personal events in her life, and she isn’t afraid to be "
+"vulnerable. Having that kind of trust in her fans—the trust it takes to be "
+"truly honest—begets trust from her fans in return. When she meets fans for "
+"the first time after a show, they can legitimately feel like they know her."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7343
+msgid ""
+"<quote>With social media, we’re so concerned with the picture looking "
+"palatable and consumable that we forget that being human and showing the "
+"flaws and exposing the vulnerability actually create a deeper connection "
+"than just looking fantastic,</quote> Amanda said. <quote>Everything in our "
+"culture is telling us otherwise. But my experience has shown me that the "
+"risk of making yourself vulnerable is almost always worth it.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7352
+msgid ""
+"Not only does she disclose intimate details of her life to them, she sleeps "
+"on their couches, listens to their stories, cries with them. In short, she "
+"treats her fans like friends in nearly every possible way, even when they "
+"are complete strangers. This mentality—that fans are friends—is completely "
+"intertwined with Amanda’s success as an artist. It is also intertwined with "
+"her use of Creative Commons licenses. Because that is what you do with your "
+"friends—you share."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7362
+msgid ""
+"After years of investing time and energy into building trust with her fans, "
+"she has a strong enough relationship with them to ask for support—through "
+"pay-what-you-want donations, Kickstarter, Patreon, or even asking them to "
+"lend a hand at a concert. As Amanda explains it, crowdfunding (which is "
+"really what all of these different things are) is about asking for support "
+"from people who know and trust you. People who feel personally invested in "
+"your success."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7371
+msgid ""
+"<quote>When you openly, radically trust people, they not only take care of "
+"you, they become your allies, your family,</quote> she wrote. There really "
+"is a feeling of solidarity within her core fan base. From the beginning, "
+"Amanda and her band encouraged people to dress up for their shows. They "
+"consciously cultivated a feeling of belonging to their <quote>weird little "
+"family.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7379
+msgid ""
+"This sort of intimacy with fans is not possible or even desirable for every "
+"creator. <quote>I don’t take for granted that I happen to be the type of "
+"person who loves cavorting with strangers,</quote> Amanda said. <quote>I "
+"recognize that it’s not necessarily everyone’s idea of a good time. Everyone "
+"does it differently. Replicating what I have done won’t work for others if "
+"it isn’t joyful to them. It’s about finding a way to channel energy in a way "
+"that is joyful to you.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7389
+msgid ""
+"Yet while Amanda joyfully interacts with her fans and involves them in her "
+"work as much as possible, she does keep one job primarily to herself—writing "
+"the music. She loves the creativity with which her fans use and adapt her "
+"work, but she intentionally does not involve them at the first stage of "
+"creating her artistic work. And, of course, the songs and music are what "
+"initially draw people to Amanda Palmer. It is only once she has connected to "
+"people through her music that she can then begin to build ties with them on "
+"a more personal level, both in person and online. In her book, Amanda "
+"describes it as casting a net. It starts with the art and then the bond "
+"strengthens with human connection."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7402
+msgid ""
+"For Amanda, the entire point of being an artist is to establish and maintain "
+"this connection. <quote>It sounds so corny,</quote> she said, <quote>but my "
+"experience in forty years on this planet has pointed me to an obvious "
+"truth—that connection with human beings feels so much better and more "
+"fulfilling than approaching art through a capitalist lens. There is no more "
+"satisfying end goal than having someone tell you that what you do is "
+"genuinely of value to them.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7412
+msgid ""
+"As she explains it, when a fan gives her a ten-dollar bill, usually what "
+"they are saying is that the money symbolizes some deeper value the music "
+"provided them. For Amanda, art is not just a product; it’s a "
+"relationship. Viewed from this lens, what Amanda does today is not that "
+"different from what she did as a young street performer. She shares her "
+"music and other artistic gifts. She shares herself. And then rather than "
+"forcing people to help her, she lets them."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7423
+msgid "PLOS (Public Library of Science)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7429
+msgid ""
+"PLOS (Public Library of Science) is a nonprofit that publishes a library of "
+"academic journals and other scientific literature. Founded in 2000 in the "
+"U.S."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7434
+msgid "<ulink url=\"http://plos.org\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7436
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging content "
+"creators an author processing charge to be featured in the journal"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7440
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: March 7, 2016"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7442
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Louise Page, publisher"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7447
+msgid ""
+"The Public Library of Science (PLOS) began in 2000 when three leading "
+"scientists—Harold E. Varmus, Patrick O. Brown, and Michael Eisen—started an "
+"online petition. They were calling for scientists to stop submitting papers "
+"to journals that didn’t make the full text of their papers freely available "
+"immediately or within six months. Although tens of thousands signed the "
+"petition, most did not follow through. In August 2001, Patrick and Michael "
+"announced that they would start their own nonprofit publishing operation to "
+"do just what the petition promised. With start-up grant support from the "
+"Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, PLOS was launched to provide new "
+"open-access journals for biomedicine, with research articles being released "
+"under Attribution (CC BY) licenses."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7461
+msgid ""
+"Traditionally, academic publishing begins with an author submitting a "
+"manuscript to a publisher. After in-house technical and ethical "
+"considerations, the article is then peer-reviewed to determine if the "
+"quality of the work is acceptable for publishing. Once accepted, the "
+"publisher takes the article through the process of copyediting, typesetting, "
+"and eventual publishing in a print or online publication. Traditional "
+"journal publishers recover costs and earn profit by charging a subscription "
+"fee to libraries or an access fee to users wanting to read the journal or "
+"article."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7472
+msgid ""
+"For Louise Page, the current publisher of PLOS, this traditional model "
+"results in inequity. Access is restricted to those who can pay. Most "
+"research is funded through government-appointed agencies, that is, with "
+"public funds. It’s unjust that the public who funded the research would be "
+"required to pay again to access the results. Not everyone can afford the "
+"ever-escalating subscription fees publishers charge, especially when library "
+"budgets are being reduced. Restricting access to the results of scientific "
+"research slows the dissemination of this research and advancement of the "
+"field. It was time for a new model."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7484
+msgid ""
+"That new model became known as open access. That is, free and open "
+"availability on the Internet. Open-access research articles are not behind a "
+"paywall and do not require a login. A key benefit of open access is that it "
+"allows people to freely use, copy, and distribute the articles, as they are "
+"primarily published under an Attribution (CC BY) license (which only "
+"requires the user to provide appropriate attribution). And more importantly, "
+"policy makers, clinicians, entrepreneurs, educators, and students around the "
+"world have free and timely access to the latest research immediately on "
+"publication."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7496
+msgid ""
+"However, open access requires rethinking the business model of research "
+"publication. Rather than charge a subscription fee to access the journal, "
+"PLOS decided to turn the model on its head and charge a publication fee, "
+"known as an article-processing charge. This up-front fee, generally paid by "
+"the funder of the research or the author’s institution, covers the expenses "
+"such as editorial oversight, peer-review management, journal production, "
+"online hosting, and support for discovery. Fees are per article and are "
+"billed upon acceptance for publishing. There are no additional charges based "
+"on word length, figures, or other elements."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7508
+msgid ""
+"Calculating the article-processing charge involves taking all the costs "
+"associated with publishing the journal and determining a cost per article "
+"that collectively recovers costs. For PLOS’s journals in biology, medicine, "
+"genetics, computational biology, neglected tropical diseases, and pathogens, "
+"the article-processing charge ranges from $2,250 to "
+"$2,900. Article-publication charges for PLOS ONE, a journal started in 2006, "
+"are just under $1,500."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7517
+msgid ""
+"PLOS believes that lack of funds should not be a barrier to "
+"publication. Since its inception, PLOS has provided fee support for "
+"individuals and institutions to help authors who can’t afford the "
+"article-processing charges."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7523
+msgid ""
+"Louise identifies marketing as one area of big difference between PLOS and "
+"traditional journal publishers. Traditional journals have to invest heavily "
+"in staff, buildings, and infrastructure to market their journal and convince "
+"customers to subscribe. Restricting access to subscribers means that tools "
+"for managing access control are necessary. They spend millions of dollars on "
+"access-control systems, staff to manage them, and sales staff. With PLOS’s "
+"open-access publishing, there’s no need for these massive expenses; the "
+"articles are free, open, and accessible to all upon "
+"publication. Additionally, traditional publishers tend to spend more on "
+"marketing to libraries, who ultimately pay the subscription fees. PLOS "
+"provides a better service for authors by promoting their research directly "
+"to the research community and giving the authors exposure. And this "
+"encourages other authors to submit their work for publication."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7540
+msgid ""
+"For Louise, PLOS would not exist without the Attribution license (CC "
+"BY). This makes it very clear what rights are associated with the content "
+"and provides a safe way for researchers to make their work available while "
+"ensuring they get recognition (appropriate attribution). For PLOS, all of "
+"this aligns with how they think research content should be published and "
+"disseminated."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7548
+msgid ""
+"PLOS also has a broad open-data policy. To get their research paper "
+"published, PLOS authors must also make their data available in a public "
+"repository and provide a data-availability statement."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7553
+msgid ""
+"Business-operation costs associated with the open-access model still largely "
+"follow the existing publishing model. PLOS journals are online only, but the "
+"editorial, peer-review, production, typesetting, and publishing stages are "
+"all the same as for a traditional publisher. The editorial teams must be top "
+"notch. PLOS has to function as well as or better than other premier "
+"journals, as researchers have a choice about where to publish."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7562
+msgid ""
+"Researchers are influenced by journal rankings, which reflect the place of a "
+"journal within its field, the relative difficulty of being published in that "
+"journal, and the prestige associated with it. PLOS journals rank high, even "
+"though they are relatively new."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7568
+msgid ""
+"The promotion and tenure of researchers are partially based how many times "
+"other researchers cite their articles. Louise says when researchers want to "
+"discover and read the work of others in their field, they go to an online "
+"aggregator or search engine, and not typically to a particular journal. The "
+"CC BY licensing of PLOS research articles ensures easy access for readers "
+"and generates more discovery and citations for authors."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7577
+msgid ""
+"Louise believes that open access has been a huge success, progressing from a "
+"movement led by a small cadre of researchers to something that is now "
+"widespread and used in some form by every journal publisher. PLOS has had a "
+"big impact. In 2012 to 2014, they published more open-access articles than "
+"BioMed Central, the original open-access publisher, or anyone else."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7585
+msgid ""
+"PLOS further disrupted the traditional journal-publishing model by "
+"pioneering the concept of a megajournal. The PLOS ONE megajournal, launched "
+"in 2006, is an open-access peer-reviewed academic journal that is much "
+"larger than a traditional journal, publishing thousands of articles per year "
+"and benefiting from economies of scale. PLOS ONE has a broad scope, covering "
+"science and medicine as well as social sciences and the humanities. The "
+"review and editorial process is less subjective. Articles are accepted for "
+"publication based on whether they are technically sound rather than "
+"perceived importance or relevance. This is very important in the current "
+"debate about the integrity and reproducibility of research because negative "
+"or null results can then be published as well, which are generally rejected "
+"by traditional journals. PLOS ONE, like all the PLOS journals, is online "
+"only with no print version. PLOS passes on the financial savings accrued "
+"through economies of scale to researchers and the public by lowering the "
+"article-processing charges, which are below that of other journals. PLOS ONE "
+"is the biggest journal in the world and has really set the bar for "
+"publishing academic journal articles on a large scale. Other publishers see "
+"the value of the PLOS ONE model and are now offering their own "
+"multidisciplinary forums for publishing all sound science."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7609
+msgid ""
+"Louise outlined some other aspects of the research-journal business model "
+"PLOS is experimenting with, describing each as a kind of slider that could "
+"be adjusted to change current practice."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7614
+msgid ""
+"One slider is time to publication. Time to publication may shorten as "
+"journals get better at providing quicker decisions to authors. However, "
+"there is always a trade-off with scale, as the bigger the volume of "
+"articles, the more time the approval process inevitably takes."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7621
+msgid ""
+"Peer review is another part of the process that could change. It’s possible "
+"to redefine what peer review actually is, when to review, and what "
+"constitutes the final article for publication. Louise talked about the "
+"potential to shift to an open-review process, placing the emphasis on "
+"transparency rather than double-blind reviews. Louise thinks we’re moving "
+"into a direction where it’s actually beneficial for an author to know who is "
+"reviewing their paper and for the reviewer to know their review will be "
+"public. An open-review process can also ensure everyone gets credit; right "
+"now, credit is limited to the publisher and author."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7633
+msgid ""
+"Louise says research with negative outcomes is almost as important as "
+"positive results. If journals published more research with negative "
+"outcomes, we’d learn from what didn’t work. It could also reduce how much "
+"the research wheel gets reinvented around the world."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7640
+msgid ""
+"Another adjustable practice is the sharing of articles at early preprint "
+"stages. Publication of research in a peer-reviewed journal can take a long "
+"time because articles must undergo extensive peer review. The need to "
+"quickly circulate current results within a scientific community has led to a "
+"practice of distributing pre-print documents that have not yet undergone "
+"peer review. Preprints broaden the peer-review process, allowing authors to "
+"receive early feedback from a wide group of peers, which can help revise and "
