"How big media uses technology and the law to lock down culture and control "
"creativity"
msgstr ""
-"Comment les médias utilisent la technologie et la loi pour confisquer "
+"Comment les grands médias utilisent la technologie et la loi pour verrouiller "
"la culture et contrôler la créativité"
#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo>
#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><releaseinfo>
msgid "Version 2004-02-10"
-msgstr "Version 10/02/2004"
+msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><authorgroup><author><firstname>
msgid "Lawrence"
-msgstr "Lawrence"
+msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><authorgroup><author><surname>
msgid "Lessig"
-msgstr "Lessig"
+msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><subjectset><subject><subjectterm>
msgid "Intellectual property—United States."
"Pogue, a brilliant writer and author of countless technical and "
"computer-related texts, wrote this:"
msgstr ""
-"<emphasis role=\"bold\">À la fin</emphasis> de sa critique de mon premier livre, <citetitle>Code: And Other "
-"Laws of Cyberspace</citetitle>, David Pogue, un brillant auteur de nombreux "
+"À la fin de sa critique de mon premier livre, <citetitle>Code: And Other "
+"Laws of Cyberspace,</citetitle> David Pogue, un brillant auteur de nombreux "
"textes informatiques et techniques, écrivait:"
#. type: Content of: <book><preface><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
"savoir que le logiciel, ou le <quote>code</quote>, fonctionne comme une sorte "
"de loi. Sa critique suggérait l’heureuse idée que si la vie dans le "
"cyberespace tournait mal, nous pouvions toujours actionner l’interrupteur, "
-"et <quote>abracadabra!</quote> être de retour à la maison. Coupons le modem, débranchons "
-"l’ordinateur, et tout problème existant dans <emphasis>cet</emphasis> espace "
-"cesse de nous <quote>toucher</quote>."
+"et abracadabra! être de retour à la maison. Coupons le modem, débranchons "
+"l’ordinateur, et tout problème existant dans cet espace cesse de nous "
+"toucher."
#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
msgid ""
"l’explique dans les pages qui suivent, nous venons d’une tradition de "
"<quote>culture libre</quote> : non pas libre au sens de gratuit, pour "
"reprendre la phrase du fondateur du logiciel libre<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>, mais <quote>libre</quote> comme dans <quote>expression "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>, mais libre comme dans <quote>expression "
"libre</quote>, <quote>marchés libres</quote>, <quote>commerce libre</quote>, "
"<quote>libre entreprise</quote>, <quote>libre volonté</quote>, et "
"<quote>élections libres</quote>. Une culture libre protège et soutient les "
"Stallman described decades ago. One could thus well argue that this work is "
"<quote>merely</quote> derivative."
msgstr ""
-"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Le titre</emphasis> et la plus grande partie de mon argumentation sont inspirés du "
+"Le titre et la plus grande partie de mon argumentation sont inspirés du "
"travail de Richard Stallman et de la Free Software Foundation. A vrai dire, "
"quand je relis le travail de Stallman, et plus particulièrement les essais "
"dans <citetitle>Free Software, Free Society,</citetitle> je me rends compte "
"immediately, there was an explosion of interest in this newfound technology "
"of manned flight, and a gaggle of innovators began to build upon it."
msgstr ""
-"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Le 17 décembre</emphasis> 1903, sur une plage venteuse de Caroline du Nord, en un peu "
+"Le 17 décembre 1903, sur une plage venteuse de Caroline du Nord, en un peu "
"moins de cent secondes, les frères Wright démontrèrent qu’un véhicule "
"autopropulsé plus lourd que l’air pouvait voler. Le moment fut électrique "
"et son importance largement comprise. Presque immédiatement, cette "
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Douglas, William O."
-msgstr "Douglas, William O."
+msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Supreme Court, U.S."
-msgstr "Court Suprême des Etats Unis"
+msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
msgid "on airspace vs. land rights"
"déclaré les voies aériennes publiques. Mais si le droit de propriété "
"s’étendait réellement jusqu’aux espaces célestes, alors la "
"déclaration du Congrès pouvait très bien être anticonstitutionnelle, car "
-"elle constituait une <quote>expropriation</quote> sans dédommagement. La Cour reconnut que "
+"elle constituait une expropriation sans dédommagement. La Cour reconnut que "
"<quote>selon l’ancienne doctrine les droits de propriété foncière "
"s’étendent jusqu’à la périphérie de l’univers.</quote> Mais le Juge "
"Douglas n’avait pas la patience d’écouter l’ancienne doctrine. En un "
"considéra qu’il pouvait y avoir une <quote>saisie</quote> si l’usage de "
"ce terrain par le gouvernement détruisait la valeur du terrain des Causby. "
"Cet exemple m’a été suggéré par la merveilleuse œuvre de Keith Aoki, "
-"<quote>(Intellectual) Property and Sovereignty: Notes Toward a Cultural "
-"Geography of Authorship</quote>, <citetitle> Stanford Law Review</citetitle> 48 "
+"« (Intellectual) Property and Sovereignty: Notes Toward a Cultural "
+"Geography of Authorship,\"<citetitle> Stanford Law Review</citetitle> 48 "
"(1996): 1293, 1333. Voir également Paul Goldstein,<citetitle> Real "
"Property</citetitle> (Mineola, N.Y.: Foundation Press, 1984), 1112-13."
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
"donné la technologie inventée par les Wright. Ils pouvaient à loisir, "
"debout dans leurs fermes, poulets morts à la main, menacer du poing ces "
"nouvelles technologies. Ils pouvaient alerter leurs élus, ou même aller en "
-"justice. Mais en fin de compte, la force de <quote>l’évidence</quote> — le pouvoir "
+"justice. Mais en fin de compte, la force de l’évidence — le pouvoir "
"du <quote>bon sens</quote> — allait l’emporter. Il n’était pas "
"possible de permettre que leur intérêt <quote>privé</quote> nuise à un "
"intérêt public évident."
"invented profoundly important technologies that advanced our understanding "
"of radio."
msgstr ""
-"<emphasis role='strong'>Edwin Howard Armstrong</emphasis> est un des inventeurs géniaux oubliés de "
+"Edwin Howard Armstrong est un des inventeurs géniaux oubliés de "
"l’Amérique. Il entra sur la scène des grands inventeurs américains juste "
"après des géants comme Thomas Edison et Alexandre Graham Bell. Mais son "
"travail dans le domaine de la technique radiophonique fut peut-être, de "
msgstr ""
"Voir <quote>Saints: The Heroes and Geniuses of the Electronic Era</quote>, "
"First Electronic Church of America, à www.webstationone.com/fecha, "
-"disponible au link #1."
+"disponible au lien #1."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para>
msgid ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Internet"
-msgstr "Internet"
+msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
msgid "development of"
msgstr ""
"Amanda Lenhart, <quote>The Ever-Shifting Internet Population: A New Look at "
"Internet Access and the Digital Divide</quote>, Pew Internet and American "
-"Life Project, 15 April 2003: 6, disponible au link #2."
+"Life Project, 15 April 2003: 6, disponible au lien #2."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"before.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> That number could well "
"exceed two thirds of the nation by the end of 2004."
msgstr ""
-"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Internet n’a pas</emphasis> été inventé par une seule personne. On ne peut pas non "
+"Internet n’a pas été inventé par une seule personne. On ne peut pas non "
"plus lui attribuer une date de naissance précise. Cependant, en très peu de "
"temps, Internet est entré dans les mœurs américaines. D’après le "
"<quote>Pew Internet and American Life Project</quote>, 58 pour cent des "
"culture non commerciale a été non réglementée. Bien sûr, si vos "
"histoires étaient obscènes, ou si votre chanson troublait l’ordre public, "
"il était possible que la loi intervienne. Mais la loi laissait cette culture "
-"<quote>libre</quote>, et n’intervenait jamais directement dans sa création ou sa "
+"libre, et n’intervenait jamais directement dans sa création ou sa "
"diffusion. Les moyens habituels par lesquels les citoyens ordinaires "
"partageaient et transformaient leur culture (raconter des histoires, rejouer "
"des scènes de théatre ou de télévision, participer à des club "
"claims of <quote>property.</quote> It is as plain to us as it was to them "
"that the law should intervene to stop this trespass."
msgstr ""
-"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Comme la bataille</emphasis> des Causby, l’objet du conflit, est, en partie, la "
-"<quote>propriété</quote>. La propriété dans cette guerre n’est pas aussi "
+"Comme la bataille des Causby, l’objet du conflit, est, en partie, la "
+"« propriété ». La propriété dans cette guerre n’est pas aussi "
"palpable que celle des Causby, et aucun poulet innocent n’y a perdu la vie. "
"Pourtant, pour une majorité de gens, les idées qui accompagnent cette "
"notion de <quote>propriété</quote> sont aussi évidentes que "
"d’entre nous, comme les Causby, considérons que ces revendications sont "
"évidentes. Et par conséquent, comme les Causby, nous protestons quand une "
"nouvelle technologie interfère avec cette propriété. Tout comme pour eux, "
-"il nous semble clair que ces nouvelles technologies d’Internet <quote>violent</quote> une "
+"il nous semble clair que ces nouvelles technologies d’Internet violent une "
"revendication légitime de <quote>propriété</quote>. Tout comme pour eux, "
"il nous semble clair que la loi doit intervenir pour faire cesser cette "
"violation."
"centers on two ideas: <quote>piracy</quote> and <quote>property.</quote> My "
"aim in this book's next two parts is to explore these two ideas."
msgstr ""
-"<emphasis role=\"strong\">La bataille</emphasis> qui fait rage actuellement est centrée autour de deux "
+"La bataille qui fait rage actuellement est centrée autour de deux "
"idées : le <quote>piratage</quote> et la <quote>propriété.</quote> "
"Mon but dans les deux prochaines parties de ce livre est d’explorer ces "
"deux idées."
"easy to capture. As Lord Mansfield wrote in a case that extended the reach "
"of English copyright law to include sheet music,"
msgstr ""
-"<emphasis role=\"strong\">La guerre</emphasis> contre le <quote>piratage</quote> est née en même temps que les "
+"La guerre contre le <quote>piratage</quote> est née en même temps que les "
"lois qui réglementent la propriété des créations. Les contours précis de "
"ce concept de <quote>piratage</quote> sont difficiles à cerner, mais il est "
"facile de comprendre les injustices qu’il entraîne. Au cours d’un "
"<citetitle>Bach</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Longman</citetitle>, 98 "
"Eng. Rep. 1274 (1777) (Mansfield)."
msgstr ""
-"<citetitle>Bach</citetitle> vs. <citetitle>Longman</citetitle>, 98 Eng. Rep. 1274 (1777) (Mansfield)."
+"<citetitle>Bach v. Longman,</citetitle> 98 Eng. Rep. 1274 (1777) (Mansfield)."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><blockquote><para>
msgid ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Zittrain, Jonathan"
-msgstr "Zittrain, Jonathan"
+msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Lisa Bannon, <quote>The Birds May Sing, but Campers Can’t Unless They Pay "
"Up</quote>, <citetitle>Wall Street Journal</citetitle>, 21 août 1996, "
-"disponible au link #3; Jonathan Zittrain, <quote>Calling Off the Copyright "
+"available at link #3; Jonathan Zittrain, <quote>Calling Off the Copyright "
"War: In Battle of Property vs. Free Speech, No One Wins</quote>, <citetitle> "
-"Boston Globe</citetitle>, 24
novembre 2002. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
+"Boston Globe</citetitle>, 24
November 2002. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
"id=\"0\"/>"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
"Harry Surden, 10 July 2003, on file with author."
msgstr ""
"Je suis reconnaissant envers David Gerstein et son histoire attentive, "
-"décrite au link #4. D'après Dave Smith des Disney Archives, Disney payait "
+"décrite au lien #4. D'après Dave Smith des Disney Archives, Disney payait "
"des royalties pour utiliser la musique de cinq chansons dans "
-"<citetitle>Steamboat Willie</citetitle>: <quote>Steamboat Bill</quote>, <quote>The "
-"Simpleton</quote> (Delille), <quote>Mischief Makers</quote> (Carbonara), "
-"<quote>Joyful Hurry No. 1</quote> (Baron) et <quote>Gawky Rube</quote> "
-"(Lakay). Une sixième chanson, <quote>The Turkey in the Straw</quote>, était "
+"<citetitle>Steamboat Willie</citetitle>: <quote>Steamboat Bill,</quote>The "
+"Simpleton<quote> (Delille), </quote>Mischief Makers<quote> (Carbonara), "
+"</quote>Joyful Hurry No. 1<quote> (Baron) et </quote>Gawky Rube<quote> "
+"(Lakay). Une sixième chanson, </quote>The Turkey in the Straw\", était "
"déjà dans le domaine public. Lettre de David Smith à Harry Surden, 10 "
"juillet 2003."
"peu nombreux a avoir déjà lu quelque chose qui ressemble à ces "
"authentiques <quote>nouvelles graphiques</quote>. Pour les Japonais, les "
"mangas embrassent tous les aspects de la vie sociale. Pour nous, la bande "
-"dessinée évoque des <quote>hommes en collants</quote> ridicules. Et de toute façon, ce "
+"dessinée évoque des hommes en collants ridicules. Et de toute façon, ce "
"n'est pas comme si le métro de New York était plein de lecteurs de Joyce ou "
"même d'Hemingway. Des gens de différentes cultures se distraient de façons "
"différentes; les Japonais de cette curieuse et intéressante façon."
"are committees that review doujinshi for inclusion within shows and reject "
"any copycat comic that is merely a copy."
msgstr ""
-"C'est le phénomène des <citetitle>doujinshis</citetitle>. Les doujinshis "
+"C'est le phénomène des<citetitle> doujinshis.</citetitle> Les doujinshis "
"sont aussi des bandes dessinées, mais une sorte de copie des mangas. La "
-"création des doujinshis obéit à des règles strictes. Une copie "
-"<emphasis>conforme</emphasis> "
+"création des doujinshis obéit à des règles strictes. Une copie conforme "
"n'est pas un doujinshi; l'artiste doit apporter une contribution à l'art "
"qu'il copie, par des transformations légères et subtiles, ou alors plus "
"sensibles. Un doujinshi peut ainsi utiliser une bande dessinée "
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
msgid "Japanese"
-msgstr "Japonais"
+msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"d'usage pour les créateurs de doujinshi d'obtenir la permission des auteurs "
"de mangas. En pratique, simplement, ils utilisent et modifient les créations "
"des autres, comme le fit Walt Disney avec<citetitle> Steamboat Bill, "
-"Jr</citetitle>. Cette <quote>appropriation</quote>, sans permission du détenteur original "
+"Jr.</citetitle> Cette appropriation, sans permission du détenteur original "
"du copyright, est illégale d'après la loi japonaise, comme d'après la loi "
"américaine."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Vaidhyanathan, Siva"
-msgstr "Vaidhyanathan, Siva"
+msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"copyright, patents, trademark, and trade-secret — but the nature of "
"those rights is very different."
msgstr ""
-"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Le terme <citetitle>propriété "
-"intellectuelle</citetitle> est d'origine "
-"relativement récente. Voir Siva Vaidhyanathan, <citetitle>Copyrights and "
-"Copywrongs</citetitle>, 11 (New York: New York University Press, 2001). Voir "
+"Le terme <citetitle>propriété intellectuelle</citetitle> est d'origine "
+"relativement récente. Voir Siva Vaidhyanathan,<citetitle> Copyrights and "
+"Copywrongs,</citetitle> 11 (New York: New York University Press, 2001). Voir "
"aussi Lawrence Lessig,<citetitle> The Future of Ideas</citetitle> (New York: "
"Random House, 2001), 293 n. 26. Le terme décrit précisément un ensemble de "
"droits de <quote>propriété</quote>—copyrights, brevets, marques "
-"réposées et secrets de fabrication — mais la nature de ces droits est "
+"réposées et secrets de fabrication—mais la nature de ces droits est "
"très différente."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgstr ""
"Quand on y réfléchit, on peut trouver mille et un exemples de mécanismes "
"similaires. Les scientifiques se servent des travaux d'autres scientifiques "
-"sans demander de permission, ou sans payer pour ce privilège (<quote>"
-"Excusez-moi, Professeur Einstein, pourrais-je avoir la permission d'utiliser "
+"sans demander de permission, ou sans payer pour ce privilège (<quote "
+">Excusez-moi, Professeur Einstein, pourrais-je avoir la permission d'utiliser "
"votre théorie de la relativité pour démontrer que vous aviez tort au sujet "
"de la physique quantique?</quote>.) Les compagnies théâtrales interprètent "
"des adaptations des œuvres de Shakespeare sans permission de quiconque. (Y "
-"a-t-il <emphasis>quelqu'un</emphasis> pour penser sérieusement que Shakespeare serait mieux "
+"a-t-il quelqu'un pour penser sérieusement que Shakespeare serait mieux "
"diffusé s'il existait un organisme central de gestion des droits de "
"Shakespeare qui serait un passage obligé pour tous les producteurs de cet "
"auteur?) Et Hollywood obéit à des cycles, avec certains genres de films: "
"musicians generally, whether white or not? To filmmakers generally, whether "
"affiliated with a studio or not?"
msgstr ""
-"Par conséquent, la difficulté n'est pas de savoir <emphasis>si</emphasis> une culture est libre. "
+"Par conséquent, la difficulté n'est pas de savoir si une culture est libre. "
"Toutes les cultures sont libres jusqu'à un certain point. La difficulté est "
-"de <quote><emphasis>quantifier</emphasis> cette liberté</quote>. Est-elle limitée aux membres du parti? Aux "
+"de quantifier cette liberté. Est-elle limitée aux membres du parti? Aux "
"membres de la famille royale? Aux dix entreprises les plus performantes de "
"Wall Street? Ou est-ce que cette liberté est accessible à beaucoup? Aux "
"artistes en général, qu'ils soient affiliés au Metropolitan ou pas? Aux "
msgstr ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>En 1839,</emphasis> Louis Daguerre inventa le premier "
"procédé pratique permettant de réaliser ce que nous allions appeler des "
-"<quote>photographies</quote>: le <quote>daguerréotype</quote>. Le procédé était "
+"<quote>photographies</quote>: le daguerréotype. Le procédé était "
"compliqué et coûteux, et la discipline par conséquent réservée aux "
"professionnels et à quelques riches amateurs passionnés (il exista même "
"une association (American Daguerre Association) qui contribua à réglementer "
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Coe, Brian"
-msgstr "Coe, Brian"
+msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Brian Coe, <citetitle>The Birth "
"of Photography</citetitle> (New York: Taplinger Publishing, 1977), 53."
msgstr ""
-"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Brian Coe, <citetitle>The Birth "
-"of Photography</citetitle> (New York: Taplinger Publishing, 1977), 53."
+"Brian Coe,<citetitle> The Birth of Photography</citetitle> (New York: "
+"Taplinger Publishing, 1977), 53."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
msgid ""
"mille négatifs par jour. Entre 1888 et 1909, alors que la production "
"industrielle augmentait de 4,7 pour cent, les ventes d'équipements et de "
"matériels photographiques augmentaient de 11 pour cent<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>. Les ventes de Eastman Kodak augmentèrent durant "
-"cette même période de 17 pour cent par an en moyenne<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>."
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid "Coe, 58."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Warren, Samuel D."
-msgstr "Warren, Samuel D."
+msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
msgstr ""
"Samuel D. Warren et Louis D. Brandeis, <quote>The Right to "
-"Privacy</quote>, <citetitle>Harvard Law Review</citetitle> 4 (1890): 193."
-"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
-"id=\"1\"/>"
+"Privacy,</quote><citetitle> Harvard Law Review</citetitle> 4 (1890): 193."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
msgid "digital cameras"
-msgstr "caméscope numérique"
+msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Just Think!"
-msgstr "Just Think!"
+msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"(NdT: quartier historique) de San Francisco, vous pouvez voir deux bus "
"scolaires jaunes criards, et le logo <quote>Just Think!</quote> à la place "
"du nom d'une école. Mais les projets que ces bus rendent possibles ne sont "
-"pas <quote>uniquement</quote> intellectuels. Ces bus sont bourrés de technologies qui "
+"pas uniquement intellectuels. Ces bus sont bourrés de technologies qui "
"apprennent aux enfants comment jouer avec le cinéma. Pas le cinéma "
"d'Eastman. Pas même celui de votre magnétoscope. Plutôt celui des "
"caméscopes numériques. Just Think! est un projet qui permet aux enfants de "
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Daley, Elizabeth"
-msgstr "Daley, Elizabeth"
+msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Crichton, Michael"
-msgstr "Crichton, Michael"
+msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Barish, Stephanie"
-msgstr "Barish, Stephanie"
+msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Interview with Elizabeth Daley and Stephanie Barish, 13 December 2002. "
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
"id=\"1\"/>"
-msgstr "Entrevue avec Elizabeth Daley et Stephanie Barish, 13 December 2002. "
-"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
-"id=\"1\"/>"
+msgstr "Entrevue avec Elizabeth Daley et Stephanie Barish, 13 December 2002."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Communication Annenberg de l'Université de Californie du Sud et doyenne de "
"l'école de Cinema-Télévision de l'USC, cette grammaire concernait "
"<quote>le placement des objets, les couleurs, ... le rythme, la vitesses et "
-"la texture.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Mais quand les ordinateurs ont "
-"ouvert un espace interactif où une histoire est <quote>jouée</quote> autant que "
-"suivie, la grammaire a changé. Le contrôle simple de la narration est perdu et "
-"donc d'autres techniques sont nécessaires. L'auteur Michael Crichton maîtrisait "
-"la narration de science-fiction. Mais quand il essaya de faire un jeu "
-"d'ordinateur basé sur un de ses livres, il lui a fallu apprendre une "
-"nouvelle forme. Comment conduire des gens à leur insu, le long de l'intrigue "
-"d'un jeu, n'est pas évident même pour un auteur à succès.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>"
+"la texture.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
msgid "computer games"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid "Interview with Daley and Barish. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
-msgstr "Entrevue avec Daley et Barish.<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr "Entrevue avec Daley et Barish."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
msgid "Ibid."
"permettent à l'écriture de mener ou de détourner. Le but de toute lecture, "
"et de celle-ci en particulier, est de <quote>permettre aux gens de choisir le "
"langage approprié pour ce qu'ils ont besoin de créer ou "
-"d'exprimer.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> C'est de permettre "
-"aux étudiants de <quote>communiquer dans le langage du vingt-et-unième "
-"siècle.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>"
+"d'exprimer.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"enregistrements sonores. Il y avait de la colère et de la déception. Il y "
"avait des tentatives pour fournir un contexte. Il y avait, en bref, une "
"remarquable mobilisation mondiale, dans le sens où Mike Godwin l'utilise "
-"dans son livre <citetitle>Cyber Rights</citetitle>, autour d'une actualité qui a captivé "
+"dans son livre Cyber Rights, autour d'une actualité qui a captivé "
"l'attention du monde entier. Il y a eu ABC et CBS, mais il y a aussi eu "
"Internet."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Olafson, Steve"
-msgstr "Olafson, Steve"
+msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"personal Web log, published under a pseudonym, that dealt with some of the "
"issues and people he was covering.</quote>)"
msgstr ""
-"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
-"id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder "
-"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/> Voir Michael Falcone, <quote>Does an Editor's "
-"Pencil Ruin a Web Log?</quote><citetitle> New York Times,</citetitle> 29 "
-"septembre 2003, C4. "
+"Voir Michael Falcone, <quote>Does an Editor's Pencil Ruin a Web "
+"Log?</quote><citetitle> New York Times,</citetitle> 29 September 2003, C4. "
"(<quote>Toutes les organisations d'information n'ont pas été aussi "
"tolérantes envers les employés qui blogguent. Kevin Sites, un correspondant "
"de CNN en Irak qui avait commencé un blog sur son reportage sur la guerre le "
msgstr ""
"Ces restrictions sont devenues la préoccupation de certains chercheurs et "
"universitaires. Ed Felten, professeur à Princeton (et dont nous reparlerons "
-"au chapitre <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"property-i\"/>) "
-"a développé un argument fort en faveur du <quote>droit à "
+"au chapitre 10) a développé un argument fort en faveur du <quote>droit à "
"bricoler</quote>, comme il s'applique à l'informatique et au savoir en "
"général<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>. Mais l'inquiétude de "
"Brown est antérieure, ou plus fondamentale. Elle concerne ce que les enfants "
"quipped to me in a rare moment of despondence."
msgstr ""
"<quote>Ce n'est pas comme ça qu'on fait marcher une culture,</quote> comme "
-"me le dit Brewster Kahle, que nous rencontrerons au chapitre "
-"<xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"collectors\"/>, dans un rare "
+"me le dit Brewster Kahle, que nous rencontrerons au chapitre 9, dans un rare "
"moment de découragement."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
"to tinker with search engine technology that was available on the RPI "
"network."
msgstr ""
-"<emphasis role='strong'>À l'automne</emphasis> 2002, Jesse Jordan de la ville d'Oceanside, état de New York, "
+"À l'automne 2002, Jesse Jordan de la ville d'Oceanside, état de New York, "
"s'inscrivit en première année au Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, à Troy, "
"état de New York. Sa matière principale au RPI était les technologies de "
"l'information. Bien qu'il ne fût pas programmeur, en octobre Jesse décida "
"déclarait redevable. En additionnant ces demandes, ces quatre procès "
"demandaient aux tribunaux américains de dédommager les plaignants de près "
"de 100 <emphasis>milliards</emphasis> de dollars — soit six fois le "
-"
<emphasis>total</emphasis> des profits de l'industrie cinématographique en 2001<placeholder "
+"
total des profits de l'industrie cinématographique en 2001<placeholder "
"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
"a-t-il à faire des boucs émissaires? La RIAA est un lobby extrêmement "
"puissant. Son président gagne, semble-t-il, plus d'un million de dollars par "
"an. Les artistes, en revanche, ne sont pas bien payés. Un chanteur gagne en "
-"moyenne 45.900 dollars par an<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>. "
-"La RIAA a énormément de moyens, pour influencer et diriger la politique. "
-"Où est donc la morale à prendre de l'argent d'un étudiant pour avoir "
-"fait tourner un moteur de recherche ?<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
-"id=\"1\"/>"
+"moyenne 45.900 dollars<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>?"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"<citetitle>Copyrights and Copywrongs</citetitle>, 87–93, which details "
"Edison's <quote>adventures</quote> with copyright and patent."
msgstr ""
-"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>Je suis reconnaissant envers Peter "
-"DiMauro pour m'avoir indiqué cette "
+"Je suis reconnaissant envers Peter DiMauro pour m'avoir indiqué cette "
"histoire extraordinaire. Voir également Siva Vaidhyanathan,<citetitle> "
"Copyrights and Copywrongs,</citetitle> 87-93, qui détaille les "
"<quote>aventures</quote> d'Edison avec les copyrights et les brevets."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Fox, William"
-msgstr "Fox, William"
+msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><indexterm><primary>
msgid "General Film Company"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Picker, Randal C."
-msgstr "Picker, Randal C."
+msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
msgid "broadcast flag"
-msgstr "broadcast flag"
+msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"C. Picker, <quote>From Edison to the Broadcast Flag: Mechanisms of Consent "
"and Refusal and the Prop- ertization of Copyright</quote> (September 2002), "
"University of Chicago Law School, James M. Olin Program in Law and Economics, "
-"Working Paper No. 159.<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"Working Paper No. 159."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
msgid ""
"The Napsters of those days, the <quote>independents,</quote> were companies "
"like Fox. And no less than today, these independents were vigorously "
"resisted. <quote>Shooting was disrupted by machinery stolen, and "
-"<quote>accidents</quote> resulting in loss of negatives, equipment, buildings and "
+"`accidents' resulting in loss of negatives, equipment, buildings and "
"sometimes life and limb frequently occurred.</quote><placeholder "
"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> That led the independents to flee the East "
"Coast. California was remote enough from Edison's reach that filmmakers "
"Les Napster de l'époque, les <quote>indépendants</quote>, étaient des "
"compagnies comme la Fox. Et pas moins qu'aujourd'hui, ces compagnies "
"résistèrent vigoureusement. <quote>Les tournages étaient interrompus par "
-"des vols de machines, et des <quote>accidents</quote> se produisaient fréquemment, qui se "
+"des vols de machines, et des 'accidents' se produisaient fréquemment, qui se "
"traduisaient par des pertes de négatifs, d'équipements, de bâtiments et "
"parfois de vies.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Ceci poussa "
"les indépendants à fuir vers la Côte Ouest. La Californie était "
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Kittredge, Alfred"
-msgstr "Kittredge, Alfred"
+msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Les compositeurs (et éditeurs) étaient tout sauf heureux de cette "
"possibilité de piratage. Pour reprendre les mots du sénateur Alfred "
-"Kittredge, du Sud Dakota, <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"Kittredge, du Sud Dakota,"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"sess. (1906) (statement of Senator Alfred B. Kittredge, of South Dakota, "
"chairman), reprinted in<citetitle> Legislative History of the 1909 Copyright "
"Act,</citetitle> E. Fulton Brylawski and Abe Goldman, eds. (South Hack- "
-"ensack, N.J.: Rothman Reprints, 1976). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
-"id=\"0\"/>"
+"ensack, N.J.: Rothman Reprints, 1976)."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Les innovateurs qui avaient développé la technologie pour enregistrer le "
"travail des autres <quote>essoraient le travail, le talent et le génie des "
-"compositeurs américains</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> et "
-"l'<quote>industrie de l'édition musicale</quote> se trouvait donc <quote>à la "
-"merci de ces pirates.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> "
-"Comme l'a dit John Philip Sousa, de la manière la plus directe possible, "
-"<quote>Si ils font du profit avec ma musique, alors j'en veux une "
-"partie.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/>"
+"compositeurs américains</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
msgid "American Graphophone Company"
"que l'apparition de machines à jouer de la musique n'a privé aucun "
"compositeur de rien qu'il n'eut avant.</quote> Au contraire, les machines "
"augmentaient les ventes de partitions.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
-"id=\"0\"/> Quoi qu'il en soit, dirent les "
-"inventeurs, le devoir du Congrès était de <quote>privilégier l'intérêt du "
-"[public], qu'il représente et doit servir.</quote>"
-"<quote>Tous ces discours parlant de 'vol'</quote>, écrivit le conseiller général de la "
-"Compagnie Américaine des Graphophones, <quote>n'est que de la poudre aux yeux, "
-"car il n'existe pas de propriété des idées musicales, littéraires ou "
-"artistiques, sauf définie par décret.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
-"id=\"1\"/>"
+"id=\"0\"/>"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
msgid "cover songs"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Hand, Learned"
-msgstr "Hand, Learned"
+msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Whiteman,</citetitle> 114 F. 2d 86 (2nd Cir. 1940). See also Randal C. "
"Picker, <quote>From Edison to the Broadcast Flag: Mechanisms of Consent and "
"Refusal and the Propertization of Copyright,</quote><citetitle> University of "
-"Chicago Law Review</citetitle> 70 (2003): 281. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
-"id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
+"Chicago Law Review</citetitle> 70 (2003): 281."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Lovett, Lyle"
-msgstr "Lovett, Lyle"
+msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"Stones ou bien Lyle Lovett qui chantent. L'interprète ajoute à la valeur de "
"la composition effectuée par la station de radio. Et si la loi était "
"parfaitement cohérente, la station de radio devrait payer l'interprète pour "
-"son travail, tout comme elle paie le compositeur pour sa musique.<placeholder "
-"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"son travail, tout comme elle paie le compositeur pour sa musique."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"Copyright Law Revision—CATV: Hearing on S. 1006 Before the Subcommittee "
"on Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights of the Senate Committee on the "
"Judiciary, 89th Cong., 2nd sess., 78 (1966) (statement of Rosel H. Hyde, "
-"chairman of the Federal Communications Commission). <placeholder "
-"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"chairman of the Federal Communications Commission)."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Les chaînes hertziennes et les détenteurs de copyright s'en prirent "
"rapidement à ce vol. Rosel Hyde, le président de la FCC, voyait cette "
"pratique comme une forme de <quote>compétition déloyale et potentiellement "
-"destructrice.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Bien qu'il pût "
-"y avoir un <quote>intérêt public</quote> à augmenter l'offre de la télévision "
-"par câble, Douglas Anello, conseiller général de la National Association of "
-"Broadcasters, demanda au sénateur Quentin Burdick lors d'un procès, "
-"<quote>L'intérêt public vous commande-t'il d'utiliser la propriété de quelqu'un "
-"d'autre?</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Un autre représentant "
-"des chaînes hertziennes le dit en ces termes:"
+"destructrice.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Un autre "
+"représentant des chaînes hertziennes le dit en ces termes:"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
"Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 209 (statement of Charlton Heston, "
-"president of the Screen Actors Guild). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
-"id=\"0\"/>"
+"president of the Screen Actors Guild)."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
"Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 216 (statement of Edwin M. Zimmerman, "
-"acting assistant attorney general). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
-"id=\"0\"/>"
+"acting assistant attorney general)."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
msgid ""
"si les détenteurs de copyright, qui possèdent déjà un monopole, devraient "
"être autorisés à étendre ce monopole... La question ici est à combien "
"doit s'élever leur compensation, et jusqu'à où doit s'étendre leur droit "
-"à une compensation.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder "
-"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
+"à une compensation.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"offered in its defense, this taking is wrong. No one should condone it, and "
"the law should stop it."
msgstr ""
-"<emphasis role='strong'>Il y a du piratage</emphasis> de contenus protégés par copyright. Énormément. Ce "
+"Il y a du piratage de contenus protégés par copyright. Énormément. Ce "
"piratage prend de nombreuses formes. La plus significative est le piratage "
"commercial, l'appropriation non autorisée du bien d'autrui dans un contexte "
"commercial. Malgré les nombreuses justifications qui sont présentées dans "
"ambiguity, as it has so often done in the past."
msgstr ""
"Mais, en dehors de copies pirates vendues dans le commerce, il existe une "
-"autre sorte d'<quote>appropriation</quote>, qui est plus directement liée à Internet. "
+"autre sorte d'appropriation, qui est plus directement liée à Internet. "
"Cette appropriation, elle aussi, semble mauvaise à beaucoup, et elle est "
"mauvaise la plupart du temps. Avant de nous intéresser à cette forme "
-"particulière de <quote>piratage</quote>, nous devrions cependant comprendre sa nature un peu plus. Pour "
+"particulière, nous devrions cependant comprendre sa nature un peu plus. Pour "
"son plus grand malheur, cette appropriation est significativement plus "
"ambiguë qu'une simple reproduction qui ne tient pas compte des droits, et la "
"loi devrait lever cette ambiguïté, comme elle l'a si souvent fait dans le "
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Drahos, Peter"
-msgstr "Drahos, Peter"
+msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"de développement peuvent être capables de l'utiliser pour gagner les "
"avantages de brevets d'invention étrangers aux prix inférieurs. C'est une "
"stratégie prometteuse pour des pays en voie de développement dans la "
-"structure des circulations. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> "
-"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
+"structure des circulations."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Liebowitz, Stan"
-msgstr "Liebowitz, Stan"
+msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"piratage sur la capacité du détenteur du copyright lors d'une appropriation "
"de la valeur du travail sera négligeable. Un cas évident est le cas où "
"l'individu s'engageant dans le piratage n'aurait pas acheté d'original même "
-"si le piratage n'était pas une option</quote> Ibid., 149. <placeholder "
-"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"si le piratage n'était pas une option</quote> Ibid., 149."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Fanning, Shawn"
-msgstr "Fanning, Shawn"
+msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
msgid "innovation"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Christensen, Clayton M."
-msgstr "Christensen, Clayton M."
+msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"<citetitle>Future</citetitle>, 89–92, 139. <placeholder "
"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
msgstr ""
-"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>Voir Clayton M. Christensen, "
-"<citetitle>The Innovator's Dilemma: The "
+"Voir Clayton M. Christensen, <citetitle>The Innovator's Dilemma: The "
"Revolutionary National Bestseller That Changed the Way We Do "
"Business</citetitle> (New York: HarperBusiness, 2000). Le professeur "
"Christensen examine pourquoi les sociétés qui provoquent et dominent un "
"travail incombe d'habitude aux innovateurs extérieurs, qui rassemblent la "
"technologie existante de façons inventives. Pour une discussion des idées "
"de Christensen, voir Lawrence Lessig, <citetitle>Future</citetitle>, 89-92, "
-"139.<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
+"139."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"well<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"3\"/>), Shawn Fanning and crew had "
"simply put together components that had been developed independently."
msgstr ""
-"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
-"id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>Le Peer-to-peer a été "
-"rendu célèbre par Napster. Mais les inventeurs de la technologie Napster "
+"Le Peer-to-peer a été rendu célèbre par Napster. Mais les inventeurs de la technologie Napster "
"n'ont créé aucune innovation technologique majeure. Comme chaque grande "
"avancée dans l'innovation sur Internet (et, probablement comme partout "
-"ailleurs <placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"3\"/>, Shawn Fanning et son "
+"ailleurs <placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>, Shawn Fanning et son "
"équipe avaient simplement réuni des composants qui avaient été "
"développés indépendamment."
"you can share your favorite songs with your best friend— or your "
"20,000 best friends."
msgstr ""
-"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
-"id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>Le résultat a été une "
-"combustion spontanée. Lancé en juillet 1999, "
+"Le résultat a été une combustion spontanée. Lancé en juillet 1999, "
"Napster a amassé plus de 10 millions d'utilisateurs en neuf mois. Après "
"dix-huit mois, il y avait près de 80 millions d'utilisateurs du système "
-"enregistrés<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"3\"/>. Les cours de justice "
+"enregistrés<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>. Les cours de justice "
"ont rapidement fermé Napster, mais d'autres services sont apparus pour le "
"remplacer (Kazaa est actuellement le service de p2p le plus populaire. Il se "
"targue de plus de 100 millions de membres). Ces systèmes de services sont "
"goûté à la technologie du partage de fichiers. Une étude Ipsos-Insight de "
"septembre 2002 a évalué à 60 millions le nombre d'Américains qui ont "
"téléchargé de la musique—28 pour cent des Américains plus âgés "
-"que 12 ans<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>. Un sondage du groupe "
-"<ulink url=\"http://www.npd.com/\">NPD</ulink> cité dans le <citetitle>New "
-"York Times</citetitle> a estimé que 43 millions de citoyens ont utilisé les "
-"réseaux de partage de fichiers pour faire des échanges en mai 2003<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>. La majorité d'entre eux n'était pas des enfants. "
-"Quel que soit le chiffre réel, une quantité massive de données est <quote>tirée</quote> de ces "
-"réseaux. La facilité et le caractère peu coûteux des réseaux de partage de "
-"fichiers ont inspiré des millions de gens pour apprécier la musique d'une "
-"manière nouvelle."
+"que 12 ans<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>. La majorité d'entre eux "
+"n'était pas des enfants. Quel que soit le chiffre réel, une quantité "
+"massive de données est tirée de ces réseaux. La facilité et le caractère "
+"peu coûteux des réseaux de partage de fichiers ont inspiré des millions de "
+"gens pour apprécier la musique d'une manière nouvelle."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"would. The latter are the target of category A: users who download instead "
"of purchasing."
msgstr ""
-"Il y a ceux qui utilisent les réseaux de partage comme substitut à "
+"A. Il y a ceux qui utilisent les réseaux de partage comme substitut à "
"l'achat. Ainsi, quand un nouveau CD de Madonna est mis en vente dans le "
"commerce, plutôt que d'acheter le CD, ces utilisateurs le téléchargent "
"tout simplement. Nous pourrions pinailler en nous demandant si, oui ou non, "
"that the recommendations will actually be quite good. The net effect of this "
"sharing could increase the quantity of music purchased."
msgstr ""
-"Il y a ceux qui utilisent les réseaux de partage pour avoir un "
+"B. Il y a ceux qui utilisent les réseaux de partage pour avoir un "
"échantillon de la musique qu'ils comptent acheter. Ainsi, un ami envoie à "
"un autre ami un MP3 d'un artiste dont ce dernier n'a jamais entendu parler. "
"L'autre ami achète alors le CD de l'artiste. C'est une sorte de publicité "
"zero—the same harm that occurs when I sell my collection of 1960s "
"45-rpm records to a local collector."
msgstr ""
-"Il y a ceux qui utilisent les réseaux de partage pour obtenir un accès "
+"C. Il y a ceux qui utilisent les réseaux de partage pour obtenir un accès "
"aux contenus protégés par copyright qui ne sont plus vendus ou qu'ils "
"n'auraient pas achetés parce que les coûts de transaction en dehors "
"d'Internet sont trop élevés. Cette utilisation des réseaux de partage est "
"Finally, there are many who use sharing networks to get access to content "
"that is not copyrighted or that the copyright owner wants to give away."
msgstr ""
-"Enfin, il y a ceux qui utilisent les réseaux de partage pour avoir accès "
+"D. Enfin, il y a ceux qui utilisent les réseaux de partage pour avoir accès "
"aux éléments qui ne sont pas protégés par copyright ou ceux que le "
"détenteur du copyright veut distribuer."
"148–49. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
"Voir Liebowitz, <citetitle>Rethinking the Network Economy</citetitle>, "
-"148-49. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"148-49."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"Law</citetitle>, OTA-CIT-422 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing "
"Office, October 1989), 145–56."
msgstr ""
-"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>Voir Cap Gemini Ernst & Young, "
-"<citetitle>Technology Evolution and the "
+"Voir Cap Gemini Ernst & Young,<citetitle> Technology Evolution and the "
"Music Industry's Business Model Crisis</citetitle> (2003), 3. Ce rapport "
"décrit les efforts de l'industrie musicale pour stigmatiser la pratique "
"bourgeonnante de l'enregistrement sur cassettes à bande dans les années "
"disque, l'industrie radiophonique, la télévision par câble et le "
"magnétoscope—la question n'est pas simplement de savoir si le partage "
"de type A est nuisible ou pas. La question est aussi de savoir dans quelle "
-"<emphasis>mesure</emphasis> ce type est nuisible et dans quelle mesure les autres types sont "
+"mesure ce type est nuisible et dans quelle mesure les autres types sont "
"bénéfiques."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
"Si les sociétés du disque avaient vendu plus de CDs avec des échantillons "
"qu'elles n'en avaient perdu avec des substitutions, alors les réseaux de "
"partage profiteraient actuellement aux sociétés de musique tout compte "
-"fait. Elles auraient donc peu de raisons <emphasis>valables</emphasis> de leur "
+"fait. Elles auraient donc peu de raisons <quote>valables</quote> de leur "
"résister."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Black, Jane"
-msgstr "Black, Jane"
+msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
"Jane Black, <quote>Big Music's Broken Record</quote>, BusinessWeek online, 13 "
-"February 2003, disponible au lien #17. <placeholder "
-"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"February 2003, disponible au lien #17."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"En 2002, la RIAA a annoncé que les ventes de CD avaient chuté de "
"8,9 pour cent, passant de 882 millions à 803 millions d'unités ; les "
-"revenus ont baissé 6,7 pour cent<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>. "
-"Cela confirme la tendance de ces dernières années. La RIAA blâme le piratage "
-"par Internet pour cette tendance, quoiqu'il y ait beaucoup d'autres causes qui "
-"pourraient constituer cette baisse. SoundScan, par exemple, rapporte une chute "
-"de plus de 20 pour cent du nombres de CDs sortis depuis 1999. Cela explique "
-"sans doute une part de la diminution des ventes. Des prix en augmentation "
-"pourraient aussi constituer au moins un peu de ces pertes. <quote>De 1999 à "
-"2001, le prix moyen d'un CD est monté 7,2 pour cent, passant de 13.04 dollars "
-"à 14.19 dollars</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>. La "
-"concurrence d'autres formes de média pourrait aussi représenter une partie du "
-"déclin. Comme le dit Jane Black dans une note de "
-"<citetitle>BusinessWeek</citetitle>, <quote>la bande sonore au film Haute "
-"Fidélité (<citetitle>High Fidelity</citetitle>) a un prix en catalogue de "
-"18,98 dollars. Vous pourriez obtenir le film entier [sur DVD] pour 19,99 "
-"dollars</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/>."
+"revenus ont baissé 6,7 pour cent<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"Recording Merchandisers, <quote>2002 Annual Survey Results,</quote> "
"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #20</ulink>."
msgstr ""
-"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Alors qu'il n'y a pas de bonne "
-"estimation du nombre de magasins de CDs "
+"Alors qu'il n'y a pas de bonne estimation du nombre de magasins de CDs "
"d'occasion existants, en 2002, il y avait 7 198 vendeurs de livres d'occasion "
"aux Etats Unis, soit une augmentation de 20 pour cent depuis 1993. Voir Book "
"Hunter Press, <citetitle>The Quiet Revolution: The Expansion of the Used Book "
"Market</citetitle> (2002), disponible au lien #19. Les ventes de CDs "
-"d'occasion se sont chiffrées à 260 millions de dollars en 2002. Voir National "
+"d'occasion se sont chiffrées à 260 millions de dollars 2002. Voir National "
"Association of Recording Merchandisers, <quote>2002 Annual Survey "
"Results</quote>, disponible au lien #20."
"aujourd'hui<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>. Ces magasins achètent "
"le contenu aux propriétaires, et vendent ensuite ce contenu qu'ils "
"achètent. Et conformément à la loi du copyright américaine, quand ils "
-"achètent et vendent ce contenu, <emphasis>même si le contenu est toujours sous "
-"copyright</emphasis>, le détenteur du copyright n'obtient pas un centime. Les "
+"achètent et vendent ce contenu, <quote>même si le contenu est toujours sous "
+"copyright</quote>, le détenteur du copyright n'obtient pas un centime. Les "
"magasins de livres et de CDs d'occasion sont des entités commerciales ; "
"leurs propriétaires font de l'argent avec les oeuvres qu'ils vendent ; "
"mais comme avec des sociétés de câble avant les licences statutaires, ils "
"Car à la différence du piratage que j'ai décrit dans la première section "
"de ce chapitre, beaucoup de <quote>piratage</quote> que le partage de "
"fichiers permet est totalement légal et bon. Et comme le piratage que j'ai "
-"décrit dans le chapitre <xref xrefstyle=\"select: "
-"labelnumber\" linkend=\"pirates\"/>, beaucoup de ce piratage est motivé par une "
+"décrit dans le chapitre 4, beaucoup de ce piratage est motivé par une "
"nouvelle manière de diffuser les contenus, impliquée par des changements "
"dans la technologie de distribution. Ainsi, en harmonie avec la tradition qui "
"nous a donné Hollywood, la radio, l'industrie du disque et la télévision "
"étouffer cette nouvelle technologie, le câble. Mais si le Congrès avait "
"permis au câble d'utiliser le contenu des chaînes gratuitement, alors il "
"aurait injustement subventionné le câble. Ainsi le Congrès a choisi un "
-"chemin qui assurerait la <emphasis>compensation</emphasis> sans donner le contrôle passé (des "
+"chemin qui assurerait la compensation sans donner le contrôle passé (des "
"chaînes) à l'avenir (le câble)."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
"Terre, nous serons envahis par des millions de ces 'vers solitaires', "
"rongeant le cœur et l'essence même du plus précieux atout qu'un détenteur "
"de copyright a, son copyright</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
-"id=\"0\"/>. "
-"<quote>On n'a pas besoin d'être formé au marketing sophistiqué et au jugement "
-"de créateur</quote>, a-t'il dit au Congrès, <quote>pour comprendre la "
-"dévastation sur le marché cinématographique causée par des centaines de "
-"millions d'enregistrements sur bande qui seront un impact défavorable sur "
-"l'avenir de la communauté créatrice dans ce pays. C'est simplement une question "
-"d'économie de base et d'un bon sens total</quote><placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>. En effet, comme des sondages le montreraient "
-"plus tard, 45 pour cent des propriétaires de magnétoscope auraient une "
-"bibliothèque de films de dix vidéos ou plus<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
-"id=\"2\"/> — une utilisation que la Cour aurait plus tard considérée comme "
-"non <quote>acceptable</quote>. En <quote>autorisant les propriétaires de "
-"magnétoscope à copier librement par le biais d'une exemption aux infractions "
-"de copyright sans créer un mécanisme pour indemniser des détenteurs de "
-"copyright</quote>, a témoigné Valenti, le Congrès <quote>prendrait aux "
-"propriétaires l'essence même de leur propriété : le droit exclusif de "
-"contrôler qui peut utiliser leur travail, c'est-à-dire qui peut le copier et "
-"qui profite ainsi de la reproduction</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
-"id=\"3\"/>."
+"id=\"0\"/>."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"américaine</quote> (pire encore, c'était un Égorgeur de Boston "
"<emphasis>japonais</emphasis> de l'industrie cinématographique "
"américaine)—était une technologie illégale<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"ai décrits. Voir Lessig, <citetitle>Future</citetitle>, 71. Voir aussi "
"Picker, <quote>From Edison to the Broadcast Flag</quote>, "
"<citetitle>University of Chicago Law Review</citetitle> 70 (2003): 293-96."
-"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
-"id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"<citetitle>Sony Corp. of America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal City "
"Studios, Inc</citetitle>., 464 U.S. 417, (1984)."
msgstr ""
-"<citetitle>Sony Corp. of America</citetitle> vs. <citetitle>Universal City "
+"<citetitle>Sony Corp. of America</citetitle> v.<citetitle> Universal City "
"Studios, Inc.</citetitle>, 464 U.S. 417, 432 (1984)."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
"les utilisations particulières que la loi régule ont été définies en "
"équilibrant le bienfait qui vient en accordant un droit exclusif contre les "
"fardeaux qu'un tel droit si exclusif crée. Et cet équilibre a "
-"historiquement été fait <emphasis>après</emphasis> qu'une technologie ait mûri, "
+"historiquement été fait <quote>après</quote> qu'une technologie ait mûri, "
"ou se soit installée dans le mélange des technologies qui facilitent la "
"distribution de contenus."
"travers un réseau très divers. Une fois développé, il pourrait rendre le "
"réseau bien plus efficace. Pourtant ces <quote>avantages publics "
"potentiels</quote>, comme l'écrit John Schwartz dans le <citetitle>New-York "
-"Times</citetitle>, <quote>pourraient être retardés dans le combat "
-"contre le P2P.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"Times</citetitle>, <quote> </quote>pourraient être retardés dans le combat "
+"contre le P2P\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"Congress deliberate at all about the merits of this theft? Do we ask whether "
"the car thief had a good use for the car before we arrest him?</quote>"
msgstr ""
-"<emphasis role='strong'>Pourtant quand quelqu'un</emphasis> commence à parler <quote>de l'équilibre</quote>, "
+"Pourtant quand quelqu'un commence à parler <quote>de l'équilibre</quote>, "
"les guerriers du copyright lèvent un argument différent. <quote>Toute cet "
"aspect brandissant équilibre et motivations,</quote> disent-ils, "
"<quote>ignore un point fondamental. Notre contenu</quote>, insistent les "
"for any price he wants. Markets reckon the supply and demand that partially "
"determine the price she can get."
msgstr ""
-"<emphasis role='strong'>Les guerriers du copyright</emphasis> ont raison: un copyright est une forme de "
+"Les guerriers du copyright ont raison: un copyright est une forme de "
"propriété. Il peut être détenu et vendu, et la loi protège contre son "
"vol. En général, le détenteur d'un copyright peut choisir de l'exercer au "
"prix qu'il lui plaît. Les marchés font jouer l'offre et la demande, qui "
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Dryden, John"
-msgstr "Dryden, John"
+msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"and John Dryden. See Keith Walker, <quote>Jacob Tonson, Bookseller,</quote> "
"<citetitle>American Scholar</citetitle> 61:3 (1992): 424–31."
msgstr ""
-"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
-"id=\"1\"/> On se souvient de Jacob Tonson particulièrement pour ses associations avec "
+"On se souvient de Jacob Tonson particulièrement pour ses associations avec "
"des personnages importants de la littérature du dix-huitième siècle, en "
"particulier John Dryden, et pour sa belle <quote>édition définitive</quote> "
"d'oeuvres classiques. En plus de <citetitle>Roméo et Juliette</citetitle>, "
"En 1774, presque 180 ans après que <citetitle>Romeo et Juliette</citetitle> "
"fut écrit, le <quote>copy-right</quote> de la pièce était toujours, pour "
"beaucoup, le droit exclusif d'un unique éditeur londonien, Jacob "
-"Tonson.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> "
-"Tonson était le plus en vue d'un petit groupe d'éditeurs appelé les "
-"Conger<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> qui contrôlaient les ventes "
+"Tonson.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> qui contrôlaient les ventes "
"de livres en Angleterre au dix-huitième siècle. Les Conger prétendaient "
"avoir un droit perpétuel de contrôler la <quote>copie</quote> de livres "
"qu'ils avaient acquis auprès de leurs auteurs. Ce droit perpétuel "
"argues, it is erroneous to call this a <quote>copyright law.</quote> See "
"Vaidhyanathan, <citetitle>Copyrights and Copywrongs</citetitle>, 40."
msgstr ""
-"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Comme l'argumente bien Siva "
-"Vaidhyanathan, il est erroné d'appeler ceci une "
-"<quote>loi de copyright</quote>. Voir Vaidhyanathan,<citetitle> Copyrights "
-"and Copywrongs</citetitle>, 40."
+"Comme l'argumente bien Siva Vaidhyanathan, il est erroné d'appeler ceci une "
+"<quote>loi de copy-right</quote>. Voir Vaidhyanathan,<citetitle> Copyrights "
+"and Copywrongs,</citetitle> 40."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
msgid "monopoly, copyright as"
-msgstr "monopole, coyright en tant que"
+msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Statute of Monopolies (1656)"
-msgstr "Statut des Monopoles (1656)"
+msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Patterson, Raymond"
-msgstr "Patterson, Raymond"
+msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Use,</quote> <citetitle>Vanderbilt Law Review</citetitle> 40 (1987): 28. For "
"a wonderfully compelling account, see Vaidhyanathan, 37–48."
msgstr ""
-"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
-"id=\"1\"/> Lyman Ray Patterson, <quote>Free Speech, Copyright, and Fair "
-"Use</quote>, <citetitle> Vanderbilt Law Review</citetitle> 40 (1987): 28. Pour "
+"Lyman Ray Patterson, <quote>Free Speech, Copyright, and Fair "
+"Use,</quote><citetitle> Vanderbilt Law Review</citetitle> 40 (1987): 28. Pour "
"une explication merveilleusement convaincante, voir Vaidhyanathan, 37-48."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Erskine, Andrew"
-msgstr "Erskine, Andrew"
+msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Rose, Mark"
-msgstr "Rose, Mark"
+msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Mark Rose, <citetitle>Authors and Owners</citetitle> (Cambridge: Harvard "
"University Press, 1993), 92. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-"Mark Rose, <citetitle>Authors and Owners</citetitle> (Cambridge: Harvard "
-"University Press, 1993), 92. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"Mark Rose,<citetitle> Authors and Owners</citetitle> (Cambridge: Harvard "
+"University Press, 1993), 92."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid "Ibid., 93."
"carrière à Edimbourg en 1750. Son commerce était concentré sur les "
"rééditions bon marché d'<quote>oeuvres standard dont la durée de "
"copyright avait expiré</quote>, du moins selon le Statut d'Anne.<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> "
-"La maison d'édition de Donaldson prospéra et devint <quote>quelque chose comme "
-"un centre pour Ecossais instruits.</quote> <quote>Parmi eux,</quote> écrit le "
-"professeur Mark Rose, se trouvait <quote>le jeune James Boswell qui, avec son "
-"ami Andrew Erskine, publia avec Donaldson une anthologie de poèmes Écossais "
-"contemporains.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>"
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"<citetitle>Copyright in Historical Perspective</citetitle>, 167 (quoting "
"Borwell)."
msgstr ""
-"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> "
-"Lyman Ray Patterson, <citetitle>Copyright in Historical "
-"Perspective</citetitle>, 167 (citant Borwell)."
+"Lyman Ray Patterson,<citetitle> Copyright in Historical "
+"Perspective,</citetitle> 167 (citant Borwell)."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"secondes de <citetitle>Simpson</citetitle>. Car bien sûr, ces quelques "
"secondes sont protégées par copyright; et bien sûr, pour utiliser du "
"contenu sous copyright, il faut la permission du détenteur de copyright, "
-"sauf si c'est pour un <quote>usage loyal</quote> ou autre cas particulier du même "
+"sauf si c'est pour une utilisation privée ou autre cas particulier du même "
"genre."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
"$1,000,000. That's her right, as set by the law."
msgstr ""
"Par exemple, une <quote>représentation publique</quote> est une utilisation "
-"des <citetitle>Simpson</citetitle> que le propriétaire des droits peut contrôler. "
+"des <quote>Simpson</quote> que le propriétaire des droits peut contrôler. "
"Si vous prenez quelques-uns de vos épisodes favoris, louez un cinéma, et "
"faites payer pour voir <quote>Mes épisodes préférés des "
"<citetitle>Simpson</citetitle></quote>, alors il vous faut la permission du "
"Internet became popular, Starwave began investing in new technology for "
"delivering entertainment in anticipation of the power of networks."
msgstr ""
-"<emphasis role='strong'>En 1993</emphasis>, Alex Alben, un avocat, travaillait pour Starwave, Inc. Starwave "
+"En 1993, Alex Alben, un avocat, travaillait pour Starwave, Inc. Starwave "
"était une entreprise innovante fondée par Paul Allen, le cofondateur de "
"Microsoft, dans le but de développer du contenu numérique. Bien avant "
"qu'Internet ne devienne populaire, Starwave commença à investir dans de "
"Puis Alben et son équipe decidèrent d'inclure d'authentiques extraits de "
"film. <quote>Notre objectif était d'avoir un extrait de chacun des films "
"d'Eastwood.</quote> me dit Alben. C'est à ce moment-là que le problème se "
-"posa. <quote>Personne n'avait réellement fait ce que nous faisions à ce moment</quote>, "
-"expliqua Alben. <quote>Personne n'avait essayé de faire cela dans le contexte "
-"d'une oeuvre artistique traitant de la carrière d'un acteur.</quote>"
+"posa. Personne n'avait réellement fait ce que nous faisions à ce moment, "
+"expliqua Alben. «Personne n'avait essayé de faire cela dans le contexte "
+"d'une oeuvre artistique traitant de la carrière d'un acteur. »"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"ceux de publicité—les droits qu'un artiste a pour contrôler "
"l'exploitation commerciale de son image. Mais ces droits, également, "
"encombrent la créativité <quote>Ripper, Mixer, Graver</quote>, comme le "
-"montre ce chapitre. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
-"id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
+"montre ce chapitre."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"enable. Technology means you can now do amazing things easily; but you "
"couldn't easily do them legally."
msgstr ""
-"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
-"id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder "
-"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"4\"/> "
"Car bien évidemment, les deux brillants créateurs de ce film n'avaient pas "
"fait ce qu'Alben avait fait. Ils n'avaient pas passé une année à acquitter "
"les droits de ces extraits; techniquement, ce qu'ils avaient fait violait la "
"droits, de sorte que les gens soient libres de s'inspirer de notre culture. "
"Libres d'ajouter ou de mélanger comme il leur plaît. Nous pourrions même "
"effectuer ce changement sans pour autant imposer que l'usage "
-"<quote>libre</quote> soit <quote>gratuit</quote>. Non, le système pourrait simplement faire "
+"<quote>libre</quote> soit gratuit. Non, le système pourrait simplement faire "
"qu'il soit facile pour des créateurs d'indemniser les artistes dont ils "
"reprennent le travail sans avoir besoin d'une armée d'avocats avec eux: par "
"exemple, une loi disant <quote>la redevance dûe au détenteur de copyright "
"Ce privilège est réservé pour deux raisons. La première est la "
"continuation de l'histoire du dernier chapitre: le flou lié à la notion "
"d'<quote>usage loyal</quote>. L'essentiel du <quote>sampling</quote> devrait "
-"être considéré comme <quote>usage loyal</quote>. Mais peu de gens s'appuient sur une "
+"être considéré comme usage loyal. Mais peu de gens s'appuient sur une "
"garantie si faible pour créer. Ceci nous mène à la deuxième raison pour "
"laquelle le privilège est réservé: Les coûts entraînés par les "
"négociations concernant le droit légal de réutiliser une oeuvre sont "
"That was later changed, without notice, to <quote>Major Combat Operations in "
"Iraq Have Ended.</quote> E-mail from Brewster Kahle, 1 December 2003."
msgstr ""
-"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
-"id=\"1\"/> La tentation demeure, toutefois. Brewster Kahle rapporte que la "
-"Maison "
+"La tentation demeure, toutefois. Brewster Kahle rapporte que la Maison "
"Blanche change ses propres communiqués de presse sans l'annoncer. Un "
"communiqué de presse du 13 mai 2003 affirmait <quote>Combat Operations in "
"Iraq Have Ended</quote>. Cela fut changé plus tard, sans annonce, en "
"<quote>vol</quote>. Mais quand la technologie permit leur capture, les "
"diffuseurs comptèrent de plus en plus sur la législation. La loi exigeait "
"qu'ils fassent une copie de chaque émission pour que l'ouvrage soit "
-"<quote>copyright</quote>é. Mais ces copies était simplement détenues par les "
+"<citetitle>copyright</citetitle>é. Mais ces copies était simplement détenues par les "
"diffuseurs. Aucune bibliothèque n'avait de droits dessus; le gouvernement ne "
"les réclamait pas. Le contenu de cette partie de la culture américaine est "
"pratiquement invisible pour quiconque."
