+# Free Culture translation to Danish
+# Copyright (C) 2015 Petter Reinholdtsen and contributors
+# This file is distributed under the same license as the Free Culture
+# book. When the original enter the public domain, the intention is
+# for this translation to do so too.
+#
+# The Danish translation was created by transforming the Norwegian Bokmål (nb)
+# translation using apertium. These are the translators of the nb version:
+# Petter Reinholdtsen <pere@hungry.com>, 2012-2015
+# Anders Hagen Jarmund <ajarmund@gmail.com>, 2012
+# Ingrid Yrvin <iyrvin@hagan.no>, 2015
+# Johannes Larsen <transifex.com@johslarsen.net>, 2015
+# Kirill Miazine <km@krot.org>, 2012
+msgid ""
+msgstr ""
+"Project-Id-Version: Free Culture by Lawrence Lessig\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2015-10-18 20:47+0200\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: 2015-10-14 12:00+0000\n"
+"Last-Translator: pere <pere-transifex@hungry.com>\n"
+"Language-Team: Norwegian Bokmål (http://www.transifex.com/pere/free-culture-"
+"lessig/language/nb/)\n"
+"Language: da\n"
+"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
+"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+"Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=(n != 1);\n"
+
+#. type: Content of the copy entity
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "©"
+msgstr "©"
+
+#. type: Attribute 'lang' of: <book>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "en"
+msgstr "da"
+
+#. type: Content of: <chapter><title>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Free Culture"
+msgstr "Fri kultur"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<abbrev>\"freeculture\"</abbrev>"
+msgstr "<abbrev>\"frikultur\"</abbrev>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"How big media uses technology and the law to lock down culture and control "
+"creativity"
+msgstr ""
+"Hvordan store mediumaktører bruger teknologi og retvæsenet til at begrænse "
+"kulturen og kontrollere kreativiteten"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<pubdate>2015-10-17</pubdate> <edition>1</edition>"
+msgstr "<pubdate>2015-10-17</pubdate> <edition>1 </edition>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><releaseinfo>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Version 2004-02-10"
+msgstr "Version 2004-02-10 "
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><authorgroup><author><firstname>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Lawrence"
+msgstr "Lawrence"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><authorgroup><author><surname>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Lessig"
+msgstr "Lessig"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><subjectset><subject><subjectterm>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Intellectual property—United States."
+msgstr "Immaterielle rettigheder – USA."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><subjectset><subject><subjectterm>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Mass media—United States."
+msgstr "Massemedierne – USA."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><subjectset><subject><subjectterm>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Technological innovations—United States."
+msgstr "Teknologiske nyvindinger – USA."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><subjectset><subject><subjectterm>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Art—United States."
+msgstr "Kunst – USA."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><publisher><address>
+#, fuzzy, no-wrap
+msgid "<city>Oslo</city>"
+msgstr "<city>Oslo</city>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<publisher> <publishername>Petter Reinholdtsen</publishername> <placeholder "
+"type=\"address\" id=\"0\"/> </publisher> <copyright> <year>2004</year> "
+"<holder>Lawrence Lessig</holder> </copyright>"
+msgstr ""
+"<publisher> <publishername>Petter Reinholdtsen</publishername> <placeholder "
+"type=\"address\" id=\"0\"/> </publisher> <copyright> <year>2004</year> "
+"<holder>Lawrence Lessig</holder> </copyright>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><legalnotice><para><inlinemediaobject>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=\"images/cc.png\" contentdepth=\"3em\" "
+"width=\"100%\" align=\"center\"/> </imageobject> <imageobject> <imagedata "
+"fileref=\"images/cc.svg\" contentdepth=\"3em\" width=\"100%\" align=\"center"
+"\"/> </imageobject>"
+msgstr ""
+"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=\"images/cc.png\" contentdepth=\"3em\" "
+"width=\"100%\" align=\"center\"/> </imageobject> <imageobject> <imagedata "
+"fileref=\"images/cc.svg\" contentdepth=\"3em\" width=\"100%\" "
+"align=\"center\"/> </imageobject>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><legalnotice><para><inlinemediaobject><textobject><phrase>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Creative Commons, Some rights reserved"
+msgstr "Creative Commons, nogle rettigheder forbeholdt"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><legalnotice><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<placeholder type=\"inlinemediaobject\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr "<placeholder type=\"inlinemediaobject\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This book is licensed under a Creative Commons license. This license permits "
+"non-commercial use of this work, so long as attribution is given. For more "
+"information about the license visit <ulink url=\"http://creativecommons.org/"
+"licenses/by-nc/1.0/\"/>."
+msgstr ""
+"Denne bog er licensieret med en Creative Commons-licens. Denne licens "
+"tillader ikke -kommerciel utnyttelse af værket, hvis ophavindehaveren er "
+"navngitt. For mere information om licensen, besøg <ulink url=\"http://"
+"creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/1.0/\"/>."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><abstract><title>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "About the author"
+msgstr "Om forfatteren"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><abstract><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Lawrence Lessig (<ulink url=\"http://www.lessig.org\">http://www.lessig.org</"
+"ulink>), professor of law and a Roy L. Furman Professor of Law and "
+"Leadership at Harvard Law School, is founder of the Stanford Center for "
+"Internet and Society and is chairman of the Creative Commons (<ulink url="
+"\"http://creativecommons.org\">http://creativecommons.org</ulink>). The "
+"author of The Future of Ideas (Random House, 2001) and Code: And Other Laws "
+"of Cyberspace (Basic Books, 1999), Lessig is a member of the boards of the "
+"Public Library of Science, the Electronic Frontier Foundation, and Public "
+"Knowledge. He was the winner of the Free Software Foundation's Award for the "
+"Advancement of Free Software, twice listed in BusinessWeek's <quote>e.biz 25,"
+"</quote> and named one of Scientific American's <quote>50 visionaries.</"
+"quote> A graduate of the University of Pennsylvania, Cambridge University, "
+"and Yale Law School, Lessig clerked for Judge Richard Posner of the U.S. "
+"Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals."
+msgstr ""
+"Lawrence Lessig (<ulink url=\"http://www.lessig.org\">http://www.lessig."
+"stjæle</ulink>) er professor i retsvidenskab og John A. Wilson Distinguished "
+"Faculty Scholar ved Stanford Law School. Han er stifteren af Stanford Center "
+"for Internet and Society og styreleder i Creative Commons (<ulink "
+"url=\"http://creativecommons.org\">http://creativecommons.stjæle</ulink>). "
+"Forfatteren har givet ud The Future of Ideas (Random House, 2001) og Code: "
+"Ånd other Laws of Cyberspace (Basic Books, 1999), samt er medlem af styrerne "
+"i Public Library of Science, the Electronic Frontier Foundation, og Public "
+"Knowledge. Han har vundet Free Software Foundation's Award for the "
+"Advancement of Free Software, to gange været opført i BusinessWeeks <quote>e."
+"biz 25,</quote> og omtalt som man af Scientific Americans <quote>50 "
+"visjonærer.</quote> Efter uddannelse ved University of Pennsylvania, "
+"Cambridge University, og Yale Law School, assisterede Lessig domme Richard "
+"Posner ved USAs syvende ankekreds."
+
+#. testing different ways to tag the cover page
+#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><mediaobject>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<imageobject remap=\"lrg\" role=\"front-large\"> <imagedata fileref=\"images/"
+"cover-front-72dpi.png\" format=\"PNG\" width=\"444\" /> </imageobject> "
+"<imageobject remap=\"s\" role=\"front\"> <imagedata fileref=\"images/cover-"
+"front-10dpi.png\" format=\"PNG\" width=\"444\" /> </imageobject> "
+"<imageobject remap=\"xs\" role=\"front-small\"> <imagedata fileref=\"images/"
+"cover-front-10dpi.png\" format=\"PNG\" width=\"444\" /> </imageobject> "
+"<imageobject remap=\"cs\" role=\"thumbnail\"> <imagedata fileref=\"images/"
+"cover-front-10dpi.png\" format=\"PNG\" width=\"444\" /> </imageobject>"
+msgstr ""
+"<imageobject remap=\"lrg\" role=\"front-large\"> <imagedata fileref=\"images/"
+"nb/cover-front-72dpi.png\" format=\"PNG\" width=\"444\" /> </imageobject> "
+"<imageobject remap=\"s\" role=\"front\"> <imagedata fileref=\"images/nb/"
+"cover-front-10dpi.png\" format=\"PNG\" width=\"444\" /> </imageobject> "
+"<imageobject remap=\"xs\" role=\"front-small\"> <imagedata fileref=\"images/"
+"nb/cover-front-10dpi.png\" format=\"PNG\" width=\"444\" /> </imageobject> "
+"<imageobject remap=\"cs\" role=\"thumbnail\"> <imagedata fileref=\"images/nb/"
+"cover-front-10dpi.png\" format=\"PNG\" width=\"444\" /> </imageobject>"
+
+#. LCCN from
+#. http://catalog.loc.gov/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?v3=1&DB=local&CMD=010a+2003063276&CNT=10+records+per+page
+#.
+#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+" <placeholder type=\"mediaobject\" id=\"0\"/> <biblioid class=\"isbn"
+"\">978-82-690182-0-2</biblioid> <biblioid class=\"libraryofcongress"
+"\">2003063276</biblioid> <biblioid class=\"uri\">http://free-culture.cc/</"
+"biblioid>"
+msgstr ""
+" <placeholder type=\"mediaobject\" id=\"0\"/> <biblioid class=\"isbn\">978-"
+"82-690182-3-3</biblioid> <biblioid class=\"libraryofcongress\">2003063276</"
+"biblioid> <biblioid class=\"uri\">http://free-culture.cc/</biblioid>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><title>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Also by Lawrence Lessig"
+msgstr "Andre bøge af Lawrence Lessig"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "The USA is lesterland: The nature of congressional corruption (2014)"
+msgstr "The USA is lesterland: The nature of congressional corruption (2014)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Republic, lost: How money corrupts Congress - and a plan to stop it (2011)"
+msgstr ""
+"Republic, loset: How money corrupts Congress - and a plan to stop it (2011)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Remix: Making art and commerce thrive in the hybrid economy (2008)"
+msgstr "Remix: Making art and commerce thrive in the hybrid economy (2008)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Code: Version 2.0 (2006)"
+msgstr "Code: Version 2.0 (2006)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The Future of Ideas: The Fate of the Commons in a Connected World (2001)"
+msgstr ""
+"The Future of Ideas: The Fænge of the Commons in a Connected World (2001)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Code: And Other Laws of Cyberspace (1999)"
+msgstr "Code: Ånd Other Laws of Cyberspace (1999)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"To Eric Eldred — whose work first drew me to this cause, and for whom "
+"it continues still."
+msgstr ""
+"Til Eric Eldred – hvis arbejde først trak mig til denne sag, og for "
+"hvem sagen fortsætter."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><lot><title>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "List of figures"
+msgstr "Figuroversigt"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><preface><title>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Preface"
+msgstr "Forord"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><preface><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Pogue, David"
+msgstr "Pogue, David"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Code (Lessig)"
+msgstr "Code (Lessig)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"bold\">At the end</emphasis> of his review of my first "
+"book, <citetitle>Code: And Other Laws of Cyberspace</citetitle>, David "
+"Pogue, a brilliant writer and author of countless technical and computer-"
+"related texts, wrote this:"
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role=\"bold\">I slutningen af</emphasis> sin gennemgang af min "
+"første bog <citetitle>Code: Ånd Other Laws of Cyberspace</citetitle>, skrev "
+"David Pogue, en glimrende skribent og forfatter af utallige tekniske og "
+"datarelaterte tekster, dette:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><preface><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"David Pogue, <quote>Don't Just Chat, Do Something,</quote> <citetitle>New "
+"York Times</citetitle>, 30 January 2000."
+msgstr ""
+"David Pogue, <quote>Don't Just Chat, Do Something,</quote> <citetitle>New "
+"York Times</citetitle>, 30 . januar 2000 ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><preface><blockquote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Unlike actual law, Internet software has no capacity to punish. It doesn't "
+"affect people who aren't online (and only a tiny minority of the world "
+"population is). And if you don't like the Internet's system, you can always "
+"flip off the modem.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"I modsætning til retslige love, har ikke Internet-programvare evnen til at "
+"straffe. Den påvirker ikke folk som ikke er online (og bare en vældig "
+"lille minoritet af værdets befolkning er online). Og hvis du ikke kanlide "
+"systemet med Internet, kan du altid skrue af modemet.<placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Pogue was skeptical of the core argument of the book—that software, or "
+"<quote>code,</quote> functioned as a kind of law—and his review "
+"suggested the happy thought that if life in cyberspace got bad, we could "
+"always <quote>drizzle, drazzle, druzzle, drome</quote>-like simply flip a "
+"switch and be back home. Turn off the modem, unplug the computer, and any "
+"troubles that exist in <emphasis>that</emphasis> space wouldn't "
+"<quote>affect</quote> us anymore."
+msgstr ""
+"Pogue var skeptisk til bogens hovedpointe – at software, eller "
+"<quote>kode,</quote> fungerede som en slags lov – og foreslog i sin "
+"anmeldelse den glade tanken at hvis tilværelsen i cyberspace blev slet, kan "
+"vi altid, ligesom på magisk vis, slå over en bryder og være hjemme igen. "
+"Skru af modemet, koble fra computeren, og eventuelle problemer som findes i "
+"<emphasis>den</emphasis> virkeligheden villes ikke <quote>påvirke</quote> "
+"os mere."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 12
+#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Pogue might have been right in 1999—I'm skeptical, but maybe. But "
+"even if he was right then, the point is not right now: <citetitle>Free "
+"Culture</citetitle> is about the troubles the Internet causes even after the "
+"modem is turned off. It is an argument about how the battles that now rage "
+"regarding life on-line have fundamentally affected <quote>people who aren't "
+"online.</quote> There is no switch that will insulate us from the Internet's "
+"effect."
+msgstr ""
+"Pogue kan have haft ret i 1999 – jeg er skeptisk, men det måske. Men "
+"selv om han havde ret da, er ikke argumentet længere gyldigt. "
+"<citetitle>Fri kultur</citetitle> er om problemerne Internet forårsager selv "
+" efter at modemet er slået af. Den er et argument om hvordan slagene som nu "
+"udkæmpes om livet online fundamentalt påvirker <quote>folk som ikke er "
+"pålogget.</quote> Det findes ingen bryder som kan isolere os fra Internets "
+"påvirkning."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"But unlike <citetitle>Code</citetitle>, the argument here is not much about "
+"the Internet itself. It is instead about the consequence of the Internet to "
+"a part of our tradition that is much more fundamental, and, as hard as this "
+"is for a geek-wanna-be to admit, much more important."
+msgstr ""
+"Men i modsætning til bogen <citetitle>Code</citetitle>, er tema her ikke så "
+"meget Internet i sig selv. I stedet er bogen om konsekvensen af Internet for "
+"en del af vores tradition som er meget mere grundlæggende, og uanset hvor "
+"hårdt dette er for man geek-wanna-bede at indrømme, meget vigtigere."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Richard M. Stallman, <citetitle>Free Software, Free Societies</citetitle> 57 "
+"(Joshua Gay, ed. 2002)."
+msgstr ""
+"Richard M. Stallman, <citetitle>Free Software, Free</citetitle> Societies 57 "
+"(Joshua Gay, red. 2002)."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"That tradition is the way our culture gets made. As I explain in the pages "
+"that follow, we come from a tradition of <quote>free culture</quote>—"
+"not <quote>free</quote> as in <quote>free beer</quote> (to borrow a phrase "
+"from the founder of the free software movement<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
+"id=\"0\"/>), but <quote>free</quote> as in <quote>free speech,</quote> "
+"<quote>free markets,</quote> <quote>free trade,</quote> <quote>free "
+"enterprise,</quote> <quote>free will,</quote> and <quote>free elections.</"
+"quote> A free culture supports and protects creators and innovators. It does "
+"this directly by granting intellectual property rights. But it does so "
+"indirectly by limiting the reach of those rights, to guarantee that follow-"
+"on creators and innovators remain <emphasis>as free as possible</emphasis> "
+"from the control of the past. A free culture is not a culture without "
+"property, just as a free market is not a market in which everything is free. "
+"The opposite of a free culture is a <quote>permission culture</quote>—"
+"a culture in which creators get to create only with the permission of the "
+"powerful, or of creators from the past."
+msgstr ""
+"Den traditionen er hvordan vores kultur bliver skabt. Som jeg vil forklare "
+"i siderne som følger, kommer vi fra en tradition af <quote>fri kultur</"
+"quote> – ikke <quote>fri</quote> som i <quote>fri bar</quote> (for at "
+"låne et udtryk fra stifteren af fri programvarebevægelsen<placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>), men <quote>fri</quote> som i "
+"<quote>talefrihed,</quote> <quote>frit marked,</quote> <quote>frihandel,</"
+"quote> <quote>fri konkurrence,</quote> <quote>fri vilje</quote> og "
+"<quote>frie valg.</quote> En fri kultur støtter og beskytter skabere og "
+"oppfinnere. Dette gør den direkte ved at tildele immaterielle rettigheder. "
+"Men det gør den indirekte ved at begrænse rækkevidden for disse rettigheder, "
+"for at garantere at næste generation skabere og oppfinnere forbliver "
+"<emphasis>så fri som muligt</emphasis> fra kontrol fra fortiden. En fri "
+"kultur er ikke en kultur uden eierskap, lige så lidt som et frit marked er "
+"et marked der hen alt er gratis. Det modsatte af fri kultur er "
+"<quote>tilladelsekultur</quote> – en kultur der skabere kun kan skabe "
+"med tilladelse fra de mægtige, eller fra skaberne fra fortiden."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"If we understood this change, I believe we would resist it. Not <quote>we</"
+"quote> on the Left or <quote>you</quote> on the Right, but we who have no "
+"stake in the particular industries of culture that defined the twentieth "
+"century. Whether you are on the Left or the Right, if you are in this sense "
+"disinterested, then the story I tell here will trouble you. For the changes "
+"I describe affect values that both sides of our political culture deem "
+"fundamental."
+msgstr ""
+"Hvis vi forstod denne ændring, så tror jeg vi villes stå imod den. Ikke "
+"<quote>vi</quote> på venstresiden eller <quote>I</quote> på højresiden, men "
+"vi som ikke har investeret i den spesifikke kulturindustrien som har "
+"defineret det tyvende århundrede. Uanset om du er på venstresiden eller "
+"højresiden, eller er uinteressert i det skillet, så bør historie jeg "
+"fortæller her forstyrre dig. For ændringerne jeg beskriver påvirker værdier "
+"som begge sider af vores politiske kultur anser som grundlæggende."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "power, concentration of"
+msgstr "magt, konsentrering af"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "CodePink Women in Peace"
+msgstr "codePink-kvinder i fred"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Safire, William"
+msgstr "Safire, William"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><preface><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Stevens, Ted"
+msgstr "Stevens, Ted"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"We saw a glimpse of this bipartisan outrage in the early summer of 2003. As "
+"the FCC considered changes in media ownership rules that would relax limits "
+"on media concentration, an extraordinary coalition generated more than "
+"700,000 letters to the FCC opposing the change. As William Safire described "
+"marching <quote>uncomfortably alongside CodePink Women for Peace and the "
+"National Rifle Association, between liberal Olympia Snowe and conservative "
+"Ted Stevens,</quote> he formulated perhaps most simply just what was at "
+"stake: the concentration of power. And as he asked,"
+msgstr ""
+"Vi så et glimt af dette tverrpolitiske raseriet på forsommeren i 2003 . Da "
+"Federal Communications Commission (FCC) vurderede ændringer i skrønerne for "
+"medieeierskap som villes slække på begrænsningerne rundt mediekonsentrering, "
+"sendte en ekstraordinær koalition mere end 700 000 brev til FCC for at "
+"modsætte sig ændringen. Mens William Safire beskrev at marchere "
+"<quote>ubehageligt sammen med CodePink Women for Peace og the National Rille "
+"Association, mellem liberale Olympia Snowe og konservative Ted Stevens,</"
+"quote> formulerede han måske det enkleste udtrykket for hvad som var på "
+"spil: konsentrering af magt. Så spurgte han:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><preface><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"William Safire, <quote>The Great Media Gulp,</quote> <citetitle>New York "
+"Times</citetitle>, 22 May 2003. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"William Safire, <quote>The Great Medierne Gylp,</quote> <citetitle>New York "
+"Times</citetitle>, 22 . maj 2003 . <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/"
+">"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><preface><blockquote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Does that sound unconservative? Not to me. The concentration of power—"
+"political, corporate, media, cultural—should be anathema to "
+"conservatives. The diffusion of power through local control, thereby "
+"encouraging individual participation, is the essence of federalism and the "
+"greatest expression of democracy.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Hørtes dette ikke-konservativt ud? Ikke for mig. Denne konsentreringen af "
+"magt – politisk, selskapsmessig, pressemessig, kulturelt – bør "
+"være bandlyst af de konservative. Spredningen af magt gennem lokal kontrol, "
+"og derigennem opmuntre til individuel deltagelse, er essensen i "
+"føderalismen, og det største udtryk for demokrati.<placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This idea is an element of the argument of <citetitle>Free Culture</"
+"citetitle>, though my focus is not just on the concentration of power "
+"produced by concentrations in ownership, but more importantly, if because "
+"less visibly, on the concentration of power produced by a radical change in "
+"the effective scope of the law. The law is changing; that change is altering "
+"the way our culture gets made; that change should worry you—whether or "
+"not you care about the Internet, and whether you're on Safire's left or on "
+"his right."
+msgstr ""
+"Denne idéen er et element i argumentet til <citetitle>Fri kultur</"
+"citetitle>, selv om min fokus ikke bare er på konsentreringen af magt som "
+"følger af konsentreringen i eierskap, men mere vigtigt, og fordi det er "
+"mindre synligt, på konsentreringen af magt som er resultat af en radikal "
+"ændring i det effektive virkeområdet til retvæsenet. Retvæsenet er i "
+"ændring, og ændringen forandrer hvordan vores kultur bliver skabt. Den "
+"ændringen bør bekymre dig – uanset om du generer dig om Internet eller "
+"ikke, og uanset om du er til venstre for Safires eller til højre."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">The inspiration</emphasis> for the title and for "
+"much of the argument of this book comes from the work of Richard Stallman "
+"and the Free Software Foundation. Indeed, as I reread Stallman's own work, "
+"especially the essays in <citetitle>Free Software, Free Society</citetitle>, "
+"I realize that all of the theoretical insights I develop here are insights "
+"Stallman described decades ago. One could thus well argue that this work is "
+"<quote>merely</quote> derivative."
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Inspirationen</emphasis> til titlen og meget af "
+"argumentet i denne bog kommer fra arbejdet til Richard Stallman og Free "
+"Software Foundation. Faktisk, da jeg læste Stallmans egen tekster på nyt, "
+"specielt essayene i <citetitle>Free Software, Free</citetitle>Society , "
+"indser jeg at alle de teoretiske indsigterne jeg udvikler her , er indsigter "
+"som Stallman beskrev for årti siden. Man kan dermed godt argumentere for "
+"at dette virket <quote>kun</quote> er et avledet værk."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 14
+#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"I accept that criticism, if indeed it is a criticism. The work of a lawyer "
+"is always derivative, and I mean to do nothing more in this book than to "
+"remind a culture about a tradition that has always been its own. Like "
+"Stallman, I defend that tradition on the basis of values. Like Stallman, I "
+"believe those are the values of freedom. And like Stallman, I believe those "
+"are values of our past that will need to be defended in our future. A free "
+"culture has been our past, but it will only be our future if we change the "
+"path we are on right now. Like Stallman's arguments for free software, an "
+"argument for free culture stumbles on a confusion that is hard to avoid, and "
+"even harder to understand. A free culture is not a culture without property; "
+"it is not a culture in which artists don't get paid. A culture without "
+"property, or in which creators can't get paid, is anarchy, not freedom. "
+"Anarchy is not what I advance here."
+msgstr ""
+"Jeg godtager kritikken, hvis det faktisk er kritik. Arbejdet til en advokat "
+"er altid avledede værk, og jeg mener ikke at gøre noget mere i denne bog "
+"end at minde en kultur om en tradition som altid har været deres egen. Som "
+"Stallman forsvarer jeg denne tradition på grundlag af værdier. Som Stallman "
+"tror jeg dette er værdierne til frihed. Og som Stallman, tror jeg dette er "
+"værdier fra vores fortid som må forsvares i vores fremtid. En fri kultur "
+"har været vores fortid, men vil bare være vores fremtid hvis vi ændrer "
+"retningen vi følger akkurat nu. På samme måde som Stallmans argumenter for "
+"fri software, træffer argumenter for en fri kultur på forvirring som er "
+"vanskeligt at undgå, og endnu vanskeligere at forstå. En fri kultur er ikke "
+" en kultur uden eierskap. Det er ikke en kultur der kunstnere ikke får "
+"betalt. En kultur uden eierskap, eller en der hen skaberne ikke kan få "
+"betalt, er anarki, ikke frihed. Anarki er ikke hvad jeg fremmer her ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Instead, the free culture that I defend in this book is a balance between "
+"anarchy and control. A free culture, like a free market, is filled with "
+"property. It is filled with rules of property and contract that get enforced "
+"by the state. But just as a free market is perverted if its property becomes "
+"feudal, so too can a free culture be queered by extremism in the property "
+"rights that define it. That is what I fear about our culture today. It is "
+"against that extremism that this book is written."
+msgstr ""
+"I stedet er den frie kulturen som jeg forsvarer i denne bog en balance "
+"mellem anarki og kontrol. En fri kultur, i lighed med et frit marked, er "
+"befolket med eierskap. Den er befolket med skrøner for eierskap og "
+"kontrakter som bliver håndhævet af staten. Men på samme måde som det frie "
+"markedet bliver perverteret hvis dets eierskap bliver føydalt, så kan en fri "
+"kultur blive ødelagt af ekstremisme i eierskapsrettighetene som definerer "
+"den. Det er dette jeg frygter om vores kultur i dag. Det er som modpol til "
+"sådan ekstremisme at denne bog er skrevet."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Introduction"
+msgstr "Introduktion"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Wright brothers"
+msgstr "Wright-brødrene"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">On December 17</emphasis>, 1903, on a windy North "
+"Carolina beach for just shy of one hundred seconds, the Wright brothers "
+"demonstrated that a heavier-than-air, self-propelled vehicle could fly. The "
+"moment was electric and its importance widely understood. Almost "
+"immediately, there was an explosion of interest in this newfound technology "
+"of manned flight, and a gaggle of innovators began to build upon it."
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Den 17 . december</emphasis> 1903, på en vindfylt "
+"strand i Nord-Carolina i næsten hundrede sekunder, demonstrerede Wright-"
+"brødrene at et selvdrevet fartøj tungere end luft kunne flyve. Øjeblikket "
+"var elektrisk, og dets betydning blev alment forstået. Interessen for denne "
+"nye teknologi som gjorde bemandet luftfart muligt eksploderede næsten "
+"umiddelbart, og en hærskare af oppfinnere begyndte at bygge videre på den."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "air traffic, land ownership vs."
+msgstr "lufttrafik, landeierskap versus"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "land ownership, air traffic and"
+msgstr "landeierskap, lufttrafik og"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "property rights"
+msgstr "ejendomrettigheder"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "air traffic vs."
+msgstr "lufttrafik versus"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"St. George Tucker, <citetitle>Blackstone's Commentaries</citetitle> 3 (South "
+"Hackensack, N.J.: Rothman Reprints, 1969), 18."
+msgstr ""
+"St. George Tucker, <citetitle>Blackstone's Commentaries</citetitle> 3 (South "
+"Hackensack, N.J.: Rothman Reprints, 1969), 18 ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"At the time the Wright brothers invented the airplane, American law held "
+"that a property owner presumptively owned not just the surface of his land, "
+"but all the land below, down to the center of the earth, and all the space "
+"above, to <quote>an indefinite extent, upwards.</quote><placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> For many years, scholars had puzzled about how best "
+"to interpret the idea that rights in land ran to the heavens. Did that mean "
+"that you owned the stars? Could you prosecute geese for their willful and "
+"regular trespass?"
+msgstr ""
+"Da Wright-brødrene fandt op flymaskinen, hævdede retvæsenet i USA at en "
+"grundejer blev antaget at eje ikke bare overfladen på sit område, men også "
+"helt landet under bagen, helt ned til centerpunktet i markerne, og alt "
+"volumenet over bagen, <quote>i ubestemt grad, op over.</quote><placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> I mange år undrede lærde over hvordan en bedst "
+"skulle tolke idéen om at ejendomretten gik helt til himlen. Betød dette at "
+"du ejede stjernerne? Kunne man dømme gjess for at de regelmæssigt og med "
+"vilje tog sig ind på anden mands ejendom?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Then came airplanes, and for the first time, this principle of American "
+"law—deep within the foundations of our tradition, and acknowledged by "
+"the most important legal thinkers of our past—mattered. If my land "
+"reaches to the heavens, what happens when United flies over my field? Do I "
+"have the right to banish it from my property? Am I allowed to enter into an "
+"exclusive license with Delta Airlines? Could we set up an auction to decide "
+"how much these rights are worth?"
+msgstr ""
+"Så kom flymaskiner, og for første gang havde dette princippet i lovværket i "
+"USA – og som er helt grundlæggende for vores tradition, og accepteret "
+"af de vigtigste juridiske tænkerne i vores fortid – en betydning. Hvis "
+"min ejendom rækker til himlen, hvad sker når United flyver over mit område? "
+"Har jeg ret til at nægte dem at bruge min ejendom? Har jeg mulighed til at "
+"indgå en eksklusiv aftale med Delta Airlines? Kan vi gennemføre en auktion "
+"for at finne ud hvor mange disse rettigheder er værd?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Causby, Thomas Lee"
+msgstr "Causby, Thomas Lee"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Causby, Tinie"
+msgstr "Causby, Tinie"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"In 1945, these questions became a federal case. When North Carolina farmers "
+"Thomas Lee and Tinie Causby started losing chickens because of low-flying "
+"military aircraft (the terrified chickens apparently flew into the barn "
+"walls and died), the Causbys filed a lawsuit saying that the government was "
+"trespassing on their land. The airplanes, of course, never touched the "
+"surface of the Causbys' land. But if, as Blackstone, Kent, and Coke had "
+"said, their land reached to <quote>an indefinite extent, upwards,</quote> "
+"then the government was trespassing on their property, and the Causbys "
+"wanted it to stop."
+msgstr ""
+"I 1945 blev disse spørgsmålene en føderal sag. Da bønderne Thomas Lee og "
+"Tinie Causby i Nord-Carolina begyndte at miste kyllinger på grund af "
+"lavtflygende militære fly/flye (vettskremte kyllinger blev hævdet at flyve i "
+"staldvæggene og dø), sagsøgte Causbyene regeringen for at have behøvet sig "
+"ind på deres ejendom. Flyene rørte selvfølgelig aldrig overfladen på "
+"Causbys ejendom. Men hvis det stemte som Blackstone, Kent, og Coke havde "
+"sagt, at deres ejendom strakte sig <quote>i ubestemt grad, op over,</quote> "
+"så havde regeringen behøvet sig ind på deres ejendom, og Causbyene ønsket at "
+"sætte en stop for dette."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Douglas, William O."
+msgstr "Douglas, William O."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Supreme Court, U.S."
+msgstr "Højesteret, USA"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "on airspace vs. land rights"
+msgstr "om luftrum versus landrettigheder"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The Supreme Court agreed to hear the Causbys' case. Congress had declared "
+"the airways public, but if one's property really extended to the heavens, "
+"then Congress's declaration could well have been an unconstitutional "
+"<quote>taking</quote> of property without compensation. The Court "
+"acknowledged that <quote>it is ancient doctrine that common law ownership of "
+"the land extended to the periphery of the universe.</quote> But Justice "
+"Douglas had no patience for ancient doctrine. In a single paragraph, "
+"hundreds of years of property law were erased. As he wrote for the Court,"
+msgstr ""
+"Højesteret gik med på at tage op Causbys sag. Kongressen havde vedtaget at "
+" luftfartsveiene var tilgængelige for alle, men hvis ens ejendom virkeligt "
+"rakte til himlen, da kunne måske Kongressens vedtagelse have været i strid "
+"med Grunnlovens forbud mod at <quote>tage</quote> ejendom uden kompensation. "
+" Retten erkendte at <quote>det er gammel doktrin efter retpraksis at en "
+"ejendom rak til udkanten af universet.</quote> Men domme Douglas havde ikke "
+" tålmodighet for forhistoriske doktriner. I et enkelt afsnit blev "
+"hundredevis af år med eiendomslovgivning strøget. Som han skrev på vegne af "
+"retten:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"United States v. Causby, U.S. 328 (1946): 256, 261. The Court did find that "
+"there could be a <quote>taking</quote> if the government's use of its land "
+"effectively destroyed the value of the Causbys' land. This example was "
+"suggested to me by Keith Aoki's wonderful piece, <quote>(Intellectual) "
+"Property and Sovereignty: Notes Toward a Cultural Geography of Authorship,</"
+"quote> <citetitle>Stanford Law Review</citetitle> 48 (1996): 1293, 1333. See "
+"also Paul Goldstein, <citetitle>Real Property</citetitle> (Mineola, N.Y.: "
+"Foundation Press, 1984), 1112–13. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id="
+"\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"USA mod Causby, U.S. 328 (1946): 256, 261 . Domstolen fandt at det kunne "
+"være at <quote>tage</quote> hvis regeringens brug af sit land reelt sæt "
+"havde ødelagt værdien af ejendommen til Causby. Dette eksempel blev "
+"foreslået for mig i Keith Aokis flotte stykke, <quote>(intellectual) "
+"Property and Sovereignty: Notes Toward a cultural Geography of Authorship,</"
+"quote> <citetitle>Stanford Law Review</citetitle> 48 (1996): 1293, 1333 . Se "
+"også Paul Goldstein, <citetitle>Real Property</citetitle> (Mineola, N.Y.: "
+"Foundation Press (1984)), 1112–13 . <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
+"id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"[The] doctrine has no place in the modern world. The air is a public "
+"highway, as Congress has declared. Were that not true, every "
+"transcontinental flight would subject the operator to countless trespass "
+"suits. Common sense revolts at the idea. To recognize such private claims to "
+"the airspace would clog these highways, seriously interfere with their "
+"control and development in the public interest, and transfer into private "
+"ownership that to which only the public has a just claim.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"[Denne] doktrinen har ingen plads i den moderne værdet. Luften er en "
+"offentlig motorvej, sådan Kongressen har erklæret. Hvis det ikke var "
+"tilfælde, villes hver eneste transkontinentale flyrute udsætte operatørerne "
+"for utallige søgsmål om inntrenging på anden mands ejendom. Idéen er i "
+"strid med sund fornuft. Å anerkende sådanne private krav til luftrummet "
+"villes blokere disse motorveje, seriøst forstyrre muligheden til kontrol og "
+"udvikling af dem i fællesskabets interesse, og overføre til privat eierskap "
+"det som kun fællesskabet har et rimeligt krav til.<placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<quote>Common sense revolts at the idea.</quote>"
+msgstr "<quote>Idéen er i strid med sund fornuft.</quote>"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 18
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This is how the law usually works. Not often this abruptly or impatiently, "
+"but eventually, this is how it works. It was Douglas's style not to dither. "
+"Other justices would have blathered on for pages to reach the conclusion "
+"that Douglas holds in a single line: <quote>Common sense revolts at the idea."
+"</quote> But whether it takes pages or a few words, it is the special genius "
+"of a common law system, as ours is, that the law adjusts to the technologies "
+"of the time. And as it adjusts, it changes. Ideas that were as solid as rock "
+"in one age crumble in another."
+msgstr ""
+"Det er sådan retvæsenet sædvanligvis fungerer. Ikke ofte lige så brat "
+"eller utålmodigt, men til slutning er dette sådan loven fungerer. Det var "
+"ikke stilen til Douglas at udbrodere. Andre dommere villes have skrevet "
+"mange flere sider føder de nåede sin konklusion, men for Douglas holdt det "
+"med en enkel linje: <quote>Idéen er i strid med sund fornuft.</quote> Men "
+"uanset om det tager flere sider, eller kun nogle få ord, så er det en genial "
+"egenskab med et retpraksissystem, sådan som vores er, at retvæsenet "
+"tilpasser sig til de aktuelle teknologierne. Og mens den tilpasser sig, så "
+"ændres den. Idéer som var solide som fjeld i en tidsalder knuses i en anden."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Or at least, this is how things happen when there's no one powerful on the "
+"other side of the change. The Causbys were just farmers. And though there "
+"were no doubt many like them who were upset by the growing traffic in the "
+"air (though one hopes not many chickens flew themselves into walls), the "
+"Causbys of the world would find it very hard to unite and stop the idea, and "
+"the technology, that the Wright brothers had birthed. The Wright brothers "
+"spat airplanes into the technological meme pool; the idea then spread like a "
+"virus in a chicken coop; farmers like the Causbys found themselves "
+"surrounded by <quote>what seemed reasonable</quote> given the technology "
+"that the Wrights had produced. They could stand on their farms, dead "
+"chickens in hand, and shake their fists at these newfangled technologies all "
+"they wanted. They could call their representatives or even file a lawsuit. "
+"But in the end, the force of what seems <quote>obvious</quote> to everyone "
+"else—the power of <quote>common sense</quote>—would prevail. "
+"Their <quote>private interest</quote> would not be allowed to defeat an "
+"obvious public gain."
+msgstr ""
+"Eller, det er hvordan ting sker når det ikke er nogle mægtige på modsat side "
+"af ændringen. Causbyene var bare bønder. Og selv om det uden tvivl/tvivle "
+"var mange som dem som var led af den øgende trafikken i luften (og man håber "
+"ikke for mange kyllinger heldet ind i vægge), villes Causbyene i værdet "
+"finde det vældig hårdt at samles for at stoppe den idéen og teknologien som "
+"Wright-brødrene havde ført til værdet. Wright-brødrene spyttede flymaskiner "
+"ind i den teknologiske meme-dammen. Idéen bredte sig derefter som et virus i "
+"en kyllingfarm. Causbyene i værdet fandt sig selv omringet af <quote>det "
+"synes rimeligt</quote> givet teknologien som Wright-brødrene havde "
+"produceret. De kunne stå på sine gårde, med døde kyllinger i hånd, og hytte "
+"knytnæven mod disse nye teknologier så meget de ville. De kunne ringe sine "
+"repræsentanter, eller til og med sagsøge. Men når alt kom til alt, villes "
+"kraften/kræfter i det som virkede <quote>åbenbaret</quote> for alle andre "
+"– magt til <quote>sund fornuft</quote> – vinne frem. Deres "
+"<quote>personlige interesser</quote> villes ikke få lov til at nedkæmpe en "
+"åpenbar fordel for fællesskabet."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Armstrong, Edwin Howard"
+msgstr "Armstrong, Edwin Howard"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Bell, Alexander Graham"
+msgstr "Bell, Alexander Graham"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Edison, Thomas"
+msgstr "Edison, Thomas"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Faraday, Michael"
+msgstr "Faraday, Michael"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "radio"
+msgstr "radio"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "FM spectrum of"
+msgstr "FM-spektrum for"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 19
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>Edwin Howard Armstrong</emphasis> is one of "
+"America's forgotten inventor geniuses. He came to the great American "
+"inventor scene just after the titans Thomas Edison and Alexander Graham "
+"Bell. But his work in the area of radio technology was perhaps the most "
+"important of any single inventor in the first fifty years of radio. He was "
+"better educated than Michael Faraday, who as a bookbinder's apprentice had "
+"discovered electric induction in 1831. But he had the same intuition about "
+"how the world of radio worked, and on at least three occasions, Armstrong "
+"invented profoundly important technologies that advanced our understanding "
+"of radio."
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>Edwin Howard Armstrong</emphasis> er en af USAs "
+"glemmte oppfinnergenier. Han dukkede op på oppfinnerscenen efter titaner som "
+"Thomas Edison og Alexander Graham Bell. Alle hans bidrag på betænket "
+"radioteknologi gør han til måske den vigtigste af alle enkeltoppfinnere i de "
+"første halvtreds årene af radio. Han var bedre uddannet end Michael "
+"Faraday, som var bokbinderlærling da han opdagede elektrisk induksjon i 1831 "
+". Men han havde lige så god intuition om hvordan radioværdet virkede, og "
+"ved mindst tre anledninger fandt Armstrong op vældig vigtigt teknologier som "
+"bragede vores forståelse af radio et hop videre."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"On the day after Christmas, 1933, four patents were issued to Armstrong for "
+"his most significant invention—FM radio. Until then, consumer radio "
+"had been amplitude-modulated (AM) radio. The theorists of the day had said "
+"that frequency-modulated (FM) radio could never work. They were right about "
+"FM radio in a narrow band of spectrum. But Armstrong discovered that "
+"frequency-modulated radio in a wide band of spectrum would deliver an "
+"astonishing fidelity of sound, with much less transmitter power and static."
+msgstr ""
+"Dagen efter juleaften i 1933, blev fire patenter udstedt til Armstrong for "
+"hans mest signifikante oppfinnelse – FM-radio. Indtil da havde "
+"forbrukerradioer været amplitude-moduleret (AM) radio. Tidens teoretikere "
+"havde sagt at frekvens-moduleret (FM) radio ikke kunne fungere. De havde "
+"ret når det gælder et smalt bånd af spektret. Men Armstrong opdagede at "
+"frekvens-moduleret radio i et vidt bånd i spektret leverede man forbløffende "
+"gjengivelse af lyde, med meget lavere senderstyrke og mindre støj."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"On November 5, 1935, he demonstrated the technology at a meeting of the "
+"Institute of Radio Engineers at the Empire State Building in New York City. "
+"He tuned his radio dial across a range of AM stations, until the radio "
+"locked on a broadcast that he had arranged from seventeen miles away. The "
+"radio fell totally silent, as if dead, and then with a clarity no one else "
+"in that room had ever heard from an electrical device, it produced the sound "
+"of an announcer's voice: <quote>This is amateur station W2AG at Yonkers, New "
+"York, operating on frequency modulation at two and a half meters.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+"Den 5 . november 1935 demonstrerede han teknologien på et møde hos Institut "
+"for Radioingeniører ved Empire State-bygningen i New York City. Han knugede "
+"radiosøgeren over en række AM-stationer, indtil radioen låste sig mod en "
+"kringkasting som han havde sat op 27 kilometer fra. Radioen blev helt "
+"stille, som om den var død, og så, med en klarhed ingen andre i rommen "
+"nogensinde havde hørt fra et elektrisk apparat, producerede det lyden af en "
+"opplesers stemme: <quote>Dette er amatørstation W2AGT ved Yonkers, New York, "
+"som opererer på frekvensmodulering ved to og en halv meter.</quote>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "The audience was hearing something no one had thought possible:"
+msgstr "Publikum hørte noget ingen havde troet var muligt:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Lawrence Lessing, <citetitle>Man of High Fidelity: Edwin Howard Armstrong</"
+"citetitle> (Philadelphia: J. B. Lipincott Company, 1956), 209."
+msgstr ""
+"Lawrence Lessing, <citetitle>Man of High Fidelity:: Edwin Howard Armstrong</"
+"citetitle> (Philadelphia: J. B. Lipincott Company, 1956), 209 ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"A glass of water was poured before the microphone in Yonkers; it sounded "
+"like a glass of water being poured. … A paper was crumpled and torn; "
+"it sounded like paper and not like a crackling forest fire. … Sousa "
+"marches were played from records and a piano solo and guitar number were "
+"performed. … The music was projected with a live-ness rarely if ever "
+"heard before from a radio <quote>music box.</quote><placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Et glas' vand blev befolket op foran mikrofonen i Yonkers, og det hørtes ud "
+"som et glas som blev befolket op . … Et papir blev krøllet og revet "
+"op , og det hørtes ud som papir og ikke som en knitrende skovbrand. … "
+" Sousa-marcher blev spillet af fra plader, og en pianosolo og et "
+"guitarnummer blev udført. … Musikken blev præsenteret med en "
+"livaktighet som sjældent, om nogensinde før, havde været hørt fra en "
+"radio<quote>musik-dåse.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "RCA"
+msgstr "RCA"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "media"
+msgstr "medierne"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "ownership concentration in"
+msgstr "eierskapskonsentrering i"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 20
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"As our own common sense tells us, Armstrong had discovered a vastly superior "
+"radio technology. But at the time of his invention, Armstrong was working "
+"for RCA. RCA was the dominant player in the then dominant AM radio market. "
+"By 1935, there were a thousand radio stations across the United States, but "
+"the stations in large cities were all owned by a handful of networks."
+msgstr ""
+"Som vores egen sunde fornuft fortæller os, havde Armstrong opdaget man meget "
+"bedre radioteknologi. Men på tidspunktet for hans oppfinnelse, arbejdet "
+"Armstrong for RCA. RCA var den dominerende aktøren i det da dominerende AM-"
+"radiomarkedet. I 1935 var det tusind radiostationer over hele USA, men alle "
+"stationerne i de store byerne var ejet af en lille håndfuld selskaber."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Sarnoff, David"
+msgstr "Sarnoff, David"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"RCA's president, David Sarnoff, a friend of Armstrong's, was eager that "
+"Armstrong discover a way to remove static from AM radio. So Sarnoff was "
+"quite excited when Armstrong told him he had a device that removed static "
+"from <quote>radio.</quote> But when Armstrong demonstrated his invention, "
+"Sarnoff was not pleased."
+msgstr ""
+"Præsidenten i RCA, David Sarnoff, en ven af Armstrong, var ivrig efter at få "
+"Armstrong til at opdage en måde at fjerne støjen fra AM-radio. Så Sarnoff "
+"var ganske helt da Armstrong fortalte ham at han havde en enhed som "
+"fjernede støj fra <quote>radio.</quote> Men da Armstrong demonstrerede sin "
+"oppfinnelse, var ikke Sarnoff fornøjet."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"See <quote>Saints: The Heroes and Geniuses of the Electronic Era,</quote> "
+"First Electronic Church of America, at www.webstationone.com/fecha, "
+"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #1</ulink>."
+msgstr ""
+"Se <quote>Saints: The Heroes and Geniuses of the Electronic Era,</quote> "
+"første elektroniske kirke i USA, hos www.webstationone.com/fecha, "
+"tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #1</"
+"ulink>."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"I thought Armstrong would invent some kind of a filter to remove static from "
+"our AM radio. I didn't think he'd start a revolution— start up a whole "
+"damn new industry to compete with RCA.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id="
+"\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Jeg troede Armstrong villes finde op et slags filter for at fjerne bygering "
+"fra AM-vores radio. Jeg troede ikke han skulle starte en revolution – "
+"starte en hel forbandet ny industri i konkurrence med RCA.<placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "FM radio"
+msgstr "FM-radio"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Armstrong's invention threatened RCA's AM empire, so the company launched a "
+"campaign to smother FM radio. While FM may have been a superior technology, "
+"Sarnoff was a superior tactician. As one author described,"
+msgstr ""
+"Armstrongs oppfinnelse truet RCAs AM-herredømme, så selskabet lancerede en "
+"kampagne for at kvæle FM-radio. Mens FM kan have været en overlegen "
+"teknologi, var Sarnoff en overlegen taktiker. En forfatter beskrev det sådan:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Lessing, Lawrence"
+msgstr "Lessing, Lawrence"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Lessing, 226."
+msgstr "Lessing, 226 ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The forces for FM, largely engineering, could not overcome the weight of "
+"strategy devised by the sales, patent, and legal offices to subdue this "
+"threat to corporate position. For FM, if allowed to develop unrestrained, "
+"posed … a complete reordering of radio power … and the "
+"eventual overthrow of the carefully restricted AM system on which RCA had "
+"grown to power.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Kræfterne til fordel for FM, i hovedsag ingeniørfaglige, kunne ikke "
+"overvinde tyngden til strategien udviklede af afdelingerne for salg, "
+"patenter og juice for at undertrykke denne trussel til selskabets position. "
+"For FM udgjorde, hvis det fik udvikle sig uden begrænsninger … en "
+"komplet ændring i magtforholdene rundt radio … og måske fjerningen "
+"af det nøje begrænsede AM-systemet som var grundlaget for fremvæksten af "
+"RCAs magt.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "FCC"
+msgstr "FCC"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "on FM radio"
+msgstr "om FM-radio"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"RCA at first kept the technology in house, insisting that further tests were "
+"needed. When, after two years of testing, Armstrong grew impatient, RCA "
+"began to use its power with the government to stall FM radio's deployment "
+"generally. In 1936, RCA hired the former head of the FCC and assigned him "
+"the task of assuring that the FCC assign spectrum in a way that would "
+"castrate FM—principally by moving FM radio to a different band of "
+"spectrum. At first, these efforts failed. But when Armstrong and the nation "
+"were distracted by World War II, RCA's work began to be more successful. "
+"Soon after the war ended, the FCC announced a set of policies that would "
+"have one clear effect: FM radio would be crippled. As Lawrence Lessing "
+"described it,"
+msgstr ""
+"RCA holdt først teknologien indendørs, og insisterede på at det var "
+"nødvendigt med yderstere test/tester. Da Armstrong, efter to år med testing, "
+"blev utålmodigt, begyndte RCA at bruge sin magt hos myndighederne til holde "
+"tilbage den generelle spredningen af FM-radio. I 1936, beskæftigede RCA den "
+"tidligere lederen af FCC, og gav ham opgaven med at sikre at FCC tilordnet "
+"radiospektret på en måde som villes kastrere FM – hovedsageligt ved at "
+"flytte FM-radio til et andet band i spektret. I første omgang lykkedes ikke "
+"disse forsøg. Men mens Armstrong og nationen var distraheret af anden "
+"verdenskrig, begyndte RCAs arbejde at bære frugter. Lige så efter at krigen "
+"var over, annoncerede FCC et sæt med afgørelser som villes have en klar "
+"effekt: FM-radio villes blive forkrøplet. Lawrence Lessing beskrev det sådan:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Lessing, 256."
+msgstr "Lessing, 256 ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The series of body blows that FM radio received right after the war, in a "
+"series of rulings manipulated through the FCC by the big radio interests, "
+"were almost incredible in their force and deviousness.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Serien med slag mod kroppen som FM-radio modtog ret efter krigen, i en serie "
+"med afgørelser manipuleret gennem FCC af de store radiointeresserne, var "
+"næsten utrolige i deres kraft og underfundighet.<placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "AT&T"
+msgstr "AT&T"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"To make room in the spectrum for RCA's latest gamble, television, FM radio "
+"users were to be moved to a totally new spectrum band. The power of FM radio "
+"stations was also cut, meaning FM could no longer be used to beam programs "
+"from one part of the country to another. (This change was strongly "
+"supported by AT&T, because the loss of FM relaying stations would mean "
+"radio stations would have to buy wired links from AT&T.) The spread of "
+"FM radio was thus choked, at least temporarily."
+msgstr ""
+"For at gøre plads i spektret for RCAs nyeste satsningområde, television, "
+"skulle FM-radioens brugere flyttes til et helt nyt band i spektret. "
+"Sendestyrken til FM-radioerne blev også reduceret, og gjorde at FM ikke "
+"længere kunne bruges for at sende programmer fra en del af landet til en "
+"anden. (Denne ændring blev stærkt støttet af AT&T, på grund af at "
+"fjerningen af FM-videresendingsstasjoner villes betyde at radiostationerne "
+"villes blive nødt til at købe kablede linjer fra AT&T.) Spredningen af "
+"FM-radio var dermed kvalt, i hvert fald midlertidigt."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Armstrong resisted RCA's efforts. In response, RCA resisted Armstrong's "
+"patents. After incorporating FM technology into the emerging standard for "
+"television, RCA declared the patents invalid—baselessly, and almost "
+"fifteen years after they were issued. It thus refused to pay him royalties. "
+"For six years, Armstrong fought an expensive war of litigation to defend the "
+"patents. Finally, just as the patents expired, RCA offered a settlement so "
+"low that it would not even cover Armstrong's lawyers' fees. Defeated, "
+"broken, and now broke, in 1954 Armstrong wrote a short note to his wife and "
+"then stepped out of a thirteenth-story window to his death."
+msgstr ""
+"Armstrong stod imod RCAs indsats. Som svar modstod RCA Armstrongs patenter. "
+"Efter at have bagt FM-teknologi ind i den nye standarden for TV, erklærede "
+"RCS patenterne ugyldige – uden grund, og næsten femten år efter at de "
+"blev utstedet. De nægtede dermed at betale ham for brugen af patenterne. "
+"I seks år kæmpede Armstrong en dyr søgsmålkrig for at forsvare sine "
+"patenter. Til slutning, samtidig som patenterne udløb, tilbød RCA et forlig "
+"så lavt at det ikke engang dækkede Armstrongs advokatregning. Beseiret, "
+"knust og nu blakket, skrev Armstrong i 1954 en kort besked til sin kone, før "
+"han gik ud af et vindue i trettende etage og henhørte i døden."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 22
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This is how the law sometimes works. Not often this tragically, and rarely "
+"with heroic drama, but sometimes, this is how it works. From the beginning, "
+"government and government agencies have been subject to capture. They are "
+"more likely captured when a powerful interest is threatened by either a "
+"legal or technical change. That powerful interest too often exerts its "
+"influence within the government to get the government to protect it. The "
+"rhetoric of this protection is of course always public spirited; the reality "
+"is something different. Ideas that were as solid as rock in one age, but "
+"that, left to themselves, would crumble in another, are sustained through "
+"this subtle corruption of our political process. RCA had what the Causbys "
+"did not: the power to stifle the effect of technological change."
+msgstr ""
+"Dette er sådan retvæsenet virker nogle gange. Ikke ofte lige så tragisk, "
+"og sjælden med heltemodig drama, men nogle gange er det sådan det virker. "
+"Fra starten har myndigheder og myndighedorganer blevet taget til fange. Det "
+"er mere sandsynligt at de bliver fanget når en mægtig interesse er truet af "
+"enten en juridisk eller teknologisk ændring. Denne mægtige interesse udøver "
+"for ofte sin indflydelse hos myndighederne for at få myndighederne til at "
+"beskytte sig. Retorikken for denne beskyttelse er naturligvis altid med "
+"fokus på fællesskabets bedste. Realiteten er noget andet. Idéer som kan "
+"være solide som fjeld i en tidsalder, men som overladet til sig selv, vil "
+"henhøre sammen i en anden, er videreført gennem denne subtile korruptionen "
+"af vores politiske proces. RCA havde hvad Causbyene ikke havde: Magten til "
+"at undertrykke effekten af en teknologisk ændring."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Internet"
+msgstr "Internet"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "development of"
+msgstr "udviklingen af"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Amanda Lenhart, <quote>The Ever-Shifting Internet Population: A New Look at "
+"Internet Access and the Digital Divide,</quote> Pew Internet and American "
+"Life Project, 15 April 2003: 6, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-"
+"culture.cc/notes/\">link #2</ulink>."
+msgstr ""
+"Amanda Lenhart, <quote>The Nøler-Shifting Internet Population: A New Look at "
+"Internet Access and the Digital Divide,</quote> Pew Internet and American "
+"Life Project, 15 . april 2003: 6, tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://free-"
+"culture.cc/notes/\">link #2</ulink>."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">There's no</emphasis> single inventor of the "
+"Internet. Nor is there any good date upon which to mark its birth. Yet in a "
+"very short time, the Internet has become part of ordinary American life. "
+"According to the Pew Internet and American Life Project, 58 percent of "
+"Americans had access to the Internet in 2002, up from 49 percent two years "
+"before.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> That number could well "
+"exceed two thirds of the nation by the end of 2004."
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Det er ingen</emphasis> enkeltoppfinner af "
+"Internet. En heller er det en god dato som kan bruges til at markere når "
+"det blev født. Alligevel har Internet i løbet af stort kort tid blevet en "
+"del af normale amerikaneres liv. Ifølge the Pew Internet and American Life-"
+"projektet, har 58 procent af amerikanerne haft tilgang til Internet i 2002, "
+"op fra 49 procent to år tidligere.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> "
+"Det tallet kan uden problemer passere to tredjedele af nationen ved udgangen "
+"af 2004 ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"As the Internet has been integrated into ordinary life, it has changed "
+"things. Some of these changes are technical—the Internet has made "
+"communication faster, it has lowered the cost of gathering data, and so on. "
+"These technical changes are not the focus of this book. They are important. "
+"They are not well understood. But they are the sort of thing that would "
+"simply go away if we all just switched the Internet off. They don't affect "
+"people who don't use the Internet, or at least they don't affect them "
+"directly. They are the proper subject of a book about the Internet. But this "
+"is not a book about the Internet."
+msgstr ""
+"Efterhånden som Internet er blevet en integreret del af det normale liv, har "
+"ting blevet ændret. Nogle af disse ændringer er tekniske – Internet "
+"har gjort kommunikation raskere, det har reduceret omkostningen med at samle "
+"ind data, og så videre. Disse tekniske ændringer er ikke fokus for denne "
+"bog. De er vigtige. De er ikke godt forstået. Men de er den type ting "
+"som ganske enkelt villes bliver borte hvis vi alle bare slog af Internet. "
+"De påvirker ikke folk som ikke bruger Internet, eller i det mindste "
+"påvirker det ikke dem direkte. De er et godt tema for en bog om Internet. "
+"Men dette er ikke en bog om Internet."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Instead, this book is about an effect of the Internet beyond the Internet "
+"itself: an effect upon how culture is made. My claim is that the Internet "
+"has induced an important and unrecognized change in that process. That "
+"change will radically transform a tradition that is as old as the Republic "
+"itself. Most, if they recognized this change, would reject it. Yet most "
+"don't even see the change that the Internet has introduced."
+msgstr ""
+"I stedet er denne bog om effekten af Internet ud over Internettet i sig "
+"selv. En effekt på hvordan kultur bliver skabt. Min påstand er at Internet "
+"har ført til en vigtig og ukendt ændring i denne proces. Denne ændring vil "
+"forandre en tradition som er lige så gammel som republikken selv. De "
+"fleste, hvis de lagde mærke til denne ændring, villes afvise den. Men de "
+"fleste lægger ikke engang mærke til denne ændring som Internet har "
+"introduceret."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Barlow, Joel"
+msgstr "Barlow, Joel"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "culture"
+msgstr "kultur"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "free culture"
+msgstr "fri kultur"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "commercial vs. noncommercial"
+msgstr "kommerciel versus ikke-kommerciel"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Webster, Noah"
+msgstr "Webster, Noah"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 23
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"We can glimpse a sense of this change by distinguishing between commercial "
+"and noncommercial culture, and by mapping the law's regulation of each. By "
+"<quote>commercial culture</quote> I mean that part of our culture that is "
+"produced and sold or produced to be sold. By <quote>noncommercial culture</"
+"quote> I mean all the rest. When old men sat around parks or on street "
+"corners telling stories that kids and others consumed, that was "
+"noncommercial culture. When Noah Webster published his <quote>Reader,</"
+"quote> or Joel Barlow his poetry, that was commercial culture."
+msgstr ""
+"Vi kan få en følelse af denne ændring ved at skille mellem kommerciel og "
+"ikke-kommerciel kultur, ved at knytte retvæsenet reguleringer til hver af "
+"dem. Med <quote>kommerciel kultur</quote> mener jeg den delen af vores "
+"kultur som er produceret og solgt, eller produceret for at blive solgt. Med "
+"<quote>ikke-kommerciel kultur</quote> mener jeg alt det andre. Da gamle mænd "
+"sad rundt i parker eller på gadehjørner og fortalte historie som unger og "
+"andre lyttede til, så var det ikke-kommerciel kultur. Da Noah Webster "
+"publicerede sin <quote>Reader,</quote> eller Joel Barlow sin poesi, så var "
+"det kommerciel kultur."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"At the beginning of our history, and for just about the whole of our "
+"tradition, noncommercial culture was essentially unregulated. Of course, if "
+"your stories were lewd, or if your song disturbed the peace, then the law "
+"might intervene. But the law was never directly concerned with the creation "
+"or spread of this form of culture, and it left this culture <quote>free.</"
+"quote> The ordinary ways in which ordinary individuals shared and "
+"transformed their culture—telling stories, reenacting scenes from "
+"plays or TV, participating in fan clubs, sharing music, making tapes—"
+"were left alone by the law."
+msgstr ""
+"Fra historisk tid, og i omtrent hele vores tradition, har ikke -kommerciel "
+"kultur i hovedsag ikke været reguleret. Selvfølgelig, hvis din historie var "
+"utuktig, eller hvis dine sange forstyrrede freden, kunne retvæsenet gribe "
+"ind. Men retvæsenet var aldrig direkte interesseret i skapingen eller "
+"spredningen af denne form for kultur, og lod denne kultur være <quote>fri.</"
+"quote> Den almindelige måden som almindelige individer delte og formede sin "
+"kultur – historiefortælling, formidling af scener fra teater eller TV, "
+"delta i fan-slår, deling af musik, laging af kassettebånd – blev ikke "
+"styret af retvæsenet."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "copyright infringement lawsuits"
+msgstr "søgsmål om krenkelse af ophavsret"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "commercial creativity as primary purpose of"
+msgstr "kommerciel kreativitet som hovedformål for"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Brandeis, Louis D."
+msgstr "Brandeis, Louis D."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This is not the only purpose of copyright, though it is the overwhelmingly "
+"primary purpose of the copyright established in the federal constitution. "
+"State copyright law historically protected not just the commercial interest "
+"in publication, but also a privacy interest. By granting authors the "
+"exclusive right to first publication, state copyright law gave authors the "
+"power to control the spread of facts about them. See Samuel D. Warren and "
+"Louis D. Brandeis, <quote>The Right to Privacy,</quote> <citetitle>Harvard "
+"Law Review</citetitle> 4 (1890): 193, 198–200. <placeholder type="
+"\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Dette er ikke det eneste formålet med ophavsret, men det er helt klart "
+"hovedformålet med ophavsreten sådan den er etableret i føderal grundlov. "
+"Åndsverklovene i delstaterne beskyttede historisk ikke bare kommercielle "
+"interesse når det galdt publikationer, men også personværninteresser. Ved "
+"at give forfattere eneretten til at publicere først , gav delstaternes "
+"åndsverklovene forfatterne magt til at kontrollere spredningen af fakta om "
+"sig selv. Se Samuel D. Warren og Louis Brandeis, <quote>The Right to Privacy,"
+"</quote> <citetitle>Harvard Law Review</citetitle> 4 (1890): 193, 198–"
+"200 . <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The focus of the law was on commercial creativity. At first slightly, then "
+"quite extensively, the law protected the incentives of creators by granting "
+"them exclusive rights to their creative work, so that they could sell those "
+"exclusive rights in a commercial marketplace.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
+"id=\"0\"/> This is also, of course, an important part of creativity and "
+"culture, and it has become an increasingly important part in America. But in "
+"no sense was it dominant within our tradition. It was instead just one part, "
+"a controlled part, balanced with the free."
+msgstr ""
+"Fokusset på loven var kommerciel kreativitet. I starten forsigtigt/"
+"forsigtig, efterhånden betragteligt, beskytter loven incentivet til skaberne "
+"ved at tildele dem en eksklusiv ret til deres kreative værker, sådan at de "
+"kan sælge disse eksklusive rettighederne på en kommerciel markedsplads."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Dette er også , naturligvis, en "
+"vigtig del af kreativitet og kultur, og det har blevet en vigtigere og "
+"vigtigere del i USA. Men det var på ingen måde dominerende i vores "
+"tradition. Det var i stedet bare en del, en kontrolleret del, balanceret "
+"mod det frie."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "permission culture vs."
+msgstr "tilladelsekultur versus"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "permission culture"
+msgstr "tilladelsekultur"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "free culture vs."
+msgstr "fri kultur versus"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Litman, Jessica"
+msgstr "Litman, Jessica"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"See Jessica Litman, <citetitle>Digital Copyright</citetitle> (New York: "
+"Prometheus Books, 2001), ch. 13. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Se Jessica Litman, <citetitle>Digital Copyright</citetitle> (New York: "
+"Prometheus bøger, 2001), kap. 13 . <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/"
+">"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This rough divide between the free and the controlled has now been erased."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The Internet has set the stage for "
+"this erasure and, pushed by big media, the law has now affected it. For the "
+"first time in our tradition, the ordinary ways in which individuals create "
+"and share culture fall within the reach of the regulation of the law, which "
+"has expanded to draw within its control a vast amount of culture and "
+"creativity that it never reached before. The technology that preserved the "
+"balance of our history—between uses of our culture that were free and "
+"uses of our culture that were only upon permission—has been undone. "
+"The consequence is that we are less and less a free culture, more and more a "
+"permission culture."
+msgstr ""
+"Denne grove inddeling mellem den frie og den kontrollerede har nu blevet "
+"fjernet.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Internet har sat scenen "
+"for denne fjerningen, og presset frem af store mediumaktører har loven nu "
+"påvirket den. For første gang i vores tradition, har de normale måderne som "
+"individer skaber og deler kultur havnede inden rækkevidde for reguleringene "
+"til loven, som har blevet udvidet til at afgå ind i sit dækningområde den "
+"enorme antallet kultur og kreativitet som den aldrig tidligere har nået "
+"over. Teknologien som opbevarede den historiske balancen – mellem "
+"brugen af den delen af vores kultur som var fri, og brugen af vores kultur "
+"som krævede tilladelse – er blevet borte. Konsekvensen er at vi er "
+"mindre og mindre en fri kultur, og mere og mere en tilladelsekultur."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "protection of artists vs. business interests"
+msgstr "beskyttelse af kunstnere versus forretningsinteresser"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This change gets justified as necessary to protect commercial creativity. "
+"And indeed, protectionism is precisely its motivation. But the protectionism "
+"that justifies the changes that I will describe below is not the limited and "
+"balanced sort that has defined the law in the past. This is not a "
+"protectionism to protect artists. It is instead a protectionism to protect "
+"certain forms of business. Corporations threatened by the potential of the "
+"Internet to change the way both commercial and noncommercial culture are "
+"made and shared have united to induce lawmakers to use the law to protect "
+"them. It is the story of RCA and Armstrong; it is the dream of the Causbys."
+msgstr ""
+"Denne ændring bliver begrundet som nødvendigt for at beskytte kommerciel "
+"kreativitet. Og ganske rigtigt, protektionisme er nøjagtig det som "
+"motiverer ændringen. Men protektionismen som begrunder ændringerne som jeg "
+"skal beskrive længer ned er ikke den begrænsede og balancerede typen som "
+"har defineret loven tidligere. Dette er ikke en protektionisme for at "
+"beskytte artister. Det er i stedet en protektionisme for at beskytte "
+"bestemte forretningsformer. Selskaber som er truet af potentialet hos "
+"Internet til at ændre måden både kommerciel og ikke-kommerciel kultur bliver "
+"skabt og delt, har samlet sig for at få lovgiverne til at bruge loven til at "
+"beskytte selskaberne. Dette er historie om RCA og Armstrong, og det er "
+"drømmen til Causbyene."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"For the Internet has unleashed an extraordinary possibility for many to "
+"participate in the process of building and cultivating a culture that "
+"reaches far beyond local boundaries. That power has changed the marketplace "
+"for making and cultivating culture generally, and that change in turn "
+"threatens established content industries. The Internet is thus to the "
+"industries that built and distributed content in the twentieth century what "
+"FM radio was to AM radio, or what the truck was to the railroad industry of "
+"the nineteenth century: the beginning of the end, or at least a substantial "
+"transformation. Digital technologies, tied to the Internet, could produce a "
+"vastly more competitive and vibrant market for building and cultivating "
+"culture; that market could include a much wider and more diverse range of "
+"creators; those creators could produce and distribute a much more vibrant "
+"range of creativity; and depending upon a few important factors, those "
+"creators could earn more on average from this system than creators do "
+"today—all so long as the RCAs of our day don't use the law to protect "
+"themselves against this competition."
+msgstr ""
+"For Internet har sluppet løs en ekstraordinær mulighed for mange til at "
+"angive i processen med at bygge og kultivere en kultur som rækker lagt "
+"udenfor lokale grænselinjer. Den magten har ændret markedspladsen for at "
+"dagsværk og kultivere kultur generelt, og den ændringen truer i næste omgang "
+"etablerede indholdindustrier. Internet er dermed for industrierne som "
+"byggede og distribuerede indhold i det tyvende århundredet hvad FM-radio var "
+"for AM-radio, eller hvad traileren var for jernbaneindustrien i det nittende "
+"århundredet: begyndelsen på slutningen, eller i hvert fald en markant "
+"ændring. Digitale teknologier, knyttede til Internet, kunne producere et "
+"meget mere konkurrencedygtigt og levende marked for at bygge og kultivere "
+"kultur. Dette marked kunne indeholde et meget videre og mere varieret "
+"udvalg af skabere. Disse skabere kunne producere og distribuere et meget "
+"mere levende udvalg af kreativitet. Og afhængigt af nogle få vigtige "
+"faktorer, så kunne dirre skaberne tjene mere i snit fra dette system end "
+"skaberne gør i dag – så længe RCA-ene af i dag ikke bruge loven til "
+"at beskytte dem selv mod denne konkurrence."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Yet, as I argue in the pages that follow, that is precisely what is "
+"happening in our culture today. These modern-day equivalents of the early "
+"twentieth-century radio or nineteenth-century railroads are using their "
+"power to get the law to protect them against this new, more efficient, more "
+"vibrant technology for building culture. They are succeeding in their plan "
+"to remake the Internet before the Internet remakes them."
+msgstr ""
+"Alligevel, som jeg argumenterer for i siderne som følger, er dette nøjagtigt "
+"det som sker i vores kultur i dag. Disse dagens ækvivalenter til tidligt "
+"tyvende århundredes radio og nittende århundredes jernbaner bruger deres "
+"magt til at få loven til at beskytte dem mod denne nye, mere effektive, mere "
+"levende teknologien for at bygge kultur. De lykkes i deres plan om at gøre "
+"om Internet føder Internet gør om på dem."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Valenti, Jack"
+msgstr "Valenti, Jack"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "on creative property rights"
+msgstr "om kreative ejendomrettigheder"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Amy Harmon, <quote>Black Hawk Download: Moving Beyond Music, Pirates Use New "
+"Tools to Turn the Net into an Illicit Video Club,</quote> <citetitle>New "
+"York Times</citetitle>, 17 January 2002."
+msgstr ""
+"Amy Harmon, <quote>Black Hawk Download: Moving Beyond Music, Pirates Use New "
+"Tools to Gymnasticer the Net into an Illicit Video Club,</quote> "
+"<citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 17 . januar 2002 ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"It doesn't seem this way to many. The battles over copyright and the "
+"Internet seem remote to most. To the few who follow them, they seem mainly "
+"about a much simpler brace of questions—whether <quote>piracy</quote> "
+"will be permitted, and whether <quote>property</quote> will be protected. "
+"The <quote>war</quote> that has been waged against the technologies of the "
+"Internet—what Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) president "
+"Jack Valenti calls his <quote>own terrorist war</quote><placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>—has been framed as a battle about the rule of "
+"law and respect for property. To know which side to take in this war, most "
+"think that we need only decide whether we're for property or against it."
+msgstr ""
+"Det ser ikke sådan ud for mange. Kamphandlingerne over ophavsret og "
+"Internet er fjernt for de fleste. For de få som følger dem, virker de i "
+"hovedsag at handle om et enklere sæt med spørgsmål – hvorvidt "
+"<quote>piratvirksomhed</quote> vil blive accepteret, og hvorvidt "
+"<quote>ejendomretten</quote> vil blive beskyttet. <quote>Krigen</quote> som "
+"har blevet erklæret mod teknologierne til Internet – det præsidenten "
+"for Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA), Jack Valenti, kalder sin "
+"<quote>egen terroristkrig</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> "
+"– har blevet ramt ind som en kamp om at følge loven og respektere "
+"ejendomretten. For at vide hvilken side vi bør tage i denne krig tænker de "
+"fleste at vi kun behøver at bestemme om hvorvidt vi er for ejendomret eller "
+"mod den."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"If those really were the choices, then I would be with Jack Valenti and the "
+"content industry. I, too, am a believer in property, and especially in the "
+"importance of what Mr. Valenti nicely calls <quote>creative property.</"
+"quote> I believe that <quote>piracy</quote> is wrong, and that the law, "
+"properly tuned, should punish <quote>piracy,</quote> whether on or off the "
+"Internet."
+msgstr ""
+"Hvis dette virkeligt var alternativerne, så villes jeg være enig med Jack "
+"Valenti og indholdindustrien. Jeg tror også på ejendomretten, og specielt "
+"på vigtigheden af hvad Herre Valenti så pænt kalder <quote>kreativ "
+"ejendomret.</quote> Jeg tror at <quote>piratvirksomhed</quote> er galt, og "
+"at loven, rigtigt indstillet, bør straffe <quote>piratvirksomhed,</quote> "
+"både på og udenfor Internet."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"But those simple beliefs mask a much more fundamental question and a much "
+"more dramatic change. My fear is that unless we come to see this change, the "
+"war to rid the world of Internet <quote>pirates</quote> will also rid our "
+"culture of values that have been integral to our tradition from the start."
+msgstr ""
+"Men disse enkle trosoppfatninger maskerer et meget mere grundlæggende "
+"spørgsmål, og en meget mere dramatisk ændring. Min frygt er at , med mindre "
+"vi begynder at lægge mærke til denne ændring, så vil krigen for at befrie "
+"værdet fra Internets <quote>pirater</quote> også fjerne værdier fra vores "
+"kultur som har været integreret i vores tradition helt fra starten."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Constitution, U.S."
+msgstr "Grunnloven i USA"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "First Amendment to"
+msgstr "Første tillæg til"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "copyright law"
+msgstr "åndsverklov"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "as protection of creators"
+msgstr "som beskyttelse for skabere"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "First Amendment"
+msgstr "Første grundlovtillæg"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Netanel, Neil Weinstock"
+msgstr "Netanel, Neil Weinstock"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Neil W. Netanel, <quote>Copyright and a Democratic Civil Society,</quote> "
+"<citetitle>Yale Law Journal</citetitle> 106 (1996): 283. <placeholder type="
+"\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Neil W. Netanel, <quote>Copyright and a Democratic Civil Society,</quote> "
+"<citetitle>Yale Law Journal</citetitle> 106 (1996): 283 . <placeholder "
+"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"These values built a tradition that, for at least the first 180 years of our "
+"Republic, guaranteed creators the right to build freely upon their past, and "
+"protected creators and innovators from either state or private control. The "
+"First Amendment protected creators against state control. And as Professor "
+"Neil Netanel powerfully argues,<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> "
+"copyright law, properly balanced, protected creators against private "
+"control. Our tradition was thus neither Soviet nor the tradition of patrons. "
+"It instead carved out a wide berth within which creators could cultivate and "
+"extend our culture."
+msgstr ""
+"Disse værdier byggede en tradition som, for i hvert fald de første 180 årene "
+"af vores republik, garanterede skaberne retten til at bygge frit på sin "
+"fortid, og beskyttede skaberne og innovatørerne fra både statslig og privat "
+"kontrol. Det første grundlovtillægget beskyttede skaberne fra statslig "
+"kontrol. Og som professor Neil Netanel med kraft argumenterer,<placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> åndsverkslov, skikkeligt balanceret, beskyttede "
+"skaberne mod privat kontrol. Vores tradition var dermed hverken Sovjet "
+"eller traditionen til velgjørere. I stedet skar det ud et bredt "
+"manøvreringsrom hvor skabere kunne kultivere og udvide vores kultur."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Yet the law's response to the Internet, when tied to changes in the "
+"technology of the Internet itself, has massively increased the effective "
+"regulation of creativity in America. To build upon or critique the culture "
+"around us one must ask, Oliver Twist–like, for permission first. "
+"Permission is, of course, often granted—but it is not often granted to "
+"the critical or the independent. We have built a kind of cultural nobility; "
+"those within the noble class live easily; those outside it don't. But it is "
+"nobility of any form that is alien to our tradition."