+"prepare the article for submission. Offsetting the advantages of preprints "
+"are author concerns over ensuring their primacy of being first to come up "
+"with findings based on their research. Other researches may see findings the "
+"preprint author has not yet thought of. However, preprints help researchers "
+"get their discoveries out early and establish precedence. A big challenge is "
+"that researchers don’t have a lot of time to comment on preprints."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7658
+msgid ""
+"What constitutes a journal article could also change. The idea of a research "
+"article as printed, bound, and in a library stack is outdated. Digital and "
+"online open up new possibilities, such as a living document evolving over "
+"time, inclusion of audio and video, and interactivity, like discussion and "
+"recommendations. Even the size of what gets published could change. With "
+"these changes the current form factor for what constitutes a research "
+"article would undergo transformation."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7672
+msgid "<ulink url=\"http://collections.plos.org\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7676
+msgid "<ulink url=\"http://plos.org/article-level-metrics\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7668
+msgid ""
+"As journals scale up, and new journals are introduced, more and more "
+"information is being pushed out to readers, making the experience feel like "
+"drinking from a fire hose. To help mitigate this, PLOS aggregates and "
+"curates content from PLOS journals and their network of blogs.<placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It also offers something called Article-Level "
+"Metrics, which helps users assess research most relevant to the field "
+"itself, based on indicators like usage, citations, social bookmarking and "
+"dissemination activity, media and blog coverage, discussions, and "
+"ratings.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Louise believes that the "
+"journal model could evolve to provide a more friendly and interactive user "
+"experience, including a way for readers to communicate with authors."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7681
+msgid ""
+"The big picture for PLOS going forward is to combine and adjust these "
+"experimental practices in ways that continue to improve accessibility and "
+"dissemination of research, while ensuring its integrity and reliability. The "
+"ways they interlink are complex. The process of change and adjustment is "
+"not linear. PLOS sees itself as a very flexible publisher interested in "
+"exploring all the permutations research-publishing can take, with authors "
+"and readers who are open to experimentation."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7691
+msgid ""
+"For PLOS, success is not about revenue. Success is about proving that "
+"scientific research can be communicated rapidly and economically at scale, "
+"for the benefit of researchers and society. The CC BY license makes it "
+"possible for PLOS to publish in a way that is unfettered, open, and fast, "
+"while ensuring that the authors get credit for their work. More than two "
+"million scientists, scholars, and clinicians visit PLOS every month, with "
+"more than 135,000 quality articles to peruse for free."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7701
+msgid ""
+"Ultimately, for PLOS, its authors, and its readers, success is about making "
+"research discoverable, available, and reproducible for the advancement of "
+"science."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7707
+msgid "Rijksmuseum"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7713
+msgid ""
+"The Rijksmuseum is a Dutch national museum dedicated to art and "
+"history. Founded in 1800 in the Netherlands"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7717
+msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.rijksmuseum.nl\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7719
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: grants and government "
+"funding, charging for in-person version (museum admission), selling "
+"merchandise"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7723
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: December 11, 2015"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7726
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Lizzy Jongma, the data "
+"manager of the collections information department"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7731
+msgid ""
+"The Rijksmuseum, a national museum in the Netherlands dedicated to art and "
+"history, has been housed in its current building since 1885. The monumental "
+"building enjoyed more than 125 years of intensive use before needing a "
+"thorough overhaul. In 2003, the museum was closed for renovations. Asbestos "
+"was found in the roof, and although the museum was scheduled to be closed "
+"for only three to four years, renovations ended up taking ten years. During "
+"this time, the collection was moved to a different part of Amsterdam, which "
+"created a physical distance with the curators. Out of necessity, they "
+"started digitally photographing the collection and creating metadata "
+"(information about each object to put into a database). With the renovations "
+"going on for so long, the museum became largely forgotten by the public. Out "
+"of these circumstances emerged a new and more open model for the museum."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7747
+msgid ""
+"By the time Lizzy Jongma joined the Rijksmuseum in 2011 as a data manager, "
+"staff were fed up with the situation the museum was in. They also realized "
+"that even with the new and larger space, it still wouldn’t be able to show "
+"very much of the whole collection—eight thousand of over one million works "
+"representing just 1 percent. Staff began exploring ways to express "
+"themselves, to have something to show for all of the work they had been "
+"doing. The Rijksmuseum is primarily funded by Dutch taxpayers, so was there "
+"a way for the museum provide benefit to the public while it was closed? They "
+"began thinking about sharing Rijksmuseum’s collection using information "
+"technology. And they put up a card-catalog like database of the entire "
+"collection online."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7761
+msgid ""
+"It was effective but a bit boring. It was just data. A hackathon they were "
+"invited to got them to start talking about events like that as having "
+"potential. They liked the idea of inviting people to do cool stuff with "
+"their collection. What about giving online access to digital representations "
+"of the one hundred most important pieces in the Rijksmuseum collection? That "
+"eventually led to why not put the whole collection online?"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7772
+msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.europeana.eu/portal/en\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7770
+msgid ""
+"Then, Lizzy says, Europeana came along. Europeana is Europe’s digital "
+"library, museum, and archive for cultural heritage.<placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> As an online portal to museum collections all "
+"across Europe, Europeana had become an important online platform. In October "
+"2010 Creative Commons released CC0 and its public-domain mark as tools "
+"people could use to identify works as free of known copyright. Europeana was "
+"the first major adopter, using CC0 to release metadata about their "
+"collection and the public domain mark for millions of digital works in their "
+"collection. Lizzy says the Rijksmuseum initially found this change in "
+"business practice a bit scary, but at the same time it stimulated even more "
+"discussion on whether the Rijksmuseum should follow suit."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7784
+msgid ""
+"They realized that they don’t <quote>own</quote> the collection and couldn’t "
+"realistically monitor and enforce compliance with the restrictive licensing "
+"terms they currently had in place. For example, many copies and versions of "
+"Vermeer’s Milkmaid (part of their collection) were already online, many of "
+"them of very poor quality. They could spend time and money policing its use, "
+"but it would probably be futile and wouldn’t make people stop using their "
+"images online. They ended up thinking it’s an utter waste of time to hunt "
+"down people who use the Rijksmuseum collection. And anyway, restricting "
+"access meant the people they were frustrating the most were schoolkids."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7797
+msgid ""
+"In 2011 the Rijksmuseum began making their digital photos of works known to "
+"be free of copyright available online, using Creative Commons CC0 to place "
+"works in the public domain. A medium-resolution image was offered for free, "
+"but a high-resolution version cost forty euros. People started paying, but "
+"Lizzy says getting the money was frequently a nightmare, especially from "
+"overseas customers. The administrative costs often offset revenue, and "
+"income above costs was relatively low. In addition, having to pay for an "
+"image of a work in the public domain from a collection owned by the Dutch "
+"government (i.e., paid for by the public) was contentious and frustrating "
+"for some. Lizzy says they had lots of fierce debates about what to do."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7811
+msgid ""
+"In 2013 the Rijksmuseum changed its business model. They Creative Commons "
+"licensed their highest-quality images and released them online for "
+"free. Digitization still cost money, however; they decided to define "
+"discrete digitization projects and find sponsors willing to fund each "
+"project. This turned out to be a successful strategy, generating high "
+"interest from sponsors and lower administrative effort for the "
+"Rijksmuseum. They started out making 150,000 high-quality images of their "
+"collection available, with the goal to eventually have the entire collection "
+"online."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7822
+msgid ""
+"Releasing these high-quality images for free reduced the number of "
+"poor-quality images that were proliferating. The high-quality image of "
+"Vermeer’s Milkmaid, for example, is downloaded two to three thousand times a "
+"month. On the Internet, images from a source like the Rijksmuseum are more "
+"trusted, and releasing them with a Creative Commons CC0 means they can "
+"easily be found in other platforms. For example, Rijksmuseum images are now "
+"used in thousands of Wikipedia articles, receiving ten to eleven million "
+"views per month. This extends Rijksmuseum’s reach far beyond the scope of "
+"its website. Sharing these images online creates what Lizzy calls the "
+"<quote>Mona Lisa effect,</quote> where a work of art becomes so famous that "
+"people want to see it in real life by visiting the actual museum."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7837
+msgid ""
+"Every museum tends to be driven by the number of physical visitors. The "
+"Rijksmuseum is primarily publicly funded, receiving roughly 70 percent of "
+"its operating budget from the government. But like many museums, it must "
+"generate the rest of the funding through other means. The admission fee has "
+"long been a way to generate revenue generation, including for the "
+"Rijksmuseum."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7845
+msgid ""
+"As museums create a digital presence for themselves and put up digital "
+"representations of their collection online, there’s frequently a worry that "
+"it will lead to a drop in actual physical visits. For the Rijksmuseum, this "
+"has not turned out to be the case. Lizzy told us the Rijksmuseum used to get "
+"about one million visitors a year before closing and now gets more than two "
+"million a year. Making the collection available online has generated "
+"publicity and acts as a form of marketing. The Creative Commons mark "
+"encourages reuse as well. When the image is found on protest leaflets, milk "
+"cartons, and children’s toys, people also see what museum the image comes "
+"from and this increases the museum’s visibility."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7865
+msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7859
+msgid ""
+"In 2011 the Rijksmuseum received €1 million from the Dutch lottery to create "
+"a new web presence that would be different from any other museum’s. In "
+"addition to redesigning their main website to be mobile friendly and "
+"responsive to devices like the iPad, the Rijksmuseum also created the "
+"Rijksstudio, where users and artists could use and do various things with "
+"the Rijksmuseum collection.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7868
+msgid ""
+"The Rijksstudio gives users access to over two hundred thousand high-quality "
+"digital representations of masterworks from the collection. Users can zoom "
+"in to any work and even clip small parts of images they like. Rijksstudio is "
+"a bit like Pinterest. You can <quote>like</quote> works and compile your "
+"personal favorites, and you can share them with friends or download them "
+"free of charge. All the images in the Rijksstudio are copyright and royalty "
+"free, and users are encouraged to use them as they like, for private or even "
+"commercial purposes."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7879
+msgid ""
+"Users have created over 276,000 Rijksstudios, generating their own themed "
+"virtual exhibitions on a wide variety of topics ranging from tapestries to "
+"ugly babies and birds. Sets of images have also been created for educational "
+"purposes including use for school exams."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7886
+msgid ""
+"Some contemporary artists who have works in the Rijksmuseum collection "
+"contacted them to ask why their works were not included in the "
+"Rijksstudio. The answer was that contemporary artists’ works are still bound "
+"by copyright. The Rijksmuseum does encourage contemporary artists to use a "
+"Creative Commons license for their works, usually a CC BY-SA license "
+"(Attribution-ShareAlike), or a CC BY-NC (Attribution-NonCommercial) if they "
+"want to preclude commercial use. That way, their works can be made available "
+"to the public, but within limits the artists have specified."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7906
+msgid ""
+"<ulink "
+"url=\"http://www.etsy.com/ca/listing/175696771/fringe-kimono-silk-kimono-kimono-robe\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7897
+msgid ""
+"The Rijksmuseum believes that art stimulates entrepreneurial activity. The "
+"line between creative and commercial can be blurry. As Lizzy says, even "
+"Rembrandt was commercial, making his livelihood from selling his "
+"paintings. The Rijksmuseum encourages entrepreneurial commercial use of the "
+"images in Rijksstudio. They’ve even partnered with the DIY marketplace Etsy "
+"to inspire people to sell their creations. One great example you can find on "
+"Etsy is a kimono designed by Angie Johnson, who used an image of an "
+"elaborate cabinet along with an oil painting by Jan Asselijn called The "
+"Threatened Swan.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7910
+msgid ""
+"<ulink url=\"http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio-award\"/>; the 2014 "
+"award: <ulink url=\"http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio-award-2014\"/>; "
+"the 2015 award: <ulink "
+"url=\"http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio-award-2015\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7922
+msgid ""
+"<ulink "
+"url=\"http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/nl/rijksstudio/142328--nominees-rijksstudio-award/creaties/ba595afe-452d-46bd-9c8c-48dcbdd7f0a4\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7909
+msgid ""
+"In 2013 the Rijksmuseum organized their first high-profile design "
+"competition, known as the Rijksstudio Award.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
+"id=\"0\"/> With the call to action Make Your Own Masterpiece, the "
+"competition invites the public to use Rijksstudio images to make new "
+"creative designs. A jury of renowned designers and curators selects ten "
+"finalists and three winners. The final award comes with a prize of "
+"€10,000. The second edition in 2015 attracted a staggering 892 top-class "
+"entries. Some award winners end up with their work sold through the "
+"Rijksmuseum store, such as the 2014 entry featuring makeup based on a "
+"specific color scheme of a work of art.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
+"id=\"1\"/> The Rijksmuseum has been thrilled with the results. Entries "
+"range from the fun to the weird to the inspirational. The third "
+"international edition of the Rijksstudio Award started in September 2016."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7928
+msgid ""
+"For the next iteration of the Rijksstudio, the Rijksmuseum is considering an "
+"upload tool, for people to upload their own works of art, and enhanced "
+"social elements so users can interact with each other more."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7934
+msgid ""
+"Going with a more open business model generated lots of publicity for the "
+"Rijksmuseum. They were one of the first museums to open up their collection "
+"(that is, give free access) with high-quality images. This strategy, along "
+"with the many improvements to the Rijksmuseum’s website, dramatically "