"Sale Doctrine in the Era of Digital Networks,</quote> <citetitle>Boston "
"College Law Review</citetitle> 44 (2003): 593 n. 51."
msgstr ""
+"Dave Barns, <quote>Fledgling Career in Antique Books: Woodstock Landlord, Bar "
+"Owner Starts a New Chapter by Adopting Business,</quote><citetitle> Chicago "
+"Tribune,</citetitle> 5 September 1997, at Metro Lake 1L. Of books published "
+"between 1927 and 1946, only 2.2 percent were in print in 2002. R. Anthony "
+"Reese, <quote>The First Sale Doctrine in the Era of Digital "
+"Networks,</quote><citetitle> Boston College Law Review</citetitle> 44 (2003): "
+"593 n. 51."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"artists get paid need also control how culture develops."
msgstr ""
"Pour répondre à cette question, nous devons prendre du recul sur l'histoire "
-"de ces droits de <quote>propriété sur les créations</quote>, et sur le contrôle qu'ils "
+"de ces droits de propriété sur les créations, et sur le contrôle qu'ils "
"ont rendu possible. Quand nous verrons clairement comment ces droits ont "
"été définis, nous serons mieux en mesure de poser la question qui devrait "
"être au centre de cette guerre. La question n'est pas "
"exemple, vous violez sciemment le copyright de Madonna en copiant une chanson "
"de son dernier CD et la postez sur le Web, vous pouvez être puni d'une "
"amende de 150.000 dollars. L'amende est une punition à postériori pour la "
-"violation d'une règle préexistante. Elle est imposée par l'État. "
-"<placeholder type=\"indexter\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"violation d'une règle préexistante. Elle est imposée par l'État."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
msgid "norms, regulatory influence of"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Commons, John R."
-msgstr "Commons, John R."
+msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
"id=\"3\"/>"
msgstr ""
+"Some people object to this way of talking about <quote>liberty.</quote> They "
+"object because their focus when considering the constraints that exist at any "
+"particular moment are constraints imposed exclusively by the government. For "
+"instance, if a storm destroys a bridge, these people think it is meaningless "
+"to say that one's liberty has been restrained. A bridge has washed out, and "
+"it's harder to get from one place to another. To talk about this as a loss of "
+"freedom, they say, is to confuse the stuff of politics with the vagaries of "
+"ordinary life."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"penser que le gouvernement devrait interdire les appareils numériques juste "
"pour soutenir Kodak ? Les autoroutes ont nuit au transport par rail. Y "
"a-t-il quelqu'un pour penser qu'il faudrait interdire les semi-remorques "
-"simplement <emphasis>dans le but</emphasis> de protéger le rail ? En restant "
-"plus près du sujet de ce livre, les télécommandes ont nuit au "
-"côté <quote>collant</quote> de la "
+"simplement <quote>dans le but</quote> de protéger le rail ? En restant "
+"plus près du sujet de ce livre, les télécommandes ont nuit à la "
"publicité télévisée (si un clip ennuyeux passe sur le petit écran, la "
"télécommande rend très facile de zapper), et il se peut bien que ce "
"changement ait nuit au marché de la publicité télévisée. Mais est-ce "
"unintended environmental consequences. Birds were losing the ability to "
"reproduce. Whole chains of the ecology were being destroyed."
msgstr ""
-"Mais en 1962, Rachel Carson a publié <citetitle>Printemps silencieux</citetitle>, "
+"Mais en 1962, Rachel Carson a publié <quote>Printemps silencieux</quote>, "
"qui démontre que le DDT, quels qu'aient été les bienfaits qu'il a "
"apportés au début, a eu aussi des conséquences imprévues sur "
"l'environnement. Les oiseaux ont perdu leur capacité à se reproduire, toute "
"id=\"0\"/>. Dans sa perspective, tout comme dans celle que je défend dans ce "
"chapitre, le problème n'est pas que le but du copyright est mauvais, ou que "
"les auteurs ne devraient pas être payés pour leur travail, ou que la "
-"musique devrait être distribuée <quote>gratuitement</quote>. Ce qui compte, c'est que "
+"musique devrait être distribuée gratuitement. Ce qui compte, c'est que "
"certains des moyens que nous pourrions employer pour protéger les auteurs "
"risquent d'avoir des conséquences imprévisibles pour l'environnement "
"culturel, tout comme le DDT en a eues pour l'environnement naturel. Et, tout "
"<quote>clause de progrès</quote>, pour mettre en lumière ce que cette "
"clause ne dit pas. Elle ne dit pas que le Congrès a le pouvoir d'accorder "
"des <quote>droits de propriété sur les créations</quote>. Elle dit que le "
-"Congrès a le pouvoir de <emphasis>promouvoir le progrès</emphasis>. Son objet est d'accorder un "
+"Congrès a le pouvoir de promouvoir le progrès. Son objet est d'accorder un "
"pouvoir, et il s'agit d'un but public, pas le but d'enrichir des éditeurs, "
"ni même initialement de rémunérer les auteurs."
"Authors</quote> only."
msgstr ""
"La clause de progrès limite explicitement la durée du copyright. Comme nous "
-"l'avons vu au chapitre <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"founders\"/>, les anglais ont limité la durée du copyright pour "
+"l'avons vu au chapitre 6, les anglais ont limité la durée du copyright pour "
"garantir qu'un petit nombre ne puisse pas exercer un contrôle "
"disproportionné sur la culture en ayant un contrôle exagéré sur la "
"publication. Nous pouvons supposer que les auteurs de la Constitution ont "
"le pouvoir des états — ce qui inclut le Sénat dont les membres à "
"cette époque étaient désignés par les états, et un collège électoral, "
"lui aussi désigné par les états, pour choisir le président. Dans chaque "
-"cas, il y a une <emphasis>structure</emphasis> qui exerce une surveillance et créé un équilibre "
+"cas, il y a une structure qui exerce une surveillance et créé un équilibre "
"dans le cadre constitutionnel, conçue pour éviter une concentration de "
"pouvoir qui serait inévitable autrement."
"changed in the 210 years since they first struck its design."
msgstr ""
"Je ne pense pas que les auteurs de notre constitution reconnaitraient le "
-"règlement que nous appelons <quote>copyright</quote> (NDT : <quote "
+"règlement que nous appelons <quote>copy-right</quote> (NDT : <quote "
">droit-de-copie</quote>) aujourd'hui. Le champ d'application de ce règlement "
"va bien au delà de tout ce qu'ils ont pu imaginer. Pour commencer à "
"comprendre ce qu'ils ont fait, il faut replacer notre "
"or were supposed by some to have, under the Common Law</emphasis></quote> "
"(emphasis added). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
+"William W. Crosskey,<emphasis role='strong'> Politics and the Constitution in "
+"the History of the United States<citetitle> (London: Cambridge University "
+"Press, 1953), vol. 1, 485-86: <quote>extinguish[ing], by plain implication of "
+"'the supreme Law of the Land,</citetitle></emphasis><citetitle> the perpetual "
+"rights which authors had, or were supposed by some to have, under the Common "
+"Law</citetitle></quote> (emphasis added)."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
msgid "See Ringer, ch. 9, n. 2."
-msgstr "Voir Ringer, ch. 9, n. 2."
+msgstr "See Ringer, ch. 9, n. 2."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"créations n'a qu'une vie commerciale de quelques années. La plupart des "
"livres sont épuisés en moins d'un an<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
"id=\"0\"/>. Lorsque cela se produit, la vente des livres d'occasion n'est "
-"plus soumise aux règles du copyright. Ainsi les livres ne sont plus <emphasis>en fait</emphasis> "
+"plus soumise aux règles du copyright. Ainsi les livres ne sont plus en fait "
"sous le contrôle du copyright. Le seul usage commercial de ces livres est la "
"vente de livres d'occasion ; cet usage — qui n'implique pas de "
"publication — est libre en effet."
msgstr ""
"Les États Unis ont abandonné ce système raisonnable en 1976. Pour les "
"oeuvres créées après 1978, il n'a plus existé qu'une seule durée du "
-"copyright — la durée maximale. Pour des auteurs <quote>personnes physiques</quote>, "
+"copyright — la durée maximale. Pour des auteurs personnes physiques, "
"cette durée était de cinquante ans après leur mort. Pour les entreprises, "
"cette durée était de soixante quinze ans. Puis, en 1992, le Congrès a "
"abandonné l'exigence de renouvellement pour toutes les oeuvres créées "
"Ce changement faisait que la loi américaine n'avait plus aucun moyen de "
"garantir automatiquement que les oeuvres n'étant plus exploitées tombent "
"dans le domaine public. Le domaine public est devenu orphelin après ces "
-"changements de législation. Malgré l'exigence d'avoir une durée <quote>limitée</quote>, "
+"changements de législation. Malgré l'exigence d'avoir une durée limitée, "
"nous n'avons aucune preuve que quelque chose la limitera."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
"de la loi américaine sur le copyright, il y a eu l'exigence que l'oeuvre "
"soit enregistrée avant de jouir de la protection. Il y a eu également "
"l'exigence que toute oeuvre sous copyright soit marquée du fameux (C) ou du "
-"mot <emphasis>copyright</emphasis>. Et pendant tout ce temps, on a exigé que les "
+"mot <quote>copyright</quote>. Et pendant tout ce temps, on a exigé que les "
"oeuvres soient placées en dépôt auprès du gouvernement avant que le "
"copyright puisse être garanti."
"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #26</ulink>. <placeholder "
"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-"Jonathan Zittrain, <quote>The Copyright Cage</quote>, <citetitle> Legal "
-"Affairs</citetitle>, juillet/août 2003, disponible par le link #26. "
-"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"Jonathan Zittrain, <quote>The Copyright Cage,</quote><citetitle> Legal "
+"Affairs,</citetitle> July/August 2003, available at link #26."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"quand vous comprenez que la loi s'applique pas uniquement à l'éditeur "
"commercial mais aussi à n'importe qui possédant un ordinateur. Je comprends "
"le tort qu'il y a dans la duplication et la revente de l'oeuvre de quelqu'un "
-"d'autre. Mais pour antant que <emphasis>cela</emphasis> soit répréhensible, "
-"transformer l'oeuvre de quelqu'un d'autre est de nature différente. Certains "
-"voient la transformation comme n'étant pas mauvaise du "
+"d'autre. Certains voient la transformation comme n'étant pas mauvaise du "
"tout — ils croient que notre loi, tels que les législateurs l'ont "
"écrite, ne devrait pas du tout protéger les droits dérivatifs<placeholder "
"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>. Que vous alliez ou non aussi loin, il semble "
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Rubenfeld, Jeb"
-msgstr "Rubenfeld, Jeb"
+msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"(2002): 1–60 (see especially pp. 53–59). <placeholder "
"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
+"Professor Rubenfeld has presented a powerful constitutional argument about "
+"the difference that copyright law should draw (from the perspective of the "
+"First Amendment) between mere <quote>copies</quote> and derivative works. See "
+"Jed Rubenfeld, <quote>The Freedom of Imagination: Copyright's "
+"Constitutionality,</quote><citetitle> Yale Law Journal</citetitle> 112 "
+"(2002): 1-60 (see especially pp. 53-59)."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"une copie. Cela est donc régulé par la loi du copyright. En effet, cet "
"usage particulier se tient au coeur du cercle des usages possibles d'une "
"oeuvre sous copyright. C'est l'utilisation paradigmatique correctement "
-"régulée par la régulation du copyright (voir le premier diagramme "
-"<xref xrefstyle=\"template:%n\" linkend=\"fig-1541\"/>)."
+"régulée par la régulation du copyright (voir le premier diagramme à la "
+"page suivante)."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
msgid ""
"d'auder Disney à vendre ses films; il avait des clients qui dépendaient de "
"sa diffusion de contenu. Disney acceptait de parler seulemetn si Video "
"Pipeline arrêtait la distribution immédiatement. Video Pipeline pensait que "
-"cela faisait partie de leurs droits <quote>d'usage loyal</quote> de distribuer des extraits "
+"cela faisait partie de leurs droits d'usage loyal de distribuer des extraits "
"comme ils le faisaient. Donc ils intentèrent un procès pour demander à la "
"cour de déclarer que ces droits étaient en fait leurs droits."
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Ibid. See also Vaidhyanathan, "
"<citetitle>Copyrights and Copywrongs</citetitle>, 1–3."
msgstr ""
-"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Ibid. Voir aussi Vaidhyanathan, "
-"<citetitle>Copyrights and Copywrongs</citetitle>, 1-3."
+"Ibid. See also Vaidhyanathan,<citetitle> Copyrights and "
+"Copywrongs,</citetitle> 1-3."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"<graphic fileref=\"images/example-adobe-ebook-reader.png\" align=\"center\" "
"width=\"50%\"></graphic>"
msgstr ""
-"<graphic fileref=\"images/example-adobe-ebook-reader.png\" align=\"center\" "
-"width=\"50%\"></graphic>"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"linkend=\"fig-example-adobe-ebook-reader\"/> is a picture of an old version "
"of my Adobe eBook Reader."
msgstr ""
-"Dans la figure <xref xrefstyle=\"template:%n\" "
-"linkend=\"fig-example-adobe-ebook-reader\"/> se trouve une image d'une vieille version de mon Adobe "
+"Sur la page suivante se trouve une image d'une vieille version de mon Adobe "
"eBook Reader."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
msgstr ""
"Voici un livre pour enfants du domaine public que vous n'êtes pas autorisé "
"à copier, ni autorisé à prêter, ni autorisé à donner, et, comme "
-"l'indiquent les <quote>permissions</quote>, ni autorisé à <quote>lire à voix "
+"l'indiquent les <citetitle>permissions</citetitle>, ni autorisé à <quote>lire à voix "
"haute</quote>!"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
msgid "hacks"
-msgstr "hacks"
+msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"dire du code qui permet au programme de faire quelque chose qu'il n'était "
"pas prévu ou permis de faire. Si vous achetez une nouvelle imprimante pour "
"un vieil ordinateur, vous verrez peut-être que le vieil ordinateur ne fait "
-"pas marcher, ou ne <quote>pilote</quote> pas, l'imprimante. Si vous "
+"pas marcher, ou ne <citetitle>pilote</citetitle> pas, l'imprimante. Si vous "
"découvrez ceci, vous seriez plus tard content de découvrir un "
-"hack sur le Net fait par quelqu'un qui a écrit un pilote pour "
+"<quote>hack</quote> sur le Net fait par quelqu'un qui a écrit un pilote pour "
"permettre à l'ordinateur de contrôler l'imprimante que vous venez "
"d'acheter."
"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #27</ulink>. <placeholder "
"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
+"See Pamela Samuelson, <quote>Anticircumvention Rules: Threat to "
+"Science,</quote><citetitle> Science</citetitle> 293 (2001): 2028; Brendan I. "
+"Koerner, <quote>Play Dead: Sony Muzzles the Techies Who Teach a Robot Dog New "
+"Tricks,</quote><citetitle> American Prospect,</citetitle> 1 January 2002; "
+"<quote>Court Dismisses Computer Scientists' Challenge to "
+"DMCA,</quote><citetitle> Intellectual Property Litigation "
+"Reporter,</citetitle> 11 December 2001; Bill Holland, <quote>Copyright Act "
+"Raising Free-Speech Concerns,</quote><citetitle> Billboard,</citetitle> 26 "
+"May 2001; Janelle Brown, <quote>Is the RIAA Running Scared?</quote> "
+"Salon.com, 26 April 2001; Electronic Frontier Foundation, <quote>Frequently "
+"Asked Questions about<citetitle> Felten and USENIX</citetitle> v.<citetitle> "
+"RIAA</citetitle> Legal Case,</quote> available at link #27."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Rogers, Fred"
-msgstr "Rogers, Fred"
+msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Conrad, Paul"
-msgstr "Conrad, Paul"
+msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"sans doute des utilisations de la technologie qui était légales: Fred "
"Rogers, alias <quote>Mr. Rogers</quote>, par exemple, avait témoigné dans "
"cette affaire qu'il voulait que les gens se sentent libres d'enregistrer "
-"<citetitle>Mr. Roger's Neighborhood</citetitle>. <placeholder "
-"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"<citetitle>Mr. Roger's Neighborhood</citetitle>."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"and the Onslaught of the VCR</citetitle> (New York: W. W. Norton, 1987), "
"270–71. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
msgstr ""
+"<citetitle>Sony Corporation of America</citetitle> v.<citetitle> Universal "
+"City Studios, Inc.,</citetitle> 464 U.S. 417, 455 fn. 27 (1984). Rogers never "
+"changed his view about the VCR. See James Lardner,<citetitle> Fast Forward: "
+"Hollywood, the Japanese, and the Onslaught of the VCR</citetitle> (New York: "
+"W. W. Norton, 1987), 270-71."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
msgid ""
"xrefstyle=\"template:%n\" linkend=\"fig-1711-vcr-handgun-cartoonfig\"/>, "
"which we can adopt to the DMCA. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-"Ce qui amena Conrad à dessiner le dessin de la figure <xref "
-"xrefstyle=\"template:%n\" linkend=\"fig-1711-vcr-handgun-cartoonfig\"/>, que "
-"nous pouvons adapter au DMCA. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"Ce qui amena Conrad à dessiner le dessin ci-dessous, que nous pouvons "
+"adapter au DMCA."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
msgid "No argument I have can top this picture, but let me try to get close."
"Les changements concernant l'étendue sont les plus faciles à décrire. "
"Comme l'a résumé le sénateur John McCain les statistiques sur la "
"propriété des média présentées dans le rapport à la FCC, <quote>cinq "
-"sociétés contrôlent 85% de nos sources media</quote><placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>. "
-"Les cinq labels Universal Music Group, BMG, Sony Music Entertainment, Warner "
-"Music Group, et EMI contrôlent 84,8% du marché musical américain. <placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Les <quote>cinq plus grands opérateurs du câble "
-"drainent jusqu'à 74% des abonnés au niveau national.</quote> <placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/>"
+"sociétés contrôlent 85% de nos sources media.</quote> <placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"L'histoire de la radio est encore plus dramatique. Avant la dérégulation, "
"les plus grandes compagnies de radio possédaient moins de soixante quinze "
-"stations. Aujourd'hui <emphasis>une</emphasis> compagnie possède plus de "
-"1200 stations. Durant "
+"stations. Aujourd'hui une compagnie possède plus de 1200 stations. Durant "
"cette période de concentration, le nombre de possesseurs de stations de "
"radio a chuté de 34%. Aujourd'hui, sur la plupart des marchés, les deux "
"acteurs principaux contrôlent 74% des revenus. Globalement, quatre "
"Monthly</citetitle> (September 2003): 89. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
"id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-"James Fallows, <quote>The Age of Murdoch</quote>, <citetitle>Atlantic "
-"Monthly</citetitle> (septembre 2003): 89. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
-"id=\"0\"/>"
+"James Fallows, <quote>The Age of Murdoch,</quote><citetitle> Atlantic "
+"Monthly</citetitle> (September 2003): 89."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
msgid ""
"séparation entre les réseaux et les producteurs de contenu; cette "
"séparation garantissait la liberté de Lear. Et jusqu'en 1992, à cause de "
"ces règles, la grande majorité des émissions de grande écoute – 75% – "
-"était <quote>indépendante</quote> des réseaux."
+"était indépendante des réseaux."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"plus que quintuplé pour atteindre 77%.</quote> <quote>En 1992, 16 nouvelles "
"séries ont été produites indépendamment du contrôle d'un conglomérat, "
"l'année dernière, il n'y en a eu qu'une.</quote> <placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> En 2002, 75% des émissions de la période de "
-"pointe étaient produites par le réseau qui les diffusait. <quote>Dans la "
-"période entre 1992 et 2002, le nombre d'heures d'émission de la période de "
-"pointe par semaine produites par les réseaux ont augmentés de 200%, tandis que "
-"le nombre d'heures d'émission de la période de pointe par semaine produites par "
-"des studios indépendants a chuté de 63%.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
-"id=\"1\"/>"
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"less edgy or to be fired: The content of any show developed for a network is "
"increasingly owned by the network."
msgstr ""
-"Aujourd'hui, un autre Norman Lear avec un autre <citetitle>All in the "
-"Family</citetitle> aurait le "
+"Aujourd'hui, un autre Norman Lear avec un autre All in the Family aurait le "
"choix soit de rendre l'émission moins crispée soit d'être renvoyé. Le "
"contenu des productions développées pour un réseau sont de plus en plus la "
"propriété de celui-ci."
"d'ignorer de nouvelles tendances culturelles<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
"id=\"0\"/>. Les mastodontes non seulement ne sprintent pas, mais ne doivent "
"pas sprinter. Si le terrain est réservé aux géants, il y aura très peu de "
-"sprint. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
+"sprint."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
msgid "NBC"
-msgstr "NBC"
+msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
msgid "WJOA"
-msgstr "WJOA"
+msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
msgid "WRC"
-msgstr "WRC"
+msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #32</ulink>. The ground was that "
"the criticism was <quote>too controversial.</quote>"
msgstr ""
+"The Marijuana Policy Project, in February 2003, sought to place ads that "
+"directly responded to the Nick and Norm series on stations within the "
+"Washington, D.C., area. Comcast rejected the ads as <quote>against [their] "
+"policy.</quote> The local NBC affiliate, WRC, rejected the ads without "
+"reviewing them. The local ABC affiliate, WJOA, originally agreed to run the "
+"ads and accepted payment to do so, but later decided not to run the ads and "
+"returned the collected fees. Interview with Neal Levine, 15 October 2003."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
"Non. Les chaînes de télévision ont pour politique d'éviter les pubs "
-"sujettes à <quote>controverse</quote>. Les pubs produites par le gouvernement sont "
+"sujettes à controverse. Les pubs produites par le gouvernement sont "
"supposées ne pas être sujettes à controverse; les pubs en désaccord avec "
"le gouvernement sont sujettes à controverse. Cette sélectivité peut être "
"jugée incompatible avec le premier amendement, mais la cour suprême a "
"similar point in his <quote>four surrenders</quote> of copyright law in the "
"digital age. See Vaidhyanathan, 159–60."
msgstr ""
-"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Siva Vaidhyanathan saisit un "
-"point similaire dans son <quote>four "
-"surrenders</quote> de loi du copyright à l'age du numérique. Voir Vaidhyanathan, "
+"Siva Vaidhyanathan captures a similar point in his <quote>four "
+"surrenders</quote> of copyright law in the digital age. See Vaidhyanathan, "
"159-60."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
"bien quand elle régule (comme elle régule maintenant) la copie non- "
"commerciale et, particulièrement, la transformation non-commerciale. Et de "
"plus en plus, pour les raisons esquissées en particulier dans les chapitres "
-"<xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"recorders\"/> et "
-"<xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"transformers\"/>, on pourrait "
-"bien se demander si elle ne fait pas plus de mal que de "
+"7 et 8, on pourrait bien se demander si elle ne fait pas plus de mal que de "
"bien pour la transformation commerciale. Davantage d'oeuvres transformatives "
"commerciales seraient créées si les droits dérivatifs étaient plus "
"nettement limités."
"<citetitle>Nomos XXII: Property</citetitle>, J. Roland Pennock and John W. "
"Chapman, eds. (New York: New York University Press, 1980)."
msgstr ""
+"It was the single most important contribution of the legal realist movement "
+"to demonstrate that all property rights are always crafted to balance public "
+"and private interests. See Thomas C. Grey, <quote>The Disintegration of "
+"Property,</quote> in<citetitle> Nomos XXII: Property,</citetitle> J. Roland "
+"Pennock and John W. Chapman, eds. (New York: New York University Press, "
+"1980)."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"<quote>propriété</quote>. La naissance même du <quote>copyright</quote> "
"comme droit statutaire reconnaissait ces limites, en octroyant la protection "
"des détenteurs de copyright pour une période limitée (l'histoire du "
-"chapitre <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" "
-"linkend=\"founders\"/>). La tradition de <quote>l'usage loyal</quote> est animée par une préoccupation "
+"chapitre 6). La tradition de l'usage loyal est animée par une préoccupation "
"similaire qui est de plus en plus contrainte alors que le cout d'exercer "
"n'importe quel droit d'usage loyal devient unévitablement élevé "
-"(l'histoire du chapitre <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" "
-"linkend=\"recorders\"/>). L'ajout de droits statutaires où le marché "
+"(l'histoire du chapitre 7). L'ajout de droits statutaires où le marché "
"pourrait étouffer l'innovation est une autre limite familière sur le droit "
-"de propriété qu'est le copyright (chapitre <xref xrefstyle=\"select: "
-"labelnumber\" linkend=\"transformers\"/>). Et permettre une large "
+"de propriété qu'est le copyright (chapitre 8). Et permettre une large "
"liberté de collecte pour les archives et les bibliothèques, malgré les "
"revendications de propriété, est une partie cruciale pour garantire l'âme "
-"d'une culture (chapitre <xref xrefstyle=\"select: "
-"labelnumber\" linkend=\"collectors\"/>). Les cultures libres, comme les marchés libres, "
+"d'une culture (chapitre 9). Les cultures libres, comme les marchés libres, "
"sont construites avec la propriété. Mais la nature de la propriété qui "
"construit une culture libre est très différents de la vision extrémiste "
"qui domine le débat aujourd'hui."
"sortir avec</quote>, c'est vrai, du moins en partie. Si, après que Lyle "
"Lovett a (enfin) sorti un nouvel album, plutôt que de l'acheter je vais sur "
"Kazaa et j'en trouve une copie gratuite, ca ressemble beaucoup à voler un CD "
-"chez Tower. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"chez Tower."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Conyers, John, Jr."
-msgstr "Conyers, John, Jr."
+msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Berman, Howard L."
-msgstr "Berman, Howard L."
+msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"#36</ulink>. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder "
"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>"
msgstr ""
+"For an excellent summary, see the report prepared by GartnerG2 and the "
+"Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard Law School, <quote>Copy- "
+"right and Digital Media in a Post-Napster World,</quote> 27 June 2003, "
+"available at link #33. Reps. John Conyers Jr. (D-Mich.) and Howard L. Berman "
+"(D-Calif.) have introduced a bill that would treat unauthorized on-line "
+"copying as a felony offense with punishments ranging as high as five years "
+"imprisonment; see Jon Healey, <quote>House Bill Aims to Up Stakes on "
+"Piracy,</quote><citetitle> Los Angeles Times,</citetitle> 17 July 2003, "
+"available at link #34. Civil penalties are currently set at $150,000 per "
+"copied song. For a recent (and unsuccessful) legal challenge to the RIAA's "
+"demand that an ISP reveal the identity of a user accused of sharing more than "
+"600 songs through a family computer, see<citetitle> RIAA</citetitle> "
+"v.<citetitle> Verizon Internet Services (In re. Verizon Internet "
+"Services),</citetitle> 240 F. Supp. 2d 24 (D.D.C. 2003). Such a user could "
+"face liability ranging as high as $90 million. Such astronomical figures "
+"furnish the RIAA with a powerful arsenal in its prosecution of file sharers. "
+"Settlements ranging from $12,000 to $17,500 for four students accused of "
+"heavy file sharing on university networks must have seemed a mere pittance "
+"next to the $98 billion the RIAA could seek should the matter proceed to "
+"court. See Elizabeth Young, <quote>Downloading Could Lead to Fines,</quote> "
+"redandblack.com, 26 August 2003, available at link #35. For an example of the "
+"RIAA's targeting of student file sharing, and of the subpoenas issued to "
+"universities to reveal student file-sharer identities, see James Collins, "
+"<quote>RIAA Steps Up Bid to Force BC, MIT to Name "
+"Students,</quote><citetitle> Boston Globe,</citetitle> 8 August 2003, D3, "
+"available at link #36."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Vivendi Universal"
-msgstr "Vivendi Universal"
+msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"changed. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
"En Avril 2001, eMusic.com a été rachetée par Vivendi Universal, une des "
-"<quote>majors</quote>. Sa position sur ce problème a changé maintenant. "
-"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"<quote>majors</quote>. Sa position sur ce problème a changé maintenant."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #37</ulink>. "
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
+"See Lynne W. Jeter,<citetitle> Disconnected: Deceit and Betrayal at "
+"WorldCom</citetitle> (Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, 2003), 176, 204; "
+"for details of the settlement, see MCI press release, <quote>MCI Wins U.S. "
+"District Court Approval for SEC Settlement</quote> (7 July 2003), available "
+"at link #37."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Bush, George W."