+msgstr ""
+"Alligevel har lovens respons til Internet, når det knyttes sammen til "
+"ændringer i teknologien i Internet selv, ført til massiv øgning af den "
+"effektive reguleringen af kreativitet i USA. For at bygge på eller "
+"kritisere kulturen rundt os må man spørge, som Oliver Twist, om tilladelse "
+"først. Tilladelse bliver, naturligvis, ofte innvilget – men det "
+"bliver ofte ikke innvilget til den kritiske eller den uafhængige. Vi har "
+"bygget en slags kulturel adel. De indenfor dette adelskab har et enkelt "
+"liv, mens de på utsiden har det ikke. Men det er adelskab i alle former som "
+"er fremmed for vores tradition."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The story that follows is about this war. It is not about the "
+"<quote>centrality of technology</quote> to ordinary life. I don't believe in "
+"gods, digital or otherwise. Nor is it an effort to demonize any individual "
+"or group, for neither do I believe in a devil, corporate or otherwise. It is "
+"not a morality tale. Nor is it a call to jihad against an industry."
+msgstr ""
+"Historie som følger er om denne krig. Det er ikke om <quote>betydningen af "
+"teknologi</quote> i normalt liv. Jeg tror ikke på guder, hverken digitale "
+"eller andre typer. Det er heller ikke et forsøg på at demonisere nogle "
+"individer eller gruppe, jeg tror heller ikke på en djævel, selskapsmessig "
+"eller på anden måde. Dette er ikke en moralsk historie. En heller er det "
+"et råb om hellig krig mod en industri."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"It is instead an effort to understand a hopelessly destructive war inspired "
+"by the technologies of the Internet but reaching far beyond its code. And by "
+"understanding this battle, it is an effort to map peace. There is no good "
+"reason for the current struggle around Internet technologies to continue. "
+"There will be great harm to our tradition and culture if it is allowed to "
+"continue unchecked. We must come to understand the source of this war. We "
+"must resolve it soon."
+msgstr ""
+"Det er i stedet et forsøg på at forstå en håbløst ødelæggende krig som er "
+"inspireret af teknologierne til Internet, men som rækker langt udenfor dets "
+"kode. Og ved at forstå denne kamp er dette en indsats for at finne vejen "
+"til fred. Det er ingen god grund for at fortsætte dagens batalje rundt "
+"Internet-teknologierne. Det vil være til stor skade for vores tradition og "
+"kultur hvis den får lov til at fortsætte ukontrollert. Vi må forstå kilden "
+"til denne krig. Vi må finde en løsning snart."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "intellectual property rights"
+msgstr "immaterielle rettigheder"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Like the Causbys'</emphasis> battle, this war is, "
+"in part, about <quote>property.</quote> The property of this war is not as "
+"tangible as the Causbys', and no innocent chicken has yet to lose its life. "
+"Yet the ideas surrounding this <quote>property</quote> are as obvious to "
+"most as the Causbys' claim about the sacredness of their farm was to them. "
+"We are the Causbys. Most of us take for granted the extraordinarily powerful "
+"claims that the owners of <quote>intellectual property</quote> now assert. "
+"Most of us, like the Causbys, treat these claims as obvious. And hence we, "
+"like the Causbys, object when a new technology interferes with this "
+"property. It is as plain to us as it was to them that the new technologies "
+"of the Internet are <quote>trespassing</quote> upon legitimate claims of "
+"<quote>property.</quote> It is as plain to us as it was to them that the law "
+"should intervene to stop this trespass."
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Lig Causbyenes</emphasis> kamp er denne krig, "
+"delvis, om <quote>ejendomret.</quote> Ejendommen i denne krig er ikke lige "
+"så håndfast som den til Causbyene, og ingen uskyldige kyllinger har så langt "
+"mistet livet. Alligevel er idéene rundt denne <quote>ejendom retten</quote> "
+"lige så åbenbare for de fleste som Causbyenes krav om ukrenkeligheten til "
+"deres bondegård var for dem. De fleste af os tager for givet de usædvanligt "
+"mægtige krav som ejerne af <quote>immaterielle rettigheder</quote> nu "
+"fremmer. De fleste af os, som Causbyene, behandler disse krav som åbenbare. "
+" Og dermed protesterer vi, som Causbyene, når ny teknologi griber ind i "
+"denne ejendom retten. Det er så klart for os som det var for dem at de nye "
+"teknologierne til Internet <quote>tager sig til rette</quote> mod legitime "
+"krav til <quote>ejendomret.</quote> Det er lige så klart for os som det "
+"var for dem at loven skulle tage affære for at stoppe denne inntrengingen i "
+"anden mands ejendom."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 27
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"And thus, when geeks and technologists defend their Armstrong or Wright "
+"brothers technology, most of us are simply unsympathetic. Common sense does "
+"not revolt. Unlike in the case of the unlucky Causbys, common sense is on "
+"the side of the property owners in this war. Unlike the lucky Wright "
+"brothers, the Internet has not inspired a revolution on its side."
+msgstr ""
+"Og dermed, når nørder og teknologer forsvarer sin tids Armstrong og Wright-"
+"brødrenes teknologi, får de lille sympati fra de fleste af os. Sund fornuft "
+"gør ikke oprør. I modsætning til sagen til de uheldige Causbyene, er sund "
+"fornuft på samme side som ejendomejerne i denne krig. I modsætning til hos "
+"de heldige Wright-brødrene, har Internet ikke inspireret en revolution til "
+"fordel for sig."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"My hope is to push this common sense along. I have become increasingly "
+"amazed by the power of this idea of intellectual property and, more "
+"importantly, its power to disable critical thought by policy makers and "
+"citizens. There has never been a time in our history when more of our "
+"<quote>culture</quote> was as <quote>owned</quote> as it is now. And yet "
+"there has never been a time when the concentration of power to control the "
+"<emphasis>uses</emphasis> of culture has been as unquestioningly accepted as "
+"it is now."
+msgstr ""
+"Mit håb er at skubbe denne sunde fornuft videre. Jeg har blevet stadigt "
+"mere overrasket over kraften/kræfter til denne idéen om immaterielle "
+"rettigheder og, mere vigtigt, dets evne til at slå af kritisk tanke hos "
+"lovmakere og indbyggere. Det har aldrig før i vores historie været så "
+"meget af vores <quote>kultur</quote> som har været <quote>ejet</quote> end "
+"det er nu . Og alligevel har aldrig før konsentreringen af magt til at "
+"kontrollere <emphasis>brugen</emphasis> af kulturen været mere accepteret "
+"uden spørgsmål end det er nu ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The puzzle is, Why? Is it because we have come to understand a truth about "
+"the value and importance of absolute property over ideas and culture? Is it "
+"because we have discovered that our tradition of rejecting such an absolute "
+"claim was wrong?"
+msgstr ""
+"Gåten er, hvorfor det? Er det fordi vi fået en indsigt i sandheden om "
+"værdien og betydningen af absolut eierskap over idéer og kultur? Er det "
+"fordi vi har opdaget at vores tradition ved at afvise sådanne absolutte krav "
+"tog fejl?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Or is it because the idea of absolute property over ideas and culture "
+"benefits the RCAs of our time and fits our own unreflective intuitions?"
+msgstr ""
+"Eller er det på grund af at idéer om absolut eierskap over idéer og kultur "
+"giver fordele til RCA-ene i vores tid, og passer med vores ureflekterte "
+"intuition?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Is the radical shift away from our tradition of free culture an instance of "
+"America correcting a mistake from its past, as we did after a bloody war "
+"with slavery, and as we are slowly doing with inequality? Or is the radical "
+"shift away from our tradition of free culture yet another example of a "
+"political system captured by a few powerful special interests?"
+msgstr ""
+"Er denne radikale ændring væk fra vores tradition om fri kultur en forekomst "
+"af USA som korrigerer en fejl fra fortiden, sådan vi gjorde det efter en "
+"blodig krig mod slaveri, og sådan vi stille gør det med forskelle? Eller er "
+"denne radikale ændring væk fra vores tradition med fri kultur nok et "
+"eksempel på at vores politiske systemer er fanget af nogen få mægtige "
+"særinteresser?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Does common sense lead to the extremes on this question because common sense "
+"actually believes in these extremes? Or does common sense stand silent in "
+"the face of these extremes because, as with Armstrong versus RCA, the more "
+"powerful side has ensured that it has the more powerful view?"
+msgstr ""
+"Fører sund fornuft til det ekstreme i dette spørgsmål på grund af at sund "
+"fornuft faktisk tror på dette ekstreme? Eller står sund fornuft i stilhed i "
+"mødet med dette ekstreme fordi, som i Armstrong mod RCA, at den mere mægtige "
+"siden har sikret sig at det har et meget mere mægtigt standpunkt?"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 28
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"I don't mean to be mysterious. My own views are resolved. I believe it was "
+"right for common sense to revolt against the extremism of the Causbys. I "
+"believe it would be right for common sense to revolt against the extreme "
+"claims made today on behalf of <quote>intellectual property.</quote> What "
+"the law demands today is increasingly as silly as a sheriff arresting an "
+"airplane for trespass. But the consequences of this silliness will be much "
+"more profound."
+msgstr ""
+"Jeg forsøger ikke at være mystisk. Mine egen synspunkter er klare. Jeg "
+"mener det var rigtigt for sund fornuft at gøre oprør mod ekstremismen til "
+"Causbyene. Jeg mener det villes være rigtigt for sund fornuft at gøre oprør "
+"mod de ekstreme krav som gøres i dag på vegne af <quote>immaterielle "
+"rettigheder.</quote> Det som loven kræver i dag er i større og større grad "
+"lige så dumt som om lensmanden skulle arrestere en flymaskin for at behøve "
+"ind på anden mands ejendom. Men konsekvenserne af den nye dumheden vil "
+"blive meget mere dyptgripende."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">The struggle</emphasis> that rages just now "
+"centers on two ideas: <quote>piracy</quote> and <quote>property.</quote> My "
+"aim in this book's next two parts is to explore these two ideas."
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Slagsmålet</emphasis> som pågår akkurat nu "
+"centrerer sig rundt to idéer: <quote>piratvirksomhed</quote> og "
+"<quote>ejendom.</quote> Mit mål med denne bogs næste to dele er at udforske "
+"disse to idéene."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"My method is not the usual method of an academic. I don't want to plunge you "
+"into a complex argument, buttressed with references to obscure French "
+"theorists—however natural that is for the weird sort we academics have "
+"become. Instead I begin in each part with a collection of stories that set a "
+"context within which these apparently simple ideas can be more fully "
+"understood."
+msgstr ""
+"min Metode er ikke den normale metoden for en akademiker. Jeg ønsker ikke "
+"at pløje dig ind i et kompliceret argument, stensat med referencer til "
+"obskure franske teoretikere – uanset hvor naturligt det har blevet for "
+"den mærkelige sorten vi akademikere har blevet. Jeg vil i stedet begynde "
+"hver del med en samling historie som etablerer en sammenhæng der hen disse "
+"tilsyneladende enkle idéene kan blive helt forstået."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The two sections set up the core claim of this book: that while the Internet "
+"has indeed produced something fantastic and new, our government, pushed by "
+"big media to respond to this <quote>something new,</quote> is destroying "
+"something very old. Rather than understanding the changes the Internet might "
+"permit, and rather than taking time to let <quote>common sense</quote> "
+"resolve how best to respond, we are allowing those most threatened by the "
+"changes to use their power to change the law—and more importantly, to "
+"use their power to change something fundamental about who we have always "
+"been."
+msgstr ""
+"De to delene sætter op kernen til påstanden i denne bog: at mens Internet "
+"faktisk har produceret noget fantastisk og nyt, bidrager vores myndigheder, "
+"pressede af store mediumaktører for at møde dette <quote>noget nyt,</quote> "
+"til at ødelægge noget som er vældig gammelt. I stedet for at forstå "
+"ændringerne som Internet kan gøre muligt, og i stedet for at tage den tiden "
+"som trænges for at lagde <quote>sund fornuft</quote> finne ud hvordan bedst "
+"svaret på udfordringen, så lader vi de som er mest truet af ændringerne "
+"bruge sin magt til at ændre loven – og vigtigere, at bruge sin magt "
+"til at ændre noget fundamentalt om hvordan vi altid har fungeret."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"We allow this, I believe, not because it is right, and not because most of "
+"us really believe in these changes. We allow it because the interests most "
+"threatened are among the most powerful players in our depressingly "
+"compromised process of making law. This book is the story of one more "
+"consequence of this form of corruption—a consequence to which most of "
+"us remain oblivious."
+msgstr ""
+"Jeg tror vi tillader dette, ikke fordi det er rigtigt, og heller ikke fordi "
+"de fleste af os tror på disse ændringer. Vi tillader det på grund af at de "
+"interesserne som er mest truet er blandt de mest mægtige aktørerne i vores "
+"deprimerende kompromitterede proces for at udforme håndflade. Denne bog er "
+"historie om nok en konsekvens for denne type korruption – en "
+"konsekvens de fleste af os forbliver ukendt med."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><title>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<quote>Piracy</quote>"
+msgstr "<quote>Piratvirksomhed</quote>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "English"
+msgstr "engelsk"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Mansfield, William Murray, Lord"
+msgstr "Mansfield, William Murray, Lord"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "music publishing"
+msgstr "musikkpublisering"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "sheet music"
+msgstr "noteark"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Since the inception</emphasis> of the law "
+"regulating creative property, there has been a war against <quote>piracy.</"
+"quote> The precise contours of this concept, <quote>piracy,</quote> are hard "
+"to sketch, but the animating injustice is easy to capture. As Lord "
+"Mansfield wrote in a case that extended the reach of English copyright law "
+"to include sheet music,"
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Helt siden</emphasis> retvæsenet begyndte at "
+"regulere kreative ejerrettigheder, har det været en krig mod "
+"<quote>piratvirksomhed.</quote> Det præcise omridset af dette konceptet, "
+"<quote>piratvirksomhed,</quote> har været vanskeligt at tegne op , men "
+"billedet af urettferdighet er enkelt at beskrive. Som Lord Mansfield skrev "
+"i en sag som udvidede omfanget af engelsk åndsverkslov til at inkludere "
+"noteark:"
+
+#. f1
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<citetitle>Bach</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Longman</citetitle>, 98 Eng. Rep. "
+"1274 (1777) (Mansfield)."
+msgstr ""
+"<citetitle>Bach</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Longman</citetitle>, 98 Eng. Rep. "
+"1274 (1777) (Mansfield)."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><blockquote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"A person may use the copy by playing it, but he has no right to rob the "
+"author of the profit, by multiplying copies and disposing of them for his "
+"own use.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"En person kan bruge kopien til at spille den, men han har ingen ret til at "
+"røve forfatteren for profiten, ved at fortage flere kopier og distribuere "
+"efter eget forgodtbefinnende.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "efficient content distribution on"
+msgstr "effektiv indholddistribution på"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "peer-to-peer (p2p) file sharing"
+msgstr "peer-to-peer (p2p)-fildeling"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "efficiency of"
+msgstr "effektiviteten til"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 31
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Today we are in the middle of another <quote>war</quote> against "
+"<quote>piracy.</quote> The Internet has provoked this war. The Internet "
+"makes possible the efficient spread of content. Peer-to-peer (p2p) file "
+"sharing is among the most efficient of the efficient technologies the "
+"Internet enables. Using distributed intelligence, p2p systems facilitate the "
+"easy spread of content in a way unimagined a generation ago."
+msgstr ""
+"I dag er vi midt inde i en anden <quote>krig</quote> mod "
+"<quote>piratvirksomhed.</quote> Internet har fremprovokeret denne krig. "
+"Internet gør det muligt at effektivt brede indhold. Peer-to-peer (p2p) "
+"fildeling er blandt den mest effektive af de effektive teknologier Internet "
+"muliggjør. Ved at bruge distribueret intelligens, kan p2p-systemer "
+"muliggjøre enkel spredning af indhold på en måde som ingen forestilte sig "
+"for en generation siden."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This efficiency does not respect the traditional lines of copyright. The "
+"network doesn't discriminate between the sharing of copyrighted and "
+"uncopyrighted content. Thus has there been a vast amount of sharing of "
+"copyrighted content. That sharing in turn has excited the war, as copyright "
+"owners fear the sharing will <quote>rob the author of the profit.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+"Denne effektivitet respekterer ikke de traditionelle skillerne i "
+"ophavsreten. Nettet skiller ikke mellem deling af opphavsrettsbeskyttet og "
+"ikke opphavsrettsbeskyttet indhold. Dermed har det været deling af en enorm "
+"mængde opphavsrettsbeskyttet indhold. Denne delingen har i sin tur ansporet "
+"til krigen, på grund af at ejere af ophavsreter frygte delingen vil "
+"<quote>røve forfatteren for profiten.</quote>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The warriors have turned to the courts, to the legislatures, and "
+"increasingly to technology to defend their <quote>property</quote> against "
+"this <quote>piracy.</quote> A generation of Americans, the warriors warn, is "
+"being raised to believe that <quote>property</quote> should be <quote>free.</"
+"quote> Forget tattoos, never mind body piercing—our kids are becoming "
+"<emphasis>thieves</emphasis>!"
+msgstr ""
+"Krigerene har skruet sig til domstolene, til lovgiverne, og i stadigt større "
+"grad til teknologi for at forsvare sin <quote>ejendom</quote> mod denne "
+"<quote>pirat virksomheden.</quote> En generation amerikanere, advarer "
+"krigerene, bliver opdraget til at tro at <quote>ejendom</quote> skal være "
+"<quote>gratis.</quote> Glem tatoveringer, ikke tænk på kroppspiercing "
+"– vores barn bliver <emphasis>tyve</emphasis>!"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"There's no doubt that <quote>piracy</quote> is wrong, and that pirates "
+"should be punished. But before we summon the executioners, we should put "
+"this notion of <quote>piracy</quote> in some context. For as the concept is "
+"increasingly used, at its core is an extraordinary idea that is almost "
+"certainly wrong."
+msgstr ""
+"Det er ingen tvivl om <quote>at piratvirksomhed</quote> er galt, og at "
+"pirater bør straffes. Men før vi skråler på bødlerne, bør vi sætte dette "
+"<quote>pirat virksomheds</quote>-begrebet i en sammenhæng. For mens "
+"begrebet bliver mere og mere brugt, har det i sin kerne en ekstraordinær idé "
+"som næsten helt sikkert er fejl."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "The idea goes something like this:"
+msgstr "Idéen høres omtrent sådan ud:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><blockquote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Creative work has value; whenever I use, or take, or build upon the creative "
+"work of others, I am taking from them something of value. Whenever I take "
+"something of value from someone else, I should have their permission. The "
+"taking of something of value from someone else without permission is wrong. "
+"It is a form of piracy."
+msgstr ""
+"Kreativt arbejde har værdi. Når jeg bruger, eller tager, eller bygger på "
+"det kreative arbejdet til andre, så tager jeg noget fra dem som har værdi. "
+"Når jeg tager noget af værdi fra nogle andre, bør jeg få tilladelse fra dem. "
+" Å tage noget som har værdi fra andre uden tilladelse er galt. Det er en "
+"form for piratvirksomhed."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "ASCAP"
+msgstr "ASCAP"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Dreyfuss, Rochelle"
+msgstr "Dreyfuss, Rochelle"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Girl Scouts"
+msgstr "Jentespeidere"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "creative property"
+msgstr "kreativ eiendel"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<quote>if value, then right</quote> theory of"
+msgstr "<quote>hvis værdi, så rettigheds</quote>teorien om"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<quote>if value, then right</quote> theory"
+msgstr "<quote>hvis værdi, så rettigheds</quote>teorien"
+
+#. f2
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"See Rochelle Dreyfuss, <quote>Expressive Genericity: Trademarks as Language "
+"in the Pepsi Generation,</quote> <citetitle>Notre Dame Law Review</"
+"citetitle> 65 (1990): 397."
+msgstr ""
+"Se Rochelle Dreyfuss, <quote>Expressive Genericity: Trademark as Language in "
+"the Pepsi Generation,</quote> <citetitle>Notre Dame Law Review</citetitle> "
+"65 (1990): 397 ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Zittrain, Jonathan"
+msgstr "Zittrain, Jonathan"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Lisa Bannon, <quote>The Birds May Sing, but Campers Can't Unless They Pay Up,"
+"</quote> <citetitle>Wall Street Journal</citetitle>, 21 August 1996, "
+"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #3</ulink>; "
+"Jonathan Zittrain, <quote>Calling Off the Copyright War: In Battle of "
+"Property vs. Free Speech, No One Wins,</quote> <citetitle>Boston Globe</"
+"citetitle>, 24 November 2002. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Lisa Bannon, <quote>The Birds May Sing, but Campers Can't Unless They Pay Up,"
+"</quote> <citetitle>Wall Street Journal</citetitle>, 21 . august 1996, "
+"tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #3</"
+"ulink>; Jonathan Zittrain, <quote>Højttalersystem Off the Copyright War: In "
+"Battle of Property vs. Free Speech, No One Wins,</quote> <citetitle>Boston "
+"Globe</citetitle>, 24 . november 2002 . <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
+"id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This view runs deep within the current debates. It is what NYU law professor "
+"Rochelle Dreyfuss criticizes as the <quote>if value, then right</quote> "
+"theory of creative property<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> —"
+"if there is value, then someone must have a right to that value. It is the "
+"perspective that led a composers' rights organization, ASCAP, to sue the "
+"Girl Scouts for failing to pay for the songs that girls sang around Girl "
+"Scout campfires.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> There was "
+"<quote>value</quote> (the songs) so there must have been a <quote>right</"
+"quote>—even against the Girl Scouts."
+msgstr ""
+"Dette syn går dybt i de pågående debatterne. Det er hvad juiceprofessor "
+"Rochelle Dreyfuss ved New York University kritiserer som <quote>hvis værdi, "
+"så rettighed</quote>-teorien for kreative ejerrettigheder <placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> – hvis det findes værdi, så må nogle have "
+"rettigheden til denne værdi. Det er perspektivet som fik komponisternes "
+"rettighedorganisation, ASCAP, til at sagsøge jentespeiderne for at ikke "
+"betale for sangene som pigerne sang rundt sine lejrbål.<placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Det fandtes <quote>værdi</quote> (sangene), så "
+"det måtte have været en <quote>rettighed</quote> – til og med i "
+"forhold til jentespeiderne."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 32
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This idea is certainly a possible understanding of how creative property "
+"should work. It might well be a possible design for a system of law "
+"protecting creative property. But the <quote>if value, then right</quote> "
+"theory of creative property has never been America's theory of creative "
+"property. It has never taken hold within our law."
+msgstr ""
+"Denne idéen er helt klaret en mulig forståelse om hvordan kreative "
+"ejerrettigheder bør virke. Det er helt klart et muligt design for et "
+"lovsystem som beskytter kreative ejerrettigheder. Men teorien om "
+"<quote>hvis værdi, så rettighed</quote> for kreative ejerrettigheder har "
+"aldrig været USAs teori for kreative ejerrettigheder. Det har aldrig "
+"været vores retpraksis."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "on republishing vs. transformation of original work"
+msgstr "på gjenpublisering versus ændring af oprindeligt værk"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><seealso>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "creativity"
+msgstr "kreativitet"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "innovation"
+msgstr "innovation"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "legal restrictions on"
+msgstr "juridiske begrænsninger på"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Instead, in our tradition, intellectual property is an instrument. It sets "
+"the groundwork for a richly creative society but remains subservient to the "
+"value of creativity. The current debate has this turned around. We have "
+"become so concerned with protecting the instrument that we are losing sight "
+"of the value."
+msgstr ""
+"I vores tradition har immaterielle rettigheder i stedet været et instrument. "
+" Det bidrager til fundamentet for et rigt kreativt samfund, men forbliver "
+"underordnede værdien til kreativitet. Dagens debat har skruet dette helt "
+"rundt. Vi har blevet så optaget af at beskytte instrumentet at vi mister "
+"værdien af syne."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The source of this confusion is a distinction that the law no longer takes "
+"care to draw—the distinction between republishing someone's work on "
+"the one hand and building upon or transforming that work on the other. "
+"Copyright law at its birth had only publishing as its concern; copyright law "
+"today regulates both."
+msgstr ""
+"Kilden til denne forvirring er et skille som loven ikke længere generer sig "
+"om at markere – skillet mellem at publicere på nyt nogles værker på "
+"den ene siden, og bygge på og gøre om værket på den andre. Da ophavsreten "
+"kom var det kun publisering som blev berørt. Ophavsreten i dag regulerer "
+"begge."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Before the technologies of the Internet, this conflation didn't matter all "
+"that much. The technologies of publishing were expensive; that meant the "
+"vast majority of publishing was commercial. Commercial entities could bear "
+"the burden of the law—even the burden of the Byzantine complexity that "
+"copyright law has become. It was just one more expense of doing business."
+msgstr ""
+"Før teknologierne til Internet dukkede op , betød ikke denne begrepsmessige "
+"sammenblandingen meget. Teknologierne for at publicere var kostbare, som "
+"betød at det meste af publisering var kommerciel. Kommercielle aktører kunne "
+"håndtere byrden pålagt af loven – til og med byrden med den bysantiske "
+"kompleksiteten som åndsverksloven har blevet. Det var bare nok en "
+"omkostning ved at drive forretning."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "creativity impeded by"
+msgstr "kreativitet hindrede af"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Florida, Richard"
+msgstr "Florida, Richard"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Rise of the Creative Class, The (Florida)"
+msgstr "Rise of the Creative Class, The (Florida)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"In <citetitle>The Rise of the Creative Class</citetitle> (New York: Basic "
+"Books, 2002), Richard Florida documents a shift in the nature of labor "
+"toward a labor of creativity. His work, however, doesn't directly address "
+"the legal conditions under which that creativity is enabled or stifled. I "
+"certainly agree with him about the importance and significance of this "
+"change, but I also believe the conditions under which it will be enabled are "
+"much more tenuous. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder "
+"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"I <citetitle>The Rise of the Creative Class</citetitle> (New York: Basic "
+"Books, 2002), dokumenterer Richard Florida en ændring i arbejdstaben mod "
+"kreativitetarbejde. Hans tekst omhandler derimod ikke direkte de juridiske "
+"vilkår som kreativiteten bliver muliggjort eller hindret under. Jeg er helt "
+"klart enig med ham i vigtigheden og betydningen af denne ændring, men jeg "
+"tror også at vilkårene som disse ændringer bliver aktiveret under er meget "
+"vanskeligere. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder "
+"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"But with the birth of the Internet, this natural limit to the reach of the "
+"law has disappeared. The law controls not just the creativity of commercial "
+"creators but effectively that of anyone. Although that expansion would not "
+"matter much if copyright law regulated only <quote>copying,</quote> when the "
+"law regulates as broadly and obscurely as it does, the extension matters a "
+"lot. The burden of this law now vastly outweighs any original benefit—"
+"certainly as it affects noncommercial creativity, and increasingly as it "
+"affects commercial creativity as well. Thus, as we'll see more clearly in "
+"the chapters below, the law's role is less and less to support creativity, "
+"and more and more to protect certain industries against competition. Just at "
+"the time digital technology could unleash an extraordinary range of "
+"commercial and noncommercial creativity, the law burdens this creativity "
+"with insanely complex and vague rules and with the threat of obscenely "
+"severe penalties. We may be seeing, as Richard Florida writes, the "
+"<quote>Rise of the Creative Class.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id="
+"\"0\"/> Unfortunately, we are also seeing an extraordinary rise of "
+"regulation of this creative class."
+msgstr ""
+"Men da Internet dukkede op , forsvandt denne naturlige begrænsning til "
+"lovens virkeområde. Loven kontrollerer ikke bare kreativiteten til "
+"kommercielle skabere, men effektivt set kreativiteten til alle. Selv om "
+"udvidelsen ikke villes betyde stort hvis åndsverksloven kun regulerede "
+"<quote>kopiering,</quote> så betyder udvidelsen meget når loven regulerer så "
+" bredt og obskurt som den gør. Byrden denne lov giver opveje/opvejer nu "
+"langt fordelene den gav da den blev vedtaget – helt klart sådan den "
+"påvirker ikke -kommerciel kreativitet, og i stadigt større grad sådan den "
+"påvirker kommerciel kreativitet. Dermed, sådan vi ser klarere i de kommende "
+"kapitler, er retsstatens rolle i stadigt mindre grad at støtte kreativitet, "
+"og i stadigt større grad at beskytte enkelte industrier mod konkurrence. "
+"Akkurat på det tidspunktet da digital teknologi kunne sluppet løs en "
+"ekstraordinær mængde med kommerciel og ikke-kommerciel kreativitet, tynger "
+"loven denne kreativitet med sinnsykt komplicerede og vage skrøner, og med "
+"truslen om uanstendig hårde straffe. Vi ser måske , som Richard Florida "
+"skriver, <quote>Fremvæksten af den kreative klasse</quote><placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Desværre ser vi også en ekstraordinær fremvækst "
+"af reguleringer af denne kreative klasse."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"These burdens make no sense in our tradition. We should begin by "
+"understanding that tradition a bit more and by placing in their proper "
+"context the current battles about behavior labeled <quote>piracy.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+"Disse byrder giver ingen mening i vores tradition. Vi bør begynde med at "
+"forstå den traditionen lidt mere, og ved at placere dagens slag om opførsel "
+"med mærkaten <quote>piratvirksomhed</quote> i sin rette sammenhæng."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Chapter One: Creators"
+msgstr "Kapitel en: Skaberne"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "animated cartoons"
+msgstr "animationfilm"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "cartoon films"
+msgstr "tegnefilmer"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "films"
+msgstr "film"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "animated"
+msgstr "animerede"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Steamboat Willie"
+msgstr "Steamboat Willie"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Mickey Mouse"
+msgstr "Mikke Mus"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">In 1928</emphasis>, a cartoon character was born. "
+"An early Mickey Mouse made his debut in May of that year, in a silent flop "
+"called <citetitle>Plane Crazy</citetitle>. In November, in New York City's "
+"Colony Theater, in the first widely distributed cartoon synchronized with "
+"sound, <citetitle>Steamboat Willie</citetitle> brought to life the character "
+"that would become Mickey Mouse."
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">I 1928</emphasis> blev man tegnefilmfigur født. "
+"En tidlig Mikke Mus debuterede i maj dette år, i en stille flop ved navn "
+"<citetitle>Plane Crazy</citetitle>. I november, i Colony-teateret i New "
+"York City, blev den første vidt distribuerede tegnefilmen med synkroniseret "
+"lyd, <citetitle>Steamboat Willy</citetitle>, vist frem med figuren som "
+"skulle blive til Mikke Mus."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Disney, Walt"
+msgstr "Disney, Walt"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Synchronized sound had been introduced to film a year earlier in the movie "
+"<citetitle>The Jazz Singer</citetitle>. That success led Walt Disney to copy "
+"the technique and mix sound with cartoons. No one knew whether it would work "
+"or, if it did work, whether it would win an audience. But when Disney ran a "
+"test in the summer of 1928, the results were unambiguous. As Disney "
+"describes that first experiment,"
+msgstr ""
+"Film med synkroniseret lyd havde blevet introduceret et år tidligere i "
+"filmen <citetitle>The Jazz Singer</citetitle>. Succesen fik Walt Disney til "
+"at kopiere teknikken og mikse lyde med tegnefilm. Ingen vidste hvorvidt "
+"det villes virke eller ikke, og om det villes fungere, hvorvidt publikum "
+"villes have sans for det. Men da Disney gjorde en test sommeren 1928, var "
+"resultatet entydigt. Som Disney beskriver dette første eksperiment:"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 35
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"A couple of my boys could read music, and one of them could play a mouth "
+"organ. We put them in a room where they could not see the screen and "
+"arranged to pipe their sound into the room where our wives and friends were "
+"going to see the picture."
+msgstr ""
+"Et par af mine drenge kunne læse noteark, og en af dem kunne spille "
+"mundspil. Vi stoppede dem ind i et rom hvor de ikke kunne se skærmen, og "
+"gjorde det sådan at lyden de spillede blev sendt videre til et rom hvor "
+"vores koner og venner var placeret for at se på billedet."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The boys worked from a music and sound-effects score. After several false "
+"starts, sound and action got off with the gun. The mouth organist played the "
+"tune, the rest of us in the sound department bammed tin pans and blew slide "
+"whistles on the beat. The synchronization was pretty close."
+msgstr ""
+"Drengene brugte et note og lydeffekt-ark. Efter nogle dårlige opstarter, "
+"kom endelig lyd og handling i gang med et smæld. Mundspilleren spillede "
+"melodien, og resten af os i lydavdelingen larmede på tinkasseroller og "
+"blæste på slidefløjte til rytmen. Synkroniseringen var næsten helt rigtigt."
+
+#. f1
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Leonard Maltin, <citetitle>Of Mice and Magic: A History of American Animated "
+"Cartoons</citetitle> (New York: Penguin Books, 1987), 34–35."
+msgstr ""
+"Leonard Maltin, <citetitle>Of Mice and Magic: A History of American Animated "
+"Cartoons</citetitle> (New York: Penguin Books, 1987), 34–35 ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The effect on our little audience was nothing less than electric. They "
+"responded almost instinctively to this union of sound and motion. I thought "
+"they were kidding me. So they put me in the audience and ran the action "
+"again. It was terrible, but it was wonderful! And it was something new!"
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Effekten på vores lille publikum var intet mindre end elektrisk. De "
+"reagerede næsten instinktivt til denne union af lyde og bevægelse. Jeg "
+"troede de vrøvlet med mig. Så de puttede mig i publikum og satte i gang på "
+"nyt. Det var grufullt, men det var fantastisk. Og det var noget "
+"nyt!<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Iwerks, Ub"
+msgstr "Iwerks, Ub"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Disney's then partner, and one of animation's most extraordinary talents, Ub "
+"Iwerks, put it more strongly: <quote>I have never been so thrilled in my "
+"life. Nothing since has ever equaled it.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+"Disneys daværende partner, og en af animationverden mest ekstraordinære "
+"talenter, Ub Iwerks, udtalte det stærkere: <quote>Jeg har aldrig været så "
+"begejstret i hele mit liv. Ingenting andet har nogensinde været lige så "
+"godt.</quote>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Disney had created something very new, based upon something relatively new. "
+"Synchronized sound brought life to a form of creativity that had "
+"rarely—except in Disney's hands—been anything more than filler "
+"for other films. Throughout animation's early history, it was Disney's "
+"invention that set the standard that others struggled to match. And quite "
+"often, Disney's great genius, his spark of creativity, was built upon the "
+"work of others."
+msgstr ""
+"Disney havde fortaget noget helt nyt, baseret på noget relativt nyt. "
+"Synkroniseret lyde gav liv til en form for kreativitet som sjældent havde "
+"– undtagen fra Disneys hånd – været noget andet en fyllstoff for "
+"andre film. Gennem animasjonfilmens tidligere historie var det Disneys "
+"oppfinnelser som satte standarden som andre måtte sloges for at opfylde. Og "
+"ganske ofte var Disneys store genier, hans gnist af kreativitet, bygget på "
+"arbejdet til andre."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Keaton, Buster"
+msgstr "Keaton, Pjusker"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Steamboat Bill, Jr."
+msgstr "Steamboat Bill, Jr."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This much is familiar. What you might not know is that 1928 also marks "
+"another important transition. In that year, a comic (as opposed to cartoon) "
+"genius created his last independently produced silent film. That genius was "
+"Buster Keaton. The film was <citetitle>Steamboat Bill, Jr</citetitle>."
+msgstr ""
+"Dette er kendt stof. Det du måske ikke ved er at 1928 også markerer en "
+"anden vigtig overgang. I samme år fortaget et komedie-geni (i modsætning "
+"til tegnefilm-geni) sin sidste uafhængigt producerede stumfilm. Dette geni "
+"var Pjusker Keaton. Filmen var <citetitle>Steamboat Bill, Jr</citetitle>."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Keaton was born into a vaudeville family in 1895. In the era of silent film, "
+"he had mastered using broad physical comedy as a way to spark uncontrollable "
+"laughter from his audience. <citetitle>Steamboat Bill, Jr</citetitle>. was a "
+"classic of this form, famous among film buffs for its incredible stunts. "
+"The film was classic Keaton—wildly popular and among the best of its "
+"genre."
+msgstr ""
+"Keaton blev født ind i en vaudeville-familie i 1895 . I stumfilm-æraen "
+"havde han behersket brugen af bredpenslet fysisk komedie på en måde som "
+"fængede ukontrollerbar latter fra hans publikummer. <citetitle>Steamboat "
+"Bill, Jr</citetitle>. var man klassiker af denne type, berømt blandt film-"
+"elskere/elskerer for sine utrolige stunts. Filmen var man klassisk Keaton "
+"– fantastisk populær og blandt de bedste i sin genre."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "derivative works"
+msgstr "avledede værk"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "piracy vs."
+msgstr "piratvirksomhed versus"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "piracy"
+msgstr "piratvirksomhed"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "derivative work vs."
+msgstr "avledede værk versus"
+
+#. f2
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"I am grateful to David Gerstein and his careful history, described at <ulink "
+"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #4</ulink>. According to Dave "
+"Smith of the Disney Archives, Disney paid royalties to use the music for "
+"five songs in <citetitle>Steamboat Willie</citetitle>: <quote>Steamboat Bill,"
+"</quote> <quote>The Simpleton</quote> (Delille), <quote>Mischief Makers</"
+"quote> (Carbonara), <quote>Joyful Hurry No. 1</quote> (Baron), and "
+"<quote>Gawky Rube</quote> (Lakay). A sixth song, <quote>The Turkey in the "
+"Straw,</quote> was already in the public domain. Letter from David Smith to "
+"Harry Surden, 10 July 2003, on file with author."
+msgstr ""
+"Jeg er taknemmeligt overfor David Gerstein og hans nøjagtige historie, "
+"beskrevet på <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #4</ulink>. "
+"Ifølge Dave Smith ved the Disney Archives, betalte Disney for at bruge "
+"musikken til fem sange i <citetitle>Steamboat Willie</citetitle>: "
+"<quote>Steamboat Bill,</quote> <quote>The Simpleton</quote> (Delille), "
+"<quote>Mischief Magers</quote> (Carbonara), <quote>Joyful Hurry No. 1</"
+"quote> (Baron), og <quote>Gawky Rube</quote> (Lakay). En sjette sang, "
+"<quote>The Turkey in the Straw,</quote> var allerede allemannseie. Brev "
+"fra David Smith til Harry Surden, 10 . juli 2003, tilgjenglig i arkivet til "
+"forfatteren."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<citetitle>Steamboat Bill, Jr</citetitle>. appeared before Disney's cartoon "
+"Steamboat Willie. The coincidence of titles is not coincidental. Steamboat "
+"Willie is a direct cartoon parody of Steamboat Bill,<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> and both are built upon a common song as a source. "
+"It is not just from the invention of synchronized sound in <citetitle>The "
+"Jazz Singer</citetitle> that we get <citetitle>Steamboat Willie</citetitle>. "
+"It is also from Buster Keaton's invention of Steamboat Bill, Jr., itself "
+"inspired by the song <quote>Steamboat Bill,</quote> that we get Steamboat "
+"Willie, and then from Steamboat Willie, Mickey Mouse."
+msgstr ""
+"<citetitle>Steamboat Bill, Jr</citetitle>. kom før Disneys tegnefilm "
+"Steamboat Willie. Det er ingen tilfeldighet at titlerne er så lige så. "
+"Steamboat Willie er en direkte tegneserieparodi af Steamboat Bill,"
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> og begge bygger på en fælles sang "
+"som kilde. Det er ikke kun fra nyskabningen med synkroniseret lyd i "
+"<citetitle>The Jazz Singer</citetitle> at vi får <citetitle>Steamboat "
+"Willie</citetitle>. Det er også fra Pjusker Keatons nyskabning Steamboat "
+"Bill, Jr., som igen var inspireret af sangen <quote>Steamboat Bill,</quote> "
+"at vi får Steamboat Willie. Og fra Steamboat Willie får vi så Mikke Mus."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "by transforming previous works"
+msgstr "ved at omforme tidligere værk"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Disney, Inc."
+msgstr "Disney, Inc."
+
+#. f3
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"He was also a fan of the public domain. See Chris Sprigman, <quote>The Mouse "
+"that Ate the Public Domain,</quote> Findlaw, 5 March 2002, at <ulink url="
+"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #5</ulink>."
+msgstr ""
+"Han var også tilhænger af allmannseiet. Se Chris Sprigman, <quote>The Mouse "
+"that Ate the Public Domain,</quote> Findlaw, 5 . marts 2002, fra <ulink "
+"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #5</ulink>."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This <quote>borrowing</quote> was nothing unique, either for Disney or for "
+"the industry. Disney was always parroting the feature-length mainstream "
+"films of his day.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> So did many "
+"others. Early cartoons are filled with knockoffs—slight variations on "
+"winning themes; retellings of ancient stories. The key to success was the "
+"brilliance of the differences. With Disney, it was sound that gave his "
+"animation its spark. Later, it was the quality of his work relative to the "
+"production-line cartoons with which he competed. Yet these additions were "
+"built upon a base that was borrowed. Disney added to the work of others "
+"before him, creating something new out of something just barely old."
+msgstr ""
+"Denne <quote>låningen</quote> var ikke unik, hverken for Disney eller for "
+"industrien. Disney abede altid efter helaftensfilmene rettet mod "
+"massemarkedet rundt ham.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Det samme "
+"gjorde mange andre. Tidlige tegnefilmer er stappfulle af etterapninger "
+"– små variationer over suksessfulle temaer, gamle historie fortalt på "
+"nyt. Nøglen til succes var brilliansen i forskellene. Med Disney var det "
+"lyden som gav gnisten i hans animationfilm. Senere var det kvaliteten på "
+"hans arbejde i forhold til de masseproducerede tegnefilmene som han "
+"konkurrerede med . Alligevel var disse bidragene bygget på toppen af et "
+"lånt fundament. Disney byggede på arbejdet til andre som kom før han, og "
+"skabte noget nyt ud af noget som bare var lidt gammelt."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Grimm fairy tales"
+msgstr "Grimm-eventyr"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Sometimes this borrowing was slight. Sometimes it was significant. Think "
+"about the fairy tales of the Brothers Grimm. If you're as oblivious as I "
+"was, you're likely to think that these tales are happy, sweet stories, "
+"appropriate for any child at bedtime. In fact, the Grimm fairy tales are, "
+"well, for us, grim. It is a rare and perhaps overly ambitious parent who "
+"would dare to read these bloody, moralistic stories to his or her child, at "
+"bedtime or anytime."
+msgstr ""
+"Nogle gange var etterligningen begrænset, og nogle gange var den betydeligt. "
+"Tænk på eventyrene til brødrene Grimm. Hvis du er lige så ubevisst som jeg "
+"var, så tror du sandsynligvis at disse fortællinger er glade, søde historie "
+"som passer for ethvert barn ved leggetid. Realiteten er at Grimm-eventyrene "
+"er, for os, ganske dystre. Det er nogle sjældne og måske specielt ambitiøse "
+"forældre som villes våge at læse disse blodige moralistiske historie til "
+"sine barn, ved leggetid eller hvilket som hilst andet tidspunkt."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 37
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Disney took these stories and retold them in a way that carried them into a "
+"new age. He animated the stories, with both characters and light. Without "
+"removing the elements of fear and danger altogether, he made funny what was "
+"dark and injected a genuine emotion of compassion where before there was "
+"fear. And not just with the work of the Brothers Grimm. Indeed, the catalog "
+"of Disney work drawing upon the work of others is astonishing when set "
+"together: <citetitle>Snow White</citetitle> (1937), <citetitle>Fantasia</"
+"citetitle> (1940), <citetitle>Pinocchio</citetitle> (1940), "
+"<citetitle>Dumbo</citetitle> (1941), <citetitle>Bambi</citetitle> (1942), "
+"<citetitle>Song of the South</citetitle> (1946), <citetitle>Cinderella</"
+"citetitle> (1950), <citetitle>Alice in Wonderland</citetitle> (1951), "
+"<citetitle>Robin Hood</citetitle> (1952), <citetitle>Peter Pan</citetitle> "
+"(1953), <citetitle>Lady and the Tramp</citetitle> (1955), <citetitle>Mulan</"
+"citetitle> (1998), <citetitle>Sleeping Beauty</citetitle> (1959), "
+"<citetitle>101 Dalmatians</citetitle> (1961), <citetitle>The Sword in the "
+"Stone</citetitle> (1963), and <citetitle>The Jungle Book</citetitle> "
+"(1967)—not to mention a recent example that we should perhaps quickly "
+"forget, <citetitle>Treasure Planet</citetitle> (2003). In all of these "
+"cases, Disney (or Disney, Inc.) ripped creativity from the culture around "
+"him, mixed that creativity with his own extraordinary talent, and then "
+"burned that mix into the soul of his culture. Rip, mix, and burn."
+msgstr ""
+"Disney tog disse historie og fortalte dem på nyt på en måde som førte dem "
+"ind i en ny tidsalder. Han gav historie liv, med både karakterer og lys. "
+"Uden at fjerne bidderne af frygt og fare helt , surre han morsomt det som "
+"var mørkt og satte ind en ægte følelse af medfølelse der hen det før varsom "
+"frygt. Og ikke bare med værkerne af brødrene Grimm. Faktisk er katalogen "
+"over Disney-arbejde som baserer sig på arbejdet til andre ganske "
+"forbløffende når den bliver samlet: <citetitle>Snøhvit</citetitle> (1937), "
+"<citetitle>Fantasia</citetitle> (1940), <citetitle>Pinocchio</citetitle> "
+"(1940), <citetitle>Dumbo</citetitle> (1941), <citetitle>Bambi</citetitle> "
+"(1942), <citetitle>Song of the South</citetitle> (1946), "
+"<citetitle>Askepott</citetitle> (1950), <citetitle>Alice in Wonderland</"
+"citetitle> (1951), <citetitle>Robin Hood</citetitle> (1952), "
+"<citetitle>Peter Pan</citetitle> (1953), <citetitle>Lady og landstrykeren</"
+"citetitle> (1955), <citetitle>Mulan</citetitle> (1998), "
+"<citetitle>Tornerose</citetitle> (1959), <citetitle>101 Dalmatinere</"
+"citetitle> (1961), <citetitle>Sværdet i stenen</citetitle> (1963), og "
+"<citetitle>Jungelboken</citetitle> (1967) – for ikke at nævne et nylig "
+"eksempel som vi bør måske glemme raskt, <citetitle>Treasure Planede</"
+"citetitle> (2003). I alle disse tilfælde, har Disney (eller Disney, Inc.) "
+"hentet kreativitet fra kultur rundt sig, blandet med kreativiteten fra sit "
+"eget ekstraordinære talenter, og derefter brændt denne blanding ind i sjelen "
+"til sin kultur. Hente, blanding og brænde."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This is a kind of creativity. It is a creativity that we should remember and "
+"celebrate. There are some who would say that there is no creativity except "
+"this kind. We don't need to go that far to recognize its importance. We "
+"could call this <quote>Disney creativity,</quote> though that would be a bit "
+"misleading. It is, more precisely, <quote>Walt Disney creativity</"
+"quote>—a form of expression and genius that builds upon the culture "
+"around us and makes it something different."
+msgstr ""
+"Dette er en type kreativitet. Det er en kreativitet som vi bør huske på, og "
+"fejre. Det er nogle som vil sige at det findes ingen kreativitet bortset "
+"fra denne type. Vi behøver ikke gå så langt for at anerkende dens "
+"betydning. Vi kan kalde dette <quote>Disney-kreativitet,</quote> selv om "
+"det vil være lidt misvisende. Det er mere præcist <quote>Walt Disney-"
+"kreativitet</quote> – en udtrykform og genialitet som bygger på "
+"kulturen rundt os, og omformer den til noget andet."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "copyright"
+msgstr "ophavsret"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "duration of"
+msgstr "varighet til"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "public domain"
+msgstr "allemannseie (public domain)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "defined"
+msgstr "defineret"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "traditional term for conversion to"
+msgstr "traditionel frist for konvertering til"
+
+#. f4
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Until 1976, copyright law granted an author the possibility of two terms: an "
+"initial term and a renewal term. I have calculated the <quote>average</"
+"quote> term by determining the weighted average of total registrations for "
+"any particular year, and the proportion renewing. Thus, if 100 copyrights "
+"are registered in year 1, and only 15 are renewed, and the renewal term is "
+"28 years, then the average term is 32.2 years. For the renewal data and "
+"other relevant data, see the Web site associated with this book, available "
+"at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #6</ulink>."
+msgstr ""
+"Indtil 1976 gav åndsverkloven en forfatter to mulige verneperioder: en "
+"initiell periode, og en fornyingsperiode. Jeg har beregnet "
+"<quote>gennemsnitligt</quote> vernetid ved at finde vektet gennemsnit af de "
+"totale registreringer for et givet år, og andelen fornyinger. Hvis 100 "
+"ophavsreter blev registreret i år 1, bare 15 af dem blev fornyet, og "
+"fornyingsvernetiden er 28 år, så er gennemsnitligt vernetid 32,2 år. "
+"Fornyingsdata og andre relevante data ligger på netsiderne tilknyttet denne "
+"bog, tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #6</"
+"ulink>."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"In 1928, the culture that Disney was free to draw upon was relatively fresh. "
+"The public domain in 1928 was not very old and was therefore quite vibrant. "
+"The average term of copyright was just around thirty years—for that "
+"minority of creative work that was in fact copyrighted.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> That means that for thirty years, on average, the "
+"authors or copyright holders of a creative work had an <quote>exclusive "
+"right</quote> to control certain uses of the work. To use this copyrighted "
+"work in limited ways required the permission of the copyright owner."
+msgstr ""
+"I 1928 var kulturen som Disney frit kunne trække veksler på relativt fersk. "
+"Allemannseie i 1928 var ikke rigtigt gammelt, og var dermed ganske "
+"levende. Gennemsnitligt vernetid i ophavsreten var bare rundt tredive år "
+"– for den lille delen af kreative værker som faktisk var "
+"opphavsrettsbeskyttet.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Det betyder "
+"at i tredive år, i gennemsnit, havde forfattere eller "
+"ophavrettighedindehaver af kreative værker en <quote>eksklusiv ret</quote> "
+"til at kontrollere bestemte typer brug af værket. Å bruge disse "
+"opphavsrettsbeskyttede værkerne på de begrænsede måderne krævede tilladelse "
+"fra ophavsretindehaveren."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"At the end of a copyright term, a work passes into the public domain. No "
+"permission is then needed to draw upon or use that work. No permission and, "
+"hence, no lawyers. The public domain is a <quote>lawyer-free zone.</quote> "
+"Thus, most of the content from the nineteenth century was free for Disney to "
+"use and build upon in 1928. It was free for anyone— whether connected "
+"or not, whether rich or not, whether approved or not—to use and build "
+"upon."
+msgstr ""
+"Når ophavsretens vernetid er over, henhører et værk i det fri og bliver "
+"allemannseie. Ingen tilladelse trænges da for at bygge på eller bruge "
+"dette virkede. Ingen tilladelse og dermed heller ingen advokater. "
+"Allemannseie er en <quote>advokat-fri zone.</quote> Det meste af indhold "
+"fra det nittende århundrede var dermed frit tilgængeligt for Disney til at "
+"bruge eller bygge på i 1928 . Det var tilgængeligt for enhver – "
+"uanset om de havde forbindelser eller ikke, om de var rig eller ikke, om de "
+"var accepteret eller ikke – til at bruge og bygge videre på."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 38
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This is the ways things always were—until quite recently. For most of "
+"our history, the public domain was just over the horizon. From until 1978, "
+"the average copyright term was never more than thirty-two years, meaning "
+"that most culture just a generation and a half old was free for anyone to "
+"build upon without the permission of anyone else. Today's equivalent would "
+"be for creative work from the 1960s and 1970s to now be free for the next "
+"Walt Disney to build upon without permission. Yet today, the public domain "
+"is presumptive only for content from before the Great Depression."
+msgstr ""
+"Dette er sådan det altid har været – indtil ganske nylig. I "
+"størstedelen af vores historie, har allemannseiet været lige så over "
+"horisonten. Frem til 1978 var den gennemsnitlige opphavsrettslige "
+"vernetiden aldrig mere end trettito år, noget som gjorde at det meste af "
+"kultur fra en og en halv generation tidligere var tilgængelig for enhver at "
+"bygge på uden tilladelse fra nogle. Tilsvarende for i dag villes være at "
+"kreative værker fra 1960- og 1970-tallet nu villes være frit tilgængeligt "
+"for den næste Walt Disney at bygge på uden tilladelse. Men i dag er "
+"allemannseie presumtivt kun for indhold fra før mellomkrigstiden."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Of course</emphasis>, Walt Disney had no monopoly "
+"on <quote>Walt Disney creativity.</quote> Nor does America. The norm of free "
+"culture has, until recently, and except within totalitarian nations, been "
+"broadly exploited and quite universal."
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Walt Disney</emphasis> havde selvfølgelig ikke "
+"monopol på <quote>Walt Disney-kreativitet.</quote> Det har heller ikke "
+"USA. Normen med fri kultur har, indtil nylig, og undtaget i totalitære "
+"nationer, været bredt udnyttet og vældig universell."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "comics, Japanese"
+msgstr "tegneserier, japanske"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Japanese comics"
+msgstr "Japanske tegneserier"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "manga"
+msgstr "manga"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Consider, for example, a form of creativity that seems strange to many "
+"Americans but that is inescapable within Japanese culture: <citetitle>manga</"
+"citetitle>, or comics. The Japanese are fanatics about comics. Some 40 "
+"percent of publications are comics, and 30 percent of publication revenue "
+"derives from comics. They are everywhere in Japanese society, at every "
+"magazine stand, carried by a large proportion of commuters on Japan's "
+"extraordinary system of public transportation."
+msgstr ""
+"Vurder for eksempel en form for kreativitet som synes underligt for mange "
+"amerikanere, men som er overalt i japansk kultur: <citetitle>manga</"
+"citetitle>, eller tegneserier. Japanerne er fanatiske når det gælder "
+"tegneserier. Over 40 procent af publikationer er tegneserier, og 30 procent "
+"af publikationomsætningen stammer fra tegneserier. De er overalt i det "
+"japanske samfundet, tilgængeligt fra ethvert tidsskriftsutsalg, og i hånd på "
+"en stor andel af pendlere på Japans ekstraordinære systemer for offentlig "
+"transport."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Americans tend to look down upon this form of culture. That's an "
+"unattractive characteristic of ours. We're likely to misunderstand much "
+"about manga, because few of us have ever read anything close to the stories "
+"that these <quote>graphic novels</quote> tell. For the Japanese, manga cover "
+"every aspect of social life. For us, comics are <quote>men in tights.</"
+"quote> And anyway, it's not as if the New York subways are filled with "
+"readers of Joyce or even Hemingway. People of different cultures distract "
+"themselves in different ways, the Japanese in this interestingly different "
+"way."
+msgstr ""
+"Amerikanere har en tendens til at se ned på denne form for kultur. Det er et "
+"lille attraktivt kendetegn hos os. Vi misforstår sandsynligvis meget rundt "
+"manga, på grund af at få af os nogensinde har læst noget som ligner på "
+"historie som disse <quote>grafiske historie</quote> fortæller. For man "
+"japaner dækker manga ethvert aspekt ved det sociale liv. For os er "
+"tegneserier <quote>mænd i strømpebukser.</quote> Og uanset er det ikke "
+"sådan at T-banen i New York er fuld af folk som læser Joyce eller Hemingway "
+"for den sags skyld. Folk i forskellige kulturer skiller sig ud på "
+"forskellig måder, og japanerne gør det på dette interessante måde."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"But my purpose here is not to understand manga. It is to describe a variant "
+"on manga that from a lawyer's perspective is quite odd, but from a Disney "
+"perspective is quite familiar."
+msgstr ""
+"Men mit formål her er ikke at forstå manga. Det er at beskrive en variant "
+"af manga som fra en advokats perspektiv er ganske mærkeligt, men som fra en "
+"Disneys perspektiv er ganske godt kendt."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "doujinshi comics"
+msgstr "doujinshi-tegneserier"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 39
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This is the phenomenon of <citetitle>doujinshi</citetitle>. Doujinshi are "
+"also comics, but they are a kind of copycat comic. A rich ethic governs the "
+"creation of doujinshi. It is not doujinshi if it is <emphasis>just</"
+"emphasis> a copy; the artist must make a contribution to the art he copies, "
+"by transforming it either subtly or significantly. A doujinshi comic can "
+"thus take a mainstream comic and develop it differently—with a "
+"different story line. Or the comic can keep the character in character but "
+"change its look slightly. There is no formula for what makes the doujinshi "
+"sufficiently <quote>different.</quote> But they must be different if they "
+"are to be considered true doujinshi. Indeed, there are committees that "
+"review doujinshi for inclusion within shows and reject any copycat comic "
+"that is merely a copy."
+msgstr ""
+"Dette er fænomenet <citetitle>doujinshi</citetitle>. Doujinshi er også "
+"tegneserier, men de er en slags etterapingstegneserier. En rig etik styrer "
+"dem som skaber doujinshi. Det er ikke doujinshi hvis det <emphasis>bare</"
+"emphasis> er en kopi. Kunstneren må gøre et bidrag til kunsten han kopierer "
+"ved at omforme det enten subtilt eller betydeligt. En doujinshi-tegneserie "
+"kan dermed tage en massemarkedtegneserie og udvikle den i en anden retning "
+"– med en anden historie linje. Eller tegneserien kan beholde figuren "
+"som den er, men ændre lidt på udseendet. Det er ingen bestemt formel for "
+"hvad som gør en doujinshi tilstrækkeligt <quote>forskelligt.</quote> Men de "
+"må være forskellige hvis de skal anses som ægte doujinshi. Det er faktisk "
+"komiteer som går igennem doujinshi for at lagde dem blive med på messer, og "
+"afviser etterapninger som bare er en kopi."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"These copycat comics are not a tiny part of the manga market. They are huge. "
+"More than 33,000 <quote>circles</quote> of creators from across Japan "
+"produce these bits of Walt Disney creativity. More than 450,000 Japanese "
+"come together twice a year, in the largest public gathering in the country, "
+"to exchange and sell them. This market exists in parallel to the mainstream "
+"commercial manga market. In some ways, it obviously competes with that "
+"market, but there is no sustained effort by those who control the commercial "
+"manga market to shut the doujinshi market down. It flourishes, despite the "
+"competition and despite the law."
+msgstr ""
+"Disse etterapingstegneseriene er ikke en lille del af manga-markedet. De "
+"er enorme. Mere end 33 000 <quote>cirkler</quote> af skabere over hele "
+"Japan som producerer disse bidder af Walt Disney-kreativitet. Mere end 450 "
+"000 japanere samles to gange i året, i den største offentlige samlingen i "
+"landet, for at bytte og sælge dem. Dette marked er parallelt med det "
+"kommercielle manga-massemarkedet. På nogle måder konkurrerer de åbenbaret "
+"med hinanden, men det er ingen vedvarende indsats fra dem som kontrollerer "
+"det kommercielle manga-markedet for at lukke doujinshi-markedet. Det "
+"blomstrer, på trods af konkurrencen, og på trods for loven."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Japanese"
+msgstr "japansk"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The most puzzling feature of the doujinshi market, for those trained in the "
+"law, at least, is that it is allowed to exist at all. Under Japanese "
+"copyright law, which in this respect (on paper) mirrors American copyright "
+"law, the doujinshi market is an illegal one. Doujinshi are plainly "
+"<quote>derivative works.</quote> There is no general practice by doujinshi "
+"artists of securing the permission of the manga creators. Instead, the "
+"practice is simply to take and modify the creations of others, as Walt "
+"Disney did with <citetitle>Steamboat Bill, Jr</citetitle>. Under both "
+"Japanese and American law, that <quote>taking</quote> without the permission "
+"of the original copyright owner is illegal. It is an infringement of the "
+"original copyright to make a copy or a derivative work without the original "
+"copyright owner's permission."
+msgstr ""
+"Den mest gåtefulle egenskaben med doujinshi-markedet, for dem som har "
+"juridisk træning i hvert fald, er at det overhovedet tillades at eksistere. "
+"Under japansk åndsverkslov, som i hvert fald på dette området (på papiret) "
+"spejler USAs åndsverkslov, er doujinshi-markedet ulovligt. Doujinshi er "
+"helt klart <quote>avledede værk.</quote> Det er ingen generel praksis hos "
+"doujinshi-kunstnere for at sikre sig tilladelse hos manga-skaberne. I "
+"stedet er praksissen ganske enkelt at tage, og ændre det andre har fortaget, "
+"sådan Walt Disney gjorde med <citetitle>Steamboat Bill, Jr</citetitle>. For "
+"både japansk og USAs lov, er at <quote>tage</quote> uden tilladelse fra den "
+"oprindelige ophavsretindehaver ulovligt. Det er et brud på ophavsreten til "
+"det oprindelige værket at fortage en kopi, eller et avledet værker uden "
+"tilladelse fra den oprindelige rettighedindehaveren."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Winick, Judd"
+msgstr "Winick, Judd"
+
+#. f5
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"For an excellent history, see Scott McCloud, <citetitle>Reinventing Comics</"
+"citetitle> (New York: Perennial, 2000)."
+msgstr ""
+"For en udmærket historie, se Scott McCloud, <citetitle>Reinventing Comics</"
+"citetitle> (New York: Perennial, 2000)."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Yet this illegal market exists and indeed flourishes in Japan, and in the "
+"view of many, it is precisely because it exists that Japanese manga "
+"flourish. As American graphic novelist Judd Winick said to me, <quote>The "
+"early days of comics in America are very much like what's going on in Japan "
+"now. … American comics were born out of copying each other. … "
+"That's how [the artists] learn to draw — by going into comic books and "
+"not tracing them, but looking at them and copying them</quote> and building "
+"from them.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Alligevel eksisterer og blomstrer faktisk dette illegale markedet i Japan, "
+"og efter manges syner er det netop fordi det eksisterer, at japansk manga "
+"blomstrer. Som USAs tegneserieskaber Judd Winick fortalte mig, <quote>I "
+"amerikanske tegneseriers første dage var det ganske kunnetlide det som "
+"foregår i Japan i dag. … Amerikanske tegneserier kom til værdet ved "
+"at kopiere hinanden. … Det er sådan [kunstnerne] lærer at tegne "
+"– ved at se i tegneseriebøker, og ikke følge streken, men ved at se "
+"på dem, og kopiere dem</quote>, og bygge baseret på dem.<placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Superman comics"
+msgstr "Supermand-tegneserier"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"American comics now are quite different, Winick explains, in part because of "
+"the legal difficulty of adapting comics the way doujinshi are allowed. "
+"Speaking of Superman, Winick told me, <quote>there are these rules and you "
+"have to stick to them.</quote> There are things Superman <quote>cannot</"
+"quote> do. <quote>As a creator, it's frustrating having to stick to some "
+"parameters which are fifty years old.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+"Amerikanske tegneserier nu er ganske anderledes, forklarer Winick, delvis "
+"på grund af de juridiske problemerne med at tilpasse tegneserier sådan "
+"doujinshi får lov til. Med for eksempel Supermand, fortalte Winick mig, "
+"<quote>er det en række skrøner, og du må følge dem.</quote> Det er ting som "
+"Supermand <quote>ikke kan</quote> gøre. <quote>For en som fortager "
+"tegneserier er det frustrerende at måtte begrænse sig til nogen parameter "
+"som er halvtreds år gamle.</quote>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Mehra, Salil"
+msgstr "Mehra, Salil"
+
+#. f6
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"See Salil K. Mehra, <quote>Copyright and Comics in Japan: Does Law Explain "
+"Why All the Comics My Kid Watches Are Japanese Imports?</quote> "
+"<citetitle>Rutgers Law Review</citetitle> 55 (2002): 155, 182. "
+"<quote>[T]here might be a collective economic rationality that would lead "
+"manga and anime artists to forgo bringing legal actions for infringement. "
+"One hypothesis is that all manga artists may be better off collectively if "
+"they set aside their individual self-interest and decide not to press their "
+"legal rights. This is essentially a prisoner's dilemma solved.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+"Se Salil K. Mehra, <quote>Copyright and Comics in Japan: Does Law Explain "
+"Why Al the Comics My Kid Watches Are Japanese Imports?</quote> "
+"<citetitle>Rutgers Law Review</citetitle> 55 (2002): 155, 182 . <quote>det "
+"kan være en kollektiv økonomisk rationalitet som får manga- og anime-"
+"kunstnere til ikke at sagsøge for ophavsretbrud. En hypotese er at alle "
+"manga-kunstnere kan være bedre stilet hvis de sætter sin individuelle "
+"egeninteresse til side og bestemmer sig for ikke at forfølge sine juridiske "
+"rettigheder. Dette er essensielt en løsning på fangens dilemma.</quote>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The norm in Japan mitigates this legal difficulty. Some say it is precisely "
+"the benefit accruing to the Japanese manga market that explains the "
+"mitigation. Temple University law professor Salil Mehra, for example, "
+"hypothesizes that the manga market accepts these technical violations "
+"because they spur the manga market to be more wealthy and productive. "
+"Everyone would be worse off if doujinshi were banned, so the law does not "
+"ban doujinshi.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Normen i Japan reducerer denne juridiske udfordring. Nogle siger at det "
+"netop er den oppsamlede fordelen i det japanske manga-markedet som forklarer "
+"denne reduktion. Juiceprofessor Salil Mehra ved Temple University har for "
+"eksempel en hypotese om at manga-markedet accepterer disse teoretiske brud "
+"fordi de får manga-markedet til at blive rigere og mere produktivt. Alle "
+"villes få det ondere hvis doujinshi blev bandlyst, så loven bandlyser ikke "
+"doujinshi.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The problem with this story, however, as Mehra plainly acknowledges, is that "
+"the mechanism producing this laissez faire response is not clear. It may "
+"well be that the market as a whole is better off if doujinshi are permitted "
+"rather than banned, but that doesn't explain why individual copyright owners "
+"don't sue nonetheless. If the law has no general exception for doujinshi, "
+"and indeed in some cases individual manga artists have sued doujinshi "
+"artists, why is there not a more general pattern of blocking this "
+"<quote>free taking</quote> by the doujinshi culture?"
+msgstr ""
+"Problemet med denne historie, derimod, og som Mehra helt klart erkender, er "
+"at mekanismen som producerer denne <quote>hold hånd borte</quote>-responsen "
+"ikke er forstået. Det kan godt være at markedet som helhed gør det bedre "
+"hvis doujinshi tillades i stedet for at bandlyse den, men det forklarer "
+"alligevel ikke hvorfor individuelle ophavsretindehavere ikke sagsøger. "
+"Hvis loven ikke har et generelt undtagelse for doujinshi, og det findes "
+"faktisk nogle tilfælde der individuelle manga-kunstnere har sagsøgt "
+"doujinshi-kunstnere, hvorfor er det ikke et mere generelt mønster for at "
+"blokere denne <quote>frie tage-ingen</quote> hos doujinshi-kulturen?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"I spent four wonderful months in Japan, and I asked this question as often "
+"as I could. Perhaps the best account in the end was offered by a friend from "
+"a major Japanese law firm. <quote>We don't have enough lawyers,</quote> he "
+"told me one afternoon. There <quote>just aren't enough resources to "
+"prosecute cases like this.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+"Jeg var fire nydelige måneder i Japan, og jeg stilede dette spørgsmål så "
+"ofte som jeg kunne. Måske det bedste svaret til slutning kom fra en ven i "
+"et større japansk advokatfirma. <quote>Vi har ikke nok advokater,</quote> "
+"fortalte han mig en eftermiddag. Det er <quote>bare ikke nok ressourcer "
+"til at tiltale tilfælde som dette.</quote>"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 41
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This is a theme to which we will return: that regulation by law is a "
+"function of both the words on the books and the costs of making those words "
+"have effect. For now, focus on the obvious question that is begged: Would "
+"Japan be better off with more lawyers? Would manga be richer if doujinshi "
+"artists were regularly prosecuted? Would the Japanese gain something "
+"important if they could end this practice of uncompensated sharing? Does "
+"piracy here hurt the victims of the piracy, or does it help them? Would "
+"lawyers fighting this piracy help their clients or hurt them?"
+msgstr ""
+"Dette er et tema vi kommer tilbage til: at lovens regulering både er en "
+"funktion af ordene i bøgerne, og omkostningerne med at få dirre ordene til "
+"at have effekt. Akkurat nu er det endel åbenbare spørgsmål som presser sig "
+"frem: Villes Japan gøre det bedre med flere advokater? Villes manga være "
+"rigere hvis doujinshi-kunstnere blev regelmæssigt rettsforfulgt? Villes "
+"Japan vinde noget vigtigt hvis de kunne stoppe praksissen med deling uden "
+"kompensation? Skader piratvirksomhed ofrene for piratvirksomheden, eller "
+"hjælper den dem? Villes advokaters kamp mod denne pirat virksomheden hjælpe "
+"deres klienter, eller skade dem?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<emphasis role='strong'>Let's pause</emphasis> for a moment."
+msgstr "<emphasis role='strong'>Lad os tage</emphasis> et øjebliks pause."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"If you're like I was a decade ago, or like most people are when they first "
+"start thinking about these issues, then just about now you should be puzzled "
+"about something you hadn't thought through before."
+msgstr ""
+"Hvis du er som mig et årti tilbage, eller som folk flest når de først "
+"begynder at tænke på disse temaer, da bør du omtrent nu være rådvill om "
+"noget du ikke havde tænkt igennem før."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Vaidhyanathan, Siva"
+msgstr "Vaidhyanathan, Siva"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> The term <citetitle>intellectual "
+"property</citetitle> is of relatively recent origin. See Siva Vaidhyanathan, "
+"<citetitle>Copyrights and Copywrongs</citetitle>, 11 (New York: New York "
+"University Press, 2001). See also Lawrence Lessig, <citetitle>The Future of "
+"Ideas</citetitle> (New York: Random House, 2001), 293 n. 26. The term "
+"accurately describes a set of <quote>property</quote> rights — "
+"copyright, patents, trademark, and trade-secret — but the nature of "
+"those rights is very different."
+msgstr ""
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Begrebet <citetitle>intellektuell "
+"ejendom</citetitle> er af relativ ny oprindelse. Se See Siva Vaidhyanathan, "
+"<citetitle>Copyrights and Copywrongs</citetitle>, 11 (New York: New York "
+"University Press, 2001). Se også Lawrence Lessig, <citetitle>The Future of "
+"Ideas</citetitle> (New York: Random House, 2001), 293 n. 26 . Begrebet "
+"beskriver præcist et sæt med <quote>ejendoms</quote>-rettigheder – "
+"ophavsreter, patenter, varemærker og forretningshemmeligheter – men "
+"egenskaberne til disse rettigheder er vældig forskellige."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"We live in a world that celebrates <quote>property.</quote> I am one of "
+"those celebrants. I believe in the value of property in general, and I also "
+"believe in the value of that weird form of property that lawyers call "
+"<quote>intellectual property.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/"
+"> A large, diverse society cannot survive without property; a large, "
+"diverse, and modern society cannot flourish without intellectual property."
+msgstr ""
+"Vi lever i en værdet som fejrer <quote>ejendom.</quote> Jeg er en af de som "
+"fejrer den. Jeg tror på værdien af ejendom generelt, og jeg tror også på "
+"værdien af den sære formen for ejendom som advokater kalder "
+"<quote>immateriell ejendom.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> "
+"Et stort og varieret samfund kan ikke overleve uden ejendom, og et moderne "
+"samfund kan ikke blomstre uden immaterielle ejerrettigheder."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"But it takes just a second's reflection to realize that there is plenty of "
+"value out there that <quote>property</quote> doesn't capture. I don't mean "
+"<quote>money can't buy you love,</quote> but rather, value that is plainly "
+"part of a process of production, including commercial as well as "
+"noncommercial production. If Disney animators had stolen a set of pencils "
+"to draw Steamboat Willie, we'd have no hesitation in condemning that taking "
+"as wrong— even though trivial, even if unnoticed. Yet there was "
+"nothing wrong, at least under the law of the day, with Disney's taking from "
+"Buster Keaton or from the Brothers Grimm. There was nothing wrong with the "
+"taking from Keaton because Disney's use would have been considered "
+"<quote>fair.</quote> There was nothing wrong with the taking from the Grimms "
+"because the Grimms' work was in the public domain."
+msgstr ""
+"Men det tager bare nogle sekunders refleksion for at indse at det er masse "
+"af værdi der ude som <quote>ejendom</quote> ikke dækker. Jeg mener ikke "
+"<quote>kærlighed kan ikke købes med penge</quote>, men i stedet en værdi "
+"som ganske enkelt er del af produktionsprocessen, både for kommerciel og "
+"ikke-kommerciel produktion. Hvis Disneys animatører havde stjålet et sæt "
+"med blyanter for at tegne Steamboat Willie, vi villes ikke drysset med at "
+"dømme det som galet – selv om det er trivielt, og selv om det ikke "
+"bliver opdaget. Men det var intet galt, i hvert fald sådan loven var da , "
+"med at Disney tog fra Pjusker Keaton, eller fra Grimm-brødrene. Det var "
+"intet galt med at tage fra Keaton, fordi Disneys brug villes blevet anset "
+"som <quote>rimeligt.</quote> Det var intet galt med at tage fra brødrene "
+"Grimm fordi deres værk var allemannseie."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "derivative works based on"
+msgstr "avledede værk baseret på"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 42
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Thus, even though the things that Disney took—or more generally, the "
+"things taken by anyone exercising Walt Disney creativity—are valuable, "
+"our tradition does not treat those takings as wrong. Some things remain free "
+"for the taking within a free culture, and that freedom is good."
+msgstr ""
+"Dermed, selv om de tingene som Disney tog – eller mere generelt, "
+"tingene som bliver taget af enhver som udøver Walt Disney-kreativitet "
+"– er værdifulde, så anser ikke vores tradition det som galet at tage "
+"disse ting. Nogle ting forbliver frie til at blive taget i en fri kultur, "
+"og denne frihed er god."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The same with the doujinshi culture. If a doujinshi artist broke into a "
+"publisher's office and ran off with a thousand copies of his latest "
+"work—or even one copy—without paying, we'd have no hesitation in "
+"saying the artist was wrong. In addition to having trespassed, he would have "
+"stolen something of value. The law bans that stealing in whatever form, "
+"whether large or small."
+msgstr ""
+"Det er det samme med doujinshi-kulturen. Hvis en doujinshi-kunstner brød "
+"sig ind på kontoret til man forlægger, og stak af med tusind kopier af hans "
+"sidste værk – eller bare en kopi – uden at betale, så ville vi "
+"uden at drysse si at kunstneren har gjort noget galt. I tillæg til at have "
+"behøvet sig ind på andres ejendom, villes han have stjålet noget af værdi. "
+"Loven forbyder stjeling i enhver form, uanset hvor stort eller lidt som "
+"bliver taget."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Yet there is an obvious reluctance, even among Japanese lawyers, to say that "
+"the copycat comic artists are <quote>stealing.</quote> This form of Walt "
+"Disney creativity is seen as fair and right, even if lawyers in particular "
+"find it hard to say why."
+msgstr ""
+"Alligevel er det en åpenbar modvilje, selv blandt japanske advokater, for at "
+"si at etterapende tegneseriekunstnere <quote>stjæler.</quote> Denne form "
+"for Walt Disney-kreativitet anses som rimeligt og rigtigt, selv om specielt "
+"advokater synes det er vanskeligt at forklare hvorfor ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Shakespeare, William"
+msgstr "Shakespeare, William"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"It's the same with a thousand examples that appear everywhere once you begin "
+"to look. Scientists build upon the work of other scientists without asking "
+"or paying for the privilege. (<quote>Excuse me, Professor Einstein, but may "
+"I have permission to use your theory of relativity to show that you were "
+"wrong about quantum physics?</quote>) Acting companies perform adaptations "
+"of the works of Shakespeare without securing permission from anyone. (Does "
+"<emphasis>anyone</emphasis> believe Shakespeare would be better spread "
+"within our culture if there were a central Shakespeare rights clearinghouse "
+"that all productions of Shakespeare must appeal to first?) And Hollywood "
+"goes through cycles with a certain kind of movie: five asteroid films in the "
+"late 1990s; two volcano disaster films in 1997."