+"increased visits to their website from thirty-five thousand visits per month "
+"to three hundred thousand."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7943
+msgid ""
+"The Rijksmuseum has been experimenting with other ways to invite the public "
+"to look at and interact with their collection. On an international day "
+"celebrating animals, they ran a successful bird-themed event. The museum put "
+"together a showing of two thousand works that featured birds and invited "
+"bird-watchers to identify the birds depicted. Lizzy notes that while museum "
+"curators know a lot about the works in their collections, they may not know "
+"about certain details in the paintings such as bird species. Over eight "
+"hundred different birds were identified, including a specific species of "
+"crane bird that was unknown to the scientific community at the time of the "
+"painting."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7956
+msgid ""
+"For the Rijksmuseum, adopting an open business model was scary. They came "
+"up with many worst-case scenarios, imagining all kinds of awful things "
+"people might do with the museum’s works. But Lizzy says those fears did not "
+"come true because <quote>ninety-nine percent of people have respect for "
+"great art.</quote> Many museums think they can make a lot of money by "
+"selling things related to their collection. But in Lizzy’s experience, "
+"museums are usually bad at selling things, and sometimes efforts to generate "
+"a small amount of money block something much bigger—the real value that the "
+"collection has. For Lizzy, clinging to small amounts of revenue is being "
+"penny-wise but pound-foolish. For the Rijksmuseum, a key lesson has been to "
+"never lose sight of its vision for the collection. Allowing access to and "
+"use of their collection has generated great promotional value—far more than "
+"the previous practice of charging fees for access and use. Lizzy sums up "
+"their experience: <quote>Give away; get something in return. Generosity "
+"makes people happy to join you and help out.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7976
+msgid "Shareable"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7982
+msgid "Shareable is an online magazine about sharing. Founded in 2009 in the U.S."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7986
+msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.shareable.net\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7988
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: grant funding, "
+"crowdfunding (project-based), donations, sponsorships"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7991
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: February 24, 2016"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7994
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Neal Gorenflo, cofounder "
+"and executive editor"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7999
+msgid ""
+"In 2013, Shareable faced an impasse. The nonprofit online publication had "
+"helped start a sharing movement four years prior, but over time, they "
+"watched one part of the movement stray from its ideals. As giants like Uber "
+"and Airbnb gained ground, attention began to center on the <quote>sharing "
+"economy</quote> we know now—profit-driven, transactional, and loaded with "
+"venture-capital money. Leaders of corporate start-ups in this domain invited "
+"Shareable to advocate for them. The magazine faced a choice: ride the wave "
+"or stand on principle."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8010
+msgid ""
+"As an organization, Shareable decided to draw a line in the sand. In 2013, "
+"the cofounder and executive editor Neal Gorenflo wrote an opinion piece in "
+"the PandoDaily that charted Shareable’s new critical stance on the Silicon "
+"Valley version of the sharing economy, while contrasting it with aspects of "
+"the real sharing economy like open-source software, participatory budgeting "
+"(where citizens decide how a public budget is spent), cooperatives, and "
+"more. He wrote, <quote>It’s not so much that collaborative consumption is "
+"dead, it’s more that it risks dying as it gets absorbed by the "
+"<quote>Borg.</quote></quote>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8022
+msgid ""
+"Neal said their public critique of the corporate sharing economy defined "
+"what Shareable was and is. He does not think the magazine would still be "
+"around had they chosen differently. <quote>We would have gotten another type "
+"of audience, but it would have spelled the end of us,</quote> he "
+"said. <quote>We are a small, mission-driven organization. We would never "
+"have been able to weather the criticism that Airbnb and Uber are getting "
+"now.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8032
+msgid ""
+"Interestingly, impassioned supporters are only a small sliver of Shareable’s "
+"total audience. Most are casual readers who come across a Shareable story "
+"because it happens to align with a project or interest they have. But "
+"choosing principles over the possibility of riding the coattails of the "
+"major corporate players in the sharing space saved Shareable’s "
+"credibility. Although they became detached from the corporate sharing "
+"economy, the online magazine became the voice of the <quote>real sharing "
+"economy</quote> and continued to grow their audience."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8043
+msgid ""
+"Shareable is a magazine, but the content they publish is a means to "
+"furthering their role as a leader and catalyst of a movement. Shareable "
+"became a leader in the movement in 2009. <quote>At that time, there was a "
+"sharing movement bubbling beneath the surface, but no one was connecting the "
+"dots,</quote> Neal said. <quote>We decided to step into that space and take "
+"on that role.</quote> The small team behind the nonprofit publication truly "
+"believed sharing could be central to solving some of the major problems "
+"human beings face—resource inequality, social isolation, and global warming."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8055
+msgid ""
+"They have worked hard to find ways to tell stories that show different "
+"metrics for success. <quote>We wanted to change the notion of what "
+"constitutes the good life,</quote> Neal said. While they started out with a "
+"very broad focus on sharing generally, today they emphasize stories about "
+"the physical commons like <quote>sharing cities</quote> (i.e., urban areas "
+"managed in a sustainable, cooperative way), as well as digital platforms "
+"that are run democratically. They particularly focus on how-to content that "
+"help their readers make changes in their own lives and communities."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8067
+msgid ""
+"More than half of Shareable’s stories are written by paid journalists that "
+"are contracted by the magazine. <quote>Particularly in content areas that "
+"are a priority for us, we really want to go deep and control the "
+"quality,</quote> Neal said. The rest of the content is either contributed by "
+"guest writers, often for free, or written by other publications from their "
+"network of content publishers. Shareable is a member of the Post Growth "
+"Alliance, which facilitates the sharing of content and audiences among a "
+"large and growing group of mostly nonprofits. Each organization gets a "
+"chance to present stories to the group, and the organizations can use and "
+"promote each other’s stories. Much of the content created by the network is "
+"licensed with Creative Commons."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8082
+msgid ""
+"All of Shareable’s original content is published under the Attribution "
+"license (CC BY), meaning it can be used for any purpose as long as credit is "
+"given to Shareable. Creative Commons licensing is aligned with Shareable’s "
+"vision, mission, and identity. That alone explains the organization’s "
+"embrace of the licenses for their content, but Neal also believes CC "
+"licensing helps them increase their reach. <quote>By using CC "
+"licensing,</quote> he said, <quote>we realized we could reach far more "
+"people through a formal and informal network of republishers or "
+"affiliates. That has definitely been the case. It’s hard for us to measure "
+"the reach of other media properties, but most of the outlets who republish "
+"our work have much bigger audiences than we do.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8097
+msgid ""
+"In addition to their regular news and commentary online, Shareable has also "
+"experimented with book publishing. In 2012, they worked with a traditional "
+"publisher to release Share or Die: Voices of the Get Lost Generation in an "
+"Age of Crisis. The CC-licensed book was available in print form for purchase "
+"or online for free. To this day, the book—along with their CC-licensed guide "
+"Policies for Shareable Cities—are two of the biggest generators of traffic "
+"on their website."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8107
+msgid ""
+"In 2016, Shareable self-published a book of curated Shareable stories called "
+"How to: Share, Save Money and Have Fun. The book was available for sale, but "
+"a PDF version of the book was available for free. Shareable plans to offer "
+"the book in upcoming fund-raising campaigns."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8114
+msgid ""
+"This recent book is one of many fund-raising experiments Shareable has "
+"conducted in recent years. Currently, Shareable is primarily funded by "
+"grants from foundations, but they are actively moving toward a more "
+"diversified model. They have organizational sponsors and are working to "
+"expand their base of individual donors. Ideally, they will eventually be a "
+"hundred percent funded by their audience. Neal believes being fully "
+"community-supported will better represent their vision of the world."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8124
+msgid ""
+"For Shareable, success is very much about their impact on the world. This is "
+"true for Neal, but also for everyone who works for Shareable. <quote>We "
+"attract passionate people,</quote> Neal said. At times, that means "
+"employees work so hard they burn out. Neal tries to stress to the Shareable "
+"team that another part of success is having fun and taking care of yourself "
+"while you do something you love. <quote>A central part of human beings is "
+"that we long to be on a great adventure with people we love,</quote> he "
+"said. <quote>We are a species who look over the horizon and imagine and "
+"create new worlds, but we also seek the comfort of hearth and home.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8137
+msgid ""
+"In 2013, Shareable ran its first crowdfunding campaign to launch their "
+"Sharing Cities Network. Neal said at first they were on pace to fail "
+"spectacularly. They called in their advisers in a panic and asked for "
+"help. The advice they received was simple—<quote>Sit your ass in a chair and "
+"start making calls.</quote> That’s exactly what they did, and they ended up "
+"reaching their $50,000 goal. Neal said the campaign helped them reach new "
+"people, but the vast majority of backers were people in their existing base."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8147
+msgid ""
+"For Neal, this symbolized how so much of success comes down to "
+"relationships. Over time, Shareable has invested time and energy into the "
+"relationships they have forged with their readers and supporters. They have "
+"also invested resources into building relationships between their readers "
+"and supporters."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8154
+msgid ""
+"Shareable began hosting events in 2010. These events were designed to bring "
+"the sharing community together. But over time they realized they could reach "
+"far more people if they helped their readers to host their own "
+"events. <quote>If we wanted to go big on a conference, there was a huge risk "
+"and huge staffing needs, plus only a fraction of our community could travel "
+"to the event,</quote> Neal said. Enabling others to create their own events "
+"around the globe allowed them to scale up their work more effectively and "
+"reach far more people. Shareable has catalyzed three hundred different "
+"events reaching over twenty thousand people since implementing this strategy "
+"three years ago. Going forward, Shareable is focusing the network on "
+"creating and distributing content meant to spur local action. For instance, "
+"Shareable will publish a new CC-licensed book in 2017 filled with ideas for "
+"their network to implement."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8171
+msgid ""
+"Neal says Shareable stumbled upon this strategy, but it seems to perfectly "
+"encapsulate just how the commons is supposed to work. Rather than a "
+"one-size-fits-all approach, Shareable puts the tools out there for people "
+"take the ideas and adapt them to their own communities."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8179
+msgid "Siyavula"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8185
+msgid ""
+"Siyavula is a for-profit educational-technology company that creates "
+"textbooks and integrated learning experiences. Founded in 2012 in South "
+"Africa."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8190
+msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.siyavula.com\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8192
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging for custom "
+"services, sponsorships"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8195
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: April 5, 2016"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8197
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Mark Horner, CEO"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8201
+msgid ""
+"Openness is a key principle for Siyavula. They believe that every learner "
+"and teacher should have access to high-quality educational resources, as "
+"this forms the basis for long-term growth and development. Siyavula has been "
+"a pioneer in creating high-quality open textbooks on mathematics and science "
+"subjects for grades 4 to 12 in South Africa."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8209
+msgid ""
+"In terms of creating an open business model that involves Creative Commons, "
+"Siyavula—and its founder, Mark Horner—have been around the block a few "
+"times. Siyavula has significantly shifted directions and strategies to "
+"survive and prosper. Mark says it’s been very organic."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8216
+msgid ""
+"It all started in 2002, when Mark and several other colleagues at the "
+"University of Cape Town in South Africa founded the Free High School Science "
+"Texts project. Most students in South Africa high schools didn’t have access "
+"to high-quality, comprehensive science and math textbooks, so Mark and his "
+"colleagues set out to write them and make them freely available."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8227
+msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8224
+msgid ""
+"As physicists, Mark and his colleagues were advocates of open-source "
+"software. To make the books open and free, they adopted the Free Software "
+"Foundation’s GNU Free Documentation License.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
+"id=\"0\"/> They chose LaTeX, a typesetting program used to publish "
+"scientific documents, to author the books. Over a period of five years, the "
+"Free High School Science Texts project produced math and physical-science "
+"textbooks for grades 10 to 12."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8233
+msgid ""
+"In 2007, the Shuttleworth Foundation offered funding support to make the "
+"textbooks available for trial use at more schools. Surveys before and after "
+"the textbooks were adopted showed there were no substantial criticisms of "
+"the textbooks’ pedagogical content. This pleased both the authors and "
+"Shuttleworth; Mark remains incredibly proud of this accomplishment."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8241
+msgid ""
+"But the development of new textbooks froze at this stage. Mark shifted his "
+"focus to rural schools, which didn’t have textbooks at all, and looked into "
+"the printing and distribution options. A few sponsors came on board but not "
+"enough to meet the need."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8251
+msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.capetowndeclaration.org\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8247
+msgid ""
+"In 2007, Shuttleworth and the Open Society Institute convened a group of "
+"open-education activists for a small but lively meeting in Cape Town. One "
+"result was the Cape Town Open Education Declaration, a statement of "
+"principles, strategies, and commitment to help the open-education movement "
+"grow.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Shuttleworth also invited "
+"Mark to run a project writing open content for all subjects for K–12 in "
+"English. That project became Siyavula."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8256
+msgid ""
+"They wrote six original textbooks. A small publishing company offered "
+"Shuttleworth the option to buy out the publisher’s existing K–9 content for "
+"every subject in South African schools in both English and Afrikaans. A deal "
+"was struck, and all the acquired content was licensed with Creative Commons, "
