-Made with Creative Commons
-
-Paul Stacey and Sarah Hinchliff Pearson
+% Made with Creative Commons
+% Paul Stacey;Sarah Hinchliff Pearson
Made With Creative Commons
Creative Commons and backers of our crowdfunding-campaign on the
Kickstarter.com platform.
-“I don’t know a whole lot about nonfiction
-journalism. . . The way that I think about these things, and in terms of
-what I can do is. . . essays like this are occasions to watch somebody
-reasonably bright but also reasonably average pay far closer attention
-and think at far more length about all sorts of different stuff than
-most of us have a chance to in our daily lives.”
-
-
-
-- David Foster Wallace
+> “I don’t know a whole lot about nonfiction journalism. . .
+> The way that I think about these things, and in terms of what I can do
+> is. . . essays like this are occasions to watch somebody reasonably
+> bright but also reasonably average pay far closer attention and think at
+> far more length about all sorts of different stuff than most of us have
+> a chance to in our daily lives.”
+>
+>
+>
+> — *David Foster Wallace*
## Foreword
*Paul and Sarah *
-# Part 1
# The Big Picture
regarding property, copyright, business, and finance can all be designed
to foster the commons.
+{width="6.5in"
+height="3.5417in"}
+
It’s helpful to understand how the commons, market, and state manage
resources differently, and not just for those who consider themselves
primarily as a commons. For businesses or governmental organizations who
and rules they develop to govern use, and finally actual resource use
along with outcomes of that use (see Fig. 2).
+{width="6.5in"
+height="6.5in"}
+
#### Characteristics
Resources have particular characteristics or attributes that affect the
person behind a resource makes the commons less anonymous and more
personal.
+{width="6.5in"
+height="4.2362in"}
+
#### Norms and rules
The social interactions between people, and the processes used by the
met. (Fig. 4 illustrates the commons in relation to the state and the
market.)
+{width="6.5in"
+height="3.389in"}
+
This is followed by a long history of the state (a monarchy or ruler)
taking over the commons for their own purposes. This is called enclosure
of the commons.12 In olden days, “commoners” were evicted from the land,
education. Fig. 6 shows how today the market is the primary means by
which resources are managed.
+{width="6.5in"
+height="3.389in"}
+
However, the world today is going through turbulent times. The benefits
of the market have been offset by unequal distribution and
overexploitation.
state funded digital works should be that they are freely and openly
available to the public that paid for them.
+{width="6.5in"
+height="3.389in"}
+
### The Digital Revolution
In the early days of computing, programmers and developers learned from
10. Joshua Farley and Ida Kubiszewski, “The Economics of Information in
a Post-Carbon Economy,” in Free Knowledge: Confronting the
Commodification of Human Discovery, eds. Patricia W. Elliott and
- Daryl H. Hepting (Regina, SK: University of Regina Press,
- 2015), 201–4.
+ Daryl H. Hepting (Regina, SK: University of Regina Press, 2015),
+ 201–4.
11. Rowe, Our Common Wealth, 19; and Heather Menzies, Reclaiming the
Commons for the Common Good: A Memoir and Manifesto (Gabriola
Island, BC: New Society, 2014), 42–43.
22, 2016.
18. Eric S. Raymond, “The Magic Cauldron,” in The Cathedral and the
Bazaar: Musings on Linux and Open Source by an Accidental
- Revolutionary, rev. ed. (Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media,
- 2001), www.catb.org/esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/.
+ Revolutionary, rev. ed. (Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media, 2001),
+ www.catb.org/esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/.
19. New York Times Customer Insight Group, The Psychology of Sharing:
Why Do People Share Online? (New York: New York Times Customer
Insight Group, 2011), www.iab.net/media/file/POSWhitePaper.pdf.
21. Creative Commons, 2015 State of the Commons (Mountain View, CA:
Creative Commons, 2015), stateof.creativecommons.org/2015/.
22. Wikipedia, s.v. “Open Government Partnership,” last modified
- September 24,
- 2016, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open\_Government\_Partnership.
+ September 24, 2016,
+ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open\_Government\_Partnership.
23. Capra and Mattei, Ecology of Law, 114.
24. Ibid., 116.
25. The Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, “Stockholm
26. City of Bologna, Regulation on Collaboration between Citizens and
the City for the Care and Regeneration of Urban Commons, trans.
LabGov (LABoratory for the GOVernance of Commons) (Bologna, Italy:
- City of Bologna,
- 2014), www.labgov.it/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/Bologna-Regulation-on-collaboration-between-citizens-and-the-city-for-the-cure-and-regeneration-of-urban-commons1.pdf.
+ City of Bologna, 2014),
+ www.labgov.it/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/Bologna-Regulation-on-collaboration-between-citizens-and-the-city-for-the-cure-and-regeneration-of-urban-commons1.pdf.
27. The Seoul Sharing City website is english.sharehub.kr; for Amsterdam
Sharing City, go to www.sharenl.nl/amsterdam-sharing-city/.