-msgstr "Bush, George W."
+msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"#39</ulink>. President Bush has continued to urge tort reform in recent "
"months. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
+"The bill, modeled after California's tort reform model, was passed in the "
+"House of Representatives but defeated in a Senate vote in July 2003. For an "
+"overview, see Tanya Albert, <quote>Measure Stalls in Senate: 'We'll Be Back,' "
+"Say Tort Reformers,</quote> amednews.com, 28 July 2003, available at link "
+"#38, and <quote>Senate Turns Back Malpractice Caps,</quote> CBSNews.com, 9 "
+"July 2003, available at link #39. President Bush has continued to urge tort "
+"reform in recent months."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"multiplier. Il est impossible de distinguer clairement ce qui est autorisé "
"de ce qui ne l'est pas, et en même temps, les sanctions pour avoir franchi "
"la ligne sont extrêmement dures. Les quatre étudiants qui avaient été "
-"menacés par la RIAA (Jesse Jordan au chapitre <xref "
-"xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"catalogs\"/> n'était qu'un de "
-"ceux-là) encouraient une amende de 98 milliards de dollars pour avoir construit "
-"des moteurs de recherche qui permettaient de copier des chansons. D'un autre "
+"menacés par la RIAA (Jesse Jordan au chapitre 3 n'était qu'un de ceux-là) "
+"encouraient une amende de 98 milliards de dollars pour avoir construit des "
+"moteurs de recherche qui permettaient de copier des chansons. D'un autre "
"côté, Worldcom, (NdT : entreprise américaine au coeur d'un scandale "
"financier en 2002) qui a escroqué les investisseurs d'une somme de 11 "
"milliards de dollars, et qui a ainsi entraîné une perte de 200 milliards de "
"dollars sur le marché mondial, a eu une amende de seulement 750 millions de "
-"dollars<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>. Et d'après la législation actuellement en "
-"vigueur au Congrès, un "
+"dollars. Et d'après la législation actuellement en vigueur au Congrès, un "
"docteur qui amputerait par négligence la mauvaise jambe lors d'une "
-"opération ne devrait que 250.000 dollars en dommages et intérêts.<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Le sens "
+"opération ne devrait que 250.000 dollars en dommages et intérêts. Le sens "
"commun peut-il reconnaître l'absurdité d'un monde dans lequel l'amende "
"maximale encourue pour avoir téléchargé deux chansons sur Internet est "
"plus importante que celle encourue par un docteur qui aurait charcuté un "
"anyone could tune into for whatever reason they chose."
msgstr ""
"Cette peur de l'illégalité est en partie due aux changements de la loi. "
-"J'ai détaillé ces changements au chapitre <xref xrefstyle=\"select: "
-"labelnumber\" linkend=\"property-i\"/>. Mais elle est, dans une plus "
+"J'ai détaillé ces changements au chapitre 10. Mais elle est, dans une plus "
"grande mesure, la conséquence de la facilité de plus en plus grande avec "
"laquelle les infractions peuvent être détectées. Les utilisateurs de "
"l'échange de fichiers ont découvert en 2002 à quel point il était simple "
"hence I am wrong to say that the law regulates such a use."
msgstr ""
"Les juristes ont rarement conscience de cela, car ils voient rarement les "
-"choses de manière pragmatique. Comme je l'ai décrit au chapitre <xref "
-"xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"recorders\"/>; en "
+"choses de manière pragmatique. Comme je l'ai décrit au chapitre 7; en "
"réponse à l'histoire du documentaire de Jon Else, j'ai été abondamment "
"sermonné par des juristes qui prétendaient que l'utilisation de Else "
"relevait de l'usage loyal, et que j'avais donc tort de dire que la loi "
"Mais il y a un aspect de cette histoire qui n'a rien de gauchiste. En effet, "
"c'est un aspect qui pourrait être écrit par le plus extrémiste des "
"idéologues pro-marché. Et si vous êtes un idéologue de cette espèce (et "
-"d'une teneur particulière, pour lire ce livre jusqu'à la page <xref "
-"xrefstyle=\"select: pagenumber\" linkend=\"innovators\"/>), alors "
+"d'une teneur particulière, pour lire ce livre jusqu'à la 188e page), alors "
"vous pourrez y être sensible en remplacant <quote>culture libre</quote> par "
"<quote>marché libre</quote> dans toute mon argumentation. La démonstration "
"est la même, quand bien même les intérêts liés à la culture sont plus "
"Valley—has been learned."
msgstr ""
"C'est spécifiquement l'effet le plus spectaculaire du changement dans la "
-"stratégie de régulation que j'ai décrite dans le chapitre <xref "
-"xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"property-i\"/>. La "
+"stratégie de régulation que j'ai décrite dans le chapitre 10. La "
"conséquence de cette menace massive de responsabilité liée aux frontières "
"obscures de la loi du copyright est que les innovateurs qui veulent innover "
"dans cet espace ne peuvent innover en sécurité seulement si ils ont l'acte "
"Dr. Mohammad Al-Ubaydli for this example. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
"id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
+"Rafe Needleman, <quote>Driving in Cars with MP3s,</quote><citetitle> Business "
+"2.0,</citetitle> 16 June 2003, available at link #43. I am grateful to Dr. "
+"Mohammad Al-Ubaydli for this example."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
msgid ""
"and much less creativity."
msgstr ""
"L'idée n'est pas que les entreprises devraient avoir le droit d'excercer des "
-"activités illégales. L'idée est la définition de <quote>illégal</quote>. La loi "
+"activités illégales. L'idée est la définition de <citetitle>illégal</citetitle>. La loi "
"est un amas d'incertitudes. Nous n'avons pas de bon moyen de savoir comment "
"elle devrait s'appliquer aux nouvelles technologies. Et pourtant en inversant "
"notre tradition de respect de la justice, et en embrassant les pénalités "
"de l'industrie du contenu, certains dans le Congrès ont menacé que la "
"législation requiérerait que les ordinateurs déterminent si le contenu "
"auquel ils ont accès est protégé ou pas, et qu'ils désactivent la "
-"diffusion de contenu protégé<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>. "
-"Le Congrès a déjà lancé des procédures pour explorer un <quote>jeton de "
-"diffusion</quote> obligatoire qui serait requis sur tout système capable de "
-"transmettre de la vidéo numérique (c'est-à-dire un ordinateur), et qui "
-"désactiverait la possibilité de copier tout contenu marqué d'un jeton de "
-"diffusion. D'autres membres du Congrès ont proposé dé-responsabiliser les "
-"fournisseurs de contenu pour la technologie qu'ils pourraient déployer qui "
-"traquerait les violateurs de copyright et désactiverait leurs "
-"machines<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>."
+"diffusion de contenu protégé<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"Prometheus Books, 2001). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> "
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
msgstr ""
-"Jessica Litman, <citetitle> Digital Copyright</citetitle> (Amherst, N.Y.: "
-"Prometheus Books, 2001). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> "
-"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
+"Jessica Litman,<citetitle> Digital Copyright</citetitle> (Amherst, N.Y.: "
+"Prometheus Books, 2001)."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"been one part of that strategy. Free use (as in the case of the VCR) has "
"been another."
msgstr ""
-"Comme je l'ai décrit dans le chapitre <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" "
-"linkend=\"property-i\"/>, malgré cet aspect du copyright en "
+"Comme je l'ai décrit dans le chapitre 10, malgré cet aspect du copyright en "
"tant que régulation, et sujet aux qualifications importantes soulignées par "
"Jessica Litman dans son livre <citetitle>Digital "
"Copyright</citetitle><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>, dans "
-"l'ensemble cette histoire de copyright n'est pas mauvaise. Comme le détaille "
-"le chapitre <xref "
-"xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"property-i\"/>, quand de nouvelles technologies sont arrivées, le Congrès a "
+"l'ensemble cette histoire de copyright n'est pas mauvaise. Comem le détailel "
+"le chapitre 10, quand de nouvelles technologies sont arrivées, le Congrès a "
"trouvé le juste milieu pour assurer que le nouveau est protégé de "
"l'ancien. Des licenses obligatoires, ou statutaires, ont été une partie de "
"cette stratégie. L'usage libre (comme dans le cas du magnétoscope) en ont "
"distributor and any given user's conduct too attenuated to make the "
"distributor liable for contributory or vicarious infringement liability."
msgstr ""
+"The only circuit court exception is found in<citetitle> Recording Industry "
+"Association of America (RIAA)</citetitle> v.<citetitle> Diamond Multimedia "
+"Systems,</citetitle> 180 F. 3d 1072 (9th Cir. 1999). There the court of "
+"appeals for the Ninth Circuit reasoned that makers of a portable MP3 player "
+"were not liable for contributory copyright infringement for a device that is "
+"unable to record or redistribute music (a device whose only copying function "
+"is to render portable a music file already stored on a user's hard drive)."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Tauzin, Billy"
-msgstr "Tauzin, Billy"
+msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
msgid "Hollings, Fritz"
-msgstr "Hollings, Fritz"
+msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"Digital Media in a Post-Napster World,</quote> 27 June 2003, 33–34, "
"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #44</ulink>."
msgstr ""
+"For example, in July 2002, Representative Howard Berman introduced the Peer- "
+"to-Peer Piracy Prevention Act (H.R. 5211), which would immunize copyright "
+"holders from liability for damage done to computers when the copyright "
+"holders use technology to stop copyright infringement. In August 2002, "
+"Representative Billy Tauzin introduced a bill to mandate that technologies "
+"capable of rebroadcasting digital copies of films broadcast on TV (i.e., "
+"computers) respect a <quote>broadcast flag</quote> that would disable copying "
+"of that content. And in March of the same year, Senator Fritz Hollings "
+"introduced the Consumer Broadband and Digital Television Promotion Act, which "
+"mandated copyright protection technology in all digital media devices. See "
+"GartnerG2, <quote>Copyright and Digital Media in a Post-Napster "
+"World,</quote> 27 June 2003, 33-34, available at link #44."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"demise of Internet radio."
msgstr ""
"La réponse des tribunaux a été assez universelle<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>. Elle a été reflétée dans les réponses menacées "
-"et véritablement mise en oeuvre par le Congrès. Je ne ferai pas la liste de "
-"toutes ces réponses ici<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>. Mais il y a "
-"un exemple qui capture la saveur de toutes celles-ci. C'est l'histoire de la "
-"mort des webradios."
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>. Mais il y a un exemple qui capture la saveur de "
+"toutes celles-ci. C'est l'histoire de la mort des webradios."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"owners of <quote>Happy Birthday</quote> would get some money, whereas "
"Marilyn Monroe would not."
msgstr ""
-"Comme je l'ai décrit dans le chapitre <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" "
-"linkend=\"pirates\"/>, quand une station de radio joue une "
+"Comme je l'ai décrit dans le chapitre 4, quand une station de radio joue une "
"chanson, l'artiste-interprète n'est pas payé pour cette "
"<quote>interprétation radiophonique</quote> à moins qu'il ou elle soit "
"également le compositeur. Donc, par exemple si Marylin Monroe avait "
"media-neutral way.</quote> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> "
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
msgstr ""
+"This example was derived from fees set by the original Copyright Arbitration "
+"Royalty Panel (CARP) proceedings, and is drawn from an example offered by "
+"Professor William Fisher. Conference Proceedings, iLaw (Stanford), 3 July "
+"2003, on file with author. Professors Fisher and Zittrain submitted testimony "
+"in the CARP proceeding that was ultimately rejected. See Jonathan Zittrain, "
+"Digital Performance Right in Sound Recordings and Ephemeral Recordings, "
+"Docket No. 2000-9, CARP DTRA 1 and 2, available at link #45."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
"à la fin de la prohibition, la consommation avait remonté jusqu'à 70 pour "
"cent du niveau pré-prohibition. Les Américains buvaient presque autant, "
"mais maintenant, un vaste nombre étaient des criminels<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>. Nous avons lancé une guerre contre la drogue "
-"visant à réduire la consommation de narcotiques régulés que 7 pour cent (ou "
-"16 millions) d'Américains utilisent maintenant<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
-"id=\"1\"/>. C'est une chute par rapport au pic de 1979 avec 14 pour cent de la "
-"population. Nous régulons les automobiles au point qu'une vaste majorité des "
-"Américains violent la loi chaque jour. Nous faisons fonctionner un système "
-"d'impôts complexe qu'une majorité des entreprises financières violent "
-"régulièrement<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/>. Nous nous "
-"enorgueillissons "
-"de notre <quote>société libre</quote>, mais une liste sans fin de comportements "
-"ordinaires est régulée au sein de notre société. Avec comme résultat, une "
-"énorme proportion d'Américains viole régulièrement au moins quelque loi."
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>. Nous nous enorgueillons de notre "
+"<quote>société libre</quote>, mais une liste sans fin de comportements "
+"ordinaires est régulée au sein de notre société. Avec comme résultat, "
+"une énorme proportion d'Américains viole régulièrement au moins quelque "
+"loi."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
msgid "law schools"
"corruption qui est particulièrement important pour les libertés civiles, et "
"qui suit directement tout guerre de prohibition. Comme le décrit l'avocat de "
"l'Electronic Frontier Foundation, c'est le <quote>dommage collatéral</quote> "
-"qui <quote>survient à chaque fois que vous changez un très grand pourcentage de la "
-"population en criminels</quote>. C'est le dommage collatéral des libertés civiles "
+"qui survient à chaque fois que vous changez un très grand pourcentage de la "
+"population en criminels\". C'est le dommage collatéral des libertés civiles "
"en général."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
"out. Next to you is a bucket, filled with gasoline. Obviously, gasoline "
"won't put the fire out."
msgstr ""
-"<emphasis role='strong'>Voici</emphasis> la scène: Vous êtes debout au le bord de la route. Votre voiture a "
+"Voici la scène: Vous êtes debout au le bord de la route. Votre voiture a "
"pris feu. Vous êtes énervé et en colère parce que vous êtes en partie "
"responsable de l'incendie. Et maintenant vous ne savez pas comment "
"l'éteindre. Près de vous se trouve un seau rempli d'essence. Évidemment, "
"explanatory text, would make this nineteenth-century author's work come "
"alive."
msgstr ""
-"<emphasis role='strong'>En 1995</emphasis>, un père était frustré que ses filles semblent ne pas apprécier "
+"En 1995, un père était frustré que ses filles semblent ne pas apprécier "
"Hawthorne. Nul doute qu'il y avait plus d'un père dans cette situation, mais "
"au moins l'un d'entra eux tenta d'y changer quelque chose. Eric Eldred, un "
"programmeur à la retraite qui vivait dans le New Hampshire, décida de "
"imprimées, qu'ils vendent en librairie partout dans le pays. D'autres, comme "
"Disney, prennent ces histoires et les changent en dessins animés, parfois "
"avec succès (<citetitle>Cendrillon</citetitle>), parfois sans (<citetitle "
-">Notre-Dame de Paris</citetitle>, <citetitle>La Planète au Trésor</citetitle>). Ce sont toutes des "
+">Notre-Dame de Paris, La Planète au Trésor</citetitle>). Ce sont toutes des "
"publications commerciales d'œuvres du domaine public."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
"few. Yet one would think it at least as important to protect the Eldreds of "
"the world as to protect noncommercial pornographers."
msgstr ""
-"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> There's a parallel here with "
-"pornography that is a bit hard to describe, but "
+"There's a parallel here with pornography that is a bit hard to describe, but "
"it's a strong one. One phenomenon that the Internet created was a world of "
"noncommercial pornographers—people who were distributing porn but were "
"not making money directly or indirectly from that distribution. Such a class "
"collection de poèmes de Robert Frost, <citetitle>New Hampshire</citetitle>, "
"était promis au passage dans le domaine public. Eldred voulait publier cette "
"collection dans sa bibliothèque publique gratuite. Mais le Congrès s'est "
-"interposé. Comme je l'ai décrit dans le chapitre <xref "
-"xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"property-i\"/>, en 1998, pour la "
+"interposé. Comme je l'ai décrit dans le chapitre 10, en 1998, pour la "
"onzième fois en quarante ans, le Congrès a étendu la durée des copyrights "
"existants—cette fois de vingt ans. Eldred ne serait pas libre d'ajouter "
"dans sa bibliothèque des oeuvres plus récentes que 1923 à sa collection "
"one day. Perhaps the Committee may look at that next Congress,</quote> 144 "
"Cong. Rec. H9946, 9951-2 (October 7, 1998)."
msgstr ""
-"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
-"id=\"1\"/>The full text is: <quote>Sonny [Bono] wanted the term of copyright "
-"protection "
+"The full text is: <quote>Sonny [Bono] wanted the term of copyright protection "
"to last forever. I am informed by staff that such a change would violate the "
"Constitution. I invite all of you to work with me to strengthen our copyright "
"laws in all of the ways available to us. As you know, there is also Jack "
"Valenti's proposal for a term to last forever less one day. Perhaps the "
-"Committee may look at that next Congress</quote>, 144 Cong. Rec. H9946, "
+"Committee may look at that next Congress,</quote> 144 Cong. Rec. H9946, "
"9951-2 (October 7, 1998)."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
"longer be receiving the annual royalty check of $100,000 from the publishers "
"of those works.</quote>"
msgstr ""
-"<quote>L'année prochaine</quote>, annonce le conseiller, <quote>nos droits "
+"<quote>L'année prochaine</quote>, annonce le conseiller, \"nos copyrights "
"sur les œuvres A, B et C vont expirer. Cela signifie que l'année prochaine, "
"nous ne recevrons plus le chèque annuel de droits d'auteur de 100.000 "
-"dollars des éditeurs de ces œuvres</quote>."
+"dollars des éditeurs de ces œuvres."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"des trente représentants ayant soutenu la loi à la Chambre ont reçu la "
"contribution maximale du comité d'action politique de Disney ; au "
"sénat, huit des douze représentants ont reçu des "
-"contributions.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>. On estime que la RIAA et la MPAA ont dépensé plus de 1,5 million de dollars en lobbying dans le cycle électoral de 1998. Ils ont payé plus de 200.000 dollars dans des contributions de campagne.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> On estime que Disney a contribué pour plus de 800.000 dollars aux campagnes de réélection dans le cycle de 1998<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/>."
+"contributions.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"Depuis 1937, la Cour Suprême avait interprété les pouvoirs accordés au "
"Congrès très largement; donc, tandis que la constitution accorde au "
"Congrès le pouvoir de ne réguler que le <quote>commerce parmi les "
-"différents états</quote> (aussi appelé <quote>commerce inter-état</quote>), la Cour Suprême a interprété ce pouvoir comme "
+"différents états</quote>, la Cour Suprême a interprété ce pouvoir comme "
"incluant le pouvoir de réguler toute activité qui affecte simplement le "
"commerce entre états."
msgstr ""
"<quote>Nous marquons une pause pour examiner les implications des arguments "
"du gouvernement</quote>, écrivit le Chief Justice<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>. Si quoi que dise le Congrès est que le commerce "
-"entre état doit donc être considéré comme commerce entre état, alors il n'y "
-"aurait aucune limite au pouvoir du Congrès. La décision dans "
-"<citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> fut réaffirmée cinq ans plus tard dans "
-"<citetitle>United States</citetitle> contre "
-"<citetitle>Morrison</citetitle><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>."
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"boring. I was not going to devote my life to teaching constitutional law if "
"these nine Justices were going to be petty politicians."
msgstr ""
-"<emphasis>Si</emphasis>, pour ainsi dire, le principe annoncé dans "
+"<citetitle>Si</citetitle>, pour ainsi dire, le principe annoncé dans "
"<citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> représentait un principe. Beaucoup crurent que "
"la décision dans <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> représentait de la "
"politique—une Cour Suprême conservatrice, qui croyait en les droits "
"du Dr. Seuss—mieux que de permettre qu'elle tombe dans le domaine "
"public—car si cette créativité était dans le domaine public, alors "
"les gens pourraient l'utiliser pour <quote>glorifier les drogues et créer de "
-"la pornographie</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>. "
-"C'était également le motif des successeurs de Gershwin, qui défendaient leur "
-"<quote>protection</quote> de l'oeuvre de George Gershwin. Ils refusent, par "
-"exemple, d'accorder un droit d'exploitation pour <citetitle>Porgy and "
-"Bess</citetitle> à quiconque qui refuse d'utiliser des Afro-Américains "
-"dans la distribution<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>. C'est leur "
+"la pornographie</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>. C'est leur "
"vision de comment cette partie de la culture américaine devrait être "
"contrôlée, et ils voulaient que cette loi les aide à effectuer ce "
"contrôle."
"avec laquelle cette Cour pouvait réconcilier les pouvoirs limités avec la "
"Commerce Clause et des pouvoirs illimités avec la Progress Clause. Il ne "
"m'était jamais apparu qu'ils pouvaient réconcilier les deux simplement "
-"<emphasis>en ne mentionnant pas l'argument</emphasis>. Il n'y avait pas "
+"<citetitle>en ne mentionnant pas l'argument</citetitle>. Il n'y avait pas "
"d'incohérence parce qu'ils ne parlaient pas des deux ensemble. Il n'y avait "
"donc aucun principe qui s'ensuivait de l'affaire "
"<citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>: dans ce contexte-là, le pouvoir du Congrès "
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
msgid "originalism"
-msgstr "originalisme"
+msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"concepteurs, interprété dans leur contexte, à la lumière de la structure "
"de la Constitution. Cette méthode a produit <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>, et "
"de nombreux autres verdicts <quote>originalistes</quote>. Où était leur "
-"<quote>originalisme</quote> maintenant ?"
+"originalisme maintenant ?"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Les meilleurs réactions étaient dans les caricatures. Il y avait une foule "
"d'images hilarantes—de Mickey en prison ou dans ce genre-là. La "
-"meilleure, de mon point de vue de l'affaire, était celle de Ruben Bolling, "
-"reproduite par la figure <xref "
-"xrefstyle=\"template:%n\" linkend=\"fig-18\"/>. La ligne <quote>puissant et riche</quote> est "
+"meilleurs, de mon point de vue de l'affaire, était celle de Ruben Bolling, "
+"reproduite sur la page suivante. La ligne <quote>puisant et riche</quote> est "
"un peu injuste. Mais le coup de point dans la figure était exactement ainsi."
-" <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure>
msgid ""
"<graphic fileref=\"images/tom-the-dancing-bug.png\" align=\"center\" "
"width=\"100%\"></graphic> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-"<graphic fileref=\"images/tom-the-dancing-bug.png\" align=\"center\" "
-"width=\"100%\"></graphic> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"Cases and Materials</citetitle> (New York: Foundation Press, 2001), "
"153–54."
msgstr ""
-"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>Jusqu'à la Loi de la Convention de "
-"Berne de Berlin de 1908, la législation "
+"Jusqu'à la Loi de la Convention de Berne de Berlin de 1908, la législation "
"nationale du copyright faisait parfoi sdépendre la protection de l'accord "
"avec des formalités telles que l'enregistrement, le dépôt et l'apposement "
"d'une indication de la revendication de copyright de l'auteur. Toutefois, à "
"respect the dignity of the author. My right as a creator turns on my "
"creativity, not upon the special favor of the government."
msgstr ""
-"Comme je l'ai décrit dans le chapitre <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" "
-"linkend=\"property-i\"/>, les formalités dans la loi du "
+"Comme je l'ai décrit dans le chapitre 10, les formalités dans la loi du "
"copyright ont été enlevées en 1976, quand le Congrès a suivi les "
"Européens en abandonnant toute exigence formelle avant qu'un copyright soit "
"accordé<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>. On dit que les Européens "
"d'authentifier qui est l'auteur et quels droits il possède. Les transactions "
"simples sont détruites dans un monde sans formalités. Des transactions "
"<emphasis>d'avocat</emphasis> complexes et chères prennent leur place."
-"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Ce qui est difficile à comprendre est pourquoi le public adopte cette "
"vision. C'est comme si la loi faisait des avions des violeurs de propriété. "
-"La MPAA se dresse avec les Causbys et demande que leurs droits de propriété "
-"inutiles et "
-"lointains soient respectés, de telle sorte que les "
-"détenteurs de ces copyrights lointains et oubliés "
-"puissent bloquer le progrès des autres."
+"The MPAA stands with the Causbys and demands that their remote and useless "
+"property rights be respected, so that these remote and forgotten copyright "
+"holders might block the progress of others."
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"owner and gain permission to build upon his work. The future will be "
"controlled by this dead (and often unfindable) hand of the past."
msgstr ""
-"Tout cela semble découler facilement de cette acceptation confortable du "
-"principe de <quote>propriété</quote> dans la propriété intellectuelle. "
-"Le sens commun le soutient, "
+"All this seems to follow easily from this untroubled acceptance of the "
+"<quote>property</quote> in intellectual property. Le sens commun le soutient, "
"et tant qu'il le soutient, les assauts pleuveront sur les technologies "
"d'Internet. La conséquence sera une <quote>société de la "
"permission</quote> croissante. Le passé peut être cultivé seulement si "
"37. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder "
"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
msgstr ""
-"Voir Peter Drahos avec John Braithwaite,<citetitle> Information Feudalism: Who "
+"See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite,<citetitle> Information Feudalism: Who "
"Owns the Knowledge Economy?</citetitle> (New York: The New Press, 2003), 37."
-"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder "
-"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"puisse dire. Comme le rapporte l'Association Internationale de la Propriété "
"Intellectuelle, <quote>Le gouvernement U.S. pressa l'Afrique du Sud... de ne "
"pas autoriser les licences contraignantes, ou bien les importations "
-"parallèles</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>. "
-"Par l'intermédiaire du Bureau des Représentants de Commerce des Etats Unis "
-"(USTR), le gouvernement demanda à l'Afrique du Sud de changer sa loi— "
-"et pour ajouter de la pression à cette demande, en 1998 le USTR désigna "
-"l'Afrique du Sud pour d'éventuelles sanctions commerciales. La même année, "
-"plus de quarante compagnies pharmaceutiques entamèrent des procès dans les "
-"tribunaux sud-africains, pour remettre en question la politique du "
-"gouvernement. Les Etats-Unis furent ensuite rejoints par d'autres "
-"gouvernements de l'Union Européenne. Leur argument, et l'argument des "
-"compagnies pharmaceutiques, était que l'Afrique du Sud manquait à ses "
-"obligations selon la loi internationale, en ne respectant pas les brevets "
-"pharmaceutiques. La demande de ces gouvernements, États-Unis en tête, était "
-"que l'Afrique du Sud respectât ces brevets, tout comme elle respectait les "
-"autres types de brevets, nonobstant toute conséquence sur le traitement du "
-"sida en Afrique du Sud.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>"
+"parallèles.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"demande: <quote>Comment se fait-il que vous puissiez vendre ce médicament "
"antisida pour un dollar le comprimé en Afrique, et que le même médicament "
"coûte 1.500 dollars à un Américain?</quote> Parce qu'il n'y a pas de "
-"<quote>réponse simple</quote> à cette question, son effet serait d'induire une régulation "
+"réponse simple à cette question, son effet serait d'induire une régulation "
"des prix en Amérique. Les compagnies pharmaceutiques évitent d'entrer dans "
"cette spirale. Elles renforcent l'idée que la propriété doit être "
"sacrée. Elles adoptent une stratégie rationnelle dans un contexte "
"en sont des exemples, tous deux ont été développés à partir de "
"protocoles du domaine public. Une mouvement nouveau visant à développer des "
"journaux académiques ouverts, comme le projet Public Library of Science "
-"décrit dans la <link linkend=\"c-afterword\">Postface</link>, en faisait partie. De même qu'un projet pour "
+"décrit dans la postface, en faisait partie. De même qu'un projet pour "
"recenser les Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNP), dont l'importance pour la "
"recherche biomédicale est tenue pour cruciale. (Ce projet non-commercial "
"comprenait un consortium rassemblant le Wellcome Trust et des compagnies "
"See Drahos with Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism</citetitle>, "
"210–20. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
-"Voir Drahos avec Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism</citetitle>, "
-"210-20.<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"See Drahos with Braithwaite,<citetitle> Information Feudalism,</citetitle> "
+"210-20."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>Alors que j'écris</emphasis> ces derniers mots, les "
"journaux sont remplis d'histoires au sujet des procès menés par la RIAA "
"contre presque trois cent individus.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
-"id=\"0\"/>. Eminem vient d'être poursuivi pour avoir <quote>enregistré</quote> "
-"la musique de quelqu'un d'autre<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>. "
-"L'histoire au sujet de Bob Dylan qui a <quote>volé</quote> un auteur japonais "
-"vient tout juste de cesser de faire les gros titres"
-"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/>. Un correspondant de Hollywood (qui "
-"tient à rester anonyme) "
+"id=\"0\"/>. Un correspondant de Hollywood (qui tient à rester anonyme) "
"rapporte <quote>une conversation étonnante avec les gens des studios. Ils "
"ont des [vieux] films extraordinaires, qu'ils adoreraient utiliser, mais ils "
"ne peuvent pas car ils ne peuvent pas acquitter les droits. Il ont des tas de "
"some will to transform the RCAs of our day into the Causbys."
msgstr ""
"Et pourtant de l'autre côté de l'Atlantique, la BBC vient d'annoncer "
-"qu'elle va créer une <quote>Archive des Créations</quote>, à partir de laquelle les "
+"qu'elle va créer une Archive des Créations, à partir de laquelle les "
"sujets britanniques pourront télécharger les contenus de la BBC, les "
"éditer, mélanger, réutiliser.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> "
-"Et au Brésil, le ministre de la culture, Gilberto Gil, lui-même un héros "
-"populaire de la musique brésilienne, s'est allié aux Creative Commons pour "
-"diffuser du contenu et des licences libres dans ce pays d'Amérique latine."