+"significantly expanding the collection beyond the six original books."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8264
+msgid ""
+"Mark wanted to build out the remaining curricula collaboratively through "
+"communities of practice—that is, with fellow educators and writers. Although "
+"sharing is fundamental to teaching, there can be a few challenges when you "
+"create educational resources collectively. One concern is legal. It is "
+"standard practice in education to copy diagrams and snippets of text, but of "
+"course this doesn’t always comply with copyright law. Another concern is "
+"transparency. Sharing what you’ve authored means everyone can see it and "
+"opens you up to criticism. To alleviate these concerns, Mark adopted a "
+"team-based approach to authoring and insisted the curricula be based "
+"entirely on resources with Creative Commons licenses, thereby ensuring they "
+"were safe to share and free from legal repercussions."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8283
+msgid "<ulink url=\"http://cnx.org\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8279
+msgid ""
+"Not only did Mark want the resources to be shareable, he wanted all teachers "
+"to be able to remix and edit the content. Mark and his team had to come up "
+"with an open editable format and provide tools for editing. They ended up "
+"putting all the books they’d acquired and authored on a platform called "
+"Connexions.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Siyavula trained many "
+"teachers to use Connexions, but it proved to be too complex and the "
+"textbooks were rarely edited."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8287
+msgid ""
+"Then the Shuttleworth Foundation decided to completely restructure its work "
+"as a foundation into a fellowship model (for reasons completely unrelated to "
+"Siyavula). As part of that transition in 2009–10, Mark inherited Siyavula as "
+"an independent entity and took ownership over it as a Shuttleworth fellow."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8294
+msgid ""
+"Mark and his team experimented with several different strategies. They "
+"tried creating an authoring and hosting platform called Full Marks so that "
+"teachers could share assessment items. They tried creating a service called "
+"Open Press, where teachers could ask for open educational resources to be "
+"aggregated into a package and printed for them. These services never really "
+"panned out."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8302
+msgid ""
+"Then the South African government approached Siyavula with an interest in "
+"printing out the original six Free High School Science Texts (math and "
+"physical-science textbooks for grades 10 to 12) for all high school "
+"students in South Africa. Although at this point Siyavula was a bit "
+"discouraged by open educational resources, they saw this as a big "
+"opportunity."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8310
+msgid ""
+"They began to conceive of the six books as having massive marketing "
+"potential for Siyavula. Printing Siyavula books for every kid in South "
+"Africa would give their brand huge exposure and could drive vast amounts of "
+"traffic to their website. In addition to print books, Siyavula could also "
+"make the books available on their website, making it possible for learners "
+"to access them using any device—computer, tablet, or mobile phone."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8319
+msgid ""
+"Mark and his team began imagining what they could develop beyond what was in "
+"the textbooks as a service they charge for. One key thing you can’t do well "
+"in a printed textbook is demonstrate solutions. Typically, a one-line answer "
+"is given at the end of the book but nothing on the process for arriving at "
+"that solution. Mark and his team developed practice items and detailed "
+"solutions, giving learners plenty of opportunity to test out what they’ve "
+"learned. Furthermore, an algorithm could adapt these practice items to the "
+"individual needs of each learner. They called this service Intelligent "
+"Practice and embedded links to it in the open textbooks."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8332
+msgid ""
+"The costs for using Intelligent Practice were set very low, making it "
+"accessible even to those with limited financial means. Siyavula was going "
+"for large volumes and wide-scale use rather than an expensive product "
+"targeting only the high end of the market."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8338
+msgid ""
+"The government distributed the books to 1.5 million students, but there was "
+"an unexpected wrinkle: the books were delivered late. Rather than wait, "
+"schools who could afford it provided students with a different textbook. The "
+"Siyavula books were eventually distributed, but with well-off schools mainly "
+"using a different book, the primary market for Siyavula’s Intelligent "
+"Practice service inadvertently became low-income learners."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8347
+msgid ""
+"Siyavula’s site did see a dramatic increase in traffic. They got five "
+"hundred thousand visitors per month to their math site and the same number "
+"to their science site. Two-fifths of the traffic was reading on a "
+"<quote>feature phone</quote> (a nonsmartphone with no apps). People on basic "
+"phones were reading math and science on a two-inch screen at all hours of "
+"the day. To Mark, it was quite amazing and spoke to a need they were "
+"servicing."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8356
+msgid ""
+"At first, the Intelligent Practice services could only be paid using a "
+"credit card. This proved problematic, especially for those in the low-income "
+"demographic, as credit cards were not prevalent. Mark says Siyavula got a "
+"harsh business-model lesson early on. As he describes it, it’s not just "
+"about product, but how you sell it, who the market is, what the price is, "
+"and what the barriers to entry are."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8365
+msgid ""
+"Mark describes this as the first version of Siyavula’s business model: open "
+"textbooks serving as marketing material and driving traffic to your site, "
+"where you can offer a related service and convert some people into a paid "
+"customer."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8371
+msgid ""
+"For Mark a key decision for Siyavula’s business was to focus on how they can "
+"add value on top of their basic service. They’ll charge only if they are "
+"adding unique value. The actual content of the textbook isn’t unique at all, "
+"so Siyavula sees no value in locking it down and charging for it. Mark "
+"contrasts this with traditional publishers who charge over and over again "
+"for the same content without adding value."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8380
+msgid ""
+"Version two of Siyavula’s business model was a big, ambitious idea—scale "
+"up. They also decided to sell the Intelligent Practice service to schools "
+"directly. Schools can subscribe on a per-student, per-subject basis. A "
+"single subscription gives a learner access to a single subject, including "
+"practice content from every grade available for that subject. Lower "
+"subscription rates are provided when there are over two hundred students, "
+"and big schools have a price cap. A 40 percent discount is offered to "
+"schools where both the science and math departments subscribe."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8391
+msgid ""
+"Teachers get a dashboard that allows them to monitor the progress of an "
+"entire class or view an individual learner’s results. They can see the "
+"questions that learners are working on, identify areas of difficulty, and be "
+"more strategic in their teaching. Students also have their own personalized "
+"dashboard, where they can view the sections they’ve practiced, how many "
+"points they’ve earned, and how their performance is improving."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8400
+msgid ""
+"Based on the success of this effort, Siyavula decided to substantially "
+"increase the production of open educational resources so they could provide "
+"the Intelligent Practice service for a wider range of books. Grades 10 to 12 "
+"math and science books were reworked each year, and new books created for "
+"grades 4 to 6 and later grades 7 to 9."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8411
+msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.siyavula.com/products-primary-school.html\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8408
+msgid ""
+"In partnership with, and sponsored by, the Sasol Inzalo Foundation, Siyavula "
+"produced a series of natural sciences and technology workbooks for grades 4 "
+"to 6 called Thunderbolt Kids that uses a fun comic-book style.<placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It’s a complete curriculum that also comes with "
+"teacher’s guides and other resources."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8415
+msgid ""
+"Through this experience, Siyavula learned they could get sponsors to help "
+"fund openly licensed textbooks. It helped that Siyavula had by this time "
+"nailed the production model. It cost roughly $150,000 to produce a book in "
+"two languages. Sponsors liked the social-benefit aspect of textbooks "
+"unlocked via a Creative Commons license. They also liked the exposure their "
+"brand got. For roughly $150,000, their logo would be visible on books "
+"distributed to over one million students."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8425
+msgid ""
+"The Siyavula books that are reviewed, approved, and branded by the "
+"government are freely and openly available on Siyavula’s website under an "
+"Attribution-NoDerivs license (CC BY-ND) —NoDerivs means that these books "
+"cannot be modified. Non-government-branded books are available under an "
+"Attribution license (CC BY), allowing others to modify and redistribute the "
+"books."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8433
+msgid ""
+"Although the South African government paid to print and distribute hard "
+"copies of the books to schoolkids, Siyavula itself received no funding from "
+"the government. Siyavula initially tried to convince the government to "
+"provide them with five rand per book (about US35¢). With those funds, Mark "
+"says that Siyavula could have run its entire operation, built a "
+"community-based model for producing more books, and provide Intelligent "
+"Practice for free to every child in the country. But after a lengthy "
+"negotiation, the government said no."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8444
+msgid ""
+"Using Siyavula books generated huge savings for the government. Providing "
+"students with a traditionally published grade 12 science or math textbook "
+"costs around 250 rand per book (about US$18). Providing the Siyavula "
+"version cost around 36 rand (about $2.60), a savings of over 200 rand per "
+"book. But none of those savings were passed on to Siyavula. In retrospect, "
+"Mark thinks this may have turned out in their favor as it allowed them to "
+"remain independent from the government."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8454
+msgid ""
+"Just as Siyavula was planning to scale up the production of open textbooks "
+"even more, the South African government changed its textbook policy. To save "
+"costs, the government declared there would be only one authorized textbook "
+"for each grade and each subject. There was no guarantee that Siyavula’s "
+"would be chosen. This scared away potential sponsors."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8462
+msgid ""
+"Rather than producing more textbooks, Siyavula focused on improving its "
+"Intelligent Practice technology for its existing books. Mark calls this "
+"version three of Siyavula’s business model—focusing on the technology that "
+"provides the revenue-generating service and generating more users of this "
+"service. Version three got a significant boost in 2014 with an investment by "
+"the Omidyar Network (the philanthropic venture started by eBay founder "
+"Pierre Omidyar and his spouse), and continues to be the model Siyavula uses "
+"today."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8473
+msgid ""
+"Mark says sales are way up, and they are really nailing Intelligent "
+"Practice. Schools continue to use their open textbooks. The "
+"government-announced policy that there would be only one textbook per "
+"subject turned out to be highly contentious and is in limbo."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8480
+msgid ""
+"Siyavula is exploring a range of enhancements to their business model. These "
+"include charging a small amount for assessment services provided over the "
+"phone, diversifying their market to all English-speaking countries in "
+"Africa, and setting up a consortium that makes Intelligent Practice free to "
+"all kids by selling the nonpersonal data Intelligent Practice collects."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8488
+msgid ""
+"Siyavula is a for-profit business but one with a social mission. Their "
+"shareholders’ agreement lists lots of requirements around openness for "
+"Siyavula, including stipulations that content always be put under an open "
+"license and that they can’t charge for something that people volunteered to "
+"do for them. They believe each individual should have access to the "
+"resources and support they need to achieve the education they "
+"deserve. Having educational resources openly licensed with Creative Commons "
+"means they can fulfill their social mission, on top of which they can build "
+"revenue-generating services to sustain the ongoing operation of Siyavula. In "
+"terms of open business models, Mark and Siyavula may have been around the "
+"block a few times, but both he and the company are stronger for it."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8504
+msgid "SparkFun"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8510
+msgid ""
+"SparkFun is an online electronics retailer specializing in open "
+"hardware. Founded in 2003 in the U.S."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8514
+msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.sparkfun.com\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8516
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging for physical "
+"copies (electronics sales)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8519
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: February 29, 2016"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8522
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Nathan Seidle, founder"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8527
+msgid ""
+"SparkFun founder and former CEO Nathan Seidle has a picture of himself "
+"holding up a clone of a SparkFun product in an electronics market in China, "
+"with a huge grin on his face. He was traveling in China when he came across "
+"their LilyPad wearable technology being made by someone else. His reaction "
+"was glee."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8533
+msgid ""
+"<quote>Being copied is the greatest earmark of flattery and success,</quote> "
+"Nathan said. <quote>I thought it was so cool that they were selling to a "
+"market we were never going to get access to otherwise. It was evidence of "
+"our impact on the world.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8539
+msgid ""
+"This worldview runs through everything SparkFun does. SparkFun is an "
+"electronics manufacturer. The company sells its products directly to the "
+"public online, and it bundles them with educational tools to sell to schools "
+"and teachers. SparkFun applies Creative Commons licenses to all of its "
+"schematics, images, tutorial content, and curricula, so anyone can make "
+"their products on their own. Being copied is part of the design."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8548
+msgid ""
+"Nathan believes open licensing is good for the world. <quote>It touches on "
+"our natural human instinct to share,</quote> he said. But he also strongly "
+"believes it makes SparkFun better at what they do. They encourage copying, "
+"and their products are copied at a very fast rate, often within ten to "
+"twelve weeks of release. This forces the company to compete on something "
+"other than product design, or what most commonly consider their intellectual "
+"property."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8557
+msgid ""
+"<quote>We compete on business principles,</quote> Nathan said. "
+"<quote>Claiming your territory with intellectual property allows you to get "
+"comfy and rest on your laurels. It gives you a safety net. We took away that "
+"safety net.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8563
+msgid ""
+"The result is an intense company-wide focus on product development and "
+"improvement. <quote>Our products are so much better than they were five "
+"years ago,</quote> Nathan said. <quote>We used to just sell products. Now "
+"it’s a product plus a video, a seventeen-page hookup guide, and example "
+"firmware on three different platforms to get you up and running faster. We "
+"have gotten better because we had to in order to compete. As painful as it "
+"is for us, it’s better for the customers.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8573
+msgid ""
+"SparkFun parts are available on eBay for lower prices. But people come "
+"directly to SparkFun because SparkFun makes their lives easier. The example "