28. Tom Slee, What’s Yours Is Mine: Against the Sharing Economy (New
33. Alex Osterwalder and Yves Pigneur, Business Model Generation
(Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2010). A preview of the book is
available at strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation.
-34. This business model canvas is available to download
- at strategyzer.com/canvas/business-model-canvas.
+34. This business model canvas is available to download at
+ strategyzer.com/canvas/business-model-canvas.
35. We’ve made the “Open Business Model Canvas,” designed by the
- coauthor Paul Stacey, available online
- at docs.google.com/drawings/d/1QOIDa2qak7wZSSOa4Wv6qVMO77IwkKHN7CYyq0wHivs/edit.
+ coauthor Paul Stacey, available online at
+ docs.google.com/drawings/d/1QOIDa2qak7wZSSOa4Wv6qVMO77IwkKHN7CYyq0wHivs/edit.
You can also find the accompanying Open Business Model Canvas
- Questions
- at docs.google.com/drawings/d/1kACK7TkoJgsM18HUWCbX9xuQ0Byna4plSVZXZGTtays/edit.
+ Questions at
+ docs.google.com/drawings/d/1kACK7TkoJgsM18HUWCbX9xuQ0Byna4plSVZXZGTtays/edit.
36. A more comprehensive list of revenue streams is available in this
post I wrote on Medium on March 6, 2016. “What Is an Open Business
- Model and How Can You Generate Revenue?”, available
- at medium.com/made-with-creative-commons/what-is-an-open-business-model-and-how-can-you-generate-revenue-5854d2659b15.
+ Model and How Can You Generate Revenue?”, available at
+ medium.com/made-with-creative-commons/what-is-an-open-business-model-and-how-can-you-generate-revenue-5854d2659b15.
37. Henry Chesbrough, Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating
and Profiting from Technology (Boston: Harvard Business Review
Press, 2006), 31–44.
provide value to the consumers of your work, above and beyond the value
that lives within your free digital content. Often, the CC-licensed
content functions as a marketing tool for the paid product or
-
service.
Here are the most common high-level categories.
-#### Providing a custom service to consumers of your work * \[MARKET-BASED\]*
+#### Providing a custom service to consumers of your work *\[MARKET-BASED\]*
In this age of information abundance, we don’t lack for content. The
trick is finding content that matches our needs and wants, so customized
cultural consulting services provided by Ártica to the custom-song
business of Jonathan “Song-A-Day” Mann.
-#### Charging for the physical copy * \[MARKET-BASED\]*
+#### Charging for the physical copy *\[MARKET-BASED\]*
In his book about maker culture, Anderson characterizes this model as
giving away the bits and selling the atoms (where bits refers to digital
with other providers of the same works based on quality, service, or
other traditional business principles.
-#### Charging for the in-person version * \[MARKET-BASED\]*
+#### Charging for the in-person version *\[MARKET-BASED\]*
As anyone who has ever gone to a concert will tell you, experiencing
creativity in person is a completely different experience from consuming
people go view original art in person or pay to attend a talk or
training course.
-#### Selling merchandise * \[MARKET-BASED\]*
+#### Selling merchandise *\[MARKET-BASED\]*
In many cases, people who like your work will pay for products
demonstrating a connection to your work. As a child of the 1980s, I can
platforms.36 Access to your audience isn’t the only thing people are
willing to pay for—there are other services you can provide as well.
-#### Charging advertisers or sponsors * \[MARKET-BASED\]*
+#### Charging advertisers or sponsors *\[MARKET-BASED\]*
The traditional model of subsidizing free content is advertising. In
this version of multi-sided platforms, advertisers pay for the
display advertising, the advertiser pays to be an official sponsor of
particular content or projects, or of the overall endeavor.
-#### Charging your content creators * \[MARKET-BASED\]*
+#### Charging your content creators *\[MARKET-BASED\]*
Another type of multisided platform is where the content creators
themselves pay to be featured on the platform. Obviously, this revenue
universities pay to have their faculties participate as writers of the
content on the Conversation website.
-#### Charging a transaction fee * \[MARKET-BASED\]*
+#### Charging a transaction fee *\[MARKET-BASED\]*
This is a version of a traditional business model based on brokering
transactions between parties.39 Curation is an important element of this
site pays a maker to make furniture based on one of the designs on the
platform.
-#### Providing a service to your creators* \[MARKET-BASED\]*
+#### Providing a service to your creators *\[MARKET-BASED\]*
As mentioned above, endeavors can make money by providing customized
services to their users. Platforms can undertake a variation of this
this model by providing paid tools to help their users make the data
they contribute to the platform more discoverable and reusable.