+msgstr ""
+"Det er det samme med tusind eksempler som dukker op over alt med en gang en "
+"begynder at se efter dem. Forskerne bygger på arbejdet til andre forskere "
+"uden at spørge eller betale for privilegiet. (<quote>Undskyld mig, professor "
+"Einstein, men kan jeg få tilladelse til at bruge din relativitetsteori til "
+"at vise at du tog fejl om kvantefysikk?</quote>) Teatertropper viser frem "
+"bearbeidelser af værkerne til Shakespeare uden at sikre sig nogle "
+"tilladelser. (Er det <emphasis>nogle</emphasis> som tror at Shakespeare "
+"villes været mere bredt i vores kultur om det var et centralt "
+"rettighedopklaringring kontor for Shakespeare som alle som fortog "
+"Shakespeare-produktioner måtte spørge først ?) Og Hollywood går igennem "
+"cyklusser med en bestemt type film: fem astroidefilmer på slutningen af 1990-"
+"tallet, to vulkankatastrofefilm i 1997 ."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 43
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Creators here and everywhere are always and at all times building upon the "
+"creativity that went before and that surrounds them now. That building is "
+"always and everywhere at least partially done without permission and without "
+"compensating the original creator. No society, free or controlled, has ever "
+"demanded that every use be paid for or that permission for Walt Disney "
+"creativity must always be sought. Instead, every society has left a certain "
+"bit of its culture free for the taking—free societies more fully than "
+"unfree, perhaps, but all societies to some degree."
+msgstr ""
+"Skabere her og overalt ellers har altid og til alle tider bygget på "
+"kreativiteten som eksisterede før og som omringer dem nu. Denne bygning er "
+"altid og overalt i det mindste delvis gjort uden tilladelse og uden at "
+"kompensere den oprindelige skaberen. Intet samfund, frit eller "
+"kontrolleret, har nogensinde krævet at enhver bruge skulle blive betalt "
+"for, eller at tilladelse for Walt Disney-kreativitet altid måtte skaffes. I "
+"stedet har ethvert samfund ladet en bestemt bid af sin kultur være frit "
+"tilgængeligt for alle at tage – frie samfund måske i større grad end "
+"ufrie, men en vis grad i alle samfund."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The hard question is therefore not <emphasis>whether</emphasis> a culture is "
+"free. All cultures are free to some degree. The hard question instead is "
+"<quote><emphasis>How</emphasis> free is this culture?</quote> How much, and "
+"how broadly, is the culture free for others to take and build upon? Is that "
+"freedom limited to party members? To members of the royal family? To the top "
+"ten corporations on the New York Stock Exchange? Or is that freedom spread "
+"broadly? To artists generally, whether affiliated with the Met or not? To "
+"musicians generally, whether white or not? To filmmakers generally, whether "
+"affiliated with a studio or not?"
+msgstr ""
+"Det vanskelige spørgsmålet er derfor ikke <emphasis>om</emphasis> en kultur "
+"er fri. Alle kulturer er frie til en vis grad. Det vanskelige spørgsmålet "
+"er i stedet <quote><emphasis>hvor</emphasis> fri er denne kultur?</quote> "
+"Hvor mange og hvor bredt, er kulturen frit tilgængeligt for andre at tage, "
+"og bygge på? Er den friheden begrænset til partimedlemmer? Til medlemmer "
+"af kongefamilien? Til de ti største selskaberne på New York-børsen? Eller "
+"at denne frihed er bredt tilgængelig? Til kunstnere generelt, uanset om de "
+"er tilknyttet til Nasjonalmuseet eller ikke? Til musikere generelt, uanset "
+"om de er hvide eller ikke? Til filmskabere generelt, uanset om de er "
+"tilknyttet et studio eller ikke?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Free cultures are cultures that leave a great deal open for others to build "
+"upon; unfree, or permission, cultures leave much less. Ours was a free "
+"culture. It is becoming much less so."
+msgstr ""
+"Frie kulturer er kulturer som efterlader meget åbent for andre at bygge på. "
+"Ufrie, eller tilladelse-kulturer efterlader meget mindre. Vår var en fri "
+"kultur. Den er på tur til at blive mindre fri."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Chapter Two: <quote>Mere Copyists</quote>"
+msgstr "Kapitel to: <quote>Kun etterapere</quote>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Daguerre, Louis"
+msgstr "Daguerre, Louis"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "camera technology"
+msgstr "kamerateknologi"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "photography"
+msgstr "fotografering"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>In 1839</emphasis>, Louis Daguerre invented the "
+"first practical technology for producing what we would call "
+"<quote>photographs.</quote> Appropriately enough, they were called "
+"<quote>daguerreotypes.</quote> The process was complicated and expensive, "
+"and the field was thus limited to professionals and a few zealous and "
+"wealthy amateurs. (There was even an American Daguerre Association that "
+"helped regulate the industry, as do all such associations, by keeping "
+"competition down so as to keep prices up.)"
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>I 1839</emphasis> fandt Louis Daguerre op den første "
+"praktiske teknologien for at producere det vi villes kalde "
+"<quote>fotografier.</quote> Rimeligt nok blev de kaldt "
+"<quote>daguerreotyper.</quote> Processen var kompliceret og kostbart, og "
+"feltet var dermed begrænset til professionelle og nogle få ivrige og "
+"velstående amatører. (Det var til og med en amerikansk Daguerre-forening "
+"som hjalp til med at regulere industrien, sådan alle sådanne foreninger gør, "
+"ved at holde konkurrencen ned sådan at priserne var høje.)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Talbot, William"
+msgstr "Talbot, William"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Yet despite high prices, the demand for daguerreotypes was strong. This "
+"pushed inventors to find simpler and cheaper ways to make <quote>automatic "
+"pictures.</quote> William Talbot soon discovered a process for making "
+"<quote>negatives.</quote> But because the negatives were glass, and had to "
+"be kept wet, the process still remained expensive and cumbersome. In the "
+"1870s, dry plates were developed, making it easier to separate the taking of "
+"a picture from its developing. These were still plates of glass, and thus it "
+"was still not a process within reach of most amateurs."
+msgstr ""
+"Men til trods for høje priser var efterspørgslen efter daguerreotyper stærk. "
+" Dette inspirerede oppfinnere til at finde enklere og billigere måder at "
+"fortage <quote>automatiske billeder.</quote> William Talbot opdagede snart "
+"en proces for at fortagne <quote>negativer.</quote> Men da negativerne var "
+"af glas, og måtte holdes fugtige, forblev processen kostbar og tung. På "
+"1870-tallet blev tørrplater udviklet, noget som gjorde det enklere at skille "
+"det at tage et billede fra at fremkalle det. Det var fortsat plader af "
+"glas, og dermed var det fortsat ikke en proces som var indenfor rækkevidden "
+"til de fleste amatører."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Eastman, George"
+msgstr "Eastman, George"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 45
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The technological change that made mass photography possible didn't happen "
+"until 1888, and was the creation of a single man. George Eastman, himself an "
+"amateur photographer, was frustrated by the technology of photographs made "
+"with plates. In a flash of insight (so to speak), Eastman saw that if the "
+"film could be made to be flexible, it could be held on a single spindle. "
+"That roll could then be sent to a developer, driving the costs of "
+"photography down substantially. By lowering the costs, Eastman expected he "
+"could dramatically broaden the population of photographers."
+msgstr ""
+"Den teknologiske ændringen som gjorde masse-fotografering muligt skete ikke "
+"før i 1888, og det var takket være en eneste mand. George Eastman, selv en "
+"amatørfotograf, var frustreret over den plade-baserede fotografi-"
+"teknologien. I et lysglimt af indsigt (for at si det sådan), forstod "
+"Eastman at hvis filmen kunne gøres bøyelig, så kunne den holdes på en enkel "
+"rulle. Denne rulle kunne så sendes til en fremkaller, og sænke "
+"omkostningerne til fotografering væsentligt. Ved at reducere "
+"omkostningerne, forventet Eastman at han dramatisk kunne udvide antallet "
+"fotografer."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Kodak cameras"
+msgstr "Kodak-kamera"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Kodak Primer, The (Eastman)"
+msgstr "Kodak Primer, The (Eastman)"
+
+#. f1
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Reese V. Jenkins, <citetitle>Images and Enterprise</citetitle> (Baltimore: "
+"Johns Hopkins University Press, 1975), 112."
+msgstr ""
+"Reese V. Jenkins, <citetitle>Images and Enterprise</citetitle> (Baltimore: "
+"Johns Hopkins University Press, 1975), 112 ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Eastman developed flexible, emulsion-coated paper film and placed rolls of "
+"it in small, simple cameras: the Kodak. The device was marketed on the basis "
+"of its simplicity. <quote>You press the button and we do the rest.</"
+"quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> As he described in "
+"<citetitle>The Kodak Primer</citetitle>:"
+msgstr ""
+"Eastman udviklede bøyelig, emulsjonsbelagt papirfilm og placerede ruller med "
+"dette i små, enkle kameraer: Kodaken. Enheden blev markedsført med fokus på "
+"dets enkelhet. <quote>Du trykker på knappen og vi fikser resten.</"
+"quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Som han skrev i "
+"<citetitle>The Kodak Primer</citetitle>:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Coe, Brian"
+msgstr "Coe, Brian"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Brian Coe, <citetitle>The Birth "
+"of Photography</citetitle> (New York: Taplinger Publishing, 1977), 53."
+msgstr ""
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Brian Coe, <citetitle>The Birth "
+"of Photography</citetitle> (New York: Taplinger Publishing, 1977), 53 ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The principle of the Kodak system is the separation of the work that any "
+"person whomsoever can do in making a photograph, from the work that only an "
+"expert can do. … We furnish anybody, man, woman or child, who has "
+"sufficient intelligence to point a box straight and press a button, with an "
+"instrument which altogether removes from the practice of photography the "
+"necessity for exceptional facilities or, in fact, any special knowledge of "
+"the art. It can be employed without preliminary study, without a darkroom "
+"and without chemicals.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Princippet til Kodak-systemet er skillet mellem arbejdet som enhver kan "
+"udføre når de tager fotografier, fra arbejdet som kun en ekspert kan gøre. "
+"… Vi forsynede alle, mænd, kvinder og barn med tilstrækkelig "
+"intelligens til at pege en dåse i rigtig retning og trykke på en knap, med "
+"et apparat som helt fjernede kravet om specielt udstyr og fra "
+"fotograferingpraksissen, og helt fjernede krav om speciel kundskab inden "
+"kunstarten. Det kan tages i brug uden forudgående studier, uden et "
+"mørkerum og uden kemikaliummer.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. f3
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Jenkins, 177."
+msgstr "Jenkins, 177 ."
+
+#. f4
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Based on a chart in Jenkins, p. 178."
+msgstr "Baseret på et diagram i Jenkins, s. 178 ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"For $25, anyone could make pictures. The camera came preloaded with film, "
+"and when it had been used, the camera was returned to an Eastman factory, "
+"where the film was developed. Over time, of course, the cost of the camera "
+"and the ease with which it could be used both improved. Roll film thus "
+"became the basis for the explosive growth of popular photography. Eastman's "
+"camera first went on sale in 1888; one year later, Kodak was printing more "
+"than six thousand negatives a day. From 1888 through 1909, while industrial "
+"production was rising by 4.7 percent, photographic equipment and material "
+"sales increased by 11 percent.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> "
+"Eastman Kodak's sales during the same period experienced an average annual "
+"increase of over 17 percent.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"For 25 dollar kunne alle tage billeder. Det var allerede film i kameraet, "
+"og når det var brugt blev kameraet returneret til en Eastman-fabrik hvor "
+"filmen blev fremkalt. Efterhånden, naturligvis, blev både omkostningen til "
+"kameraet og hvor enkelt det var at bruge forbedret. Film på rulle blev "
+"dermed grundlaget for en eksplosiv vækst i fotografering blandt folket. "
+"Eastmans kamera blev lagt ud for salg i 1888, og et år senere trykket Kodak "
+"mere end seks tusind negativer om dagen. Fra 1888 til 1909, mens "
+"produktionen i industrien voksede med 4,7 procent, øgede salget af "
+"fotografisk udstyr og materiale med 11 procent.<placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Salget til Eastman Kodak oplevede i samme "
+"periode en årlig vækst på over 17 procent.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
+"id=\"1\"/>"
+
+#. f5
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Coe, 58."
+msgstr "Coe, 58 ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The real significance of Eastman's invention, however, was not economic. It "
+"was social. Professional photography gave individuals a glimpse of places "
+"they would never otherwise see. Amateur photography gave them the ability to "
+"record their own lives in a way they had never been able to do before. As "
+"author Brian Coe notes, <quote>For the first time the snapshot album "
+"provided the man on the street with a permanent record of his family and its "
+"activities. … For the first time in history there exists an authentic "
+"visual record of the appearance and activities of the common man made "
+"without [literary] interpretation or bias.</quote><placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Den virkelige betydningen af oppfinnelsen til Eastman var derimod ikke "
+"økonomisk. Den var social. Professionel fotografering gav individer et "
+"glimt af steder de ellers aldrig vilde se. Amatørfotografering gav dem "
+"muligheden til at arkivere sine liv på en måde som de aldrig havde været i "
+"stand til tidligere. Som forfatter Brian Coe skriver: <quote>For første "
+"gang tilbød fotoalbummet manden i gaden et permanent arkiv over sin familie "
+"og deres aktiviteter. … For første gang i historie fandtes det en "
+"autentisk visuell oppføring af udseende og aktivitet til normale mennesker "
+"fortog uden [skrivefør] tolkning eller forutinntatthet.</quote><placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "democracy"
+msgstr "demokrati"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "in technologies of expression"
+msgstr "i teknologier for at udtrykke sig"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "expression, technologies of"
+msgstr "udtrykke sig, teknologier for at"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "democratic"
+msgstr "demokratisk"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"In this way, the Kodak camera and film were technologies of expression. The "
+"pencil or paintbrush was also a technology of expression, of course. But it "
+"took years of training before they could be deployed by amateurs in any "
+"useful or effective way. With the Kodak, expression was possible much sooner "
+"and more simply. The barrier to expression was lowered. Snobs would sneer at "
+"its <quote>quality</quote>; professionals would discount it as irrelevant. "
+"But watch a child study how best to frame a picture and you get a sense of "
+"the experience of creativity that the Kodak enabled. Democratic tools gave "
+"ordinary people a way to express themselves more easily than any tools could "
+"have before."
+msgstr ""
+"På denne måde var Kodak-kameraet og film udtrykteknologier. Blyanten og "
+"malepenselen var selvfølgelig også en udtrykteknologi. Men det tog årevis "
+"med træning føder de kunne blive brugt nyttigt og effektivt af amatører. "
+"Med Kodaken var udtryk muligt meget raskere og enklere. Barrièren for at "
+"udtrykke sig var sænket. Snobber vilde fnyse over <quote>kvaliteten,</"
+"quote> professionelle villes afvise den som irrelevant. Men se et barn "
+"studere hvordan bedst vælge billedemotiv, og du får følelsen af hvad slags "
+"kreativiteterfaring som Kodaken gjorde muligt. Demokratiske værktøjer gav "
+"normale folk en måde at udtrykke sig selv enklere end noget andet værktøj "
+"kunne have gjort før."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "permissions"
+msgstr "tilladelser"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "photography exempted from"
+msgstr "fotografering som ikke behøver"
+
+#. f6
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"For illustrative cases, see, for example, <citetitle>Pavesich</citetitle> v. "
+"<citetitle>N.E. Life Ins. Co</citetitle>., 50 S.E. 68 (Ga. 1905); "
+"<citetitle>Foster-Milburn Co</citetitle>. v. <citetitle>Chinn</citetitle>, "
+"123090 S.W. 364, 366 (Ky. 1909); <citetitle>Corliss</citetitle> v. "
+"<citetitle>Walker</citetitle>, 64 F. 280 (Mass. Dist. Ct. 1894)."
+msgstr ""
+"For illustrerende sager, se for eksempel , <citetitle>Pavesich</citetitle> "
+"mod <citetitle>N.E. Life Ins. Co</citetitle>., 50 S.E. 68 (Gav. 1905); "
+"<citetitle>Foster-Milburn Co</citetitle>. mod <citetitle>Chinn</citetitle>, "
+"123090 S.W. 364, 366 (Ky. 1909); <citetitle>Corliss</citetitle> mod "
+"<citetitle>Walker</citetitle>, 64 F. 280 (Mass. Dist. Ct. 1894)."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"What was required for this technology to flourish? Obviously, Eastman's "
+"genius was an important part. But also important was the legal environment "
+"within which Eastman's invention grew. For early in the history of "
+"photography, there was a series of judicial decisions that could well have "
+"changed the course of photography substantially. Courts were asked whether "
+"the photographer, amateur or professional, required permission before he "
+"could capture and print whatever image he wanted. Their answer was no."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Hvad krevdes for at denne teknologi skulle blomstre? Eastmans genialitet "
+"var åbenbaret en vigtig del. Men det juridiske miljøet som Eastmans "
+"oppfinnelse voksede i var også vigtigt. For tidligt i historie til "
+"fotografering, var det en række retafgørelser som godt kunne have ændret "
+"kursen til fotograferingen betydeligt. Domstole blev spurgt om fotografen, "
+"amatør eller professionel, måtte have tilladelse føder han kunne fange og "
+"trykke hvilket som hilst billede han ønskede. Svaret var nej.<placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "images, ownership of"
+msgstr "billeder, eierskap til"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 47
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The arguments in favor of requiring permission will sound surprisingly "
+"familiar. The photographer was <quote>taking</quote> something from the "
+"person or building whose photograph he shot—pirating something of "
+"value. Some even thought he was taking the target's soul. Just as Disney was "
+"not free to take the pencils that his animators used to draw Mickey, so, "
+"too, should these photographers not be free to take images that they thought "
+"valuable."
+msgstr ""
+"Argumenterne til fordel for at kræve tilladelser vil høres overraskende "
+"kendt ud. Fotografen <quote>tog</quote> noget fra personen eller bygningen "
+"som blev fotograferet – røvet til sig noget af værdi. Nogle troede "
+"til og med at han tog motivets sjel. På samme måde som Disney ikke stod "
+"frit til at tage blyanterne som hans animatører brugte for at tegne Mikke, "
+"så skulle heller ikke disse fotografer stå frit til at tage billeder som de "
+"fandt værdi i."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Warren, Samuel D."
+msgstr "Warren, Samuel D."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Samuel D. Warren and Louis D. Brandeis, <quote>The Right to Privacy,</quote> "
+"<citetitle>Harvard Law Review</citetitle> 4 (1890): 193. <placeholder type="
+"\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Samuel D. Warren og Louis D. Brandeis, <quote>The Right to Privacy,</quote> "
+"<citetitle>Harvard Law Review</citetitle> 4 (1890): 193 . <placeholder "
+"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"On the other side was an argument that should be familiar, as well. Sure, "
+"there may be something of value being used. But citizens should have the "
+"right to capture at least those images that stand in public view. (Louis "
+"Brandeis, who would become a Supreme Court Justice, thought the rule should "
+"be different for images from private spaces.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
+"id=\"0\"/>) It may be that this means that the photographer gets something "
+"for nothing. Just as Disney could take inspiration from <citetitle>Steamboat "
+"Bill, Jr</citetitle>. or the Brothers Grimm, the photographer should be free "
+"to capture an image without compensating the source."
+msgstr ""
+"På den andre side var et argument som også bør være kendt. Jodene, det var "
+"måske noget af værdi som blev brugt. Men borgerne burde have ret til at "
+"fange i hvert fald de billederne som var taget af offentligt område. (Louis "
+"Brandeis, som senere blev høyesterettsjustitiarus, mente reglen skulle være "
+"anderledes for billeder taget af private områder.<placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>) Det kan være at dette betyder at fotografen "
+"får noget for ingenting. På samme måde som Disney kunne hente inspiration "
+"fra <citetitle>Steamboat Bill, Jr.</citetitle>, eller Grimm-brødrene, så "
+"burde fotograferne stå frit til at fange et billede uden at kompensere "
+"kilden."
+
+#. f8
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"See Melville B. Nimmer, <quote>The Right of Publicity,</quote> "
+"<citetitle>Law and Contemporary Problems</citetitle> 19 (1954): 203; William "
+"L. Prosser, <quote>Privacy,</quote> <citetitle>California Law Review</"
+"citetitle> 48 (1960) 398–407; <citetitle>White</citetitle> v. "
+"<citetitle>Samsung Electronics America, Inc</citetitle>., 971 F. 2d 1395 "
+"(9th Cir. 1992), cert. denied, 508 U.S. 951 (1993)."
+msgstr ""
+"Se Melville B. Nimmer, <quote>The Right of Publicity,</quote> <citetitle>Law "
+"and Contemporary Problems</citetitle> 19 (1954): 203; William L. Prosser, "
+"<quote>Privacy,</quote> <citetitle>California Law Review</citetitle> 48 "
+"(1960) 398–407; <citetitle>White</citetitle> mod <citetitle>Samsung "
+"Electronics America, Inc</citetitle>., 971 F. 2d 1395 (9th Cir. 1992), "
+"sert. nægtet, 508 U.S. 951 (1993)."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Fortunately for Mr. Eastman, and for photography in general, these early "
+"decisions went in favor of the pirates. In general, no permission would be "
+"required before an image could be captured and shared with others. Instead, "
+"permission was presumed. Freedom was the default. (The law would eventually "
+"craft an exception for famous people: commercial photographers who snap "
+"pictures of famous people for commercial purposes have more restrictions "
+"than the rest of us. But in the ordinary case, the image can be captured "
+"without clearing the rights to do the capturing.<placeholder type=\"footnote"
+"\" id=\"0\"/>)"
+msgstr ""
+"Heldigvis for Herre Eastman, og for fotografering generelt, gik disse "
+"tidligere afgørelser i favør af piraterne. Generelt blev det ikke "
+"nødvendigt at sikre sig tilladelse før et billede kunne tages og deles med "
+"andre. I stedet var det antaget at tilladelse var givet. Frihed var "
+"udgangspunktet. (Loven gav efter en stund et undtagelse for berømte "
+"personer: kommercielle fotografer som tog billeder af berømte personer for "
+"kommercielle formål har flere begrænsninger end resten af os. Men i det "
+"normale tilfældet kan billedet tages uden at klarere rettighederne for at "
+"tage det.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Napster"
+msgstr "Napster"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"We can only speculate about how photography would have developed had the law "
+"gone the other way. If the presumption had been against the photographer, "
+"then the photographer would have had to demonstrate permission. Perhaps "
+"Eastman Kodak would have had to demonstrate permission, too, before it "
+"developed the film upon which images were captured. After all, if permission "
+"were not granted, then Eastman Kodak would be benefiting from the "
+"<quote>theft</quote> committed by the photographer. Just as Napster "
+"benefited from the copyright infringements committed by Napster users, Kodak "
+"would be benefiting from the <quote>image-right</quote> infringement of its "
+"photographers. We could imagine the law then requiring that some form of "
+"permission be demonstrated before a company developed pictures. We could "
+"imagine a system developing to demonstrate that permission."
+msgstr ""
+"Vi kan kun spekulere om hvordan fotografering villes have udviklet sig om "
+"loven havde slået ud den andre vej. Hvis den havde været mod fotografen, da "
+"villes fotografen måttet dokumentere at tilladelse var på plads. Måske "
+"Eastman Kodak også måtte have dokumenteret at tilladelse var givet, før de "
+"udviklede filmen som billederne blev fanget på. Trods alt, hvis tilladelse "
+"ikke var givet, da villes Eastman Kodak have nyt fordeler fra "
+"<quote>tyveriet</quote> begået af fotografer. På samme måde som Napster nød "
+"fordeler fra ophavsretbrud udført af Napster-brugere, så villes Kodak nyt "
+"fordeler fra <quote>billede-rettigheds</quote>-brud til deres fotografer. "
+"Vi kan forestille os at loven da ville krævet at en form for tilladelse blev "
+"vist frem før et selskab fremkalte billederne. Vi kan forestille os at et "
+"system bliver udviklet for at lægge frem sådanne tilladelser."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 48
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"But though we could imagine this system of permission, it would be very hard "
+"to see how photography could have flourished as it did if the requirement "
+"for permission had been built into the rules that govern it. Photography "
+"would have existed. It would have grown in importance over time. "
+"Professionals would have continued to use the technology as they did—"
+"since professionals could have more easily borne the burdens of the "
+"permission system. But the spread of photography to ordinary people would "
+"not have occurred. Nothing like that growth would have been realized. And "
+"certainly, nothing like that growth in a democratic technology of expression "
+"would have been realized."
+msgstr ""
+"Men, selv om vi kan tænke os dette godkendelse systemet, så vil det være "
+"vældig vanskeligt at se hvordan fotografering skulle have blomstret sådan "
+"det gjorde hvis det var bygget ind krav om godkendelse i skrønerne som "
+"styrede det. Fotografering villes eksisteret. Det villes have øget sin "
+"betydning over tid. Professionelle vilde have fortsat at bruge teknologien "
+"sådan de gjorde – siden professionelle enklere kunne håndteret "
+"byrderne pålagt dem af godkendelsesystemet. Men spredningen af "
+"fotografering til normale folk villes aldrig have sket. Væksten det skabte "
+"kunne aldrig have sket. Og det villes uden tvivl aldrig været realiseret "
+"en sådan vækst i demokratisk udtrykteknologi."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "digital cameras"
+msgstr "digitale kameraer"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Just Think!"
+msgstr "Just Think!"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>If you drive</emphasis> through San Francisco's "
+"Presidio, you might see two gaudy yellow school buses painted over with "
+"colorful and striking images, and the logo <quote>Just Think!</quote> in "
+"place of the name of a school. But there's little that's <quote>just</quote> "
+"cerebral in the projects that these busses enable. These buses are filled "
+"with technologies that teach kids to tinker with film. Not the film of "
+"Eastman. Not even the film of your VCR. Rather the <quote>film</quote> of "
+"digital cameras. Just Think! is a project that enables kids to make films, "
+"as a way to understand and critique the filmed culture that they find all "
+"around them. Each year, these busses travel to more than thirty schools and "
+"enable three hundred to five hundred children to learn something about media "
+"by doing something with media. By doing, they think. By tinkering, they "
+"learn."
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>Hvis du kører</emphasis> gennem området Presidio i "
+"San Francisco, kan det hænde du ser to gusjegule skolebusser overmalet med "
+"fargefulle og iøynefallende billeder, og logoet <quote>Just Think!</quote> i "
+"stedet for navnet på en skole. Men det er lidt som er <quote>bare </quote> "
+"tænkt i projekterne som disse kammerater muliggjør. Disse busser er "
+"befolket med teknologi som lærer unger at rode med film. Ikke filmen til "
+"Eastman. Ikke en gang filmen i din videospiller. I stedet er det snak om "
+"<quote>filmen</quote> i digitale kameraer. Just Think! er et projekt som "
+"gør det muligt for unger at fortage film, som en måde at forstå og kritisere "
+"den filmede kulturen som de finder over alt rundt sig. Hvert år besøger "
+"disse busser mere end tredive skoler, og giver mellem tre hundrede og fem "
+"hundrede børn muligheden til at lære noget om medierne ved at gøre noget med "
+"medierne. Ved at gøre, så tænker de. Ved at rode, så lærer de."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "education"
+msgstr "uddannelse"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "in media literacy"
+msgstr "i mediumkompetence"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "media literacy"
+msgstr "mediumkompetence"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "media literacy and"
+msgstr "mediumkompetence og"
+
+#. f9
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"H. Edward Goldberg, <quote>Essential Presentation Tools: Hardware and "
+"Software You Need to Create Digital Multimedia Presentations,</quote> "
+"cadalyst, February 2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/"
+"notes/\">link #7</ulink>."
+msgstr ""
+"H. Edward Goldberg, <quote>Essential Presentation Tools: Hardware and "
+"Software You Need to Create Digital Multimedia Presentations,</quote> "
+"cadalyst, februar 2002, tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/"
+"notes/\">link #7</ulink>."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"These buses are not cheap, but the technology they carry is increasingly so. "
+"The cost of a high-quality digital video system has fallen dramatically. As "
+"one analyst puts it, <quote>Five years ago, a good real-time digital video "
+"editing system cost $25,000. Today you can get professional quality for $595."
+"</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> These buses are filled "
+"with technology that would have cost hundreds of thousands just ten years "
+"ago. And it is now feasible to imagine not just buses like this, but "
+"classrooms across the country where kids are learning more and more of "
+"something teachers call <quote>media literacy.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+"Disse busser er ikke billige, men teknologien de har med sig bliver "
+"billigere og billigere. Omkostningen til et digitalt høykvalitets "
+"videosystem har henhørt dramatisk. Som man analytiker omtalte det, "
+"<quote>for fem år siden kostede et godt sanntids redigeringsystem for "
+"digital video 25 000 dollar. I dag kan du få professionel kvalitet for 595 "
+"dollar.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Disse busser er "
+"befolket med teknologi som villes kostet hundredetusindvis af dollar for "
+"bare ti år siden. Og det er nu muligt at forestille sig ikke bare sådanne "
+"busser, men klasseværelse rundt om i landet hvor unger kan lære mere og mere "
+"af det lærerne kalder <quote>læse- og skriveferdigheter inden medierne.</"
+"quote>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Yanofsky, Dave"
+msgstr "Yanofsky, Dave"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 49
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<quote>Media literacy,</quote> as Dave Yanofsky, the executive director of "
+"Just Think!, puts it, <quote>is the ability … to understand, analyze, "
+"and deconstruct media images. Its aim is to make [kids] literate about the "
+"way media works, the way it's constructed, the way it's delivered, and the "
+"way people access it.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+"<quote>Læse- og skriveferdigheter inden medierne,</quote> som "
+"administrerende direktør Dave Yanofsky i Just Think!, siger det, <quote>er "
+"evnen til … at forstå, analysere og dekonstruere mediumbilleder. "
+"Dets mål er at gøre [unger] i stand til at forstå hvordan medierne fungerer, "
+"hvordan de er konstrueret, hvordan de bliver leveret, og hvordan folk bruger "
+"dem.</quote>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This may seem like an odd way to think about <quote>literacy.</quote> For "
+"most people, literacy is about reading and writing. Faulkner and Hemingway "
+"and noticing split infinitives are the things that <quote>literate</quote> "
+"people know about."
+msgstr ""
+"Dette kan virke som en lidt mærkelig måde at tænke på <quote>læse- og -"
+"skriveferdigheter.</quote> For de fleste handler læse- og skriveferdigheter "
+"om at kunne læse og skrive. Folk med <quote>læse- og -skriveferdigheter</"
+"quote> kender begreber som Faulkner og Hemingway, og kan kende igen delte "
+"infinitiver."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "advertising"
+msgstr "markedsføring"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "commercials"
+msgstr "reklameindslag"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "television"
+msgstr "television"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "advertising on"
+msgstr "markedsføring på"
+
+#. f10
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Judith Van Evra, <citetitle>Television and Child Development</citetitle> "
+"(Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1990); <quote>Findings on "
+"Family and TV Study,</quote> <citetitle>Denver Post</citetitle>, 25 May "
+"1997, B6."
+msgstr ""
+"Judith Van Evra, <citetitle>Television and Child Development</citetitle> "
+"(Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1990); <quote>Findings on "
+"Family and TV Study,</quote> <citetitle>Denver Post</citetitle>, 25 . maj "
+"1997, B6 ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Maybe. But in a world where children see on average 390 hours of television "
+"commercials per year, or between 20,000 and 45,000 commercials generally,"
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> it is increasingly important to "
+"understand the <quote>grammar</quote> of media. For just as there is a "
+"grammar for the written word, so, too, is there one for media. And just as "
+"kids learn how to write by writing lots of terrible prose, kids learn how to "
+"write media by constructing lots of (at least at first) terrible media."
+msgstr ""
+"Muligt det. Men i en værdet hvor barn ser i gennemsnit 390 timer med TV-"
+"reklamer i året, eller generelt mellem 20 000 og 45 000 reklameindslag,"
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> så er det mere og mere vigtigt at "
+"forstå <quote>grammatikken</quote> i mediumindslag. For på samme måde som "
+"det er en grammatik for det skrevne ord, så er det også en for medierne. Og "
+"akkurat sådan som unger lærer at skrive ved at skrive masse grusom prosa, så "
+"lærer unger at skrive medierne ved at konstruere en masse (i hvert fald i "
+"begyndelsen) grusomme mediumindslag."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"A growing field of academics and activists sees this form of literacy as "
+"crucial to the next generation of culture. For though anyone who has written "
+"understands how difficult writing is—how difficult it is to sequence "
+"the story, to keep a reader's attention, to craft language to be "
+"understandable—few of us have any real sense of how difficult media "
+"is. Or more fundamentally, few of us have a sense of how media works, how it "
+"holds an audience or leads it through a story, how it triggers emotion or "
+"builds suspense."
+msgstr ""
+"Et voksende felt af akademikere og aktivister ser denne form for læse- og "
+"skriveferdighet som afgørende for den næste generation af kultur. For selv "
+"om de som har skrevet forstår hvor vanskeligt det er at skrive – hvor "
+" vanskeligt det er at bestemme rækkefølge i historie, at holde på "
+"opmærksomheden hos læseren, at forme sproget sådan at det er forståeligt "
+"– så har få af os en reel følelse af hvor vanskeligt medier er. Eller "
+"mere fundamentalt, de færrest af os har en følelse for hvordan medierne "
+"fungerer, hvordan det holder på publikum, eller leder læseren gennem "
+"historie, hvordan det udløser følelser eller bygger op spændingen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"It took filmmaking a generation before it could do these things well. But "
+"even then, the knowledge was in the filming, not in writing about the film. "
+"The skill came from experiencing the making of a film, not from reading a "
+"book about it. One learns to write by writing and then reflecting upon what "
+"one has written. One learns to write with images by making them and then "
+"reflecting upon what one has created."
+msgstr ""
+"Det tog filmkunsten en generation føder den kunne gøre disse ting gode. Men "
+"selv da, så var kundskaben i filmingen, ikke i at skrive om filmen. "
+"Ferdigheten kom fra erfaring med at fortage en film, ikke fra at læse en bog "
+"om den. Man lærer at skrive ved at skrive, og derefter reflektere over det "
+"man har skrevet. Man lærer at skrive med billeder ved at fortage dem, og "
+"derefter reflektere over det man har fortaget."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Daley, Elizabeth"
+msgstr "Daley, Elizabeth"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Crichton, Michael"
+msgstr "Crichton, Michael"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Barish, Stephanie"
+msgstr "Barish, Stephanie"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Interview with Elizabeth Daley and Stephanie Barish, 13 December 2002. "
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
+"id=\"1\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Interview med Elizabeth Daley og Stephanie Barish, 13 . december 2002 . "
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
+"id=\"1\"/>"
+
+#. f12
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"See Scott Steinberg, <quote>Crichton Gets Medieval on PCs,</quote> E!online, "
+"4 November 2000, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/"
+"\">link #8</ulink>; <quote>Timeline,</quote> 22 November 2000, available at "
+"<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #9</ulink>."
+msgstr ""
+"Se Scott Steinberg, <quote>Crichton Gets Medieval on Pcs,</quote> E!online, "
+"4 . november 2000, tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/"
+"notes/\">link #8</ulink>; <quote>Timeline,</quote> 22 . november 2000, "
+"tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #9</"
+"ulink>."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This grammar has changed as media has changed. When it was just film, as "
+"Elizabeth Daley, executive director of the University of Southern "
+"California's Annenberg Center for Communication and dean of the USC School "
+"of Cinema-Television, explained to me, the grammar was about <quote>the "
+"placement of objects, color, … rhythm, pacing, and texture.</"
+"quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> But as computers open up an "
+"interactive space where a story is <quote>played</quote> as well as "
+"experienced, that grammar changes. The simple control of narrative is lost, "
+"and so other techniques are necessary. Author Michael Crichton had mastered "
+"the narrative of science fiction. But when he tried to design a computer "
+"game based on one of his works, it was a new craft he had to learn. How to "
+"lead people through a game without their feeling they have been led was not "
+"obvious, even to a wildly successful author.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
+"id=\"1\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Denne grammatik har ændret sig efterhånden som medierne har ændret sig. Da "
+"det kun var film, som Elizabeth Daley, administrerende direktør ved "
+"Universitetet i Syd-Califorias Anneberg-center for kommunikation og rektor "
+"ved USC skole for biograf og TV, forklarede for mig, var grammatikken om "
+"<quote>placeringen af objekter, farver, … rytme, skridt og tekstur.</"
+"quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Men efterhånden som "
+"computere åbner op et interaktivt rom hvor en historie bliver "
+"<quote>fremført</quote> i tillæg til oplevet, ændrer grammatikken sig. Den "
+"enkle kontrollen til fortællerstemmen er forsvundet, og dermed er andre "
+"teknikker nødvendigt. Forfatter Michael Crichton havde behersket "
+"fortællerstemmen til science fiction, men da han forsøgte at fortage et "
+"dataspil baseret på et af sine værker, så var det et nyt håndværk han måtte "
+"lære. Det var ikke åbenbaret hvordan man leder folk gennem et spil uden at "
+"de får følelsen af at have blevet ledt, selv for en vældig vellykket "
+"forfatter.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "computer games"
+msgstr "dataspil"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This skill is precisely the craft a filmmaker learns. As Daley describes, "
+"<quote>people are very surprised about how they are led through a film. [I]t "
+"is perfectly constructed to keep you from seeing it, so you have no idea. If "
+"a filmmaker succeeds you do not know how you were led.</quote> If you know "
+"you were led through a film, the film has failed."
+msgstr ""
+"Akkurat denne ferdigheten er håndværket en lærer til de som fortager film. "
+"Som Daley skriver, <quote>folk er vældig overrasket over hvordan de bliver "
+"ledt gennem en film. Den er perfekt konstrueret for at hindr dig fra at se "
+"det, så du aner det ikke. Hvis en som fortager film lykkes, så ved du ikke "
+"at du har været ledt.</quote> Hvis du ved at du blev ledt igennem en film, "
+"så har filmen fejlet."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Yet the push for an expanded literacy—one that goes beyond text to "
+"include audio and visual elements—is not about making better film "
+"directors. The aim is not to improve the profession of filmmaking at all. "
+"Instead, as Daley explained,"
+msgstr ""
+"Alligevel handler indsatsen for at udvide læse- og skriveferdigheter – "
+"som går ud over tekst til at også tage med elementer som høres og ses "
+"– ikke om at skabe bedre filmregissører. Målet er ikke at forbedre "
+"filmprofessionen i det hele taget. I stedet, som Daley forklarer:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"From my perspective, probably the most important digital divide is not "
+"access to a box. It's the ability to be empowered with the language that "
+"that box works in. Otherwise only a very few people can write with this "
+"language, and all the rest of us are reduced to being read-only."
+msgstr ""
+"Fra mit perspektiv er sikkert det vigtigste digitale skillet ikke om en har "
+"tilgang til en dåse eller ikke. Det er evnen til at have kontrol over "
+"sproget som dåsen bruger. I modsat fald er det bare nogle få som kan skrive "
+"i dette sprog, og alle os andre er reduceret til at ikke kunne skrive."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<quote>Read-only.</quote> Passive recipients of culture produced elsewhere. "
+"Couch potatoes. Consumers. This is the world of media from the twentieth "
+"century."
+msgstr ""
+"<quote>Skrive-beskyttede.</quote> Passive mottakere af kultur produceret "
+"andre steder. Sofakartofler. Forbrukere. Dette er mediumværdet fra det "
+"tyvende århundrede."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Interview with Daley and Barish. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Interview med Daley og Barish. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. f31
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Ibid."
+msgstr "ibid."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The twenty-first century could be different. This is the crucial point: It "
+"could be both read and write. Or at least reading and better understanding "
+"the craft of writing. Or best, reading and understanding the tools that "
+"enable the writing to lead or mislead. The aim of any literacy, and this "
+"literacy in particular, is to <quote>empower people to choose the "
+"appropriate language for what they need to create or express.</"
+"quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It is to enable students "
+"<quote>to communicate in the language of the twenty-first century.</"
+"quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Det tjueførste århundredet kan blive anderledes . Dette er et kritisk "
+"punkt: Det kan blive både lesing og skriving. Eller i det mindste lesing og "
+"bedre forståelse for håndværket at skrive. Eller det bedste, lesing og "
+"forstå værktøjerne som giver skriving mulighed til at vejlede eller forlede. "
+" Målet med enhver læse- og skriveferdighet, og denne læse- og "
+"skriveferdigheten specielt, er at <quote>give befolket magt til at vælge det "
+"sproget som passer for det de behøver at fortage eller udtrykke.</"
+"quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Det giver studenter mulighed "
+"<quote>til at kommunikere i sproget til det tjueførste århundredet.</"
+"quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"As with any language, this language comes more easily to some than to "
+"others. It doesn't necessarily come more easily to those who excel in "
+"written language. Daley and Stephanie Barish, director of the Institute for "
+"Multimedia Literacy at the Annenberg Center, describe one particularly "
+"poignant example of a project they ran in a high school. The high school "
+"was a very poor inner-city Los Angeles school. In all the traditional "
+"measures of success, this school was a failure. But Daley and Barish ran a "
+"program that gave kids an opportunity to use film to express meaning about "
+"something the students know something about—gun violence."
+msgstr ""
+"Som med ethvert andet sprog, læres dette sprog lettere for nogle end for "
+"andre. Det kommer ikke nødvendigvis lettere for dem som gør det godt "
+"skriftligt. Daley og Stephanie Barish, direktør for Institut for læse- og "
+"skriveferdigheter inden Multimedia ved Annenberg-centeret, beskriver et "
+"specielt stærkt eksempel fra et projekt de gennemførte i en videregående "
+"skole. Den videregående skolen var en rigtigt fattig skole i den indre byen "
+"i Los Angeles. Efter alle traditionelle måleenheter for succes var denne "
+"skole en svipser, men Daley og Barish gennemførte et program som gav ungerne "
+"en mulighed til at bruge film til at udtrykke sine meninger om noget som "
+"studenterne kendte godt til – våben-relateret vold."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The class was held on Friday afternoons, and it created a relatively new "
+"problem for the school. While the challenge in most classes was getting the "
+"kids to come, the challenge in this class was keeping them away. The "
+"<quote>kids were showing up at 6 A.M. and leaving at 5 at night,</quote> "
+"said Barish. They were working harder than in any other class to do what "
+"education should be about—learning how to express themselves."
+msgstr ""
+"Klassen mødtes fredag eftermiddag, og skabte et relativt nyt problem for "
+"skolen. Mens udfordringen i de fleste klasser var at få ungerne til at "
+"dukke op , var udfordringen for denne klasse at holde dem fra. "
+"<quote>Ungerne dukkede op 06:00, og afgik igen 05:00 på natten,</quote> "
+"sagde Barish. De arbejdede hårdere end i nogle andre fag for at gøre det "
+"uddannelse burde handle om – at lære hvordan de skulle udtrykke sig."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Using whatever <quote>free web stuff they could find,</quote> and relatively "
+"simple tools to enable the kids to mix <quote>image, sound, and text,</"
+"quote> Barish said this class produced a series of projects that showed "
+"something about gun violence that few would otherwise understand. This was "
+"an issue close to the lives of these students. The project <quote>gave them "
+"a tool and empowered them to be able to both understand it and talk about it,"
+"</quote> Barish explained. That tool succeeded in creating expression—"
+"far more successfully and powerfully than could have been created using only "
+"text. <quote>If you had said to these students, <quote>you have to do it in "
+"text,</quote> they would've just thrown their hands up and gone and done "
+"something else,</quote> Barish described, in part, no doubt, because "
+"expressing themselves in text is not something these students can do well. "
+"Yet neither is text a form in which <emphasis>these</emphasis> ideas can be "
+"expressed well. The power of this message depended upon its connection to "
+"this form of expression."
+msgstr ""
+"Ved at bruge hvad som helst af <quote>frit tilgængeligt web-stof de kunne "
+"finde,</quote> og relativt enkle værktøjer som gjorde det muligt for ungerne "
+"at blande <quote>billede, lyde og tekst,</quote> sagde Barish at denne "
+"klasse producerede en serie af projekter som viste noget om våben-baseret "
+"vold som få ellers ville forstå. Dette var et tema rigtigt næret livene til "
+"disse studenter. Projektet <quote>gav dem et værktøj, og bemyndiget dem "
+"sådan at de både blev i stand til at forstå det og snakke om det,</quote> "
+"forklarer Barish. Dette værktøj lykkedes med at skabe udtryk – meget "
+"mere vellykket og kraftfylt end noget som havde blevet fortaget ved at kun "
+"bruge tekst. <quote>Hvis du havde sagt til disse studenter at <quote>du må "
+"gøre dette i tekstform</quote>, så havde de bare kastet hånd i vejret og "
+"gået og gjort noget andet,</quote> forklarer Barish. Delvis, helt klart, "
+"fordi at udtrykke sig selv i tekstform ikke er noget disse studenter "
+"behersker. Heller ikke er tekstform en form som kan udtrykke "
+"<emphasis>disse</emphasis> idéene godt. Kraften/Kræfter i dette budskab var "
+"avhenging af hvordan det hang sammen med udtrykformen."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 52
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<quote>But isn't education about teaching kids to write?</quote> I asked. In "
+"part, of course, it is. But why are we teaching kids to write? Education, "
+"Daley explained, is about giving students a way of <quote>constructing "
+"meaning.</quote> To say that that means just writing is like saying teaching "
+"writing is only about teaching kids how to spell. Text is one part—and "
+"increasingly, not the most powerful part—of constructing meaning. As "
+"Daley explained in the most moving part of our interview,"
+msgstr ""
+"<quote>Men handler ikke uddannelse om at lære unger at skrive?</quote> "
+"spurgte jeg. Jo delvis, naturligvis. Men hvorfor lærer vi unger at skrive? "
+"Uddannelse, forklarer Daley, handler om at give studenterne en måde at "
+"<quote>konstruere mening.</quote> Å sige at det kun betyder skriving, er "
+"som at sige at at lære væk skriving kun handler om at lære ungerne at "
+"stave. Tekstforming er bare en del – og i større grad ikke den "
+"vigtigste delen – for at konstruere mening. Som Daley forklarede i "
+"den mest rørende delen af vores interview:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"What you want is to give these students ways of constructing meaning. If all "
+"you give them is text, they're not going to do it. Because they can't. You "
+"know, you've got Johnny who can look at a video, he can play a video game, "
+"he can do graffiti all over your walls, he can take your car apart, and he "
+"can do all sorts of other things. He just can't read your text. So Johnny "
+"comes to school and you say, <quote>Johnny, you're illiterate. Nothing you "
+"can do matters.</quote> Well, Johnny then has two choices: He can dismiss "
+"you or he [can] dismiss himself. If his ego is healthy at all, he's going to "
+"dismiss you. [But i]nstead, if you say, <quote>Well, with all these things "
+"that you can do, let's talk about this issue. Play for me music that you "
+"think reflects that, or show me images that you think reflect that, or draw "
+"for me something that reflects that.</quote> Not by giving a kid a video "
+"camera and … saying, <quote>Let's go have fun with the video camera "
+"and make a little movie.</quote> But instead, really help you take these "
+"elements that you understand, that are your language, and construct meaning "
+"about the topic.…"
+msgstr ""
+"Det du ønsker er at give disse studenter er en måde at konstruere mening. "
+"Hvis alt du giver dem er tekst, så kommer de ikke til at gøre det. Fordi de "
+"kan ikke . Du ved, du har Johnny som kan se på en video, han kan spille på "
+"et TV-spil, han kan brede grafitti over alle dine vægge, han kan tage fra "
+"hinanden din bil, og han kan gøre alle mulige andre ting. Men han kan ikke "
+"læse din tekst. Så Johnny kommer på skolen, og du siger <quote>Johnny, du "
+"er analfabet. Ingenting du gør betyder noget.</quote> Vel, da har Johnny "
+"to valg: Han kan afvise dig, eller han kan afvise sig selv. Hvis han har et "
+"sundt ego, så vil han afvise dig. Men hvis du i stedet siger, <quote>Vel, "
+"med alle disse ting som du kan gøre, lagde os snakke om dette tema. Spil "
+"musik til mig som du mener reflekterer over temaet, eller vis mig billeder "
+"som du mener reflekterer over temaet, eller tegn noget til mig som "
+"reflektere temaet.</quote> Ikke ved at give en unge et videokamera og "
+"… sige <quote>Lagde os afgå for at have det morsomt med videokameraet "
+"og dagsværk en lille film.</quote> Men i stedet, virkeligt hjælpe ungen at "
+"tage disse elementer som ungen forstår, som er vedkommendes sprog, og "
+"konstruer mening om temaet. …"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"That empowers enormously. And then what happens, of course, is eventually, "
+"as it has happened in all these classes, they bump up against the fact, "
+"<quote>I need to explain this and I really need to write something.</quote> "
+"And as one of the teachers told Stephanie, they would rewrite a paragraph 5, "
+"6, 7, 8 times, till they got it right."
+msgstr ""
+"Dette giver enorm oplevelse af magt. Og det som sker til slutning, "
+"selvfølgelig, som det har sket i alle disse klasser, er at de stopper op "
+"når de træffer faktummet <quote>jeg behøver at forklare dette, og da behøver "
+"jeg virkeligt at skrive noget.</quote> Og som en af lærerne fortalte "
+"Stephanie, de vil skrive om afsnittet 5, 6, 7, 8 gange, helt til det bliver "
+"rigtigt."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 53
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Because they needed to. There was a reason for doing it. They needed to say "
+"something, as opposed to just jumping through your hoops. They actually "
+"needed to use a language that they didn't speak very well. But they had come "
+"to understand that they had a lot of power with this language."
+msgstr ""
+"Fordi de behøvede det. De havde en grund til at gøre det. De behøvede at "
+"sige noget, i modsætning til at kun danse efter din pibe. De behøvede "
+"faktisk at bruge det sproget de ikke håndterede rigtigt godt. Men de havde "
+"begyndt at forstå at de havde meget gennemslagkraft med dette sprog."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks of"
+msgstr "11 . september 2001, terrorangreb den"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "World Trade Center"
+msgstr "World Trade Center"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "news coverage"
+msgstr "nyheddækning"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>When two planes</emphasis> crashed into the World "
+"Trade Center, another into the Pentagon, and a fourth into a Pennsylvania "
+"field, all media around the world shifted to this news. Every moment of just "
+"about every day for that week, and for weeks after, television in "
+"particular, and media generally, retold the story of the events we had just "
+"witnessed. The telling was a retelling, because we had seen the events that "
+"were described. The genius of this awful act of terrorism was that the "
+"delayed second attack was perfectly timed to assure that the whole world "
+"would be watching."
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>Da to fly</emphasis> styrtet ind i World Trade "
+"Center, og et andet ind i Pentagon, og et fjerde ind i et mark i "
+"Pennsylvania, skruede alle medier værdet rundt sig mod denne nyhed. Hvert "
+"eneste øjeblik i omtrent hver eneste dag den ugen, og ugerne som fulgte, "
+"gjenfortalte TV specielt, og medierne generelt, historie om disse hændelser "
+"som vi netop havde været vidne til. Genialiteten i denne forfærdelige "
+"terrorhandling var at det forsinkede andre-angrebet var perfekt tidsatt for "
+"at sikre at hele værdet villes være der hen for at se på."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"These retellings had an increasingly familiar feel. There was music scored "
+"for the intermissions, and fancy graphics that flashed across the screen. "
+"There was a formula to interviews. There was <quote>balance,</quote> and "
+"seriousness. This was news choreographed in the way we have increasingly "
+"come to expect it, <quote>news as entertainment,</quote> even if the "
+"entertainment is tragedy."
+msgstr ""
+"Disse gjenfortellingene gav en øgende familiær følelse. Det var musik "
+"spesiallaget for mellem-indslagene, og avanceret grafik som blinkede tværs "
+"over skærmen. Det var en formel for interview. Det var <quote>balance</"
+"quote> og seriøsitet. Dette var nyheder koreograferet sådan vi i stadigt "
+"større grad forventer det, <quote>nyheder som underholdning,</quote> selv om "
+"underholdningen er en tragedie."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "ABC"
+msgstr "ABC"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "CBS"
+msgstr "CBS"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Cyber Rights (Godwin)"
+msgstr "Cyber Rights (Godwin)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Godwin, Mike"
+msgstr "Godwin, Mike"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "news events on"
+msgstr "nyhedindslag på"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"But in addition to this produced news about the <quote>tragedy of September "
+"11,</quote> those of us tied to the Internet came to see a very different "
+"production as well. The Internet was filled with accounts of the same "
+"events. Yet these Internet accounts had a very different flavor. Some people "
+"constructed photo pages that captured images from around the world and "
+"presented them as slide shows with text. Some offered open letters. There "
+"were sound recordings. There was anger and frustration. There were attempts "
+"to provide context. There was, in short, an extraordinary worldwide barn "
+"raising, in the sense Mike Godwin uses the term in his book <citetitle>Cyber "
+"Rights</citetitle>, around a news event that had captured the attention of "
+"the world. There was ABC and CBS, but there was also the Internet."
+msgstr ""
+"Men i tillæg til disse producerede nyheder om <quote>tragedien 11 . "
+"september,</quote> kunne de af os som er knyttet til Internet se en vældig "
+"anderledes produktion. Internet er fuldt af fortællinger om de samme "
+"hændelser. Men disse Internet-fortællingerne havde en vældig anderledes "
+"fremstilling. Nogle folk konstruerede fotosider som fangede billeder fra "
+"hele værdet, og præsenterede dem som lysbilledepræsentationer med tekst. "
+"Nogle tilbød åbne breve. Det var lydopptak. Det var vrede og frustration. "
+"Det var forsøg på at sætte ting i sammenhæng. Det var, kort og godt, en "
+"ekstraordinær verdensomspændende frivillig, sådan Mike Godwin bruger "
+"begrebet i sin bog <citetitle>Cyber Rights</citetitle>, rundt en "
+"nyhedhændelse som havde fanget opmærksomheden til hele værdet. Det var ABC "
+"og CBS, men det var også Internet."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 54
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"I don't mean simply to praise the Internet—though I do think the "
+"people who supported this form of speech should be praised. I mean instead "
+"to point to a significance in this form of speech. For like a Kodak, the "
+"Internet enables people to capture images. And like in a movie by a student "
+"on the <quote>Just Think!</quote> bus, the visual images could be mixed with "
+"sound or text."
+msgstr ""
+"Det er ikke så enkelt som at jeg ønsker at lovprise Internet – selv "
+"om jeg mener at folkene som støtter denne form for tale bør lovprises. Jeg "
+"ønsker i stedet at pege på vigtigheden af denne form for tale. For på "
+"samme måde som en Kodak, gør Internet folk i stand til at fange billeder. "
+"Og på samme måde som med en film fortog af en af studenterne på <quote>Just "
+"Think!</quote>-bussen, kan visuelle billeder blive blandet med lyde og tekst."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"But unlike any technology for simply capturing images, the Internet allows "
+"these creations to be shared with an extraordinary number of people, "
+"practically instantaneously. This is something new in our tradition—"
+"not just that culture can be captured mechanically, and obviously not just "
+"that events are commented upon critically, but that this mix of captured "
+"images, sound, and commentary can be widely spread practically "
+"instantaneously."
+msgstr ""
+"Men i modsætning til en hvilken som hilst teknologi for at enkelt fange "
+"billeder, tillader Internet at man næsten umiddelbart deler disse kreationer "
+"med et ekstraordinært antal menesker. Dette er noget nyt i vores tradition "
+"– ikke bare kan kultur fanges ind mekanisk, og åbenbaret heller ikke "
+"at hændelser bliver kommenteret kritisk, men at denne blanding af billeder, "
+"lyde og kommentar kan bredes vidt omkring næsten umiddelbart."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "blogs (Web-logs)"
+msgstr "blogger (Web-logger)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "blogs on"
+msgstr "blogger om"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Web-logs (blogs)"
+msgstr "Web-logger (blogger)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"September 11 was not an aberration. It was a beginning. Around the same "
+"time, a form of communication that has grown dramatically was just beginning "
+"to come into public consciousness: the Web-log, or blog. The blog is a kind "
+"of public diary, and within some cultures, such as in Japan, it functions "
+"very much like a diary. In those cultures, it records private facts in a "
+"public way—it's a kind of electronic <citetitle>Jerry Springer</"
+"citetitle>, available anywhere in the world."
+msgstr ""
+"11 . september var ikke et afvigelse. Det var en start. Omtrent på samme "
+"tid begyndte en form for kommunikation, som havde vokset dramatisk, at komme "
+"ind i offentlig bevidsthed: web-loggen, eller blog. Bloggen er en slags "
+"offentligt dagbok, og i nogle kulturer, sådan som i Japan, fungerer den "
+"rigtigt lig en dagbok. I disse kulturer registrerer den private fakta på en "
+"offentlig måde – det er en slags elektronisk <citetitle>Jerry Spring</"
+"citetitle>, tilgængeligt overalt i værdet."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "political discourse"
+msgstr "politisk diskussion"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "public discourse conducted on"
+msgstr "offentlig diskussion gennemført på"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"But in the United States, blogs have taken on a very different character. "
+"There are some who use the space simply to talk about their private life. "
+"But there are many who use the space to engage in public discourse. "
+"Discussing matters of public import, criticizing others who are mistaken in "
+"their views, criticizing politicians about the decisions they make, offering "
+"solutions to problems we all see: blogs create the sense of a virtual public "
+"meeting, but one in which we don't all hope to be there at the same time and "
+"in which conversations are not necessarily linked. The best of the blog "
+"entries are relatively short; they point directly to words used by others, "
+"criticizing with or adding to them. They are arguably the most important "
+"form of unchoreographed public discourse that we have."
+msgstr ""
+"Men i USA har blogger inntatt en vældig anderledes karakter. Det er nogle "
+"som bruger denne plads til at snakke om sit private liv. Men det er mange "
+"som bruger denne plads til at angive i offentlig debat. Diskuterer sager af "
+"offentlig interesse, kritiserer andre som har forkerte synspunkt, kritiser "
+"politikere for afgørelser de tager, tilbyder løsninger på problemer vi alle "
+"ser. Blogger skaber en følelse af et virtuelt offentligt møde, men et hvor "
+"vi alle ikke må at være til præsentere på samme tid, og hvor samtalerne ikke "
+"nødvendigvis er koblet sammen . De bedste af bloggoppføringene er relativt "
+"korte. De peger direkte til ord brugt af andre, kritiserer dem eller "
+"bidrager til dem. Det kan argumenteres for at de er den vigtigste form for "
+"ukoreografert offentlig debat som vi har."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "elections"
+msgstr "valg"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 55
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"That's a strong statement. Yet it says as much about our democracy as it "
+"does about blogs. This is the part of America that is most difficult for "
+"those of us who love America to accept: Our democracy has atrophied. Of "
+"course we have elections, and most of the time the courts allow those "
+"elections to count. A relatively small number of people vote in those "
+"elections. The cycle of these elections has become totally professionalized "
+"and routinized. Most of us think this is democracy."
+msgstr ""
+"Det er en stærk udtalelse. Alligevel siger den lige så meget om vores "
+"demokrati som den siger om blogger. Dette er delen af USA som det er mest "
+"vanskeligt at acceptere for os som elsker USA: vores demokrati har svundet "
+"hen. Vi gennemfører naturligvis valg, og størstedelen af tiden tillader "
+"domstolene at disse valg tæller. Et relativt lille antal mennesker stemmer "
+"i disse valg. Cyklussen med disse valg har blevet totalt professionaliseret "
+"og rutinepræget. De fleste af os tænker på dette som demokrati."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Tocqueville, Alexis de"
+msgstr "Tocqueville, Alexis de"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "public discourse in"
+msgstr "offentlig diskussion i"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "jury system"
+msgstr "jurysystem"
+
+#. f15
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"See, for example, Alexis de Tocqueville, <citetitle>Democracy in America</"
+"citetitle>, bk. 1, trans. Henry Reeve (New York: Bantam Books, 2000), ch. "
+"16."
+msgstr ""
+"Se for eksempel Alexis de Tocqueville, <citetitle>Democracy in America</"
+"citetitle>, bk. 1, overs. Henry Reeve (New York: Bantam Books, 2000), kap. "
+"16 ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"But democracy has never just been about elections. Democracy means rule by "
+"the people, but rule means something more than mere elections. In our "
+"tradition, it also means control through reasoned discourse. This was the "
+"idea that captured the imagination of Alexis de Tocqueville, the nineteenth-"
+"century French lawyer who wrote the most important account of early "
+"<quote>Democracy in America.</quote> It wasn't popular elections that "
+"fascinated him—it was the jury, an institution that gave ordinary "
+"people the right to choose life or death for other citizens. And most "
+"fascinating for him was that the jury didn't just vote about the outcome "
+"they would impose. They deliberated. Members argued about the <quote>right</"
+"quote> result; they tried to persuade each other of the <quote>right</quote> "
+"result, and in criminal cases at least, they had to agree upon a unanimous "
+"result for the process to come to an end.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id="
+"\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Men demokrati har aldrig kun handlet om at gennemføre valg. Demokrati "
+"betyder at befolket styrer, og at styre betyder noget mere end at kunne "
+"vælge. I vores tradition betyder det også kontrol gennem gennemtænkt "
+"meningsbrytning. Dette var idéen som fangede fantasien til Alexis de "
+"Tocqueville, den franske nittenhundretalls-advokaten som skrev den vigtigste "
+"historie om det tidlige <quote>demokratiet i Amerika.</quote> Det var ikke "
+"almen stemmeret som fascinerede ham – det var juryen, en institution "
+"som gav normale folk retten til at vælge mellem liv og død over andre "
+"borgere. Og det som fascinerede ham mest var at juryen ikke bare stemte "
+"over hvilket resultat de villes lægge frem. De diskuterede. Medlemmerne "
+"argumenterede om hvad som var <quote>rigtigt</quote> resultat, de forsøgte "
+"at overbevise hinanden om <quote>rigtigt</quote> resultat, og i hvert fald i "
+"kriminalsaker måtte de blive enige om et enstemmigt resultat for at "
+"processen skulle afsluttes.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. f16
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Bruce Ackerman and James Fishkin, <quote>Deliberation Day,</quote> "
+"<citetitle>Journal of Political Philosophy</citetitle> 10 (2) (2002): 129."
+msgstr ""
+"Bruce Ackerman og James Fishkin, <quote>Deliberation Day,</quote> "
+"<citetitle>Journal of Political Philosophy</citetitle> 10 (2) (2002): 129 ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Yet even this institution flags in American life today. And in its place, "
+"there is no systematic effort to enable citizen deliberation. Some are "
+"pushing to create just such an institution.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id="
+"\"0\"/> And in some towns in New England, something close to deliberation "
+"remains. But for most of us for most of the time, there is no time or place "
+"for <quote>democratic deliberation</quote> to occur."
+msgstr ""
+"Og alligevel accentueres denne institution i USA i dag. Og i dets sted er "
+"det ingen systematisk indsats for at gøre borge-diskussion muligt. Nogle gør "
+"en indsats for at fortage en sådan institution.<placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Og i nogle landsbyer i New England er det noget "
+"som ligner på diskussion igen. Men for de fleste af os det meste af tiden, "
+"mangler det tid og sted for at gennemføre <quote>demokratisk diskussion.</"
+"quote>"
+
+#. f17
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Cass Sunstein, <citetitle>Republic.com</citetitle> (Princeton: Princeton "
+"University Press, 2001), 65–80, 175, 182, 183, 192."
+msgstr ""
+"Cass Sunstein, <citetitle>Republic.com</citetitle> (Princeton: Princeton "
+"University Press, 2001), 65–80, 175, 182, 183, 192 ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"More bizarrely, there is generally not even permission for it to occur. We, "
+"the most powerful democracy in the world, have developed a strong norm "
+"against talking about politics. It's fine to talk about politics with people "
+"you agree with. But it is rude to argue about politics with people you "
+"disagree with. Political discourse becomes isolated, and isolated discourse "
+"becomes more extreme.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> We say what "
+"our friends want to hear, and hear very little beyond what our friends say."
+msgstr ""
+"Mere mærkeligt er at man generelt set ikke engang har accept for at det "
+"skal ske. Vi, det mægtigste demokratiet i værdet, har udviklet en stærk "
+"norm mod at diskutere politik. Det er fint at diskutere politik med folk du "
+"er enigt/enig med, men det er uhøflig at diskutere politik med folk du er "
+"uenigt/uenig med. Politisk debat bliver isoleret, og isoleret diskussion "
+"bliver mere ekstrem.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Vi siger det "
+"vores venner vil høre, og hører rigtigt lille udenom hvad vores venner siger."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "e-mail"
+msgstr "e-post"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 56
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Enter the blog. The blog's very architecture solves one part of this "
+"problem. People post when they want to post, and people read when they want "
+"to read. The most difficult time is synchronous time. Technologies that "
+"enable asynchronous communication, such as e-mail, increase the opportunity "
+"for communication. Blogs allow for public discourse without the public ever "
+"needing to gather in a single public place."
+msgstr ""
+"Så kommer bloggen. Selve bloggens arkitektur løser en del af dette "
+"problemet. Folk publicerer det de ønsker at publicere, og folk læser det de "
+"ønsker at læse. Den vanskeligste/vanskeligeste tiden er synkron tid. "
+"Teknologier som muliggjør asynkron kommunikation, sådan som e-post, øger "
+"muligheden for kommunikation. Blogger gør det muligt med offentlig debat "
+"uden at folket nogensinde behøver at samle sig på et enkelt offentligt sted."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"But beyond architecture, blogs also have solved the problem of norms. "
+"There's no norm (yet) in blog space not to talk about politics. Indeed, the "
+"space is filled with political speech, on both the right and the left. Some "
+"of the most popular sites are conservative or libertarian, but there are "
+"many of all political stripes. And even blogs that are not political cover "
+"political issues when the occasion merits."
+msgstr ""
+"Men i tillæg til arkitektur, har blogger også løst problemet med normer. "
+"Det er (endnu) ingen norm i bloggsfæren om at ikke snakke om politik. "
+"Sfæren er faktisk befolket med politiske indlæg, både på højre og "
+"venstresiden. Nogle af de mest populære stederne er konservative eller "
+"frihetsforkjempere (libertarian), men det er mange af alle politiske farver. "
+" Til og med blogger som ikke er politiske dækker politiske temaer når "
+"anledningen kræver det."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Dean, Howard"
+msgstr "Dean, Howard"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The significance of these blogs is tiny now, though not so tiny. The name "
+"Howard Dean may well have faded from the 2004 presidential race but for "
+"blogs. Yet even if the number of readers is small, the reading is having an "
+"effect."
+msgstr ""
+"Betydningerne af disse bloggene er lille nu, men ikke ubetydelig. Navnet "
+"Howard Dean har i stor grad forsvundet fra 2004-præsidentvalgkampen, bortset "
+"fra hos nogle få blogger. Men selv om antallet læsere er lavt, så har det "
+"at læse dem en effekt."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Lott, Trent"
+msgstr "Lott, Trent"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Thurmond, Strom"
+msgstr "Thurmond, Strom"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "blog pressure on"
+msgstr "blog-pres på"
+
+#. f18
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Noah Shachtman, <quote>With Incessant Postings, a Pundit Stirs the Pot,</"
+"quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 16 January 2003, G5."
+msgstr ""
+"Noah Shachtman, <quote>With Incessant Postings, a Pundit Stirs the Rod,</"
+"quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 16 . januar 2003, G5 ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"One direct effect is on stories that had a different life cycle in the "
+"mainstream media. The Trent Lott affair is an example. When Lott "
+"<quote>misspoke</quote> at a party for Senator Strom Thurmond, essentially "
+"praising Thurmond's segregationist policies, he calculated correctly that "
+"this story would disappear from the mainstream press within forty-eight "
+"hours. It did. But he didn't calculate its life cycle in blog space. The "
+"bloggers kept researching the story. Over time, more and more instances of "
+"the same <quote>misspeaking</quote> emerged. Finally, the story broke back "
+"into the mainstream press. In the end, Lott was forced to resign as senate "
+"majority leader.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"En direkte effekt er på historie som havde en anderledes livscyklus i de "
+"store medierne. Trend Lott-affæren er et eksempel. Da Lott <quote>sagde "
+"fejl</quote> på en party for senator Storm Thurmond, og essensielt lovpriste "
+"segregeringspolitikken til Thurmond, regnede han ganske rigtigt med at "
+"historie villes forsvinde fra de store medierne i løbet af førtiåtte timer. "
+"Det skete. Men han regnede ikke med dens livscyklus i bloggsfæren. "
+"Bloggerne fortsatte at undersøge historie. Efterhånden dukkede flere og "
+"flere tilfælde af tilsvarende <quote>fejludtalelser</quote> op. Så dukket "
+"historie op igen hos de store medierne. Lott blev til slutning tvunget til "
+"at trække sig som flertalleder i senatet.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
+"id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "commercial imperatives of"
+msgstr "kommercielle imperativer af"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This different cycle is possible because the same commercial pressures don't "
+"exist with blogs as with other ventures. Television and newspapers are "
+"commercial entities. They must work to keep attention. If they lose "
+"readers, they lose revenue. Like sharks, they must move on."
+msgstr ""
+"Denne anderledes cyklus er mulig på grund af at et tilsvarende kommercielt "
+"pres ikke eksisterer hos blogger sådan det gør hos andre kanaler. TV og "
+"aviser er kommercielle aktører. De må arbejde for at holde på "
+"opmærksomheden. Hvis de mister læsere, så mister de indkomster. Som hajer, "
+"må de bevæge sig videre."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "peer-generated rankings on"
+msgstr "ligemands-genereret rangeringer af"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"But bloggers don't have a similar constraint. They can obsess, they can "
+"focus, they can get serious. If a particular blogger writes a particularly "
+"interesting story, more and more people link to that story. And as the "
+"number of links to a particular story increases, it rises in the ranks of "
+"stories. People read what is popular; what is popular has been selected by a "
+"very democratic process of peer-generated rankings."
+msgstr ""
+"Men bloggere har ikke tilsvarende begrænsninger. De kan blive opphengt, de "
+"kan fokusere, de kan blive seriøse. Hvis en bestemt blogger skriver en "
+"specielt interessant historie, så vil flere og flere folk lænke til den "
+"historie. Og efterhånden som antallet lænker til en bestemt historie øger, "
+"så stiger den i rangeringen for historie. Folk læser det som er populært, "
+"og det som er populært har blevet valgt gennem en vældig demokratisk proces "
+"af ligemands-genereret rangering. "
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "journalism"
+msgstr "journalistik"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Winer, Dave"
+msgstr "Winer, Dave"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 57
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"There's a second way, as well, in which blogs have a different cycle from "
+"the mainstream press. As Dave Winer, one of the fathers of this movement and "
+"a software author for many decades, told me, another difference is the "
+"absence of a financial <quote>conflict of interest.</quote> <quote>I think "
+"you have to take the conflict of interest</quote> out of journalism, Winer "
+"told me. <quote>An amateur journalist simply doesn't have a conflict of "
+"interest, or the conflict of interest is so easily disclosed that you know "
+"you can sort of get it out of the way.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+"Det er også en anden måde, hvor blogger har en anden cyklus end de store "
+"medierne. Som Dave Winer, en af fædrene til denne bevægelse og en "
+"programvareudvikler i mange årtier, fortalte mig, er en anden forskel "
+"fraværet af finansiel <quote>interessekonflikt.</quote> <quote>Jeg tror du "
+"må tage interessekonflikten</quote> ud af journalismen, fortalte Winer mig. "
+"<quote>En amatørjournalist har ganske enkelt ikke interessekonflikt, eller "
+"interessekonflikten er så enkelt at afsløre at du på en måde ved du kan "
+"rydde den af vejen.</quote>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "CNN"
+msgstr "CNN"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Iraq war"
+msgstr "Irak-krigen"
+
+#. f19
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Telephone interview with David Winer, 16 April 2003."
+msgstr "Telefoninterview med David Winer, 16 . april 2003 ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"These conflicts become more important as media becomes more concentrated "
+"(more on this below). A concentrated media can hide more from the public "
+"than an unconcentrated media can—as CNN admitted it did after the Iraq "
+"war because it was afraid of the consequences to its own employees."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It also needs to sustain a more "
+"coherent account. (In the middle of the Iraq war, I read a post on the "
+"Internet from someone who was at that time listening to a satellite uplink "
+"with a reporter in Iraq. The New York headquarters was telling the reporter "
+"over and over that her account of the war was too bleak: She needed to offer "
+"a more optimistic story. When she told New York that wasn't warranted, they "
+"told her that <emphasis>they</emphasis> were writing <quote>the story.</"
+"quote>)"
+msgstr ""
+"Disse konflikter bliver mere vigtigt efterhånden som medierne bliver mere "
+"centralstyrt (mere om dette under). Koncentrerede medier kan skjule mere "
+"fra offentligheten end ikke-koncentrerede medier kan – sådan CNN "
+"indrømmne at de gjorde efter Irak-krigen fordi de var bange for "
+"konsekvenserne for sine egen beskæftigede.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
+"id=\"0\"/> De behøver også at opretholde en mere konsistent rapportering. "
+"(Midt under Irak-krigen, læste jeg en melding på Internet fra nogle som på "
+"det tidspunktet lyttede på satellit-forbindelsen til en reporter i Irak. "
+"New York-hovedkvarteret fortalte reporteren gang på gang at hendes rapport "
+"om krigen var for trist: Hun måtte tilbyde en mere optimistisk historie. "
+"Når hun fortalte New York at det ikke var grundlag for det, fortalte de "
+"hende at det var <emphasis>de</emphasis> som skrev <quote>historie.</quote>)"
+
+#. f20
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"John Schwartz, <quote>Loss of the Shuttle: The Internet; A Wealth of "
+"Information Online,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 2 "
+"February 2003, A28; Staci D. Kramer, <quote>Shuttle Disaster Coverage Mixed, "
+"but Strong Overall,</quote> Online Journalism Review, 2 February 2003, "
+"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #10</ulink>."
+msgstr ""
+"John Schwartz, <quote>Loss of the Shuttle: The Internet; A Wealth of "
+"Information Online,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 2 februar "
+"2003, A28; Staci D. Kramer, <quote>Shuttle Disaster Coverage Mixed, but "
+"Strong Overall,</quote> Online Journalism Review, 2 . februar 2003, "
+"tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #10</"
+"ulink>."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Blog space gives amateurs a way to enter the debate—<quote>amateur</"
+"quote> not in the sense of inexperienced, but in the sense of an Olympic "
+"athlete, meaning not paid by anyone to give their reports. It allows for a "
+"much broader range of input into a story, as reporting on the Columbia "
+"disaster revealed, when hundreds from across the southwest United States "
+"turned to the Internet to retell what they had seen.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> And it drives readers to read across the range of "
+"accounts and <quote>triangulate,</quote> as Winer puts it, the truth. Blogs, "
+"Winer says, are <quote>communicating directly with our constituency, and the "
+"middle man is out of it</quote>—with all the benefits, and costs, that "
+"might entail."