+"code works; there is a service number to call; they ship replacement parts "
+"the day they get a service call. They invest heavily in service and "
+"support. <quote>I don’t believe businesses should be competing with IP "
+"[intellectual property] barriers,</quote> Nathan said. <quote>This is the "
+"stuff they should be competing on.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8583
+msgid ""
+"SparkFun’s company history began in Nathan’s college dorm room. He spent a "
+"lot of time experimenting with and building electronics, and he realized "
+"there was a void in the market. <quote>If you wanted to place an order for "
+"something,</quote> he said, <quote>you first had to search far and wide to "
+"find it, and then you had to call or fax someone.</quote> In 2003, during "
+"his third year of college, he registered <ulink "
+"url=\"http://sparkfun.com\"/> and started reselling products out of his "
+"bedroom. After he graduated, he started making and selling his own products."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8595
+msgid ""
+"Once he started designing his own products, he began putting the software "
+"and schematics online to help with technical support. After doing some "
+"research on licensing options, he chose Creative Commons licenses because he "
+"was drawn to the <quote>human-readable deeds</quote> that explain the "
+"licensing terms in simple terms. SparkFun still uses CC licenses for all of "
+"the schematics and firmware for the products they create."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8604
+msgid ""
+"The company has grown from a solo project to a corporation with 140 "
+"employees. In 2015, SparkFun earned $33 million in revenue. Selling "
+"components and widgets to hobbyists, professionals, and artists remains a "
+"major part of SparkFun’s business. They sell their own products, but they "
+"also partner with Arduino (also profiled in this book) by manufacturing "
+"boards for resale using Arduino’s brand."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8613
+msgid ""
+"SparkFun also has an educational department dedicated to creating a hands-on "
+"curriculum to teach students about electronics using prototyping "
+"parts. Because SparkFun has always been dedicated to enabling others to "
+"re-create and fix their products on their own, the more recent focus on "
+"introducing young people to technology is a natural extension of their core "
+"business."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8620
+msgid ""
+"<quote>We have the burden and opportunity to educate the next generation of "
+"technical citizens,</quote> Nathan said. <quote>Our goal is to affect the "
+"lives of three hundred and fifty thousand high school students by "
+"2020.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8626
+msgid ""
+"The Creative Commons license underlying all of SparkFun’s products is "
+"central to this mission. The license not only signals a willingness to "
+"share, but it also expresses a desire for others to get in and tinker with "
+"their products, both to learn and to make their products better. SparkFun "
+"uses the Attribution-ShareAlike license (CC BY-SA), which is a "
+"<quote>copyleft</quote> license that allows people to do anything with the "
+"content as long as they provide credit and make any adaptations available "
+"under the same licensing terms."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8637
+msgid ""
+"From the beginning, Nathan has tried to create a work environment at "
+"SparkFun that he himself would want to work in. The result is what appears "
+"to be a pretty fun workplace. The U.S. company is based in Boulder, "
+"Colorado. They have an eighty-thousand-square-foot facility (approximately "
+"seventy-four-hundred square meters), where they design and manufacture their "
+"products. They offer public tours of the space several times a week, and "
+"they open their doors to the public for a competition once a year."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8648
+msgid ""
+"The public event, called the Autonomous Vehicle Competition, brings in a "
+"thousand to two thousand customers and other technology enthusiasts from "
+"around the area to race their own self-created bots against each other, "
+"participate in training workshops, and socialize. From a business "
+"perspective, Nathan says it’s a terrible idea. But they don’t hold the event "
+"for business reasons. <quote>The reason we do it is because I get to travel "
+"and have interactions with our customers all the time, but most of our "
+"employees don’t,</quote> he said. <quote>This event gives our employees the "
+"opportunity to get face-to-face contact with our customers.</quote> The "
+"event infuses their work with a human element, which makes it more "
+"meaningful."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8662
+msgid ""
+"Nathan has worked hard to imbue a deeper meaning into the work SparkFun "
+"does. The company is, of course, focused on being fiscally responsible, but "
+"they are ultimately driven by something other than money. <quote>Profit is "
+"not the goal; it is the outcome of a well-executed plan,</quote> Nathan "
+"said. <quote>We focus on having a bigger impact on the world.</quote> Nathan "
+"believes they get some of the brightest and most amazing employees because "
+"they aren’t singularly focused on the bottom line."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8672
+msgid ""
+"The company is committed to transparency and shares all of its financials "
+"with its employees. They also generally strive to avoid being another "
+"soulless corporation. They actively try to reveal the humans behind the "
+"company, and they work to ensure people coming to their site don’t find only "
+"unchanging content."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8679
+msgid ""
+"SparkFun’s customer base is largely made up of industrious electronics "
+"enthusiasts. They have customers who are regularly involved in the company’s "
+"customer support, independently responding to questions in forums and "
+"product-comment sections. Customers also bring product ideas to the "
+"company. SparkFun regularly sifts through suggestions from customers and "
+"tries to build on them where they can. <quote>From the beginning, we have "
+"been listening to the community,</quote> Nathan said. <quote>Customers "
+"would identify a pain point, and we would design something to address "
+"it.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8691
+msgid ""
+"However, this sort of customer engagement does not always translate to "
+"people actively contributing to SparkFun’s projects. The company has a "
+"public repository of software code for each of its devices online. On a "
+"particularly active project, there will only be about two dozen people "
+"contributing significant improvements. The vast majority of projects are "
+"relatively untouched by the public. <quote>There is a theory that if you "
+"open-source it, they will come,</quote> Nathan said. <quote>That’s not "
+"really true.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8702
+msgid ""
+"Rather than focusing on cocreation with their customers, SparkFun instead "
+"focuses on enabling people to copy, tinker, and improve products on their "
+"own. They heavily invest in tutorials and other material designed to help "
+"people understand how the products work so they can fix and improve things "
+"independently. <quote>What gives me joy is when people take open-source "
+"layouts and then build their own circuit boards from our designs,</quote> "
+"Nathan said."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8712
+msgid ""
+"Obviously, opening up the design of their products is a necessary step if "
+"their goal is to empower the public. Nathan also firmly believes it makes "
+"them more money because it requires them to focus on how to provide maximum "
+"value. Rather than designing a new product and protecting it in order to "
+"extract as much money as possible from it, they release the keys necessary "
+"for others to build it themselves and then spend company time and resources "
+"on innovation and service. From a short-term perspective, SparkFun may lose "
+"a few dollars when others copy their products. But in the long run, it makes "
+"them a more nimble, innovative business. In other words, it makes them the "
+"kind of company they set out to be."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8726
+msgid "TeachAIDS"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8732
+msgid ""
+"TeachAIDS is a nonprofit that creates educational materials designed to "
+"teach people around the world about HIV and AIDS. Founded in 2005 in the "
+"U.S."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8737
+msgid "<ulink url=\"http://teachaids.org\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8739
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: sponsorships"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8741
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: March 24, 2016"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8744
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewees</emphasis>: Piya Sorcar, the CEO, and "
+"Shuman Ghosemajumder, the chair"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8749
+msgid ""
+"TeachAIDS is an unconventional media company with a conventional revenue "
+"model. Like most media companies, they are subsidized by "
+"advertising. Corporations pay to have their logos appear on the educational "
+"materials TeachAIDS distributes."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8755
+msgid ""
+"But unlike most media companies, Teach-AIDS is a nonprofit organization with "
+"a purely social mission. TeachAIDS is dedicated to educating the global "
+"population about HIV and AIDS, particularly in parts of the world where "
+"education efforts have been historically unsuccessful. Their educational "
+"content is conveyed through interactive software, using methods based on the "
+"latest research about how people learn. TeachAIDS serves content in more "
+"than eighty countries around the world. In each instance, the content is "
+"translated to the local language and adjusted to conform to local norms and "
+"customs. All content is free and made available under a Creative Commons "
+"license."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8768
+msgid ""
+"TeachAIDS is a labor of love for founder and CEO Piya Sorcar, who earns a "
+"salary of one dollar per year from the nonprofit. The project grew out of "
+"research she was doing while pursuing her doctorate at Stanford "
+"University. She was reading reports about India, noting it would be the next "
+"hot zone of people living with HIV. Despite international and national "
+"entities pouring in hundreds of millions of dollars on HIV-prevention "
+"efforts, the reports showed knowledge levels were still low. People were "
+"unaware of whether the virus could be transmitted through coughing and "
+"sneezing, for instance. Supported by an interdisciplinary team of experts at "
+"Stanford, Piya conducted similar studies, which corroborated the previous "
+"research. They found that the primary cause of the limited understanding was "
+"that HIV, and issues relating to it, were often considered too taboo to "
+"discuss comprehensively. The other major problem was that most of the "
+"education on this topic was being taught through television advertising, "
+"billboards, and other mass-media campaigns, which meant people were only "
+"receiving bits and pieces of information."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8788
+msgid ""
+"In late 2005, Piya and her team used research-based design to create new "
+"educational materials and worked with local partners in India to help "
+"distribute them. As soon as the animated software was posted online, Piya’s "
+"team started receiving requests from individuals and governments who were "
+"interested in bringing this model to more countries. <quote>We realized "
+"fairly quickly that educating large populations about a topic that was "
+"considered taboo would be challenging. We began by identifying optimal local "
+"partners and worked toward creating an effective, culturally appropriate "
+"education,</quote> Piya said."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8800
+msgid ""
+"Very shortly after the initial release, Piya’s team decided to spin the "
+"endeavor into an independent nonprofit out of Stanford University. They also "
+"decided to use Creative Commons licenses on the materials."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8806
+msgid ""
+"Given their educational mission, TeachAIDS had an obvious interest in seeing "
+"the materials as widely shared as possible. But they also needed to preserve "
+"the integrity of the medical information in the content. They chose the "
+"Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs license (CC BY-NC-ND), which essentially "
+"gives the public the right to distribute only verbatim copies of the "
+"content, and for noncommercial purposes. <quote>We wanted attribution for "
+"TeachAIDS, and we couldn’t stand by derivatives without vetting "
+"them,</quote> the cofounder and chair Shuman Ghosemajumder said. <quote>It "
+"was almost a no-brainer to go with a CC license because it was a "
+"plug-and-play solution to this exact problem. It has allowed us to scale our "
+"materials safely and quickly worldwide while preserving our content and "
+"protecting us at the same time.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8822
+msgid ""
+"Choosing a license that does not allow adaptation of the content was an "
+"outgrowth of the careful precision with which TeachAIDS crafts their "
+"content. The organization invests heavily in research and testing to "
+"determine the best method of conveying the information. <quote>Creating "
+"high-quality content is what matters most to us,</quote> Piya "
+"said. <quote>Research drives everything we do.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8831
+msgid ""
+"One important finding was that people accept the message best when it comes "
+"from familiar voices they trust and admire. To achieve this, TeachAIDS "
+"researches cultural icons that would best resonate with their target "
+"audiences and recruits them to donate their likenesses and voices for use in "
+"the animated software. The celebrities involved vary for each localized "
+"version of the materials."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8840
+msgid ""
+"Localization is probably the single-most important aspect of the way "
+"TeachAIDS creates its content. While each regional version builds from the "
+"same core scientific materials, they pour a lot of resources into "
+"customizing the content for a particular population. Because they use a CC "
+"license that does not allow the public to adapt the content, TeachAIDS "
+"retains careful control over the localization process. The content is "
+"translated into the local language, but there are also changes in substance "
+"and format to reflect cultural differences. This process results in minor "
+"changes, like choosing different idioms based on the local language, and "
+"significant changes, like creating gendered versions for places where people "
+"are more likely to accept information from someone of the same gender."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8855
+msgid ""
+"The localization process relies heavily on volunteers. Their volunteer base "
+"is deeply committed to the cause, and the organization has had better luck "
+"controlling the quality of the materials when they tap volunteers instead of "
+"using paid translators. For quality control, TeachAIDS has three separate "
+"volunteer teams translate the materials from English to the local language "
+"and customize the content based on local customs and norms. Those three "
+"versions are then analyzed and combined into a single master "
+"translation. TeachAIDS has additional teams of volunteers then translate "
+"that version back into English to see how well it lines up with the original "
+"materials. They repeat this process until they reach a translated version "
+"that meets their standards. For the Tibetan version, they went through this "
+"cycle eleven times."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8871
+msgid ""
+"TeachAIDS employs full-time employees, contractors, and volunteers, all in "
+"different capacities and organizational configurations. They are careful to "
+"use people from diverse backgrounds to create the materials, including "
+"teachers, students, and doctors, as well as individuals experienced in "
+"working in the NGO space. This diversity and breadth of knowledge help "
+"ensure their materials resonate with people from all walks of life. "
+"Additionally, TeachAIDS works closely with film writers and directors to "
+"help keep the concepts entertaining and easy to understand. The inclusive, "
+"but highly controlled, creative process is undertaken entirely by people who "
+"are specifically brought on to help with a particular project, rather than "
+"ongoing staff. The final product they create is designed to require zero "
+"training for people to implement in practice. <quote>In our research, we "
+"found we can’t depend on people passing on the information correctly, even "
+"if they have the best of intentions,</quote> Piya said. <quote>We need "
+"materials where you can push play and they will work.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8891
+msgid ""
+"Piya’s team was able to produce all of these versions over several years "