-#### Licensing a trademark* \[MARKET-BASED\]*
+#### Licensing a trademark *\[MARKET-BASED\]*
Finally, some that are Made with Creative Commons make money by selling
use of their trademarks. Well known brands that consumers associate with
Being accountable does not mean operating on consensus. According to
James Surowiecki, consensus-driven groups tend to resort to
lowest-common-denominator solutions and
-
avoid the sort of candid exchange of ideas that cultivates healthy
collaboration.47 Instead, it can be as simple as asking for input and
then giving context and explanation about decisions you make, even if
asynchronously, and particularly for larger groups with loose ties, when
contributors can make simple improvements without a particularly heavy
time
-
commitment.68
As the success of Wikipedia demonstrates, editing an online encyclopedia
from thinking of consumers as passive recipients of your content and
transition them into active participants.75
-#### Notes
+### Notes
1. Alex Osterwalder and Yves Pigneur, Business Model Generation
(Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2010), 14. A preview of the book
64. Lisa Gansky, The Mesh: Why the Future of Business Is Sharing,
reprint with new epilogue (New York: Portfolio, 2012).
65. David Lee, “Inside Medium: An Attempt to Bring Civility to the
- Internet,” BBC News, March 3,
- 2016, www.bbc.com/news/technology-35709680.
+ Internet,” BBC News, March 3, 2016,
+ www.bbc.com/news/technology-35709680.
66. Anderson, Makers, 148.
67. Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 164.
68. Whitehurst, foreword to Open Organization.
Here are the six licenses:
+{width="4.198in"
+height="1.4689in"}
+
The Attribution license (CC BY) lets others distribute, remix, tweak,
and build upon your work, even commercially, as long as they credit you
for the original creation. This is the most accommodating of licenses
offered. Recommended for maximum dissemination and use of licensed
materials.
+{width="4.198in"
+height="1.4689in"}
+
The Attribution-Share-Alike license (CC BY-SA) lets others remix, tweak,
and build upon your work, even for commercial purposes, as long as they
credit you and license their new creations under identical terms. This
licenses. All new works based on yours will carry the same license, so
any derivatives will also allow commercial use.
+{width="4.198in"
+height="1.4689in"}
+
The Attribution-NoDerivs license (CC BY-ND) allows for redistribution,
commercial and noncommercial, as long as it is passed along unchanged
with credit to you.
+{width="4.198in"
+height="1.4689in"}
+
The Attribution-NonCommercial license (CC BY-NC) lets others remix,
tweak, and build upon your work noncommercially. Although their new
works must also acknowledge you, they don’t have to license their
derivative works on the same terms.
+{width="4.198in"
+height="1.4689in"}
+
The Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license (CC BY-NC-SA) lets
others remix, tweak, and build upon your work noncommercially, as long
as they credit you and license their new creations under the same terms.
+{width="4.198in"
+height="1.4689in"}
+
The Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs license (CC BY-NC-ND) is the most
restrictive of our six main licenses, only allowing others to download
your works and share them with others as long as they credit you, but
collections of existing works by authors whose terms of copyright have
expired:
+{width="4.1665in"
+height="1.4689in"}
+
CC0 enables authors and copyright owners to dedicate their works to the
worldwide public domain (“no rights reserved”).
+{width="4.1665in"
+height="1.4689in"}
+
The Creative Commons Public Domain Mark facilitates the labeling and
discovery of works that are already free of known copyright
restrictions.
creativecommons.org/share-your-work/.
-# Part 2
# The Case Studies
Jonathan Mann is a singer and songwriter who is most well known as the
“Song A Day” guy. Based in the U.S.
-jonathanmann.net and
-
-jonathanmann.bandcamp.com
+jonathanmann.net and jonathanmann.bandcamp.com
Revenue model: charging for custom services, pay-what-you-want,
crowdfunding (subscription-based), charging for in-person version
- Data-driven insights. Businesses need data from outside their
business to get more insight. Businesses can generate value and more
- effectively pursue their own goals if they open up their own
- data too. Big data is a hot topic.
+ effectively pursue their own goals if they open up their own data
+ too. Big data is a hot topic.
- Open innovation. Many large-scale enterprises are aware they don’t
- innovate very well. One way they can innovate is to open up
- their data. ODI encourages them to do so even if it exposes problems
- and challenges. The key is to invite other people to help while
- still maintaining organizational autonomy.
+ innovate very well. One way they can innovate is to open up their
+ data. ODI encourages them to do so even if it exposes problems and
+ challenges. The key is to invite other people to help while still
+ maintaining organizational autonomy.
- Corporate social responsibility. While this resonates with
businesses, ODI cautions against having it be the sole reason for
making data open. If a business is just thinking about open data as
underlying manufacturing cost and are typically apportioned as follows:
- manufacturing cost: fabrication, finishing and any other costs as
- set by the maker (excluding any services like delivery or
- on-site assembly)
+ set by the maker (excluding any services like delivery or on-site
+ assembly)
- design fee: 8 percent of the manufacturing cost
- platform fee: 12 percent of the manufacturing cost
- channel fee: 18 percent of the manufacturing cost
Revenue model: grants and government funding, charging for in-person
version
-
(museum admission), selling merchandise
Interview date: December 11, 2015
3. cnx.org
4. www.siyavula.com/products-primary-school.html
-## Sparkfun
+## SparkFun
SparkFun is an online electronics retailer specializing in open
hardware. Founded in 2003 in the U.S.
projects / text-madewithcc.git / blobdiff