-"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> "
"L'histoire que j'ai racontée est bien sombre. La vérité est plus mitigée. "
"Une technologie nous a donné une liberté nouvelle. Lentement, certains "
"commencent à comprendre que cette liberté ne veut pas forcément dire "
-"anarchie. Nous pouvons transposer notre culture libre dans le vingt-et-"
+"anarchie. Nous pouvons transposer notre culture libre dans le vingt-et- "
"unième siècle, sans que les artistes ne soient lésés, et sans que le "
"potentiel de la technologie numérique ne soit gâché. Il faudra des efforts "
"de reflexion, et surtout de la volonté, pour transformer en Causby les RCA "
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
msgid "Us, now"
-msgstr "Nous, maintenant"
+msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Ce qu'il faut, c'est un moyen de dire quelque chose entre les deux, ni "
"<quote>tous droits reservés</quote> ni <quote>aucun droit reservé</quote>, "
-"mais <quote>des droits réservés</quote> — "
"et ainsi une façon de respecter les copyrights tout en permettant aux "
"auteurs de liberer les droits comme ils le souhaitent. En d'autres termes, "
"nous avons besoin de rétablir un ensemble de libertés que nous tenions pour "
"by the costs that friction imposes on anyone who would want to spy."
msgstr ""
"Eh bien, si nous pensons en termes des modalités que j'ai décrites dans le "
-"chapitre <xref "
-"xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"property-i\"/>, votre vie privée "
-"était assurée à cause d'une architecture "
+"chapitre 10, votre vie privée était assurée à cause d'une architecture "
"inefficace pour rassembler des données et ainsi à cause d'une contrainte du "
"marché (le cout) sur quiconque voulait rassembler ces données. Si vous "
"étiez un espion suspecté pour la Corée du Nord, travaillant pour la CIA, "
"d'exploitation libre, afin qu'au moins une souche de logiciel libre survive. "
"C'était la naissance du projet GNU, dans lequel le noyau "
"<quote>Linux</quote> de Linus Torvald a été ajouté pour produire le "
-"système d'exploitation GNU/Linux.<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> "
-"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
+"système d'exploitation GNU/Linux."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"d'échantillonner du contenu de l'oeuvre sous licence; ils ne sont simplement "
"pas libres de rendre disponibles à d'autres des copies complètes d'oeuvres. "
"C'est cohérent avec leur propre art—eux aussi prennent des "
-"échantillons chez d'autres. Parce que les coûts <emphasis>légaux</emphasis> "
+"échantillons chez d'autres. Parce que les couts <emphasis>légaux</emphasis> "
"de l'échantillonnage sont si élevés (Walter Leaphart, manager du groupe de "
"rap Public Enemy, qui est né en échantillonnant la musique des autres, a "
-"affirmé qu'il ne <quote>permettait</quote> plus à Public Enemy "
-"d'échantillonner, parce que les co
ûts légaux sont trop élevés<placeholder "
+"affirmé qu'il ne <emphasis>permettait</emphasis> plus à Public Enemy "
+"d'échantillonner, parce que les co
uts légaux sont trop élevés<placeholder "
"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>), ces artistes diffusent dans l'environnement "
"créatif du contenu que les autres peuvent réutiliser, afin que cette forme "
"de créativité puisse croitre."
"implement these reforms. But that also means that we have time to build "
"awareness around the changes that we need."
msgstr ""
-"<emphasis role='strong'>Nous ne rétablirons</emphasis> pas une culture libre uniquement par l’action "
+"Nous ne rétablirons pas une culture libre uniquement par l’action "
"individuelle. Cela nécessitera aussi d’importantes réformes "
"législatives. Un long chemin nous attend avant que les politiciens écoutent "
"ces idées et mettent en œuvre ces réformes. Cependant, cela veut aussi "
"automatiquement un copyright, sans tenir compte du fait que vous soyez ou non "
"en conformité avec une quelconque formalité. Vous n’avez pas à "
"déclarer. Vous n’avez même pas à marquer votre contenu. Le contrôle est "
-"là par défaut, les <quote>formalités</quote> sont exclues."
+"là par défaut, les formalités sont exclues."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid "Why?"
"law relaxed the formal requirements that a copyright owner must bear to "
"protect and secure his work. Those formalities were getting in the way."
msgstr ""
-"Comme je l’ai suggéré dans le chapitre <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" "
-"linkend=\"property-i\"/>, la motivation d’abolir les "
+"Comme je l’ai suggéré dans le chapitre 10, la motivation d’abolir les "
"formalités en était une bonne. Dans le mode précédant les technologies "
"numériques, les formalités imposaient un fardeau sur les titulaires de "
"copyright sans beaucoup de bénéfice. Ainsi, c’étati un progrès quand la "
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary>
msgid "veterans' pensions"
-msgstr "pension des vétérans"
+msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para>
msgid ""
"and/or Pension, VA Form 21-526 (OMB Approved No. 2900-0001), available at "
"<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #75</ulink>."
msgstr ""
+"Department of Veterans Affairs, Veteran’s Application for Compensation "
+"and/or Pension, VA Form 21-526 (OMB Approved No. 2900-0001), available at "
+"link #75."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
msgid ""
"Ces changements mis ensemble devraient produire une durée "
"<emphasis>moyenne</emphasis> de copyright qui est bien plus courte que la "
"durée actuelle. Jusqu’à 1976, la durée moyenne était juste de "
-"32,2 ans. Nous devrions viser la même "
+"32<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> ans. Nous devrions viser la même "
"chose."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
"than Richard Nixon presided over?"
msgstr ""
"Il ne fait pas de doute que les extrémistes qualifieront ces idées de "
-"<quote>radicales</quote>. (Après tout, je les appelle <quote>extrémistes</quote>.) Mais là "
+"<citetitle>radicales</citetitle>. (Après tout, je les appelle <citetitle>extrémistes</citetitle>.) Mais là "
"encore, la durée que j’ai recommandée était plus longue que la durée "
-"sous Richard Nixon. À quel point est-ce <quote>radical</quote> de demander une loi "
+"sous Richard Nixon. À quel point est-ce <citetitle>radical</citetitle> de demander une loi "
"du copyright plus généreuse que ce qu’elle était sous Richard "
"Nixon ?"
"y en a) ; mais il n’y a pas de sens que ce droit dure la même durée "
"que le copyright sous-jacent. Le droit dérivatif pourrait être important en "
"induisant la créativité ; il n’est pas important longtemps après "
-"que le travail créatif soit fait. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"que le travail créatif soit fait."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Paul Goldstein, <citetitle>Copyright’s Highway: From Gutenberg to the "
"Celestial Jukebox</citetitle> (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), "
-"187-216. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"187-216."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"Les réseaux d’échange de fichiers compliquent ce modèle en rendant "
"possible la diffusion de contenu pour lequel l’interprète n’a pas été "
"payé. Mais bien sûr, ce n’est pas tout ce que les réseaux de partage de "
-"fichiers permettent. Comme je l’ai décrit dans le chapitre <xref "
-"xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"piracy\"/>, ils "
+"fichiers permettent. Comme je l’ai décrit dans le chapitre 5, ils "
"permettent quatre différents types de partage :"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
"There are some who are using sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing "
"CDs."
msgstr ""
-"Il y a certains qui utilisent les réseaux de partage en tant que "
+"A. Il y a certains qui utilisent les réseaux de partage en tant que "
"substituts pour l’achat de CDs."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
"There are also some who are using sharing networks to sample, on the way to "
"purchasing CDs."
msgstr ""
-"Il y a aussi certains qui utilisent les réseaux de partage pour avoir des "
+"B. Il y a aussi certains qui utilisent les réseaux de partage pour avoir des "
"échantillons, afin d’acheter des CDs."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
"that is no longer sold but is still under copyright or that would have been "
"too cumbersome to buy off the Net."
msgstr ""
-"Il y a de nombreux qui utilisent les réseaux de partage de fichier pour "
+"C. Il y a de nombreux qui utilisent les réseaux de partage de fichier pour "
"accéder à du contenu qui n’est plus vendu mais qui est encore soumis au "
"copyright ou qu’il serait trop pénible d’acheter sur Internet."
"that is not copyrighted or to get access that the copyright owner plainly "
"endorses."
msgstr ""
-"Il y a de nombreux qui utilisent les réseaux de partage de fichiers pour "
+"D. Il y a de nombreux qui utilisent les réseaux de partage de fichiers pour "
"accéder à du contenu qui n’est pas sous copyright ou pour avoir un accès "
"que le titulaire du copyright approuve totalement."
"assume, in other words, that type A sharing is significantly greater than "
"type B, and is the dominant use of sharing networks."
msgstr ""
-"Comme je l’ai dit dans le chapitre <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" "
-"linkend=\"piracy\"/>, le mal effectivement causé est sujet "
+"Comme je l’ai dit dans le chapitre 5, le mal effectivement causé est sujet "
"à controverse. Dans l’objectif de ce chapitre, toutefois, je suppose que "
"le mal est réel. Je suppose, en d’autres termes, que le type A de partage "
"est bien plus grand que le type B, et est l’utilisation dominante des "
"pas la manière la plus facle d’obtenir accès à une large palette de "
"contenu dans dix ans. Aujourd’hui, l’accès à Internet est pénible et "
"lent — nous, aux États-Unis, sommes chanceux d’avoir un service de haut "
-"débit à 1,5 méga, et nous avons "
-"très rarement un service à cette vitesse à la fois en émission et en "
+"débit à 1 méga<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>, et nous avons "
+"très rarement un service à cette vitesse à la fosi en envoi et en "
"réception. Bien que l’accès sans fil augmente, la plupart d’entre nous "
"avons accès à travers des fils. La plupart d’entre nous obtenons accès "
"à travers une machine avec u nclavier. L’idée d’un Internet toujours "
"Inc. Newsletter, 3 April 2002, available at <ulink "
"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #76</ulink>."
msgstr ""
-"Voir, par exemple, <quote>Music Media Watch</quote>, The J@pan Inc. "
-"Newsletter, 3 avril 2002, disponible au link #76."
+"See, for example, <quote>Music Media Watch,</quote> The J@pan Inc. "
+"Newsletter, 3 April 2002, available at link #76."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
"id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/>"
msgstr ""
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> William Fisher, <citetitle>Digital Music: Problems and "
+"Possibilities</citetitle> (last revised: 10 October 2000), available at link "
+"#77; William Fisher, <citetitle>Promises to Keep: Technology, Law, and the "
+"Future of Entertainment</citetitle> (forthcoming) (Stanford: Stanford "
+"University Press, 2004), ch. 6, available at link #78. Professor Netanel has "
+"proposed a related idea that would exempt noncommercial sharing from the "
+"reach of copyright and would establish compensation to artists to balance any "
+"loss. See Neil Weinstock Netanel, <quote>Impose a Noncommercial Use Levy to "
+"Allow Free P2P File Sharing,</quote> available at link #79. For other "
+"proposals, see Lawrence Lessig, <quote>Who’s Holding Back "
+"Broadband?</quote> <citetitle>Washington Post,</citetitle> 8 January 2002, "
+"A17; Philip S. Corwin on behalf of Sharman Networks, A Letter to Senator "
+"Joseph R. Biden, Jr., Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, 26 "
+"February 2002, available at link #80; Serguei Osokine, <citetitle>A Quick "
+"Case for Intellectual Property Use Fee (IPUF),</citetitle> 3 March 2002, "
+"available at link #81; Jefferson Graham, <quote>Kazaa, Verizon Propose to Pay "
+"Artists Directly,</quote> <citetitle>USA Today,</citetitle> 13 May 2002, "
+"available at link #82; Steven M. Cherry, <quote>Getting Copyright "
+"Right,</quote> IEEE Spectrum Online, 1 July 2002, available at link #83; "
+"Declan Mc-Cullagh, <quote>Verizon’s Copyright Campaign,</quote> CNET "
+"News.com, 27 August 2002, available at link #84."
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
+"id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/>"
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
"system. See, for example, <citetitle>Rethinking</citetitle>, 174–76. "
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
+"A good example is the work of Professor Stan Liebowitz. Liebowitz is to be "
+"commended for his careful review of data about infringement, leading him to "
+"question his own publicly stated position—twice. He initially predicted "
+"that downloading would substantially harm the industry. He then revised his "
+"view in light of the data, and he has since revised his view again. Compare "
+"Stan J. Liebowitz, <citetitle>Rethinking the Network Economy: The True Forces "
+"That Drive the Digital Marketplace</citetitle> (New York: Amacom, 2002), 173 "
+"(reviewing his original view but expressing skepticism) with Stan J. "
+"Liebowitz, <quote>Will MP3s Annihilate the Record Industry?</quote> working "
+"paper, June 2003, available at link #86."
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
msgid ""
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2015-09-17 11:43+0200\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2015-10-01 08:08+0200\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
"Last-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL@ADDRESS>\n"
"Language-Team: LANGUAGE <LL@li.org>\n"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:95 freeculture.xml:15937
+#: freeculture.xml:95 freeculture.xml:15938
msgid ""
"This book is licensed under a Creative Commons license. This license permits "
"non-commercial use of this work, so long as attribution is given. For more "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:335 freeculture.xml:13953
+#: freeculture.xml:335 freeculture.xml:13954
msgid "CodePink Women in Peace"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:336 freeculture.xml:357 freeculture.xml:13954
+#: freeculture.xml:336 freeculture.xml:357 freeculture.xml:13955
msgid "Safire, William"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:426 freeculture.xml:14985
+#: freeculture.xml:426 freeculture.xml:14986
msgid "land ownership, air traffic and"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:427 freeculture.xml:4693 freeculture.xml:13855 freeculture.xml:14986
+#: freeculture.xml:427 freeculture.xml:4693 freeculture.xml:13856 freeculture.xml:14987
msgid "property rights"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:427 freeculture.xml:14986
+#: freeculture.xml:427 freeculture.xml:14987
msgid "air traffic vs."
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:451 freeculture.xml:464 freeculture.xml:497 freeculture.xml:517 freeculture.xml:703 freeculture.xml:831 freeculture.xml:958 freeculture.xml:976 freeculture.xml:1024 freeculture.xml:9642 freeculture.xml:13270 freeculture.xml:14057
+#: freeculture.xml:451 freeculture.xml:464 freeculture.xml:497 freeculture.xml:517 freeculture.xml:703 freeculture.xml:831 freeculture.xml:958 freeculture.xml:976 freeculture.xml:1024 freeculture.xml:9642 freeculture.xml:13271 freeculture.xml:14058
msgid "Causby, Thomas Lee"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:452 freeculture.xml:465 freeculture.xml:498 freeculture.xml:518 freeculture.xml:704 freeculture.xml:832 freeculture.xml:959 freeculture.xml:977 freeculture.xml:1025 freeculture.xml:9643 freeculture.xml:13271 freeculture.xml:14058
+#: freeculture.xml:452 freeculture.xml:465 freeculture.xml:498 freeculture.xml:518 freeculture.xml:704 freeculture.xml:832 freeculture.xml:959 freeculture.xml:977 freeculture.xml:1025 freeculture.xml:9643 freeculture.xml:13272 freeculture.xml:14059
msgid "Causby, Tinie"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:467 freeculture.xml:4581 freeculture.xml:5184 freeculture.xml:8955 freeculture.xml:12298 freeculture.xml:12299 freeculture.xml:14369
+#: freeculture.xml:467 freeculture.xml:4581 freeculture.xml:5184 freeculture.xml:8955 freeculture.xml:12299 freeculture.xml:12300 freeculture.xml:14370
msgid "Supreme Court, U.S."
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:598 freeculture.xml:6877 freeculture.xml:14121
+#: freeculture.xml:598 freeculture.xml:6877 freeculture.xml:14122
msgid "RCA"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:723 freeculture.xml:1097 freeculture.xml:2315 freeculture.xml:2352 freeculture.xml:2365 freeculture.xml:2449 freeculture.xml:2483 freeculture.xml:2509 freeculture.xml:2760 freeculture.xml:4186 freeculture.xml:6757 freeculture.xml:7620 freeculture.xml:7688 freeculture.xml:7976 freeculture.xml:10260 freeculture.xml:13586 freeculture.xml:14152 freeculture.xml:14153 freeculture.xml:14227 freeculture.xml:14758
+#: freeculture.xml:723 freeculture.xml:1097 freeculture.xml:2315 freeculture.xml:2352 freeculture.xml:2365 freeculture.xml:2449 freeculture.xml:2483 freeculture.xml:2509 freeculture.xml:2760 freeculture.xml:4186 freeculture.xml:6757 freeculture.xml:7620 freeculture.xml:7688 freeculture.xml:7976 freeculture.xml:10260 freeculture.xml:13587 freeculture.xml:14153 freeculture.xml:14154 freeculture.xml:14228 freeculture.xml:14759
msgid "Internet"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:723 freeculture.xml:4733 freeculture.xml:13586 freeculture.xml:14152
+#: freeculture.xml:723 freeculture.xml:4733 freeculture.xml:13587 freeculture.xml:14153
msgid "development of"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:761 freeculture.xml:810 freeculture.xml:1701 freeculture.xml:5291 freeculture.xml:6526 freeculture.xml:14192
+#: freeculture.xml:761 freeculture.xml:810 freeculture.xml:1701 freeculture.xml:5291 freeculture.xml:6526 freeculture.xml:14193
msgid "free culture"
msgstr ""
"in publication, but also a privacy interest. By granting authors the "
"exclusive right to first publication, state copyright law gave authors the "
"power to control the spread of facts about them. See Samuel D. Warren and "
-"Louis D. Brandeis, <quote>The Right to Privacy,</quote> Harvard Law Review 4 "
-"(1890): 193, 198–200. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"Louis D. Brandeis, <quote>The Right to Privacy,</quote> <citetitle>Harvard "
+"Law Review</citetitle> 4 (1890): 193, 198–200. <placeholder "
+"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:877 freeculture.xml:4400 freeculture.xml:6298 freeculture.xml:7575 freeculture.xml:11227 freeculture.xml:13159
+#: freeculture.xml:877 freeculture.xml:4400 freeculture.xml:6298 freeculture.xml:7575 freeculture.xml:11227 freeculture.xml:13160
msgid "Valenti, Jack"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:909 freeculture.xml:6909 freeculture.xml:7022 freeculture.xml:7023 freeculture.xml:7024 freeculture.xml:7073 freeculture.xml:7663 freeculture.xml:8953 freeculture.xml:11253 freeculture.xml:11555 freeculture.xml:12209 freeculture.xml:12370
+#: freeculture.xml:909 freeculture.xml:6909 freeculture.xml:7022 freeculture.xml:7023 freeculture.xml:7024 freeculture.xml:7073 freeculture.xml:7663 freeculture.xml:8953 freeculture.xml:11253 freeculture.xml:11555 freeculture.xml:12210 freeculture.xml:12371
msgid "Constitution, U.S."
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:912 freeculture.xml:922 freeculture.xml:15384
+#: freeculture.xml:912 freeculture.xml:922 freeculture.xml:15385
msgid "Netanel, Neil Weinstock"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:960 freeculture.xml:1147 freeculture.xml:13502 freeculture.xml:13585 freeculture.xml:13755
+#: freeculture.xml:960 freeculture.xml:1147 freeculture.xml:13503 freeculture.xml:13586 freeculture.xml:13756
msgid "intellectual property rights"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1339 freeculture.xml:1499 freeculture.xml:3012 freeculture.xml:3723 freeculture.xml:7445 freeculture.xml:7623 freeculture.xml:15452
+#: freeculture.xml:1339 freeculture.xml:1499 freeculture.xml:3012 freeculture.xml:3723 freeculture.xml:7445 freeculture.xml:7623 freeculture.xml:15453
msgid "piracy"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1433 freeculture.xml:1434 freeculture.xml:4786 freeculture.xml:4787 freeculture.xml:4853 freeculture.xml:4891 freeculture.xml:4947 freeculture.xml:4993 freeculture.xml:5128 freeculture.xml:5222 freeculture.xml:6725 freeculture.xml:7025 freeculture.xml:7026 freeculture.xml:7029 freeculture.xml:7102 freeculture.xml:7128 freeculture.xml:7168 freeculture.xml:7292 freeculture.xml:7339 freeculture.xml:7376 freeculture.xml:7679 freeculture.xml:7850 freeculture.xml:11191 freeculture.xml:11215 freeculture.xml:11556 freeculture.xml:11557 freeculture.xml:14100 freeculture.xml:14134
+#: freeculture.xml:1433 freeculture.xml:1434 freeculture.xml:4786 freeculture.xml:4787 freeculture.xml:4853 freeculture.xml:4891 freeculture.xml:4947 freeculture.xml:4993 freeculture.xml:5128 freeculture.xml:5222 freeculture.xml:6725 freeculture.xml:7025 freeculture.xml:7026 freeculture.xml:7029 freeculture.xml:7102 freeculture.xml:7128 freeculture.xml:7168 freeculture.xml:7292 freeculture.xml:7339 freeculture.xml:7376 freeculture.xml:7679 freeculture.xml:7850 freeculture.xml:11191 freeculture.xml:11215 freeculture.xml:11556 freeculture.xml:11557 freeculture.xml:14101 freeculture.xml:14135
msgid "copyright"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1435 freeculture.xml:1436 freeculture.xml:5223 freeculture.xml:7132 freeculture.xml:7257 freeculture.xml:8144 freeculture.xml:11125 freeculture.xml:13590 freeculture.xml:14386 freeculture.xml:14387
+#: freeculture.xml:1435 freeculture.xml:1436 freeculture.xml:5223 freeculture.xml:7132 freeculture.xml:7257 freeculture.xml:8144 freeculture.xml:11125 freeculture.xml:13591 freeculture.xml:14387 freeculture.xml:14388
msgid "public domain"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1894 freeculture.xml:2000 freeculture.xml:2380 freeculture.xml:2398 freeculture.xml:8841 freeculture.xml:9676 freeculture.xml:15416
+#: freeculture.xml:1894 freeculture.xml:2000 freeculture.xml:2380 freeculture.xml:2398 freeculture.xml:8841 freeculture.xml:9676 freeculture.xml:15417
msgid "democracy"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2077 freeculture.xml:6834 freeculture.xml:8922 freeculture.xml:8956 freeculture.xml:15450
+#: freeculture.xml:2077 freeculture.xml:6834 freeculture.xml:8922 freeculture.xml:8956 freeculture.xml:15451
msgid "television"
msgstr ""
#: freeculture.xml:2496
msgid ""
"Noah Shachtman, <quote>With Incessant Postings, a Pundit Stirs the "
-"Pot,</quote> New York Times, 16 January 2003, G5."
+"Pot,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 16 January 2003, G5."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2798 freeculture.xml:3728 freeculture.xml:3730 freeculture.xml:3731 freeculture.xml:5566 freeculture.xml:8274 freeculture.xml:13689 freeculture.xml:13758
+#: freeculture.xml:2798 freeculture.xml:3728 freeculture.xml:3730 freeculture.xml:3731 freeculture.xml:5566 freeculture.xml:8274 freeculture.xml:13690 freeculture.xml:13759
msgid "Microsoft"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2955 freeculture.xml:3349 freeculture.xml:4310 freeculture.xml:5575 freeculture.xml:5624 freeculture.xml:10306 freeculture.xml:10407 freeculture.xml:10568 freeculture.xml:10591 freeculture.xml:15349 freeculture.xml:15414
+#: freeculture.xml:2955 freeculture.xml:3349 freeculture.xml:4310 freeculture.xml:5575 freeculture.xml:5624 freeculture.xml:10306 freeculture.xml:10407 freeculture.xml:10568 freeculture.xml:10591 freeculture.xml:15350 freeculture.xml:15415
msgid "artists"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2955 freeculture.xml:3349 freeculture.xml:4310 freeculture.xml:10306 freeculture.xml:10407 freeculture.xml:10568 freeculture.xml:10591 freeculture.xml:15349 freeculture.xml:15414
+#: freeculture.xml:2955 freeculture.xml:3349 freeculture.xml:4310 freeculture.xml:10306 freeculture.xml:10407 freeculture.xml:10568 freeculture.xml:10591 freeculture.xml:15350 freeculture.xml:15415
msgid "recording industry payments to"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3027 freeculture.xml:7811 freeculture.xml:15453
+#: freeculture.xml:3027 freeculture.xml:7811 freeculture.xml:15454
msgid "film industry"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3029 freeculture.xml:7268 freeculture.xml:11195 freeculture.xml:11196 freeculture.xml:13331 freeculture.xml:13813
+#: freeculture.xml:3029 freeculture.xml:7268 freeculture.xml:11195 freeculture.xml:11196 freeculture.xml:13332 freeculture.xml:13814
msgid "patents"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3216 freeculture.xml:3217 freeculture.xml:4312 freeculture.xml:4313 freeculture.xml:4398 freeculture.xml:4399 freeculture.xml:7036 freeculture.xml:7129 freeculture.xml:7244 freeculture.xml:7245 freeculture.xml:10408 freeculture.xml:10409 freeculture.xml:10410 freeculture.xml:11190 freeculture.xml:11252 freeculture.xml:11464 freeculture.xml:11539 freeculture.xml:12208 freeculture.xml:12297 freeculture.xml:12367 freeculture.xml:12369
+#: freeculture.xml:3216 freeculture.xml:3217 freeculture.xml:4312 freeculture.xml:4313 freeculture.xml:4398 freeculture.xml:4399 freeculture.xml:7036 freeculture.xml:7129 freeculture.xml:7244 freeculture.xml:7245 freeculture.xml:10408 freeculture.xml:10409 freeculture.xml:10410 freeculture.xml:11190 freeculture.xml:11252 freeculture.xml:11464 freeculture.xml:11539 freeculture.xml:12209 freeculture.xml:12298 freeculture.xml:12368 freeculture.xml:12370
msgid "Congress, U.S."