+msgstr ""
+"Bloggsfæren giver amatører en måde at blive med i debatten – "
+"<quote>amatør</quote> ikke i betydningen uerfaren, men i betydningen af en "
+"olympisk atlet, det vil sige ikke betalt af nogle for at komme med deres "
+"rapport. Det tillader man meget bredere række af optag til en historie, "
+"sådan rapporteringen af Columbia-katastrofen afdækket, når hundredevis fra "
+"hele sørvestlige USA vendte sig til Internet for at gjenfortelle hvad de "
+"havde set.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Og det får læsere til at "
+"læse på tværs af en række fortællinger og <quote>triangulere,</quote> som "
+"Winer formulerer det, sandheden. Blogger, siger Winer, <quote>kommunikerer "
+"direkte med vores vælgermasse, og mellommannen er fjernet</quote> – "
+"med alle de fordeler og ulemper det kan føre med sig."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Olafson, Steve"
+msgstr "Olafson, Steve"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
+"id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type="
+"\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/> See Michael Falcone, <quote>Does an Editor's Pencil "
+"Ruin a Web Log?</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 29 September "
+"2003, C4. (<quote>Not all news organizations have been as accepting of "
+"employees who blog. Kevin Sites, a CNN correspondent in Iraq who started a "
+"blog about his reporting of the war on March 9, stopped posting 12 days "
+"later at his bosses' request. Last year Steve Olafson, a <citetitle>Houston "
+"Chronicle</citetitle> reporter, was fired for keeping a personal Web log, "
+"published under a pseudonym, that dealt with some of the issues and people "
+"he was covering.</quote>)"
+msgstr ""
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
+"id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder "
+"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/> Se Michael Falcone, <quote>Does an Editor's "
+"Pencil Ruin a Web Log?</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 29 . "
+"september 2003, C4 . (<quote>Ikke alle nyhedorganisationer har haft lige så "
+"stor accept for beskæftigede som blogger. Kevin Sites, en CNN-korrespondent "
+"i Irak som startede man blog om sin rapportering af krigen 9 . marts, "
+"stoppet at publicere 12 dage senere på forespørgsel fra sine bosser. I fjor "
+"fik Steve Olafson, en <citetitle>Houston Chronicle</citetitle>-reporter, "
+"sparket for at have hat en personlig web-log, publiceret under pseudonymer, "
+"som handlede om nogle af temaerne og folkene som han dækkede.</quote>)"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 58
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Winer is optimistic about the future of journalism infected with blogs. "
+"<quote>It's going to become an essential skill,</quote> Winer predicts, for "
+"public figures and increasingly for private figures as well. It's not clear "
+"that <quote>journalism</quote> is happy about this—some journalists "
+"have been told to curtail their blogging.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id="
+"\"0\"/> But it is clear that we are still in transition. <quote>A lot of "
+"what we are doing now is warm-up exercises,</quote> Winer told me. There is "
+"a lot that must mature before this space has its mature effect. And as the "
+"inclusion of content in this space is the least infringing use of the "
+"Internet (meaning infringing on copyright), Winer said, <quote>we will be "
+"the last thing that gets shut down.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+"Winer er optimistisk når det gælder en journalistfremtid inficeret af "
+"blogger. <quote>Det kommer til at blive en nødvendig ferdighet,</quote> "
+"spår Winer, for offentlige aktører og også i større grad for private "
+"aktører. Det er ikke klart at <quote>journalismen</quote> er solnedgang "
+"for dette – nogle journalister har blevet bedt om at løbne ud sin "
+"blogging.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Men det er klart at vi "
+"fortsat er i en overgangfase. <quote>Meget af det vi gør nu er "
+"opvarmningøvelser,</quote> fortalte Winer mig. Det er meget som må modne "
+"føder dette felt har modnet færdigt. Og efter som inkludering af indhold på "
+"dette felt er det feltet med mindst ophavsretbrud på Internet, sagde Winer "
+"at <quote>vi vil være den sidste tingen som bliver skudt ned.</quote>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This speech affects democracy. Winer thinks that happens because <quote>you "
+"don't have to work for somebody who controls, [for] a gatekeeper.</quote> "
+"That is true. But it affects democracy in another way as well. As more and "
+"more citizens express what they think, and defend it in writing, that will "
+"change the way people understand public issues. It is easy to be wrong and "
+"misguided in your head. It is harder when the product of your mind can be "
+"criticized by others. Of course, it is a rare human who admits that he has "
+"been persuaded that he is wrong. But it is even rarer for a human to ignore "
+"when he has been proven wrong. The writing of ideas, arguments, and "
+"criticism improves democracy. Today there are probably a couple of million "
+"blogs where such writing happens. When there are ten million, there will be "
+"something extraordinary to report."
+msgstr ""
+"Sådan tale påvirker demokratiet. Winer mener dette sker fordi <quote>du "
+"behøver ikke job til nogle som kontrollerer, [til] en portvokter.</quote> "
+"Det er sandt. Men det påvirker demokratiet også på en anden måde. "
+"Efterhånden som flere og flere borgere udtrykker hvad de mener, og forsvarer "
+"det skriftligt, så vil det ændre hvordan folk forstår offentlige temaer. "
+"Det er enkelt at tage fejl og være på vildspor i dit hoved. Det er "
+"vanskeligere når resultatet fra dine tanke kan blive kritiseret af andre. "
+"Det er selvfølgelig et sjældent menneske som indrømmer at han blev overtalt "
+"til at indse at han tog fejl. Men det er mere sjældent for et menneske at "
+"ignorere at nogle har bevist at han tog fejl. Å skrive ned idéer, "
+"argumenter og kritik forbedrer demokratiet. I dag er det sikkert et par "
+"millioner blogger der det skrives på denne måde. Når det er ti millioner, "
+"så vil det være noget ekstraordinært at rapportere."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Brown, John Seely"
+msgstr "Brown, John Seely"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>John Seely Brown</emphasis> is the chief scientist "
+"of the Xerox Corporation. His work, as his Web site describes it, is "
+"<quote>human learning and … the creation of knowledge ecologies for "
+"creating … innovation.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>John Seely Brown</emphasis> er bossforsker ved Xerox "
+"Corporation. Hans arbejde, ifølge hans eget netsted, er <quote>menneskeligt/"
+"menneskelig læring og … at skabe kundskabøkologier for at skabt "
+"… innovation.</quote>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Brown thus looks at these technologies of digital creativity a bit "
+"differently from the perspectives I've sketched so far. I'm sure he would be "
+"excited about any technology that might improve democracy. But his real "
+"excitement comes from how these technologies affect learning."
+msgstr ""
+"Brown ser dermed på disse teknologier for digital kreativitet lidt "
+"anderledes end fra perspektiverne jeg har skitseret op så langt. Jeg er "
+"sikker på at han bliver begejstret for enhver teknologi som kan forbedre "
+"demokratiet. Men det han virkeligt bliver begejstret over er hvordan disse "
+"teknologier påvirker læring."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 59
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"As Brown believes, we learn by tinkering. When <quote>a lot of us grew up,</"
+"quote> he explains, that tinkering was done <quote>on motorcycle engines, "
+"lawnmower engines, automobiles, radios, and so on.</quote> But digital "
+"technologies enable a different kind of tinkering—with abstract ideas "
+"though in concrete form. The kids at Just Think! not only think about how a "
+"commercial portrays a politician; using digital technology, they can take "
+"the commercial apart and manipulate it, tinker with it to see how it does "
+"what it does. Digital technologies launch a kind of bricolage, or "
+"<quote>free collage,</quote> as Brown calls it. Many get to add to or "
+"transform the tinkering of many others."
+msgstr ""
+"Brown tror vi lærer med at rode. Da <quote>mange af os voksede op ,</quote> "
+"forklarer han, blev fiklingen gjort <quote>på motorcykelmotorer, "
+"græsklippermotorer, køre, radioer og så videre.</quote> Men digitale "
+"teknologier muliggjør en anden type fikling – med abstrakte idéer i "
+"sin konkrede form. Ungerne i Just Think! tænker ikke bare på hvordan et "
+"reklameindslag fremstiller en politiker. Ved at bruge digital teknologi kan "
+"de tage reklameindslaget fra hinanden og manipulerer det, rode med det, og "
+"se hvordan det bliver gjort. Digitale teknologier sætter i gang et slags "
+"hobbyarbejde eller <quote>frifotomontasje,</quote> som Brown kalder det. "
+"Mange får mulighed til at lægge til eller ændre på fiklingen til mange "
+"andre."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The best large-scale example of this kind of tinkering so far is free "
+"software or open-source software (FS/OSS). FS/OSS is software whose source "
+"code is shared. Anyone can download the technology that makes a FS/OSS "
+"program run. And anyone eager to learn how a particular bit of FS/OSS "
+"technology works can tinker with the code."
+msgstr ""
+"Det bedste eksemplet i større skala så langt på denne type fikling er fri "
+"software og åben kildekode (FS/OS). FS/OS er software der kildekoden deles "
+"ud. Alle kan laste ned teknologien som får et FS/OS-program til at fungere. "
+" Og enhver som har lyst til at lære hvordan en bestemt bid af FS/OS-"
+"teknologi fungerer kan rode med koden."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This opportunity creates a <quote>completely new kind of learning platform,</"
+"quote> as Brown describes. <quote>As soon as you start doing that, you "
+"… unleash a free collage on the community, so that other people can "
+"start looking at your code, tinkering with it, trying it out, seeing if they "
+"can improve it.</quote> Each effort is a kind of apprenticeship. <quote>Open "
+"source becomes a major apprenticeship platform.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+"Denne mulighed giver en <quote>helt ny type læringsplattform,</quote> ifølge "
+"Brown. <quote>Så snart du begynder at gøre dette, så … slipper du "
+"løs en frifotomontasje til fællesskabet, sådan at andre folk kan begynde at "
+"se på din kode, rode med den, teste den, se om de kan forbedre den.</quote> "
+"Og hver indsats er en slags læretid. <quote>Åben kildekode bliver en stor "
+"lærlingsplattform.</quote>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"In this process, <quote>the concrete things you tinker with are abstract. "
+"They are code.</quote> Kids are <quote>shifting to the ability to tinker in "
+"the abstract, and this tinkering is no longer an isolated activity that "
+"you're doing in your garage. You are tinkering with a community platform. "
+"… You are tinkering with other people's stuff. The more you tinker "
+"the more you improve.</quote> The more you improve, the more you learn."
+msgstr ""
+"I denne proces, <quote>er de konkrede tingene du roder med abstrakte. De er "
+"kildekode.</quote> Unger <quote>ændres til at få evnen til at rode med det "
+"abstrakte, og denne fiklingen er ikke længere en isoleret aktivitet som du "
+"gør i din garage. Du roder med en fællesskabplatform. … Du roder "
+"med andre folks ordener. Og jo mere du roder, jo mere forbedrer du.</quote> "
+"Jo mere du forbedrer, jo mere lærer du."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This same thing happens with content, too. And it happens in the same "
+"collaborative way when that content is part of the Web. As Brown puts it, "
+"<quote>the Web [is] the first medium that truly honors multiple forms of "
+"intelligence.</quote> Earlier technologies, such as the typewriter or word "
+"processors, helped amplify text. But the Web amplifies much more than text. "
+"<quote>The Web … says if you are musical, if you are artistic, if you "
+"are visual, if you are interested in film … [then] there is a lot you "
+"can start to do on this medium. [It] can now amplify and honor these "
+"multiple forms of intelligence.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+"Denne samme ting sker også med indhold. Og det sker på samme samarbejdende "
+"måde når dette indhold er del af verdensveven. Som Brown formulerer det, "
+"<quote>verdensveven er det første medium som virkeligt tager hensyn til "
+"flere former for intelligens.</quote> Tidligere teknologier, sådan som "
+"skrivemaskine eller tekstbehandling, hjælper med at fremme tekst. Men "
+"nettet fremmer meget mere end tekst. <quote>Nettet … si du er "
+"musikalsk, at du er kunstnerisk, du er visuell, at du er interesseret i "
+"film … da er det en masse du kan gå i gang med på dette medium. Det "
+"kan fremme og tage hensyn til alle disse former for intelligens.</quote>"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 60
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Brown is talking about what Elizabeth Daley, Stephanie Barish, and Just "
+"Think! teach: that this tinkering with culture teaches as well as creates. "
+"It develops talents differently, and it builds a different kind of "
+"recognition."
+msgstr ""
+"Brown snakker om hvad Elizabeth Daley, Stephanie Barish og Just Think! lærer "
+"væk: at denne fiklingen med kultur lærer væk såvel som at den skaber. Den "
+"udvikler talenter lidt anderledes, og den bygger en anden type gjenkjenning."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Yet the freedom to tinker with these objects is not guaranteed. Indeed, as "
+"we'll see through the course of this book, that freedom is increasingly "
+"highly contested. While there's no doubt that your father had the right to "
+"tinker with the car engine, there's great doubt that your child will have "
+"the right to tinker with the images she finds all around. The law and, "
+"increasingly, technology interfere with a freedom that technology, and "
+"curiosity, would otherwise ensure."
+msgstr ""
+"Alligevel er friheden til at rode med disse objekter ikke garanteret. "
+"Faktisk, som vi vil se i løbet af denne bog, er den friheden i stadigt "
+"større grad omstridt. Mens det ikke er tvivl om at din far havde ret til at "
+"rode med bilmotoren, så er det stor tvivl om dit barn vil have retten til at "
+"rode med billeder som hun finder over alt. Loven, og teknologi i stadigt "
+"større grad, forstyrrer friheden som teknologi og nysgerrigheden ellers "
+"villes sikre."
+
+#. f22
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"See, for example, Edward Felten and Andrew Appel, <quote>Technological "
+"Access Control Interferes with Noninfringing Scholarship,</quote> "
+"<citetitle>Communications of the Association for Computer Machinery</"
+"citetitle> 43 (2000): 9."
+msgstr ""
+"Se for eksempel , Edward Felten og Andrew Appel, <quote>Technological Access "
+"Control Interferes with Noninfringing Scholarship,</quote> "
+"<citetitle>Communications of the Association for Computer Machinery</"
+"citetitle> 43 (2000): 9 ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"These restrictions have become the focus of researchers and scholars. "
+"Professor Ed Felten of Princeton (whom we'll see more of in chapter <xref "
+"xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"property-i\"/>) has developed a "
+"powerful argument in favor of the <quote>right to tinker</quote> as it "
+"applies to computer science and to knowledge in general.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> But Brown's concern is earlier, or younger, or more "
+"fundamental. It is about the learning that kids can do, or can't do, because "
+"of the law."
+msgstr ""
+"Disse begrænsninger har blevet fokusen for forskere og akademikere. "
+"Professor Ed Felten ved Princeton (som vi vil se mere fra i kapitel <xref "
+"xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"property-i\"/>) har udviklet et "
+"kraftigt argument til fordel for <quote>retten til at rode</quote> sådan "
+"det gøres i informatik og til kundskab generelt.<placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Men bekymringen til Brown er tidligere , og "
+"mere fundamentalt. Det handler om hvad slags læring unger kan få, eller "
+"ikke kan få, på grund af loven."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<quote>This is where education in the twenty-first century is going,</quote> "
+"Brown explains. We need to <quote>understand how kids who grow up digital "
+"think and want to learn.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+"<quote>Dette er derhen udviklingen af uddannelse i det tjueførste "
+"århundredet er på vej,</quote> forklarer Brown. Vi må <quote>forstå hvordan "
+"unger som vokser op digitalt tænker og ønsker at lære.</quote>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<quote>Yet,</quote> as Brown continued, and as the balance of this book will "
+"evince, <quote>we are building a legal system that completely suppresses the "
+"natural tendencies of today's digital kids. … We're building an "
+"architecture that unleashes 60 percent of the brain [and] a legal system "
+"that closes down that part of the brain.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+"<quote>Alligevel,</quote> fortsatte Brown, og som balancen i denne bog vil "
+"føre bevis for, <quote>bygger vi et juridisk system som fuldstændig "
+"undertrykker den naturlige tendensen i dagens digitale unger. … Vi "
+"bygger en arkitektur som frigør 60 procent af hjernen [og] et juridisk "
+"system som lukker ned den delen af hjernen.</quote>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"We're building a technology that takes the magic of Kodak, mixes moving "
+"images and sound, and adds a space for commentary and an opportunity to "
+"spread that creativity everywhere. But we're building the law to close down "
+"that technology."
+msgstr ""
+"Vi bygger en teknologi som tager magien til Kodak, mikser ind bevægelige "
+"billeder og lyde, og lægger ind plads for kommentarer, og en mulighed til at "
+"brede denne kreativitet over alt. Men vi bygger loven for at lukke ned "
+"denne teknologi."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Kahle, Brewster"
+msgstr "Kahle, Brewster"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<quote>No way to run a culture,</quote> as Brewster Kahle, whom we'll meet "
+"in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"collectors\"/>, "
+"quipped to me in a rare moment of despondence."
+msgstr ""
+"<quote>Ikke måden at styre en kultur på,</quote> sagde Brewster Kahle, som "
+"vi modarbejdede i kapitel <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" "
+"linkend=\"collectors\"/>, kommenterede til mig i et sjældent øjeblik af "
+"nedstemthet."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Chapter Three: Catalogs"
+msgstr "Kapitel tre: Kataloger"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Jordan, Jesse"
+msgstr "Jordan, Jesse"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "RPI"
+msgstr "RPI"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI)"
+msgstr "Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "computer network search engine of"
+msgstr "datanettverkssøkemotor ved"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "search engines"
+msgstr "søkemotorer"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "university computer networks, p2p sharing on"
+msgstr "universitetdatanetværk, p2p-fildeling på"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "search engines used on"
+msgstr "søkemotorer brugt på"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>In the fall</emphasis> of 2002, Jesse Jordan of "
+"Oceanside, New York, enrolled as a freshman at Rensselaer Polytechnic "
+"Institute, in Troy, New York. His major at RPI was information technology. "
+"Though he is not a programmer, in October Jesse decided to begin to tinker "
+"with search engine technology that was available on the RPI network."
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>Sommeren 2002</emphasis> blev Jesse Jordan fra "
+"Oceanside, New York, indrulleret som førsteårsstudent ved Rensselaer "
+"Polytechnic Institute, i Troy, New York. Hans studieretning ved RPI var "
+"informationsteknologi. Selv om han ikke var man programmerer, bestemte "
+"Jesse sig i oktober at begynde at rode med en søkemotorteknologi som var "
+"tilgængeligt på RPI-netværket."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"RPI is one of America's foremost technological research institutions. It "
+"offers degrees in fields ranging from architecture and engineering to "
+"information sciences. More than 65 percent of its five thousand "
+"undergraduates finished in the top 10 percent of their high school class. "
+"The school is thus a perfect mix of talent and experience to imagine and "
+"then build, a generation for the network age."
+msgstr ""
+"RPI er en af Amerikas fremste teknologiske forskninginstitutioner. De "
+"tilbyder grader inden områder som går fra arkitektur og ingeniørfag til "
+"informationsvidenskab. Mere end 65 procent af de fem tusind "
+"laveregradsstudentene fuldførte blandt de 10 procent bedste i deres klasse "
+"på videregående. Skolen er dermed en perfekt blanding af talenter og "
+"erfaring for at se for sig og derefter bygge, en generation tilpassede "
+"netværkalderen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"RPI's computer network links students, faculty, and administration to one "
+"another. It also links RPI to the Internet. Not everything available on the "
+"RPI network is available on the Internet. But the network is designed to "
+"enable students to get access to the Internet, as well as more intimate "
+"access to other members of the RPI community."
+msgstr ""
+"RPIs datanetværk knytter studenter, forelesere og administration sammen. "
+"Det kobler også RPI til Internet. Ikke alt som er tilgængeligt på RPI-"
+"scoret er tilgængeligt på Internet. Men netværket er udformet for at give "
+"alle studenterne mulighed til at bruge Internet, i tillæg til mere direkte "
+"tilgang til andre medlemmer i RPI-fællesskabet."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Google"
+msgstr "Google"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 62
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Search engines are a measure of a network's intimacy. Google brought the "
+"Internet much closer to all of us by fantastically improving the quality of "
+"search on the network. Specialty search engines can do this even better. The "
+"idea of <quote>intranet</quote> search engines, search engines that search "
+"within the network of a particular institution, is to provide users of that "
+"institution with better access to material from that institution. "
+"Businesses do this all the time, enabling employees to have access to "
+"material that people outside the business can't get. Universities do it as "
+"well."
+msgstr ""
+"Søkemotorer er en indikator på hvor intimt et datanetværk opleves at være. "
+"Google bragede Internet meget nærmere os alle ved en utrolig forbedring af "
+"kvaliteten på søgninger i netværket. Specialiserede søkemotorer kan gøre "
+"dette endnu bedre. Idéen med <quote>intranett</quote>-søkemotorer, "
+"søkemotorer som kun søger internt i netværket til en bestemt institution, er "
+"at tilbyde brugerne i denne institution bedre tilgang til materiale fra "
+"denne institution. Bedrifter gør dette hele tiden, ved at give beskæftigede "
+"mulighed til at få tag i materiale som folk på utsiden af bedriften ikke kan "
+"få tag i. Det gøres også af universiteter."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Microsoft"
+msgstr "Microsoft"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "network file system of"
+msgstr "nettverksfilsystemet til"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"These engines are enabled by the network technology itself. Microsoft, for "
+"example, has a network file system that makes it very easy for search "
+"engines tuned to that network to query the system for information about the "
+"publicly (within that network) available content. Jesse's search engine was "
+"built to take advantage of this technology. It used Microsoft's network file "
+"system to build an index of all the files available within the RPI network."
+msgstr ""
+"Disse motorer bliver muliggjort af netværkteknologien selv. For eksempel "
+"har Microsoft et nettverksfilsystem som gør det rigtigt enkelt for "
+"søkemotorer tilpassede det netværket at spørge systemet efter information om "
+"det offentligt (inden netværket) tilgængelige indholdet. Søkemotoren til "
+"Jesse var bygget for at afgå nytte af denne teknologi. Den brugte "
+"Microsofts nettverksfilsystem for at bygge en indeks over alle filerne "
+"tilgængeligt inde i RPI-netværket."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Jesse's wasn't the first search engine built for the RPI network. Indeed, "
+"his engine was a simple modification of engines that others had built. His "
+"single most important improvement over those engines was to fix a bug within "
+"the Microsoft file-sharing system that could cause a user's computer to "
+"crash. With the engines that existed before, if you tried to access a file "
+"through a Windows browser that was on a computer that was off-line, your "
+"computer could crash. Jesse modified the system a bit to fix that problem, "
+"by adding a button that a user could click to see if the machine holding the "
+"file was still on-line."
+msgstr ""
+"Søkemotoren Jesse dagsværket var ikke den første dagsværket for RPI-"
+"netværket. Hans motor var faktisk en enkel ændring af motorer som andre "
+"havde bygget. Hans vigtigste enkeltforbedring i forhold til disse motorer "
+"var at fikse en forkert i Microsofts fildelingssystem som fik en bruges "
+"computer til at krasje. Hvis du med motorerne som havde eksisteret "
+"tidligere forsøgte at koble dig ved hjælp af Windows-utforskeren til en fil "
+"som var på en computer som ikke var på net, så villes din computer krasje. "
+"Jesse ændrede systemet lidt for at fikse det problemet, ved at lægge til en "
+"knap som en bruge kunne klikke på for at se om maskinen som havde filen "
+"fortsat var på net."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Jesse's engine went on-line in late October. Over the following six months, "
+"he continued to tweak it to improve its functionality. By March, the system "
+"was functioning quite well. Jesse had more than one million files in his "
+"directory, including every type of content that might be on users' computers."
+msgstr ""
+"Motoren til Jesse kom på net i slutningen af oktober. I løbet af de "
+"følgende seks månederne fortsatte han at justere den for at forbedre deres "
+"funksjonalitet. I marts fungerede systemet ganske godt. Jesse havde mere "
+"end en million filer i sin katalog, inkluderet alle mulige typer indhold som "
+"fandtes på brugernes computere."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 63
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Thus the index his search engine produced included pictures, which students "
+"could use to put on their own Web sites; copies of notes or research; copies "
+"of information pamphlets; movie clips that students might have created; "
+"university brochures—basically anything that users of the RPI network "
+"made available in a public folder of their computer."
+msgstr ""
+"Dermed listede søkemotorindeksen han producerede op både billeder, som "
+"studenterne kunne lægge ind på sine egen netsider, kopier af notater og "
+"forskning, kopier af informationhæfter, filmklipp som studenterne måske "
+"havde fortaget, universitetbrochurer – kort sagt alt som brugerne af "
+"RPI-netværket havde gjort tilgængeligt i en offentlig mappe på sine "
+"computere."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "tinkering as means of"
+msgstr "fikling som metode for"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"But the index also included music files. In fact, one quarter of the files "
+"that Jesse's search engine listed were music files. But that means, of "
+"course, that three quarters were not, and—so that this point is "
+"absolutely clear—Jesse did nothing to induce people to put music files "
+"in their public folders. He did nothing to target the search engine to these "
+"files. He was a kid tinkering with a Google-like technology at a university "
+"where he was studying information science, and hence, tinkering was the aim. "
+"Unlike Google, or Microsoft, for that matter, he made no money from this "
+"tinkering; he was not connected to any business that would make any money "
+"from this experiment. He was a kid tinkering with technology in an "
+"environment where tinkering with technology was precisely what he was "
+"supposed to do."
+msgstr ""
+"Men indeksen listede også op musikkfiler. Faktisk var en fjerdedel af "
+"filerne omtalt i Jesses søkemotor musikkfiler. Men det betyder, "
+"naturligvis, at tre fjerdedele/fjerdedeler ikke var det, og – sådan at "
+"dette pointe er helt klart – Jesse gjorde ingenting for at få folk til "
+"at placere musikkfiler i deres offentlige mapper. Han gjorde ingenting for "
+"at sigte søkemotoren mod disse filer. Han var en ungdom som rodede med "
+"Google-lignende teknologi ved et universitet der han studerede "
+"informationsvidenskab, og dermed var fiklingen målet. I modsætning til "
+"Google, eller Microsoft for den sags skyld, tjente han ingen penge på denne "
+"fiklingen. Han var ikke knyttet til nogen bedrift som skulle tjene penge "
+"fra dette eksperiment. Han var en ungdom som rodede med teknologi i en "
+"omgivelse hvor fikling med teknologi var nøjagtigt hvad han skulle gøre."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "in recording industry"
+msgstr "i pladeindustri"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "against student file sharing"
+msgstr "mod student-fildeling"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "recording industry"
+msgstr "pladeindustrien"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "copyright infringement lawsuits of"
+msgstr "søgsmål om ophavsretbrud fra"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)"
+msgstr "Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "copyright infringement lawsuits filed by"
+msgstr "stevning i sag om om krenkelse af ophavsret taget ud af"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"On April 3, 2003, Jesse was contacted by the dean of students at RPI. The "
+"dean informed Jesse that the Recording Industry Association of America, the "
+"RIAA, would be filing a lawsuit against him and three other students whom he "
+"didn't even know, two of them at other universities. A few hours later, "
+"Jesse was served with papers from the suit. As he read these papers and "
+"watched the news reports about them, he was increasingly astonished."
+msgstr ""
+"Den 3 . april 2003 blev Jesse kontaktet af lederen for studentkontoret ved "
+"RPI. Lederen fortalte Jesse at Foreningen for musikindustri i USA, RIAA, "
+"villes levere ind et søgsmål mod ham og tre andre studenter som han ikke en "
+"gang kendte, to af dem på andre universiteter. Nogle få timer senere blev "
+"Jesse prædiket søgsmålet og fik overleveret dokumenterne. Mens han læste "
+"disse dokumenter og så på nyhedrapporterne om den, blev han stadig mere "
+"forbauset."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<quote>It was absurd,</quote> he told me. <quote>I don't think I did "
+"anything wrong. … I don't think there's anything wrong with the "
+"search engine that I ran or … what I had done to it. I mean, I hadn't "
+"modified it in any way that promoted or enhanced the work of pirates. I just "
+"modified the search engine in a way that would make it easier to use</"
+"quote>—again, a <emphasis>search engine</emphasis>, which Jesse had "
+"not himself built, using the Windows filesharing system, which Jesse had not "
+"himself built, to enable members of the RPI community to get access to "
+"content, which Jesse had not himself created or posted, and the vast "
+"majority of which had nothing to do with music."
+msgstr ""
+"<quote>Det var absurd,</quote> fortalte han mig. <quote>Jeg mener at jeg "
+"ikke gjorde noget galt. … Jeg mener det ikke er noget galt med "
+"søkemotoren som jeg kørte eller … hvad jeg havde gjort med den. Jeg "
+"mener, jeg havde ikke ændret den på nogen måde som fremmede eller "
+"forbedrede arbejdede til pirater. Jeg ændrede kun søkemotoren sådan at den "
+"blev enklere at bruge</quote> – igen , en <emphasis>søkemotor</"
+"emphasis>, som Jesse ikke havde bygget selv, som brugte fildelingssystemet "
+"til Windows, som Jesse ikke havde bygget selv, for at gøre det muligt for "
+"medlemmer af RPI-fællesskabet at få tilgang til indhold, som Jesse ikke "
+"havde fortaget eller gjort tilgængeligt, og der det store flertal af dette "
+"ikke havde noget med musik at gøre."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "exaggerated claims of"
+msgstr "overdrevne påstande om"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "statutory damages of"
+msgstr "lovbestemmte skader for"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "individual defendants intimidated by"
+msgstr "de enkelte sagsøgte afskrækket af"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "statutory damages"
+msgstr "lovbestemmte skader"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "intimidation tactics of"
+msgstr "skræmseltaktikker til"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 64
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"But the RIAA branded Jesse a pirate. They claimed he operated a network and "
+"had therefore <quote>willfully</quote> violated copyright laws. They "
+"demanded that he pay them the damages for his wrong. For cases of "
+"<quote>willful infringement,</quote> the Copyright Act specifies something "
+"lawyers call <quote>statutory damages.</quote> These damages permit a "
+"copyright owner to claim $150,000 per infringement. As the RIAA alleged more "
+"than one hundred specific copyright infringements, they therefore demanded "
+"that Jesse pay them at least $15,000,000."
+msgstr ""
+"Men RIAA kaldte Jesse en pirat. De hævdede at han opererede et netværk, og "
+"dermed <quote>bevidst</quote> havde brudt åndsverkslovene. De krævede at "
+"han betalte dem skadeerstatning for det han havde gjort galt. I sagsøger "
+"med <quote>bevidste krenkelser,</quote> specificerer åndsverksloven noget "
+"som advokater kalder <quote>lovbestemmte skader.</quote> Disse skader "
+"tillader en ophavrettighedejer at kræve 150 000 dollar per krenkelse. Efter "
+"som RIAA påstod det var mere end et hundrede spesifikke "
+"opphavsrettskrenkelser, krævede de dermed at Jesse betalte dem mindst "
+"15 000 000 dollar."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Michigan Technical University"
+msgstr "Michigan Technical University"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Princeton University"
+msgstr "Princeton University"
+
+#. f1
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Tim Goral, <quote>Recording Industry Goes After Campus P-2-P Networks: Suit "
+"Alleges $97.8 Billion in Damages,</quote> <citetitle>Professional Media "
+"Group LCC</citetitle> 6 (2003): 5, available at 2003 WL 55179443."
+msgstr ""
+"Tim Goral, <quote>Recording Industry Goes After Campus P-2-P Networks: Suit "
+"Alleges $97.8 Billion in Damages,</quote> <citetitle>Professional Medierne "
+"Group LCC</citetitle> 6 (2003): 5, tilgængeligt fra 2003 WL 55179443 ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Similar lawsuits were brought against three other students: one other "
+"student at RPI, one at Michigan Technical University, and one at Princeton. "
+"Their situations were similar to Jesse's. Though each case was different in "
+"detail, the bottom line in each was exactly the same: huge demands for "
+"<quote>damages</quote> that the RIAA claimed it was entitled to. If you "
+"added up the claims, these four lawsuits were asking courts in the United "
+"States to award the plaintiffs close to $100 <emphasis>billion</"
+"emphasis>—six times the <emphasis>total</emphasis> profit of the film "
+"industry in 2001.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Lignende søgsmål blev gjort mod tre andre studenter: en anden student ved "
+"RPI, en ved Michigan Technical University og en ved Princeton. Deres "
+"situationer var lig den til Jesse. Selv om hver sag havde forskellige "
+"detaljer, var hovedpointen nøjagtigt det samme: store krav om "
+"<quote>erstatning</quote> som RIAA påstod de havde ret på. Hvis du "
+"summerede op disse krav, bad disse fire søgsmålene domstolene i USA at "
+"tildele saksøkerne næsten 100 <emphasis>milliarder</emphasis> dollar – "
+"seks gange det <emphasis>totale</emphasis> overskudtet/overskuddet til "
+"filmindustrien i 2001 .<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Jesse called his parents. They were supportive but a bit frightened. An "
+"uncle was a lawyer. He began negotiations with the RIAA. They demanded to "
+"know how much money Jesse had. Jesse had saved $12,000 from summer jobs and "
+"other employment. They demanded $12,000 to dismiss the case."
+msgstr ""
+"Jesse kontaktede sine forældre. De støttede ham, men var lidt afskrækket. "
+"En farbror var advokat. Han startede forhandlinger med RIAA. De krævede at "
+"få vide hvor mange penge Jesse havde. Jesse havde sparet op 12 000 dollar "
+"fra sommerjob og andet arbejde. De krævede 12 000 dollar for at trække "
+"sagen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Oppenheimer, Matt"
+msgstr "Oppenheimer, Matt"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The RIAA wanted Jesse to admit to doing something wrong. He refused. They "
+"wanted him to agree to an injunction that would essentially make it "
+"impossible for him to work in many fields of technology for the rest of his "
+"life. He refused. They made him understand that this process of being sued "
+"was not going to be pleasant. (As Jesse's father recounted to me, the chief "
+"lawyer on the case, Matt Oppenheimer, told Jesse, <quote>You don't want to "
+"pay another visit to a dentist like me.</quote>) And throughout, the RIAA "
+"insisted it would not settle the case until it took every penny Jesse had "
+"saved."
+msgstr ""
+"RIAA villes at Jesse skulle indrømme at han havde gjort noget galt. Han "
+"nægtede. De villes have ham til at godtage en forføyning som i praksis "
+"villes gøre det umuligt for ham at arbejde i mange områder inden teknologi "
+"for resten af hans liv. Han nægtede. De fik ham til at forstå at denne "
+"proces med at blive sagsøgt ikke kom til at blive hyggeligt. (Som faren "
+"til Jesse refererede til mig, fortalte bossadvokaten på sagen, Matt "
+"Oppenheimer, <quote>Du ønsker ikke et tandlægebesøg hos mig flere gange</"
+"quote>), og gennem det hele insisterede RIAA at de ikke villes indgå forlig "
+"før de havde taget hver eneste øre som Jesse havde sparet op ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "legal system, attorney costs in"
+msgstr "juridisk system, advokatomkostninger i"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 65
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Jesse's family was outraged at these claims. They wanted to fight. But "
+"Jesse's uncle worked to educate the family about the nature of the American "
+"legal system. Jesse could fight the RIAA. He might even win. But the cost of "
+"fighting a lawsuit like this, Jesse was told, would be at least $250,000. If "
+"he won, he would not recover that money. If he won, he would have a piece of "
+"paper saying he had won, and a piece of paper saying he and his family were "
+"bankrupt."
+msgstr ""
+"Familien til Jessie blev oprøret over disse påstande. De ønskede at kæmpe. "
+"Men farbroren til Jessie gjorde en indsats for at lære familien om hvordan "
+"det amerikanske juridiske systemet fungerede. Jesse kunne sloges mod RIAA. "
+"Han kunne til og med vinne. Men omkostningen med at sloges mod et søgsmål "
+"som dette, blev Jesse fortalt, villes være mindst 250 000 dollar. Hvis han "
+"vandt vilde han ikke få tilbage nogle af de pengeene. Hvis han vandt, så "
+"villes han have en bidder papir som sagde at han vandt, og en bidder papir "
+"som sagde at han og hans familie var konkurs."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"So Jesse faced a mafia-like choice: $250,000 and a chance at winning, or "
+"$12,000 and a settlement."
+msgstr ""
+"Så Jesse havde et mafia-lignende valg: 250 000 dollar og en chance til at "
+"vinde, eller 12 000 dollar og et forlig."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "artists"
+msgstr "artister"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "recording industry payments to"
+msgstr "musikindustrien betaling til"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "artist remuneration in"
+msgstr "artisthonorar i"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "lobbying power of"
+msgstr "lobbymagten til"
+
+#. f2
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Occupational Employment Survey, U.S. Dept. of Labor (2001) "
+"(27–2042—Musicians and Singers). See also National Endowment for "
+"the Arts, <citetitle>More Than One in a Blue Moon</citetitle> (2000)."
+msgstr ""
+"Occupational Employment Survey, U.S. Dept. of Labor (2001) (27–2042 "
+"– Musikere og Sangere). Se også National Endowment for the Arts, "
+"<citetitle>More Than One in a Blue Moon</citetitle> (2000)."
+
+#. f3
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Douglas Lichtman makes a related point in <quote>KaZaA and Punishment,</"
+"quote> <citetitle>Wall Street Journal</citetitle>, 10 September 2003, A24."
+msgstr ""
+"Douglas Lichtman kommer med et relateret pointe i <quote>KaZaA and "
+"Punishment,</quote> <citetitle>Wall Street Journal</citetitle>, 10 . "
+"september 2003, A24 ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The recording industry insists this is a matter of law and morality. Let's "
+"put the law aside for a moment and think about the morality. Where is the "
+"morality in a lawsuit like this? What is the virtue in scapegoatism? The "
+"RIAA is an extraordinarily powerful lobby. The president of the RIAA is "
+"reported to make more than $1 million a year. Artists, on the other hand, "
+"are not well paid. The average recording artist makes $45,900.<placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> There are plenty of ways for the RIAA to affect "
+"and direct policy. So where is the morality in taking money from a student "
+"for running a search engine?<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Musikindustrien insisterer på at dette er et spørgsmål om lov og moral. Lad "
+"os lægge loven til side for et øjeblik og tænke på moralen. Hvor er moralen "
+"i et søgsmål som dette? Hvad er dyden i at skabe offerlam? RIAA er en "
+"specielt mægtig lobby. Præsidenten i RIAA tjener ifølge rapporter mere end "
+"1 million dollar i året. Artister, på den andre side, får ikke godt "
+"betalt. Den gennemsnitlige indspilningartist tjener 45 900 dollar."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Det er utallige virkemidler som "
+"RIAA kan benytte for at påvirke og styre politikken. Så hvad er det "
+"moralske i at tage penge fra en student for at drive en "
+"søkemotor?<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"On June 23, Jesse wired his savings to the lawyer working for the RIAA. The "
+"case against him was then dismissed. And with this, this kid who had "
+"tinkered a computer into a $15 million lawsuit became an activist:"
+msgstr ""
+"23 . juni overførte Jesse alle sine oppsparte midler til advokaten som "
+"arbejdede for RIAA. Sagen mod ham blev trukket. Og sådan blev unggutten "
+"som havde rodet med en computer og blevet sagsøgt for 15 millioner dollar, "
+"en aktivist:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"I was definitely not an activist [before]. I never really meant to be an "
+"activist. … [But] I've been pushed into this. In no way did I ever "
+"foresee anything like this, but I think it's just completely absurd what the "
+"RIAA has done."
+msgstr ""
+"Jeg var definitivt ikke en aktivist [tidligere]. Jeg mente egentligt aldrig "
+"at være en aktivist. … [men] jeg har blevet skubbet ind i dette. "
+"Jeg udsigte over hovedet ikke noget sådan som dette, men jeg tror det er "
+"bare helt absurd det RIAA har gjort."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Jesse's parents betray a certain pride in their reluctant activist. As his "
+"father told me, Jesse <quote>considers himself very conservative, and so do "
+"I. … He's not a tree hugger. … I think it's bizarre that they "
+"would pick on him. But he wants to let people know that they're sending the "
+"wrong message. And he wants to correct the record.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+"Forældrene til Jesse afslører man vis stolthet over deres modvillige "
+"aktivist. Som hans far fortalte mig, Jesse <quote>anser sig selv for at "
+"være konservativ, og det samme gør jeg. … Han er ingen treklemmer. "
+"… Jeg synes det er sært at de villes fortage larm med ham. Men han "
+"ønsker at lade folk vide at de sender forkerte budskab. Og han ønsker at "
+"korrigere rullebladet.</quote>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Chapter Four: <quote>Pirates</quote>"
+msgstr "Kapitel fire: <quote>Pirater</quote>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "in development of content industry"
+msgstr "i udviklingen af indholdindustri"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>If <quote>piracy</quote> means</emphasis> using the "
+"creative property of others without their permission—if <quote>if "
+"value, then right</quote> is true—then the history of the content "
+"industry is a history of piracy. Every important sector of <quote>big media</"
+"quote> today—film, records, radio, and cable TV—was born of a "
+"kind of piracy so defined. The consistent story is how last generation's "
+"pirates join this generation's country club—until now."
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>Hvis <quote>piratvirksomhed</quote> betyder</"
+"emphasis> at bruge den kreative ejendommen til andre uden deres tilladelse "
+"– hvis <quote>hvis værdi, så rettighed</quote> er tilfælde – da "
+"er historie til indholdindustrien en historie om piratvirksomhed. Hver "
+"eneste vigtige sektor af <quote>store medier</quote> i dag – film, "
+"plader, radio og kabel-TV – kom fra en slags piratvirksomhed efter den "
+"definitionen. Den konsekvente fortællingen er at forrige generation pirater "
+"bliver del af denne generations borgerskap – indtil nu."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Film"
+msgstr "Film"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Hollywood film industry"
+msgstr "Hollywoods filmindustri"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "film industry"
+msgstr "filmindustri"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "patents"
+msgstr "patenter"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "on film technology"
+msgstr "om filmteknologi"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> I am grateful to Peter DiMauro "
+"for pointing me to this extraordinary history. See also Siva Vaidhyanathan, "
+"<citetitle>Copyrights and Copywrongs</citetitle>, 87–93, which details "
+"Edison's <quote>adventures</quote> with copyright and patent."
+msgstr ""
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Jeg er taknemmelig til Peter "
+"DiMauro for at have peget mig i retning af denne ekstraordinære historie. "
+"Se også Sivede Vaidhyanathan, <citetitle>Copyrights and Copywrongs</"
+"citetitle>, 87–93, som fortæller detaljer om Edisons <quote>eventyr</"
+"quote> med ophavsret og patent."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 67
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The film industry of Hollywood was built by fleeing pirates.<placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Creators and directors migrated from the East "
+"Coast to California in the early twentieth century in part to escape "
+"controls that patents granted the inventor of filmmaking, Thomas Edison. "
+"These controls were exercised through a monopoly <quote>trust,</quote> the "
+"Motion Pictures Patents Company, and were based on Thomas Edison's creative "
+"property—patents. Edison formed the MPPC to exercise the rights this "
+"creative property gave him, and the MPPC was serious about the control it "
+"demanded."
+msgstr ""
+"Filmindustrien i Hollywood var bygget op af flygtende pirater.<placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Skabere og regissører flyttede fra østkysten "
+"til California tidlig i det tyvende århundredet delvis for at slippe fra "
+"kontrollerne som patenter gav den som fandt op at fortage film, Thomas "
+"Edison. Disse kontroller blev udøvet gennem et monopol<quote>kartel,</"
+"quote> The Motion Pictures Patents Company, og var baseret på Thomas Edisons "
+"kreative ejerrettigheder – patenter. Edison stiftede MPPC for at "
+"udøvede rettighederne som disse kreative ejerrettigheder gav ham, og MPPC "
+"var seriøs med de krav om kontrol som de fremmede:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "As one commentator tells one part of the story,"
+msgstr "Som en kommentator fortæller en del af historie,"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"A January 1909 deadline was set for all companies to comply with the "
+"license. By February, unlicensed outlaws, who referred to themselves as "
+"independents protested the trust and carried on business without submitting "
+"to the Edison monopoly. In the summer of 1909 the independent movement was "
+"in full-swing, with producers and theater owners using illegal equipment and "
+"imported film stock to create their own underground market."
+msgstr ""
+"En tidsfrist blev sat til januar 1909 for alle selskaber at komme i "
+"overensstemmelse med licensen. Da februar kom, protesterede de ulisensierte "
+"fredløse, som refererede til sig selv som uafhængige, mod kartellet, og "
+"fortsatte sin forretningsvirksomhet uden at bøje sig for Edisons monopol. "
+"Sommeren 1909 var bevægelsen med uafhængige i fuld sving, med producenter og "
+"biografejere som brugte ulovligt udstyr og importerede filmlager for at "
+"oprette sit eget undergrundmarked."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Fox, William"
+msgstr "Fox, William"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "General Film Company"
+msgstr "General Film Company"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Picker, Randal C."
+msgstr "Picker, Randal C."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "broadcast flag"
+msgstr "kringkastingsflagg"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"J. A. Aberdeen, <citetitle>Hollywood Renegades: The Society of Independent "
+"Motion Picture Producers</citetitle> (Cobblestone Entertainment, 2000) and "
+"expanded texts posted at <quote>The Edison Movie Monopoly: The Motion "
+"Picture Patents Company vs. the Independent Outlaws,</quote> available at "
+"<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #11</ulink>. For a "
+"discussion of the economic motive behind both these limits and the limits "
+"imposed by Victor on phonographs, see Randal C. Picker, <quote>From Edison "
+"to the Broadcast Flag: Mechanisms of Consent and Refusal and the "
+"Propertization of Copyright</quote> (September 2002), University of Chicago "
+"Law School, James M. Olin Program in Law and Economics, Working Paper No. "
+"159. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"J. A. Aberdeen, <citetitle>Hollywood Renegades: The Society of Independent "
+"Motion Picture Producers</citetitle> (Cobblestone Entertainment, 2000) og "
+"udvidede tekster lagt ud på <quote>The Edison Movie Monopoly: The Motion "
+"Picture Patents Company vs. the Independent Outlaws,</quote> tilgængeligt "
+"fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #11</ulink>. For en "
+"diskussion om det økonomiske motivet bag begge disse begrænsninger, og "
+"begrænsningerne pålagt af Victor på fonografer, se Randal C. Picker, "
+"<quote>From Edison to the Broadcast Flag: Mechanisms of Consent and Refusal "
+"and the Propertization of Copyright</quote> (september 2002), University of "
+"Chicago Law School, James M. Olin Program in Law and Economics, Working "
+"Paper No. 159 . <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"With the country experiencing a tremendous expansion in the number of "
+"nickelodeons, the Patents Company reacted to the independent movement by "
+"forming a strong-arm subsidiary known as the General Film Company to block "
+"the entry of non-licensed independents. With coercive tactics that have "
+"become legendary, General Film confiscated unlicensed equipment, "
+"discontinued product supply to theaters which showed unlicensed films, and "
+"effectively monopolized distribution with the acquisition of all U.S. film "
+"exchanges, except for the one owned by the independent William Fox who "
+"defied the Trust even after his license was revoked.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Med et land som så en kolossal øgning i antal billige biografer, såkaldte "
+"nickelodeons, reagerede patentselskabet på uafhængige-bevægelsen med at "
+"stifte General Film Company, et hardhendt datterselskab oprettet for at "
+"blokere ankomsten af de ulisensierte uafhængige. Med tvangtaktikker som har "
+"blevet legendariske, konfiskerede General Film ulisensiert udstyr, stoppede "
+"varelevering til biografer som viste ulisensiert film, og effektivt "
+"monopoliserede distribution ved at købe op alle USAs filmcentraler, med "
+"undtagelse af den ene som var ejet af den uafhængige William Fox som modstod "
+"kartellet selv efter at hans licens var trukket tilbage.<placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. f3
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Marc Wanamaker, <quote>The First Studios,</quote> <citetitle>The Silents "
+"Majority</citetitle>, archived at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/"
+"\">link #12</ulink>."
+msgstr ""
+"Marc Wanamaker, <quote>The First Studios,</quote> <citetitle>The Silents "
+"Majority</citetitle>, arkiveret på <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/"
+"\">link #12</ulink>."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The Napsters of those days, the <quote>independents,</quote> were companies "
+"like Fox. And no less than today, these independents were vigorously "
+"resisted. <quote>Shooting was disrupted by machinery stolen, and "
+"<quote>accidents</quote> resulting in loss of negatives, equipment, "
+"buildings and sometimes life and limb frequently occurred.</"
+"quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> That led the independents to "
+"flee the East Coast. California was remote enough from Edison's reach that "
+"filmmakers there could pirate his inventions without fear of the law. And "
+"the leaders of Hollywood filmmaking, Fox most prominently, did just that."
+msgstr ""
+"Napsterne i de dage, de <quote>uafhængige,</quote> var selskaber som Fox. "
+"Og ikke mindre end i dag blev disse uafhængige intenst modarbejdet. "
+"<quote>Optagelse blev afbrudt af stjålet maskineri, og <quote>uheld</quote> "
+"som førte til tabte negativer, udstyr, bygninger og nogle gange liv og "
+"lemmer skete ofte.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Dette "
+"fik de uafhængige til at flygte til østkysten. California var fjernt nok "
+"fra Edisons indflydelse til at filmskaberne der kunne røve hans nyvindinger "
+"uden at frygte loven. Og lederne blandt Hollywoods filmskabere, Fox mest "
+"fremtrædende, gjorde akkurat dette."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 68
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Of course, California grew quickly, and the effective enforcement of federal "
+"law eventually spread west. But because patents grant the patent holder a "
+"truly <quote>limited</quote> monopoly (just seventeen years at that time), "
+"by the time enough federal marshals appeared, the patents had expired. A new "
+"industry had been born, in part from the piracy of Edison's creative "
+"property."
+msgstr ""
+"California voksede naturligvis raskt, og effektiv håndhevelse af føderale "
+"håndflade bredte sig til slutning vestover. Men fordi patenter tildeler "
+"patentindehaveren et i sandhed <quote>begrænset</quote> monopol (kun sytten "
+"år på den tiden), så var patenterne utgått før nok føderale lovmenn dukket "
+"op . En ny industri var født, delvis fra piratvirksomhed mod Edisons "
+"kreative rettigheder."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Recorded Music"
+msgstr "Optaget musik"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "on music recordings"
+msgstr "om musikindspilninger"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The record industry was born of another kind of piracy, though to see how "
+"requires a bit of detail about the way the law regulates music."
+msgstr ""
+"Musikindustrien blev født af en anden type piratvirksomhed, dog for at "
+"forstå hvordan kræver det at man sætter sig ind i detaljer om hvordan loven "
+"regulerer musik."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Fourneaux, Henri"
+msgstr "Fourneaux, Henri"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Russel, Phil"
+msgstr "Russel, Phil"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"At the time that Edison and Henri Fourneaux invented machines for "
+"reproducing music (Edison the phonograph, Fourneaux the player piano), the "
+"law gave composers the exclusive right to control copies of their music and "
+"the exclusive right to control public performances of their music. In other "
+"words, in 1900, if I wanted a copy of Phil Russel's 1899 hit <quote>Happy "
+"Mose,</quote> the law said I would have to pay for the right to get a copy "
+"of the musical score, and I would also have to pay for the right to perform "
+"it publicly."
+msgstr ""
+"På den tiden da Edison og Henri Fourneaux fandt op maskiner for at "
+"reproducere musik (Edison fonografen, Fourneaux det automatiske pianoet), "
+"gav loven komponister eksklusive rettigheder til at kontrollere kopier af "
+"sin musik, og eksklusive rettigheder til at kontrollere fremføringer af sin "
+"musik. Med andre ord, i 1900, hvis jeg ønskede et kopi af Phil Russels "
+"populære lød <quote>Happy Mose,</quote> sagde loven at jeg måtte betale for "
+"rettigheden til at få en kopi af notearkene, og jeg måtte også betale for "
+"at have ret til at fremføre det offentligt."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Beatles"
+msgstr "Beatles"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"But what if I wanted to record <quote>Happy Mose,</quote> using Edison's "
+"phonograph or Fourneaux's player piano? Here the law stumbled. It was clear "
+"enough that I would have to buy any copy of the musical score that I "
+"performed in making this recording. And it was clear enough that I would "
+"have to pay for any public performance of the work I was recording. But it "
+"wasn't totally clear that I would have to pay for a <quote>public "
+"performance</quote> if I recorded the song in my own house (even today, you "
+"don't owe the Beatles anything if you sing their songs in the shower), or if "
+"I recorded the song from memory (copies in your brain are not—"
+"yet— regulated by copyright law). So if I simply sang the song into a "
+"recording device in the privacy of my own home, it wasn't clear that I owed "
+"the composer anything. And more importantly, it wasn't clear whether I owed "
+"the composer anything if I then made copies of those recordings. Because of "
+"this gap in the law, then, I could effectively pirate someone else's song "
+"without paying its composer anything."
+msgstr ""
+"Men hvad hvis jeg ønskede at spille ind <quote>Happy Mose</quote> ved hjælp "
+"af Edisons fonograf eller Fourneaux automatiske pianoer? Her snublede "
+"loven. Det var klart nok at jeg måtte købe en kopi af noterne som jeg "
+"fremførte når jeg gjorde indspilningen. Og det var klart nok at jeg måtte "
+"betale for enhver offentligt fremførelse af værket jeg spillede ind. Men "
+"det var ikke helt klart om jeg måtte betale for man <quote>offentligt "
+"fremføring</quote> hvis jeg spillede ind sangen i mit eget hus (selv i dag "
+"skylder du ingenting til Beatles hvis du synger en af jeres sange i "
+"brusebadet), eller hvis jeg spillede ind sangen fra hukommelsen (kopier i "
+"din hjerne er ikke – endnu – reguleret af åndsverksloven). Så "
+"hvis jeg ganske enkelt sang sangen ind i et indspilningapparat i mit eget "
+"hjem, så var det ikke klart at jeg skyldte komponisten noget. Og endnu "
+"vigtigere, det var ikke klart om jeg skyldte komponisten noget hvis jeg så "
+"fortog kopier af disse indspilninger. På grund af dette hulet i loven, så "
+"kunne jeg i effekt røve nogle andres sang uden at betale dets komponist "
+"noget."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Kittredge, Alfred"
+msgstr "Kittredge, Alfred"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The composers (and publishers) were none too happy about this capacity to "
+"pirate. As South Dakota senator Alfred Kittredge put it, <placeholder type="
+"\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Komponisterne (og utgiverne) var ikke rigtigt glade for denne anledning til "
+"at røve. Som Senator Alfred Kittredge fra Syd-Dakota formulerede "
+"det:<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright: Hearings on S. 6330 "
+"and H.R. 19853 Before the (Joint) Committees on Patents, 59th Cong. 59, 1st "
+"sess. (1906) (statement of Senator Alfred B. Kittredge, of South Dakota, "
+"chairman), reprinted in <citetitle>Legislative History of the Copyright Act</"
+"citetitle>, E. Fulton Brylawski and Abe Goldman, eds. (South Hackensack, N."
+"J.: Rothman Reprints, 1976). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Endre og slå sammen lovforslag om at respektere ophavsreten: Høring om S. "
+"6330 og H.R. 19853 foran (fælles)-komiteerne om patenter, 59 . kongr. 59, 1 "
+". siddeplads. (1906) (udtalelse til senator Alfred B. Kittredge fra Syd-"
+"Dakota, formand), gengivet i <citetitle>Legislative History of the 1909 "
+"Copyright Act</citetitle>, E. Fulton Brylawski og Abe Goldman, red. (South "
+"Hackensack, N.J.: Rothman Reprints, 1976). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
+"id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Imagine the injustice of the thing. A composer writes a song or an opera. A "
+"publisher buys at great expense the rights to the same and copyrights it. "
+"Along come the phonographic companies and companies who cut music rolls and "
+"deliberately steal the work of the brain of the composer and publisher "
+"without any regard for [their] rights.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id="
+"\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Forestill I denne urettferdigheten. En komponist skriver en sang eller en "
+"opera. En utgiver køber rettighederne til denne for en høj sum, og "
+"registrerer ophavsreten til den. Så kommer de fonografiske selskaberne og "
+"selskaberne som skærer musikruller, og med vidende og vilje stjæler arbejdet "
+"som kommer fra hjernen til komponisten og utgiveren uden at genere sig om "
+"[deres] rettigheder.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Sousa, John Philip"
+msgstr "Sousa, John Philip"
+
+#. f5
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 223 (statement of "
+"Nathan Burkan, attorney for the Music Publishers Association)."
+msgstr ""
+"To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 223 (udtalelse fra "
+"Nathan Burkan, advokat for the Music Publishers Association)."
+
+#. f6
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 226 (statement of "
+"Nathan Burkan, attorney for the Music Publishers Association)."
+msgstr ""
+"To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 226 (udtalelse fra "
+"Nathan Burkan, advokat for the Music Publishers Association)."
+
+#. f7
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 23 (statement of "
+"John Philip Sousa, composer)."
+msgstr ""
+"To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 23 (udtalelse fra "
+"John Philip Sousa, komponist)."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The innovators who developed the technology to record other people's works "
+"were <quote>sponging upon the toil, the work, the talent, and genius of "
+"American composers,</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> and the "
+"<quote>music publishing industry</quote> was thereby <quote>at the complete "
+"mercy of this one pirate.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> "
+"As John Philip Sousa put it, in as direct a way as possible, <quote>When "
+"they make money out of my pieces, I want a share of it.</quote><placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Innovatørerne som udviklede teknologien for at spille ind andres arbejde, "
+"<quote>snyltede på indsatsen, arbejdede, talentet og geniet til amerikanske "
+"komponister,</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> og "
+"<quote>musikforlagbranchen</quote> var dermed <quote>fuldstændig underlagt "
+"denne pirat.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Som John "
+"Philip Sousa formulerede det, så direkte som det kan siges, <quote>når de "
+"tjener penge på mine stykker, så vil jeg have en andel.</quote><placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "American Graphophone Company"
+msgstr "American Graphophone Company"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "player pianos"
+msgstr "automatiske pianoer"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Congress, U.S."
+msgstr "Kongressen i USA"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "on copyright laws"
+msgstr "om åndsverklover"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "on recording industry"
+msgstr "om indspilningindustri"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "statutory licenses in"
+msgstr "lovbestemmte licenser i"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "statutory license system in"
+msgstr "lovbestemmte licenssystemer i"
+
+#. f8
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 283–84 "
+"(statement of Albert Walker, representative of the Auto-Music Perforating "
+"Company of New York)."
+msgstr ""
+"To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 283–84 "
+"(udtalelse fra Albert Walker, repræsentant for the Auto-Music Perforating "
+"Company of New York)."
+
+#. f9
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 376 (prepared "
+"memorandum of Philip Mauro, general patent counsel of the American "
+"Graphophone Company Association)."
+msgstr ""
+"To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 376 (forberedt "
+"indlæg fra Philip Mauro, bosspatentrådgiver for the American Graphophone "
+"Company Association)."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"These arguments have familiar echoes in the wars of our day. So, too, do the "
+"arguments on the other side. The innovators who developed the player piano "
+"argued that <quote>it is perfectly demonstrable that the introduction of "
+"automatic music players has not deprived any composer of anything he had "
+"before their introduction.</quote> Rather, the machines increased the sales "
+"of sheet music.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In any case, the "
+"innovators argued, the job of Congress was <quote>to consider first the "
+"interest of [the public], whom they represent, and whose servants they are.</"
+"quote> <quote>All talk about <quote>theft,</quote></quote> the general "
+"counsel of the American Graphophone Company wrote, <quote>is the merest "
+"claptrap, for there exists no property in ideas musical, literary or "
+"artistic, except as defined by statute.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote"
+"\" id=\"1\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Disse argumenter høres omtrent ud som argumenterne fra vores dage. Det "
+"samme gør argumenterne fra den andre side. Oppfinnerne som udviklede det "
+"automatiske pianoet argumenterede med at <quote>det er fuldt muligt at vise "
+"at introduktionen af automatiske musikspillere ikke har frataget nogen "
+"komponist noget han havde før det blev introduceret.</quote> I stedet øgede "
+"maskinerne salget af noteark.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> "
+"Uanset, argumenterede oppfinnerne, jobbet til kongressen var <quote>at først "
+"vurdere interessen til [folket], som de repræsenterede, og som de skal tjene."
+"</quote> <quote>Alt snak om <quote>tyveri</quote>,</quote> skrev "
+"bossjuristen til American Graphophone Company, <quote>er kun nonsens, for "
+"det findes ingen ejendom i musikalske idéer, skriftligt eller kunstnerisk, "
+"undtaget det som er defineret i loven.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
+"id=\"1\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "cover songs"
+msgstr "coverlåter"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 70
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The law soon resolved this battle in favor of the composer <emphasis>and</"
+"emphasis> the recording artist. Congress amended the law to make sure that "
+"composers would be paid for the <quote>mechanical reproductions</quote> of "
+"their music. But rather than simply granting the composer complete control "
+"over the right to make mechanical reproductions, Congress gave recording "
+"artists a right to record the music, at a price set by Congress, once the "
+"composer allowed it to be recorded once. This is the part of copyright law "
+"that makes cover songs possible. Once a composer authorizes a recording of "
+"his song, others are free to record the same song, so long as they pay the "
+"original composer a fee set by the law."
+msgstr ""
+"Loven løste snart denne kamp i favør af <emphasis>både</emphasis> "
+"komponisten og indspilningartisten. Kongressen ændrede loven sådan at "
+"komponisten fik betalt for den <quote>mekaniske reproduktionen</quote> af "
+"deres musik. Men i stedet for at ganske enkelt give komponisten fuld "
+"kontrol over rettigheden til at fortage mekaniske reproduktioner, gav "
+"Kongressen indspilningartister retten til at spille ind musik, til en pris "
+"sad af Kongressen, så snart komponisten har tilladt at den blev spillet ind "
+"en gang. Det er denne del af åndsverksloven som gør cover-lyder muligt. Så "
+"snart en komponist tillader en indspilning af sin sang, har andre mulighed "
+"til at spille ind samme sang, så længe de betaler den originale komponisten "
+"et gebyr fastsat af loven."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "compulsory license"
+msgstr "tvanglicens"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "statutory licenses"
+msgstr "lovbestemmte licenser"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"American law ordinarily calls this a <quote>compulsory license,</quote> but "
+"I will refer to it as a <quote>statutory license.</quote> A statutory "
+"license is a license whose key terms are set by law. After Congress's "
+"amendment of the Copyright Act in 1909, record companies were free to "
+"distribute copies of recordings so long as they paid the composer (or "
+"copyright holder) the fee set by the statute."
+msgstr ""
+"Amerikansk lov kalder dette sædvanligvis en <quote>tvanglicens,</quote> men "
+"jeg vil referere til dette som en <quote>lovbestemmt licens.</quote> En "
+"lovbestemmt licens er en licens hvis nøglevilkår er bestemt i lovværket. "
+"Efter kongressens ændring af åndsverkloven i 1909, stod pladeselskaberne "
+"frit til at distribuere kopier af indspilninger så længe som de betalte "
+"komponisten (eller ophavsretindehaveren) gebyret specificeret i lovværket."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Grisham, John"
+msgstr "Grisham, John"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This is an exception within the law of copyright. When John Grisham writes a "
+"novel, a publisher is free to publish that novel only if Grisham gives the "
+"publisher permission. Grisham, in turn, is free to charge whatever he wants "
+"for that permission. The price to publish Grisham is thus set by Grisham, "
+"and copyright law ordinarily says you have no permission to use Grisham's "
+"work except with permission of Grisham."
+msgstr ""
+"Dette er et undtagelse i åndsverkloven. Når John Grisham skriver en roman, "
+"så kan man utgiver kun udgive denne roman hvis Grisham giver utgiveren "
+"tilladelse til det. Grisham står frit til at kræve hvilken som hilst "
+"betaling for den tilladelsen. Prisen for at publicere Grisham er dermed "
+"bestemt af Grisham, og åndsverkloven siger at du ikke har tilladelse til at "
+"bruge Grishams værk med mindre du har tilladelse fra Grisham."
+
+#. f10
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Copyright Law Revision: Hearings on S. 2499, S. 2900, H.R. 243, and H.R. "
+"11794 Before the (Joint) Committee on Patents, 60th Cong., 1st sess., 217 "
+"(1908) (statement of Senator Reed Smoot, chairman), reprinted in "
+"<citetitle>Legislative History of the 1909 Copyright Act</citetitle>, E. "
+"Fulton Brylawski and Abe Goldman, eds. (South Hackensack, N.J.: Rothman "
+"Reprints, 1976)."
+msgstr ""
+"Ændring i åndsverkloven: Høring om S. 2499, S.2900, H.R. 243, og H.R. 11794 "
+"foran (fælles)-komiteen om patenter, 60 . kongr., 1 . siddeplads., 217 "
+"(1908) (udtalelse fra senator Reed Smooth, formand), gengivet i "
+"<citetitle>Legislative History of the 1909 Copyright Act</citetitle>, E. "
+"Fulton Brylawski og Abe Goldman, red. (South Hackensack, N.J.: Rothman "
+"Reprints, 1976)."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"But the law governing recordings gives recording artists less. And thus, in "
+"effect, the law <emphasis>subsidizes</emphasis> the recording industry "
+"through a kind of piracy—by giving recording artists a weaker right "
+"than it otherwise gives creative authors. The Beatles have less control over "
+"their creative work than Grisham does. And the beneficiaries of this less "
+"control are the recording industry and the public. The recording industry "
+"gets something of value for less than it otherwise would pay; the public "
+"gets access to a much wider range of musical creativity. Indeed, Congress "
+"was quite explicit about its reasons for granting this right. Its fear was "
+"the monopoly power of rights holders, and that that power would stifle "
+"follow-on creativity.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Men loven som styrer indspilninger giver indspilningartisten mindre. Og "
+"dermed er effekten at loven <emphasis>subsidierer</emphasis> musikindustrien "
+"med et slags piratvirksomhed – ved at give indspilningartister en "
+"svagere rettighed end de giver kreative forfattere. The Beatles har mindre "
+"kontrol over deres kreative værker end Grisham har. Og de som nyder godt "
+"af at de har mindre kontrol, er musikindustrien og folket. Musikindustrien "
+"får noget af værdi for mindre end de ellers måtte betalt, og befolket får "
+"tilgang til en større mængde musikalsk kreativitet. Kongressen var faktisk "
+"vældig eksplisitt i sine grunde for at dele ud denne rettighed. Den "
+"frygtede monopolmagten til rettighedindehaverne, og at denne magt skulle "
+"kvæle påfølgende kreativitet.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"While the recording industry has been quite coy about this recently, "
+"historically it has been quite a supporter of the statutory license for "
+"records. As a 1967 report from the House Committee on the Judiciary relates,"
+msgstr ""
+"Mens musikindustrien har været ganske stille om dette i det sidste, har de "
+"historisk været højlydte tilhængere af den lovbestemte licensen for "
+"indspilninger. Som det stod i en rapport fra 1967 udgivet af House "
+"Committee on the Judiciary:"
+
+#. f11
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Copyright Law Revision: Report to Accompany H.R. 2512, House Committee on "
+"the Judiciary, 90th Cong., 1st sess., House Document no. 83, (8 March 1967). "
+"I am grateful to Glenn Brown for drawing my attention to this report."
+msgstr ""
+"Ændring af åndsverkloven: Rapport som følger H.R. 2512, House Committee on "
+"the Judiciary, 90 . Kongr., 1 . siddeplads., House Document no. 83, (8 . "
+"marts 1967). Jeg er taknemmelig til Glenn Brown for at have gjort mig "
+"opmærksom på denne rapport."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"the record producers argued vigorously that the compulsory license system "
+"must be retained. They asserted that the record industry is a half-billion-"
+"dollar business of great economic importance in the United States and "
+"throughout the world; records today are the principal means of disseminating "
+"music, and this creates special problems, since performers need unhampered "
+"access to musical material on nondiscriminatory terms. Historically, the "
+"record producers pointed out, there were no recording rights before 1909 and "
+"the 1909 statute adopted the compulsory license as a deliberate anti-"
+"monopoly condition on the grant of these rights. They argue that the result "
+"has been an outpouring of recorded music, with the public being given lower "
+"prices, improved quality, and a greater choice.<placeholder type=\"footnote"
+"\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Pladeproducenterne argumenterede energisk for at tvanglicenssystemet måtte "
+"bevares. De tog udgangspunkt i at musikindustrien er et forretningsområde "
+"på en halv milliard dollar som er rigtigt vigtigt for økonomien i USA og "
+"resten af værdet. Plader er i dag den vigtigste måden at brede musik, og "
+"dette fører til specielle problemer, siden udøvere behøver uhindret tilgang "
+"til musikalsk materiale på ikke-diskriminerende vilkår. Pladeproducenterne "
+"pegede på at historisk var det ingen indspilningrettigheder føder 1909, og "
+"1909-ændringen i lovværket vedtog tvanglicensen som en gennemtænkt mekanisme "
+"for at undgå monopol da de tildelte disse rettigheder. De argumenterer med "
+"at resultatet har været at det har strømmet på med optaget musik, at folket "
+"har fået lavere priser, bedre kvalitet og flere valg.<placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"By limiting the rights musicians have, by partially pirating their creative "
+"work, the record producers, and the public, benefit."
+msgstr ""
+"Ved at begrænse rettighederne musikere havde, ved at delvis røve deres "
+"kreative værker, fik indspilningproducenterne, og folket, fordele."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Radio"
+msgstr "Radio"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "radio broadcast and"
+msgstr "radiokringkasting og"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Radio was also born of piracy."
+msgstr "Radio kom også fra piratvirksomhed."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Hand, Learned"
+msgstr "Hand, Learned"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"See 17 <citetitle>United States Code</citetitle>, sections 106 and 110. At "
+"the beginning, record companies printed <quote>Not Licensed for Radio "
+"Broadcast</quote> and other messages purporting to restrict the ability to "
+"play a record on a radio station. Judge Learned Hand rejected the argument "
+"that a warning attached to a record might restrict the rights of the radio "
+"station. See <citetitle>RCA Manufacturing Co</citetitle>. v. "
+"<citetitle>Whiteman</citetitle>, 114 F. 2d 86 (2nd Cir. 1940). See also "
+"Randal C. Picker, <quote>From Edison to the Broadcast Flag: Mechanisms of "
+"Consent and Refusal and the Propertization of Copyright,</quote> "
+"<citetitle>University of Chicago Law Review</citetitle> 70 (2003): 281. "
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
+"id=\"1\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Se 17 <citetitle>United States Code</citetitle>, sektion 106 og 110 . I "
+"begyndelsen skrev nogle pladeselskaber <quote>Ikke licensieret for "
+"radiokringkasting</quote> og andre meldinger som gav indtryk af at begrænse "
+"muligheden til at spille en plade på en radiostation. Domme Learned Hand "
+"afviste argumentet om at en advarsel klisteret på en plade kunne begrænse "
+"rettighederne til radiostationen. Se <citetitle>RCA Manufacturing Co</"
+"citetitle>. mod <citetitle>Whiteman</citetitle>, 114 F. 2d 86 (2nd Cir. "
+"1940). Se også Randal C. Picker, <quote>From Edison to the Broadcast "
+"Flag: Mechanisms of Consent and Refusal and the Propertization of Copyright,"
+"</quote> <citetitle>University of Chicago Law Review</citetitle> 70 (2003): "
+"281 . <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder "
+"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"When a radio station plays a record on the air, that constitutes a "
+"<quote>public performance</quote> of the composer's work.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> As I described above, the law gives the composer (or "
+"copyright holder) an exclusive right to public performances of his work. "
+"The radio station thus owes the composer money for that performance."
+msgstr ""
+"Når en radiostation spiller en plade på luften, så udgør dette en "
+"<quote>offentlig fremføring</quote> af komponistens værk.<placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Som jeg beskrev over, giver loven komponisten "
+"(eller ophavsretindehaveren) en eksklusiv ret til offentlige fremføringer af "
+"hans værker. Radiostationen skylder dermed komponisten penge for denne "
+"fremføringen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "music recordings played on"
+msgstr "musikindspilninger spillet på"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Lovett, Lyle"
+msgstr "Lovett, Lyle"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 72
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"But when the radio station plays a record, it is not only performing a copy "
+"of the <emphasis>composer's</emphasis> work. The radio station is also "
+"performing a copy of the <emphasis>recording artist's</emphasis> work. It's "
+"one thing to have <quote>Happy Birthday</quote> sung on the radio by the "
+"local children's choir; it's quite another to have it sung by the Rolling "
+"Stones or Lyle Lovett. The recording artist is adding to the value of the "
+"composition performed on the radio station. And if the law were perfectly "
+"consistent, the radio station would have to pay the recording artist for his "
+"work, just as it pays the composer of the music for his work. <placeholder "
+"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Men når en radiostation spiller en plade, så fremfører det ikke bare et "
+"eksemplar af <emphasis>komponistens</emphasis> værk. Radiostationen "
+"fremfører også et eksemplar af <emphasis>indspilningartisten</emphasis> "
+"værk. Det er en ting at få <quote>Happy Birthday</quote> sunget på radio af "
+"det lokale barnekoret. Det er noget ganske andet at få det sunget af "
+"Rolling Stones eller Lyle Lovett. Indspilningartisten lægger til værdi på "
+"kompositionen fremført af radiostationen. Og hvis loven var fuldstændigt "
+"konsistent, så burde radiostationen også været nødt til at betale "
+"indspilningartisten for sit værk, på samme måde som den betaler komponisten "
+"af musikken for sit værk. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"But it doesn't. Under the law governing radio performances, the radio "
+"station does not have to pay the recording artist. The radio station need "
+"only pay the composer. The radio station thus gets a bit of something for "
+"nothing. It gets to perform the recording artist's work for free, even if it "
+"must pay the composer something for the privilege of playing the song."
+msgstr ""
+"Men det gør den ikke. Ifølge loven som styrer radiofremføringer, behøver "
+"ikke radiostationen at betale noget til indspilningartisten. Radiostationen "
+"behøver kun at betale komponisten. Radiostationen får dermed noget uden "
+"at betale. Den får fremføre indspilningartisten værk gratis, selv om den må "
+"betale komponisten noget for privilegiet det er at spille sangen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Madonna"
+msgstr "Madonna"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This difference can be huge. Imagine you compose a piece of music. Imagine "
+"it is your first. You own the exclusive right to authorize public "
+"performances of that music. So if Madonna wants to sing your song in public, "
+"she has to get your permission."
+msgstr ""
+"Denne forskel kan blive stor. Forestill dig at du komponerer et stykke "
+"musik. Se for dig at det er dit første stykke. Du ejer de eksklusive "
+"rettighederne til at godkende offentligt fremføring af den musikken. Så "
+"hvis Madonna ønsker at synge din sang offentligt, må hun få din tilladelse."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Imagine she does sing your song, and imagine she likes it a lot. She then "
+"decides to make a recording of your song, and it becomes a top hit. Under "
+"our law, every time a radio station plays your song, you get some money. But "
+"Madonna gets nothing, save the indirect effect on the sale of her CDs. The "
+"public performance of her recording is not a <quote>protected</quote> right. "
+"The radio station thus gets to <emphasis>pirate</emphasis> the value of "
+"Madonna's work without paying her anything."
+msgstr ""
+"Tænk dig videre at hun synger din sang, og at hun kanlide den rigtigt godt. "
+"Hun bestemmer sig derefter for at spille ind din sang, og den bliver en "
+"populær hitsang. Med vores lov vil du få lidt penge hver gang en "
+"radiostation spiller din sang. Men Madonna får ingenting, bortset fra de "
+"indirekte effekterne fra salg af hendes CD-er. Den offentlige fremføringen "
+"af hendes indspilning er ikke en <quote>beskyttet</quote> rettighed. "
+"Radiostationen får dermed <emphasis>røve</emphasis> værdien af Madonna "
+"arbejde uden at betale hende nogle ting."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"No doubt, one might argue that, on balance, the recording artists benefit. "
+"On average, the promotion they get is worth more than the performance rights "
+"they give up. Maybe. But even if so, the law ordinarily gives the creator "
+"the right to make this choice. By making the choice for him or her, the law "
+"gives the radio station the right to take something for nothing."
+msgstr ""
+"Uden tvivl kan man argumentere for at indspilningartisterne totalt set "
+"tjener på dette. I snit er reklamen de får værd mere end "
+"fremføringsrettighetene de siger fra sig. Måske. Men selv om det er sådan "
+", så giver loven sædvanligvis skaberen retten til at gøre dette valg. Ved "
+"at gøre valget for ham eller hende, gear loven radiostationen ret til at "
+"tage noget uden at betale."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Cable TV"
+msgstr "Kabel-TV"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "cable television"
+msgstr "kabel-TV"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Cable TV was also born of a kind of piracy."
+msgstr "Kabel-TV kom også fra en form for piratvirksomhed."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 73
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"When cable entrepreneurs first started wiring communities with cable "
+"television in 1948, most refused to pay broadcasters for the content that "
+"they echoed to their customers. Even when the cable companies started "
+"selling access to television broadcasts, they refused to pay for what they "
+"sold. Cable companies were thus Napsterizing broadcasters' content, but more "
+"egregiously than anything Napster ever did— Napster never charged for "
+"the content it enabled others to give away."
+msgstr ""
+"Da kabel-TV-grundlæggere først begyndte at koble op lokalmiljø med kabel-TV "
+"i 1948, nægtede de fleste at betale kringkasterne for indholdet som de "
+"sendte videre til sine kunder. Selv da kabelselskaberne begyndte at sælge "
+"tilgang til TV-kringkastinger, nægtet de at betale for det de solgte. "
+"Kabelselskaberne Napsteriserte dermed kringkasternes indhold, men grovere "
+"end det Napster nogensinde gjorde – Napster tog aldrig betalt for "
+"indholdet som det blev muligt for andre at give væk."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Anello, Douglas"
+msgstr "Anello, Douglas"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Burdick, Quentin"
+msgstr "Burdick, Quentin"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Hyde, Rosel H."
+msgstr "Hyde, Rosel H."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Copyright Law Revision—CATV: Hearing on S. 1006 Before the "
+"Subcommittee on Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights of the Senate Committee "
+"on the Judiciary, 89th Cong., 2nd sess., 78 (1966) (statement of Rosel H. "
+"Hyde, chairman of the Federal Communications Commission). <placeholder type="
+"\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Ændring i åndsverkloven – Kabel-TV: Høring om S. 1006 foran "
+"underkomiteen om patenter, varemærker og ophavsret af Senate Committee on "
+"the Judiciary, 89 . Kongr., 2 . siddeplads., 78 (1966) (udtalelse fra Rosel "
+"H. Hyde, styreleder i den føderale kommunikationkommissionen.<placeholder "
+"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. f14
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 116 (statement of Douglas A. Anello, "
+"general counsel of the National Association of Broadcasters)."