+"with a head count that never exceeded eight full-time employees. The "
+"organization is able to reduce costs by relying heavily on volunteers and "
+"in-kind donations. Nevertheless, the nonprofit needed a sustainable revenue "
+"model to subsidize content creation and physical distribution of the "
+"materials. Charging even a low price was simply not an "
+"option. <quote>Educators from various nonprofits around the world were just "
+"creating their own materials using whatever they could find for free "
+"online,</quote> Shuman said. <quote>The only way to persuade them to use our "
+"highly effective model was to make it completely free.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8904
+msgid ""
+"Like many content creators offering their work for free, they settled on "
+"advertising as a funding model. But they were extremely careful not to let "
+"the advertising compromise their credibility or undermine the heavy "
+"investment they put into creating quality content. Sponsors of the content "
+"have no ability to influence the substance of the content, and they cannot "
+"even create advertising content. Sponsors only get the right to have their "
+"logo appear before and after the educational content. All of the content "
+"remains branded as TeachAIDS."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8915
+msgid ""
+"TeachAIDS is careful not to seek funding to cover the costs of a specific "
+"project. Instead, sponsorships are structured as unrestricted donations to "
+"the nonprofit. This gives the nonprofit more stability, but even more "
+"importantly, it enables them to subsidize projects being localized for an "
+"area with no sponsors. <quote>If we just created versions based on where we "
+"could get sponsorships, we would only have materials for wealthier "
+"countries,</quote> Shuman said."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8925
+msgid ""
+"As of 2016, TeachAIDS has dozens of sponsors. <quote>When we go into a new "
+"country, various companies hear about us and reach out to us,</quote> Piya "
+"said. <quote>We don’t have to do much to find or attract them.</quote> They "
+"believe the sponsorships are easy to sell because they offer so much value "
+"to sponsors. TeachAIDS sponsorships give corporations the chance to reach "
+"new eyeballs with their brand, but at a much lower cost than other "
+"advertising channels. The audience for TeachAIDS content also tends to skew "
+"young, which is often a desirable demographic for brands. Unlike traditional "
+"advertising, the content is not time-sensitive, so an investment in a "
+"sponsorship can benefit a brand for many years to come."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8939
+msgid ""
+"Importantly, the value to corporate sponsors goes beyond commercial "
+"considerations. As a nonprofit with a clearly articulated social mission, "
+"corporate sponsorships are donations to a cause. <quote>This is something "
+"companies can be proud of internally,</quote> Shuman said. Some companies "
+"have even built publicity campaigns around the fact that they have sponsored "
+"these initiatives."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8948
+msgid ""
+"The core mission of TeachAIDS—ensuring global access to life-saving "
+"education—is at the root of everything the organization does. It underpins "
+"the work; it motivates the funders. The CC license on the materials they "
+"create furthers that mission, allowing them to safely and quickly scale "
+"their materials worldwide. <quote>The Creative Commons license has been a "
+"game changer for TeachAIDS,</quote> Piya said."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8958
+msgid "Tribe of Noise"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8964
+msgid ""
+"Tribe of Noise is a for-profit online music platform serving the film, TV, "
+"video, gaming, and in-store-media industries. Founded in 2008 in the "
+"Netherlands."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8969
+msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.tribeofnoise.com\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8974
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: January 26, 2016"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8977
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Hessel van Oorschot, "
+"cofounder"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8982
+msgid ""
+"In the early 2000s, Hessel van Oorschot was an entrepreneur running a "
+"business where he coached other midsize entrepreneurs how to create an "
+"online business. He also coauthored a number of workbooks for small- to "
+"medium-size enterprises to use to optimize their business for the "
+"Web. Through this early work, Hessel became familiar with the principles of "
+"open licensing, including the use of open-source software and Creative "
+"Commons."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8991
+msgid ""
+"In 2005, Hessel and Sandra Brandenburg launched a niche video-production "
+"initiative. Almost immediately, they ran into issues around finding and "
+"licensing music tracks. All they could find was standard, cold "
+"stock-music. They thought of looking up websites where you could license "
+"music directly from the musician without going through record labels or "
+"agents. But in 2005, the ability to directly license music from a rights "
+"holder was not readily available."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9001
+msgid ""
+"They hired two lawyers to investigate further, and while they uncovered five "
+"or six examples, Hessel found the business models lacking. The lawyers "
+"expressed interest in being their legal team should they decide to pursue "
+"this as an entrepreneurial opportunity. Hessel says, <quote>When lawyers are "
+"interested in a venture like this, you might have something special.</quote> "
+"So after some more research, in early 2008, Hessel and Sandra decided to "
+"build a platform."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9011
+msgid ""
+"Building a platform posed a real chicken-and-egg problem. The platform had "
+"to build an online community of music-rights holders and, at the same time, "
+"provide the community with information and ideas about how the new economy "
+"works. Community willingness to try new music business models requires a "
+"trust relationship."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9018
+msgid ""
+"In July 2008, Tribe of Noise opened its virtual doors with a couple hundred "
+"musicians willing to use the CC BY-SA license (Attribution-ShareAlike) for a "
+"limited part of their repertoire. The two entrepreneurs wanted to take the "
+"pain away for media makers who wanted to license music and solve the "
+"problems the two had personally experienced finding this music."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9033
+msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.instoremusicservice.com\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9026
+msgid ""
+"As they were growing the community, Hessel got a phone call from a company "
+"that made in-store music playlists asking if they had enough music licensed "
+"with Creative Commons that they could use. Stores need quality, "
+"good-listening music but not necessarily hits, a bit like a radio show "
+"without the DJ. This opened a new opportunity for Tribe of Noise. They "
+"started their In-store Music Service, using music (licensed with CC BY-SA) "
+"uploaded by the Tribe of Noise community of musicians.<placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9036
+msgid ""
+"In most countries, artists, authors, and musicians join a collecting society "
+"that manages the licensing and helps collect the royalties. Copyright "
+"collecting societies in the European Union usually hold monopolies in their "
+"respective national markets. In addition, they require their members to "
+"transfer exclusive administration rights to them of all of their works. "
+"This complicates the picture for Tribe of Noise, who wants to represent "
+"artists, or at least a portion of their repertoire. Hessel and his legal "
+"team reached out to collecting societies, starting with those in the "
+"Netherlands. What would be the best legal way forward that would respect the "
+"wishes of composers and musicians who’d be interested in trying out new "
+"models like the In-store Music Service? Collecting societies at first were "
+"hesitant and said no, but Tribe of Noise persisted arguing that they "
+"primarily work with unknown artists and provide them exposure in parts of "
+"the world where they don’t get airtime normally and a source of revenue—and "
+"this convinced them that it was OK. However, Hessel says, <quote>We are "
+"still fighting for a good cause every single day.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9057
+msgid ""
+"Instead of building a large sales force, Tribe of Noise partnered with big "
+"organizations who have lots of clients and can act as a kind of Tribe of "
+"Noise reseller. The largest telecom network in the Netherlands, for example, "
+"sells Tribe’s In-store Music Service subscriptions to their business "
+"clients, which include fashion retailers and fitness centers. They have a "
+"similar deal with the leading trade association representing hotels and "
+"restaurants in the country. Hessel hopes to <quote>copy and paste</quote> "
+"this service into other countries where collecting societies understand what "
+"you can do with Creative Commons. Outside of the Netherlands, early "
+"adoptions have happened in Scandinavia, Belgium, and the U.S."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9071
+msgid ""
+"Tribe of Noise doesn’t pay the musicians up front; they get paid when their "
+"music ends up in Tribe of Noise’s in-store music channels. The musicians’ "
+"share is 42.5 percent. It’s not uncommon in a traditional model for the "
+"artist to get only 5 to 10 percent, so a share of over 40 percent is a "
+"significantly better deal. Here’s how they give an example on their "
+"website:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9087
+msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.tribeofnoise.com/info_instoremusic.php\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9079
+msgid ""
+"A few of your songs [licensed with CC BY-SA], for example five in total, are "
+"selected for a bespoke in-store music channel broadcasting at a large "
+"retailer with 1,000 stores nationwide. In this case the overall playlist "
+"contains 350 songs so the musician’s share is 5/350 = 1.43%. The license fee "
+"agreed with this retailer is US$12 per month per play-out. So if 42.5% is "
+"shared with the Tribe musicians in this playlist and your share is 1.43%, "
+"you end up with US$12 * 1000 stores * 0.425 * 0.0143 = US$73 per "
+"month.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9090
+msgid ""
+"Tribe of Noise has another model that does not involve Creative Commons. In "
+"a survey with members, most said they liked the exposure using Creative "
+"Commons gets them and the way it lets them reach out to others to share and "
+"remix. However, they had a bit of a mental struggle with Creative Commons "
+"licenses being perpetual. A lot of musicians have the mind-set that one day "
+"one of their songs may become an overnight hit. If that happened the CC "
+"BY-SA license would preclude them getting rich off the sale of that song."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9101
+msgid ""
+"Hessel’s legal team took this feedback and created a second model and "
+"separate area of the platform called Tribe of Noise Pro. Songs uploaded to "
+"Tribe of Noise Pro aren’t Creative Commons licensed; Tribe of Noise has "
+"instead created a <quote>nonexclusive exploitation</quote> contract, similar "
+"to a Creative Commons license but allowing musicians to opt out whenever "
+"they want. When you opt out, Tribe of Noise agrees to take your music off "
+"the Tribe of Noise platform within one to two months. This lets the musician "
+"reuse their song for a better deal."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9112
+msgid ""
+"Tribe of Noise Pro is primarily geared toward media makers who are looking "
+"for music. If they buy a license from this catalog, they don’t have to state "
+"the name of the creator; they just license the song for a specific "
+"amount. This is a big plus for media makers. And musicians can pull their "
+"repertoire at any time. Hessel sees this as a more direct and clean deal."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9120
+msgid ""
+"Lots of Tribe of Noise musicians upload songs to both Tribe of Noise Pro and "
+"the community area of Tribe of Noises. There aren’t that many artists who "
+"upload only to Tribe of Noise Pro, which has a smaller repertoire of music "
+"than the community area."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9126
+msgid ""
+"Hessel sees the two as complementary. Both are needed for the model to "
+"work. With a whole generation of musicians interested in the sharing "
+"economy, the community area of Tribe of Noise is where they can build trust, "
+"create exposure, and generate money. And after that, musicians may become "
+"more interested in exploring other models like Tribe of Noise Pro."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9134
+msgid ""
+"Every musician who joins Tribe of Noise gets their own home page and free "
+"unlimited Web space to upload as much of their own music as they like. Tribe "
+"of Noise is also a social network; fellow musicians and professionals can "
+"vote for, comment on, and like your music. Community managers interact with "
+"and support members, and music supervisors pick and choose from the uploaded "
+"songs for in-store play or to promote them to media producers. Members "
+"really like having people working for the platform who truly engage with "
+"them."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9145
+msgid ""
+"Another way Tribe of Noise creates community and interest is with contests, "
+"which are organized in partnership with Tribe of Noise clients. The client "
+"specifies what they want, and any member can submit a song. Contests usually "
+"involve prizes, exposure, and money. In addition to building member "
+"engagement, contests help members learn how to work with clients: listening "
+"to them, understanding what they want, and creating a song to meet that "
+"need."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9155
+msgid ""
+"Tribe of Noise now has twenty-seven thousand members from 192 countries, and "
+"many are exploring do-it-yourself models for generating revenue. Some came "
+"from music labels and publishers, having gone through the traditional way of "
+"music licensing and now seeing if this new model makes sense for "
+"them. Others are young musicians, who grew up with a DIY mentality and see "
+"little reason to sign with a third party or hand over some of the "
+"control. Still a small but growing group of Tribe members are pursuing a "
+"hybrid model by licensing some of their songs under CC BY-SA and opting in "
+"others with collecting societies like ASCAP or BMI."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9167
+msgid ""
+"It’s not uncommon for performance-rights organizations, record labels, or "
+"music publishers to sign contracts with musicians based on exclusivity. Such "
+"an arrangement prevents those musicians from uploading their music to Tribe "
+"of Noise. In the United States, you can have a collecting society handle "
+"only some of your tracks, whereas in many countries in Europe, a collecting "
+"society prefers to represent your entire repertoire (although the European "
+"Commission is making some changes). Tribe of Noise deals with this issue all "
+"the time and gives you a warning whenever you upload a song. If collecting "
+"societies are willing to be open and flexible and do the most they can for "
+"their members, then they can consider organizations like Tribe of Noise as a "
+"nice add-on, generating more exposure and revenue for the musicians they "
+"represent. So far, Tribe of Noise has been able to make all this work "
+"without litigation."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9184
+msgid ""
+"For Hessel the key to Tribe of Noise’s success is trust. The fact that "
+"Creative Commons licenses work the same way all over the world and have been "
+"translated into all languages really helps build that trust. Tribe of Noise "
+"believes in creating a model where they work together with musicians. They "
+"can only do that if they have a live and kicking community, with people who "
+"think that the Tribe of Noise team has their best interests in "
+"mind. Creative Commons makes it possible to create a new business model for "
+"music, a model that’s based on trust."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9196
+msgid "Wikimedia Foundation"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9202
+msgid ""
+"The Wikimedia Foundation is the nonprofit organization that hosts Wikipedia "
+"and its sister projects. Founded in 2003 in the U.S."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9207
+msgid "<ulink url=\"http://wikimediafoundation.org\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9209
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: donations"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9211
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: December 18, 2015"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9214
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewees</emphasis>: Luis Villa, former Chief "