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3271 freeculture.xml:15045
+#: freeculture.xml:3271 freeculture.xml:15046
msgid "Grisham, John"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3385 freeculture.xml:9466 freeculture.xml:9945 freeculture.xml:13083
+#: freeculture.xml:3385 freeculture.xml:9466 freeculture.xml:9945 freeculture.xml:13084
msgid "Lovett, Lyle"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3429 freeculture.xml:4334 freeculture.xml:8639 freeculture.xml:8679 freeculture.xml:15449
+#: freeculture.xml:3429 freeculture.xml:4334 freeculture.xml:8639 freeculture.xml:8679 freeculture.xml:15450
msgid "cable television"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3592 freeculture.xml:3672 freeculture.xml:3722 freeculture.xml:15451
+#: freeculture.xml:3592 freeculture.xml:3672 freeculture.xml:3722 freeculture.xml:15452
msgid "Asia, commercial piracy in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3593 freeculture.xml:4052 freeculture.xml:9946 freeculture.xml:10809 freeculture.xml:14840 freeculture.xml:15433
+#: freeculture.xml:3593 freeculture.xml:4052 freeculture.xml:9946 freeculture.xml:10809 freeculture.xml:14841 freeculture.xml:15434
msgid "CDs"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3666 freeculture.xml:13376 freeculture.xml:13868 freeculture.xml:13875
+#: freeculture.xml:3666 freeculture.xml:13377 freeculture.xml:13869 freeculture.xml:13876
msgid "Drahos, Peter"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3687 freeculture.xml:3971 freeculture.xml:15599
+#: freeculture.xml:3687 freeculture.xml:3971 freeculture.xml:15600
msgid "Liebowitz, Stan"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3723 freeculture.xml:15452
+#: freeculture.xml:3723 freeculture.xml:15453
msgid "in Asia"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3724 freeculture.xml:3725 freeculture.xml:13687 freeculture.xml:14279
+#: freeculture.xml:3724 freeculture.xml:3725 freeculture.xml:13688 freeculture.xml:14280
msgid "free software/open-source software (FS/OSS)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3726 freeculture.xml:3756 freeculture.xml:12139 freeculture.xml:13702 freeculture.xml:14335
+#: freeculture.xml:3726 freeculture.xml:3756 freeculture.xml:12140 freeculture.xml:13703 freeculture.xml:14336
msgid "GNU/Linux operating system"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3727 freeculture.xml:3757 freeculture.xml:12141 freeculture.xml:13703 freeculture.xml:14336
+#: freeculture.xml:3727 freeculture.xml:3757 freeculture.xml:12142 freeculture.xml:13704 freeculture.xml:14337
msgid "Linux operating system"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3745 freeculture.xml:4808 freeculture.xml:5032 freeculture.xml:6529 freeculture.xml:6605 freeculture.xml:6742 freeculture.xml:7159 freeculture.xml:14367
+#: freeculture.xml:3745 freeculture.xml:4808 freeculture.xml:5032 freeculture.xml:6529 freeculture.xml:6605 freeculture.xml:6742 freeculture.xml:7159 freeculture.xml:14368
msgid "law"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3745 freeculture.xml:14367
+#: freeculture.xml:3745 freeculture.xml:14368
msgid "databases of case reports in"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3988 freeculture.xml:3997 freeculture.xml:4367 freeculture.xml:8434 freeculture.xml:8463 freeculture.xml:10230 freeculture.xml:15157
+#: freeculture.xml:3988 freeculture.xml:3997 freeculture.xml:4367 freeculture.xml:8434 freeculture.xml:8463 freeculture.xml:10230 freeculture.xml:15158
msgid "cassette recording"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3988 freeculture.xml:4367 freeculture.xml:8434 freeculture.xml:8463 freeculture.xml:10230 freeculture.xml:10231 freeculture.xml:15157 freeculture.xml:15158
+#: freeculture.xml:3988 freeculture.xml:4367 freeculture.xml:8434 freeculture.xml:8463 freeculture.xml:10230 freeculture.xml:10231 freeculture.xml:15158 freeculture.xml:15159
msgid "VCRs"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4154 freeculture.xml:4163 freeculture.xml:4184 freeculture.xml:4208 freeculture.xml:4732 freeculture.xml:6190 freeculture.xml:6195 freeculture.xml:6247 freeculture.xml:7230 freeculture.xml:7231 freeculture.xml:7618 freeculture.xml:7687 freeculture.xml:7975 freeculture.xml:14539 freeculture.xml:15269 freeculture.xml:15270
+#: freeculture.xml:4154 freeculture.xml:4163 freeculture.xml:4184 freeculture.xml:4208 freeculture.xml:4732 freeculture.xml:6190 freeculture.xml:6195 freeculture.xml:6247 freeculture.xml:7230 freeculture.xml:7231 freeculture.xml:7618 freeculture.xml:7687 freeculture.xml:7975 freeculture.xml:14540 freeculture.xml:15270 freeculture.xml:15271
msgid "books"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4154 freeculture.xml:4163 freeculture.xml:7230 freeculture.xml:15270
+#: freeculture.xml:4154 freeculture.xml:4163 freeculture.xml:7230 freeculture.xml:15271
msgid "resales of"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4184 freeculture.xml:6190 freeculture.xml:6195 freeculture.xml:7231 freeculture.xml:15269
+#: freeculture.xml:4184 freeculture.xml:6190 freeculture.xml:6195 freeculture.xml:7231 freeculture.xml:15270
msgid "out of print"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4208 freeculture.xml:14539
+#: freeculture.xml:4208 freeculture.xml:14540
msgid "free on-line releases of"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4673 freeculture.xml:6488 freeculture.xml:14526
+#: freeculture.xml:4673 freeculture.xml:6488 freeculture.xml:14527
msgid "Jefferson, Thomas"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4736 freeculture.xml:14063
+#: freeculture.xml:4736 freeculture.xml:14064
msgid "United Kingdom"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5090 freeculture.xml:15696
+#: freeculture.xml:5090 freeculture.xml:15697
msgid "Rose, Mark"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5565 freeculture.xml:5625 freeculture.xml:5810 freeculture.xml:10566 freeculture.xml:15060
+#: freeculture.xml:5565 freeculture.xml:5625 freeculture.xml:5810 freeculture.xml:10566 freeculture.xml:15061
msgid "Alben, Alex"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6034 freeculture.xml:11124 freeculture.xml:14238 freeculture.xml:14368 freeculture.xml:14404
+#: freeculture.xml:6034 freeculture.xml:11124 freeculture.xml:14239 freeculture.xml:14369 freeculture.xml:14405
msgid "libraries"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6525 freeculture.xml:8060 freeculture.xml:9928 freeculture.xml:11255 freeculture.xml:11301 freeculture.xml:13641
+#: freeculture.xml:6525 freeculture.xml:8060 freeculture.xml:9928 freeculture.xml:11255 freeculture.xml:11301 freeculture.xml:13642
msgid "Lessig, Lawrence"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6872 freeculture.xml:15638
+#: freeculture.xml:6872 freeculture.xml:15639
msgid "Brezhnev, Leonid"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6875 freeculture.xml:13827
+#: freeculture.xml:6875 freeculture.xml:13828
msgid "Gates, Bill"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7024 freeculture.xml:11253 freeculture.xml:12370
+#: freeculture.xml:7024 freeculture.xml:11253 freeculture.xml:12371
msgid "Progress Clause of"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7028 freeculture.xml:11254 freeculture.xml:12368
+#: freeculture.xml:7028 freeculture.xml:11254 freeculture.xml:12369
msgid "Progress Clause"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7036 freeculture.xml:12367
+#: freeculture.xml:7036 freeculture.xml:12368
msgid "in constitutional Progress Clause"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7245 freeculture.xml:11190 freeculture.xml:12369
+#: freeculture.xml:7245 freeculture.xml:11190 freeculture.xml:12370
msgid "copyright terms extended by"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7255 freeculture.xml:7256 freeculture.xml:7291 freeculture.xml:11216 freeculture.xml:15556
+#: freeculture.xml:7255 freeculture.xml:7256 freeculture.xml:7291 freeculture.xml:11216 freeculture.xml:15557
msgid "Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA) (1998)"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7293 freeculture.xml:13485
+#: freeculture.xml:7293 freeculture.xml:13486
msgid "corporations"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7819 freeculture.xml:7894 freeculture.xml:14193
+#: freeculture.xml:7819 freeculture.xml:7894 freeculture.xml:14194
msgid "browsing"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10206 freeculture.xml:12140
+#: freeculture.xml:10206 freeculture.xml:12141
msgid "Intel"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10565 freeculture.xml:15432
+#: freeculture.xml:10565 freeculture.xml:15433
msgid "Real Networks"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11173 freeculture.xml:12240
+#: freeculture.xml:11173 freeculture.xml:12241
msgid "pornography"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11252 freeculture.xml:11464 freeculture.xml:12208
+#: freeculture.xml:11252 freeculture.xml:11464 freeculture.xml:12209
msgid "constitutional powers of"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11287 freeculture.xml:12826
+#: freeculture.xml:11287 freeculture.xml:12827
msgid "Jaszi, Peter"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11463 freeculture.xml:12365
+#: freeculture.xml:11463 freeculture.xml:12366
msgid "commerce, interstate"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11465 freeculture.xml:12366
+#: freeculture.xml:11465 freeculture.xml:12367
msgid "interstate commerce"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11483 freeculture.xml:12291
+#: freeculture.xml:11483 freeculture.xml:12292
msgid "Rehnquist, William H."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11484 freeculture.xml:11540 freeculture.xml:12294 freeculture.xml:12364 freeculture.xml:12558 freeculture.xml:12655 freeculture.xml:12725
+#: freeculture.xml:11484 freeculture.xml:11540 freeculture.xml:12295 freeculture.xml:12365 freeculture.xml:12559 freeculture.xml:12656 freeculture.xml:12726
msgid "United States v. Lopez"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11509 freeculture.xml:12295
+#: freeculture.xml:11509 freeculture.xml:12296
msgid "United States v. Morrison"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11539 freeculture.xml:12297
+#: freeculture.xml:11539 freeculture.xml:12298
msgid "Supreme Court restraint on"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11725 freeculture.xml:12164
+#: freeculture.xml:11725 freeculture.xml:12165
msgid "Hal Roach Studios"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
#: freeculture.xml:12011
msgid ""
-"It was here that most expected Eldred v. Ashcroft would die, for the Supreme "
-"Court rarely reviews any decision by a court of appeals. (It hears about one "
-"hundred cases a year, out of more than five thousand appeals.) And it "
-"practically never reviews a decision that upholds a statute when no other "
-"court has yet reviewed the statute."
+"It was here that most expected <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> "
+"v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle> would die, for the Supreme Court rarely "
+"reviews any decision by a court of appeals. (It hears about one hundred "
+"cases a year, out of more than five thousand appeals.) And it practically "
+"never reviews a decision that upholds a statute when no other court has yet "
+"reviewed the statute."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12018
+#: freeculture.xml:12019
msgid ""
"But in February 2002, the Supreme Court surprised the world by granting our "
"petition to review the D.C. Circuit opinion. Argument was set for October of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12024
+#: freeculture.xml:12025
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>It is over</emphasis> a year later as I write these "
"words. It is still astonishingly hard. If you know anything at all about "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12035
+#: freeculture.xml:12036
msgid ""
"But my client and these friends were wrong. This case could have been "
"won. It should have been won. And no matter how hard I try to retell this "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12040 freeculture.xml:12055
+#: freeculture.xml:12041 freeculture.xml:12056
msgid "Steward, Geoffrey"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12041 freeculture.xml:12192 freeculture.xml:12439
+#: freeculture.xml:12042 freeculture.xml:12193 freeculture.xml:12440
msgid "Jones, Day, Reavis and Pogue (Jones Day)"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 237
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12043
+#: freeculture.xml:12044
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>The mistake</emphasis> was made early, though it "
"became obvious only at the very end. Our case had been supported from the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12053 freeculture.xml:12436 freeculture.xml:12453 freeculture.xml:12550 freeculture.xml:12775 freeculture.xml:12806 freeculture.xml:12905
+#: freeculture.xml:12054 freeculture.xml:12437 freeculture.xml:12454 freeculture.xml:12551 freeculture.xml:12776 freeculture.xml:12807 freeculture.xml:12906
msgid "Ayer, Don"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12054
+#: freeculture.xml:12055
msgid "Bromberg, Dan"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12057
+#: freeculture.xml:12058
msgid ""
"There were three key lawyers on the case from Jones Day. Geoff Stewart was "
"the first, but then Dan Bromberg and Don Ayer became quite "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12068
+#: freeculture.xml:12069
msgid ""
"I hate this view of the law. Of course I thought the Sonny Bono Act was a "
"dramatic harm to free speech and free culture. Of course I still think it "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12089
+#: freeculture.xml:12090
msgid ""
"In any case, I thought, the Court must already see the danger and the harm "
"caused by this sort of law. Why else would they grant review? There was no "
#. PAGE BREAK 238
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12097
+#: freeculture.xml:12098
msgid ""
"There was one way, however, in which I felt politics would matter and in "
"which I thought a response was appropriate. I was convinced that the Court "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12115 freeculture.xml:12142
+#: freeculture.xml:12116 freeculture.xml:12143
msgid "Eagle Forum"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12116
+#: freeculture.xml:12117
msgid "Schlafly, Phyllis"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12118
+#: freeculture.xml:12119
msgid ""
"The first step happened all by itself. Phyllis Schlafly's organization, "
"Eagle Forum, had been an opponent of the CTEA from the very beginning. "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12132
+#: freeculture.xml:12133
msgid ""
"In the Court of Appeals, Eagle Forum was eager to file a brief supporting "
"our position. Their brief made the argument that became the core claim in "
#. PAGE BREAK 239
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12144
+#: freeculture.xml:12145
msgid ""
"In the Supreme Court, the briefs on our side were about as diverse as it "
"gets. They included an extraordinary historical brief by the Free Software "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12156
+#: freeculture.xml:12157
msgid "American Association of Law Libraries"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12157
+#: freeculture.xml:12158
msgid "National Writers Union"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12159
+#: freeculture.xml:12160
msgid ""
"Those briefs framed a legal argument. Then to support the legal argument, "
"there were a number of powerful briefs by libraries and archives, including "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12166
+#: freeculture.xml:12167
msgid ""
"But two briefs captured the policy argument best. One made the argument I've "
"already described: A brief by Hal Roach Studios argued that unless the law "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12172
+#: freeculture.xml:12173
msgid "Akerlof, George"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12173
+#: freeculture.xml:12174
msgid "Arrow, Kenneth"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12174
+#: freeculture.xml:12175
msgid "Buchanan, James"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12175
+#: freeculture.xml:12176
msgid "Coase, Ronald"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12176
+#: freeculture.xml:12177
msgid "Friedman, Milton"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12178
+#: freeculture.xml:12179
msgid ""
"This economists' brief was signed by seventeen economists, including five "
"Nobel Prize winners, including Ronald Coase, James Buchanan, Milton "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12188 freeculture.xml:12207 freeculture.xml:12438 freeculture.xml:12807
+#: freeculture.xml:12189 freeculture.xml:12208 freeculture.xml:12439 freeculture.xml:12808
msgid "Fried, Charles"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12189
+#: freeculture.xml:12190
msgid "Morrison, Alan"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12190
+#: freeculture.xml:12191
msgid "Public Citizen"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12191 freeculture.xml:12437 freeculture.xml:13596
+#: freeculture.xml:12192 freeculture.xml:12438 freeculture.xml:13597
msgid "Reagan, Ronald"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 240
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12194
+#: freeculture.xml:12195
msgid ""
"The same effort at balance was reflected in the legal team we gathered to "
"write our briefs in the case. The Jones Day lawyers had been with us from "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12209
+#: freeculture.xml:12210
msgid "Commerce Clause of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12211
+#: freeculture.xml:12212
msgid ""
"Fried was a special victory for our side. Every other former solicitor "
"general was hired by the other side to defend Congress's power to give media "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12223
+#: freeculture.xml:12224
msgid ""
"The government, in defending the statute, had its collection of friends, as "
"well. Significantly, however, none of these <quote>friends</quote> included "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12230
+#: freeculture.xml:12231
msgid ""
"The media companies were not surprising. They had the most to gain from the "
"law. The congressmen were not surprising either—they were defending "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12238
+#: freeculture.xml:12239
msgid "Gershwin, George"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12239
+#: freeculture.xml:12240
msgid "Porgy and Bess"
msgstr ""
#. f14.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12249
+#: freeculture.xml:12250
msgid ""
"Brief of Amici Dr. Seuss Enterprise et al., <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> "
"v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 537 U.S. (2003) (No. 01-618), 19."
#. f15.
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12257
+#: freeculture.xml:12258
msgid ""
"Dinitia Smith, <quote>Immortal Words, Immortal Royalties? Even Mickey Mouse "
"Joins the Fray,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 28 March "
#. PAGE BREAK 241
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12242
+#: freeculture.xml:12243
msgid ""
"Dr. Seuss's representatives, for example, argued that it was better for the "
"Dr. Seuss estate to control what happened to Dr. Seuss's work— better "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12266
+#: freeculture.xml:12267
msgid ""
"This argument made clear a theme that is rarely noticed in this debate. "
"When Congress decides to extend the term of existing copyrights, Congress is "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12278
+#: freeculture.xml:12279
msgid ""
"We argued as much in a final brief. Not only would upholding the CTEA mean "
"that there was no limit to the power of Congress to extend "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12285
+#: freeculture.xml:12286
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>Between February</emphasis> and October, there was "
"little I did beyond preparing for this case. Early on, as I said, I set the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12289
+#: freeculture.xml:12290
msgid "Kennedy, Anthony"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12290 freeculture.xml:12292 freeculture.xml:12495
+#: freeculture.xml:12291 freeculture.xml:12293 freeculture.xml:12496
msgid "O'Connor, Sandra Day"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12293
+#: freeculture.xml:12294
msgid "Thomas, Clarence"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12296
+#: freeculture.xml:12297
msgid "Scalia, Antonin"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12298
+#: freeculture.xml:12299
msgid "congressional actions restrained by"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12299
+#: freeculture.xml:12300
msgid "factions of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12301
+#: freeculture.xml:12302
msgid ""
"The Supreme Court was divided into two important camps. One camp we called "
"<quote>the Conservatives.</quote> The other we called <quote>the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12310 freeculture.xml:12335 freeculture.xml:12700 freeculture.xml:12712
+#: freeculture.xml:12311 freeculture.xml:12336 freeculture.xml:12701 freeculture.xml:12713
msgid "Breyer, Stephen"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12311 freeculture.xml:12663
+#: freeculture.xml:12312 freeculture.xml:12664
msgid "Ginsburg, Ruth Bader"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 242
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12313
+#: freeculture.xml:12314
msgid ""
"The Rest were the four Justices who had strongly opposed limits on "
"Congress's power. These four—Justice Stevens, Justice Souter, Justice "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12325
+#: freeculture.xml:12326
msgid ""
"In particular, the least likely was Justice Ginsburg's. In addition to her "
"general view about deference to Congress (except where issues of gender are "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12337
+#: freeculture.xml:12338
msgid ""
"Close behind Justice Ginsburg were two justices whom we also viewed as "
"unlikely allies, though possible surprises. Justice Souter strongly favored "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12347
+#: freeculture.xml:12348
msgid ""
"The only vote we could be confident about was that of Justice "
"Stevens. History will record Justice Stevens as one of the greatest judges "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12355
+#: freeculture.xml:12356
msgid ""
"This analysis of <quote>the Rest</quote> showed most clearly where our focus "
"had to be: on the Conservatives. To win this case, we had to crack open "
#. PAGE BREAK 243
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12372
+#: freeculture.xml:12373
msgid ""
"This then was the core of our strategy—a strategy for which I am "
"responsible. We would get the Court to see that just as with the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12386
+#: freeculture.xml:12387
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>The argument</emphasis> on the government's side "
"came down to this: Congress has done it before. It should be allowed to do "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12395
+#: freeculture.xml:12396
msgid ""
"There was some truth to the government's claim, but not much. We certainly "
"agreed that Congress had extended existing terms in 1831 and in 1909. And of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12402
+#: freeculture.xml:12403
msgid ""
"But this <quote>consistency</quote> should be kept in perspective. Congress "
"extended existing terms once in the first hundred years of the Republic. It "
#. PAGE BREAK 244
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12417
+#: freeculture.xml:12418
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>Oral argument</emphasis> was scheduled for the first "
"week in October. I arrived in D.C. two weeks before the argument. During "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12427
+#: freeculture.xml:12428
msgid ""
"I was convinced that to win, I had to keep the Court focused on a single "
"point: that if this extension is permitted, then there is no limit to the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12441
+#: freeculture.xml:12442
msgid ""
"One moot was before the lawyers at Jones Day. Don Ayer was the skeptic. He "
"had served in the Reagan Justice Department with Solicitor General Charles "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12447
+#: freeculture.xml:12448
msgid ""
"<quote>I'm just afraid that unless they really see the harm, they won't be "
"willing to upset this practice that the government says has been a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12455
+#: freeculture.xml:12456
msgid ""
"He may have argued many cases before this Court, I thought, but he didn't "
"understand its soul. As a clerk, I had seen the Justices do the right "
#. PAGE BREAK 245
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12465
+#: freeculture.xml:12466
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>The night before</emphasis> the argument, a line of "
"people began to form in front of the Supreme Court. The case had become a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12475
+#: freeculture.xml:12476
msgid ""
"Not everyone has to wait in line. People who know the Justices can ask for "
"seats they control. (I asked Justice Scalia's chambers for seats for my "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12490
+#: freeculture.xml:12491
msgid ""
"When the Chief Justice called me to begin my argument, I began where I "
"intended to stay: on the question of the limits on Congress's power. This "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12497
+#: freeculture.xml:12498
msgid ""
"Justice O'Connor stopped me within one minute of my opening. The history "
"was bothering her."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12502
+#: freeculture.xml:12503
msgid ""
"justice o'connor: Congress has extended the term so often through the years, "
"and if you are right, don't we run the risk of upsetting previous extensions "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12509
+#: freeculture.xml:12510
msgid ""
"She was quite willing to concede <quote>that this flies directly in the face "
"of what the framers had in mind.</quote> But my response again and again was "
#. PAGE BREAK 246
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12515
+#: freeculture.xml:12516
msgid ""
"mr. lessig: Well, if it flies in the face of what the framers had in mind, "
"then the question is, is there a way of interpreting their words that gives "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12523
+#: freeculture.xml:12524
msgid ""
"There were two points in this argument when I should have seen where the "
"Court was going. The first was a question by Justice Kennedy, who observed,"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12529
+#: freeculture.xml:12530
msgid ""
"justice kennedy: Well, I suppose implicit in the argument that the '76 act, "
"too, should have been declared void, and that we might leave it alone "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12537
+#: freeculture.xml:12538
msgid ""
"Here follows my clear mistake. Like a professor correcting a student, I "
"answered,"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12543
+#: freeculture.xml:12544
msgid ""
"mr. lessig: Justice, we are not making an empirical claim at all. Nothing "
"in our Copyright Clause claim hangs upon the empirical assertion about "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12552
+#: freeculture.xml:12553
msgid ""
"That was a correct answer, but it wasn't the right answer. The right answer "
"was instead that there was an obvious and profound harm. Any number of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12560
+#: freeculture.xml:12561
msgid ""
"The second came from the Chief, for whom the whole case had been "
"crafted. For the Chief Justice had crafted the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> "
#. PAGE BREAK 247
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12565
+#: freeculture.xml:12566
msgid ""
"It was clear a second into his question that he wasn't at all sympathetic. "
"To him, we were a bunch of anarchists. As he asked:"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12572
+#: freeculture.xml:12573
msgid ""
"chief justice: Well, but you want more than that. You want the right to copy "
"verbatim other people's books, don't you?"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12576
+#: freeculture.xml:12577
msgid ""
"mr. lessig: We want the right to copy verbatim works that should be in the "
"public domain and would be in the public domain but for a statute that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12584
+#: freeculture.xml:12585
msgid "Olson, Theodore B."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12586
+#: freeculture.xml:12587
msgid ""
"Things went better for us when the government gave its argument; for now the "
"Court picked up on the core of our claim. As Justice Scalia asked Solicitor "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12592
+#: freeculture.xml:12593
msgid ""
"justice scalia: You say that the functional equivalent of an unlimited time "
"would be a violation [of the Constitution], but that's precisely the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12600
+#: freeculture.xml:12601
msgid ""
"When Olson was finished, it was my turn to give a closing rebuttal. Olson's "
"flailing had revived my anger. But my anger still was directed to the "
#. PAGE BREAK 248
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12613
+#: freeculture.xml:12614
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>As I left</emphasis> the court that day, I knew "
"there were a hundred points I wished I could remake. There were a hundred "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12622
+#: freeculture.xml:12623
msgid ""
"The government had been asked over and over again, what is the limit? Over "
"and over again, it had answered there is no limit. This was precisely the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12637
+#: freeculture.xml:12638
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>The morning</emphasis> of January 15, 2003, I was "
"five minutes late to the office and missed the 7:00 A.M. call from the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12645
+#: freeculture.xml:12646
msgid ""
"A few seconds later, the opinions arrived by e-mail. I took the phone off "
"the hook, posted an announcement to our blog, and sat down to see where I "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12650
+#: freeculture.xml:12651
msgid ""
"My <emphasis>reasoning</emphasis>. Here was a case that pitted all the money "
"in the world against <emphasis>reasoning</emphasis>. And here was the last "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12657
+#: freeculture.xml:12658
msgid ""
"I first scoured the opinion, looking for how the Court would distinguish the "
"principle in this case from the principle in "
#. PAGE BREAK 249
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12667
+#: freeculture.xml:12668
msgid ""
"Justice Ginsburg simply ignored the enumerated powers argument. Consistent "
"with her view that Congress's power was not limited generally, she had found "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12672
+#: freeculture.xml:12673
msgid ""
"Her opinion was perfectly reasonable—for her, and for Justice "
"Souter. Neither believes in <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>. It would be too "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12678
+#: freeculture.xml:12679
msgid ""
"But as I realized what had happened, I couldn't quite believe what I was "
"reading. I had said there was no way this Court could reconcile limited "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12690
+#: freeculture.xml:12691
msgid ""
"Yet by what right did they get to choose which of the framers' values they "
"would respect? By what right did they—the silent five—get to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12702
+#: freeculture.xml:12703
msgid ""
"Justices Breyer and Stevens wrote very strong dissents. Stevens's opinion "
"was crafted internal to the law: He argued that the tradition of "
#. PAGE BREAK 250
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12715
+#: freeculture.xml:12716
msgid ""
"Justice Breyer's opinion, perhaps the best opinion he has ever written, was "
"external to the Constitution. He argued that the term of copyrights has "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12727
+#: freeculture.xml:12728
msgid ""
"These two justices understood all the arguments we had made. But because "
"neither believed in the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> case, neither was "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12734
+#: freeculture.xml:12735
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>Defeat brings depression</emphasis>. They say it is "
"a sign of health when depression gives way to anger. My anger came quickly, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12739
+#: freeculture.xml:12740
msgid "originalism"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12741
+#: freeculture.xml:12742
msgid ""
"It was first anger with the five <quote>Conservatives.</quote> It would have "
"been one thing for them to have explained why the principle of "
#. PAGE BREAK 251
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12755
+#: freeculture.xml:12756
msgid ""
"Here, they had joined an opinion that never once tried to explain what the "
"framers had meant by crafting the Progress Clause as they did; they joined "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12770
+#: freeculture.xml:12771
msgid ""
"My anger with the Conservatives quickly yielded to anger with myself. For I "
"had let a view of the law that I liked interfere with a view of the law as "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12777
+#: freeculture.xml:12778
msgid ""
"Most lawyers, and most law professors, have little patience for idealism "
"about courts in general and this Supreme Court in particular. Most have a "
#. PAGE BREAK 252
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12788
+#: freeculture.xml:12789
msgid ""
"As I read back over the transcript from that argument in October, I can see "
"a hundred places where the answers could have taken the conversation in "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12809
+#: freeculture.xml:12810
msgid ""
"Would it have been different if I had argued it differently? Would it have "
"been different if Don Ayer had argued it? Or Charles Fried? Or Kathleen "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12814
+#: freeculture.xml:12815
msgid ""
"My friends huddled around me to insist it would not. The Court was not "
"ready, my friends insisted. This was a loss that was destined. It would take "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12820
+#: freeculture.xml:12821
msgid ""
"Maybe, but I doubt it. These Justices have no financial interest in doing "
"anything except the right thing. They are not lobbied. They have little "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12828
+#: freeculture.xml:12829
msgid ""
"And even if I couldn't, then that doesn't excuse what happened in "
"January. For at the start of this case, one of America's leading "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12835
+#: freeculture.xml:12836
msgid ""
"After the argument and after the decision, Peter said to me, and publicly, "
"that he was wrong. But if indeed that Court could not have been persuaded, "
#. PAGE BREAK 253
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12844
+#: freeculture.xml:12845
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>While the reaction</emphasis> to the Sonny Bono Act "
"itself was almost unanimously negative, the reaction to the Court's decision "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12859
+#: freeculture.xml:12860
msgid ""
"In effect, the Supreme Court's decision makes it likely that we are seeing "
"the beginning of the end of public domain and the birth of copyright "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12874 freeculture.xml:12879
+#: freeculture.xml:12875 freeculture.xml:12880
msgid "Bolling, Ruben"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12868
+#: freeculture.xml:12869
msgid ""
"The best responses were in the cartoons. There was a gaggle of hilarious "
"images—of Mickey in jail and the like. The best, from my view of the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:12878
+#: freeculture.xml:12879
msgid ""
"<graphic fileref=\"images/tom-the-dancing-bug.png\" align=\"center\" "
"width=\"100%\"></graphic> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12882
+#: freeculture.xml:12883
msgid ""
"The image that will always stick in my head is that evoked by the quote from "
"<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle>. That <quote>grand "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:12893
+#: freeculture.xml:12894
msgid "Chapter Fourteen: Eldred II"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12895
+#: freeculture.xml:12896
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>The day</emphasis> <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> was "
"decided, fate would have it that I was to travel to Washington, D.C. (The "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12907
+#: freeculture.xml:12908
msgid ""
"It was an act of contrition. During the whole of the flight from San "
"Francisco to Washington, I had heard over and over again in my head the same "
#. PAGE BREAK 256
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12917
+#: freeculture.xml:12918
msgid ""
"<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle> published the piece. In it, I "
"proposed a simple fix: Fifty years after a work has been published, the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12925
+#: freeculture.xml:12926
msgid ""
"We called this the Eldred Act, but that was just to give it a name. Eric "
"Eldred was kind enough to let his name be used once again, but as he said "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12930
+#: freeculture.xml:12931
msgid ""
"Or another two names. For depending upon your perspective, this is either "
"the <quote>Public Domain Enhancement Act</quote> or the <quote>Copyright "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12938 freeculture.xml:13141
+#: freeculture.xml:12939 freeculture.xml:13142
msgid "Forbes, Steve"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12939
+#: freeculture.xml:12940
msgid "Democratic Party"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12940
+#: freeculture.xml:12941
msgid "Republican Party"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12942
+#: freeculture.xml:12943
msgid ""
"The reaction to this idea was amazingly strong. Steve Forbes endorsed it in "
"an editorial. I received an avalanche of e-mail and letters expressing "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12954
+#: freeculture.xml:12955
msgid ""
"Indeed, many recognized the obvious benefit of the registration "
"requirement. For one of the hardest things about the current system for "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12964
+#: freeculture.xml:12965
msgid "Berlin Act (1908)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12965 freeculture.xml:13006
+#: freeculture.xml:12966 freeculture.xml:13007
msgid "Berne Convention (1908)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12973
+#: freeculture.xml:12974
msgid "German copyright law"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12973
+#: freeculture.xml:12974
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Until the 1908 Berlin Act of the "
"Berne Convention, national copyright legislation sometimes made protection "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12968
+#: freeculture.xml:12969
msgid ""
"As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" "
"linkend=\"property-i\"/>, formalities in copyright law were removed in 1976, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13000
+#: freeculture.xml:13001
msgid ""
"That's great rhetoric. It sounds wonderfully romantic. But it is absurd "
"copyright policy. It is absurd especially for authors, because a world "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13008
+#: freeculture.xml:13009
msgid ""
"The fight against formalities achieved its first real victory in Berlin in "
"1908. International copyright lawyers amended the Berne Convention in 1908, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13018
+#: freeculture.xml:13019
msgid ""
"These complaints were real and sensible. And the strictness of the "
"formalities, especially in the United States, was absurd. The law should "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13026
+#: freeculture.xml:13027
msgid ""
"Even that would have been resisted, however, because registration in the "
"nineteenth and twentieth centuries was still expensive. It was also a "
#. PAGE BREAK 258
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13034
+#: freeculture.xml:13035
msgid ""
"In addition to the practical complaint of authors in 1908, there was a moral "
"claim as well. There was no reason that creative property should be a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13046
+#: freeculture.xml:13047
msgid ""
"This argument is correct, but its implications are misleading. For the "
"argument in favor of formalities does not depend upon creative property "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13055
+#: freeculture.xml:13056
msgid ""
"No one thinks, for example, that land is second-class property just because "
"you have to register a deed with a court if your sale of land is to be "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13071
+#: freeculture.xml:13072
msgid ""
"It is similarly special physics that makes formalities important in "
"copyright law. Unlike a carpenter's table, there's nothing in nature that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13086
+#: freeculture.xml:13087
msgid ""
"This was the understanding of the problem with the Sonny Bono Act that we "
"tried to demonstrate to the Court. This was the part it didn't "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13096
+#: freeculture.xml:13097
msgid ""
"But now that copyrights can be just about a century long, the inability to "
"know what is protected and what is not protected becomes a huge and obvious "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13105
+#: freeculture.xml:13106
msgid ""
"The Eldred Act was designed to respond to exactly this problem. If it is "
"worth $1 to you, then register your work and you can get the longer "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13112
+#: freeculture.xml:13113
msgid ""
"If it isn't worth it to you to register to get the benefit of an extended "
"term, then it shouldn't be worth it for the government to defend your "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13119
+#: freeculture.xml:13120
msgid ""
"Some worry about the burden on authors. Won't the burden of registering the "
"work mean that the $1 is really misleading? Isn't the hassle worth more than "
#. PAGE BREAK 260
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13125
+#: freeculture.xml:13126
msgid ""
"It is. The hassle is terrible. The system that exists now is awful. I "
"completely agree that the Copyright Office has done a terrible job (no doubt "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13143
+#: freeculture.xml:13144
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>When Steve Forbes</emphasis> endorsed the idea, some "
"in Washington began to pay attention. Many people contacted me pointing to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13149
+#: freeculture.xml:13150
msgid "Lofgren, Zoe"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13151
+#: freeculture.xml:13152
msgid ""
"One representative, Zoe Lofgren of California, went so far as to get the "
"bill drafted. The draft solved any problem with international law. It "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13159
+#: freeculture.xml:13160
msgid "Eldred Act opposed by"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13161
+#: freeculture.xml:13162
msgid ""
"But at this stage, the lobbyists began to intervene. Jack Valenti and the "
"MPAA general counsel came to the congresswoman's office to give the view of "
#. PAGE BREAK 261
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13169
+#: freeculture.xml:13170
msgid ""
"The MPAA argued first that Congress had <quote>firmly rejected the central "
"concept in the proposed bill</quote>—that copyrights be renewed. That "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13190
+#: freeculture.xml:13191
msgid ""
"Finally, the MPAA argued that existing law enabled copyright owners to do "
"this if they wanted. But the whole point is that there are thousands of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13198
+#: freeculture.xml:13199
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>At the beginning</emphasis> of this book, I told two "
"stories about the law reacting to changes in technology. In the one, common "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13208
+#: freeculture.xml:13209
msgid ""
"I used these two cases as a way to frame the war that this book has been "
"about. For here, too, a new technology is forcing the law to react. And "
#. PAGE BREAK 262
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13217
+#: freeculture.xml:13218
msgid ""
"When the issue is piracy, it is right for the law to back the copyright "
"owners. The commercial piracy that I described is wrong and harmful, and the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13227
+#: freeculture.xml:13228
msgid "Kelly, Kevin"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13229
+#: freeculture.xml:13230
msgid ""
"But when the copyright owners oppose a proposal such as the Eldred Act, "
"then, finally, there is an example that lays bare the naked selfinterest "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13239
+#: freeculture.xml:13240
msgid "What does this industry really want?"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13242
+#: freeculture.xml:13243
msgid ""
"With very little effort, the warriors could protect their content. So the "
"effort to block something like the Eldred Act is not really about protecting "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13253
+#: freeculture.xml:13254
msgid ""
"The opposition to the Eldred Act reveals how extreme the other side is. The "
"most powerful and sexy and well loved of lobbies really has as its aim not "
#. PAGE BREAK 263
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13261
+#: freeculture.xml:13262
msgid ""
"It is not hard to understand why the warriors take this view. It is not hard "
"to see why it would benefit them if the competition of the public domain "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13273
+#: freeculture.xml:13274
msgid ""
"What is hard to understand is why the public takes this view. It is as if "
"the law made airplanes trespassers. The MPAA stands with the Causbys and "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13280
+#: freeculture.xml:13281
msgid ""
"All this seems to follow easily from this untroubled acceptance of the "
"<quote>property</quote> in intellectual property. Common sense supports it, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:13292
+#: freeculture.xml:13293
msgid "Conclusion"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13293
+#: freeculture.xml:13294
msgid "Africa, medications for HIV patients in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13294
+#: freeculture.xml:13295
msgid "AIDS medications"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13295
+#: freeculture.xml:13296
msgid "antiretroviral drugs"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13296
+#: freeculture.xml:13297
msgid "developing countries, foreign patent costs in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13297 freeculture.xml:13811
+#: freeculture.xml:13298 freeculture.xml:13812
msgid "drugs"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13297 freeculture.xml:13811
+#: freeculture.xml:13298 freeculture.xml:13812
msgid "pharmaceutical"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13298
+#: freeculture.xml:13299
msgid "HIV/AIDS therapies"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13300
+#: freeculture.xml:13301
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>There are more</emphasis> than 35 million people "
"with the AIDS virus worldwide. Twenty-five million of them live in "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13307
+#: freeculture.xml:13308
msgid ""
"There is no cure for AIDS, but there are drugs to slow its progression. "
"These antiretroviral therapies are still experimental, but they have already "
#. f1.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13322
+#: freeculture.xml:13323
msgid ""
"Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, <quote>Final Report: Integrating "
"Intellectual Property Rights and Development Policy</quote> (London, 2002), "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13315
+#: freeculture.xml:13316
msgid ""
"These drugs are expensive. When they were first introduced in the United "
"States, they cost between $10,000 and $15,000 per person per year. Today, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13331 freeculture.xml:13813
+#: freeculture.xml:13332 freeculture.xml:13814
msgid "on pharmaceuticals"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13332
+#: freeculture.xml:13333
msgid "pharmaceutical patents"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 265
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13335
+#: freeculture.xml:13336
msgid ""
"These prices are not high because the ingredients of the drugs are "
"expensive. These prices are high because the drugs are protected by "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13343
+#: freeculture.xml:13344
msgid ""
"There are many who are skeptical of patents, especially drug patents. I am "
"not. Indeed, of all the areas of research that might be supported by "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13354
+#: freeculture.xml:13355
msgid ""
"But it is one thing to support patents, even drug patents. It is another "
"thing to determine how best to deal with a crisis. And as African leaders "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13360
+#: freeculture.xml:13361
msgid "international law"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13361
+#: freeculture.xml:13362
msgid "parallel importation"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13362
+#: freeculture.xml:13363
msgid "South Africa, Republic of, pharmaceutical imports by"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13375 freeculture.xml:13869
+#: freeculture.xml:13376 freeculture.xml:13870
msgid "Braithwaite, John"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13373
+#: freeculture.xml:13374
msgid ""
"See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism: "
"Who Owns the Knowledge Economy?</citetitle> (New York: The New Press, 2003), "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13364
+#: freeculture.xml:13365
msgid ""
"In 1997, South Africa tried one tack. It passed a law to allow the "
"importation of patented medicines that had been produced or sold in another "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13379
+#: freeculture.xml:13380
msgid "United States Trade Representative (USTR)"
msgstr ""
#. f3.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13387
+#: freeculture.xml:13388
msgid ""
"International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent "
"Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a "
#. f4.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13414
+#: freeculture.xml:13415
msgid ""
"International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent "
"Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13381
+#: freeculture.xml:13382
msgid ""
"However, the United States government opposed the bill. Indeed, more than "
"opposed. As the International Intellectual Property Association "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13421
+#: freeculture.xml:13422
msgid ""
"We should place the intervention by the United States in context. No doubt "
"patents are not the most important reason that Africans don't have access to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13431
+#: freeculture.xml:13432
msgid ""
"By stopping the flow of HIV treatment into Africa, the United States "
"government was not saving drugs for United States citizens. This is not "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13439
+#: freeculture.xml:13440
msgid ""
"Nor was the intervention by the United States going to protect the profits "
"of United States drug companies—at least, not substantially. It was "
#. f5.