+msgstr ""
+"Ændring i åndsverkloven – Kabel-TV, 116 (udtalelse fra Douglas A. "
+"Anello, bossjuristen i Nasjonalforeningen for kringkastere)."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Broadcasters and copyright owners were quick to attack this theft. Rosel "
+"Hyde, chairman of the FCC, viewed the practice as a kind of <quote>unfair "
+"and potentially destructive competition.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote"
+"\" id=\"0\"/> There may have been a <quote>public interest</quote> in "
+"spreading the reach of cable TV, but as Douglas Anello, general counsel to "
+"the National Association of Broadcasters, asked Senator Quentin Burdick "
+"during testimony, <quote>Does public interest dictate that you use somebody "
+"else's property?</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> As another "
+"broadcaster put it,"
+msgstr ""
+"Kringkastere og ophavsretindehavere var raske til at angribe dette tyveri. "
+"Rosel Hyde, styreleder i FCC, så praksissen som en slags <quote>uretfærdig "
+"og potentielt ødelæggende konkurrence.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
+"id=\"0\"/> Det kan have været en <quote>offentlig interesse</quote> i at øge "
+"spredningen til kabel-TV, men som Douglas Anello, bossjurist hos "
+"Nasjonalforeningen for kringkastere spurgte senator Quentin Burdick om under "
+"sit vidneudsagn, <quote>Dikterer offentlig interesse at du kan bruge nogle "
+"andres ejendom?</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Som en "
+"anden udsender formulerede det:"
+
+#. f15
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 126 (statement of Ernest W. Jennes, "
+"general counsel of the Association of Maximum Service Telecasters, Inc.)."
+msgstr ""
+"Ændring i åndsverkloven – Kabel-TV, 126 (udtalelse fra Ernest W. "
+"Jennes, bossjurist ved Association of Maximum Service Telecasters, Inc.). "
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The extraordinary thing about the CATV business is that it is the only "
+"business I know of where the product that is being sold is not paid for."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Den usædvanlige tingen med kabel-TV-selskaberne er at det er de eneste "
+"selskaberne jeg ved om hvor produktet som bliver solgt ikke er betalt for."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Again, the demand of the copyright holders seemed reasonable enough:"
+msgstr "Igen, kravene til ophavsretindehaverne virkede rimelige nok:"
+
+#. f16
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 169 (joint statement of Arthur B. Krim, "
+"president of United Artists Corp., and John Sinn, president of United "
+"Artists Television, Inc.)."
+msgstr ""
+"Ændring i åndsverkloven – Kabel-TV, 169 (fælles udtalelse fra Arthur "
+"B. Krim, præsident i United Artists Corp. og John Sind, præsident i United "
+"Artists Television Inc.)."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"All we are asking for is a very simple thing, that people who now take our "
+"property for nothing pay for it. We are trying to stop piracy and I don't "
+"think there is any lesser word to describe it. I think there are harsher "
+"words which would fit it.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Helt vi beder om er en rigtigt enkel ting, at folk som tager vores ejendom "
+"gratis betaler for den. Vi forsøger at stoppe piratvirksomhed, og jeg kan "
+"ikke tænke på et svagere ord for at beskrive det. Jeg tror det er stærkere "
+"ord som villes passe.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Heston, Charlton"
+msgstr "Heston, Charlton"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 209 (statement of Charlton Heston, "
+"president of the Screen Actors Guild). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id="
+"\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Copyright Law Revision – CATV, 209 (udtalelse fra Charlton Heston, "
+"præsident i Screen Actors Guild). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"These were <quote>free-ride[rs],</quote> Screen Actor's Guild president "
+"Charlton Heston said, who were <quote>depriving actors of compensation.</"
+"quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Disse var <quote>gratispassagerer,</quote> sagde præsidenten Charlton Heston "
+"i Screen Actor's Guild, som <quote>tog lønnen fra skuespillerne.</"
+"quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"But again, there was another side to the debate. As Assistant Attorney "
+"General Edwin Zimmerman put it,"
+msgstr ""
+"Men igen, det er en anden side i debatten. Som assisterende justitsminister "
+"Edwin Zimmerman sagde det:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Zimmerman, Edwin"
+msgstr "Zimmerman, Edwin"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 216 (statement of Edwin M. Zimmerman, "
+"acting assistant attorney general). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id="
+"\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Copyright Law Revision – CATV, 216 (udtalelse fra Edwin M. Zimmerman, "
+"fungerende assisterende justitsminister). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
+"id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Our point here is that unlike the problem of whether you have any copyright "
+"protection at all, the problem here is whether copyright holders who are "
+"already compensated, who already have a monopoly, should be permitted to "
+"extend that monopoly. … The question here is how much compensation "
+"they should have and how far back they should carry their right to "
+"compensation.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type="
+"\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Vores pointe her er ikke problemet med om hvorvidt du overhovedet har "
+"ophavsretbeskyttelse. Problemet her er hvorvidt ophavsretindehavere som "
+"allerede bliver kompenseret, som allerede har et monopol, skal få lov til at "
+"udvide dette monopol. … Spørgsmålet er hvor mange kompensation de "
+"bør have, og hvor langt de kan strække sin ret på kompensation.<placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Copyright owners took the cable companies to court. Twice the Supreme Court "
+"held that the cable companies owed the copyright owners nothing."
+msgstr ""
+"Opphavsrettinnehaverne tog kabelselskaberne for retten. Højesteret fandt to "
+"gange at kabelselskaber ikke skyldte ophavsretindehaverne nogle ting."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"It took Congress almost thirty years before it resolved the question of "
+"whether cable companies had to pay for the content they <quote>pirated.</"
+"quote> In the end, Congress resolved this question in the same way that it "
+"resolved the question about record players and player pianos. Yes, cable "
+"companies would have to pay for the content that they broadcast; but the "
+"price they would have to pay was not set by the copyright owner. The price "
+"was set by law, so that the broadcasters couldn't exercise veto power over "
+"the emerging technologies of cable. Cable companies thus built their empire "
+"in part upon a <quote>piracy</quote> of the value created by broadcasters' "
+"content."
+msgstr ""
+"Det tog Kongressen næsten tredive år føder den fik løst spørgsmålet om "
+"hvorvidt kabel-TV-selskaberne måtte betale for indholdet de <quote>røvet.</"
+"quote> Til slutning løste Kongressen dette spørgsmål på samme måde som den "
+"havde løst spørgsmålet om pladespillere og automatiske pianoer. Ja, kabel-"
+"TV-selskaberne måtte betale for indholdet som de udsendede/udsendte, men "
+"prisen de måtte betale blev ikke sat af ophavsretindehaveren. Prisen blev "
+"fastsat ved lov, sådan at kringkasterne ikke kunne udøve vetomagt over den "
+"nye kabel-TV-teknologien. Kabel-TV-selskaberne byggede dermed sit imperium "
+"delvis ved at <quote>røve</quote> værdien skabt af kringkasternes indhold."
+
+#. f19
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"See, for example, National Music Publisher's Association, <citetitle>The "
+"Engine of Free Expression: Copyright on the Internet—The Myth of Free "
+"Information</citetitle>, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/"
+"notes/\">link #13</ulink>. <quote>The threat of piracy—the use of "
+"someone else's creative work without permission or compensation—has "
+"grown with the Internet.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+"Se for eksempel National Music Publisher's Association, <citetitle>The "
+"Engine of Free Expression: Copyright on the Internet – The Myth of "
+"Free</citetitle>Information , tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://free-"
+"culture.cc/notes/\">link #13</ulink>. <quote>Truslen fra piratvirksomhed "
+"– brugen af nogle andres kreative værker uden tilladelse eller "
+"kompensation – har vokset med Internet.</quote>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>These separate stories</emphasis> sing a common "
+"theme. If <quote>piracy</quote> means using value from someone else's "
+"creative property without permission from that creator—as it is "
+"increasingly described today<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> "
+"— then <emphasis>every</emphasis> industry affected by copyright today "
+"is the product and beneficiary of a certain kind of piracy. Film, records, "
+"radio, cable TV. … The list is long and could well be expanded. Every "
+"generation welcomes the pirates from the last. Every generation—until "
+"now."
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>Disse separate historie</emphasis> synger en fælles "
+"melodi. Hvis <quote>piratvirksomhed</quote> betyder at bruge værdien fra "
+"nogle andres kreative ejendom uden tilladelse fra dets skaber – sådan "
+"det stadig oftere beskrives i dag <placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> "
+"– da er <emphasis>enhver</emphasis> industri påvirket af ophavsret i "
+"dag et produkt af dem som har nyt godt af forskellige former for "
+"piratvirksomhed. Film, plader, radio, kabel-TV. … Listen er lang, "
+"og kunne været længere. Hver generation ønsker piraterne fra den forrige "
+"velkommen. Hver generation – indtil nu."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Chapter Five: <quote>Piracy</quote>"
+msgstr "Kapitel fem: <quote>Piratvirksomhed</quote>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>There is piracy</emphasis> of copyrighted material. "
+"Lots of it. This piracy comes in many forms. The most significant is "
+"commercial piracy, the unauthorized taking of other people's content within "
+"a commercial context. Despite the many justifications that are offered in "
+"its defense, this taking is wrong. No one should condone it, and the law "
+"should stop it."
+msgstr ""
+"Det røves opphavsrettsbeskyttet materiale. Massevis. Og denne pirat "
+"virksomheden antager mange former. Den mest betydningsfulde er kommerciel "
+"piratvirksomhed, det at tage andres indhold uden tilladelse i en kommerciel "
+"setting. På trods af de mange forklaringer om hvorfor dette er fint som "
+"fremføres i dets forsvar, så er dette galt. Ingen bør gå god for det, og "
+"loven bør stoppe det."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 76
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"But as well as copy-shop piracy, there is another kind of <quote>taking</"
+"quote> that is more directly related to the Internet. That taking, too, "
+"seems wrong to many, and it is wrong much of the time. Before we paint this "
+"taking <quote>piracy,</quote> however, we should understand its nature a bit "
+"more. For the harm of this taking is significantly more ambiguous than "
+"outright copying, and the law should account for that ambiguity, as it has "
+"so often done in the past."
+msgstr ""
+"Men på samme måde som med piratkopiering, så findes det anden måde <quote>at "
+"tage</quote> på som er mere direkte relateret til Internet. Denne måde at "
+"tage virker galt for mange, og det er galt meget af tiden. Men før vi "
+"kalder det at tage på denne måde for <quote>piratvirksomhed,</quote> bør vi "
+"dog forstå dets natur lidt mere. For skaden som denne form for at tage "
+"påfører er betydeligt mere tvetydig end direkte kopiering, og lovværket bør "
+"tage hensyn til denne tvetydigheten, sådan det ofte har gjort tidligere . "
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Piracy I"
+msgstr "Piratvirksomhed I"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Asia, commercial piracy in"
+msgstr "Asien, kommerciel piratvirksomhed i"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "CDs"
+msgstr "CD-er"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "foreign piracy of"
+msgstr "udenlandsk piratvirksomhed mod"
+
+#. f1
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"See IFPI (International Federation of the Phonographic Industry), "
+"<citetitle>The Recording Industry Commercial Piracy Report 2003</citetitle>, "
+"July 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
+"#14</ulink>. See also Ben Hunt, <quote>Companies Warned on Music Piracy Risk,"
+"</quote> <citetitle>Financial Times</citetitle>, 14 February 2003, 11."
+msgstr ""
+"Se IFPI (International Federation of the Phonographic Industry), "
+"<citetitle>The Recording Industry Commercial Piracy Report 2003</citetitle>, "
+"juli 2003, tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/"
+"\">link #14</ulink>. Se også Ben Hunt, <quote>Companies Warned on Music "
+"Piracy Risiko,</quote> <citetitle>Financial Times</citetitle>, 14 . februar "
+"2003, 11 ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"All across the world, but especially in Asia and Eastern Europe, there are "
+"businesses that do nothing but take others people's copyrighted content, "
+"copy it, and sell it—all without the permission of a copyright owner. "
+"The recording industry estimates that it loses about $4.6 billion every year "
+"to physical piracy<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> (that works out "
+"to one in three CDs sold worldwide). The MPAA estimates that it loses $3 "
+"billion annually worldwide to piracy."
+msgstr ""
+"Over hele værdet, men specielt i Asien og Øst-Europa, er det selskaber som "
+"ikke gør andet end at tage andre folks opphavsrettsbeskyttede indhold, "
+"kopierer det og sælger det – alt uden tilladelse fra ophavsretejeren. "
+"Musikindustrien estimerer at de taber rundt 4,6 milliarder dollar hvert år "
+"på fysisk piratvirksomhed <placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> (det "
+"bliver ca. en af tre CD-er solgt på verdenbasis). MPAA estimerer at de "
+"taber 3 milliarder dollar på verdenbasis på piratvirksomhed."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This is piracy plain and simple. Nothing in the argument of this book, nor "
+"in the argument that most people make when talking about the subject of this "
+"book, should draw into doubt this simple point: This piracy is wrong."
+msgstr ""
+"Dette er enkelt og fint piratvirksomhed. Ingenting i argumentet i denne "
+"bog, og heller ikke i argumentet til de fleste folkene som omtaler temaet i "
+"denne bog, bør trække i tvivl dette enkle pointe: Sådan piratvirksomhed er "
+"galt."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Which is not to say that excuses and justifications couldn't be made for it. "
+"We could, for example, remind ourselves that for the first one hundred years "
+"of the American Republic, America did not honor foreign copyrights. We were "
+"born, in this sense, a pirate nation. It might therefore seem hypocritical "
+"for us to insist so strongly that other developing nations treat as wrong "
+"what we, for the first hundred years of our existence, treated as right."
+msgstr ""
+"Hvilket ikke er at sige at unnskyldninger og begrundelser ikke kan fortages "
+"alligevel . Vi kan, for eksempel, minde os selv på at for de første hundrede "
+"årene der USA var republik, respekterede ikke USA udenlandske "
+"ophavrettigheder. Vi blev på en måde skabt som en piratnation. Det kan "
+"dermed synes hyklersk for os at insistere så stærkt på at andre "
+"udviklingsland skal behandle som galet det vi, for de første hundrede årene "
+"vi eksisterede, behandlede som rigtigt."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"That excuse isn't terribly strong. Technically, our law did not ban the "
+"taking of foreign works. It explicitly limited itself to American works. "
+"Thus the American publishers who published foreign works without the "
+"permission of foreign authors were not violating any rule. The copy shops "
+"in Asia, by contrast, are violating Asian law. Asian law does protect "
+"foreign copyrights, and the actions of the copy shops violate that law. So "
+"the wrong of piracy that they engage in is not just a moral wrong, but a "
+"legal wrong, and not just an internationally legal wrong, but a locally "
+"legal wrong as well."
+msgstr ""
+"Denne unnskyldningen er ikke specielt vektig. Teknisk set forbød ikke "
+"vores lovværk at tage udenlandske værker. Det begrænsede sig eksplisitt til "
+"amerikanske værker. Dermed brød de amerikanske forleggerne, som publicerede "
+"udenlandske værker uden tilladelse fra de udenlandske forfattere, ikke nogle "
+"skrøner. Kopieringsselskapene i Asien bryder derimod loven i Asien. "
+"Lovene i Asien beskytter udenlandsk ophavsret, og aktiviteten til kopierings-"
+"selskaberne bryder den loven. Så det at piratvirksomheden er galt er ikke "
+"bare moralsk galt, men juridisk galt. Og ikke bare galt efter international "
+"lovgiving, men også juridisk galt efter lokal lovgiving."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 77
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"True, these local rules have, in effect, been imposed upon these countries. "
+"No country can be part of the world economy and choose not to protect "
+"copyright internationally. We may have been born a pirate nation, but we "
+"will not allow any other nation to have a similar childhood."
+msgstr ""
+"Jodene, disse skrøner har i praksis blevet påtvunget disse lande. Intet land "
+"kan være del af verdenøkonomien, og vælge at ikke beskytte ophavsret "
+"internationalt. Vi blev måske skabt som en piratnation, men vi tillader "
+"ingen anden nation at have en tilsvarende barndom."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "agricultural patents"
+msgstr "landbrugpatenter"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Drahos, Peter"
+msgstr "Drahos, Peter"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, Information Feudalism: "
+"<citetitle>Who Owns the Knowledge Economy?</citetitle> (New York: The New "
+"Press, 2003), 10–13, 209. The Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual "
+"Property Rights (TRIPS) agreement obligates member nations to create "
+"administrative and enforcement mechanisms for intellectual property rights, "
+"a costly proposition for developing countries. Additionally, patent rights "
+"may lead to higher prices for staple industries such as agriculture. Critics "
+"of TRIPS question the disparity between burdens imposed upon developing "
+"countries and benefits conferred to industrialized nations. TRIPS does "
+"permit governments to use patents for public, noncommercial uses without "
+"first obtaining the patent holder's permission. Developing nations may be "
+"able to use this to gain the benefits of foreign patents at lower prices. "
+"This is a promising strategy for developing nations within the TRIPS "
+"framework. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type="
+"\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Se Peter Drahos og John Braithwaite, Information Feudalism: <citetitle>Who "
+"Owns the Knowledge Economy?</citetitle> (New York: The New Press, 2003), "
+"10–13, 209 . Aftalen om handelsrelaterte aspekterne af immaterielle "
+"rettigheder (TRIPS) forpligter medlemnationerne til at få på plads "
+"administrative og håndhevingsmekanismer for immaterielle rettigheder, "
+"hvilket er et kostoverskæg forslag for udviklingsland. I tillæg kan "
+"patentrettigheder føre til højere priser for grundlæggende industrier som "
+"landbrug. Kritikerne af TRIPS stiller spørgsmål om afvigelsen mellem "
+"belastningen den lægger på utviklingland og fordelene den giver til "
+"industrialiserede land. TRIPS tillader myndigheder at bruge patenter til "
+"ikke-kommercielle formål som kommer folket til gode uden at først få "
+"tilladelse fra patentindehaveren. Udviklingsland kan være i stand til at "
+"bruge dette til at få fordelene fra udenlandske patenter til lavere priser. "
+"Dette er en lovende strategi for udviklingsland indenfor TRIPS-rammeværket. "
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
+"id=\"1\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"If a country is to be treated as a sovereign, however, then its laws are its "
+"laws regardless of their source. The international law under which these "
+"nations live gives them some opportunities to escape the burden of "
+"intellectual property law.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In my "
+"view, more developing nations should take advantage of that opportunity, but "
+"when they don't, then their laws should be respected. And under the laws of "
+"these nations, this piracy is wrong."
+msgstr ""
+"Men alligevel, hvis et land skal behandles som selvstændigt, da er landets "
+"håndflade landets love, uafhængigt af deres kilde. De internationale lovene "
+"som disse lande lever efter gear dem nogle muligheder til at slippe fra "
+"byrden til immaterielle rettighetslover.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
+"id=\"0\"/> Efter mit syner burde flere udviklingsland udnytte den "
+"muligheden, men når de ikke gør det, bør deres håndflade alligevel "
+"respekteres. Og i følge lovene i disse lande, er piratvirksomhed galt."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Liebowitz, Stan"
+msgstr "Liebowitz, Stan"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"For an analysis of the economic impact of copying technology, see Stan "
+"Liebowitz, <citetitle>Rethinking the Network Economy</citetitle> (New York: "
+"Amacom, 2002), 144–90. <quote>In some instances … the impact of "
+"piracy on the copyright holder's ability to appropriate the value of the "
+"work will be negligible. One obvious instance is the case where the "
+"individual engaging in pirating would not have purchased an original even if "
+"pirating were not an option.</quote> Ibid., 149. <placeholder type="
+"\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"For en analyse af den økonomiske effekten af kopieringsteknologi, se Stan "
+"Liebowitz, <citetitle>Rethinking the Network Economy</citetitle> (New York: "
+"Amacom, 2002), 144–190 . <quote>I nogle tilfælde … vil effekten "
+"af piratvirksomhed på ophavsretindehaveren mulighed til at nyde godt af "
+"værdien af værket være neglisjerbart. Et åbenbaret tilfælde er der hen "
+"individet som tager nyder godt af piratvirksomheden ikke villes have købt "
+"originalen selv om piratvirksomhed ikke var en mulighed.</quote> Ibid., 149 "
+". <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Alternatively, we could try to excuse this piracy by noting that in any "
+"case, it does no harm to the industry. The Chinese who get access to "
+"American CDs at 50 cents a copy are not people who would have bought those "
+"American CDs at $15 a copy. So no one really has any less money than they "
+"otherwise would have had.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Alternativt, så kan vi forsøge at undskylde denne pirat virksomheden ved at "
+"lægge mærke til at det uanset ikke skader industrien. Kineserne, som får "
+"tilgang til amerikanske CD-er for 50 cent pr. udgave, er ikke folk som "
+"villes købt disse CD-ene for 15 dollar per udgave. Så ingen har egentligt "
+"noget mindre penge end de ellers villes haft.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
+"id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This is often true (though I have friends who have purchased many thousands "
+"of pirated DVDs who certainly have enough money to pay for the content they "
+"have taken), and it does mitigate to some degree the harm caused by such "
+"taking. Extremists in this debate love to say, <quote>You wouldn't go into "
+"Barnes & Noble and take a book off of the shelf without paying; why "
+"should it be any different with on-line music?</quote> The difference is, of "
+"course, that when you take a book from Barnes & Noble, it has one less "
+"book to sell. By contrast, when you take an MP3 from a computer network, "
+"there is not one less CD that can be sold. The physics of piracy of the "
+"intangible are different from the physics of piracy of the tangible."
+msgstr ""
+"Dette er ofte rigtigt (selv om jeg har venner som har købt flere tusind "
+"piratkopierte DVD-er, og som helt klart har nok penge til at betale for "
+"indholdet de har taget), og det begrænser til en vis grad skaden forårsaget "
+"af at tage på denne måde. Ekstremister i denne debat elsker at sige, "
+"<quote>Du villes ikke gå ind på Barnes & Noble og tage en bog fra "
+"hylden der hen uden at betale. Hvorfor skulle det være noget anderledes med "
+"musik på nettet?</quote> Forskellen er, naturligvis, at når du tager en bog "
+"fra Barnes & Noble så er det en mindre bog som kan sælges. Dette er "
+"forskelligt fra når du tager en MP3 fra et datanetværk, der det ikke bliver "
+"en mindre CD som kan sælges. Fysikken til røving af det uhåndgripelige er "
+"forskellig fra fysikken til røving af det håndgripelige."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 78
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This argument is still very weak. However, although copyright is a property "
+"right of a very special sort, it <emphasis>is</emphasis> a property right. "
+"Like all property rights, the copyright gives the owner the right to decide "
+"the terms under which content is shared. If the copyright owner doesn't want "
+"to sell, she doesn't have to. There are exceptions: important statutory "
+"licenses that apply to copyrighted content regardless of the wish of the "
+"copyright owner. Those licenses give people the right to <quote>take</quote> "
+"copyrighted content whether or not the copyright owner wants to sell. But "
+"where the law does not give people the right to take content, it is wrong to "
+"take that content even if the wrong does no harm. If we have a property "
+"system, and that system is properly balanced to the technology of a time, "
+"then it is wrong to take property without the permission of a property "
+"owner. That is exactly what <quote>property</quote> means."
+msgstr ""
+"Dette er alligevel et rigtigt dårligt argument. For selv om ophavsreten er "
+"en ejendomret af en rigtigt speciel type, så <emphasis>er</emphasis> det en "
+"ejendomret. På samme måde som med alle ejendomretter giver ophavsreten "
+"ejeren retten til at bestemme vilkårene for når indholdet bliver delt. Hvis "
+"ophavsretejeren ikke ønsker at sælge, så må hun ikke det. Det findes "
+"undtagelse: vigtige lovbestemte licenser som gælder for "
+"opphavsrettsbeskyttet indhold uafhængigt af ønsket til ophavsretejeren. "
+"Disse licenser giver folk retten til at <quote>tage</quote> "
+"opphavsrettsbeskyttet indhold uafhængigt af om ophavsretejeren ønsker at "
+"sælge eller ikke. Men der loven ikke giver folk retten til at tage indhold, "
+"så er det galt at tage det indholdet selv om det ikke gør nogle skadede at "
+"gøre dette gale. Hvis vi har et ejendomsystem, og det systemet er "
+"skikkeligt balanceret op mod teknologien på et givet tidspunkt, så er det "
+"galt at tage ejendom uden tilladelse fra ejendomejeren. Det er nøjagtigt "
+"hvad <quote>ejendom</quote> betyder."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "in Asia"
+msgstr "i Asien"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "open-source software"
+msgstr "åben kildekode-software"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "free software/open-source software (FS/OSS)"
+msgstr "fri software/åben kildekode-software (FS/OS)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "GNU/Linux operating system"
+msgstr "GNU/Linux-operativsystemet"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Linux operating system"
+msgstr "Linux-operativsystemet"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "competitive strategies of"
+msgstr "konkurransemessige strategier for"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Windows"
+msgstr "Windows"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "international software piracy of"
+msgstr "international piratkopiering af"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Windows operating system of"
+msgstr "Windows-operativsystemet til"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Finally, we could try to excuse this piracy with the argument that the "
+"piracy actually helps the copyright owner. When the Chinese <quote>steal</"
+"quote> Windows, that makes the Chinese dependent on Microsoft. Microsoft "
+"loses the value of the software that was taken. But it gains users who are "
+"used to life in the Microsoft world. Over time, as the nation grows more "
+"wealthy, more and more people will buy software rather than steal it. And "
+"hence over time, because that buying will benefit Microsoft, Microsoft "
+"benefits from the piracy. If instead of pirating Microsoft Windows, the "
+"Chinese used the free GNU/Linux operating system, then these Chinese users "
+"would not eventually be buying Microsoft. Without piracy, then, Microsoft "
+"would lose."
+msgstr ""
+"Til slutning kan vi forsøge at undskylde denne pirat virksomheden med "
+"argumentet om at piratvirksomheden faktisk hjælper ophavsretejeren. Når "
+"kineserne <quote>stjæler</quote> Windows, så gør det kineserne afhængigt af "
+"Microsoft. Microsoft mister værdien til programvaren som blev taget, men "
+"det vinder brugere som er vandt til livet i Microsoft-verden. Over tid, "
+"efterhånden som nationen bliver mere velstående, vil flere og flere folk "
+"købe software i stedet for at stjæle den. Og dermed over tid, på grund af "
+"at disse køber kommer Microsoft til gode, vil Microsoft tjene på "
+"piratvirksomheden. Hvis kineserne i stedet for at piratkopiere Windows, "
+"brugte det frit tilgængelige operativsystemet GNU/Linux, så villes dirre "
+"kinesiske brugerne ikke til slutning købe Microsoft. Uden piratvirksomheden "
+"villes dermed Microsoft tabe."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "law"
+msgstr "lov"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "databases of case reports in"
+msgstr "databaser med saksrapporter om"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This argument, too, is somewhat true. The addiction strategy is a good one. "
+"Many businesses practice it. Some thrive because of it. Law students, for "
+"example, are given free access to the two largest legal databases. The "
+"companies marketing both hope the students will become so used to their "
+"service that they will want to use it and not the other when they become "
+"lawyers (and must pay high subscription fees)."
+msgstr ""
+"Det er også noget sandt i dette argument. Å gøre folk afhængigt er en god "
+"strategi. Mange selskaber praktiserer det. Nogle gør det godt på grund af "
+"det. Juices-studenter, for eksempel, får gratis tilgang til de to største "
+"juridiske databaserne. Begge selskaberne markedsfører dette i håb om at "
+"studenterne vil blive så vandt til deres tjenester at de vil ønske at bruge "
+"deres tjeneste, og ikke konkurrentens når de bliver advokater (og må betale "
+"høj abonnementafgift)."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Netscape"
+msgstr "Netscape"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Internet Explorer"
+msgstr "Internet Exporer"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Still, the argument is not terribly persuasive. We don't give the alcoholic "
+"a defense when he steals his first beer, merely because that will make it "
+"more likely that he will buy the next three. Instead, we ordinarily allow "
+"businesses to decide for themselves when it is best to give their product "
+"away. If Microsoft fears the competition of GNU/Linux, then Microsoft can "
+"give its product away, as it did, for example, with Internet Explorer to "
+"fight Netscape. A property right means giving the property owner the right "
+"to say who gets access to what—at least ordinarily. And if the law "
+"properly balances the rights of the copyright owner with the rights of "
+"access, then violating the law is still wrong."
+msgstr ""
+"Alligevel er ikke dette argument specielt overbevisende. Vi giver ikke "
+"alkoholikeren et forsvar når han stjæler sin første øl, kun på grund af at "
+"det vil gøre det mere sandsynligt at han vil betale for de tre næste. I "
+"stedet lader vi sædvanligvis bedrifter bestemme selv når det er bedst for "
+"dem at give væk sine produkter. Hvis Microsoft frygter konkurrencen fra GNU/"
+"Linux, så kan Microsoft give væk sit produkt, sådan de for eksempel gjorde "
+"med Internet Explorer for at bekæmpe Netscape. En ejendomret betyder at "
+"lade ejendomejeren have retten til at sige hvem som får tilgang til hvad "
+"– i hvert fald sædvanligvis. Og hvis loven balancerer skikkeligt "
+"rettighederne til ophavrettighedejeren med rettighederne for tilgang, så er "
+"det at bryde loven fortsat galt."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 79
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Thus, while I understand the pull of these justifications for piracy, and I "
+"certainly see the motivation, in my view, in the end, these efforts at "
+"justifying commercial piracy simply don't cut it. This kind of piracy is "
+"rampant and just plain wrong. It doesn't transform the content it steals; it "
+"doesn't transform the market it competes in. It merely gives someone access "
+"to something that the law says he should not have. Nothing has changed to "
+"draw that law into doubt. This form of piracy is flat out wrong."
+msgstr ""
+"Dermed, selv om jeg forstår dragningen mod disse begrundelser for "
+"piratvirksomhed, og helt klart ser motivationen, så er konklusionen efter "
+"mit syner til slutning, at disse forsøg på at begrunde kommerciel "
+"piratvirksomhed ganske enkelt ikke holder. Denne type piratvirksomhed er "
+"krampaktig, og ganske enkelt galt. Den ændrer ikke indholdet den stjæler, "
+"den ændrer ikke markedet den konkurrerer i. Den giver kun nogle tilgang "
+"til noget som loven siger at han ikke skulle haft. Ingenting har ændret sig "
+"som skaber tvivl om denne lov. Denne form for piratvirksomhed er slet og "
+"ret galt."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"But as the examples from the four chapters that introduced this part "
+"suggest, even if some piracy is plainly wrong, not all <quote>piracy</quote> "
+"is. Or at least, not all <quote>piracy</quote> is wrong if that term is "
+"understood in the way it is increasingly used today. Many kinds of "
+"<quote>piracy</quote> are useful and productive, to produce either new "
+"content or new ways of doing business. Neither our tradition nor any "
+"tradition has ever banned all <quote>piracy</quote> in that sense of the "
+"term."
+msgstr ""
+"Men som eksemplerne fra de fire kapitlerne som introducerede denne del "
+"foreslår, selv om noget piratvirksomhed helt klart er galt, er ikke al "
+"<quote>piratvirksomhed</quote> galt. Eller i det mindste er ikke al "
+"<quote>piratvirksomhed</quote> galt hvis udtrykket skal forstås sådan det i "
+"stadigt større grad bliver brugt i dag . Mange typer "
+"<quote>piratvirksomhed</quote> er nyttigt og produktivt, enten for at "
+"producere nyt indhold, eller nye måder at drive forretninger på. Hverken "
+"vores tradition eller nogle anden tradition har nogensinde bandlyst al "
+"<quote>piratvirksomhed</quote> i den betydningen af udtrykket."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This doesn't mean that there are no questions raised by the latest piracy "
+"concern, peer-to-peer file sharing. But it does mean that we need to "
+"understand the harm in peer-to-peer sharing a bit more before we condemn it "
+"to the gallows with the charge of piracy."
+msgstr ""
+"Dette betyder ikke at det ikke er rejst nogen spørgsmål på grund af den "
+"nyeste piratvirksomhetsbekymringen, peer-to-peer-fildeling. Men det betyder "
+"at vi behøver at forstå skaden i peer-to-peer-deling lidt mere før vi dømmer "
+"den til galgen med anklager om piratvirksomhed."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"For (1) like the original Hollywood, p2p sharing escapes an overly "
+"controlling industry; and (2) like the original recording industry, it "
+"simply exploits a new way to distribute content; but (3) unlike cable TV, no "
+"one is selling the content that is shared on p2p services."
+msgstr ""
+"For (1) på samme måde som det oprindelige Hollywood, rømmer p2p-fildeling "
+"fra en alt for kontrollerende industri, og (2) på samme måde som den "
+"oprindelige indspilningindustrien, udnytter den ganske enkelt nye måder at "
+"brede indhold på, men (3) til forskel fra kabel-TV er det ingen som sælger "
+"indholdet som bliver delt med p2p-tjenester."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"These differences distinguish p2p sharing from true piracy. They should push "
+"us to find a way to protect artists while enabling this sharing to survive."
+msgstr ""
+"Disse forskelle skiller p2p-deling fra virkelig piratvirksomhed. Forskellen "
+"bør få os til at finde en måde at beskytte kunstnerne mens vi gør det muligt "
+"for denne delingen at overleve."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Piracy II"
+msgstr "Piratvirksomhed II"
+
+#. f4
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<citetitle>Bach</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Longman</citetitle>, 98 Eng. Rep. "
+"1274 (1777)."
+msgstr ""
+"<citetitle>Bach</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Longman</citetitle>, 98 Eng. Rep. "
+"1274 (1777)."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 80
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The key to the <quote>piracy</quote> that the law aims to quash is a use "
+"that <quote>rob[s] the author of [his] profit.</quote><placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> This means we must determine whether and how much "
+"p2p sharing harms before we know how strongly the law should seek to either "
+"prevent it or find an alternative to assure the author of his profit."
+msgstr ""
+"Nøglen til <quote>piratvirksomheden</quote>, som loven tager sigte på at "
+"skvise, er den brugen som <quote>røver forfatteren for profiten.</"
+"quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Dette betyder vi må afgøre "
+"hvorvidt og hvor mange p2p-deling skader før vi ved hvor stærkt loven bør "
+"søge at enten hindre det, eller finde et alternativ for at sikre sin "
+"forfatter profit."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Fanning, Shawn"
+msgstr "Fanning, Shawn"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Christensen, Clayton M."
+msgstr "Christensen, Clayton M."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> See Clayton M. Christensen, "
+"<citetitle>The Innovator's Dilemma: The Revolutionary National Bestseller "
+"That Changed the Way We Do Business</citetitle> (New York: HarperBusiness, "
+"2000). Professor Christensen examines why companies that give rise to and "
+"dominate a product area are frequently unable to come up with the most "
+"creative, paradigm-shifting uses for their own products. This job usually "
+"falls to outside innovators, who reassemble existing technology in inventive "
+"ways. For a discussion of Christensen's ideas, see Lawrence Lessig, "
+"<citetitle>Future</citetitle>, 89–92, 139. <placeholder type="
+"\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Se Clayton M. Christensen, "
+"<citetitle>The Innovator's Dilemma: The Revolutionary National Bæstceller "
+"That Changed the Way We Do Business</citetitle> (New York: HarperBusiness, "
+"2000). Professor Christensen undersøger hvorfor selskaber som giver ophav "
+"til og dominerer et produktområde ofte ikke er i stand til at komme op med "
+"de mest kreative, paradigmeskiftende måderne at bruge deres egen produkter "
+"på. Denne job ender som oftest op hos oppfinnere udefra, som sætter sammen "
+"eksisterende teknologi på nyskabende måder. For en diskussion om "
+"Christensens idéer, se Lawrence Lessig, <citetitle>Future</citetitle>, "
+"89–92, 139 . <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
+"id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type="
+"\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/> Peer-to-peer sharing was made famous by Napster. "
+"But the inventors of the Napster technology had not made any major "
+"technological innovations. Like every great advance in innovation on the "
+"Internet (and, arguably, off the Internet as well<placeholder type=\"footnote"
+"\" id=\"4\"/>), Shawn Fanning and crew had simply put together components "
+"that had been developed independently."
+msgstr ""
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
+"id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder "
+"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/> Peer-to-peer-deling blev gjort berømt af "
+"Napster. Men oppfinnerne af Napster-teknologien havde ikke gjort nogle "
+"store teknologiske nyskabninger. Som ethvert stort steg i nyskabningen på "
+"Internet (og, kan det argumenteres for, udenfor Internet<placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"4\"/>) havde Shawn Fanning og hans beskæftigede "
+"ganske enkelt sat sammen deler som havde blevet udviklet uafhængigt af "
+"hinanden."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Kazaa"
+msgstr "Kazaa"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "number of registrations on"
+msgstr "antal registreringer på"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "replacement of"
+msgstr "erstatning for"
+
+#. f6
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"See Carolyn Lochhead, <quote>Silicon Valley Dream, Hollywood Nightmare,</"
+"quote> <citetitle>San Francisco Chronicle</citetitle>, 24 September 2002, "
+"A1; <quote>Rock 'n' Roll Suicide,</quote> <citetitle>New Scientist</"
+"citetitle>, 6 July 2002, 42; Benny Evangelista, <quote>Napster Names CEO, "
+"Secures New Financing,</quote> <citetitle>San Francisco Chronicle</"
+"citetitle>, 23 May 2003, C1; <quote>Napster's Wake-Up Call,</quote> "
+"<citetitle>Economist</citetitle>, 24 June 2000, 23; John Naughton, "
+"<quote>Hollywood at War with the Internet</quote> (London) <citetitle>Times</"
+"citetitle>, 26 July 2002, 18."
+msgstr ""
+"Se Carolyn Lochhead, <quote>Silicon Valley Dream, Hollywood Nightmare,</"
+"quote> <citetitle>San Francisco Chronicle</citetitle>, 24 . september 2002, "
+"A1; <quote>Rock 'n' Roll Suicide,</quote> <citetitle>New Scientist</"
+"citetitle>, 6 . juli 2002, 42; Benny Evangelista, <quote>Napster Names CEO, "
+"Secures New Financing,</quote> <citetitle>San Francisco Chronicle</"
+"citetitle>, 23 . maj 2003, C1; <quote>Napster's Wake-Up Call,</quote> "
+"<citetitle>Economist</citetitle>, 24 . juni 2000, 23; John Naughton, "
+"<quote>Hollywood at War with the Internet</quote> (London) <citetitle>Times</"
+"citetitle>, 26 . juli 2002, 18 ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
+"id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> The result was "
+"spontaneous combustion. Launched in July 1999, Napster amassed over 10 "
+"million users within nine months. After eighteen months, there were close to "
+"80 million registered users of the system.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id="
+"\"3\"/> Courts quickly shut Napster down, but other services emerged to take "
+"its place. (Kazaa is currently the most popular p2p service. It boasts over "
+"100 million members.) These services' systems are different architecturally, "
+"though not very different in function: Each enables users to make content "
+"available to any number of other users. With a p2p system, you can share "
+"your favorite songs with your best friend— or your 20,000 best friends."
+msgstr ""
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
+"id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> Resultatet var en "
+"eksplosion. Efter lansering i juli 1999, samlet Napster over 10 millioner "
+"brugere i løbet af ni måneder. Efter atten måneder var det næsten 80 "
+"millioner registrerede brugere af systemet.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
+"id=\"0\"/> Rettsaker skød Napster raskt ned, men andre tjenester dukket op "
+"for at overtage pladsen. (Kazaa er for tiden den mest populære p2p-"
+"tjenesten. Den skryder af over 100 millioner medlemmer.) Disse tjenester "
+"har en anderledes arkitektur selv om de ikke er rigtigt forskellige i "
+"funktion: Hver af dem gør det muligt for brugerne at gøre indhold "
+"tilgængeligt til et ubegrænset antal andre brugere. Med et p2p-system kan "
+"du dele dine favoritsange med dine bedste venner – eller dine 20 000 "
+"bedste vænner."
+
+#. f7
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"See Ipsos-Insight, <citetitle>TEMPO: Keeping Pace with Online Music "
+"Distribution</citetitle> (September 2002), reporting that 28 percent of "
+"Americans aged twelve and older have downloaded music off of the Internet "
+"and 30 percent have listened to digital music files stored on their "
+"computers."
+msgstr ""
+"Se Ipsos-Insight, <citetitle>TEMPO: Keeping Pace with Online Music "
+"Distribution</citetitle> (september 2002), som rapporterer at 28 procent af "
+"amerikanere ældre end tolv år havde lastet musik ned fra Internet og 30 "
+"procent havde lyttet til digitale musikkfiler lagret på sine computere."
+
+#. f8
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Amy Harmon, <quote>Industry Offers a Carrot in Online Music Fight,</quote> "
+"<citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 6 June 2003, A1."
+msgstr ""
+"Amy Harmon, <quote>Industry Offers a Carrot in Online Music Fight,</quote> "
+"<citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 6 . juni 2003, A1 ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"According to a number of estimates, a huge proportion of Americans have "
+"tasted file-sharing technology. A study by Ipsos-Insight in September 2002 "
+"estimated that 60 million Americans had downloaded music—28 percent of "
+"Americans older than 12.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> A survey "
+"by the NPD group quoted in <citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle> "
+"estimated that 43 million citizens used file-sharing networks to exchange "
+"content in May 2003.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> The vast "
+"majority of these are not kids. Whatever the actual figure, a massive "
+"quantity of content is being <quote>taken</quote> on these networks. The "
+"ease and inexpensiveness of file-sharing networks have inspired millions to "
+"enjoy music in a way that they hadn't before."
+msgstr ""
+"Ifølge en række estimater har en stor andel af amerikanere testet "
+"fildelingsteknologi. En studie fra Ipsos-Insight i september 2002 "
+"estimerede at 60 millioner amerikanere har lastet ned musik – 28 "
+"procent af amerikanerne over 12 år.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> "
+"En spørreundersøkelse fra NPD-gruppen citeret i <citetitle>The New York "
+"Times</citetitle> estimerede at 43 millioner indbyggere brugte "
+"fildelingsnettverk for at udveksle indhold i maj 2003 .<placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> De aller fleste af dem er ikke unger. Uanset "
+"hvad de egentlige tallene er, en massiv mængde indhold bliver <quote>taget</"
+"quote> på disse netværk. Enkelheten og den lave omkostningen til "
+"fildelingsnettverkene har inspireret millioner til at nyde musik på måder de "
+"ikke før havde gjort."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Some of this enjoying involves copyright infringement. Some of it does not. "
+"And even among the part that is technically copyright infringement, "
+"calculating the actual harm to copyright owners is more complicated than one "
+"might think. So consider—a bit more carefully than the polarized "
+"voices around this debate usually do—the kinds of sharing that file "
+"sharing enables, and the kinds of harm it entails."
+msgstr ""
+"Noget af denne nytelsen involverer brud på ophavsreten. Noget af den gør "
+"det ikke. Og selv for den delen som teknisk set er brud på ophavsreten, er "
+"det at beregne den faktiske skaden som er påført ophavsretejerne mere "
+"kompliceret end en skulle tro. Vurder – lidt mere omhyggelige end de "
+"polariserede stemmerne i denne debat sædvanligvis gør – de forskellige "
+"typer deling som fildeling muliggjør, og hvad slags skader de indebærer."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "four types of"
+msgstr "fire typer af"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "range of content on"
+msgstr "variation i indhold på"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 81
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"File sharers share different kinds of content. We can divide these different "
+"kinds into four types."
+msgstr ""
+"Fildelerne deler forskellige typer indhold. Vi kan dele disse forskellige "
+"typer ind i fire typer."
+
+#. A.
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"There are some who use sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing "
+"content. Thus, when a new Madonna CD is released, rather than buying the CD, "
+"these users simply take it. We might quibble about whether everyone who "
+"takes it would actually have bought it if sharing didn't make it available "
+"for free. Most probably wouldn't have, but clearly there are some who "
+"would. The latter are the target of category A: users who download instead "
+"of purchasing."
+msgstr ""
+"Det er nogle som bruger delingsnettverk som erstatning for at købe indhold. "
+"Dermed vil disse i stedet for at købe når en ny Madonna-CD bliver givet ud, "
+"ganske enkelt tage den. Vi kan diskutere om alle som tager den villes have "
+"købt den hvis deling ikke gjorde den gratis tilgængelig. De fleste villes "
+"sandsynligvis ikke det, men det er åbenbaret nogle som villes det. Den "
+"sidste gruppen er målet for kategori A: Brugere som laster ned i stedet for "
+"at købe."
+
+#. B.
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"There are some who use sharing networks to sample music before purchasing "
+"it. Thus, a friend sends another friend an MP3 of an artist he's not heard "
+"of. The other friend then buys CDs by that artist. This is a kind of "
+"targeted advertising, quite likely to succeed. If the friend recommending "
+"the album gains nothing from a bad recommendation, then one could expect "
+"that the recommendations will actually be quite good. The net effect of this "
+"sharing could increase the quantity of music purchased."
+msgstr ""
+"Det er nogle som bruger delingsnettverk til at teste musik føder de køber "
+"den. For eksempel kan nogle sende en MP3 til en af sine venner med en "
+"artist han aldrig har hørt om. Denne ven køber så CD-er af denne artist. "
+"Dette er en slags målrettet reklame som har stor succesrate. Hvis en ven "
+"som anbefaler albummet ikke har nogle fordele af at give en dårlig "
+"anbefaling, så kan man forvente at anbefalingene faktisk vil være ganske "
+"gode. Totaleffekten af denne delingen kan øge antallet musik som bliver "
+"købt."
+
+#. C.
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"There are many who use sharing networks to get access to copyrighted content "
+"that is no longer sold or that they would not have purchased because the "
+"transaction costs off the Net are too high. This use of sharing networks is "
+"among the most rewarding for many. Songs that were part of your childhood "
+"but have long vanished from the marketplace magically appear again on the "
+"network. (One friend told me that when she discovered Napster, she spent a "
+"solid weekend <quote>recalling</quote> old songs. She was astonished at the "
+"range and mix of content that was available.) For content not sold, this is "
+"still technically a violation of copyright, though because the copyright "
+"owner is not selling the content anymore, the economic harm is zero—"
+"the same harm that occurs when I sell my collection of 1960s 45-rpm records "
+"to a local collector."
+msgstr ""
+"Det er mange som bruger delingsnettverk for at få tilgang til "
+"opphavsrettsbeskyttet indhold som ikke længere er til salgs, eller som de "
+"ikke villes have købt på grund af at transaktionomkostningerne på nettet er "
+"for høje. Denne brug af delingsnettverk er blandt den mange finner mest "
+"givende. Sange som var del af din barndom, men som har forsvundet fra "
+"markedet, dukker magisk op igen på nettet. (En ven fortalte mig at da hun "
+"opdagede Napster, tilbrakte hun en hel hellig med <quote>at mimre</quote> "
+"over gamle sange. Hun var overrasket over omfanget og variationen i indhold "
+"som var tilgængeligt. For indhold som ikke bliver solgt, så er dette "
+"fortsat teknisk set brud på ophavsreten, selv om det på grund af at "
+"ophavsretejeren ikke længere sælger indholdet, så er den økonomiske skaden "
+"nul – den samme skade som inntreffer når jeg sælger min samling med 45-"
+"rpm grammofonplader fra 1960-tallet til en lokal samler."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 82
+#. D.
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Finally, there are many who use sharing networks to get access to content "
+"that is not copyrighted or that the copyright owner wants to give away."
+msgstr ""
+"Til slutning er det mange som bruger delingsnettverk for at få tilgang til "
+"indhold som ikke er opphavsrettsbeskyttet, eller der hen ophavsretejeren "
+"ønsker at give det væk."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "How do these different types of sharing balance out?"
+msgstr "Hvordan balancerer disse forskellige delingstypene?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"See Liebowitz, <citetitle>Rethinking the Network Economy</citetitle>, "
+"148–49. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Se Liebowitz, <citetitle>Rethinking the Network Economy</citetitle>, "
+"148–49 . <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Let's start with some simple but important points. From the perspective of "
+"the law, only type D sharing is clearly legal. From the perspective of "
+"economics, only type A sharing is clearly harmful.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Type B sharing is illegal but plainly beneficial. "
+"Type C sharing is illegal, yet good for society (since more exposure to "
+"music is good) and harmless to the artist (since the work is not otherwise "
+"available). So how sharing matters on balance is a hard question to "
+"answer—and certainly much more difficult than the current rhetoric "
+"around the issue suggests."
+msgstr ""
+"Lad os starte med nogle enkle, men vigtige pointer. Fra lovens perspektiv "
+"er det kun type-D-deling som helt klart er lovligt . Fra et økonomisk "
+"perspektiv er det kun type-A-deling som helt klart forårsager skade."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Type-B-deling er ulovlig men giver "
+"klare fordele. Type-C-deling er ulovlig, men godt for samfundet (siden mere "
+"eksponering til musik er god), og ufarlig for artisterne (siden virket "
+"ellers ikke er tilgængeligt). Så det er vanskeligt at afgøre hvordan "
+"deling kommer ud totalt set – og helt klart meget vanskeligere end den "
+"gældende retorikken rundt temaet giver indtryk af."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Whether on balance sharing is harmful depends importantly on how harmful "
+"type A sharing is. Just as Edison complained about Hollywood, composers "
+"complained about piano rolls, recording artists complained about radio, and "
+"broadcasters complained about cable TV, the music industry complains that "
+"type A sharing is a kind of <quote>theft</quote> that is <quote>devastating</"
+"quote> the industry."
+msgstr ""
+"Hvorvidt deling er skadeligt/skadelig totalt set, er rigtigt afhængigt af "
+"hvor skadelig type-A-deling er. Sådan Edison klagede over Hollywood, "
+"komponister klagede over pianoruller, pladeartister klagede over radio, og "
+"kringkastere klagede over kabel-TV, klager musikindustrien over at type-A-"
+"deling er et slags <quote>tyveri</quote> som vil <quote>ødelægge</quote> "
+"industrien."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "cassette recording"
+msgstr "kassettebåndoptagelse"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "VCRs"
+msgstr "Videospillere/opptakere"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "DAT (digital audio tape)"
+msgstr "DAT (digital audio tape)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
+"id=\"1\"/> See Cap Gemini Ernst & Young, <citetitle>Technology Evolution "
+"and the Music Industry's Business Model Crisis</citetitle> (2003), 3. This "
+"report describes the music industry's effort to stigmatize the budding "
+"practice of cassette taping in the 1970s, including an advertising campaign "
+"featuring a cassette-shape skull and the caption <quote>Home taping is "
+"killing music.</quote> At the time digital audio tape became a threat, the "
+"Office of Technical Assessment conducted a survey of consumer behavior. In "
+"1988, 40 percent of consumers older than ten had taped music to a cassette "
+"format. U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, "
+"<citetitle>Copyright and Home Copying: Technology Challenges the Law</"
+"citetitle>, OTA-CIT-422 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, "
+"October 1989), 145–56."
+msgstr ""
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
+"id=\"1\"/> Se Cap Gemini Ernst & Young, <citetitle>Technology Evolution "
+"and the Music Industry's Business Model Crisis</citetitle> (2003), 3 . "
+"Denne rapport beskriver musikindustrien indsats for at stigmatisere den "
+"voksende praksis med at tage op på kassettebånd på 1970-tallet, inkluderet "
+"en reklamekampagne med en kasse-formet hodeskalle og udtrykt <quote>Home "
+"taping is killing music.</quote> På det tidspunktet som digitale "
+"lydkassetter blev en trussel, udførte the Office of Technical Assessment en "
+"spørreundersøkelse om forbrukeroppførsel. I 1988 havde 40 procent af "
+"forbrukerne ældre end ti taget op musik på et kassettebåndformat. U.S. "
+"Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, <citetitle>Copyright and Home "
+"Copying: Technology Challenges the Law</citetitle>, OTA-CIT-422 (Washington, "
+"D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, oktober 1989), 145–56 ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"While the numbers do suggest that sharing is harmful, how harmful is harder "
+"to reckon. It has long been the recording industry's practice to blame "
+"technology for any drop in sales. The history of cassette recording is a "
+"good example. As a study by Cap Gemini Ernst & Young put it, "
+"<quote>Rather than exploiting this new, popular technology, the labels "
+"fought it.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The labels "
+"claimed that every album taped was an album unsold, and when record sales "
+"fell by 11.4 percent in 1981, the industry claimed that its point was "
+"proved. Technology was the problem, and banning or regulating technology was "
+"the answer."
+msgstr ""
+"Mens disse tal jo indikerer at deling er skadeligt/skadelig, så er det "
+"vanskeligere at finde ud hvor skadeligt/skadelig den er. Det har længe "
+"været praksis for pladebranchen at skylde på teknologi for al nedgang i "
+"salg. Historie til kassettebåndoptagelse er et godt eksempel. Som det blev "
+"formuleret i en studie af Cap Gemini Ernst & Young: <quote>I stedet for "
+"at udforske denne nye populære teknologien, sloges selskaberne imod den.</"
+"quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Selskaberne påstod at hvert "
+"album som blev taget op på kassettebånd, var et album som ikke blev solgt, "
+"og da pladesalget henhørte med 11,4 procent i 1981, påstod industrien at "
+"dets pointe var bevist. Teknologien var problemet, og forbud eller "
+"regulering af teknologien var svaret."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "MTV"
+msgstr "MTV"
+
+#. f11
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "U.S. Congress, <citetitle>Copyright and Home Copying</citetitle>, 4."
+msgstr "U.S. Congress, <citetitle>Copyright and Home Copying</citetitle>, 4 ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Yet soon thereafter, and before Congress was given an opportunity to enact "
+"regulation, MTV was launched, and the industry had a record turnaround. "
+"<quote>In the end,</quote> Cap Gemini concludes, <quote>the <quote>crisis</"
+"quote> … was not the fault of the tapers—who did not [stop "
+"after MTV came into being]—but had to a large extent resulted from "
+"stagnation in musical innovation at the major labels.</quote><placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Ikke længe herpå, og før kongressen fik muligheden til at introducere "
+"reguleringer, blev MTV lanceret, og industrien fik et rekordopsving. "
+"<quote>Til slutning,</quote> konkluderede Cap Gemini, <quote>var ikke "
+"<quote>krisen</quote> … forårsaget af de som tog op på kassettebånd "
+"– som ikke [tog slutning efter at MTV dukkede op] – men havde i "
+"stor grad været resultatet af en stagnation i musiknyskabningen hos de store "
+"selskaberne.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"But just because the industry was wrong before does not mean it is wrong "
+"today. To evaluate the real threat that p2p sharing presents to the industry "
+"in particular, and society in general—or at least the society that "
+"inherits the tradition that gave us the film industry, the record industry, "
+"the radio industry, cable TV, and the VCR—the question is not simply "
+"whether type A sharing is harmful. The question is also <emphasis>how</"
+"emphasis> harmful type A sharing is, and how beneficial the other types of "
+"sharing are."
+msgstr ""
+"Men det at industrien har taget fejl før, betyder ikke at de tager fejl i "
+"dag. For at evaluere den virkelige truslen som p2p-deling repræsenterer for "
+"industrien specielt, og samfundet generelt – eller i hvert fald det "
+"samfundet som arvede traditionen som gav os filmindustrien, pladeindustrien, "
+"radioindustrien, kabel-TV og videospilleren – så er ikke spørgsmålet "
+"kun om type-A-deling er skadelig. Spørgsmålet er også <emphasis>hvor</"
+"emphasis> skadelig type-A-deling er, og hvor nyttige de andre typer deling "
+"er."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"We start to answer this question by focusing on the net harm, from the "
+"standpoint of the industry as a whole, that sharing networks cause. The "
+"<quote>net harm</quote> to the industry as a whole is the amount by which "
+"type A sharing exceeds type B. If the record companies sold more records "
+"through sampling than they lost through substitution, then sharing networks "
+"would actually benefit music companies on balance. They would therefore have "
+"little <emphasis>static</emphasis> reason to resist them."
+msgstr ""
+"Vi går i gang med at svare på dette spørgsmål ved at fokusere på netto "
+"skade, set fra industrien som helhed, som delingsnettverkene forårsager. "
+"<quote>Netto skade</quote> for industrien som helhed er værdien af type-A-"
+"deling som overgår type B. Hvis pladeselskaberne solgte flere plader som "
+"resultat af at folk testet musikken end de taber gennem at man lader være at "
+"købe, så har delingsnettverkene totalt set faktisk været til fordel for "
+"musikselskaberne. De villes dermed have lille grund til at "
+"<emphasis>ændre</emphasis> holdninger, og til at modarbejde dem."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "sales levels of"
+msgstr "salgniveau for"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Could that be true? Could the industry as a whole be gaining because of file "
+"sharing? Odd as that might sound, the data about CD sales actually suggest "
+"it might be close."
+msgstr ""
+"Kan det være rigtigt? Kan industrien som helhed øge i omfang på grund af "
+"fildeling? Selv om det kan høres mærkeligt ud, så viser faktisk salgtal for "
+"CD-er at det ikke er langt fra sandheden."
+
+#. f12
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"See Recording Industry Association of America, <citetitle>2002 Yearend "
+"Statistics</citetitle>, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/"
+"notes/\">link #15</ulink>. A later report indicates even greater losses. See "
+"Recording Industry Association of America, <citetitle>Some Facts About Music "
+"Piracy</citetitle>, 25 June 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-"
+"culture.cc/notes/\">link #16</ulink>: <quote>In the past four years, unit "
+"shipments of recorded music have fallen by 26 percent from 1.16 billion "
+"units in to 860 million units in 2002 in the United States (based on units "
+"shipped). In terms of sales, revenues are down 14 percent, from $14.6 "
+"billion in to $12.6 billion last year (based on U.S. dollar value of "
+"shipments). The music industry worldwide has gone from a $39 billion "
+"industry in 2000 down to a $32 billion industry in 2002 (based on U.S. "
+"dollar value of shipments).</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+"Se Foreningen for musikindustri i USA, <citetitle>2002 Yearend Statistics</"
+"citetitle>, tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/"
+"\">link #15</ulink>. En senere rapport indikerer endnu større tab. Se "
+"Foreningen for musikindustri i USA, <citetitle>Some Facts About Music "
+"Piracy</citetitle>, 25 . juni 2003, tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://"
+"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #16</ulink>: <quote>I de sidste fire årene har "
+"antal udsendinge af enheder optaget musik henhørt med 26 procent fra 1,16 "
+"milliarder enheder til 860 millioner enheder i 2002 i USA (baseret på antal "
+"udsendet/udsendt). I salg er omsætning reduceret med 14 procent, fra 14,6 "
+"milliarder dollar til 12,6 milliarder dollar sidste år (baseret på US dollar-"
+"værdi for udsendingene). Musikindustrien på verdenbasis har gået ned fra at "
+"være en 39 milliarder dollars industri i 2000 til at blive en 32 milliarder "
+"dollars industri i 2002 (baseret på US dollarværdi for udsendinge.</quote>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Black, Jane"
+msgstr "Black, Jane"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Jane Black, <quote>Big Music's Broken Record,</quote> BusinessWeek online, "
+"13 February 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/"
+"\">link #17</ulink>. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Jane Black, <quote>Big Music's Broken Record,</quote> BusinessWeek online, "
+"13 . februar 2003, tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/"
+"notes/\">link #17</ulink>. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"In 2002, the RIAA reported that CD sales had fallen by 8.9 percent, from 882 "
+"million to 803 million units; revenues fell 6.7 percent.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> This confirms a trend over the past few years. The "
+"RIAA blames Internet piracy for the trend, though there are many other "
+"causes that could account for this drop. SoundScan, for example, reports a "
+"more than 20 percent drop in the number of CDs released since 1999. That no "
+"doubt accounts for some of the decrease in sales. Rising prices could "
+"account for at least some of the loss. <quote>From 1999 to 2001, the average "
+"price of a CD rose 7.2 percent, from $13.04 to $14.19.</quote><placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Competition from other forms of media could "
+"also account for some of the decline. As Jane Black of "
+"<citetitle>BusinessWeek</citetitle> notes, <quote>The soundtrack to the film "
+"<citetitle>High Fidelity</citetitle> has a list price of $18.98. You could "
+"get the whole movie [on DVD] for $19.99.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote"
+"\" id=\"2\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"I 2002 rapporterede RIAA at CD-salg havde henhørt med 8,9 procent, fra 882 "
+"millioner til 803 millioner enheder, og indtægterne havde henhørt 6,7 "
+"procent.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Dette bekræfter en trend "
+"fra de sidste årene. RIAA skylder på piratvirksomhed over Internet for "
+"denne trend, selv om det er mange andre årsager som kan forklare denne "
+"reduktion. SoundScan rapporterede for eksempel om en reduktion på over 20 "
+"procent siden 1999 når det gælder antal CD-er som er givet ud. Dette er uden "
+"tvivl årsagen til noget af nedgangen i salget. Stigende priser kan også "
+"have bidraget til noget af tabet. <quote>Fra 1999 til 201 steg den "
+"gennemsnitlige prisen for en CD med 7,2 procent, fra 13,04 dollar til 14,19 "
+"dollar.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Konkurrence fra "
+"andre typer medierne kan også forklare noget af nedgangen. Som Jane Black "
+"i <citetitle>BusinessWeek</citetitle> kommenterer, <quote>Lydsporet for "
+"filmen <citetitle>High Fidelity</citetitle> har en listepris på 19,98 "
+"dollar. Du kan få hele filmen [på DVD] for 19,99 dollar.</"
+"quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/>"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 84
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"But let's assume the RIAA is right, and all of the decline in CD sales is "
+"because of Internet sharing. Here's the rub: In the same period that the "
+"RIAA estimates that 803 million CDs were sold, the RIAA estimates that 2.1 "
+"billion CDs were downloaded for free. Thus, although 2.6 times the total "
+"number of CDs sold were downloaded for free, sales revenue fell by just 6.7 "
+"percent."
+msgstr ""
+"Men lagde os antage at RIAA har ret , at al nedgangen i CD-salg er "
+"forårsaget af deling på Internet. Her er hvor det skurrer: I samme periode "
+"som RIAA estimerer at 803 milloner CD-er blev solgt, estimerer RIAA at 2,1 "
+"milliarder CD-er blev lastet ned gratis. Dermed, selv om 2,6 gange det "
+"totale antallet CD-er blev lastet ned gratis, så henhørt salgindtægterne med "
+"kun 6,7 procent."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"There are too many different things happening at the same time to explain "
+"these numbers definitively, but one conclusion is unavoidable: The recording "
+"industry constantly asks, <quote>What's the difference between downloading a "
+"song and stealing a CD?</quote>—but their own numbers reveal the "
+"difference. If I steal a CD, then there is one less CD to sell. Every taking "
+"is a lost sale. But on the basis of the numbers the RIAA provides, it is "
+"absolutely clear that the same is not true of downloads. If every download "
+"were a lost sale—if every use of Kazaa <quote>rob[bed] the author of "
+"[his] profit</quote>—then the industry would have suffered a 100 "
+"percent drop in sales last year, not a 7 percent drop. If 2.6 times the "
+"number of CDs sold were downloaded for free, and yet sales revenue dropped "
+"by just 6.7 percent, then there is a huge difference between "
+"<quote>downloading a song and stealing a CD.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+"Det er for mange forskellige ting som sker samtidig til at forklare disse "
+"tal med sikkerhed, men en konklusion er uunngåelig: Musikindustrien spørger "
+"stadig , <quote>Hvad er forskellen mellem at laste ned en sang, og at stjæle "
+"en CD?</quote> – men deres egen tal afslører forskellen. Hvis jeg "
+"stjæler en CD, så er det en mindre CD at sælge. Hvert eneste som bliver "
+"taget er et tabt salg. Men baseret på tallene som RIAA gør tilgængeligt, så "
+"er det helt klart at det samme ikke er sandt for nedlastinger. Hvis hver "
+"nedlasting var et tabt salg – hvis hver brug af Kazaa <quote>røvede "
+"forfatteren for profiten</quote> – da skulle industrien været påført "
+"100 procent reduktion i salg i fjor, ikke en 7 procents nedgang. Hvis 2,6 "
+"gange antallet solgte CD-er blev lastet ned gratis, og salgindtægterne kun "
+"blev reduceret med 6,7 procent, så er det en stor forskel mellem at "
+"<quote>laste ned en sang og at stjæle en CD.</quote>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"These are the harms—alleged and perhaps exaggerated but, let's assume, "
+"real. What of the benefits? File sharing may impose costs on the recording "
+"industry. What value does it produce in addition to these costs?"
+msgstr ""
+"Dette er skaderne – påståede og måske overdrevende, men lagde os "
+"antage at de er reelle. Hvad er fordelene? Fildeling påfører måske "
+"omkostninger for pladeindustrien. Hvad slags værdi giver det i tillæg til "
+"disse omkostninger?"
+
+#. f15
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"By one estimate, 75 percent of the music released by the major labels is no "
+"longer in print. See Online Entertainment and Copyright Law—Coming "
+"Soon to a Digital Device Near You: Hearing Before the Senate Committee on "
+"the Judiciary, 107th Cong., 1st sess. (3 April 2001) (prepared statement of "
+"the Future of Music Coalition), available at <ulink url=\"http://free-"
+"culture.cc/notes/\">link #18</ulink>."
+msgstr ""
+"Et estimat fortæller at 75 procent af musikken givet ud af de store "
+"pladeselskaberne ikke længere trykkes op . Se Online Entertainment and "
+"Copyright Law – Coming Soon to a Digital Device Near You: Høring foran "
+"the Senate Committee on the Judiciary, 107 . kongr., 1 . sesj. (3 . april "
+"2001) (forberedt indlæg af the Future of Music Coalition), tilgængeligt fra "
+"<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #18</ulink>."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"One benefit is type C sharing—making available content that is "
+"technically still under copyright but is no longer commercially available. "
+"This is not a small category of content. There are millions of tracks that "
+"are no longer commercially available.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/"
+"> And while it's conceivable that some of this content is not available "
+"because the artist producing the content doesn't want it to be made "
+"available, the vast majority of it is unavailable solely because the "
+"publisher or the distributor has decided it no longer makes economic sense "
+"<emphasis>to the company</emphasis> to make it available."
+msgstr ""
+"En fordel er type-C-deling – at gøre indhold tilgængeligt som teknisk "
+"set fortsat er opphavsrettsbeskyttet men som ikke længere er kommercielt "
+"tilgængeligt. Dette er ikke en lille kategori med indhold. Det er "
+"millioner af spor som ikke længere er kommercielt tilgængeligt.<placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Og mens det kan tænkes at noget af dette "
+"indholdet ikke er tilgængeligt fordi artisten som fortog indholdet ikke "
+"ønsker at det bliver gjort tilgængeligt, så er det meste af dette "
+"utilgjengelig kun fordi forlaget eller distributøren har bestemt at det ikke "
+"længere giver økonomisk mening <emphasis>for selskabet</emphasis> at gøre "
+"det tilgængeligt."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "books"
+msgstr "bøge"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "resales of"
+msgstr "bruktsalg af"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "used record sales"
+msgstr "bruktplatesalg"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> While there are not good "
+"estimates of the number of used record stores in existence, in 2002, there "
+"were 7,198 used book dealers in the United States, an increase of 20 percent "
+"since 1993. See Book Hunter Press, <citetitle>The Quiet Revolution: The "
+"Expansion of the Used Book Market</citetitle> (2002), available at <ulink "
+"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #19</ulink>. Used records "
+"accounted for $260 million in sales in 2002. See National Association of "
+"Recording Merchandisers, <quote>2002 Annual Survey Results,</quote> "
+"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #20</ulink>."
+msgstr ""
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Mens det ikke findes nogle gode "
+"estimater over antallet bruktplatebutikker, så var det i 2002 7 7198 "
+"bruktbokhandler i USA, en øgning på 20 procent siden 1993 . Se Book Hunter "
+"Press, <citetitle>The Quiet Revolution: The Expansion of the Usæd Book "
+"Market</citetitle> (2002), tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture."
+"cc/notes/\">link #19</ulink>. Brugte plader udgjorde 260 millioner dollar i "
+"salg i 2002 . Se National Association of Recording Merchandisers, "
+"<quote>2002 Annual Survey Results,</quote> tilgængeligt fra <ulink "
+"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #20</ulink>."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"In real space—long before the Internet—the market had a simple "
+"response to this problem: used book and record stores. There are thousands "
+"of used book and used record stores in America today.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> These stores buy content from owners, then sell the "
+"content they buy. And under American copyright law, when they buy and sell "
+"this content, <emphasis>even if the content is still under copyright</"
+"emphasis>, the copyright owner doesn't get a dime. Used book and record "
+"stores are commercial entities; their owners make money from the content "
+"they sell; but as with cable companies before statutory licensing, they "
+"don't have to pay the copyright owner for the content they sell."
+msgstr ""
+"I den virkelige værdet – længe føder Internet – havde markedet "
+"et enkelt svar på dette problem: bruktbok- og bruktplatebutikker. Det er "
+"tusindvis af butikker for brugte bøger og plader i Amerika i dag."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Disse butikker køber indhold fra "
+"ejerne, og sælger så videre indholdet de købte. Og ifølge amerikansk "
+"åndsverklov, når de køber og sælger dette indhold, <emphasis>selv om "
+"indholdet fortsat er værnet af åndsverkloven</emphasis>, så får ikke "
+"ophavsretejeren et ører. Bruktbok- og bruktplatebutikkene er kommercielle "
+"aktører. Deres ejere tjener penge på indholdet de sælger, men på samme måde "
+"som med kabel-TV-selskaberne føder lovbestemt lisensiering, må de ikke "
+"betale opphavsrettseierene for indholdet de sælger."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "out of print"
+msgstr "udsolgt fra forlaget"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Bernstein, Leonard"
+msgstr "Bernstein, Leonard"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "books on"
+msgstr "bøge på"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Type C sharing, then, is very much like used book stores or used record "
+"stores. It is different, of course, because the person making the content "
+"available isn't making money from making the content available. It is also "
+"different, of course, because in real space, when I sell a record, I don't "
+"have it anymore, while in cyberspace, when someone shares my 1949 recording "
+"of Bernstein's <quote>Two Love Songs,</quote> I still have it. That "
+"difference would matter economically if the owner of the copyright were "
+"selling the record in competition to my sharing. But we're talking about the "
+"class of content that is not currently commercially available. The Internet "
+"is making it available, through cooperative sharing, without competing with "
+"the market."
+msgstr ""
+"Type-C-deling har dermed rigtigt meget til fælles med bruktbok- og "
+"bruktplatebutikker. Det er naturligvis også rigtigt forskelligt, fordi "
+"personen som gør indhold tilgængeligt, ikke tjener penge på at gøre "
+"indholdet tilgængeligt. Det er naturligvis også forskelligt fra den "
+"fysiske værdet ved at når jeg sælger en plade, så har jeg den ikke længere, "
+"mens på nettet når jeg deler min 1949-plade af Bernsteins <quote>Two Love "
+"Songs</quote> med nogle, så har jeg den fortsat. Denne forskel betyder noget "
+"økonomisk hvis ejeren af ophavsreten sælger pladen i konkurrence med min "
+"deling. Men vi snakker om den klassen af indhold som nu ikke er kommercielt "
+"tilgængeligt. Internet gør det tilgængeligt, gennem samarbejdende deling, "
+"uden at konkurrere med markedet."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"It may well be, all things considered, that it would be better if the "
+"copyright owner got something from this trade. But just because it may well "
+"be better, it doesn't follow that it would be good to ban used book stores. "
+"Or put differently, if you think that type C sharing should be stopped, do "
+"you think that libraries and used book stores should be shut as well?"
+msgstr ""
+"Det kan godt være, når alle faktorer vurderes, at det villes været bedre om "
+"ophavsretejeren fik noget fra denne handel. Men det at det kunne været "
+"bedre, fører ikke til at det villes været en god idé at forbyde "
+"bruktbokhandlere. Eller sagt på en anden måde, hvis du tror type-C-deling "
+"burde været stoppet, mener du også at biblioteker og bruktbokhandler også "
+"burde været lukket?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "free on-line releases of"
+msgstr "gratis online-udgivelser af"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Doctorow, Cory"
+msgstr "Doctorow, Cory"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Down and Out in the Magic Kingdom (Doctorow)"
+msgstr "Down and Out in the Magic Kingdom (Doctorow)"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 86
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Finally, and perhaps most importantly, file-sharing networks enable type D "
+"sharing to occur—the sharing of content that copyright owners want to "
+"have shared or for which there is no continuing copyright. This sharing "
+"clearly benefits authors and society. Science fiction author Cory Doctorow, "
+"for example, released his first novel, <citetitle>Down and Out in the Magic "
+"Kingdom</citetitle>, both free on-line and in bookstores on the same day. "
+"His (and his publisher's) thinking was that the on-line distribution would "
+"be a great advertisement for the <quote>real</quote> book. People would read "
+"part on-line, and then decide whether they liked the book or not. If they "
+"liked it, they would be more likely to buy it. Doctorow's content is type D "
+"content. If sharing networks enable his work to be spread, then both he and "
+"society are better off. (Actually, much better off: It is a great book!)"
+msgstr ""
+"Til slutning, og måske mest vigtigt, gør fildelingsnettverk type-D-deling "
+"muligt – delingen af indhold som ophavsretejerne ønsker at få delt, "
+"eller der det ikke er værd efter åndsverkloven. Denne delingen er klaret "
+"til fordel for forfattere og samfundet. Science fiction-forfatteren Cory "
+"Doctorow, for eksempel, udgav sin første roman, <citetitle>Down and Out in "
+"the Magic Kingdom</citetitle>, både frit tilgængeligt på nettet og i "
+"boghandler på samme dag. Han (og hans forlag) mente at distribution på "
+"nettet villes være flotte markedsføring for den <quote>ægte</quote> bogen. "
+"Folk villes læse dele på nettet, og så bestemme sig for om de kunnelide "
+"bogen eller ikke. Hvis de kunnelide den, så var det mere sandsynligt at de "
+"købte den. Doctorows indhold er type-D-indhold. Hvis delingsnettverkene gør "
+"det muligt at brede hans værk, så kommer både han og samfundet bedre ud. "
+"(Faktisk så kommer de meget bedre ud: det er en god bog!)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Likewise for work in the public domain: This sharing benefits society with "
+"no legal harm to authors at all. If efforts to solve the problem of type A "
+"sharing destroy the opportunity for type D sharing, then we lose something "
+"important in order to protect type A content."
+msgstr ""
+"Det samme gælder for allemannseide (public domain) værk: Denne delingen "
+"gavner samfundet uden nogen juridisk skade mod forfattere i det hele taget. "
+"Hvis indsatsen for at løse problemet med type-A-deling ødelægger muligheden "
+"for type-D-deling, så mister vi noget vigtigt for at beskytte type-A-indhold."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The point throughout is this: While the recording industry understandably "
+"says, <quote>This is how much we've lost,</quote> we must also ask, "
+"<quote>How much has society gained from p2p sharing? What are the "
+"efficiencies? What is the content that otherwise would be unavailable?</"
+"quote>"
+msgstr ""
+"Pointen med alt dette er: Selv om pladeindustrien forståeligt nok siger, "
+"<quote>Dette er hvor mange vi har tabt,</quote> så må vi også spørge os "
+"<quote>hvor mange har samfundet fået igen fra p2p-deling? Hvad gør os mere "
+"effektive? Hvad er indholdet som ellers villes være utilgjengelig?</quote>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"For unlike the piracy I described in the first section of this chapter, much "
+"of the <quote>piracy</quote> that file sharing enables is plainly legal and "
+"good. And like the piracy I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: "
+"labelnumber\" linkend=\"pirates\"/>, much of this piracy is motivated by a "
+"new way of spreading content caused by changes in the technology of "
+"distribution. Thus, consistent with the tradition that gave us Hollywood, "
+"radio, the recording industry, and cable TV, the question we should be "
+"asking about file sharing is how best to preserve its benefits while "
+"minimizing (to the extent possible) the wrongful harm it causes artists. The "
+"question is one of balance. The law should seek that balance, and that "
+"balance will be found only with time."