+"Officer of Community Engagement, and Stephen LaPorte, legal counsel"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9220
+msgid "Nearly every person with an online presence knows Wikipedia."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9223
+msgid ""
+"In many ways, it is the preeminent open project: The online encyclopedia is "
+"created entirely by volunteers. Anyone in the world can edit the "
+"articles. All of the content is available for free to anyone online. All of "
+"the content is released under a Creative Commons license that enables people "
+"to reuse and adapt it for any purpose."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9231
+msgid ""
+"As of December 2016, there were more than forty-two million articles in the "
+"295 language editions of the online encyclopedia, according to—what "
+"else?—the Wikipedia article about Wikipedia."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9236
+msgid ""
+"The Wikimedia Foundation is a U.S.-based nonprofit organization that owns "
+"the Wikipedia domain name and hosts the site, along with many other related "
+"sites like Wikidata and Wikimedia Commons. The foundation employs about two "
+"hundred and eighty people, who all work to support the projects it "
+"hosts. But the true heart of Wikipedia and its sister projects is its "
+"community. The numbers of people in the community are variable, but about "
+"seventy-five thousand volunteers edit and improve Wikipedia articles every "
+"month. Volunteers are organized in a variety of ways across the globe, "
+"including formal Wikimedia chapters (mostly national), groups focused on a "
+"particular theme, user groups, and many thousands who are not connected to a "
+"particular organization."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9250
+msgid ""
+"As Wikimedia legal counsel Stephen LaPorte told us, <quote>There is a common "
+"saying that Wikipedia works in practice but not in theory.</quote> While it "
+"undoubtedly has its challenges and flaws, Wikipedia and its sister projects "
+"are a striking testament to the power of human collaboration."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9257
+msgid ""
+"Because of its extraordinary breadth and scope, it does feel a bit like a "
+"unicorn. Indeed, there is nothing else like Wikipedia. Still, much of what "
+"makes the projects successful—community, transparency, a strong mission, "
+"trust—are consistent with what it takes to be successfully Made with "
+"Creative Commons more generally. With Wikipedia, everything just happens at "
+"an unprecedented scale."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9266
+msgid ""
+"The story of Wikipedia has been told many times. For our purposes, it is "
+"enough to know the experiment started in 2001 at a small scale, inspired by "
+"the crazy notion that perhaps a truly open, collaborative project could "
+"create something meaningful. At this point, Wikipedia is so ubiquitous and "
+"ingrained in our digital lives that the fact of its existence seems less "
+"remarkable. But outside of software, Wikipedia is perhaps the single most "
+"stunning example of successful community cocreation. Every day, seven "
+"thousand new articles are created on Wikipedia, and nearly fifteen thousand "
+"edits are made every hour."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9278
+msgid ""
+"The nature of the content the community creates is ideal for asynchronous "
+"cocreation. <quote>An encyclopedia is something where incremental community "
+"improvement really works,</quote> Luis Villa, former Chief Officer of "
+"Community Engagement, told us. The rules and processes that govern "
+"cocreation on Wikipedia and its sister projects are all community-driven and "
+"vary by language edition. There are entire books written on the intricacies "
+"of their systems, but generally speaking, there are very few exceptions to "
+"the rule that anyone can edit any article, even without an account on their "
+"system. The extensive peer-review process includes elaborate systems to "
+"resolve disputes, methods for managing particularly controversial subject "
+"areas, talk pages explaining decisions, and much, much more. The Wikimedia "
+"Foundation’s decision to leave governance of the projects to the community "
+"is very deliberate. <quote>We look at the things that the community can do "
+"well, and we want to let them do those things,</quote> Stephen told "
+"us. Instead, the foundation focuses its time and resources on what the "
+"community cannot do as effectively, like the software engineering that "
+"supports the technical infrastructure of the sites. In 2015-16, about half "
+"of the foundation’s budget went to direct support for the Wikimedia sites."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9302
+msgid ""
+"Some of that is directed at servers and general IT support, but the "
+"foundation also invests a significant amount on architecture designed to "
+"help the site function as effectively as possible. <quote>There is a "
+"constantly evolving system to keep the balance in place to avoid Wikipedia "
+"becoming the world’s biggest graffiti wall,</quote> Luis said. Depending on "
+"how you measure it, somewhere between 90 to 98 percent of edits to Wikipedia "
+"are positive. Some portion of that success is attributable to the tools "
+"Wikimedia has in place to try to incentivize good actors. <quote>The secret "
+"to having any healthy community is bringing back the right people,</quote> "
+"Luis said. <quote>Vandals tend to get bored and go away. That is partially "
+"our model working, and partially just human nature.</quote> Most of the "
+"time, people want to do the right thing."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9318
+msgid ""
+"Wikipedia not only relies on good behavior within its community and on its "
+"sites, but also by everyone else once the content leaves Wikipedia. All of "
+"the text of Wikipedia is available under an Attribution-ShareAlike license "
+"(CC BY-SA), which means it can be used for any purpose and modified so long "
+"as credit is given and anything new is shared back with the public under the "
+"same license. In theory, that means anyone can copy the content and start a "
+"new Wikipedia. But as Stephen explained, <quote>Being open has only made "
+"Wikipedia bigger and stronger. The desire to protect is not always what is "
+"best for everyone.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9342
+msgid ""
+"<ulink "
+"url=\"http://gimletmedia.com/episode/14-the-art-of-making-and-fixing-mistakes/\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9330
+msgid ""
+"Of course, the primary reason no one has successfully co-opted Wikipedia is "
+"that copycat efforts do not have the Wikipedia community to sustain what "
+"they do. Wikipedia is not simply a source of up-to-the-minute content on "
+"every given topic—it is also a global patchwork of humans working together "
+"in a million different ways, in a million different capacities, for a "
+"million different reasons. While many have tried to guess what makes "
+"Wikipedia work as well it does, the fact is there is no single "
+"explanation. <quote>In a movement as large as ours, there is an incredible "
+"diversity of motivations,</quote> Stephen said. For example, there is one "
+"editor of the English Wikipedia edition who has corrected a single "
+"grammatical error in articles more than forty-eight thousand "
+"times.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Only a fraction of Wikipedia "
+"users are also editors. But editing is not the only way to contribute to "
+"Wikipedia. <quote>Some donate text, some donate images, some donate "
+"financially,</quote> Stephen told us. <quote>They are all "
+"contributors.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9349
+msgid ""
+"But the vast majority of us who use Wikipedia are not contributors; we are "
+"passive readers. The Wikimedia Foundation survives primarily on individual "
+"donations, with about $15 as the average. Because Wikipedia is one of the "
+"ten most popular websites in terms of total page views, donations from a "
+"small portion of that audience can translate into a lot of money. In the "
+"2015-16 fiscal year, they received more than $77 million from more than five "
+"million donors."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9359
+msgid ""
+"The foundation has a fund-raising team that works year-round to raise money, "
+"but the bulk of their revenue comes in during the December campaign in "
+"Australia, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United "
+"States. They engage in extensive user testing and research to maximize the "
+"reach of their fund-raising campaigns. Their basic fund-raising message is "
+"simple: We provide our readers and the world immense value, so give "
+"back. Every little bit helps. With enough eyeballs, they are right."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9370
+msgid ""
+"The vision of the Wikimedia Foundation is a world in which every single "
+"human being can freely share in the sum of all knowledge. They work to "
+"realize this vision by empowering people around the globe to create "
+"educational content made freely available under an open license or in the "
+"public domain. Stephen and Luis said the mission, which is rooted in the "
+"same philosophy behind Creative Commons, drives everything the foundation "
+"does."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9379
+msgid ""
+"The philosophy behind the endeavor also enables the foundation to be "
+"financially sustainable. It instills trust in their readership, which is "
+"critical for a revenue strategy that relies on reader donations. It also "
+"instills trust in their community."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9385
+msgid ""
+"Any given edit on Wikipedia could be motivated by nearly an infinite number "
+"of reasons. But the social mission of the project is what binds the global "
+"community together. <quote>Wikipedia is an example of how a mission can "
+"motivate an entire movement,</quote> Stephen told us."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9392
+msgid ""
+"Of course, what results from that movement is one of the Internet’s great "
+"public resources. <quote>The Internet has a lot of businesses and stores, "
+"but it is missing the digital equivalent of parks and open public "
+"spaces,</quote> Stephen said. <quote>Wikipedia has found a way to be that "
+"open public space.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><title>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9402
+msgid "Bibliography"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9404
+msgid ""
+"Alperovitz, Gar. What Then Must We Do? Straight Talk about the Next American "
+"Revolution; Democratizing Wealth and Building a Community-Sustaining Economy "
+"from the Ground Up. White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2013."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9410
+msgid ""
+"Anderson, Chris. Free: How Today’s Smartest Businesses Profit by Giving "
+"Something for Nothing, reprint with new preface. New York: Hyperion, 2010."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9415
+msgid "———. Makers: The New Industrial Revolution. New York: Signal, 2012."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9418
+msgid ""
+"Ariely, Dan. Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Forces That Shape Our "
+"Decisions. Rev. ed. New York: Harper Perennial, 2010."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9422
+msgid ""
+"Bacon, Jono. The Art of Community. 2nd ed. Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media, "
+"2012."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9426
+msgid ""
+"Benkler, Yochai. The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms "
+"Markets and Freedom. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006. <ulink "
+"url=\"http://www.benkler.org/Benkler_Wealth_Of_Networks.pdf\"/> (licensed "
+"under CC BY-NC-SA)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9433
+msgid ""
+"Benyayer, Louis-David, ed. Open Models: Business Models of the Open "
+"Economy. Cachan, France: Without Model, 2016. <ulink "
+"url=\"http://www.slideshare.net/WithoutModel/open-models-book-64463892\"/> "
+"(licensed under CC BY-SA)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9439
+msgid ""
+"Bollier, David. Commoning as a Transformative Social Paradigm. Paper "
+"commissioned by the Next Systems Project. Washington, DC: Democracy "
+"Collaborative, 2016. <ulink "
+"url=\"http://thenextsystem.org/commoning-as-a-transformative-social-paradigm/\"/>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9445
+msgid ""
+"———. Think Like a Commoner: A Short Introduction to the Life of the "
+"Commons. Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9449
+msgid ""
+"Bollier, David, and Pat Conaty. Democratic Money and Capital for the "
+"Commons: Strategies for Transforming Neoliberal Finance through "
+"Commons-Based Alternatives. A report on a Commons Strategies Group Workshop "
+"in cooperation with the Heinrich Böll Foundation, Berlin, Germany, 2015. "
+"<ulink "
+"url=\"http://bollier.org/democratic-money-and-capital-commons-report-pdf\"/>. "
+"For more information, see <ulink "
+"url=\"http://bollier.org/blog/democratic-money-and-capital-commons\"/>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9459
+msgid ""
+"Bollier, David, and Silke Helfrich, eds. The Wealth of the Commons: A World "
+"Beyond Market and State. Amherst, MA: Levellers Press, 2012."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9463
+msgid ""
+"Botsman, Rachel, and Roo Rogers. What’s Mine Is Yours: The Rise of "
+"Collaborative Consumption. New York: Harper Business, 2010."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9467
+msgid ""
+"Boyle, James. The Public Domain: Enclosing the Commons of the Mind. New "
+"Haven: Yale University Press, 2008."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9470
+msgid ""
+"<ulink url=\"http://www.thepublicdomain.org/download/\"/> (licensed under CC "
+"BY-NC-SA)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9474
+msgid ""
+"Capra, Fritjof, and Ugo Mattei. The Ecology of Law: Toward a Legal System in "
+"Tune with Nature and Community. Oakland, CA: Berrett-Koehler, 2015."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9479
+msgid ""
+"Chesbrough, Henry. Open Business Models: How to Thrive in the New Innovation "
+"Landscape. Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2006."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9483
+msgid ""
+"———. Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating and Profiting from "
+"Technology. Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2006."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9487
+msgid ""
+"City of Bologna. Regulation on Collaboration between Citizens and the City "
+"for the Care and Regeneration of Urban Commons. Translated by LabGov "
+"(LABoratory for the GOVernance of Commons). Bologna, Italy: City of Bologna, "
+"2014). <ulink "
+"url=\"http://www.labgov.it/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/Bologna-Regulation-on-collaboration-between-citizens-and-the-city-for-the-cure-and-regeneration-of-urban-commons1.pdf\"/>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9494
+msgid ""
+"Cole, Daniel H. <quote>Learning from Lin: Lessons and Cautions from the "
+"Natural Commons for the Knowledge Commons.</quote> Chap. 2 in Frischmann, "
+"Madison, and Strandburg, Governing Knowledge Commons."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9499
+msgid ""
+"Creative Commons. 2015 State of the Commons. Mountain View, CA: Creative "
+"Commons, 2015. <ulink url=\"http://stateof.creativecommons.org/2015/\"/>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9504
+msgid ""
+"Doctorow, Cory. Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free: Laws for the Internet "
+"Age. San Francisco: McSweeney’s, 2014."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9508
+msgid ""
+"Eckhardt, Giana, and Fleura Bardhi. <quote>The Sharing Economy Isn’t about "
+"Sharing at All.</quote> Harvard Business Review, January 28, 2015. <ulink "
+"url=\"http://hbr.org/2015/01/the-sharing-economy-isnt-about-sharing-at-all\"/>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9514
+msgid ""
+"Elliott, Patricia W., and Daryl H. Hepting, eds. (2015). Free Knowledge: "
+"Confronting the Commodification of Human Discovery. Regina, SK: University "
+"of Regina Press, 2015. <ulink "
+"url=\"http://uofrpress.ca/publications/Free-Knowledge\"/> (licensed under CC "
+"BY-NC-ND)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9521
+msgid ""
+"Eyal, Nir. Hooked: How to Build Habit-Forming Products. With Ryan "
+"Hoover. New York: Portfolio, 2014."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9525
+msgid ""
+"Farley, Joshua, and Ida Kubiszewski. <quote>The Economics of Information in "
+"a Post-Carbon Economy.</quote> Chap. 11 in Elliott and Hepting, Free "
+"Knowledge."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9530
+msgid ""
+"Foster, William Landes, Peter Kim, and Barbara Christiansen. <quote>Ten "
+"Nonprofit Funding Models.</quote> Stanford Social Innovation Review, Spring "
+"2009. <ulink "
+"url=\"http://ssir.org/articles/entry/ten_nonprofit_funding_models\"/>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9536
+msgid ""
+"Frischmann, Brett M. Infrastructure: The Social Value of Shared "
+"Resources. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9540
+msgid ""
+"Frischmann, Brett M., Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J. Strandburg, "