#. PAGE BREAK 333
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13454
+#: freeculture.xml:13455
msgid ""
"See Sabin Russell, <quote>New Crusade to Lower AIDS Drug Costs: Africa's "
"Needs at Odds with Firms' Profit Motive,</quote> <citetitle>San Francisco "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13448
+#: freeculture.xml:13449
msgid ""
"Instead, the argument in favor of restricting this flow of information, "
"which was needed to save the lives of millions, was an argument about the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13476
+#: freeculture.xml:13477
msgid ""
"Now just step back for a moment. There will be a time thirty years from now "
"when our children look back at us and ask, how could we have let this "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13485
+#: freeculture.xml:13486
msgid "in pharmaceutical industry"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13487
+#: freeculture.xml:13488
msgid ""
"Some blame the drug companies. I don't. They are corporations. Their "
"managers are ordered by law to make money for the corporation. They push a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13495
+#: freeculture.xml:13496
msgid ""
"The corruption is our own politicians' failure of integrity. For the drug "
"companies would love—they say, and I believe them—to sell their "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13502
+#: freeculture.xml:13503
msgid "of drug patents"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 268
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13504
+#: freeculture.xml:13505
msgid ""
"A different problem, however, could not be overcome. This is the fear of the "
"grandstanding politician who would call the presidents of the drug companies "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13526
+#: freeculture.xml:13527
msgid ""
"So when the common sense of your child confronts you, what will you say? "
"When the common sense of a generation finally revolts against what we have "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13532
+#: freeculture.xml:13533
msgid ""
"A sensible patent policy could endorse and strongly support the patent "
"system without having to reach everyone everywhere in exactly the same "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13547
+#: freeculture.xml:13548
msgid ""
"But we as a culture have lost this sense of balance. We have lost the "
"critical eye that helps us see the difference between truth and extremism. "
#. PAGE BREAK 269
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13556
+#: freeculture.xml:13557
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>A simple idea</emphasis> blinds us, and under the "
"cover of darkness, much happens that most of us would reject if any of us "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13570
+#: freeculture.xml:13571
msgid ""
"So far, common sense sleeps. There is no revolt. Common sense does not yet "
"see what there could be to revolt about. The extremism that now dominates "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13583 freeculture.xml:14359
+#: freeculture.xml:13584 freeculture.xml:14360
msgid "academic journals"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13584 freeculture.xml:13597
+#: freeculture.xml:13585 freeculture.xml:13598
msgid "biomedical research"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13585 freeculture.xml:13755
+#: freeculture.xml:13586 freeculture.xml:13756
msgid "international organization on issues of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13587 freeculture.xml:13704 freeculture.xml:14278
+#: freeculture.xml:13588 freeculture.xml:13705 freeculture.xml:14279
msgid "IBM"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13588 freeculture.xml:14425
+#: freeculture.xml:13589 freeculture.xml:14426
msgid "PLoS (Public Library of Science)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13589 freeculture.xml:14426
+#: freeculture.xml:13590 freeculture.xml:14427
msgid "Public Library of Science (PLoS)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13590
+#: freeculture.xml:13591
msgid "public projects in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13591
+#: freeculture.xml:13592
msgid "single nucleotied polymorphisms (SNPs)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13592
+#: freeculture.xml:13593
msgid "Wellcome Trust"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13593 freeculture.xml:13756
+#: freeculture.xml:13594 freeculture.xml:13757
msgid "World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13594
+#: freeculture.xml:13595
msgid "World Wide Web"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13595
+#: freeculture.xml:13596
msgid "Global Positioning System"
msgstr ""
#. f6.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13602
+#: freeculture.xml:13603
msgid ""
"Jonathan Krim, <quote>The Quiet War over Open-Source,</quote> "
"<citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, August 2003, E1, available at <ulink "
#. PAGE BREAK 270
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13599
+#: freeculture.xml:13600
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>In August 2003</emphasis>, a fight broke out in the "
"United States about a decision by the World Intellectual Property "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13635
+#: freeculture.xml:13636
msgid ""
"The aim of the meeting was to consider this wide range of projects from one "
"common perspective: that none of these projects relied upon intellectual "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13641
+#: freeculture.xml:13642
msgid "in international debate on intellectual property"
msgstr ""
#. f7.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13644
+#: freeculture.xml:13645
msgid ""
"I should disclose that I was one of the people who asked WIPO for the "
"meeting."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13643
+#: freeculture.xml:13644
msgid ""
"From the perspective of this book, then, the conference was "
"ideal.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The projects within its "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13653 freeculture.xml:13810
+#: freeculture.xml:13654 freeculture.xml:13811
msgid "World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS)"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 271
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13655
+#: freeculture.xml:13656
msgid ""
"Indeed, I was once publicly scolded for not recognizing this fact about "
"WIPO. In February 2003, I delivered a keynote address to a preparatory "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13679
+#: freeculture.xml:13680
msgid ""
"So whether or not WSIS can discuss balance in intellectual property, I had "
"thought it was taken for granted that WIPO could and should. And thus the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13688 freeculture.xml:15430
+#: freeculture.xml:13689 freeculture.xml:15431
msgid "Apple Corporation"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13689
+#: freeculture.xml:13690
msgid "on free software"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13691
+#: freeculture.xml:13692
msgid ""
"But there is one project within that list that is highly controversial, at "
"least among lobbyists. That project is <quote>open source and free "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13701
+#: freeculture.xml:13702
msgid "<quote>copyleft</quote> licenses"
msgstr ""
#. f8.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13717
+#: freeculture.xml:13718
msgid ""
"Microsoft's position about free and open source software is more "
"sophisticated. As it has repeatedly asserted, it has no problem with "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13706
+#: freeculture.xml:13707
msgid ""
"I don't mean to enter that debate here. It is important only to make clear "
"that the distinction is not between commercial and noncommercial "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13735
+#: freeculture.xml:13736
msgid "General Public License (GPL)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13736
+#: freeculture.xml:13737
msgid "GPL (General Public License)"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 272
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13738
+#: freeculture.xml:13739
msgid ""
"More important for our purposes, to support <quote>open source and free "
"software</quote> is not to oppose copyright. <quote>Open source and free "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13757
+#: freeculture.xml:13758
msgid "Krim, Jonathan"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13758
+#: freeculture.xml:13759
msgid "WIPO meeting opposed by"
msgstr ""
#. f9.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13768
+#: freeculture.xml:13769
msgid ""
"Krim, <quote>The Quiet War over Open-Source,</quote> available at <ulink "
"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #64</ulink>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13760
+#: freeculture.xml:13761
msgid ""
"It is therefore understandable that as a proprietary software developer, "
"Microsoft would oppose this WIPO meeting, and understandable that it would "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13774
+#: freeculture.xml:13775
msgid ""
"I don't blame Microsoft for doing what it can to advance its own interests, "
"consistent with the law. And lobbying governments is plainly consistent with "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13782 freeculture.xml:13841
+#: freeculture.xml:13783 freeculture.xml:13842
msgid "Boland, Lois"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13783
+#: freeculture.xml:13784
msgid "Patent and Trademark Office, U.S."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13785
+#: freeculture.xml:13786
msgid ""
"What was surprising was the United States government's reason for opposing "
"the meeting. Again, as reported by Krim, Lois Boland, acting director of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13796
+#: freeculture.xml:13797
msgid "These statements are astonishing on a number of levels."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13801
+#: freeculture.xml:13802
msgid ""
"First, they are just flat wrong. As I described, most open source and free "
"software relies fundamentally upon the intellectual property right called "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13812
+#: freeculture.xml:13813
msgid "generic drugs"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13815
+#: freeculture.xml:13816
msgid ""
"Second, who ever said that WIPO's exclusive aim was to "
"<quote>promote</quote> intellectual property maximally? As I had been "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13829
+#: freeculture.xml:13830
msgid ""
"Third, even if one believed that the purpose of WIPO was to maximize "
"intellectual property rights, in our tradition, intellectual property rights "
#. PAGE BREAK 274
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13843
+#: freeculture.xml:13844
msgid ""
"When Ms. Boland says that there is something wrong with a meeting "
"<quote>which has as its purpose to disclaim or waive such rights,</quote> "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13854
+#: freeculture.xml:13855
msgid "feudal system"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13855
+#: freeculture.xml:13856
msgid "feudal system of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13857
+#: freeculture.xml:13858
msgid ""
"There is a history of just such a property system that is well known in the "
"Anglo-American tradition. It is called <quote>feudalism.</quote> Under "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13874
+#: freeculture.xml:13875
msgid ""
"See Drahos with Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism</citetitle>, "
"210–20. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13871
+#: freeculture.xml:13872
msgid ""
"As Peter Drahos and John Braithwaite relate, this is precisely the choice we "
"are now making about intellectual property.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13885
+#: freeculture.xml:13886
msgid ""
"When this battle broke, I blogged it. A spirited debate within the comment "
"section ensued. Ms. Boland had a number of supporters who tried to show why "
#. PAGE BREAK 275
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13894
+#: freeculture.xml:13895
msgid ""
"George, you misunderstand Lessig: He's only talking about the world as it "
"should be (<quote>the goal of WIPO, and the goal of any government, should "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13906
+#: freeculture.xml:13907
msgid ""
"I missed the irony the first time I read it. I read it quickly and thought "
"the poster was supporting the idea that seeking balance was what our "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13917
+#: freeculture.xml:13918
msgid ""
"Obviously, however, the poster was not supporting that idea. Instead, the "
"poster was ridiculing the very idea that in the real world, the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13925
+#: freeculture.xml:13926
msgid ""
"I understand criticism of academic utopianism. I think utopianism is silly, "
"too, and I'd be the first to poke fun at the absurdly unrealistic ideals of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13931
+#: freeculture.xml:13932
msgid ""
"But when it has become silly to suppose that the role of our government "
"should be to <quote>seek balance,</quote> then count me with the silly, for "
#. PAGE BREAK 276
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13942
+#: freeculture.xml:13943
msgid ""
"It might be crazy to expect a high government official to speak the "
"truth. It might be crazy to believe that government policy will be something "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13951
+#: freeculture.xml:13952
msgid "If this is crazy, then let there be more crazies. Soon."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13955
+#: freeculture.xml:13956
msgid "Turner, Ted"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13957
+#: freeculture.xml:13958
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>There are moments</emphasis> of hope in this "
"struggle. And moments that surprise. When the FCC was considering relaxing "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13968
+#: freeculture.xml:13969
msgid ""
"This activism did not stop the FCC, but soon after, a broad coalition in the "
"Senate voted to reverse the FCC decision. The hostile hearings leading up to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13976
+#: freeculture.xml:13977
msgid ""
"But even this movement misses an important piece of the puzzle. Largeness "
"as such is not bad. Freedom is not threatened just because some become very "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13983
+#: freeculture.xml:13984
msgid ""
"The danger in media concentration comes not from the concentration, but "
"instead from the feudalism that this concentration, tied to the change in "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13993
+#: freeculture.xml:13994
msgid ""
"It is therefore significant that so many would rally to demand competition "
"and increased diversity. Still, if the rally is understood as being about "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14000
+#: freeculture.xml:14001
msgid ""
"It would be something new, and something very important, if an equal number "
"could be rallied to fight the increasing extremism built within the idea of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14008
+#: freeculture.xml:14009
msgid ""
"If we were Achilles, this would be our heel. This would be the place of our "
"tragedy."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14011
+#: freeculture.xml:14012
msgid "Dylan, Bob"
msgstr ""
#. f11.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14017
+#: freeculture.xml:14018
msgid ""
"John Borland, <quote>RIAA Sues 261 File Swappers,</quote> CNET News.com, "
"September 2003, available at <ulink "
#. f12.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14035
+#: freeculture.xml:14036
msgid ""
"Jon Wiederhorn, <quote>Eminem Gets Sued … by a Little Old "
"Lady,</quote> mtv.com, 17 September 2003, available at <ulink "
#. f13.
#. PAGE BREAK 334
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14042
+#: freeculture.xml:14043
msgid ""
"Kenji Hall, Associated Press, <quote>Japanese Book May Be Inspiration for "
"Dylan Songs,</quote> Kansascity.com, 9 July 2003, available at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14013
+#: freeculture.xml:14014
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>As I write</emphasis> these final words, the news is "
"filled with stories about the RIAA lawsuits against almost three hundred "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14059
+#: freeculture.xml:14060
msgid "BBC"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14060
+#: freeculture.xml:14061
msgid "Brazil, free culture in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14061 freeculture.xml:14456
+#: freeculture.xml:14062 freeculture.xml:14457
msgid "Creative Commons"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14062
+#: freeculture.xml:14063
msgid "Gil, Gilberto"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14063
+#: freeculture.xml:14064
msgid "public creative archive in"
msgstr ""
#. f14.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14068
+#: freeculture.xml:14069
msgid ""
"<quote>BBC Plans to Open Up Its Archive to the Public,</quote> BBC press "
"release, 24 August 2003, available at <ulink "
#. f15.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14077
+#: freeculture.xml:14078
msgid ""
"<quote>Creative Commons and Brazil,</quote> Creative Commons Weblog, 6 "
"August 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
#. PAGE BREAK 278
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14065
+#: freeculture.xml:14066
msgid ""
"Yet on the other side of the Atlantic, the BBC has just announced that it "
"will build a <quote>Creative Archive,</quote> from which British citizens "
#. PAGE BREAK 279
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14091
+#: freeculture.xml:14092
msgid ""
"Common sense must revolt. It must act to free culture. Soon, if this "
"potential is ever to be realized."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14099
+#: freeculture.xml:14100
msgid "Afterword"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14100 freeculture.xml:14134
+#: freeculture.xml:14101 freeculture.xml:14135
msgid "voluntary reform efforts on"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 280
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14104
+#: freeculture.xml:14105
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>At least some</emphasis> who have read this far will "
"agree with me that something must be done to change where we are "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14109
+#: freeculture.xml:14110
msgid ""
"I divide this map into two parts: that which anyone can do now, and that "
"which requires the help of lawmakers. If there is one lesson that we can "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14115
+#: freeculture.xml:14116
msgid ""
"That means this movement must begin in the streets. It must recruit a "
"significant number of parents, teachers, librarians, creators, authors, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14124
+#: freeculture.xml:14125
msgid ""
"Once this movement has its effect in the streets, it has some hope of having "
"an effect in Washington. We are still a democracy. What people think "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14133
+#: freeculture.xml:14134
msgid "Us, now"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14136
+#: freeculture.xml:14137
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>Common sense</emphasis> is with the copyright "
"warriors because the debate so far has been framed at the extremes—as "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14143
+#: freeculture.xml:14144
msgid ""
"The mistake here is the error of the excluded middle. There are extremes in "
"this debate, but the extremes are not all that there is. There are those who "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14153
+#: freeculture.xml:14154
msgid "initial free character of"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 282
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14155
+#: freeculture.xml:14156
msgid ""
"When the Internet was first born, its initial architecture effectively "
"tilted in the <quote>no rights reserved</quote> direction. Content could be "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14167
+#: freeculture.xml:14168
msgid ""
"This initial character produced a reaction (opposite, but not quite equal) "
"by copyright owners. That reaction has been the topic of this book. Through "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14183
+#: freeculture.xml:14184
msgid ""
"What's needed is a way to say something in the middle—neither "
"<quote>all rights reserved</quote> nor <quote>no rights reserved</quote> but "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14191
+#: freeculture.xml:14192
msgid "Rebuilding Freedoms Previously Presumed: Examples"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14192
+#: freeculture.xml:14193
msgid "restoration efforts on previous aspects of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14194
+#: freeculture.xml:14195
msgid "privacy rights"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14196
+#: freeculture.xml:14197
msgid ""
"If you step back from the battle I've been describing here, you will "
"recognize this problem from other contexts. Think about privacy. Before the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14206
+#: freeculture.xml:14207
msgid "What made it assured?"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14210
+#: freeculture.xml:14211
msgid ""
"Well, if we think in terms of the modalities I described in chapter <xref "
"xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"property-i\"/>, your privacy was "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14225
+#: freeculture.xml:14226
msgid "Amazon"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14226
+#: freeculture.xml:14227
msgid "cookies, Internet"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14227
+#: freeculture.xml:14228
msgid "privacy protection on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14229
+#: freeculture.xml:14230
msgid ""
"Enter the Internet, where the cost of tracking browsing in particular has "
"become quite tiny. If you're a customer at Amazon, then as you browse the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14238
+#: freeculture.xml:14239
msgid "privacy rights in use of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14240
+#: freeculture.xml:14241
msgid ""
"Amazon, of course, is not the problem. But we might begin to worry about "
"libraries. If you're one of those crazy lefties who thinks that people "
#. f1.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14258
+#: freeculture.xml:14259
msgid ""
"See, for example, Marc Rotenberg, <quote>Fair Information Practices and the "
"Architecture of Privacy (What Larry Doesn't Get),</quote> "
#. PAGE BREAK 284
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14252
+#: freeculture.xml:14253
msgid ""
"It is this reality that explains the push of many to define "
"<quote>privacy</quote> on the Internet. It is the recognition that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14277
+#: freeculture.xml:14278
msgid "Data General"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14281
+#: freeculture.xml:14282
msgid ""
"A similar story could be told about the birth of the free software "
"movement. When computers with software were first made available "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14288
+#: freeculture.xml:14289
msgid "Stallman, Richard"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14290
+#: freeculture.xml:14291
msgid ""
"That was the world Richard Stallman was born into, and while he was a "
"researcher at MIT, he grew to love the community that developed when one was "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14298
+#: freeculture.xml:14299
msgid ""
"In an academic setting, at least, that's not a terribly radical idea. In a "
"math department, anyone would be free to tinker with a proof that someone "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14309
+#: freeculture.xml:14310
msgid "proprietary code"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14311
+#: freeculture.xml:14312
msgid ""
"No one answered that question. Instead, the architecture of revenue for "
"computing changed. As it became possible to import programs from one system "
#. PAGE BREAK 285
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14320
+#: freeculture.xml:14321
msgid ""
"Thus, the practice of proprietary code began to spread, and by the early "
"1980s, Stallman found himself surrounded by proprietary code. The world of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14329
+#: freeculture.xml:14330
msgid "Torvalds, Linus"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14331
+#: freeculture.xml:14332
msgid ""
"Therefore, in 1984, Stallman began a project to build a free operating "
"system, so that at least a strain of free software would survive. That was "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14339
+#: freeculture.xml:14340
msgid ""
"Stallman's technique was to use copyright law to build a world of software "
"that must be kept free. Software licensed under the Free Software "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14350
+#: freeculture.xml:14351
msgid ""
"Stallman was thus doing for software what privacy advocates now do for "
"privacy. He was seeking a way to rebuild a kind of freedom that was taken "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14360
+#: freeculture.xml:14361
msgid "scientific journals"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14362
+#: freeculture.xml:14363
msgid ""
"Finally, consider a very recent example that more directly resonates with "
"the story of this book. This is the shift in the way academic and scientific "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14366
+#: freeculture.xml:14367
msgid "Lexis and Westlaw"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14368 freeculture.xml:14404
+#: freeculture.xml:14369 freeculture.xml:14405
msgid "journals in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14369
+#: freeculture.xml:14370
msgid "access to opinions of"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 286
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14371
+#: freeculture.xml:14372
msgid ""
"As digital technologies develop, it is becoming obvious to many that "
"printing thousands of copies of journals every month and sending them to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14386
+#: freeculture.xml:14387
msgid "access fees for material in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14387
+#: freeculture.xml:14388
msgid "license system for rebuilding of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14389
+#: freeculture.xml:14390
msgid ""
"There's nothing wrong in general with this, and indeed, the ability to "
"charge for access to even public domain materials is a good incentive for "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14400
+#: freeculture.xml:14401
msgid ""
"But what if the only way to get access to social and scientific data was "
"through proprietary services? What if no one had the ability to browse this "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14406
+#: freeculture.xml:14407
msgid ""
"As many are beginning to notice, this is increasingly the reality with "
"scientific journals. When these journals were distributed in paper form, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14418
+#: freeculture.xml:14419
msgid ""
"As journals become electronic, however, the publishers are demanding that "
"libraries not give the general public access to the journals. This means "
#. PAGE BREAK 287
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14428
+#: freeculture.xml:14429
msgid ""
"This shrinking freedom has led many to take affirmative steps to restore the "
"freedom that has been lost. The Public Library of Science (PLoS), for "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14442
+#: freeculture.xml:14443
msgid ""
"This is one of many such efforts to restore a freedom taken for granted "
"before, but now threatened by changing technology and markets. There's no "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14455
+#: freeculture.xml:14456
msgid "Rebuilding Free Culture: One Idea"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14458
+#: freeculture.xml:14459
msgid ""
"The same strategy could be applied to culture, as a response to the "
"increasing control effected through law and technology."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14461
+#: freeculture.xml:14462
msgid "Stanford University"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14463
+#: freeculture.xml:14464
msgid ""
"Enter the Creative Commons. The Creative Commons is a nonprofit corporation "
"established in Massachusetts, but with its home at Stanford University. Its "
#. PAGE BREAK 288
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14474
+#: freeculture.xml:14475
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Simple</emphasis>—which means without a middleman, or "
"without a lawyer. By developing a free set of licenses that people can "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14492
+#: freeculture.xml:14493
msgid ""
"These freedoms are beyond the freedoms promised by fair use. Their precise "
"contours depend upon the choices the creator makes. The creator can choose a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14503
+#: freeculture.xml:14504
msgid ""
"These choices thus establish a range of freedoms beyond the default of "
"copyright law. They also enable freedoms that go beyond traditional fair "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14513
+#: freeculture.xml:14514
msgid "Garlick, Mia"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 289
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14515
+#: freeculture.xml:14516
msgid ""
"This is just one project among many within the Creative Commons. And of "
"course, Creative Commons is not the only organization pursuing such "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14528
+#: freeculture.xml:14529
msgid ""
"The aim is not to fight the <quote>All Rights Reserved</quote> sorts. The "
"aim is to complement them. The problems that the law creates for us as a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14541
+#: freeculture.xml:14542
msgid ""
"Why would creators participate in giving up total control? Some participate "
"to better spread their content. Cory Doctorow, for example, is a science "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14548
+#: freeculture.xml:14549
msgid ""
"Why would a publisher ever agree to this? I suspect his publisher reasoned "
"like this: There are two groups of people out there: (1) those who will buy "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14560
+#: freeculture.xml:14561
msgid ""
"Indeed, the experience of his publisher clearly supports that conclusion. "
"The book's first printing was exhausted months before the publisher had "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14565
+#: freeculture.xml:14566
msgid "Free for All (Wayner)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14566
+#: freeculture.xml:14567
msgid "Wayner, Peter"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 290
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14568
+#: freeculture.xml:14569
msgid ""
"The idea that free content might increase the value of nonfree content was "
"confirmed by the experience of another author. Peter Wayner, who wrote a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14579
+#: freeculture.xml:14580
msgid "Leaphart, Walter"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14580
+#: freeculture.xml:14581
msgid "Public Enemy"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14582
+#: freeculture.xml:14583
msgid "rap music"
msgstr ""
#. f2.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14599
+#: freeculture.xml:14600
msgid ""
"<citetitle>Willful Infringement: A Report from the Front Lines of the Real "
"Culture Wars</citetitle> (2003), produced by Jed Horovitz, directed by Greg "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14584
+#: freeculture.xml:14585
msgid ""
"These are examples of using the Commons to better spread proprietary "
"content. I believe that is a wonderful and common use of the Commons. There "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14608
+#: freeculture.xml:14609
msgid ""
"Finally, there are many who mark their content with a Creative Commons "
"license just because they want to express to others the importance of "
#. PAGE BREAK 291
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14620
+#: freeculture.xml:14621
msgid ""
"In the first six months of the Creative Commons experiment, over 1 million "
"objects were licensed with these free-culture licenses. The next step is "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14630
+#: freeculture.xml:14631
msgid ""
"These are first steps to rebuilding a public domain. They are not mere "
"arguments; they are action. Building a public domain is the first step to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14638
+#: freeculture.xml:14639
msgid ""
"Creative Commons is just one example of voluntary efforts by individuals and "
"creators to change the mix of rights that now govern the creative field. The "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14652
+#: freeculture.xml:14653
msgid "Them, soon"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14654
+#: freeculture.xml:14655
msgid ""
"<emphasis role='strong'>We will</emphasis> not reclaim a free culture by "
"individual action alone. It will also take important reforms of laws. We "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14661
+#: freeculture.xml:14662
msgid ""
"In this chapter, I outline five kinds of changes: four that are general, and "
"one that's specific to the most heated battle of the day, music. Each is a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14668
+#: freeculture.xml:14669
msgid "1. More Formalities"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14670
+#: freeculture.xml:14671
msgid ""
"If you buy a house, you have to record the sale in a deed. If you buy land "
"upon which to build a house, you have to record the purchase in a deed. If "
#. PAGE BREAK 293
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14677
+#: freeculture.xml:14678
msgid ""
"These are all formalities associated with property. They are requirements "
"that we all must bear if we want our property to be protected."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14682
+#: freeculture.xml:14683
msgid ""
"In contrast, under current copyright law, you automatically get a copyright, "
"regardless of whether you comply with any formality. You don't have to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14688