+msgstr ""
+"For til forskel fra piratvirksomheden jeg beskrev i første del af dette "
+"kapitlet, er meget af <quote>piratvirksomheden</quote> som fildeling gør "
+"muligt klart lovlig og god. Og i lighed med piratvirksomheden jeg beskrev i "
+"kapitel <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"pirates\"/>, så er "
+"meget af denne pirat virksomheden motiveret af de nye måderne at brede "
+"indhold på som er forårsaget af ændringer i distributionteknologien. "
+"Dermed, på samme måde som med traditionen som gav os Hollywood, radio, "
+"pladeindustrien og kabel-TV, er spørgsmålet vi bør stille os om fildeling, "
+"hvordan vi bedst kan bevare dets fordele mens vi minimerer (så langt som "
+"muligt) de uønskede skaderne de påfører kunstnere. Spørgsmålet er et om "
+"balance. Retvæsenet bør strebe efter den balancen, og den balancen bliver "
+"fundet kun efter en tid."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<quote>But isn't the war just a war against illegal sharing? Isn't the "
+"target just what you call type A sharing?</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+"<quote>Men er ikke krigen bare en krig mod ulovligt deling? Er ikke "
+"angrepsmålet bare det du kalder type-A-deling?</quote>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "zero tolerance in"
+msgstr "nultolerance i"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "infringing material blocked by"
+msgstr "materiale som bryder ophavsreten blokeret af"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "infringement protections in"
+msgstr "beskyttelser mod brud på ophavsreten i"
+
+#. f17
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"See Transcript of Proceedings, In Re: Napster Copyright Litigation at 34- 35 "
+"(N.D. Cal., 11 July 2001), nos. MDL-00-1369 MHP, C 99-5183 MHP, available at "
+"<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #21</ulink>. For an "
+"account of the litigation and its toll on Napster, see Joseph Menn, "
+"<citetitle>All the Rave: The Rise and Fall of Shawn Fanning's Napster</"
+"citetitle> (New York: Crown Business, 2003), 269–82."
+msgstr ""
+"Se referat fra forhandlingerne, I Re: Napster Copyright Litigation side 34-"
+"35 (N.D. Cal., 11 . juli 2001), nos. MDL-00-1369 MHP, C 99-5183 MHP, "
+"tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #21</"
+"ulink>. For man oppsummering af søgsmålet og dets effekt på Napster, se "
+"Joseph Mænd, <citetitle>Al the Rave: The Rise and Fall of Shawn Fanning's "
+"Napster</citetitle> (New York: Crown Business, 2003), 269–82 ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"You would think. And we should hope. But so far, it is not. The effect of "
+"the war purportedly on type A sharing alone has been felt far beyond that "
+"one class of sharing. That much is obvious from the Napster case itself. "
+"When Napster told the district court that it had developed a technology to "
+"block the transfer of 99.4 percent of identified infringing material, the "
+"district court told counsel for Napster 99.4 percent was not good enough. "
+"Napster had to push the infringements <quote>down to zero.</"
+"quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Man skulle tro det. Og vi bør håbe på det. Men så langt er det ikke "
+"tilfælde. Effekten som krigen som påstås at kun være mod type-A-deling har "
+"blevet kendt langt udover den klassen med deling. Det er åbenbaret fra "
+"Napster-sagen selv. Da Napster fortalte regiondomstolen at den havde "
+"udviklet teknologi som villes blokere for 99,4 procent af identificeret "
+"opphavsrettsbrytende materiale, fortalte regiondomstolen advokaterne til "
+"Napster at 99,4 procent var ikke godt nok. Napster måtte få "
+"ophavsretbruddene <quote>ned til nul.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
+"id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"If 99.4 percent is not good enough, then this is a war on file-sharing "
+"technologies, not a war on copyright infringement. There is no way to assure "
+"that a p2p system is used 100 percent of the time in compliance with the "
+"law, any more than there is a way to assure that 100 percent of VCRs or 100 "
+"percent of Xerox machines or 100 percent of handguns are used in compliance "
+"with the law. Zero tolerance means zero p2p. The court's ruling means that "
+"we as a society must lose the benefits of p2p, even for the totally legal "
+"and beneficial uses they serve, simply to assure that there are zero "
+"copyright infringements caused by p2p."
+msgstr ""
+"Hvis 99,4 procent ikke er godt nok, så er dette en krig mod "
+"fildelingsteknologier, og ikke en krig mod ophavsretbrud. Det er ikke "
+"muligt at sikre at et p2p-system bruges 100 procent af tiden i henhold til "
+"lovværket, lige så lidt som det er muligt at sikre at 100 procent af "
+"videospillere, eller 100 procent af kopimaskiner, eller 100 procent af "
+"håndvåben bliver brugt i henhold til lovværket. Ingen tolerance betyder "
+"ingen p2p. Rettens afgørelser betyder at vi som samfund må miste fordelene "
+"med p2p, selv for de fuldstændig lovlige og fordelaktige brugsområderne som "
+"de tjener, kun for at sikre at det ikke eksisterer brud på ophavsreten "
+"forårsagede af p2p."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Zero tolerance has not been our history. It has not produced the content "
+"industry that we know today. The history of American law has been a process "
+"of balance. As new technologies changed the way content was distributed, the "
+"law adjusted, after some time, to the new technology. In this adjustment, "
+"the law sought to ensure the legitimate rights of creators while protecting "
+"innovation. Sometimes this has meant more rights for creators. Sometimes "
+"less."
+msgstr ""
+"Nultolerance har ikke været vores historie. Det har ikke givet os "
+"indholdindustrien som vi kender i dag . Historie til amerikansk lovgiving "
+"har været en proces om balance. Efterhånden som nye teknologier ændrede "
+"måden indhold blev bredt, så har loven justeret sig, efter lidt tid, til at "
+"modarbejde den nye teknologien. I denne justeringen har loven forsøgt at "
+"sikre legitime rettigheder til skaberne mens den beskytter nyskabning. "
+"Nogle gange har det givet mere rettigheder til skaberne, og nogle gange "
+"mindre."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "composers, copyright protections of"
+msgstr "komponister, ophavsretbeskyttelser for"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "copyright protections in"
+msgstr "ophavsretbeskyttelser i"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "composer's rights vs. producers' rights in"
+msgstr "komponistens rettigheder versus producenternes rettigheder i"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"So, as we've seen, when <quote>mechanical reproduction</quote> threatened "
+"the interests of composers, Congress balanced the rights of composers "
+"against the interests of the recording industry. It granted rights to "
+"composers, but also to the recording artists: Composers were to be paid, but "
+"at a price set by Congress. But when radio started broadcasting the "
+"recordings made by these recording artists, and they complained to Congress "
+"that their <quote>creative property</quote> was not being respected (since "
+"the radio station did not have to pay them for the creativity it broadcast), "
+"Congress rejected their claim. An indirect benefit was enough."
+msgstr ""
+"Dermed, sådan vi har set, når <quote>mekanisk reproduktion</quote> truede "
+"interesserne til komponister, balancerede kongressen rettighederne til "
+"komponisterne mod interesserne til pladeindustrien. Den gav rettigheder til "
+"komponisterne, men også til pladeartisterne: Komponisterne skulle få betalt, "
+"men til en pris sat af Kongressen. Men da radio begyndte kringkasting af "
+"pladerne fortog af disse pladeartister, og de klagede til Kongressen om at "
+"deres <quote>kreative ejendom</quote> ikke blev respekteret (siden en "
+"radiostation ikke måtte betale dem for kreativiteten den udsendet/udsendt), "
+"da afviste Kongressen kravet. En indirekte fordel var nok ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Cable TV followed the pattern of record albums. When the courts rejected the "
+"claim that cable broadcasters had to pay for the content they rebroadcast, "
+"Congress responded by giving broadcasters a right to compensation, but at a "
+"level set by the law. It likewise gave cable companies the right to the "
+"content, so long as they paid the statutory price."
+msgstr ""
+"Kabel-TV fulgte samme mønster som plader. Da retten afviste kravet om at "
+"kabel-TV-kringkasterne måtte betale for indholdet de videresendte, så sorte "
+"Kongressen med at give kringkasterne ret til betaling, men på et niveau "
+"fastsat af loven. De gav på samme måde kabel-TV-selskaberne ret til "
+"indholdet, så længe de betalte den lovbestemte prisen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "two central goals of"
+msgstr "to centrale mål for"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 88
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This compromise, like the compromise affecting records and player pianos, "
+"served two important goals—indeed, the two central goals of any "
+"copyright legislation. First, the law assured that new innovators would have "
+"the freedom to develop new ways to deliver content. Second, the law assured "
+"that copyright holders would be paid for the content that was distributed. "
+"One fear was that if Congress simply required cable TV to pay copyright "
+"holders whatever they demanded for their content, then copyright holders "
+"associated with broadcasters would use their power to stifle this new "
+"technology, cable. But if Congress had permitted cable to use broadcasters' "
+"content for free, then it would have unfairly subsidized cable. Thus "
+"Congress chose a path that would assure <emphasis>compensation</emphasis> "
+"without giving the past (broadcasters) control over the future (cable)."
+msgstr ""
+"Dette kompromis, på samme måde som kompromiset som påvirkede plader og "
+"automatiske pianoer, opnåede to mål – faktisk de to centrale målene i "
+"enhver opphavsrettslovgiving. For det første, sikret loven at nye "
+"oppfinnere villes have friheden til at udvikle nye måder at levere indhold "
+"på. For det andre, sikret loven at ophavsretindehaverne villes få betalt "
+"for indholdet som blev distribueret. En frygt var at hvis Kongressen "
+"ganske enkelt krævede at kabel-TV-selskaberne måtte betale "
+"ophavsretindehaverne uanset hvad de krævede for sit indhold, så villes "
+"ophavsretindehaverne tilknyttet kringkastere bruge sin magt til at hæmme "
+"denne nye kabel-TV-teknologien. Men hvis kongressen havde tilladt kabel-TV "
+"at bruge kringkasternes indhold uden at betale, så villes den givet "
+"uretfærdigt subsidiering til kabel-TV. Dermed valgte Kongressen en pasning "
+"som villes sikre <emphasis>kompensation</emphasis> uden at give fortiden "
+"(kringkasterne) kontrol over fremtiden (kabel-TV)."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Betamax"
+msgstr "Betamax"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Sony"
+msgstr "Sony"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Betamax technology developed by"
+msgstr "Betamax-teknologi udviklede af"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"In the same year that Congress struck this balance, two major producers and "
+"distributors of film content filed a lawsuit against another technology, the "
+"video tape recorder (VTR, or as we refer to them today, VCRs) that Sony had "
+"produced, the Betamax. Disney's and Universal's claim against Sony was "
+"relatively simple: Sony produced a device, Disney and Universal claimed, "
+"that enabled consumers to engage in copyright infringement. Because the "
+"device that Sony built had a <quote>record</quote> button, the device could "
+"be used to record copyrighted movies and shows. Sony was therefore "
+"benefiting from the copyright infringement of its customers. It should "
+"therefore, Disney and Universal claimed, be partially liable for that "
+"infringement."
+msgstr ""
+"Samme år som Kongressen valgte denne balance, gik to store producenter og "
+"distributører af filmindhold til sag mod en anden teknologi, Det var "
+"Betamax, video-spilleren og -opptakeren som Sony havde produceret. Disneys "
+"og Universals påstand mod Sony var relativt enkelt: Sony producerede en "
+"enhed, påstod Disney og Universal, som gjorde det muligt for forbrukere at "
+"gennemføre ophavsretbrud. På grund af at enheden Sony havde fortaget havde "
+"en <quote>optagelseknap,</quote> kunne enheden blive brugt til at tage op "
+"opphavsrettsbeskyttede film og programmer. Sony havde derfor fordel af "
+"ophavsretbruddene til sine kunder, og skulle derfor , påstod Disney og "
+"Universal, være delvis ansvarligt/ansvarlig for disse brud."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 89
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"There was something to Disney's and Universal's claim. Sony did decide to "
+"design its machine to make it very simple to record television shows. It "
+"could have built the machine to block or inhibit any direct copying from a "
+"television broadcast. Or possibly, it could have built the machine to copy "
+"only if there were a special <quote>copy me</quote> signal on the line. It "
+"was clear that there were many television shows that did not grant anyone "
+"permission to copy. Indeed, if anyone had asked, no doubt the majority of "
+"shows would not have authorized copying. And in the face of this obvious "
+"preference, Sony could have designed its system to minimize the opportunity "
+"for copyright infringement. It did not, and for that, Disney and Universal "
+"wanted to hold it responsible for the architecture it chose."
+msgstr ""
+"Det er noget i påstandene til Disney og Universal. Sony valgte at udforme "
+"sin maskine sådan at det var rigtigt enkelt at tage op Tv-programmer. De "
+"kunne have bygget maskinen sådan at den blokerede, eller hindrede enhver "
+"direkte kopiering fra en TV-kringkasting. Eller så kunne de måske have "
+"bygget maskinen sådan at det kun var muligt at kopiere hvis det var et "
+"specielt <quote>kopier mig</quote>-signal på linjen. Det var klart at det "
+"var mange Tv-programmer som ikke gav nogle tilladelse til at kopiere. "
+"Faktisk villes en, hvis man spurgte, uden tvivl fet besked fra flertallet af "
+"programmer at de ikke tillod kopiering. Og i mødet med dette åbenbare "
+"ønsket, kunne Sony have udformet sit system for at minimere muligheden for "
+"ophavsretbrud. Det gjorde de ikke, og på grund af dette vilde Disney og "
+"Universal holde dem ansvarligt/ansvarlig for arkitekturen de valgte."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "on VCR technology"
+msgstr "på videospiller-teknologi"
+
+#. f18
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders): Hearing on S. 1758 "
+"Before the Senate Committee on the Judiciary, 97th Cong., 1st and 2nd sess., "
+"459 (1982) (testimony of Jack Valenti, president, Motion Picture Association "
+"of America, Inc.)."
+msgstr ""
+"Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders): høring om S. 1758 foran "
+"the Senate Committee on the Judiciary, 97 . kongr., 1 . and 2 . siddeplads., "
+"459 (1982) (vidnesbyrd fra Jack Valenti, præsident, Motion Picture "
+"Association of America, Inc.)."
+
+#. f19
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders), 475."
+msgstr "Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders), 475 ."
+
+#. f20
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<citetitle>Universal City Studios, Inc</citetitle>. v. <citetitle>Sony Corp. "
+"of America</citetitle>, 480 F. Supp. 429, (C.D. Cal., 1979)."
+msgstr ""
+"<citetitle>Universal City Studios, Inc</citetitle>. mod <citetitle>Sony "
+"Corp. of America</citetitle>, 480 F. Supp. 429, (C.D. Cal., 1979)."
+
+#. f21
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders), 485 (testimony of Jack "
+"Valenti)."
+msgstr ""
+"Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders), 485 (vidnesbyrd fra "
+"Jack Valenti)."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"MPAA president Jack Valenti became the studios' most vocal champion. Valenti "
+"called VCRs <quote>tapeworms.</quote> He warned, <quote>When there are 20, "
+"30, 40 million of these VCRs in the land, we will be invaded by millions of "
+"<quote>tapeworms,</quote> eating away at the very heart and essence of the "
+"most precious asset the copyright owner has, his copyright.</"
+"quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> <quote>One does not have to "
+"be trained in sophisticated marketing and creative judgment,</quote> he told "
+"Congress, <quote>to understand the devastation on the after-theater "
+"marketplace caused by the hundreds of millions of tapings that will "
+"adversely impact on the future of the creative community in this country. It "
+"is simply a question of basic economics and plain common sense.</"
+"quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Indeed, as surveys would "
+"later show, 45 percent of VCR owners had movie libraries of ten videos or "
+"more<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> — a use the Court would "
+"later hold was not <quote>fair.</quote> By <quote>allowing VCR owners to "
+"copy freely by the means of an exemption from copyright infringement without "
+"creating a mechanism to compensate copyright owners,</quote> Valenti "
+"testified, Congress would <quote>take from the owners the very essence of "
+"their property: the exclusive right to control who may use their work, that "
+"is, who may copy it and thereby profit from its reproduction.</"
+"quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"3\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"MPAA-præsidenten Jack Valenti blev studioernes mest synlige forkjemper. "
+"Valenti kaldte videospillerne for <quote>båndormer</quote> (engelsk: "
+"tapeworm). Han advarede om <quote>at når det er 20, 30, 40 millioner af "
+"disse video spillerne i landet, vil vi blive invaderet af millioner af "
+"<quote>båndormer</quote> som spiser i vej i hjertet og essensen til den mest "
+"værdifulde eiendelen som ophavsretejeren har, hans ophavsret.</"
+"quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> <quote>Man må ikke være "
+"oplært i sofistikert markedsføring eller kreativ vurdering,</quote> fortalte "
+"han Kongressen, <quote>for at forstå ødeleggelsen af efter-biograf-markedet "
+"forårsagede af de hundredevis af millioner optagelser som vil seriøst "
+"påvirke fremtiden til det kreative miljøet i dette land. Det er ganske "
+"enkelt et spørgsmål om grundlæggende økonomi og enkel sund fornuft.</"
+"quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Og ganske rigtigt, viser "
+"senere spørreundersøkelser, 45 procent af videospillerejerne havde "
+"filmbiblioteker som indeholdte ti film eller mere.<placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> – en brug som retten senere villes afgøre "
+"ikke var <quote>rimeligt.</quote> Ved at <quote>tillade videospillerejerne "
+"at kopiere frit ved hjælp af et undtagelse fra brud på opphavsrettsloven "
+"uden at fortage en mekanisme for at kompensere ophavsretejerne,</quote> "
+"forklarede Valenti, så villes Kongressen <quote>tage fra ejerne selve "
+"essensen i sin ejendom: den eksklusive retten til at kontrollere hvem som "
+"kan bruge deres værker, det vil sige, hvem som kan kopiere dem, og dermed "
+"nyde godt at deres reproduktion.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
+"id=\"3\"/>"
+
+#. f22
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<citetitle>Universal City Studios, Inc</citetitle>. v. <citetitle>Sony Corp. "
+"of America</citetitle>, 659 F. 2d 963 (9th Cir. 1981)."
+msgstr ""
+"<citetitle>Universal City Studios, Inc</citetitle>. mod <citetitle>Sony "
+"Corp. of America</citetitle>, 659 F. 2d 963 (9th Cir. 1981)."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Kozinski, Alex"
+msgstr "Kozinski, Alex"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"It took eight years for this case to be resolved by the Supreme Court. In "
+"the interim, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, which includes Hollywood in "
+"its jurisdiction—leading Judge Alex Kozinski, who sits on that court, "
+"refers to it as the <quote>Hollywood Circuit</quote>—held that Sony "
+"would be liable for the copyright infringement made possible by its "
+"machines. Under the Ninth Circuit's rule, this totally familiar "
+"technology—which Jack Valenti had called <quote>the Boston Strangler "
+"of the American film industry</quote> (worse yet, it was a "
+"<emphasis>Japanese</emphasis> Boston Strangler of the American film "
+"industry)—was an illegal technology.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id="
+"\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Det tog otte år føder denne sag blev afgjort af Højesteret. I mellemtiden "
+"havde den niende ankekreds, som har Hollywood i sin jurisdiktion – det "
+"den ledende dommeren Alex Kozinski, som er medlem i den domstolen, omtaler "
+"som <quote>Hollywood-kredsen</quote> – fundet at Sony måtte holdes "
+"ansvarligt/ansvarlig for de ophavsretbruddene som blev gjort muligt med "
+"deres maskiner. Ifølge reglen til niende ankekreds var denne kendte "
+"teknologi – som Jack Valenti havde omtalt som <quote>Boston-kveleren "
+"for amerikansk filmindustri</quote> (ondere end dette, det var en "
+"<emphasis>japansk</emphasis> Boston-kvæler for amerikansk filmindustri) "
+"– en ulovlig teknologi.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> "
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 90
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"But the Supreme Court reversed the decision of the Ninth Circuit. And in "
+"its reversal, the Court clearly articulated its understanding of when and "
+"whether courts should intervene in such disputes. As the Court wrote,"
+msgstr ""
+"Men Højesteret gjorde om afgørelsen til niende ankekreds. Og i sin "
+"afgørelse formulerede domstolen klart sin forståelse af når og om domstole "
+"burde intervenere i sådanne konflikter. Som retten skrev,"
+
+#. f23
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<citetitle>Sony Corp. of America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal City "
+"Studios, Inc</citetitle>., 464 U.S. 417, 431 (1984)."
+msgstr ""
+"<citetitle>Sony Corp. of America</citetitle> mod <citetitle>Universal City "
+"Studios, Inc</citetitle>., 464 U.S. 417, 431 (1984)."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Sound policy, as well as history, supports our consistent deference to "
+"Congress when major technological innovations alter the market for "
+"copyrighted materials. Congress has the constitutional authority and the "
+"institutional ability to accommodate fully the varied permutations of "
+"competing interests that are inevitably implicated by such new technology."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Både forsvarlig politik og vores historie, støtter vores konsistente "
+"henvisning til Kongressen når store teknologiske nyvindinger ændrer markedet "
+"for opphavsrettsbeskyttet materiale. Kongressen har den konstitusjonelle "
+"autoriteten og institutionevnen til at tage fuldt hensyn til de forskellige "
+"sammensetningene af konkurrerende interesser som uunngåelig bliver "
+"involveret af sådan ny teknologi.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Congress was asked to respond to the Supreme Court's decision. But as with "
+"the plea of recording artists about radio broadcasts, Congress ignored the "
+"request. Congress was convinced that American film got enough, this "
+"<quote>taking</quote> notwithstanding. If we put these cases together, a "
+"pattern is clear:"
+msgstr ""
+"Kongressen blev bedt om at svare på afgørelsen fra Højesteret. Men på samme "
+"måde som med appellen fra pladeartisterne om radiokringkastinger, ignorerede "
+"Kongressen denne forespørgsel. Kongressen var overbevist om at amerikansk "
+"film fik nok , på trods af at det her blev <quote>taget.</quote> Hvis vi "
+"samler disse sag, træder et mønster frem:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "CASE"
+msgstr "Tilfælde"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "WHOSE VALUE WAS <quote>PIRATED</quote>"
+msgstr "Hvems værdi blev <quote>røvet</quote>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "RESPONSE OF THE COURTS"
+msgstr "Responsen til domstolene"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "RESPONSE OF CONGRESS"
+msgstr "Responsen til Kongressen"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Recordings"
+msgstr "Indspilninger"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Composers"
+msgstr "Komponister"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "No protection"
+msgstr "Ingen beskyttelse"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Statutory license"
+msgstr "Lovbestemmt licens"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Recording artists"
+msgstr "Pladeartister"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "N/A"
+msgstr "N/A"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Nothing"
+msgstr "Ingenting"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Broadcasters"
+msgstr "Kringkastere"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "VCR"
+msgstr "Video-spiller / -opptaker"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Film creators"
+msgstr "Filmskabere"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> These are the most important "
+"instances in our history, but there are other cases as well. The technology "
+"of digital audio tape (DAT), for example, was regulated by Congress to "
+"minimize the risk of piracy. The remedy Congress imposed did burden DAT "
+"producers, by taxing tape sales and controlling the technology of DAT. See "
+"Audio Home Recording Act of 1992 (Title 17 of the <citetitle>United States "
+"Code</citetitle>), Pub. L. No. 102-563, 106 Stat. 4237, codified at 17 U.S."
+"C. §1001. Again, however, this regulation did not eliminate the opportunity "
+"for free riding in the sense I've described. See Lessig, <citetitle>Future</"
+"citetitle>, 71. See also Picker, <quote>From Edison to the Broadcast Flag,</"
+"quote> <citetitle>University of Chicago Law Review</citetitle> 70 (2003): "
+"293–96. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type="
+"\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Dette er de vigtigste "
+"forekomsterne i vores historie, men det er også andre tilfælde. For "
+"eksempel var teknologien til digitale lydkasetter (DAT) reguleret af "
+"Kongressen for at minimere risikoen for piratkopiering. Medicinen som "
+"Kongressen valgte, påførte man belastning for DAT-producenter, ved at lægge "
+"en skat på kassettebåndsalg og ved at kontrollere DAT-teknologien. Se Audio "
+"Home Recording Act fra 1992 (overskrift 17 i <citetitle>United States Code</"
+"citetitle>), Pub. L. No. 102-563, 106 Stat. 4237, codified at 17 U.S.C. "
+"§1001 . Igen eliminerede heller ikke denne regulereringen muligheden for "
+"gratispassagerer sådan jeg har beskrevet. Se Lessig <citetitle>Future</"
+"citetitle>, 71 . Se også Picker, <quote>From Edison to the Broadcast Flag,</"
+"quote> <citetitle>University of Chicago Law Review</citetitle> 70 (2003): "
+"293–96 . <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder "
+"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"In each case throughout our history, a new technology changed the way "
+"content was distributed.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In each "
+"case, throughout our history, that change meant that someone got a "
+"<quote>free ride</quote> on someone else's work."
+msgstr ""
+"I hvert tilfælde gennem vores historie har ny teknologi ændret hvordan "
+"indhold blev distribueret.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> I hvert "
+"tilfælde, gennem hele vores historie, har den ændringen ført til at nogle "
+"blev <quote>gratispassager</quote> på nogle andres værk."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 91
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"In <emphasis>none</emphasis> of these cases did either the courts or "
+"Congress eliminate all free riding. In <emphasis>none</emphasis> of these "
+"cases did the courts or Congress insist that the law should assure that the "
+"copyright holder get all the value that his copyright created. In every "
+"case, the copyright owners complained of <quote>piracy.</quote> In every "
+"case, Congress acted to recognize some of the legitimacy in the behavior of "
+"the <quote>pirates.</quote> In each case, Congress allowed some new "
+"technology to benefit from content made before. It balanced the interests at "
+"stake."
+msgstr ""
+"I <emphasis>ingen</emphasis> af disse tilfælde eliminerede domstolene og "
+"Kongressen alle gratispassagerer. I <emphasis>ingen</emphasis> af disse "
+"tilfælde insisterede domstolene og Kongressen på at loven skulle sikre at "
+"ophavsretindehaveren skulle få al værdi som hans ophavsret havde skabt. I "
+"hvert tilfælde klagede ophavsretejeren over <quote>piratvirksomhed.</quote> "
+"I hvert tilfælde valgte Kongressen at tage hensyn til noget af legitimiteten "
+"i opførslen hos <quote>piraterne.</quote> I hvert tilfælde tillod "
+"Kongressen noget ny teknologi at have fordel af indhold fortaget tidligere . "
+" Den balancerede interesserne som stod på spil."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"When you think across these examples, and the other examples that make up "
+"the first four chapters of this section, this balance makes sense. Was Walt "
+"Disney a pirate? Would doujinshi be better if creators had to ask "
+"permission? Should tools that enable others to capture and spread images as "
+"a way to cultivate or criticize our culture be better regulated? Is it "
+"really right that building a search engine should expose you to $15 million "
+"in damages? Would it have been better if Edison had controlled film? Should "
+"every cover band have to hire a lawyer to get permission to record a song?"
+msgstr ""
+"Når du tænker over disse eksempler, og de andre eksempler som udgør de "
+"første fire kapitlerne i denne del, så giver denne balance mening. Var Walt "
+"Disney en pirat? Villes doujinshi være bedre hvis skaberne måtte bede om "
+"tilladelse? Bør værktøj som giver andre mulighed til at fange og brede "
+"billeder sådan at de kan kultivere og kritisere vores kultur blive bedre "
+"reguleret? Er det virkeligt rigtigt at at bygge en søkemotor skal udsætte "
+"dig for krav på 15 millioner dollar i erstatning? Villes det have været "
+"bedre om Edison havde kontrolleret al film? Burde ethvert coverband måtte "
+"hyre ind en advokat for at få tilladelse til at spille ind en sang?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "on balance of interests in copyright law"
+msgstr "om interesseavveininger i opphavsrettslovgivning"
+
+#. f25
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<citetitle>Sony Corp. of America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal City "
+"Studios, Inc</citetitle>., 464 U.S. 417, (1984)."
+msgstr ""
+"<citetitle>Sony Corp. of America</citetitle> mod <citetitle>Universal City "
+"Studios, Inc</citetitle>., 464 U.S. 417, (1984)."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"We could answer yes to each of these questions, but our tradition has "
+"answered no. In our tradition, as the Supreme Court has stated, copyright "
+"<quote>has never accorded the copyright owner complete control over all "
+"possible uses of his work.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> "
+"Instead, the particular uses that the law regulates have been defined by "
+"balancing the good that comes from granting an exclusive right against the "
+"burdens such an exclusive right creates. And this balancing has historically "
+"been done <emphasis>after</emphasis> a technology has matured, or settled "
+"into the mix of technologies that facilitate the distribution of content."
+msgstr ""
+"Vi kunne sort ja på hvert af disse spørgsmål, men vores tradition har svaret "
+"nej. I vores tradition, sådan Højesteret udtalte, har ophavsreten "
+"<quote>aldrig givet ophavsretejeren fuldstændig kontrol over al muligt brug "
+"af hans værker.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> I stedet "
+"har de spesifikke brugsområder som loven regulerer været defineret ved at "
+"balancere de goder som kommer fra at dele ud en eksklusiv rettighed mod "
+"ulempene en sådan eksklusiv rettighed skaber. Og denne balance ringen har "
+"historisk været gjort <emphasis>efter</emphasis> at teknologien har modnet, "
+"eller landet på en blanding af teknologier som bidrager til distributionen "
+"af indhold."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"We should be doing the same thing today. The technology of the Internet is "
+"changing quickly. The way people connect to the Internet (wires vs. "
+"wireless) is changing very quickly. No doubt the network should not become a "
+"tool for <quote>stealing</quote> from artists. But neither should the law "
+"become a tool to entrench one particular way in which artists (or more "
+"accurately, distributors) get paid. As I describe in some detail in the last "
+"chapter of this book, we should be securing income to artists while we allow "
+"the market to secure the most efficient way to promote and distribute "
+"content. This will require changes in the law, at least in the interim. "
+"These changes should be designed to balance the protection of the law "
+"against the strong public interest that innovation continue."
+msgstr ""
+"Vi burde gøre det samme i dag. Teknologien på Internet ændrer sig raskt. "
+"Måden folk kobler sig til Internet (trådbasert eller trådløst) ændrer sig "
+"rigtigt raskt. Uden tvivl bør ikke netværket blive et værktøj for "
+"<quote>stjeling</quote> fra kunstnere. Men loven bør heller ikke blive et "
+"værktøj for at tvinge igennem en bestemt måde som kunstnere (eller mere "
+"korrekt, distributører) får betalt. Som jeg beskriver i lidt detalje i det "
+"sidste kapitlet i denne bog, bør vi sikre indkomster til kunstnere mens vi "
+"tillader markedet at få på plads den mest effektive måden at fremme og "
+"distribuere indhold. Dette vil kræve ændringer i loven, i hvert fald i en "
+"mellomperiode. Disse ændringer bør udformes sådan at de balancerer lovgitt "
+"beskyttelse mod den stærke interessen folket har for at nyskabning "
+"fortsætter."
+
+#. f26
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"John Schwartz, <quote>New Economy: The Attack on Peer-to-Peer Software "
+"Echoes Past Efforts,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 22 "
+"September 2003, C3."
+msgstr ""
+"John Schwartz, <quote>New Economy: The Attack on Peer-to-Peer Software "
+"Echoes Past Efforts,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 22 . "
+"september 2003, C3 ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This is especially true when a new technology enables a vastly superior mode "
+"of distribution. And this p2p has done. P2p technologies can be ideally "
+"efficient in moving content across a widely diverse network. Left to "
+"develop, they could make the network vastly more efficient. Yet these "
+"<quote>potential public benefits,</quote> as John Schwartz writes in "
+"<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle>, <quote>could be delayed in the "
+"P2P fight.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Dette er specielt rigtigt når en ny teknologi muliggjør en vældig overlegen "
+"måde at distribuere på, og det har p2p gjort. P2p-teknologier kan være "
+"ideelt effektivt for at flydte indhold på tværs af et stort og varieret "
+"netværk. Udviklede videre så kan de gøre netværkene meget mere effektive. "
+"Alligevel kan disse <quote>potentielle fordelene for folket,</quote> som "
+"John Schwartz skriver i <citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle>, "
+"<quote>blive forsinket af p2p-kampen.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
+"id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>Yet when anyone</emphasis> begins to talk about "
+"<quote>balance,</quote> the copyright warriors raise a different argument. "
+"<quote>All this hand waving about balance and incentives,</quote> they say, "
+"<quote>misses a fundamental point. Our content,</quote> the warriors insist, "
+"<quote>is our <emphasis>property</emphasis>. Why should we wait for Congress "
+"to <quote>rebalance</quote> our property rights? Do you have to wait before "
+"calling the police when your car has been stolen? And why should Congress "
+"deliberate at all about the merits of this theft? Do we ask whether the car "
+"thief had a good use for the car before we arrest him?</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>Men når nogle</emphasis> begynder at snakke om "
+"<quote>balance,</quote> kommer ophavsretkrigerene med et andet argument. "
+"<quote>Al denne varme luft om balance og incentiver,</quote> siger de, "
+"<quote>går glipp af det fundamentale pointen. Vores indhold,</quote> "
+"insisterer krigerene, <quote>er vores <emphasis>ejendom</emphasis>. Hvorfor "
+"burde vi vente på at Kongressen skal finde en ny balance for vores "
+"ejendomretter? Må vi vente før vi kontakter politiet når vores bil har "
+"blevet stjålet? Og hvorfor burde Kongressen i det hele taget debattere "
+"nytten af dette tyveriet? Spørger vi dem om biltyven havde god brug for "
+"bilen før vi arresterer ham?</quote>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<quote>It is <emphasis>our property</emphasis>,</quote> the warriors insist. "
+"<quote>And it should be protected just as any other property is protected.</"
+"quote>"
+msgstr ""
+"<quote>Det er <emphasis>vores ejendom</emphasis>,</quote> insisterer "
+"krigerene, <quote>og den bør være beskyttet på samme måde som al anden "
+"ejendom er beskyttet.</quote>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><title>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<quote>Property</quote>"
+msgstr "<quote>Ejendom</quote>"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 94
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>The copyright warriors</emphasis> are right: A "
+"copyright is a kind of property. It can be owned and sold, and the law "
+"protects against its theft. Ordinarily, the copyright owner gets to hold out "
+"for any price he wants. Markets reckon the supply and demand that partially "
+"determine the price she can get."
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>Ophavsretkrigerene</emphasis> har ret : Ophavsreten "
+"er en type ejendom. Den kan ejes og sælges, og lovværket beskytter den mod "
+"at blive stjålet. Sædvanligvis, kan ophavsretejeren bede om hvilken som "
+"hilst pris som han ønsker. Markeder bestemmer tilbud og efterspørgsel som i "
+"hvert tilfælde bestemmer prisen hun kan få."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"But in ordinary language, to call a copyright a <quote>property</quote> "
+"right is a bit misleading, for the property of copyright is an odd kind of "
+"property. Indeed, the very idea of property in any idea or any expression "
+"is very odd. I understand what I am taking when I take the picnic table you "
+"put in your backyard. I am taking a thing, the picnic table, and after I "
+"take it, you don't have it. But what am I taking when I take the good "
+"<emphasis>idea</emphasis> you had to put a picnic table in the "
+"backyard—by, for example, going to Sears, buying a table, and putting "
+"it in my backyard? What is the thing I am taking then?"
+msgstr ""
+"I normalt sprog er imidlertid det at kalde ophavsret for en "
+"<quote>ejendoms</quote>ret lidt misvisende, for ejendommen i ophavsreten er "
+"en mærkelig type ejendom. Selve idéen om ejerrettigheder til en idé eller "
+"et udtryk er nemlig rigtigt mærkeligt. Jeg forstår hvad jeg tager når jeg "
+"tager et havebord som du placerede bag dit hus. Jeg tager en ting, "
+"havebordet, og efter at jeg har taget det, har ikke du det. Men hvad tager "
+"jeg når jeg tager den gode <emphasis>idéen</emphasis> som du havde om at "
+"placere havebordet i bakhagen – ved at for eksempel afgå til butikken "
+"Sears, købe et bord, og placere det i min egen bakhage? Hvad er tingen jeg "
+"tager da ?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Jefferson, Thomas"
+msgstr "Jefferson, Thomas"
+
+#. f1
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Letter from Thomas Jefferson to Isaac McPherson (13 August 1813) in "
+"<citetitle>The Writings of Thomas Jefferson</citetitle>, vol. 6 (Andrew A. "
+"Lipscomb and Albert Ellery Bergh, eds., 1903), 330, 333–34."
+msgstr ""
+"Brev fra Thomas Jefferson til Isaac McPherson (13 . august 1813) i "
+"<citetitle>The Writings of Thomas Jefferson</citetitle>, vol. 6 (Andrew A. "
+"Lipscomb and Albert Ellery Bergh, eds., 1903), 330, 333–34 ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The point is not just about the thingness of picnic tables versus ideas, "
+"though that's an important difference. The point instead is that in the "
+"ordinary case—indeed, in practically every case except for a narrow "
+"range of exceptions—ideas released to the world are free. I don't take "
+"anything from you when I copy the way you dress—though I might seem "
+"weird if I did it every day, and especially weird if you are a woman. "
+"Instead, as Thomas Jefferson said (and as is especially true when I copy the "
+"way someone else dresses), <quote>He who receives an idea from me, receives "
+"instruction himself without lessening mine; as he who lights his taper at "
+"mine, receives light without darkening me.</quote><placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Pointen er ikke bare om hvorvidt havebord og idéer er ting, selv om det er "
+"en vigtig forskel. Pointen er i stedet at i det normale tilfælde – "
+"faktisk i praktisk talt ethvert tilfælde undtagen en begrænset række med "
+"undtagelse – er idéer som er sluppet ud i værdet frie. Jeg tager "
+"ingenting fra dig når jeg kopierer måden du klæder dig selv – om det "
+"villes se sært ud hvis jeg gjorde det hver dag, og specielt sært hvis du er "
+"en kvinde. I stedet, som Thomas Jefferson sagde (og det er specielt sandt "
+"når jeg kopierer hvordan nogle andre klæder sig), <quote>Den som modtager en "
+"idé fra mig, får selv information uden at tage noget fra mig, på samme måde "
+"som den som fænger sit lys fra min svage fure lys uden at forlade mig i "
+"mørket.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "intangibility of"
+msgstr "uhåndgripeligheten til"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The exceptions to free use are ideas and expressions within the reach of the "
+"law of patent and copyright, and a few other domains that I won't discuss "
+"here. Here the law says you can't take my idea or expression without my "
+"permission: The law turns the intangible into property."
+msgstr ""
+"Undtagelserne til fri brug er idéer og udtryk indenfor dækningområdet til "
+"loven om patent og ophavsret, og nogle få andre betænker som jeg ikke vil "
+"diskutere her . Her siger lovværket at du ikke kan tage min idé eller "
+"udtryk uden min tilladelse: Lovværket gør det immaterielle til ejendom. "
+
+#. f2
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"As the legal realists taught American law, all property rights are "
+"intangible. A property right is simply a right that an individual has "
+"against the world to do or not do certain things that may or may not attach "
+"to a physical object. The right itself is intangible, even if the object to "
+"which it is (metaphorically) attached is tangible. See Adam Mossoff, "
+"<quote>What Is Property? Putting the Pieces Back Together,</quote> "
+"<citetitle>Arizona Law Review</citetitle> 45 (2003): 373, 429 n. 241."
+msgstr ""
+"Sådan de juridiske realisterne lærte væk amerikansk lov, var alle "
+"ejendomretter immaterielle. En ejendomret er ganske enkelt den retten som "
+"et individ har mod værdet til at gøre eller ikke gøre visse/vise ting som er "
+"eller ikke er knyttet til et fysisk objekt. Retten i sig selv er "
+"immateriell, selv om objektet som det er (metafysisk) knyttet til er "
+"materielt. Se Adam Mossoff, <quote>What Is Property? Putting the Pieces "
+"Back Together,</quote> <citetitle>Arizona Law Review</citetitle> 45 (2003): "
+"373, 429 n. 241 ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"But how, and to what extent, and in what form—the details, in other "
+"words—matter. To get a good sense of how this practice of turning the "
+"intangible into property emerged, we need to place this <quote>property</"
+"quote> in its proper context.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Men hvordan lovværket gør det, og i hvilken udstrækning, og i hvilken form "
+"– detaljerne, med andre ord – betyder noget. For at få en god "
+"forståelse om hvordan denne praksis om at gøre det immaterielle om til "
+"ejendom voksede frem, behøver vi at placere sådan <quote>ejendom</quote> i "
+"sin rette sammenhæng.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"My strategy in doing this will be the same as my strategy in the preceding "
+"part. I offer four stories to help put the idea of <quote>copyright material "
+"is property</quote> in context. Where did the idea come from? What are its "
+"limits? How does it function in practice? After these stories, the "
+"significance of this true statement—<quote>copyright material is "
+"property</quote>— will be a bit more clear, and its implications will "
+"be revealed as quite different from the implications that the copyright "
+"warriors would have us draw."
+msgstr ""
+"Min strategi for at gøre dette er den samme som min strategi i den "
+"foregående del. Jeg præsenterer fire historie som bidrager til at placere "
+"<quote>opphavsrettsbeskyttet materiale er ejendom</quote> i sammenhæng. "
+"Hvor kom idéen fra? Hvad er deres begrænsninger? Hvordan fungerer dette i "
+"praksis? Efter disse historie vil betydningen til dette sande udsagn "
+"– <quote>opphavsrettsbeskyttet materiale er ejendom</quote> – "
+"blive lidt mere klart, og dets implikationer vil blive afsløret som ganske "
+"forskelligt fra implikationerne som ophavsretkrigerene vil at vi skal forstå."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Chapter Six: Founders"
+msgstr "Kapitel seks: Grundlæggerne"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "English copyright law developed for"
+msgstr "Engelsk åndsverklov udviklede for"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "England, copyright laws developed in"
+msgstr "England, åndsverklov udviklede i"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "United Kingdom"
+msgstr "Storbritannia"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "history of copyright law in"
+msgstr "historie af opphavsrettslovgivning i"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Branagh, Kenneth"
+msgstr "Branagh, Kenneth"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Henry V"
+msgstr "Henry V"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Romeo and Juliet (Shakespeare)"
+msgstr "Romeo og Julie (Shakespeare)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>William Shakespeare</emphasis> wrote "
+"<citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> in 1595. The play was first "
+"published in 1597. It was the eleventh major play that Shakespeare had "
+"written. He would continue to write plays through 1613, and the plays that "
+"he wrote have continued to define Anglo-American culture ever since. So "
+"deeply have the works of a sixteenth-century writer seeped into our culture "
+"that we often don't even recognize their source. I once overheard someone "
+"commenting on Kenneth Branagh's adaptation of Henry V: <quote>I liked it, "
+"but Shakespeare is so full of clichés.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>William Shakespeare</emphasis> skrev "
+"<citetitle>Romeo og Julie</citetitle> i 1595 . Skuespillet blev først "
+"udgivet i 1597 . Det var det ellevte store skuespillet Shakespeare havde "
+"skrevet. Han fortsatte at skrive skuespil helt til 1613, og stykkerne han "
+"skræv har fortsat at definere angloamerikansk kultur siden. Så dybt har "
+"værkerne af en 1500-tals forfatter synket ind i vores kultur at vi ofte ikke "
+"engang kender kilden. Jeg overhørte en gang nogle som kommentere Kenneth "
+"Branaghs udgave af Henry V: <quote>Jeg kunnelide det, men Shakespeare er så "
+"fuld af klicheer.</quote>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Conger"
+msgstr "Conger"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Tonson, Jacob"
+msgstr "Tonson, Jacob"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Jonson, Ben"
+msgstr "Jonson, Ben"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Dryden, John"
+msgstr "Dryden, John"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
+"id=\"1\"/> Jacob Tonson is typically remembered for his associations with "
+"prominent eighteenth-century literary figures, especially John Dryden, and "
+"for his handsome <quote>definitive editions</quote> of classic works. In "
+"addition to <citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle>, he published an "
+"astonishing array of works that still remain at the heart of the English "
+"canon, including collected works of Shakespeare, Ben Jonson, John Milton, "
+"and John Dryden. See Keith Walker, <quote>Jacob Tonson, Bookseller,</quote> "
+"<citetitle>American Scholar</citetitle> 61:3 (1992): 424–31."
+msgstr ""
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
+"id=\"1\"/> Jacob Tonson er sædvanligvis husket for sin omgang med 1700-"
+"tallets litterære storheter, specielt John Dryden, og for hans kække "
+"<quote>færdige versioner</quote> af klassiske værker. I tillæg til "
+"<citetitle>Romeo og Julie</citetitle>, udgav han en utrolig række liste af "
+"værker som endnu er hjertet af den engelske kanon, inkluderet de samlede "
+"værker af Shakespeare, Ben Jonson, John Milton, og John Dryden. Se Keith "
+"Walker: <quote>Jacob Tonson, Bookseller,</quote> <citetitle>American "
+"Scholar</citetitle> 61:3 (1992): 424–31 ."
+
+#. f2
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Lyman Ray Patterson, <citetitle>Copyright in Historical Perspective</"
+"citetitle> (Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 1968), 151–52."
+msgstr ""
+"Lyman Ray Patterson, <citetitle>Copyright in Historical Perspective</"
+"citetitle> (Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 1968), 151–52 ."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 97
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"In 1774, almost 180 years after <citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> was "
+"written, the <quote>copy-right</quote> for the work was still thought by "
+"many to be the exclusive right of a single London publisher, Jacob Tonson."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Tonson was the most prominent of a "
+"small group of publishers called the Conger<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id="
+"\"1\"/> who controlled bookselling in England during the eighteenth century. "
+"The Conger claimed a perpetual right to control the <quote>copy</quote> of "
+"books that they had acquired from authors. That perpetual right meant that "
+"no one else could publish copies of a book to which they held the "
+"copyright. Prices of the classics were thus kept high; competition to "
+"produce better or cheaper editions was eliminated."
+msgstr ""
+"I 1774, næsten 180 år efter at <citetitle>Romeo og Julie</citetitle> blev "
+"skrevet, mente mange at <quote>ophavsreten</quote> kun tilhørte en eneste "
+"utgiver i London, Jacob Tonson. <placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> "
+"Tonson var den mest fremstående af en lille gruppe utgivere kaldt <quote>The "
+"Conger</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>, som kontrollerede "
+"boksalget i England gennem hele 1700-tallet. The Conger hævdede at de havde "
+"en evigvarende eneret over <quote>kopier</quote> af bøger de havde fået af "
+"forfatterne. Denne evigvarende retten indebar at ingen andre kunne publicere "
+"eksemplarer af disse bøge. Sådan blev prisen på klassiske bøger holdt oppe; "
+"alle konkurrenter som fortog bedre eller billigere udgaver, blev fjernet."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "British Parliament"
+msgstr "Britiske parlamentet, det"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "renewability of"
+msgstr "fornyelsesevnen til"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Statute of Anne (1710)"
+msgstr "Statute of Anne (1710)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> As Siva Vaidhyanathan nicely "
+"argues, it is erroneous to call this a <quote>copyright law.</quote> See "
+"Vaidhyanathan, <citetitle>Copyrights and Copywrongs</citetitle>, 40."
+msgstr ""
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Som Sivede Vaidhyanathan så pænt "
+"argumenterer, er det feilaktige at kalde dette en <quote>åndsverklov.</"
+"quote> Se Vaidhyanathan, <citetitle>Copyrights and Copywrongs</citetitle>, "
+"40 ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Now, there's something puzzling about the year 1774 to anyone who knows a "
+"little about copyright law. The better-known year in the history of "
+"copyright is 1710, the year that the British Parliament adopted the first "
+"<quote>copyright</quote> act. Known as the Statute of Anne, the act stated "
+"that all published works would get a copyright term of fourteen years, "
+"renewable once if the author was alive, and that all works already published "
+"by 1710 would get a single term of twenty-one additional years.<placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Under this law, <citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</"
+"citetitle> should have been free in 1731. So why was there any issue about "
+"it still being under Tonson's control in 1774?"
+msgstr ""
+"Men altså, det er noget spændende med året 1774 for alle som ved lidt om "
+"opphavsrettslovgivning. Det mest kendte året for ophavsret er 1710, da det "
+"britiske parlamentet vedtog den første loven. Denne lov er kendt som "
+"<quote>Statute of Anne</quote>, og sagde at alle publicerede værker skulle "
+"være beskyttet i fjorten år, en periode som kunne fornyes en gang dersom "
+"forfatteren endnu levede, og at alle værker publiceret i eller før 1710 "
+"skulle have en ekstraperiode på 22 tilleggsår.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
+"id=\"0\"/> På grund af denne lov, så skulle <citetitle>Romeo og Julie</"
+"citetitle> have henhørt i det fri i 1731 . Hvordan kunne da Tonson fortsat "
+"have kontrol over værket i 1774?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "common vs. positive"
+msgstr "sædvane versus positiv"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "positive law"
+msgstr "positiv ret"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Licensing Act (1662)"
+msgstr "Licensing Act (1662)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The reason is that the English hadn't yet agreed on what a <quote>copyright</"
+"quote> was—indeed, no one had. At the time the English passed the "
+"Statute of Anne, there was no other legislation governing copyrights. The "
+"last law regulating publishers, the Licensing Act of 1662, had expired in "
+"1695. That law gave publishers a monopoly over publishing, as a way to make "
+"it easier for the Crown to control what was published. But after it "
+"expired, there was no positive law that said that the publishers, or "
+"<quote>Stationers,</quote> had an exclusive right to print books."
+msgstr ""
+"Årsagen var ganske enkelt at englænderne endnu ikke havde bestemt hvad "
+"ophavsret indebar – faktisk havde ingen i værdet det. På den tiden da "
+"englænderne vedtog <quote>Statute of Anne,</quote> var det ingen anden "
+"lovgivning om ophavsret. Den sidste loven som regulerede utgivere var "
+"lisensieringsloven af 1662, utløpt i 1695 . At loven gav utgiverne monopol "
+"over publiseringen, noget som gjorde det enklere for kronen at kontrollere "
+"hvad blev publiceret. Men efter at det har utløpt, var det ingen positiv "
+"lov som sagde at utgiverne havde en eksklusiv ret til at trykke bøger."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "common law"
+msgstr "retpraksis"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"There was no <emphasis>positive</emphasis> law, but that didn't mean that "
+"there was no law. The Anglo-American legal tradition looks to both the words "
+"of legislatures and the words of judges to know the rules that are to govern "
+"how people are to behave. We call the words from legislatures "
+"<quote>positive law.</quote> We call the words from judges <quote>common law."
+"</quote> The common law sets the background against which legislatures "
+"legislate; the legislature, ordinarily, can trump that background only if it "
+"passes a law to displace it. And so the real question after the licensing "
+"statutes had expired was whether the common law protected a copyright, "
+"independent of any positive law."
+msgstr ""
+"At det ikke fandtes nogle <emphasis>positiv</emphasis> lov, betød ikke at "
+"det ikke fandtes nogle lov. Den angloamerikanske juridiske tradition ser "
+"både til love skabt af det lovgivende statorgan, og til håndflade "
+"(prejudikater) skabt af domstolene for at bestemme hvordan folket skal "
+"opføre sig. Vi kalder politikernes håndflade for positiv lov, og vi kalder "
+"lovene fra dommerne retpraksis. Retpraksis angiver baggrunden for de "
+"lovgivendes lovgivning; vedtagne love vil sædvanligvis overstyre baggrunden "
+"kun hvis det vedtages en lov for at erstatte den. Så det egentlige "
+"spørgsmålet efter at lisensieringslovene havde utløpt, var om retpraksis "
+"beskyttede en ophavsret uafhængigt af eventuel positiv lov."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Scottish publishers"
+msgstr "Skotske utgivere"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 98
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This question was important to the publishers, or <quote>booksellers,</"
+"quote> as they were called, because there was growing competition from "
+"foreign publishers. The Scottish, in particular, were increasingly "
+"publishing and exporting books to England. That competition reduced the "
+"profits of the Conger, which reacted by demanding that Parliament pass a law "
+"to again give them exclusive control over publishing. That demand ultimately "
+"resulted in the Statute of Anne."
+msgstr ""
+"Dette spørgsmål var vigtigt for utgiverne eller <quote>bokselgere,</quote> "
+"som de blev kaldt, fordi det var øgende konkurrence fra udenlandske "
+"utgivere, særligt fra Skottland hvor publiseringen og eksporten af bøger til "
+"England havde øget rigtigt. Denne konkurrence reducerede fortjenesten til "
+"<quote>The Conger,</quote> som derfor krævede at Parlamentet igen skulle "
+"vedtage en lov for at give dem eksklusiv kontrol over publisering. Dette "
+"krav resulterede i <quote>Statute of Anne.</quote>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "as narrow monopoly right"
+msgstr "som smal monopolret"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The Statute of Anne granted the author or <quote>proprietor</quote> of a "
+"book an exclusive right to print that book. In an important limitation, "
+"however, and to the horror of the booksellers, the law gave the bookseller "
+"that right for a limited term. At the end of that term, the copyright "
+"<quote>expired,</quote> and the work would then be free and could be "
+"published by anyone. Or so the legislature is thought to have believed."
+msgstr ""
+"<quote>Statute of Anne</quote> gav forfatteren eller <quote>ejeren</quote> "
+"af en bog en eksklusiv ret til at publicere denne bog. Men det var, til "
+"bokhandlernes forferdelse en vigtig begrænsning, nemlig hvor længe denne ret "
+"skulle vare. Efter dette gik trykkeretten væk, og virkede henhørt i det fri "
+"og kunne trykkes af hvem som helst. Det var i hvert fald det lovgiverne "
+"havde tænkt."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Now, the thing to puzzle about for a moment is this: Why would Parliament "
+"limit the exclusive right? Not why would they limit it to the particular "
+"limit they set, but why would they limit the right <emphasis>at all?</"
+"emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+"Men nu det mest interessante med dette: Hvorfor ville Parlamentet begrænse "
+"trykkeretten? Spørgsmålet er ikke hvorfor de bestemte sig for denne "
+"periode, men hvorfor ville de begrænse retten <emphasis>i det hele taget?</"
+"emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"For the booksellers, and the authors whom they represented, had a very "
+"strong claim. Take <citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> as an example: "
+"That play was written by Shakespeare. It was his genius that brought it into "
+"the world. He didn't take anybody's property when he created this play "
+"(that's a controversial claim, but never mind), and by his creating this "
+"play, he didn't make it any harder for others to craft a play. So why is it "
+"that the law would ever allow someone else to come along and take "
+"Shakespeare's play without his, or his estate's, permission? What reason is "
+"there to allow someone else to <quote>steal</quote> Shakespeare's work?"
+msgstr ""
+"Bokhandlerne, og forfatterne som de repræsenterede, havde et rigtigt stærkt "
+"krav. Tag <citetitle>Romeo og Julie</citetitle> som et eksempel: Skuespillet "
+"blev skrevet af Shakespeare. Det var hans kreativitet som bragede det til "
+"værdet. Han skældte ikke nogles ret da han skrev dette værket (det er en "
+"kontroversiel påstand, men det er ikke relevant), og med sin egen ret "
+"skabte han værket. Han gjorde det ikke noget vanskeligere for andre at "
+"fortage skuespil. Så hvorfor skulle loven tillade at nogle anden kunne komme "
+"og tage Shakespeares værk uden hans, eller hans arvingers, tilladelse? "
+"Hvilke begrundelser findes for at tillade at nogle <quote>stjæler</quote> "
+"Shakespeares værk?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The answer comes in two parts. We first need to see something special about "
+"the notion of <quote>copyright</quote> that existed at the time of the "
+"Statute of Anne. Second, we have to see something important about "
+"<quote>booksellers.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+"Svaret er todelt. Først må vi se på noget specielt med opfattelsen af "
+"ophavsret som fandtes på tidspunktet da <quote>Statute of Anne</quote> blev "
+"vedtaget. Derefter må vi se på noget specielt med bokhandlerne."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "usage restrictions attached to"
+msgstr "brugbegrænsninger knyttede til"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 99
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"First, about copyright. In the last three hundred years, we have come to "
+"apply the concept of <quote>copyright</quote> ever more broadly. But in "
+"1710, it wasn't so much a concept as it was a very particular right. The "
+"copyright was born as a very specific set of restrictions: It forbade others "
+"from reprinting a book. In 1710, the <quote>copy-right</quote> was a right "
+"to use a particular machine to replicate a particular work. It did not go "
+"beyond that very narrow right. It did not control any more generally how a "
+"work could be <emphasis>used</emphasis>. Today the right includes a large "
+"collection of restrictions on the freedom of others: It grants the author "
+"the exclusive right to copy, the exclusive right to distribute, the "
+"exclusive right to perform, and so on."
+msgstr ""
+"Først om ophavsreten/kopiretten. I de sidste tre hundrede år har vi kommet "
+"til at bruge begrebet <quote>kopiret</quote> i stadigt videre forstand. Men "
+"i 1710 var det ikke så meget et koncept som det var en bestemt ret. "
+"Ophavsreten blev født som et stort spesifikt sæt med begrænsninger: den "
+"forbød andre at reproducere en bog. I 1710 var <quote>kopiret</quote> man "
+"ret til at bruge en bestemt maskine til at replikere et bestemt arbejde. Den "
+"gik ikke udover dette vældig smale formålet. Den kontrollerede ikke mere "
+"generelt hvordan et værk kunne <emphasis>bruges</emphasis>. I dag inkluderer "
+"retten en stor samling af restriktioner på andres frihed: den giver "
+"forfatteren eksklusiv ret til at kopiere, eksklusiv ret til at distribuere, "
+"eksklusiv ret til at fremføre, og så videre."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"So, for example, even if the copyright to Shakespeare's works were "
+"perpetual, all that would have meant under the original meaning of the term "
+"was that no one could reprint Shakespeare's work without the permission of "
+"the Shakespeare estate. It would not have controlled anything, for example, "
+"about how the work could be performed, whether the work could be translated, "
+"or whether Kenneth Branagh would be allowed to make his films. The "
+"<quote>copy-right</quote> was only an exclusive right to print—no "
+"less, of course, but also no more."
+msgstr ""
+"Så selv om f.eks. ophavsreten til Shakespeares værk var evigvarende, betød "
+"det ifølge den oprindelige betydningen af begrebet at ingen kunne trykke "
+"Shakespeares værk uden tilladelse fra Shakespeares arvinger. Den villes ikke "
+" have kontrolleret noget mere, for eksempel om hvordan værket kunne "
+"fremføres, om værket kunne oversættes eller om Kenneth Branagh ville haft "
+"lov til at fortage film. <quote>Kopiretten</quote> var bare en eksklusiv "
+"ret til at trykke – ikke noget mindre, selvfølgelig, men heller ikke "
+"mere."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Henry VIII, King of England"
+msgstr "Henry VIII, Konge af England"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "monopoly, copyright as"
+msgstr "monopol, ophavsret som"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Statute of Monopolies (1656)"
+msgstr "Statute of Monopoliti (1656)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Even that limited right was viewed with skepticism by the British. They had "
+"had a long and ugly experience with <quote>exclusive rights,</quote> "
+"especially <quote>exclusive rights</quote> granted by the Crown. The English "
+"had fought a civil war in part about the Crown's practice of handing out "
+"monopolies—especially monopolies for works that already existed. King "
+"Henry VIII granted a patent to print the Bible and a monopoly to Darcy to "
+"print playing cards. The English Parliament began to fight back against this "
+"power of the Crown. In 1656, it passed the Statute of Monopolies, limiting "
+"monopolies to patents for new inventions. And by 1710, Parliament was eager "
+"to deal with the growing monopoly in publishing."
+msgstr ""
+"Selv denne begrænsede ret blev modarbejdet med skepsis af briterne. De havde "
+"haft en lang og grim erfaring med <quote>eksklusive rettigheder,</quote> "
+"specielt <quote>eneret</quote> givet af kongen. Englænderne havde udkæmpet "
+"en borgerkrig delvis mod kongens praksis med at dele ud monopoler – "
+"specielt monopoler for værker som allerede eksisterede. Kong Henrik VIII "
+"havde givet patent på at trykke Bibelen/Biblen og monopol til Darcy for at "
+"dagsværk spillkort. Det engelske parlamenter begyndte at kæmpe tilbage mod "
+"denne magt hos kongen. I 1656 blev <quote>Statute of Monopoliti</quote> "
+"vedtaget for at begrænse monopolerne på patenter for nye oppfinnelser. Og i "
+"1710 var parlamentet ivrigt efter at håndtere det voksende monopolet på "
+"publisering."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Thus the <quote>copy-right,</quote> when viewed as a monopoly right, was "
+"naturally viewed as a right that should be limited. (However convincing the "
+"claim that <quote>it's my property, and I should have it forever,</quote> "
+"try sounding convincing when uttering, <quote>It's my monopoly, and I should "
+"have it forever.</quote>) The state would protect the exclusive right, but "
+"only so long as it benefited society. The British saw the harms from "
+"specialinterest favors; they passed a law to stop them."
+msgstr ""
+"Dermed blev <quote>kopiretten,</quote> når den ses på som en "
+"monopolrettighed, en rettighed som bør være begrænset. (Uanset hvor "
+"overbevisende påstanden om <quote>at det er min ejendom, og jeg skal have "
+"den for altid,</quote> prøv hvor overbevisende det er når man siger "
+"<quote>det er mit monopol, og jeg skal have det for altid.</quote>) Staten "
+"villes beskytte eneretten, men bare så længe det gavnet samfundet. Briterne "
+"så skaderne særinteressene kunne skabe; de vedtog en lov for at stoppe dem."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Milton, John"
+msgstr "Milton, John"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "booksellers, English"
+msgstr "bokselgere, Engelske"
+
+#. f4
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Philip Wittenberg, <citetitle>The Protection and Marketing of Literary "
+"Property</citetitle> (New York: J. Messner, Inc., 1937), 31."
+msgstr ""
+"Philip Wittenberg, <citetitle>The Protection and Marketing of Literary "
+"Property</citetitle> (New York: J. Messner, Inc., 1937), 31 ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Second, about booksellers. It wasn't just that the copyright was a monopoly. "
+"It was also that it was a monopoly held by the booksellers. Booksellers "
+"sound quaint and harmless to us. They were not viewed as harmless in "
+"seventeenth-century England. Members of the Conger were increasingly seen as "
+"monopolists of the worst kind—tools of the Crown's repression, selling "
+"the liberty of England to guarantee themselves a monopoly profit. The "
+"attacks against these monopolists were harsh: Milton described them as "
+"<quote>old patentees and monopolizers in the trade of book-selling</quote>; "
+"they were <quote>men who do not therefore labour in an honest profession to "
+"which learning is indetted.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Dernæst, om bokhandlerne. Det var ikke bare at kopiretten var et monopol. "
+"Det var også et monopol som bokhandlerne havde. Man boghandler høres fin og "
+"ufarlig ud for os, men sådan var det ikke i syttenhundretallets England. "
+"Medlemmerne i <quote>The Conger</quote> blev af flere og flere set på som "
+"monopolister af ondeste sort – et værktøj for kongens undertrykkelse, "
+"de solgte Englands frihed mod at være garanteret en monopolindtægt. Men "
+"monopolistene blev kvast kritiseret: Milton beskrev dem som <quote>gamle "
+"patentholdere og monopolister i bokhandlerkunsten</quote>; de var "
+"<quote>mænd som derfor ikke havde et ærligt arbejde hvor uddannelse er "
+"nødvendig.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Enlightenment"
+msgstr "opplysningstiden"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "knowledge, freedom of"
+msgstr "kundskab, frihed for"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Many believed the power the booksellers exercised over the spread of "
+"knowledge was harming that spread, just at the time the Enlightenment was "
+"teaching the importance of education and knowledge spread generally. The "
+"idea that knowledge should be free was a hallmark of the time, and these "
+"powerful commercial interests were interfering with that idea."
+msgstr ""
+"Mange troede at den magten bokhandlerne udøvede over spredning af kundskab, "
+"var til skade for selve spredningen, men på dette tidspunkt viste "
+"Opplysningstiden vigtigheden af uddannelse og kundskab for alle. Idéen om "
+"at kundskab burde være gratis var et kendetegn i tiden, og disse kraftige "
+"kommercielle interesser forstyrret denne idéen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"To balance this power, Parliament decided to increase competition among "
+"booksellers, and the simplest way to do that was to spread the wealth of "
+"valuable books. Parliament therefore limited the term of copyrights, and "
+"thereby guaranteed that valuable books would become open to any publisher to "
+"publish after a limited time. Thus the setting of the term for existing "
+"works to just twenty-one years was a compromise to fight the power of the "
+"booksellers. The limitation on terms was an indirect way to assure "
+"competition among publishers, and thus the construction and spread of "
+"culture."
+msgstr ""
+"For at balancere denne magt, bestemte Parlamentet at øge konkurrencen blandt "
+"bokhandlerne, og den enkleste måden at gøre dette på var at distribuere "
+"rigdommen som kom fra værdifulde bøger. Parlamentet begrænsede derfor "
+"vernetiden i ophavsreten, og garanterede dermed at værdifulde bøger villes "
+"være tilgængelige for nyutgivelse for enhver utgiver efter en begrænset "
+"tidsperiode. Dermed var det at vernetiden for eksisterende værk bare blev "
+"på tjueen år, et kompromis for at bekæmpe magten til bokhandlerne. "
+"Begrænsningen i vernetiden var en indirekte måde at sikre konkurrence mellem "
+"utgivere, og dermed oppbyggingen og spredning af kultur."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "in perpetuity"
+msgstr "for evigt"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"When 1731 (1710 + 21) came along, however, the booksellers were getting "
+"anxious. They saw the consequences of more competition, and like every "
+"competitor, they didn't like them. At first booksellers simply ignored the "
+"Statute of Anne, continuing to insist on the perpetual right to control "
+"publication. But in 1735 and 1737, they tried to persuade Parliament to "
+"extend their terms. Twenty-one years was not enough, they said; they needed "
+"more time."
+msgstr ""
+"Da 1731 (1710 + 21) kom, blev bokhandlerne ængstelige. De så konsekvenserne "
+"af mere konkurrence, og som enhver konkurrent, kunnelide de det ikke. Først "
+"ignorerede bokhandlere ganske enkelt <quote>Statute of Anne,</quote> og "
+"fortsatte at kræve en evigvarende ret til at kontrollere publiseringen. Men "
+"i 1735 og 1737 prøvede de at tvinge Parlamentet til at udvide perioderne. "
+"Tjueen år var ikke nok, sagde de; de behøvede mere tid."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Parliament rejected their requests. As one pamphleteer put it, in words that "
+"echo today,"
+msgstr ""
+"Parlamentet afslog kravene, Som det stod i en pamflet, i en formulering som "
+"er gyldigt også i dag:"
+
+#. f5
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"A Letter to a Member of Parliament concerning the Bill now depending in the "
+"House of Commons, for making more effectual an Act in the Eighth Year of the "
+"Reign of Queen Anne, entitled, An Act for the Encouragement of Learning, by "
+"Vesting the Copies of Printed Books in the Authors or Purchasers of such "
+"Copies, during the Times therein mentioned (London, 1735), in Brief Amici "
+"Curiae of Tyler T. Ochoa et al., 8, <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> v. "
+"<citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 537 U.S. 186 (2003) (No. 01-618)."
+msgstr ""
+"A Letter to a Member of Parliament concerning the Bill now depending in the "
+"House of Commons, for making more effectual an Act in the Eighth Year of the "
+"Reign of Queen Anne, entitled, An Act for the Encouragement of Learning, by "
+"Vesting the Copies of Printed Books in the Authors el Purchasers of such "
+"Copies, during the Times therein mentioned (London, 1735), in Brief Amici "
+"Curiae of Tyler T. Ochoa et avl., 8, <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> v. "
+"<citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 537 U.S. 186 (2003) (No. 01-618)."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"I see no Reason for granting a further Term now, which will not hold as well "
+"for granting it again and again, as often as the Old ones Expire; so that "
+"should this Bill pass, it will in Effect be establishing a perpetual "
+"Monopoly, a Thing deservedly odious in the Eye of the Law; it will be a "
+"great Cramp to Trade, a Discouragement to Learning, no Benefit to the "
+"Authors, but a general Tax on the Publick; and all this only to increase the "
+"private Gain of the Booksellers.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Jeg ser ingen grund til at give en udvidet periode nu som ikke villes kunne "
+"give udvidelser om igen og om igen, så foret de gamle utgår; så dersom dette "
+"lovforslag bliver vedtaget, vil effekten være: at et evigt monopol bliver "
+"skabt, et stort nederlag for handlen, et angreb mod kundskaben, ingen fordel "
+"for forfatterne, men en stor afgift for folket; og alt dette kun for at øge "
+"bokhandlernes personlige rigdom.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Having failed in Parliament, the publishers turned to the courts in a series "
+"of cases. Their argument was simple and direct: The Statute of Anne gave "
+"authors certain protections through positive law, but those protections were "
+"not intended as replacements for the common law. Instead, they were "
+"intended simply to supplement the common law. Under common law, it was "
+"already wrong to take another person's creative <quote>property</quote> and "
+"use it without his permission. The Statute of Anne, the booksellers argued, "
+"didn't change that. Therefore, just because the protections of the Statute "
+"of Anne expired, that didn't mean the protections of the common law expired: "
+"Under the common law they had the right to ban the publication of a book, "
+"even if its Statute of Anne copyright had expired. This, they argued, was "
+"the only way to protect authors."
+msgstr ""
+"Efter at have mislykkedes i Parlamentet, gik utgiverne til domstolene i en "
+"serie med sager. Deres argument var enkelt og direkte: <quote>Statute of "
+"Anne</quote> gav forfatterne en vis beskyttelse gennem positiv lov, men "
+"denne beskyttelse var ikke ment som en erstatning for fælles lov. I stedet "
+"var de ment at supplere fælles lov. Ifølge retpraksis var det galt at tage "
+"en anden persons kreative ejendom og bruge den uden hans tilladelse. "
+"<quote>Statute of Anne,</quote> hævdede bokhandlere, ændrede ikke dette "
+"faktum. Derfor betød ikke det at beskyttelsen givet af <quote>Statute of "
+"Anne</quote> udløb, at beskyttelsen fra retpraksis udløb: Ifølge retpraksis "
+"havde de ret til at forbyde publiseringen af en bog, selv om <quote>Statute "
+"of Anne</quote> sagde at de var henhørt i det fri. Dette, mente de, var den "
+"eneste måden at beskytte forfatterne."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Patterson, Raymond"
+msgstr "Patterson, Raymond"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
+"id=\"1\"/> Lyman Ray Patterson, <quote>Free Speech, Copyright, and Fair Use,"
+"</quote> <citetitle>Vanderbilt Law Review</citetitle> 40 (1987): 28. For a "
+"wonderfully compelling account, see Vaidhyanathan, 37–48."
+msgstr ""
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
+"id=\"1\"/> Lyman Ray Patterson, <quote>Free Speech, Copyright, ånd Fair Use,"
+"</quote> <citetitle>Vanderbilt Law Review</citetitle> 40 (1987): 28 . For en "
+"fantastisk overbevisende fortælling, se Vaidhyanathan, 37–48 ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This was a clever argument, and one that had the support of some of the "
+"leading jurists of the day. It also displayed extraordinary chutzpah. Until "
+"then, as law professor Raymond Patterson has put it, <quote>The publishers "
+"… had as much concern for authors as a cattle rancher has for cattle."
+"</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The bookseller didn't care "
+"squat for the rights of the author. His concern was the monopoly profit "
+"that the author's work gave."
+msgstr ""
+"Dette var et snedig argument, og havde støtte fra flere af datidens ledende "
+"jurister. Det viste også en utrolig frekkhet. Indtil da, som juiceprofessor "
+"Raymond Pattetson formulerede det, <quote>var utgiverne … lige så "
+"bekymret for forfatterne som man vogter for sine lam.</quote><placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Bokselgerne generede sig ikke det spor om "
+"forfatternes rettigheder. Deres bekymring var den monopolprofiten "
+"forfatterens værk gav."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Donaldson, Alexander"
+msgstr "Donaldson, Alexander"
+
+#. f7
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"For a compelling account, see David Saunders, <citetitle>Authorship and "
+"Copyright</citetitle> (London: Routledge, 1992), 62–69."
+msgstr ""
+"For en fascinerende fremstilling, se David Saunders, <citetitle>Authorship "
+"and Copyright</citetitle> (London: Routledge, 1992), 62–69 ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The booksellers' argument was not accepted without a fight. The hero of "
+"this fight was a Scottish bookseller named Alexander Donaldson.<placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Men bokhandlernes argument blev ikke godtaget uden kamp. Helten fra denne "
+"kamp var den skotske bokselgeren Alexander Donaldson.<placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Boswell, James"
+msgstr "Boswell, James"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Erskine, Andrew"
+msgstr "Erskine, Andrew"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Rose, Mark"
+msgstr "Rose, Mark"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Mark Rose, <citetitle>Authors and Owners</citetitle> (Cambridge: Harvard "
+"University Press, 1993), 92. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Mark Rose, <citetitle>Authors and Owners</citetitle> (Cambridge: Harvard "
+"University Press, 1993), 92 . <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. f9
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Ibid., 93."
+msgstr "Ibid., 93 ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Donaldson was an outsider to the London Conger. He began his career in "
+"Edinburgh in 1750. The focus of his business was inexpensive reprints "
+"<quote>of standard works whose copyright term had expired,</quote> at least "
+"under the Statute of Anne.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> "
+"Donaldson's publishing house prospered and became <quote>something of a "
+"center for literary Scotsmen.</quote> <quote>[A]mong them,</quote> Professor "
+"Mark Rose writes, was <quote>the young James Boswell who, together with his "
+"friend Andrew Erskine, published an anthology of contemporary Scottish poems "
+"with Donaldson.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Donaldson var en fremmed for Londons <quote>The Conger.</quote> Han startede "
+"sin karriere i Edinburgh i 1750 . Hans forretningsidé var billige kopier af "
+"standardværk henhørt i det fri, i hvert fald fri ifølge <quote>Statute of "
+"Anne.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Donaldsons forlag "
+"voksede og blev <quote>et centrum for litterære skud.</quote> <quote>Blandt "
+"dem,</quote> skriver professor Mark Rose, var <quote>den unge James Boswell "
+"som, sammen med sin ven Andrew Erskine, publicerede en hel antologi af "
+"skotsk samtidspoesi sammen med Donaldson.</quote><placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Lyman Ray Patterson, "
+"<citetitle>Copyright in Historical Perspective</citetitle>, 167 (quoting "
+"Borwell)."
+msgstr ""
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Lyman Ray Patterson, "
+"<citetitle>Copyright in Historical Perspective</citetitle>, 167 (der hen "
+"Borwell bliver citeret)."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"When the London booksellers tried to shut down Donaldson's shop in Scotland, "
+"he responded by moving his shop to London, where he sold inexpensive "
+"editions <quote>of the most popular English books, in defiance of the "
+"supposed common law right of Literary Property.</quote><placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> His books undercut the Conger prices by 30 to 50 "
+"percent, and he rested his right to compete upon the ground that, under the "
+"Statute of Anne, the works he was selling had passed out of protection."
+msgstr ""
+"Da Londons bokselgere prøvede at få lukket Donaldsons butik i Skottland, så "
+"flyttet han butikken til London. Her solgte han billige udgaver af <quote>de "
+"mest populære, engelske bøger, i kamp mod retpraksissen ret til litterær "
+"ejendom.</quote> <placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> hans Bøge var "
+"mellem 30 procent og 50 procent billigere end <quote>The Conger</quote>s, og "
+"han baserede sin ret til at konkurrere på at bøgerne, takkede være "
+"<quote>Statute of Anne,</quote> var henhørt i det fri."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Millar v. Taylor"
+msgstr "Millar mod taylor"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The London booksellers quickly brought suit to block <quote>piracy</quote> "
+"like Donaldson's. A number of actions were successful against the "
+"<quote>pirates,</quote> the most important early victory being "
+"<citetitle>Millar</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Taylor</citetitle>."