+"eds. Governing Knowledge Commons. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9545
+msgid ""
+"Frischmann, Brett M., Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J. "
+"Strandburg. <quote>Governing Knowledge Commons.</quote> Chap. 1 in "
+"Frischmann, Madison, and Strandburg, Governing Knowledge Commons."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9550
+msgid ""
+"Gansky, Lisa. The Mesh: Why the Future of Business Is Sharing. Reprint with "
+"new epilogue. New York: Portfolio, 2012."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9554
+msgid ""
+"Grant, Adam. Give and Take: Why Helping Others Drives Our Success. New "
+"York: Viking, 2013."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9558
+msgid ""
+"Haiven, Max. Crises of Imagination, Crises of Power: Capitalism, Creativity "
+"and the Commons. New York: Zed Books, 2014."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9562
+msgid ""
+"Harris, Malcom, ed. Share or Die: Voices of the Get Lost Generation in the "
+"Age of Crisis. With Neal Gorenflo. Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2012."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9567
+msgid ""
+"Hermida, Alfred. Tell Everyone: Why We Share and Why It Matters. Toronto: "
+"Doubleday Canada, 2014."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9571
+msgid ""
+"Hyde, Lewis. Common as Air: Revolution, Art, and Ownership. New York: "
+"Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2010."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9575
+msgid ""
+"———. The Gift: Creativity and the Artist in the Modern World. 2nd Vintage "
+"Books edition. New York: Vintage Books, 2007."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9579
+msgid ""
+"Kelley, Tom, and David Kelley. Creative Confidence: Unleashing the Potential "
+"within Us All. New York: Crown, 2013."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9583
+msgid ""
+"Kelly, Marjorie. Owning Our Future: The Emerging Ownership Revolution; "
+"Journeys to a Generative Economy. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2012."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9588
+msgid ""
+"Kleon, Austin. Show Your Work: 10 Ways to Share Your Creativity and Get "
+"Discovered. New York: Workman, 2014."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9592
+msgid ""
+"———. Steal Like an Artist: 10 Things Nobody Told You about Being "
+"Creative. New York: Workman, 2012."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9596
+msgid ""
+"Kramer, Bryan. Shareology: How Sharing Is Powering the Human Economy. New "
+"York: Morgan James, 2016."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9600
+msgid ""
+"Lee, David. <quote>Inside Medium: An Attempt to Bring Civility to the "
+"Internet.</quote> BBC News, March 3, 2016. <ulink "
+"url=\"http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-35709680\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9605
+msgid ""
+"Lessig, Lawrence. Remix: Making Art and Commerce Thrive in the Hybrid "
+"Economy. New York: Penguin Press, 2008."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9609
+msgid ""
+"Menzies, Heather. Reclaiming the Commons for the Common Good: A Memoir and "
+"Manifesto. Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9613
+msgid ""
+"Mason, Paul. Postcapitalism: A Guide to Our Future. New York: Farrar, Straus "
+"and Giroux, 2015."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9617
+msgid ""
+"New York Times Customer Insight Group. The Psychology of Sharing: Why Do "
+"People Share Online? New York: New York Times Customer Insight Group, 2011. "
+"<ulink url=\"http://www.iab.net/media/file/POSWhitePaper.pdf\"/>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9623
+msgid ""
+"Osterwalder, Alex, and Yves Pigneur. Business Model Generation. Hoboken, "
+"NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2010. A preview of the book is available at <ulink "
+"url=\"http://strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation\"/>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9629
+msgid ""
+"Osterwalder, Alex, Yves Pigneur, Greg Bernarda, and Adam Smith. Value "
+"Proposition Design. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2014. A preview of the "
+"book is available at <ulink "
+"url=\"http://strategyzer.com/books/value-proposition-design\"/>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9635
+msgid ""
+"Palmer, Amanda. The Art of Asking: Or How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Let "
+"People Help. New York: Grand Central, 2014."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9639
+msgid ""
+"Pekel, Joris. Democratising the Rijksmuseum: Why Did the Rijksmuseum Make "
+"Available Their Highest Quality Material without Restrictions, and What Are "
+"the Results? The Hague, Netherlands: Europeana Foundation, 2014. <ulink "
+"url=\"http://pro.europeana.eu/publication/democratising-the-rijksmuseum\"/> "
+"(licensed under CC BY-SA)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9647
+msgid ""
+"Ramos, José Maria, ed. The City as Commons: A Policy Reader. Melbourne, "
+"Australia: Commons Transition Coalition, 2016. <ulink "
+"url=\"http://www.academia.edu/27143172/The_City_as_Commons_a_Policy_Reader\"/> "
+"(licensed under CC BY-NC-ND)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9653
+msgid ""
+"Raymond, Eric S. The Cathedral and the Bazaar: Musings on Linux and Open "
+"Source by an Accidental Revolutionary. Rev. ed. Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly "
+"Media, 2001. See esp. <quote>The Magic Cauldron.</quote> <ulink "
+"url=\"http://www.catb.org/esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/\"/>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9659
+msgid ""
+"Ries, Eric. The Lean Startup: How Today’s Entrepreneurs Use Continuous "
+"Innovation to Create Radically Successful Businesses. New York: Crown "
+"Business, 2011."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9664
+msgid ""
+"Rifkin, Jeremy. The Zero Marginal Cost Society: The Internet of Things, the "
+"Collaborative Commons, and the Eclipse of Capitalism. New York: Palgrave "
+"Macmillan, 2014."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9669
+msgid "Rowe, Jonathan. Our Common Wealth. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2013."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9673
+msgid ""
+"Rushkoff, Douglas. Throwing Rocks at the Google Bus: How Growth Became the "
+"Enemy of Prosperity. New York: Portfolio, 2016."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9677
+msgid ""
+"Sandel, Michael J. What Money Can’t Buy: The Moral Limits of Markets. New "
+"York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2012."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9681
+msgid ""
+"Shirky, Clay. Cognitive Surplus: How Technology Makes Consumers into "
+"Collaborators. London, England: Penguin Books, 2010."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9685
+msgid ""
+"Slee, Tom. What’s Yours Is Mine: Against the Sharing Economy. New York: OR "
+"Books, 2015."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9689
+msgid ""
+"Stephany, Alex. The Business of Sharing: Making in the New Sharing "
+"Economy. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9693
+msgid ""
+"Stepper, John. Working Out Loud: For a Better Career and Life. New York: "
+"Ikigai Press, 2015."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9697
+msgid ""
+"Sull, Donald, and Kathleen M. Eisenhardt. Simple Rules: How to Thrive in a "
+"Complex World. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2015."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9701
+msgid ""
+"Sundararajan, Arun. The Sharing Economy: The End of Employment and the Rise "
+"of Crowd-Based Capitalism. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2016."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9705
+msgid "Surowiecki, James. The Wisdom of Crowds. New York: Anchor Books, 2005."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9709
+msgid ""
+"Tapscott, Don, and Alex Tapscott. Blockchain Revolution: How the Technology "
+"Behind Bitcoin Is Changing Money, Business, and the World. Toronto: "
+"Portfolio, 2016."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9714
+msgid ""
+"Tharp, Twyla. The Creative Habit: Learn It and Use It for Life. With Mark "
+"Reiter. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2006."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9718
+msgid ""
+"Tkacz, Nathaniel. Wikipedia and the Politics of Openness. Chicago: "
+"University of Chicago Press, 2015."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9722
+msgid ""
+"Van Abel, Bass, Lucas Evers, Roel Klaassen, and Peter Troxler, eds. Open "
+"Design Now: Why Design Cannot Remain Exclusive. Amsterdam: BIS Publishers, "
+"with Creative Commons Netherlands; Premsela, the Netherlands Institute for "
+"Design and Fashion; and the Waag Society, 2011. <ulink "
+"url=\"http://opendesignnow.org\"/> (licensed under CC BY-NC-SA)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9730
+msgid ""
+"Van den Hoff, Ronald. Mastering the Global Transition on Our Way to Society "
+"3.0. Utrecht, the Netherlands: Society 3.0 Foundation, 2014. <ulink "
+"url=\"http://society30.com/get-the-book/\"/> (licensed under CC BY-NC-ND)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9736
+msgid ""
+"Von Hippel, Eric. Democratizing Innovation. London: MIT Press, 2005. <ulink "
+"url=\"http://web.mit.edu/evhippel/www/democ1.htm\"/> (licensed under CC "
+"BY-NC-ND)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9741
+msgid ""
+"Whitehurst, Jim. The Open Organization: Igniting Passion and "
+"Performance. Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2015."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><title>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9746
+msgid "Acknowledgments"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9748
+msgid ""
+"We extend special thanks to Creative Commons CEO Ryan Merkley, the Creative "
+"Commons Board, and all of our Creative Commons colleagues for "
+"enthusiastically supporting our work. Special gratitude to the William and "
+"Flora Hewlett Foundation for the initial seed funding that got us started on "
+"this project."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9755
+msgid ""
+"Huge appreciation to all the Made with Creative Commons interviewees for "
+"sharing their stories with us. You make the commons come alive. Thanks for "
+"the inspiration."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9760
+msgid ""
+"We interviewed more than the twenty-four organizations profiled in this "
+"book. We extend special thanks to Gooru, OERu, Sage Bionetworks, and Medium "
+"for sharing their stories with us. While not featured as case studies in "
+"this book, you all are equally interesting, and we encourage our readers to "
+"visit your sites and explore your work."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9768
+msgid ""
+"This book was made possible by the generous support of 1,687 Kickstarter "
+"backers listed below. We especially acknowledge our many Kickstarter "
+"co-editors who read early drafts of our work and provided invaluable "
+"feedback. Heartfelt thanks to all of you."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para>
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9774
+msgid ""
+"Co-editor Kickstarter backers (alphabetically by first name): Abraham "
+"Taherivand, Alan Graham, Alfredo Louro, Anatoly Volynets, Aurora Thornton, "
+"Austin Tolentino, Ben Sheridan, Benedikt Foit, Benjamin Costantini, Bernd "
+"Nurnberger, Bernhard Seefeld, Bethanye Blount, Bradford Benn, Bryan Mock, "
+"Carmen Garcia Wiedenhoeft, Carolyn Hinchliff, Casey Milford, Cat Cooper, "
+"Chip McIntosh, Chris Thorne, Chris Weber, Chutika Udomsinn, Claire Wardle, "
+"Claudia Cristiani, Cody Allard, Colleen Cressman, Craig Thomler, Creative "
+"Commons Uruguay, Curt McNamara, Dan Parson, Daniel Dominguez, Daniel Morado, "
+"Darius Irvin, Dave Taillefer, David Lewis, David Mikula, David Varnes, David "
+"Wiley, Deborah Nas, Diderik van Wingerden, Dirk Kiefer, Dom Lane, Domi "
+"Enders, Douglas Van Houweling, Dylan Field, Einar Joergensen, Elad Wieder, "
+"Elie Calhoun, Erika Reid, Evtim Papushev, Fauxton Software, Felix "
+"Maximiliano Obes, Ferdies Food Lab, Gatien de Broucker, Gaurav Kapil, Gavin "
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+"Blumberg, Richard Fannon, Richard Heying, Richard Karnesky, Richard Kelly, "
+"Richard Littauer, Richard Sobey, Richard White, Richard Winchell, Rik "
+"ToeWater, Rita Lewis, Rita Wood, Riyadh Al Balushi, Rob Balder, Rob Berkley, "
+"Rob Bertholf, Rob Emanuele, Rob McAuliffe, Rob McKaughan, Rob Tillie, Rob "
+"Utter, Rob Vincent, Robert Gaffney, Robert Jones, Robert Kelly, Robert "
+"Lawlis, Robert McDonald, Robert Orzanna, Robert Paterson Hunter, Robert "
+"R. Daniel Jr., Robert Ryan-Silva, Robert Thompson, Robert Wagoner, Roberto "
+"Selvaggio, Robin DeRosa, Robin Rist Kildal, Rodrigo Castilhos, Roger Bacon, "
+"Roger Saner, Roger So, Roger Solé, Roger Tregear, Roland Tanglao, Rolf and "
+"Mari von Walthausen, Rolf Egstad, Rolf Schaller, Ron Zuijlen, Ronald "
+"Bissell, Ronald van den Hoff, Ronda Snow, Rory Landon Aronson, Ross Findlay, "
+"Ross Pruden, Ross Williams, Rowan Skewes, Roy Ivy III, Ruben Flores, Rupert "
+"Hitzenberger, Rusi Popov, Russ Antonucci, Russ Spollin, Russell Brand, Rute "
+"Correia, Ruth Ann Carpenter, Ruth White, Ryan Mentock, Ryan Merkley, Ryan "
+"Price, Ryan Sasaki, Ryan Singer, Ryan Voisin, Ryan Weir, S Searle, Salem Bin "
+"Kenaid, Salomon Riedo, Sam Hokin, Sam Twidale, Samantha Levin, "
+"Samantha-Jayne Chapman, Samarth Agarwal, Sami Al-AbdRabbuh, Samuel "
+"A. Rebelsky, Samuel Goëta, Samuel Hauser, Samuel Landete, Samuel Oliveira "
+"Cersosimo, Samuel Tait, Sandra Fauconnier, Sandra Markus, Sandy Bjar, Sandy "
+"ONeil, Sang-Phil Ju, Sanjay Basu, Santiago Garcia, Sara Armstrong, Sara "
+"Lucca, Sara Rodriguez Marin, Sarah Brand, Sarah Cove, Sarah Curran, Sarah "
+"Gold, Sarah McGovern, Sarah Smith, Sarinee Achavanuntakul, Sasha Moss, Sasha "
+"VanHoven, Saul Gasca, Scott Abbott, Scott Akerman, Scott Beattie, Scott "
+"Bruinooge, Scott Conroy, Scott Gillespie, Scott Williams, Sean Anderson, "
+"Sean Johnson, Sean Lim, Sean Wickett, Seb Schmoller, Sebastiaan Bekker, "
+"Sebastiaan ter Burg, Sebastian Makowiecki, Sebastian Meyer, Sebastian "
+"Schweizer, Sebastian Sigloch, Sebastien Huchet, Seokwon Yang, Sergey "
+"Chernyshev, Sergey Storchay, Sergio Cardoso, Seth Drebitko, Seth Gover, Seth "
+"Lepore, Shannon Turner, Sharon Clapp, Shauna Redmond, Shawn Gaston, Shawn "
+"Martin, Shay Knohl, Shelby Hatfield, Sheldon (Vila) Widuch, Sheona Thomson, "
+"Si Jie, Sicco van Sas, Siena Oristaglio, Simon Glover, Simon John King, "
+"Simon Klose, Simon Law, Simon Linder, Simon Moffitt, Solomon Kahn, Solomon "
+"Simon, Soujanna Sarkar, Stanislav Trifonov, Stefan Dumont, Stefan Jansson, "
+"Stefan Langer, Stefan Lindblad, Stefano Guidotti, Stefano Luzardi, Stephan "
+"Meißl, Stéphane Wojewoda, Stephanie Pereira, Stephen Gates, Stephen Murphey, "
+"Stephen Pearce, Stephen Rose, Stephen Suen, Stephen Walli, Stevan Matheson, "
+"Steve Battle, Steve Fisches, Steve Fitzhugh, Steve Guen-gerich, Steve "
+"Ingram, Steve Kroy, Steve Midgley, Steve Rhine, Steven Kasprzyk, Steven "
+"Knudsen, Steven Melvin, Stig-Jørund B. Ö. Arnesen, Stuart Drewer, Stuart "
+"Maxwell, Stuart Reich, Subhendu Ghosh, Sujal Shah, Sune Bøegh, Susan Chun, "
+"Susan R Grossman, Suzie Wiley, Sven Fielitz, Swan/Starts, Sylvain Carle, "
+"Sylvain Chery, Sylvia Green, Sylvia van Bruggen, Szabolcs Berecz, "
+"T. L. Mason, Tanbir Baeg, Tanya Hart, Tara Tiger Brown, Tara Westover, Tarmo "
+"Toikkanen, Tasha Turner Lennhoff, Tathagat Varma, Ted Timmons, Tej Dhawan, "
+"Teresa Gonczy, Terry Hook, Theis Madsen, Theo M. Scholl, Theresa Bernardo, "
+"Thibault Badenas, Thomas Bacig, Thomas Boehnlein, Thomas Bøvith, Thomas "
+"Chang, Thomas Hartman, Thomas Kent, Thomas Morgan, Thomas Philipp-Edmonds, "
+"Thomas Thrush, Thomas Werkmeister, Tieg Zaharia, Tieu Thuy Nguyen, Tim "
+"Chambers, Tim Cook, Tim Evers, Tim Nichols, Tim Stahmer, Timothée Planté, "
+"Timothy Arfsten, Timothy Hinchliff, Timothy Vollmer, Tina Coffman, Tisza "
+"Gergő, Tobias Schonwetter, Todd Brown, Todd Pousley, Todd Sattersten, Tom "
+"Bamford, Tom Caswell, Tom Goren, Tom Kent, Tom MacWright, Tom Maillioux, Tom "
+"Merkli, Tom Merritt, Tom Myers, Tom Olijhoek, Tom Rubin, Tommaso De Benetti, "
+"Tommy Dahlen, Tony Ciak, Tony Nwachukwu, Torsten Skomp, Tracey Depellegrin, "
+"Tracey Henton, Tracey James, Traci Long DeForge, Trent Yarwood, Trevor "
+"Hogue, Trey Blalock, Trey Hunner, Tryggvi Björgvinsson, Tumuult, Tushar Roy, "
+"Tyler Occhiogrosso, Udo Blenkhorn, Uri Sivan, Vanja Bobas, Vantharith Oum, "
+"Vaughan jenkins, Veethika Mishra, Vic King, Vickie Goode, Victor DePina, "
+"Victor Grigas, Victoria Klassen, Victorien Elvinger, VIGA Manufacture, Vikas "
+"Shah, Vinayak S.Kaujalgi, Vincent O’Leary, Violette Paquet, Virginia "
+"Gentilini, Virginia Kopelman, Vitor Menezes, Vivian Marthell, Wayne "
+"Mackintosh, Wendy Keenan, Werner Wiethege, Wesley Derbyshire, Widar Hellwig, "
+"Willa Köerner, William Bettridge-Radford, William Jefferson, William "
+"Marshall, William Peter Nash, William Ray, William Robins, Willow Rosenberg, "
+"Winie Evers, Wolfgang Renninger, Xavier Antoviaque, Xavier Hugonet, Xavier "
+"Moisant, Xueqi Li, Yancey Strickler, Yann Heurtaux, Yasmine Hajjar, Yu-Hsian "
+"Sun, Yves Deruisseau, Zach Chandler, Zak Zebrowski, Zane Amiralis and Joshua "
+"de Haan, ZeMarmot Open Movie"
+msgstr ""
projects / text-madewithcc.git / commitdiff