+#: freeculture.xml:14689
msgid "Why?"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14691
+#: freeculture.xml:14692
msgid ""
"As I suggested in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" "
"linkend=\"property-i\"/>, the motivation to abolish formalities was a good "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14700
+#: freeculture.xml:14701
msgid ""
"But the Internet changes all this. Formalities today need not be a "
"burden. Rather, the world without formalities is the world that burdens "
#. f1.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14714
+#: freeculture.xml:14715
msgid ""
"The proposal I am advancing here would apply to American works only. "
"Obviously, I believe it would be beneficial for the same idea to be adopted "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14712
+#: freeculture.xml:14713
msgid ""
"The law should therefore change this requirement<placeholder "
"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>—but it should not change it by going back "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14722
+#: freeculture.xml:14723
msgid ""
"The important formalities are three: marking copyrighted work, registering "
"copyrights, and renewing the claim to copyright. Traditionally, the first of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14734
+#: freeculture.xml:14735
msgid "Registration and renewal"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14736
+#: freeculture.xml:14737
msgid ""
"Under the old system, a copyright owner had to file a registration with the "
"Copyright Office to register or renew a copyright. When filing that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14749
+#: freeculture.xml:14750
msgid ""
"Yet it is always astonishing to me that we, who come from a tradition of "
"extraordinary innovation in governmental design, can no longer think "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14757
+#: freeculture.xml:14758
msgid "domain names"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14758
+#: freeculture.xml:14759
msgid "domain name registration on"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14759
+#: freeculture.xml:14760
msgid "Web sites, domain name registration of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14761
+#: freeculture.xml:14762
msgid ""
"In the context of registration, one obvious model is the Internet. There "
"are at least 32 million Web sites registered around the world. Domain name "
#. PAGE BREAK 295
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14771
+#: freeculture.xml:14772
msgid ""
"We should adopt a similar model for the registration and renewal of "
"copyrights. The Copyright Office may well serve as the central registry, but "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14786
+#: freeculture.xml:14787
msgid "Marking"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14788
+#: freeculture.xml:14789
msgid ""
"It used to be that the failure to include a copyright notice on a creative "
"work meant that the copyright was forfeited. That was a harsh punishment for "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14798
+#: freeculture.xml:14799
msgid ""
"The aim of marking is to signal to the public that this work is copyrighted "
"and that the author wants to enforce his rights. The mark also makes it easy "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14804
+#: freeculture.xml:14805
msgid ""
"One of the problems the copyright system confronted early on was that "
"different copyrighted works had to be differently marked. It wasn't clear "
#. f2.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14821
+#: freeculture.xml:14822
msgid ""
"There would be a complication with derivative works that I have not solved "
"here. In my view, the law of derivatives creates a more complicated system "
#. PAGE BREAK 296
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14814
+#: freeculture.xml:14815
msgid ""
"Let's start with the last point. If a copyright owner allows his work to be "
"published without a copyright notice, the consequence of that failure need "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14834
+#: freeculture.xml:14835
msgid ""
"That in turn raises the question about how work should best be marked. Here "
"again, the system needs to adjust as the technologies evolve. The best way "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14840
+#: freeculture.xml:14841
msgid "copyright marking of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14842
+#: freeculture.xml:14843
msgid ""
"For example, if a recording industry association devises a method for "
"marking CDs, it would propose that to the Copyright Office. The Copyright "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14854
+#: freeculture.xml:14855
msgid ""
"Finally, marking content clearly would simplify registration requirements. "
"If photographs were marked by author and year, there would be little reason "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14862
+#: freeculture.xml:14863
msgid ""
"The objective of formalities is to make things clear. The existing system "
"does nothing to make things clear. Indeed, it seems designed to make things "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14867
+#: freeculture.xml:14868
msgid ""
"If formalities such as registration were reinstated, one of the most "
"difficult aspects of relying upon the public domain would be removed. It "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14879
+#: freeculture.xml:14880
msgid "2. Shorter Terms"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14881
+#: freeculture.xml:14882
msgid ""
"The term of copyright has gone from fourteen years to ninety-five years for "
"corporate authors, and life of the author plus seventy years for natural "
#. f3.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14894
+#: freeculture.xml:14895
msgid ""
"<quote>A Radical Rethink,</quote> <citetitle>Economist</citetitle>, 366:8308 "
"(25 January 2003): 15, available at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14886
+#: freeculture.xml:14887
msgid ""
"In <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>, I proposed a "
"seventy-five-year term, granted in five-year increments with a requirement "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14901
+#: freeculture.xml:14902
msgid ""
"I agree with those who believe that we need a radical change in copyright's "
"term. But whether fourteen years or seventy-five, there are four principles "
#. (1)
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14909
+#: freeculture.xml:14910
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Keep it short:</emphasis> The term should be as long as necessary "
"to give incentives to create, but no longer. If it were tied to very strong "
#. (2)
#. PAGE BREAK 298
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14918
+#: freeculture.xml:14919
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Keep it simple:</emphasis> The line between the public domain and "
"protected content must be kept clear. Lawyers like the fuzziness of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14930
+#: freeculture.xml:14931
msgid "veterans' pensions"
msgstr ""
#. f4.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14941
+#: freeculture.xml:14942
msgid ""
"Department of Veterans Affairs, Veteran's Application for Compensation "
"and/or Pension, VA Form 21-526 (OMB Approved No. 2900-0001), available at "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14933
+#: freeculture.xml:14934
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Keep it alive:</emphasis> Copyright should have to be renewed. "
"Especially if the maximum term is long, the copyright owner should be "
#. (4)
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14952
+#: freeculture.xml:14953
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Keep it prospective:</emphasis> Whatever the term of copyright "
"should be, the clearest lesson that economists teach is that a term once "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14968
+#: freeculture.xml:14969
msgid ""
"These changes together should produce an <emphasis>average</emphasis> "
"copyright term that is much shorter than the current term. Until 1976, the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14974
+#: freeculture.xml:14975
msgid ""
"No doubt the extremists will call these ideas <quote>radical.</quote> (After "
"all, I call them <quote>extremists.</quote>) But again, the term I "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14984
+#: freeculture.xml:14985
msgid "3. Free Use Vs. Fair Use"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14988
+#: freeculture.xml:14989
msgid ""
"As I observed at the beginning of this book, property law originally granted "
"property owners the right to control their property from the ground to the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14996
+#: freeculture.xml:14997
msgid ""
"Our Constitution gives Congress the power to give authors <quote>exclusive "
"right</quote> to <quote>their writings.</quote> Congress has given authors "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:15004
+#: freeculture.xml:15005
msgid "Kaplan, Benjamin"
msgstr ""
#. f5.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15010
+#: freeculture.xml:15011
msgid ""
"Benjamin Kaplan, <citetitle>An Unhurried View of Copyright</citetitle> (New "
"York: Columbia University Press, 1967), 32."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15006
+#: freeculture.xml:15007
msgid ""
"Congress granted the beginnings of this right in 1870, when it expanded the "
"exclusive right of copyright to include a right to control translations and "
#. f6.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15023
+#: freeculture.xml:15024
msgid "Ibid., 56."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15019
+#: freeculture.xml:15020
msgid ""
"So inured have we become to the extension of the monopoly to a large range "
"of so-called derivative works, that we no longer sense the oddity of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15028
+#: freeculture.xml:15029
msgid ""
"I think it's time to recognize that there are airplanes in this field and "
"the expansiveness of these rights of derivative use no longer make "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15035
+#: freeculture.xml:15036
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Term:</emphasis> If Congress wants to grant a derivative right, "
"then that right should be for a much shorter term. It makes sense to protect "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15048
+#: freeculture.xml:15049
msgid ""
"<emphasis>Scope:</emphasis> Likewise should the scope of derivative rights "
"be narrowed. Again, there are some cases in which derivative rights are "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15062
+#: freeculture.xml:15063
msgid ""
"This was the point that Alben made when describing the making of the Clint "
"Eastwood CD. While it makes sense to require negotiation for foreseeable "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:15078
+#: freeculture.xml:15079
msgid "Goldstein, Paul"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15076
+#: freeculture.xml:15077
msgid ""
"Paul Goldstein, <citetitle>Copyright's Highway: From Gutenberg to the "
"Celestial Jukebox</citetitle> (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15070
+#: freeculture.xml:15071
msgid ""
"In each of these cases, the law should mark the uses that are protected, and "
"the presumption should be that other uses are not protected. This is the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15084
+#: freeculture.xml:15085
msgid ""
"Goldstein's analysis would make perfect sense if the cost of the legal "
"system were small. But as we are currently seeing in the context of the "
#. PAGE BREAK 301
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15091
+#: freeculture.xml:15092
msgid ""
"The law could remedy this problem either by removing protection beyond the "
"part explicitly drawn or by granting reuse rights upon certain statutory "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:15101
+#: freeculture.xml:15102
msgid "4. Liberate the Music—Again"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15103
+#: freeculture.xml:15104
msgid ""
"The battle that got this whole war going was about music, so it wouldn't be "
"fair to end this book without addressing the issue that is, to most people, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15110
+#: freeculture.xml:15111
msgid ""
"The appeal of file-sharing music was the crack cocaine of the Internet's "
"growth. It drove demand for access to the Internet more powerfully than any "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15119
+#: freeculture.xml:15120
msgid ""
"The aim of copyright, with respect to content in general and music in "
"particular, is to create the incentives for music to be composed, performed, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15126
+#: freeculture.xml:15127
msgid ""
"File-sharing networks complicate this model by enabling the spread of "
"content for which the performer has not been paid. But of course, that's not "
#. A.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15135
+#: freeculture.xml:15136
msgid ""
"There are some who are using sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing "
"CDs."
#. B.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15140
+#: freeculture.xml:15141
msgid ""
"There are also some who are using sharing networks to sample, on the way to "
"purchasing CDs."
#. PAGE BREAK 302
#. C.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15146
+#: freeculture.xml:15147
msgid ""
"There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content "
"that is no longer sold but is still under copyright or that would have been "
#. D.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15152
+#: freeculture.xml:15153
msgid ""
"There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content "
"that is not copyrighted or to get access that the copyright owner plainly "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15160
+#: freeculture.xml:15161
msgid ""
"Any reform of the law needs to keep these different uses in focus. It must "
"avoid burdening type D even if it aims to eliminate type A. The eagerness "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15168
+#: freeculture.xml:15169
msgid ""
"As I said in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" "
"linkend=\"piracy\"/>, the actual harm caused by sharing is controversial. "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15176
+#: freeculture.xml:15177
msgid ""
"Nonetheless, there is a crucial fact about the current technological context "
"that we must keep in mind if we are to understand how the law should "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15181
+#: freeculture.xml:15182
msgid ""
"Today, file sharing is addictive. In ten years, it won't be. It is addictive "
"today because it is the easiest way to gain access to a broad range of "
#. PAGE BREAK 303
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15193
+#: freeculture.xml:15194
msgid ""
"But it will become a reality, and that means the way we get access to the "
"Internet today is a technology in transition. Policy makers should not make "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:15207
+#: freeculture.xml:15208
msgid "cell phones, music streamed over"
msgstr ""
#. f8.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15227
+#: freeculture.xml:15228
msgid ""
"See, for example, <quote>Music Media Watch,</quote> The J@pan "
"Inc. Newsletter, 3 April 2002, available at <ulink "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15209
+#: freeculture.xml:15210
msgid ""
"In that world, it will be extremely easy to connect to services that give "
"you access to content on the fly—such as Internet radio, content that "
#. PAGE BREAK 304
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15234
+#: freeculture.xml:15235
msgid ""
"This point about the future is meant to suggest a perspective on the "
"present: It is emphatically temporary. The <quote>problem</quote> with file "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15250
+#: freeculture.xml:15251
msgid ""
"The answer begins with recognizing that there are different "
"<quote>problems</quote> here to solve. Let's start with type D "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15261
+#: freeculture.xml:15262
msgid ""
"Type C content raises a different <quote>problem.</quote> This is content "
"that was, at one time, published and is no longer available. It may be "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15272
+#: freeculture.xml:15273
msgid ""
"Again, the model here is the used book store. Once a book goes out of print, "
"it may still be available in libraries and used book stores. But libraries "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15282
+#: freeculture.xml:15283
msgid ""
"The model of used book stores suggests that the law could simply deem "
"out-of-print music fair game. If the publisher does not make copies of the "
#. PAGE BREAK 305
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15293
+#: freeculture.xml:15294
msgid ""
"Alternatively, the law could create a statutory license that would ensure "
"that artists get something from the trade of their work. For example, if the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15303
+#: freeculture.xml:15304
msgid ""
"This system would also create an incentive for publishers to keep works "
"available commercially. Works that are available commercially would not be "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15313
+#: freeculture.xml:15314
msgid ""
"The hard case is content of types A and B, and again, this case is hard only "
"because the extent of the problem will change over time, as the technologies "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15321
+#: freeculture.xml:15322
msgid ""
"So here's a solution that will at first seem very strange to both sides in "
"this war, but which upon reflection, I suggest, should make some sense."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15325
+#: freeculture.xml:15326
msgid ""
"Stripped of the rhetoric about the sanctity of property, the basic claim of "
"the content industry is this: A new technology (the Internet) has harmed a "
#. PAGE BREAK 306
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15336
+#: freeculture.xml:15337
msgid ""
"I love the Internet, and so I don't like likening it to tobacco or "
"asbestos. But the analogy is a fair one from the perspective of the law. "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:15343 freeculture.xml:15385
+#: freeculture.xml:15344 freeculture.xml:15386
msgid "Promises to Keep (Fisher)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:15383
+#: freeculture.xml:15384
msgid "Fisher, William"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15349
+#: freeculture.xml:15350
msgid ""
"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> William Fisher, "
"<citetitle>Digital Music: Problems and Possibilities</citetitle> (last "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15345
+#: freeculture.xml:15346
msgid ""
"The idea would be a modification of a proposal that has been floated by "
"Harvard law professor William Fisher.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15399
+#: freeculture.xml:15400
msgid ""
"Fisher's proposal is careful and comprehensive. It raises a million "
"questions, most of which he answers well in his upcoming book, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:15415
+#: freeculture.xml:15416
msgid "semiotic democracy"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:15416
+#: freeculture.xml:15417
msgid "semiotic"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 307
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15418
+#: freeculture.xml:15419
msgid ""
"Fisher would balk at the idea of allowing the system to lapse. His aim is "
"not just to ensure that artists are paid, but also to ensure that the system "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:15431
+#: freeculture.xml:15432
msgid "MusicStore"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:15433
+#: freeculture.xml:15434
msgid "prices of"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15435
+#: freeculture.xml:15436
msgid ""
"No doubt it would be difficult to calculate the proper measure of "
"<quote>harm</quote> to an industry. But the difficulty of making that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:15450
+#: freeculture.xml:15451
msgid "cable vs. broadcast"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:15453
+#: freeculture.xml:15454
msgid "luxury theatres vs. video piracy in"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15455
+#: freeculture.xml:15456
msgid ""
"This competition has already occurred against the background of "
"<quote>free</quote> music from p2p systems. As the sellers of cable "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15467
+#: freeculture.xml:15468
msgid ""
"This regime of competition, with a backstop to assure that artists don't "
"lose, would facilitate a great deal of innovation in the delivery of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15476
+#: freeculture.xml:15477
msgid "In summary, then, my proposal is this:"
msgstr ""
#. PAGE BREAK 308
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15481
+#: freeculture.xml:15482
msgid ""
"The Internet is in transition. We should not be regulating a technology in "
"transition. We should instead be regulating to minimize the harm to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15488
+#: freeculture.xml:15489
msgid "We can minimize that harm while maximizing the benefit to innovation by"
msgstr ""
#. 1.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15494
+#: freeculture.xml:15495
msgid "guaranteeing the right to engage in type D sharing;"
msgstr ""
#. 2.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15498
+#: freeculture.xml:15499
msgid ""
"permitting noncommercial type C sharing without liability, and commercial "
"type C sharing at a low and fixed rate set by statute;"
#. 3.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15504
+#: freeculture.xml:15505
msgid ""
"while in this transition, taxing and compensating for type A sharing, to the "
"extent actual harm is demonstrated."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15509
+#: freeculture.xml:15510
msgid ""
"But what if <quote>piracy</quote> doesn't disappear? What if there is a "
"competitive market providing content at a low cost, but a significant number "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15515
+#: freeculture.xml:15516
msgid ""
"Yes, it should. But, again, what it should do depends upon how the facts "
"develop. These changes may not eliminate type A sharing. But the real issue "
#. PAGE BREAK 309
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15529
+#: freeculture.xml:15530
msgid ""
"But we're a long way away from whittling the problem down to this subset of "
"type A sharers. And our focus until we're there should not be on finding "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:15540
+#: freeculture.xml:15541
msgid "5. Fire Lots of Lawyers"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15542
+#: freeculture.xml:15543
msgid ""
"I'm a lawyer. I make lawyers for a living. I believe in the law. I believe "
"in the law of copyright. Indeed, I have devoted my life to working in law, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15548
+#: freeculture.xml:15549
msgid ""
"Yet much of this book has been a criticism of lawyers, or the role lawyers "
"have played in this debate. The law speaks to ideals, but it is my view that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:15555
+#: freeculture.xml:15556
msgid "Nimmer, Melville"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:15556
+#: freeculture.xml:15557
msgid "Supreme Court challenge of"
msgstr ""
#. f10.
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15567
+#: freeculture.xml:15568
msgid ""
"Lawrence Lessig, <quote>Copyright's First Amendment</quote> (Melville "
"B. Nimmer Memorial Lecture), <citetitle>UCLA Law Review</citetitle> 48 "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15558
+#: freeculture.xml:15559
msgid ""
"The evidence of this bending is compelling. I'm attacked as a "
"<quote>radical</quote> by many within the profession, yet the positions that "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15573
+#: freeculture.xml:15574
msgid ""
"However, my criticism of the role that lawyers have played in this debate is "
"not just about a professional bias. It is more importantly about our failure "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15583
+#: freeculture.xml:15584
msgid ""
"A good example is the work of Professor Stan Liebowitz. Liebowitz is to be "
"commended for his careful review of data about infringement, leading him to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15578
+#: freeculture.xml:15579
msgid ""
"Economists are supposed to be good at reckoning costs and benefits. But "
"more often than not, economists, with no clue about how the legal system "
#. PAGE BREAK 310
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15607
+#: freeculture.xml:15608
msgid ""
"But the legal system doesn't work. Or more accurately, it doesn't work for "
"anyone except those with the most resources. Not because the system is "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15615
+#: freeculture.xml:15616
msgid ""
"These costs distort free culture in many ways. A lawyer's time is billed at "
"the largest firms at more than $400 per hour. How much time should such a "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15625
+#: freeculture.xml:15626
msgid ""
"The costliness and clumsiness and randomness of this system mock our "
"tradition. And lawyers, as well as academics, should consider it their duty "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15633
+#: freeculture.xml:15634
msgid ""
"But until that reform is complete, we as a society should keep the law away "
"from areas that we know it will only harm. And that is precisely what the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15640
+#: freeculture.xml:15641
msgid ""
"Think about the amazing things your kid could do or make with digital "
"technology—the film, the music, the Web page, the blog. Or think about "
#. PAGE BREAK 311
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15649
+#: freeculture.xml:15650
msgid ""
"The law should regulate in certain areas of culture—but it should "
"regulate culture only where that regulation does good. Yet lawyers rarely "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15658
+#: freeculture.xml:15659
msgid ""
"We should ask, <quote>Why?</quote> Show me why your regulation of culture is "
"needed. Show me how it does good. And until you can show me both, keep your "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:15667
+#: freeculture.xml:15668
msgid "Notes"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15669
+#: freeculture.xml:15670
msgid ""
"Throughout this text, there are references to links on the World Wide "
"Web. As anyone who has tried to use the Web knows, these links can be highly "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:15689
+#: freeculture.xml:15690
msgid "Acknowledgments"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15691
+#: freeculture.xml:15692
msgid ""
"This book is the product of a long and as yet unsuccessful struggle that "
"began when I read of Eric Eldred's war to keep books free. Eldred's work "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15698
+#: freeculture.xml:15699
msgid ""
"I received guidance in various places from friends and academics, including "
"Glenn Brown, Peter DiCola, Jennifer Mnookin, Richard Posner, Mark Rose, and "
#. PAGE BREAK 337
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15711
+#: freeculture.xml:15712
msgid ""
"Yuko Noguchi helped me to understand the laws of Japan as well as its "
"culture. I am thankful to her, and to the many in Japan who helped me "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15722
+#: freeculture.xml:15723
msgid ""
"These are the traditional sorts of help that academics regularly draw "
"upon. But in addition to them, the Internet has made it possible to receive "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15742
+#: freeculture.xml:15743
msgid ""
"Richard Stallman and Michael Carroll each read the whole book in draft, and "
"each provided extremely helpful correction and advice. Michael helped me to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15751
+#: freeculture.xml:15752
msgid ""
"Finally, and forever, I am thankful to Bettina, who has always insisted that "
"there would be unending happiness away from these battles, and who has "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:15761
+#: freeculture.xml:15762
msgid "About this edition"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15763
+#: freeculture.xml:15764
msgid ""
"This edition of <citetitle>Free Culture</citetitle> is the result of three "
"years of volunteer work. The idea came from a discussion I had around ten "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15775
+#: freeculture.xml:15776
msgid ""
"Thanks to the Debian Edu / Skolelinux project, I already had experience "
"translating Docbook documents, and it seemed like a good format for this "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15787
+#: freeculture.xml:15788
msgid ""
"Several people joined, and Anders Hagen Jarmund, Kirill Miazine, Odd Kleiva, "
"Kjetil Kilhavn og Kjetil T. Homme assisted with the initial translation. "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15806
+#: freeculture.xml:15807
msgid ""
"At the end of the project, when the translation was done and it was time to "
"publish, NUUG Foundation was asked and was willing to sponsor books to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15813
+#: freeculture.xml:15814
msgid ""
"In addition to these great contributors, I am very grateful to Mari and my "
"family for their patience with me in this project."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15818
+#: freeculture.xml:15819
msgid "— Petter Reinholdtsen, Oslo 2015-09-07"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15828
+#: freeculture.xml:15829
msgid ""
"Free culture: How big media uses technology and the law to lock down culture "
"and control creativity / Lawrence Lessig."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15832
+#: freeculture.xml:15833
msgid "Copyright © 2004 Lawrence Lessig. Some rights reserved."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15836
+#: freeculture.xml:15837
msgid "<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/\"/>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15840
+#: freeculture.xml:15841
msgid ""
"Published in English and Norwegian Bokmål 2015 by Petter Reinholdtsen with "
"help from many volunteers. Typeset with dblatex using the font Crimson "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15846
+#: freeculture.xml:15847
msgid "First published 2004 by The Penguin Press."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15850
+#: freeculture.xml:15851
msgid ""
"Excerpt from an editorial titled <quote>The Coming of Copyright "
"Perpetuity,</quote> <citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle>, January 16, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15856
+#: freeculture.xml:15857
msgid ""
"Cartoon in figure <xref xrefstyle=\"template:%n\" "
"linkend=\"fig-1711-vcr-handgun-cartoonfig\"/> by Paul Conrad, copyright "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15862
+#: freeculture.xml:15863
msgid ""
"Diagram in figure <xref xrefstyle=\"template:%n\" "
"linkend=\"fig-1761-pattern-modern-media-ownership\"/> courtesy of the office "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15868
+#: freeculture.xml:15869
msgid "Cover created by Petter Reinholdtsen using inkscape."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15872
+#: freeculture.xml:15873
msgid ""
"The quotes on the cover came from <ulink "
"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/jacket/\"/>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15877
+#: freeculture.xml:15878
msgid ""
"Portrait on the cover was created 2013 by ActuaLitté and licensed under a "
"Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 license. It was downloaded from "
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15884
+#: freeculture.xml:15885
msgid "Classifications:"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15888
+#: freeculture.xml:15889
msgid "(Dewey) 306.4, 306.40973, 306.46, 341.7582, 343.7309/9"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15897
+#: freeculture.xml:15898
msgid "(UDK) 347.78"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15901
+#: freeculture.xml:15902
msgid "(US Library of Congress) KF2979.L47 2004"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15905
+#: freeculture.xml:15906
msgid "(ACM CRCS) K.4.1"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15909
+#: freeculture.xml:15910
msgid "Thomas Gramstad Forlag donated the ISBN numbers."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15913
+#: freeculture.xml:15914
msgid ""
"Printing was sponsed by NUUG Foundation, <ulink "
"url=\"http://www.nuugfoundation.no/\"/>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15918
+#: freeculture.xml:15919
msgid "Includes index."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15925
+#: freeculture.xml:15926
msgid ""
"The Docbook source is available from <ulink "
"url=\"https://github.com/petterreinholdtsen/free-culture-lessig\"/>. Please "
msgstr ""
#. type: Attribute 'fileref' of: <book><colophon><para><informalfigure><graphic>
-#: freeculture.xml:15932
+#: freeculture.xml:15933
msgid "images/cc.svg"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:15944
+#: freeculture.xml:15945
msgid ""
"This book is a proof reading draft. Please visit the github URL above to "
"get the latest version."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:15953
+#: freeculture.xml:15954
msgid "Format / MIME-type"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:15954
+#: freeculture.xml:15955
msgid "ISBN"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:15959
+#: freeculture.xml:15960
msgid "US Trade edition from lulu.com"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:15960
+#: freeculture.xml:15961
msgid "978-82-8067-010-6"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:15963
+#: freeculture.xml:15964
msgid "application/pdf"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:15964
+#: freeculture.xml:15965
msgid "978-82-8067-011-3"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:15967
+#: freeculture.xml:15968
msgid "application/epub+zip"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:15968
+#: freeculture.xml:15969
msgid "978-82-8067-012-0"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:15971
+#: freeculture.xml:15972
msgid "application/x-mobipocket-ebook"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:15972
+#: freeculture.xml:15973
msgid "978-82-8067-013-7"
msgstr ""
projects / text-free-culture-lessig.git / commitdiff