+msgstr ""
+"Londons bokselgere begyndte straks at slå ned mod <quote>pirater</quote> "
+"som Donaldson. Flere tiltag var vellykket, den vigtigste var den tidligt "
+"sejren i kampen mellem <citetitle>Millar</citetitle> og <citetitle>Taylor</"
+"citetitle>."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Thomson, James"
+msgstr "Thomson, James"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Seasons, The (Thomson)"
+msgstr "Seasons, The (Thomson)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Taylor, Robert"
+msgstr "Taylor, Robert"
+
+#. f11
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Howard B. Abrams, <quote>The Historic Foundation of American Copyright Law: "
+"Exploding the Myth of Common Law Copyright,</quote> <citetitle>Wayne Law "
+"Review</citetitle> 29 (1983): 1152."
+msgstr ""
+"Howard B. Abrams, <quote>The Historic Foundation of American Copyright Law: "
+"Exploding the Myth of Common Law Copyright,</quote> <citetitle>Wayne Law "
+"Review</citetitle> 29 (1983): 1152 ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Millar was a bookseller who in 1729 had purchased the rights to James "
+"Thomson's poem <quote>The Seasons.</quote> Millar complied with the "
+"requirements of the Statute of Anne, and therefore received the full "
+"protection of the statute. After the term of copyright ended, Robert Taylor "
+"began printing a competing volume. Millar sued, claiming a perpetual common "
+"law right, the Statute of Anne notwithstanding.<placeholder type=\"footnote"
+"\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Millar var man boghandler som i 1729 havde købt op rettighederne til James "
+"Thomsons digt <quote>The Seasons.</quote> Millar havde da fuld beskyttelse "
+"gennem <quote>Statute of Anne,</quote> men efter at denne beskyttelse var "
+"utløpt, begyndte Robert Taylor at trykke en konkurrerende udgave. Millar gik "
+"til sag, og hævdede han havde man evigt ret gennem retpraksis, uanset hvad "
+"<quote>Statute of Anne</quote> sagde.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/"
+">"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Astonishingly to modern lawyers, one of the greatest judges in English "
+"history, Lord Mansfield, agreed with the booksellers. Whatever protection "
+"the Statute of Anne gave booksellers, it did not, he held, extinguish any "
+"common law right. The question was whether the common law would protect the "
+"author against subsequent <quote>pirates.</quote> Mansfield's answer was "
+"yes: The common law would bar Taylor from reprinting Thomson's poem without "
+"Millar's permission. That common law rule thus effectively gave the "
+"booksellers a perpetual right to control the publication of any book "
+"assigned to them."
+msgstr ""
+"Til moderne juristers forbløffelse, var en af, ikke bare datidens, men en af "
+"de største dommere i engelsk historie, Lord Mansfield, enigt/enig med "
+"bokhandlerne. Uanset hvilken beskyttelse <quote>Statute of Anne</quote> gav "
+"bokhandlerne, så sagde han at den ikke fortrængte noget fra retpraksis. "
+"Spørgsmålet var hvorvidt retpraksis beskyttet forfatterne mod "
+"<quote>pirater.</quote> Mansfield svar var jaer: Retpraksis nægtede Taylor "
+"at reproducere Thomsons digt uden Millars tilladelse. Sådan gav retpraksis "
+"bokselgerne en evig publiseringsrett til bøger solgt til dem."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 103
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Considered as a matter of abstract justice—reasoning as if justice "
+"were just a matter of logical deduction from first principles—"
+"Mansfield's conclusion might make some sense. But what it ignored was the "
+"larger issue that Parliament had struggled with in 1710: How best to limit "
+"the monopoly power of publishers? Parliament's strategy was to offer a term "
+"for existing works that was long enough to buy peace in 1710, but short "
+"enough to assure that culture would pass into competition within a "
+"reasonable period of time. Within twenty-one years, Parliament believed, "
+"Britain would mature from the controlled culture that the Crown coveted to "
+"the free culture that we inherited."
+msgstr ""
+"Ser man på det som et spørgsmål inden abstrakt juice – dersom man "
+"ræsonnerer som om retfærdighed bare var logisk deduksjon fra de første bud "
+"– kunne Mansfields konklusion givet mening. Men den overså det "
+"Parlamentet havde kæmpet for i 1710: Hvordan man på bedst muligt vis kunne "
+"indskrænke utgivernes monopolmagt. Parlamentets strategi havde været at købe "
+"fred gennem at tilbyde en beskyttelseperiode også for eksisterende værker, "
+"men perioden måtte være så kort at kulturen blev udsat for konkurrence "
+"inden rimelig tid. Storbritannia skulle vokse fra den kontrollerede kulturen "
+"under kongen, ind i en fri og åben kultur."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The fight to defend the limits of the Statute of Anne was not to end there, "
+"however, and it is here that Donaldson enters the mix."
+msgstr ""
+"Kampen for at forsvare <quote>Statute of Anne</quote>s begrænsninger "
+"sluttede uanset ikke der hen, for nu kommer Donaldson."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Beckett, Thomas"
+msgstr "Beckett, Thomas"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "House of Lords"
+msgstr "Overhuset, det britiske"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "House of Lords vs."
+msgstr "Overhuset, det britiske versus"
+
+#. f12
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Ibid., 1156."
+msgstr "Ibid., 1156 ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Millar died soon after his victory, so his case was not appealed. His estate "
+"sold Thomson's poems to a syndicate of printers that included Thomas Beckett."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Donaldson then released an "
+"unauthorized edition of Thomson's works. Beckett, on the strength of the "
+"decision in <citetitle>Millar</citetitle>, got an injunction against "
+"Donaldson. Donaldson appealed the case to the House of Lords, which "
+"functioned much like our own Supreme Court. In February of 1774, that body "
+"had the chance to interpret the meaning of Parliament's limits from sixty "
+"years before."
+msgstr ""
+"Millar døde kort tid efter sin sejer. Dødsboet hans solgte rettighederne "
+"over Thomsons digt til et syndikat af utgivere, der i blandt Thomas Beckett."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Da gav Donaldson ud en uautorisert "
+"udgave af Thomsons værk. Efter afgørelsen i <citetitle>Millar</citetitle>-"
+"sagen, fik Beckett en forføyning mod Donaldson. Donaldson tog sagen ind for "
+"Overhuset, som da fungerede som en slags Højesteret. I februar 1774 havde "
+"dette organet muligheden til at tolke Parlamentets mening med udløbdatoen "
+"fra tres år tidligere."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Donaldson v. Beckett"
+msgstr "Donaldson mod Beckett"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"As few legal cases ever do, <citetitle>Donaldson</citetitle> v. "
+"<citetitle>Beckett</citetitle> drew an enormous amount of attention "
+"throughout Britain. Donaldson's lawyers argued that whatever rights may have "
+"existed under the common law, the Statute of Anne terminated those rights. "
+"After passage of the Statute of Anne, the only legal protection for an "
+"exclusive right to control publication came from that statute. Thus, they "
+"argued, after the term specified in the Statute of Anne expired, works that "
+"had been protected by the statute were no longer protected."
+msgstr ""
+"På en måde som de færrest rettsaker gør, fik rettsaken <citetitle>Donaldson</"
+"citetitle> mod <citetitle>Beckett</citetitle> enorm opmærksomhed over hele "
+"Storbritannia. Donaldsons advokater mente at uafhængigt af hvilke "
+"rettigheder som eksisterede i henhold til retpraksis, så var disse "
+"fortrængt af <quote>Statute of Anne.</quote> Efter at <quote>Statute of "
+"Anne</quote> var blevet vedtaget, skulle den eneste lovlige beskyttelse for "
+"trykkerett komme derfra. Og derfor, argumenterede de, villes værk som havde "
+"været beskyttet, ikke længere være beskyttet når vernetiden specificeret i "
+"<quote>Statute of Anne</quote> udløb."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The House of Lords was an odd institution. Legal questions were presented to "
+"the House and voted upon first by the <quote>law lords,</quote> members of "
+"special legal distinction who functioned much like the Justices in our "
+"Supreme Court. Then, after the law lords voted, the House of Lords generally "
+"voted."
+msgstr ""
+"Overhuset var en mærkelig institution. Juridiske spørgsmål blev præsenteret "
+"for huset, og blev først stemt over af <quote>juicelorder,</quote> "
+"medlemmer af en speciel retslig gruppe som fungerede næsten sådan som "
+"justitiariusene i vores Højesteret. Derefter, efter at <quote>juicelorderne</"
+"quote> havde stemt, stemte resten af Overhuset."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "English legal establishment of"
+msgstr "den engelske juridiske etableringen af"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 104
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The reports about the law lords' votes are mixed. On some counts, it looks "
+"as if perpetual copyright prevailed. But there is no ambiguity about how the "
+"House of Lords voted as whole. By a two-to-one majority (22 to 11) they "
+"voted to reject the idea of perpetual copyrights. Whatever one's "
+"understanding of the common law, now a copyright was fixed for a limited "
+"time, after which the work protected by copyright passed into the public "
+"domain."
+msgstr ""
+"Rapporterne om juicelorderne stemmer er uenige. På enkelte punkter ser det "
+"ud som om evigvarende beskyttelse fik flertal. Men det er ingen tvivl om "
+"hvordan resten af Overhuset stemte. Med en majoritet på to mod en (22 mod "
+"11) stemte de ned forslaget om en evig beskyttelse. Uanset hvordan man havde "
+"tolket retpraksis, var nu ophavsreten begrænset til en periode, og efter "
+"denne villes virket henhøre i det fri."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Bacon, Francis"
+msgstr "Bacon, Francis"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Bunyan, John"
+msgstr "Bunyan, John"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Johnson, Samuel"
+msgstr "Johnson, Samuel"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<quote>The public domain.</quote> Before the case of <citetitle>Donaldson</"
+"citetitle> v. <citetitle>Beckett</citetitle>, there was no clear idea of a "
+"public domain in England. Before 1774, there was a strong argument that "
+"common law copyrights were perpetual. After 1774, the public domain was "
+"born. For the first time in Anglo-American history, the legal control over "
+"creative works expired, and the greatest works in English history—"
+"including those of Shakespeare, Bacon, Milton, Johnson, and Bunyan—"
+"were free of legal restraint."
+msgstr ""
+"<quote>Å henhøre i det fri.</quote> Før retssagen <citetitle>Donaldson</"
+"citetitle> mod <citetitle>Beckett</citetitle> var det ingen klar opfattelse "
+"om hvad at henhøre i det fri indebar. Før 1774 var det jo en almen "
+"opfattelse om at kopiretten var evigvarende. Men efter 1774 blev "
+"allemannseiet født. For første gang i angloamerikansk historie var den "
+"lovlige beskyttelsen af et værk utgått, og de største værk i engelsk "
+"historie – inkluderet Shakespeare, Bacon, Milton, Johnson og Bunyan "
+"– var frie."
+
+#. f13
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Rose, 97."
+msgstr "Rose, 97 ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"It is hard for us to imagine, but this decision by the House of Lords fueled "
+"an extraordinarily popular and political reaction. In Scotland, where most "
+"of the <quote>pirate publishers</quote> did their work, people celebrated "
+"the decision in the streets. As the <citetitle>Edinburgh Advertiser</"
+"citetitle> reported, <quote>No private cause has so much engrossed the "
+"attention of the public, and none has been tried before the House of Lords "
+"in the decision of which so many individuals were interested.</quote> "
+"<quote>Great rejoicing in Edinburgh upon victory over literary property: "
+"bonfires and illuminations.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Vi kan knapt forestille os det, men denne afgørelse fra Overhuset fyrede op "
+" under en vældig populær og politisk reaktion. I Skottland, hvor de fleste "
+"piratutgiverne havde holdt til, blev afgørelsen fejret i gaderne. Som "
+"<citetitle>Edinburgh Advertiser</citetitle> skrev <quote>Ingen privatsak har "
+"nogensinde fået sådan opmærksomhed fra folket, og ingen sag som har blevet "
+"prøvet i Overhuset har interesseret så mange enkeltmennesker.</quote> "
+"<quote>Stor glæde i Edinburgh efter sejren over litterær ejendom: "
+"bålbrenning og pynting med lys.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
+"id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"In London, however, at least among publishers, the reaction was equally "
+"strong in the opposite direction. The <citetitle>Morning Chronicle</"
+"citetitle> reported:"
+msgstr ""
+"I London, i hvert fald blandt utgiverne, var reaktionen lige så stærk, men i "
+"modsat retning. <citetitle>Morning Chronicle</citetitle> skræv:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"By the above decision … near 200,000 pounds worth of what was "
+"honestly purchased at public sale, and which was yesterday thought property "
+"is now reduced to nothing. The Booksellers of London and Westminster, many "
+"of whom sold estates and houses to purchase Copy-right, are in a manner "
+"ruined, and those who after many years industry thought they had acquired a "
+"competency to provide for their families now find themselves without a "
+"shilling to devise to their successors.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id="
+"\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Gennem denne afgørelse … er værdier til næsten 200 000 pund, som er "
+"blevet ærligt købt gennem alment salg, og som i går var ejendom, nu "
+"reduceret til ingenting. Bokselgerne i London og Westminster, mange af dem "
+"har solgt huse og ejendom for at købe kopirettigheder, er med et ruinerede, "
+"og mange som gennem mange år har oparbejdet kompetence for at brødføde "
+"familien, sidder nu uden en shilling til sine.<placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 105
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<quote>Ruined</quote> is a bit of an exaggeration. But it is not an "
+"exaggeration to say that the change was profound. The decision of the House "
+"of Lords meant that the booksellers could no longer control how culture in "
+"England would grow and develop. Culture in England was thereafter "
+"<emphasis>free</emphasis>. Not in the sense that copyrights would not be "
+"respected, for of course, for a limited time after a work was published, the "
+"bookseller had an exclusive right to control the publication of that book. "
+"And not in the sense that books could be stolen, for even after a copyright "
+"expired, you still had to buy the book from someone. But <emphasis>free</"
+"emphasis> in the sense that the culture and its growth would no longer be "
+"controlled by a small group of publishers. As every free market does, this "
+"free market of free culture would grow as the consumers and producers chose. "
+"English culture would develop as the many English readers chose to let it "
+"develop— chose in the books they bought and wrote; chose in the memes "
+"they repeated and endorsed. Chose in a <emphasis>competitive context</"
+"emphasis>, not a context in which the choices about what culture is "
+"available to people and how they get access to it are made by the few "
+"despite the wishes of the many."
+msgstr ""
+"<quote>Ruineret</quote> er en overdrivelse. Men det er ingen overdrivelse at "
+"sige at ændringen var stor. Vedtagelsen fra Overhuset betød at bokhandlerne "
+"ikke længere kunne kontrollere hvordan kulturen i England villes vokse og "
+"udvikle sig. Kulturen i England var efter dette <emphasis>fri</emphasis>. "
+"Ikke i den betydning at kopiretten blev ignoreret, for utgiverne havde i en "
+"begrænset periode eneret over trykkingen. Og heller ikke i den betydningen "
+"at bøge kunne stjæles, for selv efter at bogen var henhørt i det fri, så "
+"måtte den købes. Men <emphasis>fri</emphasis> i betydningen at kulturen og "
+"dens vækst ikke længere var kontrolleret af en lille gruppe utgivere. Som "
+"alle frie markeder, villes dette marked vokse og udvikle sig efter tilbud og "
+"efterspørgsel. Den engelske kulturen blev nu formet sådan flertallet af "
+"Englands læsere villes at det skulle formes – gennem valget af hvad de "
+"købte og skrev, gennem valget af memer (idéer) de gentog og beundrede. Valg "
+"i <emphasis>en konkurrerende sammenhæng</emphasis>, ikke der hen hvor "
+"valgene var om hvilken kultur som skulle være tilgængeligt for folket, og "
+"hvor deres tilgang til den blev styret af nogle få, på trods af flertallets "
+"ønsker."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"At least, this was the rule in a world where the Parliament is antimonopoly, "
+"resistant to the protectionist pleas of publishers. In a world where the "
+"Parliament is more pliant, free culture would be less protected."
+msgstr ""
+"Til sidst, dette var en værdet hvor Parlamentet var antimonopolistisk, og "
+"holdt stand mod utgivernes krav. I en værdet hvor Parlamentet er let at "
+"påvirke, vil den frie kultur være mindre beskyttet."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Chapter Seven: Recorders"
+msgstr "Kapitel syv: Innspillerne"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "fair use and"
+msgstr "rimeligt brug og"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "documentary film"
+msgstr "dokumentarfilm"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Else, Jon"
+msgstr "Else, Jon"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "fair use"
+msgstr "rimeligt brug"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "in documentary film"
+msgstr "i dokumentarfilm"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "fair use of copyrighted material in"
+msgstr "rimeligt brug af opphavsrettsbeskyttet materiale i"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>Jon Else</emphasis> is a filmmaker. He is best known "
+"for his documentaries and has been very successful in spreading his art. He "
+"is also a teacher, and as a teacher myself, I envy the loyalty and "
+"admiration that his students feel for him. (I met, by accident, two of his "
+"students at a dinner party. He was their god.)"
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>Jon Else</emphasis> er en filmskaber. Han er mest "
+"kendt for sine dokumentarer, og har på ypperligt vis klaret at brede sin "
+"kunst. Han er også en lærer, som mig selv, og jeg misunder ham den "
+"loyaliteten og beundringen hans studenter har for ham. (Ved et tilfælde "
+"modarbejdede jeg to af hans studenter i et middagsselskab, og han var deres "
+"Gud.)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Else worked on a documentary that I was involved in. At a break, he told me "
+"a story about the freedom to create with film in America today."
+msgstr ""
+"Else arbejdede med en dokumentarfilm hvor jeg også var involveret. I en "
+"pause fortalte han mig om hvordan det kunne være at skabe film i dagens "
+"Amerika."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Wagner, Richard"
+msgstr "Wagner, Richard"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "San Francisco Opera"
+msgstr "San Francisco Opera"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"In 1990, Else was working on a documentary about Wagner's Ring Cycle. The "
+"focus was stagehands at the San Francisco Opera. Stagehands are a "
+"particularly funny and colorful element of an opera. During a show, they "
+"hang out below the stage in the grips' lounge and in the lighting loft. They "
+"make a perfect contrast to the art on the stage."
+msgstr ""
+"I 1990 arbejdede Else med en dokumentar om Wagners Ring Cycle. Fokusset var "
+"på scenearbejdere ved San Francisco Opera. Scenearbejderne er et specielt "
+"morsomt og farverigt indslag i en opera. I løbet af forestillingen opholder "
+"de sig blandt publikum og på lysloftet. De er en perfekt kontrast til "
+"kunsten på scenen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Simpsons, The"
+msgstr "Simpsons, The"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 107
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"During one of the performances, Else was shooting some stagehands playing "
+"checkers. In one corner of the room was a television set. Playing on the "
+"television set, while the stagehands played checkers and the opera company "
+"played Wagner, was <citetitle>The Simpsons</citetitle>. As Else judged it, "
+"this touch of cartoon helped capture the flavor of what was special about "
+"the scene."
+msgstr ""
+"Under en forestilling filmede Else nogle scenearbejdere som spillede Dam. I "
+"et hjørne af rommen stod det et fjernsynsapparat. På fjernsynet, mens "
+"forestillingen pågikk, mens scenearbejderne spillede Dam og operakompagniet "
+"spillede Wagner, gik <citetitle>The Simpsons</citetitle>. Sådan Else så det, "
+"så hjalp dette tegnefilminnslaget at få med sig det specielle med scenen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "multiple copyrights associated with"
+msgstr "flere ophavrettigheder knyttede til"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Years later, when he finally got funding to complete the film, Else "
+"attempted to clear the rights for those few seconds of <citetitle>The "
+"Simpsons</citetitle>. For of course, those few seconds are copyrighted; and "
+"of course, to use copyrighted material you need the permission of the "
+"copyright owner, unless <quote>fair use</quote> or some other privilege "
+"applies."
+msgstr ""
+"Så, nogle år senere, da han endeligt havde fået ordnet den sidste "
+"finansieringen, villes Else skaffe rettigheder til at bruge disse få "
+"sekunder med <citetitle>The Simpson</citetitle>. For disse få sekunder var "
+"selvsagt beskyttet af ophavsreten, og for at bruge beskyttet materiale må "
+"man have tilladelse fra ejeren, dersom det ikke er <quote>rimeligt brug</"
+"quote>, eller det foreligger specielle aftaler."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Gracie Films"
+msgstr "Gracie Films"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Groening, Matt"
+msgstr "Groening, Matt"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Else called <citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle> creator Matt Groening's office "
+"to get permission. Groening approved the shot. The shot was a four-and-a-"
+"halfsecond image on a tiny television set in the corner of the room. How "
+"could it hurt? Groening was happy to have it in the film, but he told Else "
+"to contact Gracie Films, the company that produces the program."
+msgstr ""
+"Else kontaktede <citetitle>Simpson</citetitle>-skaber Matt Groenings kontor "
+"for at få tilladelse. Og Groening gav ham det. Det var trods alt kun snak om "
+"fire og et halvt sekund på et lille fjernsyn, bagerst i et hjørne af rommen. "
+"Hvordan kunne det skade? Groening var solnedgang for at få have det med i "
+"filmen, men han bad Else om at kontakte Gracie Films, firmaet som producerer "
+"programmet."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Fox (film company)"
+msgstr "Fox (filmselskab)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Gracie Films was okay with it, too, but they, like Groening, wanted to be "
+"careful. So they told Else to contact Fox, Gracie's parent company. Else "
+"called Fox and told them about the clip in the corner of the one room shot "
+"of the film. Matt Groening had already given permission, Else said. He was "
+"just confirming the permission with Fox."
+msgstr ""
+"Gracie Films sagde også at det var fint, men de, sådan som Groening, ønsket "
+"at være forsigtige, og bad Else om at kontakte Fox, koncernen som ejede "
+"Gracie. Else kontaktede Fox og forklarede situationen; at det var snak om et "
+"klip i hjørnet i baggrunden i et rom i filmen. Matt Groening havde allerede "
+"givet sin tilladelse, sagde Else. Han villes bare få det afklaret med Fox."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Then, as Else told me, <quote>two things happened. First we discovered "
+"… that Matt Groening doesn't own his own creation—or at least "
+"that someone [at Fox] believes he doesn't own his own creation.</quote> And "
+"second, Fox <quote>wanted ten thousand dollars as a licensing fee for us to "
+"use this four-point-five seconds of … entirely unsolicited "
+"<citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle> which was in the corner of the shot.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+"Derefter, fortalte Else: <quote>skete to ting. Først opdagede vi … "
+"at Matt Groening ikke ejede sit eget værk – i hvert fald at nogle [hos "
+"Fox] troede at han ikke ejede sit eget værk.</quote> Som det andre krævede "
+"Fox <quote>ti tusind dollar i licensafgift for disse fire og et halvdel "
+"sekunderne med … fuldstændigt tilfældigt <citetitle>Simpson</"
+"citetitle> som var i et hjørne i et optagelse.</quote>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Herrera, Rebecca"
+msgstr "Herrera, Rebecca"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Else was certain there was a mistake. He worked his way up to someone he "
+"thought was a vice president for licensing, Rebecca Herrera. He explained "
+"to her, <quote>There must be some mistake here. … We're asking for "
+"your educational rate on this.</quote> That was the educational rate, "
+"Herrera told Else. A day or so later, Else called again to confirm what he "
+"had been told."
+msgstr ""
+"Else var sikker på at det var en fejl. Han fik tag i nogle som han troede "
+"var souschef for lisensiering, Rebecca Herrera. Han forklarede for hende at "
+"<quote>det må være en fejl her … Vi beder dig om en uddannelseafsæt "
+"på dette.</quote> Og du havde fået uddannelseafsæt, fortalte Herrera. Kort "
+"tid efter ringede Else igen for at få dette bekræftede."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 108
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<quote>I wanted to make sure I had my facts straight,</quote> he told me. "
+"<quote>Yes, you have your facts straight,</quote> she said. It would cost "
+"$10,000 to use the clip of <citetitle>The Simpsons</citetitle> in the corner "
+"of a shot in a documentary film about Wagner's Ring Cycle. And then, "
+"astonishingly, Herrera told Else, <quote>And if you quote me, I'll turn you "
+"over to our attorneys.</quote> As an assistant to Herrera told Else later "
+"on, <quote>They don't give a shit. They just want the money.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+"<quote>Jeg måtte være sikker på at jeg havde rigtige oplysninger foran mig,</"
+"quote> sagde han. <quote>Ja, du har rigtige oplysninger,</quote> sagde hun. "
+"Det villes koste 10 000 dollar at bruge dette lille klippet af "
+"<citetitle>The Simpson</citetitle>, placeret bagerst i et hjørne i en scene "
+"i en dokumentar om Wagners Ring Cycle. Som om det ikke var nok , forbløffet "
+"Herrera Else med at sige <quote>Og om du citerer mig, vil du høre fra vores "
+"advokater.</quote> En af Herreras assistenter fortalte Else at <quote>De "
+"generer sig ikke i det hele taget. Helt de vil have er pengeene.</quote>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Day After Trinity, The"
+msgstr "Day After Trinity, The"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Else didn't have the money to buy the right to replay what was playing on "
+"the television backstage at the San Francisco Opera. To reproduce this "
+"reality was beyond the documentary filmmaker's budget. At the very last "
+"minute before the film was to be released, Else digitally replaced the shot "
+"with a clip from another film that he had worked on, <citetitle>The Day "
+"After Trinity</citetitle>, from ten years before."
+msgstr ""
+"Men Else havde ikke penge til at købe licens for klippede. Så at gjenskape "
+"denne del af virkeligheden lå langt udenfor hans budgetter. Så lige så før "
+"dokumentaren skulle slippes, redigerede Else ind et andet klip på "
+"fjernsynet, et klip fra en af hans andre film <citetitle>The Day After "
+"Trinity</citetitle> fra ti år tidligere."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"There's no doubt that someone, whether Matt Groening or Fox, owns the "
+"copyright to <citetitle>The Simpsons</citetitle>. That copyright is their "
+"property. To use that copyrighted material thus sometimes requires the "
+"permission of the copyright owner. If the use that Else wanted to make of "
+"the <citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle> copyright were one of the uses "
+"restricted by the law, then he would need to get the permission of the "
+"copyright owner before he could use the work in that way. And in a free "
+"market, it is the owner of the copyright who gets to set the price for any "
+"use that the law says the owner gets to control."
+msgstr ""
+"Det er ingen tvivl om at nogle, enten det er er Matt Groening eller Fox, "
+"ejer rettighederne til <citetitle>The Simpsons</citetitle>. Rettighederne er "
+"deres ejendom. For at bruge beskyttet materiale kræves det ofte at man får "
+"tilladelse fra ejeren eller ejerne. Dersom Else ønskede at bruge "
+"<citetitle>The Simpsons</citetitle> til noget hvor loven giver virket "
+"beskyttelse, så må han indhente tilladelse fra ejeren føder han kan bruge "
+"det. I et frit marked er det ejeren som bestemmer hvor mange han/hun vil "
+"tage for hvilken som hilst brug (der hen loven kræver tilladelse fra ejer)."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"For example, <quote>public performance</quote> is a use of <citetitle>The "
+"Simpsons</citetitle> that the copyright owner gets to control. If you take a "
+"selection of favorite episodes, rent a movie theater, and charge for tickets "
+"to come see <quote>My Favorite <citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle>,</quote> then "
+"you need to get permission from the copyright owner. And the copyright owner "
+"(rightly, in my view) can charge whatever she wants—$10 or $1,000,000. "
+"That's her right, as set by the law."
+msgstr ""
+"<quote>Offentligt fremvisning</quote> af <citetitle>The Simpson</citetitle> "
+"er for eksempel en form for brug der loven giver ejeren kontrol. Dersom du "
+"vælger ud dine favoritepisoder, leder man kinosal og sælger billetter til "
+"<quote>Mine <citetitle>Simpson</citetitle>-favoritter,</quote> så må du have "
+"tilladelse fra rettighedindehaveren (ejeren). Ejeren kan (med rette, sådan "
+"jeg ser det) kræve så meget han vil; 10 dollar eller 1 000 000 dollar. Det "
+"er hans ret ifølge loven."
+
+#. f1
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"For an excellent argument that such use is <quote>fair use,</quote> but that "
+"lawyers don't permit recognition that it is <quote>fair use,</quote> see "
+"Richard A. Posner with William F. Patry, <quote>Fair Use and Statutory "
+"Reform in the Wake of <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle></quote> (draft on file "
+"with author), University of Chicago Law School, 5 August 2003."
+msgstr ""
+"Ønsker du at læse en flot redegjørelse om hvordan dette er <quote>rimelig "
+"brug,</quote> og hvordan advokaterne ikke anerkender det, så læs Richard A. "
+"Posner og William F. Patry, <quote>Fair Use and Statutory Reform in the Wake "
+"of <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> </quote> (udkast arkiveret hos "
+"forfatteren), University of Chicago Law School, 5 . august 2003 ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"But when lawyers hear this story about Jon Else and Fox, their first thought "
+"is <quote>fair use.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Else's "
+"use of just 4.5 seconds of an indirect shot of a <citetitle>Simpsons</"
+"citetitle> episode is clearly a fair use of <citetitle>The Simpsons</"
+"citetitle>—and fair use does not require the permission of anyone."
+msgstr ""
+"Men når jurister hører denne historie om Jon Else og Fox, så er deres første "
+"tanke <quote>rimelig brug.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> "
+"Else brug af 4,5 sekunder med et indirekte klip af en <citetitle>Simpsons</"
+"citetitle>-episode er et klart eksempel på rimelig brug af <citetitle>The "
+"Simpsons</citetitle> – og rimelig brug kræver ingen tilladelse fra "
+"nogle."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 109
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"So I asked Else why he didn't just rely upon <quote>fair use.</quote> Here's "
+"his reply:"
+msgstr ""
+"Så jeg spurte Else om hvorfor han ikke bare stolte på <quote>rimeligt brug.</"
+"quote> Han svarede:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "legal intimidation tactics against"
+msgstr "juridisk skræmseltaktik mod"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The <citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle> fiasco was for me a great lesson in the "
+"gulf between what lawyers find irrelevant in some abstract sense, and what "
+"is crushingly relevant in practice to those of us actually trying to make "
+"and broadcast documentaries. I never had any doubt that it was "
+"<quote>clearly fair use</quote> in an absolute legal sense. But I couldn't "
+"rely on the concept in any concrete way. Here's why:"
+msgstr ""
+"<citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle>-svipseren lærte mig om hvor stor afstand det "
+"var mellem det jurister ikke finder relevant på en abstrakt måde, og hvad "
+"som er knusende relevant på en konkret måde for os som prøver at fortage og "
+"udsende dokumentarer. Jeg tvivlede aldrig på at dette helt klart var "
+"<quote>åbenbaret rimeligt brug,</quote> men jeg kunne ikke stole på "
+"konceptet på nogen konkret måde. Og dette er grunden:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Errors and Omissions insurance"
+msgstr "Forsikring mod fejl og utelatelser"
+
+#. 1.
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Before our films can be broadcast, the network requires that we buy Errors "
+"and Omissions insurance. The carriers require a detailed <quote>visual cue "
+"sheet</quote> listing the source and licensing status of each shot in the "
+"film. They take a dim view of <quote>fair use,</quote> and a claim of "
+"<quote>fair use</quote> can grind the application process to a halt."
+msgstr ""
+"Før vores film kan udsendes, kræver TV-netværket at vi køber man "
+"<quote>Forsikring mod fejl og utelatelser.</quote> Den kræver en detaljeret "
+"<quote>visuell køreplan</quote> med alle kilder og lisensieringsstatus på "
+"alle scener i filmen. De har et smalt syn på <quote>rimeligt brug,</quote> "
+"og at påstå at noget er netop dette kan forsinke, og i ondeste fald stoppe, "
+"processen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Lucas, George"
+msgstr "Lucas, George"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<citetitle>Star Wars</citetitle>"
+msgstr "<citetitle>Star Wars</citetitle>"
+
+#. 2.
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"I probably never should have asked Matt Groening in the first place. But I "
+"knew (at least from folklore) that Fox had a history of tracking down and "
+"stopping unlicensed <citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle> usage, just as George "
+"Lucas had a very high profile litigating <citetitle>Star Wars</citetitle> "
+"usage. So I decided to play by the book, thinking that we would be granted "
+"free or cheap license to four seconds of <citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle>. As "
+"a documentary producer working to exhaustion on a shoestring, the last thing "
+"I wanted was to risk legal trouble, even nuisance legal trouble, and even to "
+"defend a principle."
+msgstr ""
+"Jeg skulle nok aldrig have bedt om Matt Groenings tilladelse. Men jeg "
+"vidste (i hvert fald fra rygter) at Fox tidligere havde jagtet på og stoppet "
+"ulisensiert brug af <citetitle>The Simpsons</citetitle>, på samme måde som "
+"George Lucas var rigtigt ivrigt på at forfølge brugen af <citetitle>Star "
+"Wars</citetitle>. Så jeg bestemte mig for at følge bogen, og troede at vi "
+"skulle få til en gratis, i al fald rimeligt, aftale for fire sekunders brug "
+"af <citetitle>The Simpsons</citetitle>. Som man næsten udmattede "
+"dokumentarskaper med dårligt råd, var det sidste jeg ønsket en juridisk "
+"strid, selv for at forsvare et princip."
+
+#. 3.
+#. PAGE BREAK 110
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"I did, in fact, speak with one of your colleagues at Stanford Law School "
+"… who confirmed that it was fair use. He also confirmed that Fox "
+"would <quote>depose and litigate you to within an inch of your life,</quote> "
+"regardless of the merits of my claim. He made clear that it would boil down "
+"to who had the bigger legal department and the deeper pockets, me or them."
+msgstr ""
+"Jeg snakkede faktisk med en af dine kollegaer på Stanford Law School "
+"… som bekræftede at dette var rimelig brug. Han bekræftede også at "
+"Fox villes <quote>sagsøge og rettsforfølge dig til det næsten ikke er liv "
+"igen i dig,</quote> uafhængigt af riktigheten i mine krav. Han gjorde det "
+"klart at alt villes koge ned til hvem som havde flest jurister og dybeste "
+"lomme, jeg eller dem."
+
+#. 4.
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The question of fair use usually comes up at the end of the project, when we "
+"are up against a release deadline and out of money."
+msgstr ""
+"Spørgsmålet om rimeligt brug dukker som regel op helt mod slutningen af "
+"projektet, når vi nærmer os sidste frist, og er tomme for penge."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"In theory, fair use means you need no permission. The theory therefore "
+"supports free culture and insulates against a permission culture. But in "
+"practice, fair use functions very differently. The fuzzy lines of the law, "
+"tied to the extraordinary liability if lines are crossed, means that the "
+"effective fair use for many types of creators is slight. The law has the "
+"right aim; practice has defeated the aim."
+msgstr ""
+"I teorien betyder rimeligt brug at du ikke behøver tilladelse. Teorien "
+"støtter derfor den frie kultur, og arbejder mod tilladelsekulturen, men i "
+"praksis fungerer <quote>rimeligt brug</quote> helt anderledes. De uklare "
+"linjerne i lovværket, samt de frygtelige konsekvenserne dersom man tager "
+"fejl, gør at mange kunstnere ikke stoler på rimeligt brug. Loven har en "
+"vældig god hensigt, men i praksis er den ikke fulgt op ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This practice shows just how far the law has come from its eighteenth-"
+"century roots. The law was born as a shield to protect publishers' profits "
+"against the unfair competition of a pirate. It has matured into a sword that "
+"interferes with any use, transformative or not."
+msgstr ""
+"Dette eksempel viser hvor langt denne lov har kommet fra sine "
+"syttenhundretallsrøtter. Loven som skulle beskytte utgiverne mod uretfærdig "
+"piratkonkurrence, havde udviklet sig til et sværd som slog ned på enhver "
+"bruge, omformende eller ikke."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Chapter Eight: Transformers"
+msgstr "Kapitel otte: Omformerne"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Allen, Paul"
+msgstr "Allen, Paul"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Alben, Alex"
+msgstr "Alben, Alex"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>In 1993</emphasis>, Alex Alben was a lawyer working "
+"at Starwave, Inc. Starwave was an innovative company founded by Microsoft "
+"cofounder Paul Allen to develop digital entertainment. Long before the "
+"Internet became popular, Starwave began investing in new technology for "
+"delivering entertainment in anticipation of the power of networks."
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>I 1993</emphasis> arbejdede Alex Alben som jurist "
+"hos Starwave Inc. Starwave var et innovativt firma grundlagt af Paul Allen, "
+"som også havde været med som grundlægger af Microsoft. Starwaves mål var at "
+"udvikle digital underholdning. Længe føder Internet blev superpopulært, "
+"forskede Starwave på ny teknologi for at levere/levre underholdning uden "
+"netværk."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "retrospective compilations on"
+msgstr "retrospektive samlinger om"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "CD-ROMs, film clips used in"
+msgstr "CD-ROM-er, filmklipp brugt i"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Alben had a special interest in new technology. He was intrigued by the "
+"emerging market for CD-ROM technology—not to distribute film, but to "
+"do things with film that otherwise would be very difficult. In 1993, he "
+"launched an initiative to develop a product to build retrospectives on the "
+"work of particular actors. The first actor chosen was Clint Eastwood. The "
+"idea was to showcase all of the work of Eastwood, with clips from his films "
+"and interviews with figures important to his career."
+msgstr ""
+"Alben var rigtigt interesseret i ny teknologi. Han var fascineret af det "
+"voksende markedet for CD-RUMMELIG-teknologi – ikke for at distribuere "
+"film, men for at gøre ting med filmen som før vilde været vældig "
+"vanskeligt. I 1993 lancerede han idéen om at udvikle et produkt for at visse/"
+"vise tilbageblik på værkerne til bestemte skuespillere. Den første "
+"skuespilleren som blev valgt, var Clint Eastwood. Idéen var at vise alle "
+"Eastwoods værk, sammen med klip fra hans film og interviewer med personer "
+"som havde været vigtige i hans karriere."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"At that time, Eastwood had made more than fifty films, as an actor and as a "
+"director. Alben began with a series of interviews with Eastwood, asking him "
+"about his career. Because Starwave produced those interviews, it was free to "
+"include them on the CD."
+msgstr ""
+"På den tiden havde Eastwood fortaget over halvtreds film, både som "
+"skuespiller og som regissør. Alben begyndte med en serie interviewer med "
+"Eastwood, hvor tema var hans karriere. Siden Starwave producerede disse "
+"interview, kunne de frit have dem med på CD-en."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 112
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"That alone would not have made a very interesting product, so Starwave "
+"wanted to add content from the movies in Eastwood's career: posters, "
+"scripts, and other material relating to the films Eastwood made. Most of his "
+"career was spent at Warner Brothers, and so it was relatively easy to get "
+"permission for that content."
+msgstr ""
+"Men det alene havde ikke blevet noget interessant produkt, så Starwave "
+"ønskede at lægge ved stolt indhold fra nogle af Eastwoods film, nogle "
+"plakater, manuskript og andre ting som kunne knyttes til hans film. "
+"Størstedelen af Eastwoods karriere havde foregået hos Warner Brothers, og "
+"det var relativt enkelt at få tilladelse for det materialet."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Then Alben and his team decided to include actual film clips. <quote>Our "
+"goal was that we were going to have a clip from every one of Eastwood's "
+"films,</quote> Alben told me. It was here that the problem arose. <quote>No "
+"one had ever really done this before,</quote> Alben explained. <quote>No one "
+"had ever tried to do this in the context of an artistic look at an actor's "
+"career.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+"Derefter ønskede Alben og hans team at bruge nogle faktiske klip fra "
+"aktuelle film. <quote>Vores mål var at have et klip fra alle Eastwoods film</"
+"quote>, fortalte Alben mig. Det var her problemerne startet. <quote>Ingen "
+"havde nogensinde gjort dette før,</quote> forklarede Alben. <quote>Ingen "
+"havde prøvet at præsentere et sådant kunstnerisk overblik over en "
+"skuespillers karriere.</quote>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Alben brought the idea to Michael Slade, the CEO of Starwave. Slade asked, "
+"<quote>Well, what will it take?</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+"Alben tog idéen videre til Michael Slade, leder for Starwave. Slade spurgte "
+"<quote>Vel , hvor mange vil det kræve?</quote>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "publicity rights on images of"
+msgstr "offentliggjøringsrettigheter for billeder af"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Technically, the rights that Alben had to clear were mainly those of "
+"publicity—rights an artist has to control the commercial exploitation "
+"of his image. But these rights, too, burden <quote>Rip, Mix, Burn</quote> "
+"creativity, as this chapter evinces. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id="
+"\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Teknisk set var rettighederne som Alben måtte klarere i hovedsag de om "
+"publicitet – rettigheden en artist har til at kontrollere den "
+"kommercielle utnyttelsen af sit billede. Men disse rettigheder belaster "
+"også <quote>rip, miks, brænd</quote>-kreativiteten sådan dette kapitel "
+"demonstrerer. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder "
+"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Alben replied, <quote>Well, we're going to have to clear rights from "
+"everyone who appears in these films, and the music and everything else that "
+"we want to use in these film clips.</quote> Slade said, <quote>Great! Go for "
+"it.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Alben svarede, <quote>Tja, vi må indhente tilladelse fra alle som optræder i "
+"disse film, for musikken og for alt andet som er i disse filmklippene.</"
+"quote> Slade svarede <quote>Flot! Gør det.</quote><placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The problem was that neither Alben nor Slade had any idea what clearing "
+"those rights would mean. Every actor in each of the films could have a claim "
+"to royalties for the reuse of that film. But CD- ROMs had not been specified "
+"in the contracts for the actors, so there was no clear way to know just what "
+"Starwave was to do."
+msgstr ""
+"Problemet var at hverken Alben eller Slade forstod hvad det indebar at "
+"indhente disse tilladelser. Alle skuespillerne i hver af filmene kunne have "
+"krav på kompensation for brug af sit optagelse. Men CD-ROM havde ikke været "
+"specificeret i skuespillernes kontrakter, så ingen vidste helt hvad "
+"Starwave skulle gøre."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"I asked Alben how he dealt with the problem. With an obvious pride in his "
+"resourcefulness that obscured the obvious bizarreness of his tale, Alben "
+"recounted just what they did:"
+msgstr ""
+"Jeg spurgte Alben om hvordan han løste problemet. Med en tydelig stolthet "
+"som overskyggede hvor bisarr historie var, så fortalte han hvad de gjorde:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"So we very mechanically went about looking up the film clips. We made some "
+"artistic decisions about what film clips to include—of course we were "
+"going to use the <quote>Make my day</quote> clip from <citetitle>Dirty "
+"Harry</citetitle>. But you then need to get the guy on the ground who's "
+"wiggling under the gun and you need to get his permission. And then you "
+"have to decide what you are going to pay him."
+msgstr ""
+"Så vi afgik og fandt frem filmene, og gjorde nogle kunstneriske beslutninger "
+"om hvilke klip som skulle være med . Selvsagt skulle vi bruge <quote>Ordne "
+"my day</quote>-scenen fra Dirty Harry. Men da måtte vi opsøge den personen "
+"som ligger på bagen under geværet, og få hans tilladelse. Og så måtte vi "
+"bestemme hvad han skulle få betalt."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 113
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"We decided that it would be fair if we offered them the dayplayer rate for "
+"the right to reuse that performance. We're talking about a clip of less than "
+"a minute, but to reuse that performance in the CD-ROM the rate at the time "
+"was about $600. So we had to identify the people—some of them were "
+"hard to identify because in Eastwood movies you can't tell who's the guy "
+"crashing through the glass—is it the actor or is it the stuntman? And "
+"then we just, we put together a team, my assistant and some others, and we "
+"just started calling people."
+msgstr ""
+"Vi bestemte at det villes være retfærdigt hvis vi tilbød dem en "
+"dagsspillersats for retten til at bruge klippede. Vi snakker trods alt om et "
+"klip på under et minut, men afsættet for at bruge klippede på CD-ROM lå på "
+"den tiden på 600 dollar. Så vi måtte identificere personerne – nogle "
+"var vanskeligt at identificere, siden det ofte er vanskeligt at vide hvem "
+"som er skuespilleren og hvem som er stuntmannen i Eastwoods film. Og "
+"derefter samlede vi os en gruppe og begyndte at ringe rundt."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Sutherland, Donald"
+msgstr "Sutherland, Donald"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Some actors were glad to help—Donald Sutherland, for example, followed "
+"up himself to be sure that the rights had been cleared. Others were "
+"dumbfounded at their good fortune. Alben would ask, <quote>Hey, can I pay "
+"you $600 or maybe if you were in two films, you know, $1,200?</quote> And "
+"they would say, <quote>Are you for real? Hey, I'd love to get $1,200.</"
+"quote> And some of course were a bit difficult (estranged ex-wives, in "
+"particular). But eventually, Alben and his team had cleared the rights to "
+"this retrospective CD-ROM on Clint Eastwood's career."
+msgstr ""
+"Nogle skuespillere var glade for at kunne hjælpe – Donald Sutherland "
+"fulgte for eksempel op sagen personligt for at sørge for at alt var fint. "
+"Andre generede sig mest om pengeene. Alben kunne spørge <quote>Hei, kan jeg "
+"betale dig 600 dollar, eller hvis du var i to film, 1200 dollar?</quote> Og "
+"de kunne svare <quote>Er det sandt? Jeg vil vældig gerne have 1200 dollar.</"
+"quote> Nogle kunne være stolt vanskelige af sig (særligt krævende eks-"
+"koner). Men til slutning klarede Alben og hans team at gøre rede for alle "
+"rettighederne til CD-en om Clint Eastwoods karriere."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"It was one <emphasis>year</emphasis> later—<quote>and even then we "
+"weren't sure whether we were totally in the clear.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+"Det var gået et <emphasis>år</emphasis> <quote>og selv da var vi ikke sikre "
+"på om alt var helt klart.</quote>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Alben is proud of his work. The project was the first of its kind and the "
+"only time he knew of that a team had undertaken such a massive project for "
+"the purpose of releasing a retrospective."
+msgstr ""
+"Alben er stolt af sit værk. Projektet var det første af sit slag, og første "
+"gang han havde hørt om et team som havde taget på sig så meget arbejde for "
+"at give ud en samling af tidligere arbejder."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Everyone thought it would be too hard. Everyone just threw up their hands "
+"and said, <quote>Oh, my gosh, a film, it's so many copyrights, there's the "
+"music, there's the screenplay, there's the director, there's the actors.</"
+"quote> But we just broke it down. We just put it into its constituent parts "
+"and said, <quote>Okay, there's this many actors, this many directors, "
+"… this many musicians,</quote> and we just went at it very "
+"systematically and cleared the rights."
+msgstr ""
+"Alle havde troet det skulle blive for vanskeligt. De havde kastet hånd i "
+"vejret og sagt <quote>Skrig, en film. Det er så mange rettigheder; det er "
+"musik, det er scenekunsten, det er skuespillere, det er regissører.</quote> "
+"Men vi gjorde det! Vi tog delene fra hinanden og sagde <quote>okei, det er "
+"så mange skuespillere, så mange regissører ... så mange musikere,</quote> "
+"så gik vi systematisk igennem det, og fik tag i rettighederne."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 114
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"And no doubt, the product itself was exceptionally good. Eastwood loved it, "
+"and it sold very well."
+msgstr ""
+"Og produktet blev uden tvivl særdeles godt. Eastwood elskede det, og det "
+"solgte rigtigt godt."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Drucker, Peter"
+msgstr "Drucker, Peter"
+
+#. f2
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"U.S. Department of Commerce Office of Acquisition Management, "
+"<citetitle>Seven Steps to Performance-Based Services Acquisition</"
+"citetitle>, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
+"#22</ulink>."
+msgstr ""
+"U.S. Department of Commerce Office of Acquisition Management, "
+"<citetitle>Seven Steps to Performance-Based Services Acquisition</"
+"citetitle>, tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/"
+"\">link #22</ulink>."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"But I pressed Alben about how weird it seems that it would have to take a "
+"year's work simply to clear rights. No doubt Alben had done this "
+"efficiently, but as Peter Drucker has famously quipped, <quote>There is "
+"nothing so useless as doing efficiently that which should not be done at all."
+"</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Did it make sense, I asked "
+"Alben, that this is the way a new work has to be made?"
+msgstr ""
+"Jeg spurgte Alben om hvor mærkeligt det syntes at det skulle tage et helt år "
+"bare at få orden på rettigheder. Alben havde gjort det hele vældig "
+"effektivt, men som Peter Drucker så berømt har sagt, <quote>Det er ikke "
+"noget som er så ubrukelig at gøre effektivt end det som egentligt ikke burde "
+"gøres i det hele taget .</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> "
+"Var det noget fornuft i at det var sådan et nyt værk skulle skabes, spurgte "
+"jeg Alben."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"For, as he acknowledged, <quote>very few … have the time and "
+"resources, and the will to do this,</quote> and thus, very few such works "
+"would ever be made. Does it make sense, I asked him, from the standpoint of "
+"what anybody really thought they were ever giving rights for originally, "
+"that you would have to go clear rights for these kinds of clips?"
+msgstr ""
+"For, som han indrøm, <quote>rigtigt få … har tid og ressourcer, og "
+"viljen til at gøre dette,</quote> og dermed bliver rigtigt få sådanne værk "
+"nogle vrede fortaget. Gear det mening, spurgte jeg ham, ud fra synsvinklen "
+"til hvad enhver i realiteten troede de oprindeligt gav tilladelse til, at du "
+"måtte gå i gang med at klarere rettigheder for denne type optagelse?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"I don't think so. When an actor renders a performance in a movie, he or she "
+"gets paid very well. … And then when 30 seconds of that performance "
+"is used in a new product that is a retrospective of somebody's career, I "
+"don't think that that person … should be compensated for that."
+msgstr ""
+"Jeg tror ikke det. Når en skuespiller fremfører en scene i en film, får han "
+"eller hun rigtigt godt betalt … Og derfor, når 30 sekunder af denne "
+"scene bliver brugt i et nyt produkt som er et tilbageblik på nogen karriere, "
+"så tror jeg ikke at den personen … burde få kompensation for det."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Or at least, is this <emphasis>how</emphasis> the artist should be "
+"compensated? Would it make sense, I asked, for there to be some kind of "
+"statutory license that someone could pay and be free to make derivative use "
+"of clips like this? Did it really make sense that a follow-on creator would "
+"have to track down every artist, actor, director, musician, and get explicit "
+"permission from each? Wouldn't a lot more be created if the legal part of "
+"the creative process could be made to be more clean?"
+msgstr ""
+"Eller er det måske <emphasis>sådan</emphasis> en kunstner burde få "
+"kompensation? Gear det nogle mening, spurgte jeg, om det var en form for "
+"lovbestemmt licens som nogle kan betale og frit videreudvikle, og omdigte "
+"klip som disse? Gav det virkelig mening at en videreudviklende skaber "
+"skulle måtte spore op hver eneste artist, skuespiller, regissør, musiker og "
+"få eksplisitt tilladelse fra hver af dem. Villes ikke meget mere blive "
+"fortaget hvis den juridiske delen af den kreative processen kunne gøres "
+"enklere."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 115
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Absolutely. I think that if there were some fair-licensing mechanism—"
+"where you weren't subject to hold-ups and you weren't subject to estranged "
+"former spouses—you'd see a lot more of this work, because it wouldn't "
+"be so daunting to try to put together a retrospective of someone's career "
+"and meaningfully illustrate it with lots of media from that person's career. "
+"You'd build in a cost as the producer of one of these things. You'd build in "
+"a cost of paying X dollars to the talent that performed. But it would be a "
+"known cost. That's the thing that trips everybody up and makes this kind of "
+"product hard to get off the ground. If you knew I have a hundred minutes of "
+"film in this product and it's going to cost me X, then you build your budget "
+"around it, and you can get investments and everything else that you need to "
+"produce it. But if you say, <quote>Oh, I want a hundred minutes of something "
+"and I have no idea what it's going to cost me, and a certain number of "
+"people are going to hold me up for money,</quote> then it becomes difficult "
+"to put one of these things together."
+msgstr ""
+"Ultimatum. Jeg tror at hvis det fandtes en form for lisensieringsmekanisme "
+"– hvor du ikke risikerede at blive offer for forglemmelser eller "
+"problematiske ekskoner – villes man måske have set mange flere af "
+"denne type værk, slet og ret fordi det ikke villes set så skrekkinngytende "
+"ud at sætte sammen et tilbageblik på nogen karriere, og at bruge mange "
+"medierne-illustrationer fra vedkommendes karriere. Du villes kunne fortage "
+"en budgetpost på dette, sætte op en omkostning på X dollar til talentet som "
+"fremførte, og det villes være en kendt omkostning. Det er måske "
+"kerneproblemet med at producere sådanne produkter. Hvis man vidste at man "
+"havde 100 minutter med film, kunne man sige at dette vil koste mig så og så "
+"mange dollar, og fortage et budget rundt det. Derefter kan du skaffe "
+"investorer og alt andet som trænges for at producere det. Men dersom man kun "
+"kan sige <quote>Hm, jeg ønsker 100 minutter med noget, og jeg aner ikke "
+"hvor mange det vil koste mig, og et bestemt antal personer vil kræve penge,</"
+"quote> vil det være ganske vanskeligt at få til sådanne ting."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Alben worked for a big company. His company was backed by some of the "
+"richest investors in the world. He therefore had authority and access that "
+"the average Web designer would not have. So if it took him a year, how long "
+"would it take someone else? And how much creativity is never made just "
+"because the costs of clearing the rights are so high?"
+msgstr ""
+"Alben arbejdede for et stort selskab. Hans selskab var støttet af nogle af "
+"de rigeste investorerne i værdet. Derfor havde han myndighed og ressourcer "
+"som en gennemsnitlig webdesigner ikke kan drømme om. Så hvis det tog ham et "
+"år, hvor lang tid villes det tage nogle andre? Hvor mange kreativitet får "
+"aldrig form på grund af omkostningerne rundt at kortlægge og skaffe "
+"rettigheder? "
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"These costs are the burdens of a kind of regulation. Put on a Republican hat "
+"for a moment, and get angry for a bit. The government defines the scope of "
+"these rights, and the scope defined determines how much it's going to cost "
+"to negotiate them. (Remember the idea that land runs to the heavens, and "
+"imagine the pilot purchasing flythrough rights as he negotiates to fly from "
+"Los Angeles to San Francisco.) These rights might well have once made "
+"sense; but as circumstances change, they make no sense at all. Or at least, "
+"a well-trained, regulationminimizing Republican should look at the rights "
+"and ask, <quote>Does this still make sense?</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+"Disse omkostninger er byrderne fra en form for regulering. Vi kan prøve at "
+"tage på os hatten til en republikaner, og blive sure et øjeblik. Staten "
+"styrer disse rettigheders omfang, og omfanget bestemmer hvor mange det vil "
+"koste at skælde disse rettigheder. (Husker I idéen om at en ejendom strakte "
+"sig til universets grænse? Og se for jer piloten som må betale for at krydse "
+"ejendommene han skælder ved at flyve fra Los Angeles til San Francisco.) "
+"Disse rettigheder gav sikkert mening en gang, men nu som forholdene har "
+"ændret sig, er meningen borte. I hvert fald så burde man veltrenet, "
+"reguleringsfiendtlig republikaner se på rettighederne og spørge <quote>Gear "
+"det mening nu?</quote>"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 116
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"I've seen the flash of recognition when people get this point, but only a "
+"few times. The first was at a conference of federal judges in California. "
+"The judges were gathered to discuss the emerging topic of cyber-law. I was "
+"asked to be on the panel. Harvey Saferstein, a well-respected lawyer from an "
+"L.A. firm, introduced the panel with a video that he and a friend, Robert "
+"Fairbank, had produced."
+msgstr ""
+"Jeg har set glimret af gjenkjennelse på dette punkt, men bare nogle få "
+"gange. Første gang var på en konference for føderale dommere i California. "
+"Dommerne var samlet for at diskutere det øgende temaet cyber-lov. Jeg blev "
+"spurgt om at sidde i panelet. Harvey Saferstein, en respekteret advokat fra "
+"et firma i Los Angeles, introducerede for panelet en film han og hans ven "
+"Robert Fairbank havde fortaget."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The video was a brilliant collage of film from every period in the twentieth "
+"century, all framed around the idea of a <citetitle>60 Minutes</citetitle> "
+"episode. The execution was perfect, down to the sixty-minute stopwatch. The "
+"judges loved every minute of it."
+msgstr ""
+"Videoen var en glimrende sammenstilling af film fra hver periode i det "
+"tyvende århundredet, ramt ind rundt idéen om en episode i TV-serien "
+"<citetitle>60 Minutes</citetitle>. Utførelsen var perfekt, ned til tres "
+"minutter stoppeklokke. Dommerne elskede hvert minut af den."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Nimmer, David"
+msgstr "Nimmer, David"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"When the lights came up, I looked over to my copanelist, David Nimmer, "
+"perhaps the leading copyright scholar and practitioner in the nation. He had "
+"an astonished look on his face, as he peered across the room of over 250 "
+"well-entertained judges. Taking an ominous tone, he began his talk with a "
+"question: <quote>Do you know how many federal laws were just violated in "
+"this room?</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+"Da lysene kom på, kikkede jeg over til min medpaneldeltaker, David Nimmer, "
+"måske den ledende opphavsrettsakademiker og -udøver i nationen. Han havde et "
+"forbauset udtryk i sit ansigt, mens han kiggede ud over rommen med over 250 "
+"godt adspredte dommere. Med en illevarslende tone, begyndte han sin tale med "
+"et spørgsmål: <quote>Ved I hvor mange føderale håndflade som netop blev "
+"brudt i dette rom?</quote>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Boies, David"
+msgstr "Boies, David"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Court of Appeals"
+msgstr "Ankedomstol"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Ninth Circuit"
+msgstr "Niende kreds"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals"
+msgstr "Niende ankekreds"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
+"id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type="
+"\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"4\"/> For of "
+"course, the two brilliantly talented creators who made this film hadn't done "
+"what Alben did. They hadn't spent a year clearing the rights to these clips; "
+"technically, what they had done violated the law. Of course, it wasn't as "
+"if they or anyone were going to be prosecuted for this violation (the "
+"presence of 250 judges and a gaggle of federal marshals notwithstanding). "
+"But Nimmer was making an important point: A year before anyone would have "
+"heard of the word Napster, and two years before another member of our panel, "
+"David Boies, would defend Napster before the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, "
+"Nimmer was trying to get the judges to see that the law would not be "
+"friendly to the capacities that this technology would enable. Technology "
+"means you can now do amazing things easily; but you couldn't easily do them "
+"legally."
+msgstr ""
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
+"id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder "
+"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"4\"/> Og "
+"selvsagt havde ikke disse to briljante talenterne gjort hvad Alben havde "
+"gjort. De havde ikke ordnet alle rettighederne til klippene de brugte. Rent "
+"teknisk havde de brudt loven. Men ingen kom til at straffeforfølge disse to "
+"(selv om de viste den for 250 dommere og en gruppe føderale lovmenn). Men "
+"Nimmer havde et vigtigt pointe: Et år føder nogle havde hørt ordet Napster, "
+"og to år før et andet medlem af panelet, David Boies, villes forsvare "
+"Napster for den niende ankekreds, prøvede Nimmer at få dommerne til at "
+"forstå at loven ikke var særligt åben for de nye kapaciteterne den nye "
+"teknologien villes muliggjøre. Teknologi betyder at du nu kan gøre "
+"fantastiske ting enkelt, men du kan ikke enkelt gøre dem lovligt."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"We live in a <quote>cut and paste</quote> culture enabled by technology. "
+"Anyone building a presentation knows the extraordinary freedom that the cut "
+"and paste architecture of the Internet created—in a second you can "
+"find just about any image you want; in another second, you can have it "
+"planted in your presentation."
+msgstr ""
+"Vi lever i <quote>en klip og klistr</quote>-kultur som er muliggjort af "
+"dagens teknologi. Alle som fortager præsentationer ved hvilken særskilt "
+"frihed Internets <quote>klip og klistr</quote>-arkitektur giver – på "
+"et sekund kan du finde akkurat det billedet du vil have, og du kan få det "
+"ind i din præsentation."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Camp Chaos"
+msgstr "Camper Chaos"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 117
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"But presentations are just a tiny beginning. Using the Internet and its "
+"archives, musicians are able to string together mixes of sound never before "
+"imagined; filmmakers are able to build movies out of clips on computers "
+"around the world. An extraordinary site in Sweden takes images of "
+"politicians and blends them with music to create biting political "
+"commentary. A site called Camp Chaos has produced some of the most biting "
+"criticism of the record industry that there is through the mixing of Flash! "
+"and music."
+msgstr ""
+"Men præsentationer er bare en lille start. Ved hjælp af Internet og dets "
+"arkiver, er musikere i stand til at sy sammen nye lydmikser som ingen havde "
+"kunnet forestille sig; filmskabere er i stand til at fortage film ud fra "
+"klip på computere rundt om i værdet. Et specielt netsted i Sverige tager "
+"billeder af politikere og blander dem med musik for at skabt bidende "
+"politiske kommentarer. En netside kaldt Camp Chaos har skabt noget af den "
+"skarpeste kritikken som findes mod musikindustrien, gennem at mikse Flash! "
+"og musik."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"All of these creations are technically illegal. Even if the creators wanted "
+"to be <quote>legal,</quote> the cost of complying with the law is impossibly "
+"high. Therefore, for the law-abiding sorts, a wealth of creativity is never "
+"made. And for that part that is made, if it doesn't follow the clearance "
+"rules, it doesn't get released."
+msgstr ""
+"Alt dette er rent teknisk ulovligt. Selv om skaberen ønskede at holde sig "
+"på ret side af loven, villes omkostningerne med at følge loven været "
+"umenneskelige. Derfor vil de som ønsker at følge loven blive hindret i at "
+"bruge sin kreativitet, og meget bliver aldrig skabt. Og det som er skabt, "
+"vil ikke blive publiceret fordi det ikke er i tråd med "
+"opklaringringskrønerne."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"To some, these stories suggest a solution: Let's alter the mix of rights so "
+"that people are free to build upon our culture. Free to add or mix as they "
+"see fit. We could even make this change without necessarily requiring that "
+"the <quote>free</quote> use be free as in <quote>free beer.</quote> Instead, "
+"the system could simply make it easy for follow-on creators to compensate "
+"artists without requiring an army of lawyers to come along: a rule, for "
+"example, that says <quote>the royalty owed the copyright owner of an "
+"unregistered work for the derivative reuse of his work will be a flat 1 "
+"percent of net revenues, to be held in escrow for the copyright owner.</"
+"quote> Under this rule, the copyright owner could benefit from some royalty, "
+"but he would not have the benefit of a full property right (meaning the "
+"right to name his own price) unless he registers the work."
+msgstr ""
+"For nogle insinuerer disse historie en løsning: Lad os ændre blandingen af "
+"rettigheder sådan at folk står frit til at bygge på vores kultur, står frit "
+"til at lægge til eller blanding sådan de synes pas. Vi kunne introducere "
+"dette uden at det blev frit som i <quote>fri bar.</quote> I stedet kunne "
+"systemet gøre det lettere for nye kunstnere at kompensere den originale "
+"artisten uden at det kræver en hær af jurister. Hvad med skrøner som f.eks. "
+"<quote>kompensation til en ophavsretindehaver for uregistrerede værker vil "
+"for avledede værker for 1 procent af netto overskud (som sættes på spærret "
+"konto til fordel for rettighedejer)</quote>? Med en sådan regel villes "
+"ophavsretholderen få en indtægt, men han vil ikke have en fuld ejendomret "
+"over ophavsreten (som betyder retten til at bestemme prisen selv) uden at "
+"have registreret værket."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Who could possibly object to this? And what reason would there be for "
+"objecting? We're talking about work that is not now being made; which if "
+"made, under this plan, would produce new income for artists. What reason "
+"would anyone have to oppose it?"
+msgstr ""
+"Hvem vil nægte at blive med på dette? Og hvilke grunde findes for at nægte "
+"dette? Vi snakker om et værk som ikke bliver fortaget akkurat nu, men om "
+"det blev fortaget under denne plan, vil det skabe indkomster for artisterne. "
+"Hvilke bagtanker kan nogle have for at modarbejde det?"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 118
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>In February 2003</emphasis>, DreamWorks studios "
+"announced an agreement with Mike Myers, the comic genius of "
+"<citetitle>Saturday Night Live</citetitle> and Austin Powers. According to "
+"the announcement, Myers and Dream-Works would work together to form a "
+"<quote>unique filmmaking pact.</quote> Under the agreement, DreamWorks "
+"<quote>will acquire the rights to existing motion picture hits and classics, "
+"write new storylines and—with the use of stateof-the-art digital "
+"technology—insert Myers and other actors into the film, thereby "
+"creating an entirely new piece of entertainment.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>I februar 2003</emphasis> kunne DreamWorks studios "
+"kundgøre at de havde fået en aftale med komikeren Mike Myers (manden bag "
+"Saturday Night Live og Austin Powers). I følge kunngjøringen skulle "
+"DreamWorks og Myers arbejde for at skabe en <quote>unik filmskaberaftale.</"
+"quote> Under denne aftale villes DreamWorks <quote>få ret til at benytte "
+"eksisterende filmklipp, skrive nye manuskripter og – med hjælp af "
+"moderne digitalteknologi – sætte ind Myers og andre skuespillere i "
+"filmene, og sådan skabe et helt nyt stykke underholdning.</quote>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The announcement called this <quote>film sampling.</quote> As Myers "
+"explained, <quote>Film Sampling is an exciting way to put an original spin "
+"on existing films and allow audiences to see old movies in a new light. Rap "
+"artists have been doing this for years with music and now we are able to "
+"take that same concept and apply it to film.</quote> Steven Spielberg is "
+"quoted as saying, <quote>If anyone can create a way to bring old films to "
+"new audiences, it is Mike.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+"Dette blev kaldt <quote>filmsampling,</quote> og som Myers forklarede, var "
+"<quote>filmsampling en fantastisk måde at få ny vridning på eksisterende "
+"film, og lader publikum se gamle film i et nyt lys. Ræb-artister har gjort "
+"sådant i en årrække, og nu kan vi tage det samme koncept og bruge det på "
+"film.</quote> Steven Spielberg er citeret med følgende udsagn <quote>Hvis "
+"nogle kan klare at bringe gamle film til et nyt publikum, så er det Mike.</"
+"quote>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Spielberg is right. Film sampling by Myers will be brilliant. But if you "
+"don't think about it, you might miss the truly astonishing point about this "
+"announcement. As the vast majority of our film heritage remains under "
+"copyright, the real meaning of the DreamWorks announcement is just this: It "
+"is Mike Myers and only Mike Myers who is free to sample. Any general freedom "
+"to build upon the film archive of our culture, a freedom in other contexts "
+"presumed for us all, is now a privilege reserved for the funny and "
+"famous—and presumably rich."
+msgstr ""
+"Spielberg har ret . Filmsampling med Myers villes været brilliant, men hvis "
+"du ikke følger godt med, så vil du overse det forbløffende med denne "
+"kunngjøringen. Siden den aller største delen af forår filmarv fortsætter at "
+"være reguleret af loven, så er det virkelige indholdet i DreamWorks "
+"kunngjøring følgende: Det er Mike Myers, og kun Mike Myers, som har lov til "
+"at gøre sådant. Al generel frihed til at fortsætte at bygge på værdets "
+"filmkultur, en frihed som i andre sammenhænge er en selvfølge, er et "
+"privilegium forbeholdt de morsomme og berømte – og antageligt rige."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This privilege becomes reserved for two sorts of reasons. The first "
+"continues the story of the last chapter: the vagueness of <quote>fair use.</"
+"quote> Much of <quote>sampling</quote> should be considered <quote>fair use."
+"</quote> But few would rely upon so weak a doctrine to create. That leads to "
+"the second reason that the privilege is reserved for the few: The costs of "
+"negotiating the legal rights for the creative reuse of content are "
+"astronomically high. These costs mirror the costs with fair use: You either "
+"pay a lawyer to defend your fair use rights or pay a lawyer to track down "
+"permissions so you don't have to rely upon fair use rights. Either way, the "
+"creative process is a process of paying lawyers—again a privilege, or "
+"perhaps a curse, reserved for the few."
+msgstr ""
+"Dette privilegium er begrænset af to slags grunder: Første grund er man "
+"fortsettelse af forrige kapitel, vagheten i <quote>rimeligt brug.</quote> "
+"Meget af denne <quote>samplingen</quote> vil nok betragtes som "
+"<quote>rimeligt brug,</quote> men ingen våger at stole på et så vagt "
+"princip. Det leder os til næste grund for at privilegiet er forbeholdt få: "
+"Omkostningerne ved at skælde ophavsreten ved kreativt genbrug er "
+"astronomiske. Disse omkostninger spejler omkostningen for <quote>rimeligt "
+"brug</quote>: Enten betaler du en jurist til at forsvare dine "
+"<quote>rimeligt brug</quote>-rettigheder, eller så betaler du en jurist for "
+"at opspore og ordne med rettighederne du behøver, sådan at du slipper at "
+"stole på rimeligt brug. I begge tilfælde er den kreative processen blevet en "
+"proces med at betale jurister – igen, et privilegium forbeholdt de få."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Chapter Nine: Collectors"
+msgstr "Kapitel ni: Samlere"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "archives, digital"
+msgstr "arkiver, digitale"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "bots"
+msgstr "boter"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>In April 1996</emphasis>, millions of <quote>bots</"
+"quote>—computer codes designed to <quote>spider,</quote> or "
+"automatically search the Internet and copy content—began running "
+"across the Net. Page by page, these bots copied Internet-based information "
+"onto a small set of computers located in a basement in San Francisco's "
+"Presidio. Once the bots finished the whole of the Internet, they started "
+"again. Over and over again, once every two months, these bits of code took "
+"copies of the Internet and stored them."
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>I april 1996</emphasis> havde millioner af "
+"<quote>bod-er</quote> – computerprogramkode udformet for at "
+"<quote>kravle</quote>, eller automatisk søge på Internet og kopiere indhold "
+"– gået i gang på nettet. Side for side kopierede disse bod-ene "
+"Internet-baseret information til et lille set maskiner placeret i en kælder "
+"i San Franciscos Presidio. Da bod-ene var færdig med hele Internet, startet "
+"de på nyt. Igen og igen, en gang hver anden måneder, tog disse snuttene med "
+"kode kopier af Internet og lagrede dem."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Way Back Machine"
+msgstr "Way Back Machine"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"By October 2001, the bots had collected more than five years of copies. And "
+"at a small announcement in Berkeley, California, the archive that these "
+"copies created, the Internet Archive, was opened to the world. Using a "
+"technology called <quote>the Way Back Machine,</quote> you could enter a Web "
+"page, and see all of its copies going back to 1996, as well as when those "
+"pages changed."
+msgstr ""
+"I oktober 2001 havde bod-ene samlet mere end fem år med kopier. Ved en "
+"lille kunngjøring ved Berkeley, California, blev arkivet som disse kopier "
+"udgjorde, Internet-arkivet, åbnet for værdet. Ved at bruge en teknologi ved "
+"navn <quote>Way Back Machine</quote> kan du skrive ind en netside og se alle "
+"deres kopier helt tilbage til 1996, samt se når disse sider ændrede sig."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Orwell, George"
+msgstr "Orwell, George"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This is the thing about the Internet that Orwell would have appreciated. In "
+"the dystopia described in <citetitle>1984</citetitle>, old newspapers were "
+"constantly updated to assure that the current view of the world, approved of "
+"by the government, was not contradicted by previous news reports."
+msgstr ""
+"Dette er en egenskab ved Internet som Orwell villes sat pris på. I den "
+"dystre værdet beskrevet i <citetitle>1984</citetitle> blev gamle aviser "
+"kontinuerligt opdateret for at sikre at gældende opfattelse af værdet, "
+"godkendt af myndighederne, ikke blev motsagt af gamle nyhedmeldinger."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 120
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Thousands of workers constantly reedited the past, meaning there was no way "
+"ever to know whether the story you were reading today was the story that was "
+"printed on the date published on the paper."
+msgstr ""
+"Tusindvis af arbejdere redigerede konstant fortiden, hvilket gjorde at det "
+"aldrig var muligt at vide om historie du læssede i dag var historie som blev "
+"trykket den datoen som stod ført op på papiret."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"It's the same with the Internet. If you go to a Web page today, there's no "
+"way for you to know whether the content you are reading is the same as the "
+"content you read before. The page may seem the same, but the content could "
+"easily be different. The Internet is Orwell's library—constantly "
+"updated, without any reliable memory."
+msgstr ""
+"Det er det samme med Internet. Hvis du besøger en netside i dag, så har du "
+"ingen måde at vide om indholdet du læser nu er det samme som indholdet du "
+"læste tidligere . Siden kan se helt lig ud, men indholdet kan ganske enkelt "
+" være helt anderledes. Internet er Orwells bibliotek – kontinuerligt "
+"opdateret, uden en pålidelig hukommelse."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "White House press releases"
+msgstr "pressemeldinger fra Det hvide huse"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
+"id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> The temptations "
+"remain, however. Brewster Kahle reports that the White House changes its own "
+"press releases without notice. A May 13, 2003, press release stated, "
+"<quote>Combat Operations in Iraq Have Ended.</quote> That was later changed, "
+"without notice, to <quote>Major Combat Operations in Iraq Have Ended.</"
+"quote> E-mail from Brewster Kahle, 1 December 2003."
+msgstr ""
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
+"id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> Fristelsene er dog "
+"der hen fortsat. Brewster Kahle fortæller at Det hvide huse ændrer sine egen "
+"pressemeldinger uden varsel. En pressemelding fra 13 . maj 2003 indeholdte "
+"<quote>Kampoperationer i Irak er over.</quote> Det blev senere ændret, "
+"uden varsel, til <quote>Større kampoperationer i Irak er over.</quote> E-"
+"post fra Brewster Kahle, 1 . december 2003 ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Until the Way Back Machine, at least. With the Way Back Machine, and the "
+"Internet Archive underlying it, you can see what the Internet was. You have "
+"the power to see what you remember. More importantly, perhaps, you also have "
+"the power to find what you don't remember and what others might prefer you "
+"forget.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"I hvert fald før Way Back Machine dukkede op . Ved hjælp af Way Back "
+"Machine, og Internet-arkivet som ligger til grund for denne, så kan du se "
+"hvordan Internet var. Du har mulighed til at se det du husker. Og måske "
+"vigtigere, så har du mulighed til at finde det du ikke husker, og det andre "
+"måske fortrækker at du glemmer.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "history, records of"
+msgstr "historie, arkiv over"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>We take it</emphasis> for granted that we can go "
+"back to see what we remember reading. Think about newspapers. If you wanted "
+"to study the reaction of your hometown newspaper to the race riots in Watts "
+"in 1965, or to Bull Connor's water cannon in 1963, you could go to your "
+"public library and look at the newspapers. Those papers probably exist on "
+"microfiche. If you're lucky, they exist in paper, too. Either way, you are "
+"free, using a library, to go back and remember—not just what it is "
+"convenient to remember, but remember something close to the truth."
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>Vi tager det</emphasis> for givet at vi kan gå "
+"tilbage at se det vi husker at have læst. Tænk for eksempel på aviser. "
+"Hvis du ønsker at studere reaktionerne i lokalavisen din om raceoprørene i "
+"Watts i 1965, eller om vandkanonen til Bull Connor i 1963, så kan du gå til "
+"dit lokale bibliotek og se i aviserne. Disse artikler findes sandsynligvis "
+"på microfiche. Hvis du er heldig, så eksisterer de også på papir. Uanset, "
+"så står du frit til, ved at bruge et bibliotek, at gå tilbage for at gynge "
+"– ikke bare det som er behageligt at huske, men at huske sådant som er "
+"nær sandheden."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"It is said that those who fail to remember history are doomed to repeat it. "
+"That's not quite correct. We <emphasis>all</emphasis> forget history. The "
+"key is whether we have a way to go back to rediscover what we forget. More "
+"directly, the key is whether an objective past can keep us honest. Libraries "
+"help do that, by collecting content and keeping it, for schoolchildren, for "
+"researchers, for grandma. A free society presumes this knowedge."
+msgstr ""
+"Det siges at de som ikke husker historie, er dømt til at gentage den. Det "
+"er ikke helt rigtigt. Vi <emphasis>alle</emphasis> glemmer historie. "
+"Nøglen er hvorvidt vi har en måde at gå tilbage for at gjenoppdage det vi "
+"har glemt. Helt konkret er nøglen hvorvidt en objektiv fortid kan sikre at "
+"vi er ærlige. Biblioteker bidrager til dette, ved at samle indhold og "
+"opbevare det, for skolebarn, for forskere, for bedstemor. Et frit samfund "
+"forudsætter denne kundskab."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 121
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The Internet was an exception to this presumption. Until the Internet "
+"Archive, there was no way to go back. The Internet was the quintessentially "
+"transitory medium. And yet, as it becomes more important in forming and "
+"reforming society, it becomes more and more important to maintain in some "
+"historical form. It's just bizarre to think that we have scads of archives "
+"of newspapers from tiny towns around the world, yet there is but one copy of "
+"the Internet—the one kept by the Internet Archive."
+msgstr ""
+"Internet var et undtagelse fra denne forudsætning. Før Internet-arkivet var "
+"det ikke muligt at gå tilbage. Internet var i essets et flyktig medium. Og "
+"alligevel, efterhånden som det blev vigtigere og vigtigere i at forme og "
+"reformere samfundet, så bliver det vigtigere og vigtigere at bevare det i en "
+"eller anden historisk form. Det er helt sært at tænke på at vi har masse "
+"arkiver med aviser fra små tætbebyggelser rundt om i hele værdet, men det "
+"findes bare en kopi af Internet – den som bliver opbevaret af "
+"Internet-arkivet."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Brewster Kahle is the founder of the Internet Archive. He was a very "
+"successful Internet entrepreneur after he was a successful computer "
+"researcher. In the 1990s, Kahle decided he had had enough business "
+"success. It was time to become a different kind of success. So he launched "
+"a series of projects designed to archive human knowledge. The Internet "
+"Archive was just the first of the projects of this Andrew Carnegie of the "
+"Internet. By December of 2002, the archive had over 10 billion pages, and it "
+"was growing at about a billion pages a month."
+msgstr ""
+"Brewster Kahle er stifter af Internet-arkivet. Han var man vældig vellykket "
+"Internet-entreprenør efter at han havde været en vellykket dataforsker. På "
+"1990-tallet bestemte Kahle sig for at han havde haft nok succes som "
+"forretningsmand, og at det var på tide at lykkes på et andet område. "
+"Derfor lancerede han en serie projekter som blev udformet for at arkivere "
+"menneskelig kundskab. Internet-arkivet var bare det første af projekterne "
+"til denne Internet-filantropen. I december 2002 havde arkivet over ti "
+"milliarder sider, og det voksede med omtrent en milliard sider i måneden."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Library of Congress"
+msgstr "Kongres-biblioteket"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Television Archive"
+msgstr "TV-arkivet"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Vanderbilt University"
+msgstr "Vanderbilt University"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "libraries"
+msgstr "biblioteker"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "archival function of"
+msgstr "arkiveringsfunksjonen til"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The Way Back Machine is the largest archive of human knowledge in human "
+"history. At the end of 2002, it held <quote>two hundred and thirty terabytes "
+"of material</quote>—and was <quote>ten times larger than the Library "
+"of Congress.</quote> And this was just the first of the archives that Kahle "
+"set out to build. In addition to the Internet Archive, Kahle has been "
+"constructing the Television Archive. Television, it turns out, is even more "
+"ephemeral than the Internet. While much of twentieth-century culture was "
+"constructed through television, only a tiny proportion of that culture is "
+"available for anyone to see today. Three hours of news are recorded each "
+"evening by Vanderbilt University—thanks to a specific exemption in the "
+"copyright law. That content is indexed, and is available to scholars for a "
+"very low fee. <quote>But other than that, [television] is almost unavailable,"
+"</quote> Kahle told me. <quote>If you were Barbara Walters you could get "
+"access to [the archives], but if you are just a graduate student?</quote> As "
+"Kahle put it,"
+msgstr ""
+"Way Back Machine er det største arkivet over menneskelig kundskab i "
+"menneskehedens historie. Ved slutningen af 2002 indeholdte det <quote>to "
+"hundrede og tredive terabyte med materiale</quote> – og var <quote>ti "
+"gange større end kongresbiblioteket.</quote> Og dette var bare det første "
+"af arkiverne som Kahle gik i gang med at bygge. I tillæg til Internet-"
+"arkivet er Kahle i gang med at konstruere TV-arkivet. TV, viser det sig, er "
+"endnu mere flyktig end Internet. Selv om meget af kulturen i det tyvende "
+"århundredet blev til gennem fjernsyn, så er bare en lille andel af den "
+"kulturen tilgængeligt for dem som vil se det i dag. Tre timer med nyheder "
+"bliver taget op hver aften af Vanderbilt University – takket være et "
+"spesifikt undtagelse i opphavsrettsloven. Dette indhold bliver gjort "
+"søkbart, og er tilgængeligt for forskere for en vældig lav afgift. "
+"<quote>Men bortset fra dette, så er [TV] næsten fuldstændig utilgjengelig,</"
+"quote> fortalte Kahle mig. <quote>Hvis du er Barbara Walters, så kan du få "
+"tilgang til [arkiverne], men hvad hvis du bare er en student?</quote> Som "
+"Kahle formulerede det:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Quayle, Dan"
+msgstr "Quayle, Dan"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "60 Minutes"
+msgstr "60 Minutes"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 122
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Do you remember when Dan Quayle was interacting with Murphy Brown? Remember "
+"that back and forth surreal experience of a politician interacting with a "
+"fictional television character? If you were a graduate student wanting to "
+"study that, and you wanted to get those original back and forth exchanges "
+"between the two, the <citetitle>60 Minutes</citetitle> episode that came out "
+"after it … it would be almost impossible. … Those materials "
+"are almost unfindable. …"
+msgstr ""
+"Husker du da Dan Quayle snakkede med Murphy Brown? Husker du den uvirkelige "
+"oplevelsen af samtalen som gik frem og tilbage mellem en politiker og en "
+"fiktiv TV-karakter? Hvis du var en student som ønskede at studere dette, og "
+"du ønskede at få tage i den originale samtalen som gik frem og tilbage "
+"mellem disse to, og <citetitle>60 Minutes</citetitle>-episoden som kom ud "
+"efter dette … så villes det være næsten umuligt … Dette "
+"materiale er næsten umuligt at finde. …"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "newspapers"
+msgstr "aviser"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "archives of"
+msgstr "arkiver over"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Why is that? Why is it that the part of our culture that is recorded in "
+"newspapers remains perpetually accessible, while the part that is recorded "
+"on videotape is not? How is it that we've created a world where researchers "
+"trying to understand the effect of media on nineteenthcentury America will "
+"have an easier time than researchers trying to understand the effect of "
+"media on twentieth-century America?"
+msgstr ""
+"Hvorfor er det sådan? Hvor er den delen af vores kultur som er lagret i "
+"aviser tilgængelige til evig tid, mens den delen som er lagret på videobånd "
+"ikke er det? Hvorfor har vi fortaget en værdet der hen forskere som "
+"forsøger at forstå effekten medierne har haft på Amerika i det nittende "
+"århundrede har en enklere job end forskere som forsøger at forstå effekten "
+"medierne har haft på Amerika i det tyvende århundrede?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"In part, this is because of the law. Early in American copyright law, "
+"copyright owners were required to deposit copies of their work in "
+"libraries. These copies were intended both to facilitate the spread of "
+"knowledge and to assure that a copy of the work would be around once the "
+"copyright expired, so that others might access and copy the work."
+msgstr ""
+"Dette er delvis på grund af lovværket. Ophavsretejere var tidligt i "
+"amerikansk opphavsrettslov nødt til at deponere kopier af sine værk i "
+"biblioteker. Disse kopier skulle både sikre spredning af kundskab, og sikre "
+"at det fandtes en kopi af værket tilgængeligt når vernetiden udløb, sådan at "
+"andre kunne få tilgang til, og kopiere virket."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "archive of"
+msgstr "arkiv for"
+
+#. f2
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Doug Herrick, <quote>Toward a National Film Collection: Motion Pictures at "
+"the Library of Congress,</quote> <citetitle>Film Library Quarterly</"
+"citetitle> 13 nos. 2–3 (1980): 5; Anthony Slide, <citetitle>Nitrate "
+"Won't Wait: A History of Film Preservation in the United States</citetitle> "
+"(Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co., 1992), 36."
+msgstr ""
+"Doug Herrick, <quote>Toward a National Film Collection: Motion Pictures at "
+"the Library of Congress,</quote> <citetitle>Film Library Quarterly</"
+"citetitle> 13 nos. 2–3 (1980): 5; Anthony Slide, <citetitle>Nitrate "
+"Won't Wait: A History of Film Preservation in the United States</citetitle> "
+"(Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co., 1992), 36 ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"These rules applied to film as well. But in 1915, the Library of Congress "
+"made an exception for film. Film could be copyrighted so long as such "
+"deposits were made. But the filmmaker was then allowed to borrow back the "
+"deposits—for an unlimited time at no cost. In 1915 alone, there were "
+"more than 5,475 films deposited and <quote>borrowed back.</quote> Thus, when "
+"the copyrights to films expire, there is no copy held by any library. The "
+"copy exists—if it exists at all—in the library archive of the "
+"film company.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Disse skrøner galdt også for film, men i 1915 gjorde kongresbiblioteket et "
+"undtagelse for film. Film kunne blive opphavsrettsbeskyttet så længe det "
+"blev gjort sådan deponering, men filmskaberne fik så lov til at låne "
+"tilbage de deponerede filmene – så længe de ville uden noget "
+"omkostning. Bare i 1915 var det mere end 5475 film deponeret og <quote>lånt "
+"tilbage.</quote> Dermed var det ikke noget eksemplar i noget bibliotek da "
+"vernetiden til filmen udløb. Eksemplaret findes – hvis det findes i "
+"det hele taget – i arkivbiblioteket til filmselskabet.<placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The same is generally true about television. Television broadcasts were "
+"originally not copyrighted—there was no way to capture the broadcasts, "
+"so there was no fear of <quote>theft.</quote> But as technology enabled "
+"capturing, broadcasters relied increasingly upon the law. The law required "
+"they make a copy of each broadcast for the work to be <quote>copyrighted.</"
+"quote> But those copies were simply kept by the broadcasters. No library had "
+"any right to them; the government didn't demand them. The content of this "
+"part of American culture is practically invisible to anyone who would look."
+msgstr ""
+"Det samme er generelt set sandt også for TV. Fjernsynsudsendelser var "
+"oprindeligt ikke opphavsrettsbeskyttet – det fandtes ingen måde at "
+"tage op sendinger, så det var ikke noget frygt for <quote>tyveri.</quote> "
+"Men efterhånden som teknologien gjorde det muligt at tage op TV-sendinger, "
+"baserede kringkastere sig i større grad på loven. Loven krævede at de "
+"fortog et eksemplar af hver kringkastingssending for at værk skulle blive "
+"<quote>opphavsrettsbeskyttet.</quote> Disse eksemplarer blev kun lagret "
+"hos kringkastingsselskapene. Intet bibliotek havde nogle rettigheder "
+"knyttet til dem, og myndighederne gjorde ikke krav på dem. Indholdet fra "
+"denne del af amerikansk kultur er i praksis usynligt for alle som kunne "
+"tænke sig at se den."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 123
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Kahle was eager to correct this. Before September 11, 2001, he and his "
+"allies had started capturing television. They selected twenty stations from "
+"around the world and hit the Record button. After September 11, Kahle, "
+"working with dozens of others, selected twenty stations from around the "
+"world and, beginning October 11, 2001, made their coverage during the week "
+"of September 11 available free on-line. Anyone could see how news reports "
+"from around the world covered the events of that day."
+msgstr ""
+"Kahle ivrede efter at rette på dette. Før 11 . september 2001 havde han og "
+"hans allierede begyndt at tage op TV. De valgte tyve stationer rundt om i "
+"værdet, og trykkede på optagelseknappen. Efter 11 . september arbejdede "
+"Kahle sammen med et dusin andre, og valgte tyve stationer rundt om i værdet "
+"der hen de fra og med 11 . oktober 2011 gjorde optagelserne fra ugen rundt "
+"11 . september frit tilgængeligt på nettet. Enhver kunne se hvordan "
+"nyhedmeldingerne værdet rundt dækkede hændelserne disse dage."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Movie Archive"
+msgstr "Movie Archive"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "archive.org"
+msgstr "archive.stjæle"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Internet Archive"
+msgstr "Internet-arkivet"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Duck and Cover film"
+msgstr "Duk og skjul dig-film"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "ephemeral films"
+msgstr "flyktige filmer"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Prelinger, Rick"
+msgstr "Prelinger, Rick"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Kahle had the same idea with film. Working with Rick Prelinger, whose "
+"archive of film includes close to 45,000 <quote>ephemeral films</quote> "
+"(meaning films other than Hollywood movies, films that were never "
+"copyrighted), Kahle established the Movie Archive. Prelinger let Kahle "
+"digitize 1,300 films in this archive and post those films on the Internet to "
+"be downloaded for free. Prelinger's is a for-profit company. It sells copies "
+"of these films as stock footage. What he has discovered is that after he "
+"made a significant chunk available for free, his stock footage sales went up "
+"dramatically. People could easily find the material they wanted to use. Some "
+"downloaded that material and made films on their own. Others purchased "
+"copies to enable other films to be made. Either way, the archive enabled "
+"access to this important part of our culture. Want to see a copy of the "
+"<quote>Duck and Cover</quote> film that instructed children how to save "
+"themselves in the middle of nuclear attack? Go to archive.org, and you can "
+"download the film in a few minutes—for free."
+msgstr ""
+"Kahle havde samme idé for film. I samarbejde med Rick Relinger, hvis "
+"filmarkiv indeholder næsten 45 000 <quote>flyktige film</quote> (i "
+"betydningen filmer som ikke er Hollywood-film, filmer som aldrig blev "
+"opphavsrettsbeskyttet), etablerede Kahle Filmarkivet. Prelinger lod Kahle "
+"digitalisere 1 300 film i dette arkiv og publicere disse film på Internet "
+"for gratis nedlasting. Prelingers selskab er et kommercielt selskab, og "
+"sælger eksemplarer af disse film som klipparkiv. Det han opdagede efter at "
+"han gjorde en anseelig andel gratis tilgængeligt, var at salget af "
+"klipparkivmaterialet skridt dramatisk. Folk kunne nu enkelt finne "
+"materialet som de ønskede at bruge. Nogle lastede ned materialet, og fortog "
+"film på egen hånd. Andre købte kopier for at gøre det muligt at fortage "
+"andre filmer. Uanset gjorde arkivet det muligt at få tilgang til denne "
+"vigtige del af vores kultur. Vil du se et eksemplar af <quote>Duk og skjul "
+"dig</quote>-filmen som giver børn instrukser om hvordan de skal redde sig "
+"selv under et atomangreb? Besøg archive.stjæle, og du kan laste ned filmen "
+"på nogle få minutter – gratis."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Here again, Kahle is providing access to a part of our culture that we "
+"otherwise could not get easily, if at all. It is yet another part of what "
+"defines the twentieth century that we have lost to history. The law doesn't "
+"require these copies to be kept by anyone, or to be deposited in an archive "
+"by anyone. Therefore, there is no simple way to find them."
+msgstr ""
+"Nok en gang giver Kahle tilgang til en del af vores kultur som vi ellers "
+"ikke villes fået enkel tilgang til, hvis vi i det hele taget fik tilgang. "
+"Det er nok en del af det som definerer det tyvende århundredet som er tabt "
+"i historie. Loven kræver ikke at disse eksemplarer opbevares af nogle, "
+"eller at de skal deponeres for at arkiveres af nogle. Dermed er det ikke "
+"nogle enkel måde at finde dem."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The key here is access, not price. Kahle wants to enable free access to this "
+"content, but he also wants to enable others to sell access to it. His aim is "
+"to ensure competition in access to this important part of our culture. Not "
+"during the commercial life of a bit of creative property, but during a "
+"second life that all creative property has—a noncommercial life."
+msgstr ""
+"Nøglen her er tilgang, ikke pris. Kahle ønsker at gøre det muligt at få "
+"ubegrænset tilgang til dette indhold, men han ønsker også at andre skal "
+"have mulighed til at sælge tilgang til det. hans Mål er at sikre "
+"konkurrence rundt tilgang til denne vigtige del af vores kultur. Ikke i den "
+"kommercielle delen af en kreativ ejendoms liv, men i løbet af den andre fase "
+"som al kreativ ejendom har – en ikke-kommerciel fase."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 124
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"For here is an idea that we should more clearly recognize. Every bit of "
+"creative property goes through different <quote>lives.</quote> In its first "
+"life, if the creator is lucky, the content is sold. In such cases the "
+"commercial market is successful for the creator. The vast majority of "
+"creative property doesn't enjoy such success, but some clearly does. For "
+"that content, commercial life is extremely important. Without this "
+"commercial market, there would be, many argue, much less creativity."
+msgstr ""
+"Her er en idé som vi bør kende bedre. Hver bidder af kreativ ejendom går "
+"igennem forskellige <quote>faser.</quote> I dets første fase, hvis skaberen "
+"er heldig, bliver indholdet solgt. I sådanne tilfælde er det kommercielle "
+"markedet en succes for skaberen. Det store flertallet af kreativ ejendom "
+"nyder ikke sådan succes, men nogle gør helt klart dette. For dette indhold "
+"er en kommerciel fase ekstremt vigtigt. Uden dette kommercielle marked "
+"hævder mange at det villes været mindre kreativitet."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"After the commercial life of creative property has ended, our tradition has "
+"always supported a second life as well. A newspaper delivers the news every "
+"day to the doorsteps of America. The very next day, it is used to wrap fish "
+"or to fill boxes with fragile gifts or to build an archive of knowledge "
+"about our history. In this second life, the content can continue to inform "
+"even if that information is no longer sold."
+msgstr ""
+"Efter at den kommercielle fasen til kreativ ejendom har taget slutning, har "
+"vores tradition altid støttet op om en anden fase. En avis leverer nyheder "
+"hver dag på dørkarmen til Amerika. Næste dag bliver det brugt til at pakke "
+"ind fisk, eller befolke dåser med skjøre gaver, eller til at bygge et arkiv "
+"med kundskab om vores historie. Dette er den andre fase, der indholdet "
+"fortsat kan informere selv om informationen ikke længere bliver solgt."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Dave Barns, <quote>Fledgling "
+"Career in Antique Books: Woodstock Landlord, Bar Owner Starts a New Chapter "
+"by Adopting Business,</quote> <citetitle>Chicago Tribune</citetitle>, 5 "
+"September 1997, at Metro Lake 1L. Of books published between 1927 and 1946, "
+"only 2.2 percent were in print in 2002. R. Anthony Reese, <quote>The First "
+"Sale Doctrine in the Era of Digital Networks,</quote> <citetitle>Boston "
+"College Law Review</citetitle> 44 (2003): 593 n. 51."
+msgstr ""
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Dave Barns, <quote>Fledgling "
+"Career in Antique Books: Woodstock Landlord, Bar Owner Starts a New Chapter "
+"by Adopting Business,</quote> <citetitle>Chicago Tribune</citetitle>, 5 "
+"september 1997, ved Metro Lake 1L. Af bøger publiceret mellem 1927 og 1946 "
+"var kun 2.2 procent fortsat tilgængeligt fra forlaget i 2002 . R. Anthony "
+"Reese, <quote>The First Sadle Doctrine in the Era of Digital Networks,</"
+"quote> <citetitle>Boston College Law Review</citetitle> 44 (2003): 593 n. 51 "
+"."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The same has always been true about books. A book goes out of print very "
+"quickly (the average today is after about a year<placeholder type=\"footnote"
+"\" id=\"0\"/>). After it is out of print, it can be sold in used book stores "
+"without the copyright owner getting anything and stored in libraries, where "
+"many get to read the book, also for free. Used book stores and libraries are "
+"thus the second life of a book. That second life is extremely important to "
+"the spread and stability of culture."
+msgstr ""
+"Det samme har altid været tilfælde for bøger. En bog bliver udsolgt fra "
+"forlaget vældig raskt (i dag sker det i snit efter et år<placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>). Efter at den er udsolgt fra forlaget, kan "
+"den sælges i bruktbokhandler uden at ophavsretindehaveren får noget. Den "
+"kan også opbevares i biblioteker, hvor mange får mulighed til at læse "
+"bogen, helt gratis. Bruktbokhandler og biblioteker er dermed den andre fase "
+"til en bog. Denne anden fase er ekstremt vigtig for spredningen og "
+"stabiliteten til kulturen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Yet increasingly, any assumption about a stable second life for creative "
+"property does not hold true with the most important components of popular "
+"culture in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. For these—"
+"television, movies, music, radio, the Internet—there is no guarantee "
+"of a second life. For these sorts of culture, it is as if we've replaced "
+"libraries with Barnes & Noble superstores. With this culture, what's "
+"accessible is nothing but what a certain limited market demands. Beyond "
+"that, culture disappears."
+msgstr ""
+"Alligevel gælder i stadig mindre grad antagelsen om en stabil anden fase for "
+"kreativ ejendom hos de vigtigste komponenterne som udgør populærkulturen i "
+"det tyvende og tjueførste århundrede. For disse – TV, filmer, musik, "
+"radio, Internet – findes det ingen garanti for en anden fase. For "
+"denne type kultur, er det som om vi har byttet ud biblioteker med Barnes "
+"& Noble-sutmarkeder. Med denne kultur er det ingenting andet "
+"tilgængeligt end det som et vist begrænset marked efterspørger. Ud over det "
+"forsvinder kulturen."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 125
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>For most of</emphasis> the twentieth century, it was "
+"economics that made this so. It would have been insanely expensive to "
+"collect and make accessible all television and film and music: The cost of "
+"analog copies is extraordinarily high. So even though the law in principle "
+"would have restricted the ability of a Brewster Kahle to copy culture "
+"generally, the real restriction was economics. The market made it impossibly "
+"difficult to do anything about this ephemeral culture; the law had little "
+"practical effect."
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>I størstedelen</emphasis> af det tyvende århundrede "
+"var det økonomi som sørgede for dette. Det villes været utroligt dyrt at "
+"samle og gøre alt af TV, film og musik tilgængeligt: Omkostningen for "
+"analoge eksemplarer er ekstremt høj. Så selv om loven i princippet villes "
+"have begrænset muligheden for at en som Brewster Kahle kunne kopiere "
+"kulturen generelt, så var den reelle begrænsningen økonomi. Markedet gjorde "
+"det helt umuligt at gøre noget med denne flyktige kulturen. Loven havde "
+"lille praktisk effekt."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Perhaps the single most important feature of the digital revolution is that "
+"for the first time since the Library of Alexandria, it is feasible to "
+"imagine constructing archives that hold all culture produced or distributed "
+"publicly. Technology makes it possible to imagine an archive of all books "
+"published, and increasingly makes it possible to imagine an archive of all "
+"moving images and sound."
+msgstr ""
+"Måske den vigtigste enkeltegenskapen i den digitale revolutionen er at for "
+"første gang siden biblioteket i Alexandria, er det gjennomførbart at tænke "
+"sig at fortage et arkiv som kan holde al kultur som er produceret eller "
+"distribueret offentligt. Teknologien gør det muligt at forestille sig et "
+"arkiv med alle bøge som er publiceret, og gør det stadig enklere at "
+"forestille sig et arkiv over alle bevægelige billeder og lyde."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The scale of this potential archive is something we've never imagined "
+"before. The Brewster Kahles of our history have dreamed about it; but we are "
+"for the first time at a point where that dream is possible. As Kahle "
+"describes,"
+msgstr ""
+"Omfanget for dette potentielle arkiv er noget vi aldrig har forstilt os før. "
+" Folk som Brewster Kahle har drømt om det op igennem historie, men vi er for "
+" første gang ved et punkt der denne drøm er mulig. Som Kahle beskriver det:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "total number of"
+msgstr "totalt antal"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "music recordings"
+msgstr "musikindspilninger"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"It looks like there's about two to three million recordings of music. Ever. "
+"There are about a hundred thousand theatrical releases of movies, … "
+"and about one to two million movies [distributed] during the twentieth "
+"century. There are about twenty-six million different titles of books. All "
+"of these would fit on computers that would fit in this room and be able to "
+"be afforded by a small company. So we're at a turning point in our history. "
+"Universal access is the goal. And the opportunity of leading a different "
+"life, based on this, is … thrilling. It could be one of the things "
+"humankind would be most proud of. Up there with the Library of Alexandria, "
+"putting a man on the moon, and the invention of the printing press."
+msgstr ""
+"Det ser ud til at det findes omtrent to til tre millioner optagelser af "
+"musik, totalt gennem hele historie. Det er udgivet omtrent hundrede "
+"tusinder biograffilm, … og [distribueret] omtrent en til to "
+"millioner film i det tyvende århundredet. Det findes omtrent tjueseks "
+"millioner forskellige bogtitler. Alt dette vil få plads på computere som "
+"får plads i rommen jeg sidder i, og et lille firma villes have råd til det. "
+"Så vi er ved et vendepunkt i historie. Universell tilgang er målet. "
+"Udsigten til at få et andet liv baseret på dette er … spændende . "
+"Det kan blive en af de tingene som menneskeheden villes være mest stolt af. "
+"Helt der oppe med biblioteket i Alexandria, placere en mand på månen, og "
+"oppfinnelsen af trykpresset."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 126
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Kahle is not the only librarian. The Internet Archive is not the only "
+"archive. But Kahle and the Internet Archive suggest what the future of "
+"libraries or archives could be. <emphasis>When</emphasis> the commercial "
+"life of creative property ends, I don't know. But it does. And whenever it "
+"does, Kahle and his archive hint at a world where this knowledge, and "
+"culture, remains perpetually available. Some will draw upon it to understand "
+"it; some to criticize it. Some will use it, as Walt Disney did, to re-create "
+"the past for the future. These technologies promise something that had "
+"become unimaginable for much of our past—a future <emphasis>for</"
+"emphasis> our past. The technology of digital arts could make the dream of "
+"the Library of Alexandria real again."
+msgstr ""
+"Kahle er ikke den eneste bibliotekaren. Internet-arkivet er ikke det "
+"eneste arkivet, men Kahle og Internet-arkivet insinuerer hvad fremtiden for "
+"biblioteker eller arkiver kunne være. Jeg ved ikke <emphasis>når</"
+"emphasis> det kommercielle livet til kreativ ejendom tager slutning, men det "
+"tager slutning. Uanset når det sker, hinter Kahle og hans arkiv om en "
+"værdet hvor denne kundskab, og kulturen, forbliver tilgængeligt til evig "
+"tid. Nogle vil bruge det for at forstå den. Andre for at kritisere den. "
+"Nogle vil bruge den, sådan Walt Disney gjorde, for at gjenskape fortiden for "
+"fremtiden. Disse teknologier har løftet om noget som havde blevet umuligt "
+"at tænke sig i store dele af vores fortid – en fremtid <emphasis>for</"
+"emphasis> vores fortid. Teknologien til digital kunst kan gøre drømmen om "
+"biblioteket i Alexandria virkeligt igen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Technologists have thus removed the economic costs of building such an "
+"archive. But lawyers' costs remain. For as much as we might like to call "
+"these <quote>archives,</quote> as warm as the idea of a <quote>library</"
+"quote> might seem, the <quote>content</quote> that is collected in these "
+"digital spaces is also someone's <quote>property.</quote> And the law of "
+"property restricts the freedoms that Kahle and others would exercise."
+msgstr ""
+"Teknologer har dermed fjernet den økonomiske omkostningen med at bygge et "
+"sådant arkiv. Men advokatomkostningerne består. For uanset hvor mange vi "
+"ønsker at kalde falde <quote>arkiver,</quote> og uanset hvor hyggeligt idéen "
+"om et <quote>bibliotek</quote> kan virke, så er <quote>indholdet</quote> som "
+"er samlet i disse digitale områder også nogles <quote>ejendom.</quote> Og "
+"eiendomslover begrænser friheden til folk som Kahle."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Chapter Ten: <quote>Property</quote>"
+msgstr "Kapitel ti: <quote>Ejendom</quote>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Johnson, Lyndon"
+msgstr "Johnson, Lyndon"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Kennedy, John F."
+msgstr "Kennedy, John F."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "background of"
+msgstr "baggrunden til"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>Jack Valenti</emphasis> has been the president of "
+"the Motion Picture Association of America since 1966. He first came to "
+"Washington, D.C., with Lyndon Johnson's administration—literally. The "
+"famous picture of Johnson's swearing-in on Air Force One after the "
+"assassination of President Kennedy has Valenti in the background. In his "
+"almost forty years of running the MPAA, Valenti has established himself as "
+"perhaps the most prominent and effective lobbyist in Washington."
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>Jack Valenti</emphasis> har været præsident for "
+"Motion Picture Assication of America siden 1966 . Han ankom Washington D.C. "
+"med Lyndon Johnson-administrationen – bogstaveligt talt. På det "
+"berømte billedet af edsavleggelsen til Johnson på Air Force One efter "
+"snigmordet på præsident Kennedy befinder Valenti sig i baggrunden. I sine "
+"næsten fyrre år som leder af MPAA har Valenti etableret sig som måske den "
+"mest synlige og effektive lobbyisten i Washington."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "MGM"
+msgstr "MGM"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Paramount Pictures"
+msgstr "Paramount Pictures"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Twentieth Century Fox"
+msgstr "Twentieth Century Fox"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Sony Pictures Entertainment"
+msgstr "Sony Pictures Entertainment"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Universal Pictures"
+msgstr "Universal Pictures"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Warner Brothers"
+msgstr "Warner Brothers"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The MPAA is the American branch of the international Motion Picture "
+"Association. It was formed in 1922 as a trade association whose goal was to "
+"defend American movies against increasing domestic criticism. The "
+"organization now represents not only filmmakers but producers and "
+"distributors of entertainment for television, video, and cable. Its board is "
+"made up of the chairmen and presidents of the seven major producers and "
+"distributors of motion picture and television programs in the United States: "
+"Walt Disney, Sony Pictures Entertainment, MGM, Paramount Pictures, Twentieth "
+"Century Fox, Universal Studios, and Warner Brothers."
+msgstr ""
+"MPAA er den amerikanske grenen af den internationale filmforeningen. Den "
+"blev stiftet i 1922 som en handelforening hvis mål var at forsvare "
+"amerikanske film mod øgende kritik indenlands. Organisationen repræsenterer "
+"ikke bare filmskabere nu, men også producenter og distributører af "
+"underholdning for TV, video og kabel-TV. Styret er sat sammen af "
+"styrelederne og præsidenterne i de syv største producenterne og "
+"distributørerne for film og Tv-programmer i USA: Walt Disney, Sony Pictures "
+"Entertainment, MGM, Paramount Pictures, Twentieth Centory Fox, Universal "
+"Studios og Warner Brothers."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 128
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Valenti is only the third president of the MPAA. No president before him has "
+"had as much influence over that organization, or over Washington. As a "
+"Texan, Valenti has mastered the single most important political skill of a "
+"Southerner—the ability to appear simple and slow while hiding a "
+"lightning-fast intellect. To this day, Valenti plays the simple, humble man. "
+"But this Harvard MBA, and author of four books, who finished high school at "
+"the age of fifteen and flew more than fifty combat missions in World War II, "
+"is no Mr. Smith. When Valenti went to Washington, he mastered the city in a "
+"quintessentially Washingtonian way."
+msgstr ""
+"Valenti er den tredje præsidenten i MPAA. Ingen præsident føder ham har "
+"haft lige så meget indflydelse over organisationen, eller over Washington. "
+"Valenti, som kommer fra Texas, har behersket den vigtigste politiske "
+"enkeltferdighet som trænges af en fra sydstaterne – evnen til at "
+"fremstå enkel og træg mens man skjuler sit lynraske intellekt. Valenti "
+"spiller fortsat en enkel og ydmyg mand. Men denne mand, som har MBA fra "
+"Harvard, skrævede fire bøge, fuldført videregående skole i en alder af "
+"femten år, og fløjet mere end halvtreds kampopgave under anden verdenskrig, "
+"er ingen normal mand. Da Valenti kom til Washington, beherskede han byen "
+"lige godt som en indfødt."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"In defending artistic liberty and the freedom of speech that our culture "
+"depends upon, the MPAA has done important good. In crafting the MPAA rating "
+"system, it has probably avoided a great deal of speech-regulating harm. But "
+"there is an aspect to the organization's mission that is both the most "
+"radical and the most important. This is the organization's effort, "
+"epitomized in Valenti's every act, to redefine the meaning of "
+"<quote>creative property.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+"Ved at forsvare kunstnerisk frihed og ytringsfrihed som vores kultur er "
+"afhængig af, har MPAA gjort vigtigt og positivt arbejde. Ved at udarbejde "
+"MPAAs klassifiseringsystem har de sikkert undgået betydelig skade på "
+"talefriheden. Men det er et aspekt ved organisationens mål som både er det "
+"mest radikale og det vigtigste. Dette er organisationens indsats, "
+"personificeret i alt Valenti gør, for at omdefinere hvad <quote>kreativ "
+"ejendom</quote> betyder."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"In 1982, Valenti's testimony to Congress captured the strategy perfectly:"
+msgstr ""
+"Valentis vidneudsagn i 1982 til Kongressen sætter perfekt ord på denne "
+"strategi:"
+
+#. f1
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Home Recording of Copyrighted Works: Hearings on H.R. 4783, H.R. 4794, H.R. "
+"4808, H.R. 5250, H.R. 5488, and H.R. 5705 Before the Subcommittee on Courts, "
+"Civil Liberties, and the Administration of Justice of the Committee on the "
+"Judiciary of the House of Representatives, 97th Cong., 2nd sess. (1982): 65 "
+"(testimony of Jack Valenti)."
+msgstr ""
+"Home Recording of Copyrighted Works: Hearings on H.R. 4783, H.R. 4794, H.R. "
+"4808, H.R. 5250, H.R. 5488, and H.R. 5705 Before the Subcommittee on Courts, "
+"Civil Liberties, and the Administration of Justice of the Committee on the "
+"Judiciary of the House of Representatives, 97th Cong., 2nd siddeplads. (1982)"
+": 65 (vidneudsagn fra Jack Valenti)."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"No matter the lengthy arguments made, no matter the charges and the counter-"
+"charges, no matter the tumult and the shouting, reasonable men and women "
+"will keep returning to the fundamental issue, the central theme which "
+"animates this entire debate: <emphasis>Creative property owners must be "
+"accorded the same rights and protection resident in all other property "
+"owners in the nation</emphasis>. That is the issue. That is the question. "
+"And that is the rostrum on which this entire hearing and the debates to "
+"follow must rest.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Uanset hvilke stærke argumenter som fremmes, uanset angreb og motangrep, "
+"uanset herjing og roping, så vil fornuftige mænd og kvinder komme tilbage "
+"til det fundamentale i sagen, det centrale temaer som holder liv i hele "
+"denne debat: <emphasis>Ejere af kreative ejendomretter må tildeles de samme "
+"rettigheder og beskyttelser som alle andre ejendom ejere i landede</"
+"emphasis>. Det er det som er sagen. Det er det som er spørgsmålet. Og det "
+"er fundamentet som hele denne høring og debatten som følger må lægge til "
+"grund for sagen.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 129
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The strategy of this rhetoric, like the strategy of most of Valenti's "
+"rhetoric, is brilliant and simple and brilliant because simple. The "
+"<quote>central theme</quote> to which <quote>reasonable men and women</"
+"quote> will return is this: <quote>Creative property owners must be accorded "
+"the same rights and protections resident in all other property owners in the "
+"nation.</quote> There are no second-class citizens, Valenti might have "
+"continued. There should be no second-class property owners."
+msgstr ""
+"Strategien for denne retorik, som strategien til det meste af Valentis "
+"retorik, er strålende og enkel, og strålede fordi den er enkel. Det "
+"<quote>centrale temaet</quote> som <quote>fornuftige mænd og kvinder</quote> "
+"vil komme tilbage til er dette: <quote>Kreative ejendomejere må få de samme "
+"rettigheder og beskyttelse som gives til alle andre ejendom ejere i nationen."
+"</quote> Det findes ikke annenrangs borgere, kunne Valenti fortsat. Det "
+"bør ikke findes annenrangs ejendomejere."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This claim has an obvious and powerful intuitive pull. It is stated with "
+"such clarity as to make the idea as obvious as the notion that we use "
+"elections to pick presidents. But in fact, there is no more extreme a claim "
+"made by <emphasis>anyone</emphasis> who is serious in this debate than this "
+"claim of Valenti's. Jack Valenti, however sweet and however brilliant, is "
+"perhaps the nation's foremost extremist when it comes to the nature and "
+"scope of <quote>creative property.</quote> His views have <emphasis>no</"
+"emphasis> reasonable connection to our actual legal tradition, even if the "
+"subtle pull of his Texan charm has slowly redefined that tradition, at least "
+"in Washington."
+msgstr ""
+"Denne påstand har en åpenbar og kraftig intuitiv appel. Den er udtrykt med "
+"sådan klarhed for at gøre idéen lige så åpenbare som opfattelsen om at vi "
+"bruger afstemning til at vælge præsidenter. Men faktum er at det ikke er "
+"mere ekstreme påstande fremmet af <quote>nogle</quote> som er seriøs i denne "
+"debat end denne påstand fra Valenti. Jack Valenti, uanset hvor hyggeligt og "
+"brilliant han fremstår, er måske nationens fremste ekstremist når det "
+"gælder egenskaberne og rækkevidden for <quote>kreativ ejendom.</quote> Hans "
+"syner har <emphasis>ingen</emphasis> fornuftig forbindelse til vores "
+"faktiske juridiske tradition, selv om subtile påvirkning fra hans Texas-"
+"charme stille har ændret definitionen på denne tradition, i hvert fald i "
+"Washington."
+
+#. f2
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Lawyers speak of <quote>property</quote> not as an absolute thing, but as a "
+"bundle of rights that are sometimes associated with a particular object. "
+"Thus, my <quote>property right</quote> to my car gives me the right to "
+"exclusive use, but not the right to drive at 150 miles an hour. For the best "
+"effort to connect the ordinary meaning of <quote>property</quote> to "
+"<quote>lawyer talk,</quote> see Bruce Ackerman, <citetitle>Private Property "
+"and the Constitution</citetitle> (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977), "
+"26–27."
+msgstr ""
+"Advokater snakker ikke om <quote>ejendom</quote> som en absolut ting, men "
+"som en samling med rettigheder som nogle gange er knyttet til et bestemt "
+"objekt. Dermed giver <quote>ejendomretten</quote> min til min bil mig en "
+"eksklusiv ret til at bruge den, men ikke retten til at køre i 200 kilometer "
+"i timen. For det bedste forsøget på at knytte den normale betydningen af "
+"<quote>ejendom</quote> til <quote>advokatsprog,</quote> se Bruce Ackerman, "
+"<citetitle>Private Property and the Constitution</citetitle> (New Haven: "
+"Yale University Press 1977), 26–27 ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"While <quote>creative property</quote> is certainly <quote>property</quote> "
+"in a nerdy and precise sense that lawyers are trained to understand,"
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> it has never been the case, nor "
+"should it be, that <quote>creative property owners</quote> have been "
+"<quote>accorded the same rights and protection resident in all other "
+"property owners.</quote> Indeed, if creative property owners were given the "
+"same rights as all other property owners, that would effect a radical, and "
+"radically undesirable, change in our tradition."
+msgstr ""
+"Mens <quote>kreativ ejendom</quote> helt klart er <quote>ejendom</quote> på "
+"en nerdete og præcis måde som advokater er dresseret til at forstå,"
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> så har det aldrig været tilfælde, "
+"og det bør det heller ikke være, at <quote>ejere af kreativ ejendom</quote> "
+"har fået <quote>tildelt de samme rettigheder og beskyttelser som alle andre "
+"ejendom ejere.</quote> Faktisk villes det være en radikal og radikalt "
+"uønsket ændring i vores tradition hvis ejere af kreativ ejendom blev givet "
+"de samme rettigheder som alle andre ejendom ejere."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Valenti knows this. But he speaks for an industry that cares squat for our "
+"tradition and the values it represents. He speaks for an industry that is "
+"instead fighting to restore the tradition that the British overturned in "
+"1710. In the world that Valenti's changes would create, a powerful few would "
+"exercise powerful control over how our creative culture would develop."
+msgstr ""
+"Valenti ved dette. Men han snakker på vegne af en industri som ikke generer "
+"sig om vores tradition og værdierne den repræsenterer. Han snakker i stedet "
+" for en industri som sloges for at genindføre traditionen som briterne "
+"gjorde slutning på i 1710 . I en værdet skabt af ændringerne Valenti "
+"foreslår, vil et fåtall mægtige aktører udøve kraftig kontrol over hvordan "
+"vores kreative kultur får udvikle sig."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 130
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"I have two purposes in this chapter. The first is to convince you that, "
+"historically, Valenti's claim is absolutely wrong. The second is to convince "
+"you that it would be terribly wrong for us to reject our history. We have "
+"always treated rights in creative property differently from the rights "
+"resident in all other property owners. They have never been the same. And "
+"they should never be the same, because, however counterintuitive this may "
+"seem, to make them the same would be to fundamentally weaken the opportunity "
+"for new creators to create. Creativity depends upon the owners of "
+"creativity having less than perfect control."
+msgstr ""
+"Jeg har to formål med dette kapitel. Det første er at overbevise dig om at "
+"historisk set er Valentis påstande helt fejl. Det andre er at overbevise "
+"dig om at det villes være frygteligt galt af os at afvise vores historie. "
+"Vi har altid behandlet kreative ejendomretter forskelligt fra rettighederne "
+"som hører til alle andre ejendom ejere. De har aldrig været lige så . Og "
+"de bør aldrig blive lige så , uanset hvor lidt intuitivt det kan virke, for "
+"at gøre dem lige så villes være at fundamentalt svække muligheden for nye "
+"skabere til at skabe. Kreativitet er afhængig af at ejerne af kreativitet "
+"ikke har perfekt kontrol."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Organizations such as the MPAA, whose board includes the most powerful of "
+"the old guard, have little interest, their rhetoric notwithstanding, in "
+"assuring that the new can displace them. No organization does. No person "
+"does. (Ask me about tenure, for example.) But what's good for the MPAA is "
+"not necessarily good for America. A society that defends the ideals of free "
+"culture must preserve precisely the opportunity for new creativity to "
+"threaten the old."
+msgstr ""
+"Organisationer som MPAA, der styret inkluderer de mægtigste af den gamle "
+"garde, har lille interesse, på trods af deres retorik, i at sikre at det nye "
+"kan erstatte dem. Ingen organisation har det. Ingen person har det. "
+"(Spørg for eksempel mig om jobsikkerhed.) Det som er godt for MPAA er ikke "
+" nødvendigvis godt for Amerika. Et samfund som forsvarer idealerne til en "
+"fri kultur må specielt opbevare muligheden for ny kreativitet til at true "
+"den gamle."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>To get</emphasis> just a hint that there is "
+"something fundamentally wrong in Valenti's argument, we need look no further "
+"than the United States Constitution itself."
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>For at få</emphasis> et lille hint om at det er "
+"noget fundamentalt galt med Valentis argument behøver vi ikke se længere en "
+"til Grunnloven til USA."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The framers of our Constitution loved <quote>property.</quote> Indeed, so "
+"strongly did they love property that they built into the Constitution an "
+"important requirement. If the government takes your property—if it "
+"condemns your house, or acquires a slice of land from your farm—it is "
+"required, under the Fifth Amendment's <quote>Takings Clause,</quote> to pay "
+"you <quote>just compensation</quote> for that taking. The Constitution thus "
+"guarantees that property is, in a certain sense, sacred. It cannot "
+"<emphasis>ever</emphasis> be taken from the property owner unless the "
+"government pays for the privilege."
+msgstr ""
+"Forfatterne af vores Grundlov elskede <quote>ejendom.</quote> Faktisk "
+"elskede de ejendom så stærkt at de byggede ind en vigtig forudsætning i "
+"Grunnloven. Hvis myndigheden tager din ejendom – hvis den kondemnerer "
+"dit hus eller eksproprierer et stykke land fra din gård – så er det et "
+"krav, ifølge det femte grundlovtillægget <quote>beslagleggingsavsnitt,</"
+"quote> at du må få <quote>rimelig kompensation</quote> for det som bliver "
+"beslaglagt. Grunnloven garanterer dermed at ejendom på en måde er "
+"ukrenkelig. Den kan <emphasis>aldrig </emphasis> tages fra ejendomejeren "
+"med mindre myndighederne betaler for det privilegiet."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 131
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Yet the very same Constitution speaks very differently about what Valenti "
+"calls <quote>creative property.</quote> In the clause granting Congress the "
+"power to create <quote>creative property,</quote> the Constitution "
+"<emphasis>requires</emphasis> that after a <quote>limited time,</quote> "
+"Congress take back the rights that it has granted and set the "
+"<quote>creative property</quote> free to the public domain. Yet when "
+"Congress does this, when the expiration of a copyright term <quote>takes</"
+"quote> your copyright and turns it over to the public domain, Congress does "
+"not have any obligation to pay <quote>just compensation</quote> for this "
+"<quote>taking.</quote> Instead, the same Constitution that requires "
+"compensation for your land requires that you lose your <quote>creative "
+"property</quote> right without any compensation at all."
+msgstr ""
+"Alligevel snakker den samme Grunnloven vældig anderledes om det Valenti "
+"kalder <quote>kreativ ejendom.</quote> I bestemmelsen som giver Kongressen "
+"myndighed til at skabe <quote>kreativ ejendom,</quote> <emphasis>kræver</"
+"emphasis> Grunnloven at Kongressen efter en <quote>begrænset tid</quote> "
+"tager tilbage rettighederne den har delt ud, og lader den <quote>kreative "
+"ejendommen</quote> henhøre i det fri og blive allemannseie. Men når "
+"kongressen gør dette, når udløbet af vernetiden <quote>tager</quote> din "
+"ophavsret og overleverer den til allemannseiet, så har ikke Kongressen "
+"noget pålæg om at betale <quote>rimelig kompensation</quote> for dette "
+"<quote>beslag.</quote> I stedet kræver den samme Grunnloven som kræver "
+"kompensation når det gælder landområder, at du skal miste din "
+"<quote>kreative ejendom</quote> helt uden kompensation overhovedet."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The Constitution thus on its face states that these two forms of property "
+"are not to be accorded the same rights. They are plainly to be treated "
+"differently. Valenti is therefore not just asking for a change in our "
+"tradition when he argues that creative-property owners should be accorded "
+"the same rights as every other property-right owner. He is effectively "
+"arguing for a change in our Constitution itself."
+msgstr ""
+"Grunnloven siger dermed ret frem at disse to formerne for ejendom ikke skal "
+"tildeles de samme rettigheder. De skal tydelig behandles forskelligt. "
+"Valenti beder dermed ikke bare om at vores tradition skal ændres når han "
+"argumenterer med at ejere af kreativ ejendom skal få de samme rettigheder "
+"som enhver anden ejendom ejer. Han argumenterer effektivt for at ændre "
+"selve Grunnloven."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Arguing for a change in our Constitution is not necessarily wrong. There "
+"was much in our original Constitution that was plainly wrong. The "
+"Constitution of 1789 entrenched slavery; it left senators to be appointed "
+"rather than elected; it made it possible for the electoral college to "
+"produce a tie between the president and his own vice president (as it did in "
+"1800). The framers were no doubt extraordinary, but I would be the first to "
+"admit that they made big mistakes. We have since rejected some of those "
+"mistakes; no doubt there could be others that we should reject as well. So "
+"my argument is not simply that because Jefferson did it, we should, too."
+msgstr ""
+"Å argumentere for en ændring i Grunnloven vores er ikke nødvendigvis galt. "
+"Det var meget i vores originale Grundlov som helt tydelig var galt. "
+"Grunnloven af 1789 forsvarede slaveri. Den sagde at senatorer skulle "
+"udnævnes i stedet for at blive valgt. Den gjorde det muligt at få en "
+"valgforsamling som gav lige så mange stemmer til præsidenten og hans egen "
+"vicepræsident (som den gjorde i 1800). Grundlovforfatterne var uden tvivl "
+"ekstraordinære, men jeg vil være den første til at indrømme at de gjorde "
+"store fejl. Vi har siden afvist nogle af disse fejl, og det er uden tvivl "
+"andre som vi også burde afvise. Så mit argument er ikke at bare siden "
+"Jefferson gjorde det, så bør også vi gøre det."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Instead, my argument is that because Jefferson did it, we should at least "
+"try to understand <emphasis>why</emphasis>. Why did the framers, fanatical "
+"property types that they were, reject the claim that creative property be "
+"given the same rights as all other property? Why did they require that for "
+"creative property there must be a public domain?"
+msgstr ""
+"I stedet er mit argument at siden Jefferson gjorde det, bør vi i det mindste "
+"forsøge at forstå <emphasis>hvorfor </emphasis>. Hvorfor afviste "
+"grundlovforfatterne, som jo var fanatiske ejendomtilhængere, påstanden om at "
+"kreativ ejendom skulle tildeles de samme rettigheder som al anden ejendom? "
+"Hvorfor krævede de at for kreativ ejendom må det findes et allemannseie?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"To answer this question, we need to get some perspective on the history of "
+"these <quote>creative property</quote> rights, and the control that they "
+"enabled. Once we see clearly how differently these rights have been "
+"defined, we will be in a better position to ask the question that should be "
+"at the core of this war: Not <emphasis>whether</emphasis> creative property "
+"should be protected, but how. Not <emphasis>whether</emphasis> we will "
+"enforce the rights the law gives to creative-property owners, but what the "
+"particular mix of rights ought to be. Not <emphasis>whether</emphasis> "
+"artists should be paid, but whether institutions designed to assure that "
+"artists get paid need also control how culture develops."
+msgstr ""
+"For at besvare dette spørgsmål behøver vi at få lidt perspektiv på historie "
+"til disse <quote>kreative <quote>ejendomretter,</quote> og kontrollen de har "
+"muliggjort. Når vi klarere ser hvor forskelligt disse rettigheder har "
+"været defineret, så har vi bedre mulighed til at stille spørgsmålene som bør "
+"være i kernen af denne krig: Ikke <emphasis>hvorvidt</emphasis> kreativ "
+"ejendom bør beskyttes, men hvordan. Ikke <emphasis>hvorvidt</emphasis> vi "
+"vil håndhæve rettighederne som lovværket giver til ejere af kreativ ejendom, "
+"men hvordan den spesifikke blandingen af rettigheder bør være. Ikke "
+"<emphasis>hvorvidt</emphasis> artister bør få betalt, men hvorvidt "
+"institutioner udformet for at sikre at artister får betalt også må "
+"kontrollere hvordan kultur udvikler sig."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Lessig, Lawrence"
+msgstr "Lessig, Lawrence"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "four modalities of constraint on"
+msgstr "fire modaliteter for begrænsninger på"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "regulation"
+msgstr "regulering"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "four modalities of"
+msgstr "fire modaliteter for"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "as ex post regulation modality"
+msgstr "som <quote>ex post</quote> modalitetsregulering"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "as constraint modality"
+msgstr "som begrænsningmodalitet"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 132
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"To answer these questions, we need a more general way to talk about how "
+"property is protected. More precisely, we need a more general way than the "
+"narrow language of the law allows. In <citetitle>Code and Other Laws of "
+"Cyberspace</citetitle>, I used a simple model to capture this more general "
+"perspective. For any particular right or regulation, this model asks how "
+"four different modalities of regulation interact to support or weaken the "
+"right or regulation. I represented it with this diagram:"
+msgstr ""
+"For at svare på disse spørgsmål behøver vi en mere generel måde at snakke om "
+"hvordan ejendom er beskyttet. For at være præcis så behøver vi en mere "
+"generel måde end det som det begrænsede sproget til lovværket tillader. I "
+"<citetitle>Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace</citetitle> brugte jeg en enkel "
+"model for at repræsentere dette mere generelle perspektivet. For enhver "
+"spesifikk rettighed eller regulering, spørger denne model hvordan fire "
+"forskellige reguleringsmodaliteter sammenslutninger for at støtte eller "
+"svække rettigheden eller reguleringen. Jeg repræsenterede det med dette "
+"diagram:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<graphic fileref=\"images/1331.svg\" align=\"center\" width=\"10em\"></"
+"graphic>"
+msgstr ""
+"<graphic fileref=\"images/nb/1331.svg\" align=\"center\" width=\"10em\"></"
+"graphic>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"At the center of this picture is a regulated dot: the individual or group "
+"that is the target of regulation, or the holder of a right. (In each case "
+"throughout, we can describe this either as regulation or as a right. For "
+"simplicity's sake, I will speak only of regulations.) The ovals represent "
+"four ways in which the individual or group might be regulated— either "
+"constrained or, alternatively, enabled. Law is the most obvious constraint "
+"(to lawyers, at least). It constrains by threatening punishments after the "
+"fact if the rules set in advance are violated. So if, for example, you "
+"willfully infringe Madonna's copyright by copying a song from her latest CD "
+"and posting it on the Web, you can be punished with a $150,000 fine. The "
+"fine is an ex post punishment for violating an ex ante rule. It is imposed "
+"by the state. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"I midten af dette billedet er en reguleret prik: individet eller gruppen som "
+"er målet for reguleringen, eller indehaver af en rettighed. (I hvert "
+"tilfælde gennem hele denne tekst kan vi beskrive det enten som en regulering "
+"eller som en rettighed. For enkelhets skyld vil jeg kun omtale det som en "
+"regulering.) Ovalerne repræsenterer fire måder for hvordan individet eller "
+"gruppen kan reguleres – enten begrænset eller alternativt muliggjort. "
+"Lovværket er den mest åbenbare begrænsningen (i hvert fald for advokater). "
+"Den begrænser ved at true med straf i eftertid hvis forhåndsbestemte skrøner "
+"bliver brudt. Dermed, hvis du for eksempel bevidst skælder Madonna "
+"ophavsret ved at kopiere en sang fra hendes sidste CD og lægge den ud på "
+"nettet, så kan du blive straffet med en bod på 150 000 dollar. Boden er en "
+"<quote>ex post</quote> (efter hændelsen) straf for at bryde en <quote>ex "
+"anede</quote> (før hændelsen) regel . Den pålægges af staten.<placeholder "
+"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "norms, regulatory influence of"
+msgstr "normer, reguleringspåvirkning fra"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Norms are a different kind of constraint. They, too, punish an individual "
+"for violating a rule. But the punishment of a norm is imposed by a "
+"community, not (or not only) by the state. There may be no law against "
+"spitting, but that doesn't mean you won't be punished if you spit on the "
+"ground while standing in line at a movie. The punishment might not be harsh, "
+"though depending upon the community, it could easily be more harsh than many "
+"of the punishments imposed by the state. The mark of the difference is not "
+"the severity of the rule, but the source of the enforcement."
+msgstr ""
+"Normer er en anden type begrænsning. De kan også straffe et individ for at "
+"bryde en regel. Men straffen for normbrud kommer fra fællesskabet, ikke "
+"(eller ikke bare) fra staten. Det er måske ingen lov mod spytting, men det "
+"betyder ikke at du ikke bliver straffet hvis du spytter på bagen mens du "
+"står i en kinokø. Straffen er måske ikke rigtig streng, men afhængigt af "
+"fællesskabet, så kan den uden problemer være strengere end mange straffe som "
+"påføres af staten. Det som er skillet er ikke hvor alvorligt reglen "
+"håndhæves, men hvad som er kilden til håndhevelsen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "market constraints"
+msgstr "markedbegrænsninger"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The market is a third type of constraint. Its constraint is effected through "
+"conditions: You can do X if you pay Y; you'll be paid M if you do N. These "
+"constraints are obviously not independent of law or norms—it is "
+"property law that defines what must be bought if it is to be taken legally; "
+"it is norms that say what is appropriately sold. But given a set of norms, "
+"and a background of property and contract law, the market imposes a "
+"simultaneous constraint upon how an individual or group might behave."
+msgstr ""
+"Markedet er en tredje type begrænsning. Dets begrensing sker gennem "
+"betingelser. Du kan gøre X hvis du betaler Y, og du vil få betalt M hvis du "
+"gør N. Disse begrænsninger er åbenbaret ikke uafhængigt af love og normer "
+"– det er ejendomretten som definerer hvad som må købes før det skal "
+"kunne tages på lovligt vis, og det er normer som siger hvad det er fint at "
+"sælge. Men givet et sæt med normer og en baggrund med ejendom og "
+"kontraktslovgiving, så påfører markedet samtidig begrænsninger for hvordan "
+"et individ eller en gruppe kan opføre sig."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "architecture, constraint effected through"
+msgstr "arkitektur, begrænsninger med ophav i"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Finally, and for the moment, perhaps, most mysteriously, "
+"<quote>architecture</quote>—the physical world as one finds it—"
+"is a constraint on behavior. A fallen bridge might constrain your ability "
+"to get across a river. Railroad tracks might constrain the ability of a "
+"community to integrate its social life. As with the market, architecture "
+"does not effect its constraint through ex post punishments. Instead, also as "
+"with the market, architecture effects its constraint through simultaneous "
+"conditions. These conditions are imposed not by courts enforcing contracts, "
+"or by police punishing theft, but by nature, by <quote>architecture.</quote> "
+"If a 500-pound boulder blocks your way, it is the law of gravity that "
+"enforces this constraint. If a $500 airplane ticket stands between you and a "
+"flight to New York, it is the market that enforces this constraint."
+msgstr ""
+"Til slutning, og måske for øjeblikket det mest mystiske, <quote>arkitektur</"
+"quote> – den fysiske værdet sådan den opleves – er en "
+"begrænsning på adfærd. En nedrast bro kan begrænse din mulighed til at "
+"komme over en elv. Jernbanespor kan begrænse et samfunds mulighed til at "
+"holde ved lige sit sociale liv. På samme måde som med markedet, påfører "
+"ikke sine arkitektur begrænsninger via <quote>ex post</quote> straf. I "
+"stedet, også på samme måde som med markedet, påfører sine arkitektur "
+"begrænsninger gennem samtidige betingelser. Disse betingelsene bliver ikke "
+"håndhævet af domstolene som håndhæver kontrakter, eller af politiet som "
+"straffer tyveri, men af naturen, af <quote>arkitektur.</quote>Hvis en 200 "
+"kilos stenblok spærrer din vej, så er det gravitasjonsloven som håndhæver "
+"den begrænsningen. Hvis en 500 dollars flybillet står mellem dig og en "
+"flytur til New York, så er det markedet som håndhæver den begrænsningen."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 134
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"So the first point about these four modalities of regulation is obvious: "
+"They interact. Restrictions imposed by one might be reinforced by another. "
+"Or restrictions imposed by one might be undermined by another."
+msgstr ""
+"Det første pointen om disse fire reguleringsmodalitetene er åbenbaret: De "
+"påvirker hinanden. Restriktioner pålagt af en kan forstærke en anden, eller "
+"restriktioner pålagt af en kan blive undergravet af en anden."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The second point follows directly: If we want to understand the effective "
+"freedom that anyone has at a given moment to do any particular thing, we "
+"have to consider how these four modalities interact. Whether or not there "
+"are other constraints (there may well be; my claim is not about "
+"comprehensiveness), these four are among the most significant, and any "
+"regulator (whether controlling or freeing) must consider how these four in "
+"particular interact."
+msgstr ""
+"Det andre pointe følger direkte fra dette: Hvis vi ønsker at forstå den "
+"effektive friheden som enhver har på et bestemt tidspunkt til at gøre en "
+"bestemt ting, må vi vurdere hvordan disse fire modaliteterne virker sammen . "
+" Uanset om det er andre begrænsninger eller ikke (det kan det godt være, jeg "
+"påstår ikke at listen er komplet), så er disse fire blandt de vigtigste. "
+"Eventuelle lovendringer (uanset om den øger kontrol eller øger frihed) må "
+"vurdere hvordan disse fire i særdeleshet virker sammen ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "driving speed, constraints on"
+msgstr "kjørehastighet, begrænsninger på"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "speeding, constraints on"
+msgstr "hastighed, begrænsning af"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"So, for example, consider the <quote>freedom</quote> to drive a car at a "
+"high speed. That freedom is in part restricted by laws: speed limits that "
+"say how fast you can drive in particular places at particular times. It is "
+"in part restricted by architecture: speed bumps, for example, slow most "
+"rational drivers; governors in buses, as another example, set the maximum "
+"rate at which the driver can drive. The freedom is in part restricted by the "
+"market: Fuel efficiency drops as speed increases, thus the price of gasoline "
+"indirectly constrains speed. And finally, the norms of a community may or "
+"may not constrain the freedom to speed. Drive at 50 mph by a school in your "
+"own neighborhood and you're likely to be punished by the neighbors. The same "
+"norm wouldn't be as effective in a different town, or at night."
+msgstr ""
+"Så lad os for eksempel vurdere <quote>friheden</quote> til at køre hurtigt i "
+"bil. Den friheden er delvis begrænset af lovværket: fartgrænser som siger "
+"hvor hurtig du kan køre på bestemte steder til bestemte tidspunkt. Det er "
+"delvis begrænset af arkitektur: for eksempel fartshumper får de fleste "
+"rasjonelle chauffører til at sænke farten. Fartssperrer i kammerater er et "
+"andet eksempel, på den makshastigheten som en fører kan køre. Friheden er "
+"delvis begrænset af markedet: Kraftstofeffektiviteten henhører efterhånden "
+"som hastigheden øger, sådan at prisen på benzin indirekte begrænser "
+"hastighed. Og til slutning, normerne i et nærmiljø kan måske begrænse "
+"friheden til at køre hurtigt. Kør i 80 km/t forbi skolen i dit nabolag, og "
+"du vil sikkert blive straffet af naboerne. Den samme norm vil ikke være "
+"lige så effektiv i en anden by, eller om natten."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"By describing the way law affects the other three modalities, I don't mean "
+"to suggest that the other three don't affect law. Obviously, they do. Law's "
+"only distinction is that it alone speaks as if it has a right self-"
+"consciously to change the other three. The right of the other three is more "
+"timidly expressed. See Lawrence Lessig, <citetitle>Code: And Other Laws of "
+"Cyberspace</citetitle> (New York: Basic Books, 1999): 90–95; Lawrence "
+"Lessig, <quote>The New Chicago School,</quote> <citetitle>Journal of Legal "
+"Studies</citetitle>, June 1998. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Ved at beskrive hvordan loven påvirker de andre tre modaliteterne, mener jeg "
+"ikke at foreslå at de andre tre ikke påvirker loven. Det gør de "
+"selvfølgelig. Lovens eneste forskel er at kun den snakker som om den havde "
+"en selvsagt ret til at ændre de andre tre. Retten til de andre tre "
+"udtrykkes mere beskedent. Se Lawrence Lessig <citetitle>Code: Ånd Other "
+"Laws of Cyberspace</citetitle> (New York: Basic Books, 1999): 90–95; "
+"Lawrence Lessig, <quote>The New Chicago School,</quote> <citetitle>Journal "
+"of Legal Studies</citetitle>, juni 1998 . <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
+"id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 135
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The final point about this simple model should also be fairly clear: While "
+"these four modalities are analytically independent, law has a special role "
+"in affecting the three.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The law, in "
+"other words, sometimes operates to increase or decrease the constraint of a "
+"particular modality. Thus, the law might be used to increase taxes on "
+"gasoline, so as to increase the incentives to drive more slowly. The law "
+"might be used to mandate more speed bumps, so as to increase the difficulty "
+"of driving rapidly. The law might be used to fund ads that stigmatize "
+"reckless driving. Or the law might be used to require that other laws be "
+"more strict—a federal requirement that states decrease the speed "
+"limit, for example—so as to decrease the attractiveness of fast "
+"driving."
+msgstr ""
+"Det sidste pointen om denne enkle model bør også være rimeligt klaret: Mens "
+"disse fire modaliteterne er analytisk uafhængige, så har lovværket en "
+"speciel rolle i at påvirke de tre andre.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
+"id=\"0\"/> Lovværket vil med andre ord nogle gange operere for at øge eller "
+"reducere begrænsningerne til en bestemt modalitet. Loven kan bruges sådan "
+"til at øge skattene på benzin for sådan at øge incentivene til at køre "
+"stillere. Loven kan bruges til at kræve flere fartfordybninger, for sådan "
+"at gøre det vanskeligere at køre raskt. Loven kan bruges til at finansiere "
+"reklamekampagner som stigmatiserer grim kørsel, eller loven kan bruges til "
+"at kræve at andre håndflade bliver mere strengere – et føderalt krav "
+"som siger at delstaterne må reducere fartgrænserne – for sådan at gøre "
+"det mindre attraktivt at køre hurtigt."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<graphic fileref=\"images/1361.svg\" align=\"center\" width=\"12em\"></"
+"graphic>"
+msgstr ""
+"<graphic fileref=\"images/nb/1361.svg\" align=\"center\" width=\"12em\"></"
+"graphic>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Americans with Disabilities Act (1990)"
+msgstr "Handicappede amerikanere-loven (1990)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Commons, John R."
+msgstr "Commons, John R."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Some people object to this way of talking about <quote>liberty.</quote> They "
+"object because their focus when considering the constraints that exist at "
+"any particular moment are constraints imposed exclusively by the government. "
+"For instance, if a storm destroys a bridge, these people think it is "
+"meaningless to say that one's liberty has been restrained. A bridge has "
+"washed out, and it's harder to get from one place to another. To talk about "
+"this as a loss of freedom, they say, is to confuse the stuff of politics "
+"with the vagaries of ordinary life. I don't mean to deny the value in this "
+"narrower view, which depends upon the context of the inquiry. I do, however, "
+"mean to argue against any insistence that this narrower view is the only "
+"proper view of liberty. As I argued in <citetitle>Code</citetitle>, we come "
+"from a long tradition of political thought with a broader focus than the "
+"narrow question of what the government did when. John Stuart Mill defended "
+"freedom of speech, for example, from the tyranny of narrow minds, not from "
+"the fear of government prosecution; John Stuart Mill, <citetitle>On Liberty</"
+"citetitle> (Indiana: Hackett Publishing Co., 1978), 19. John R. Commons "
+"famously defended the economic freedom of labor from constraints imposed by "
+"the market; John R. Commons, <quote>The Right to Work,</quote> in Malcom "
+"Rutherford and Warren J. Samuels, eds., <citetitle>John R. Commons: Selected "
+"Essays</citetitle> (London: Routledge: 1997), 62. The Americans with "
+"Disabilities Act increases the liberty of people with physical disabilities "
+"by changing the architecture of certain public places, thereby making access "
+"to those places easier; 42 <citetitle>United States Code</citetitle>, "
+"section 12101 (2000). Each of these interventions to change existing "
+"conditions changes the liberty of a particular group. The effect of those "
+"interventions should be accounted for in order to understand the effective "
+"liberty that each of these groups might face. <placeholder type=\"indexterm"
+"\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type="
+"\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/> "
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"4\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Nogle personer protesterer på denne måde at snakke om <quote>frihed.</quote> "
+"De protesterer fordi deres fokus når de vurderer begrænsninger som "
+"eksisterer på et bestemt tidspunkt, kun er begrænsninger påført af "
+"myndighederne. For eksempel, hvis en storm ødelægger en bro, mener disse "
+"personer at det er meningsløst at snakke om at ens frihed har blevet "
+"begrænset. Å snakke om dette som et tab af frihed, siger de, er at "
+"forveksle det som er politik med det som helt naturligt sker i livet. Jeg "
+"mener ikke at fornægte værdien af dette smalere synet, som er afhængigt af "
+"sammenhængen en undersøger. Jeg ønsker derimod at argumentere mod det som "
+"mener at dette smale syn er det eneste rigtige synet på frihed. Som jeg "
+"argumenterede i <citetitle>Code</citetitle>, kommer vi fra en lang tradition "
+"af politiske tanke med en videre fokus end det smale spørgsmålet om hvad "
+"myndighederne gjorde når. For eksempel forsvarede John Stuart Mill "
+"talefriheden fra trangsynthetens tyranni, og ikke fra frygten for "
+"myndighedforfølgelse. John Stuart Mill, <citetitle>On Liberty</citetitle> "
+"(Indiana: Hackett Publishing Co., 1978), 19 . John R. Commons er berømt for "
+"at have forsvaret økonomisk arbejdefrihed fra begrænsninger pålagt af "
+"markedet; John R. Commons, <quote>The Right to Work,</quote> i Malcom "
+"Rutherford og Warren J. Samuels, eds., <citetitle>John R. Commons: Selected "
+"Essays</citetitle> (London: Routledge: 1997), 62 . The Americans with "
+"Disabilities Act (tilsvarer norske bestemmelser om universell udformning) "
+"øger friheden til folk med funksjonshemninger ved at ændre udformningen på "
+"udvalgte offentlige steder, og giver dermed enklere tilgang til disse "
+"steder; 42 <citetitle>United States Code</citetitle>, del 12101 (2000). "
+"Hver af disse indgreb for at ændre eksisterende vilkår ændrer friheden til "
+"en bestemt gruppe. Effekten af disse indgreb bør tages hensyn til for at "
+"forstå den effektive friheden som hver af disse grupper modarbejder. "
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
+"id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder "
+"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"4\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"These constraints can thus change, and they can be changed. To understand "
+"the effective protection of liberty or protection of property at any "
+"particular moment, we must track these changes over time. A restriction "
+"imposed by one modality might be erased by another. A freedom enabled by one "
+"modality might be displaced by another.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id="
+"\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Disse begrænsninger kan dermed ændre sig, og de kan blive ændret. For at "
+"forstå den effektive beskyttelsen til friheden eller beskyttelse for ejendom "
+"på et bestemt tidspunkt, må vi holde rede på disse ændringer over tid. En "
+"begrænsning påført af en modalitet kan blive fjernet af en anden. En frihed "
+"muliggjort af en modalitet kan blive taget væk af en anden.<placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Why Hollywood Is Right"
+msgstr "Hvorfor Hollywood har ret "
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "four regulatory modalities on"
+msgstr "fire regulatoriske modaliteter til"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The most obvious point that this model reveals is just why, or just how, "
+"Hollywood is right. The copyright warriors have rallied Congress and the "
+"courts to defend copyright. This model helps us see why that rallying makes "
+"sense."
+msgstr ""
+"Det mest åbenbare pointen som denne model afslører er akkurat hvorfor, "
+"eller hvordan, Hollywood har ret . Ophavsretkrigerene har kørt kampagne mod "
+"Kongressen og domstolene for at forsvare ophavsreten. Denne model hjælper "
+"os at forstå hvorfor sådan kampagne giver mening."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Let's say this is the picture of copyright's regulation before the Internet:"
+msgstr ""
+"Lad os sige at dette er et billede af ophavsretens regulering før Internet:"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 136
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"There is balance between law, norms, market, and architecture. The law "
+"limits the ability to copy and share content, by imposing penalties on those "
+"who copy and share content. Those penalties are reinforced by technologies "
+"that make it hard to copy and share content (architecture) and expensive to "
+"copy and share content (market). Finally, those penalties are mitigated by "
+"norms we all recognize—kids, for example, taping other kids' records. "
+"These uses of copyrighted material may well be infringement, but the norms "
+"of our society (before the Internet, at least) had no problem with this form "
+"of infringement."
+msgstr ""
+"Det er balance mellem lovværk, normer, marked og arkitektur. Lovværket "
+"begrænser muligheden til at kopiere og dele indhold, ved at pålægge straf "
+"for dem som kopierer og deler indhold. Denne straf er forstærket af "
+"teknologier som gør det vanskeligt at kopiere og dele indhold (arkitektur), "
+"og dyrt at kopiere og dele indhold (marked). Til slutning er dirre "
+"straffene mildnet af normer som vi alle gjenkjenner – et eksempel er "
+"barn som tager op andre barns plader. Denne brug af opphavsrettsbeskyttet "
+"materiale kan det godt hænde er brud på ophavsreten, men normerne i vores "
+"samfund (i hvert fald før Internet) havde ikke noget problem med denne form "
+"for ophavsretbrud."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "copyright regulatory balance lost with"
+msgstr "opphavsrettslig regulatorisk balance mistede med "
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "regulatory balance lost in"
+msgstr "regulatorisk balance tabt i"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "MP3s"
+msgstr "MP3-er"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Enter the Internet, or, more precisely, technologies such as MP3s and p2p "
+"sharing. Now the constraint of architecture changes dramatically, as does "
+"the constraint of the market. And as both the market and architecture relax "
+"the regulation of copyright, norms pile on. The happy balance (for the "
+"warriors, at least) of life before the Internet becomes an effective state "
+"of anarchy after the Internet."
+msgstr ""
+"Så kommer Internet, eller mere præcist, teknologier som MP3-er og p2p-"
+"fildeling. Nu ændrer begrænsningerne fra arkitektur sivede dramatisk, og "
+"det samme gør begrænsningerne fra markedet. Og efterhånden som både "
+"markedet og arkitekturen beroliger ned sin regulering af ophavsret, hober "
+"normerne sig op. Den glade balancen (i hvert fald for krigerene) i livet "
+"før Internet bliver en effektiv anarkistat efter Internet."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "technology"
+msgstr "teknologi"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "established industries threatened by changes in"
+msgstr "etableret industri truede af ændringer i"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 137
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Thus the sense of, and justification for, the warriors' response. "
+"Technology has changed, the warriors say, and the effect of this change, "
+"when ramified through the market and norms, is that a balance of protection "
+"for the copyright owners' rights has been lost. This is Iraq after the fall "
+"of Saddam, but this time no government is justifying the looting that "
+"results."
+msgstr ""
+"Dermed, som konsekvens, fornuften i, og begrundelsen for, krigerenes "
+"respons. Teknologien er ændret, siger krigerene, og effekten af denne "
+"ændring når den køres igennem markedet og normerne, er at balancen i "
+"beskyttelsen af opphavsrettseierenes rettigheder har gået tabt. Dette er "
+"Irak efter Saddams fald, men denne gang er det ingen regering som begrunder "
+"røveriet som fulgte."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<graphic fileref=\"images/1381.svg\" align=\"center\" width=\"10em\"></"
+"graphic>"
+msgstr ""
+"<graphic fileref=\"images/nb/1381.svg\" align=\"center\" width=\"10em\"></"
+"graphic>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Commerce, U.S. Department of"
+msgstr "Handelsdepartementet, USAs"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "as establishment protectionism"
+msgstr "som beskyttelse af det etablerede"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Neither this analysis nor the conclusions that follow are new to the "
+"warriors. Indeed, in a <quote>White Paper</quote> prepared by the Commerce "
+"Department (one heavily influenced by the copyright warriors) in 1995, this "
+"mix of regulatory modalities had already been identified and the strategy to "
+"respond already mapped. In response to the changes the Internet had "
+"effected, the White Paper argued (1) Congress should strengthen intellectual "
+"property law, (2) businesses should adopt innovative marketing techniques, "
+"(3) technologists should push to develop code to protect copyrighted "
+"material, and (4) educators should educate kids to better protect copyright."
+msgstr ""
+"Hverken denne analyse eller konklusionerne som følger af den er nye for "
+"krigerene. Faktisk blev denne blanding af regulatoriske modaliteter, i "
+"<quote>en hvitebok</quote> udarbejdet af handelsdepartementet (og stærkt "
+"påvirket af ophavsretkrigerene) i 1995, allerede identificeret, og "
+"strategien for at respondere kortlagt den gang. Som svar på ændringerne som "
+"Internet havde ført til, argumenterede hviteboken (1) Kongressen burde "
+"styrke immateriallovene, (2) bedrifter burde tage i brug nyskabende "
+"markedsføringsteknikker, (3) teknologer burde anstrenge sig for at udvikle "
+"kode som beskyttede opphavsrettsbeskyttet materiale og (4) lærere burde lære "
+"op unger til at beskytte ophavsreten bedre."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "farming"
+msgstr "landbrug"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "steel industry"
+msgstr "stålindustri"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 138
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This mixed strategy is just what copyright needed—if it was to "
+"preserve the particular balance that existed before the change induced by "
+"the Internet. And it's just what we should expect the content industry to "
+"push for. It is as American as apple pie to consider the happy life you have "
+"as an entitlement, and to look to the law to protect it if something comes "
+"along to change that happy life. Homeowners living in a flood plain have no "
+"hesitation appealing to the government to rebuild (and rebuild again) when a "
+"flood (architecture) wipes away their property (law). Farmers have no "
+"hesitation appealing to the government to bail them out when a virus "
+"(architecture) devastates their crop. Unions have no hesitation appealing to "
+"the government to bail them out when imports (market) wipe out the U.S. "
+"steel industry."
+msgstr ""
+"Denne blandede strategi var akkurat det ophavsreten behøvede – hvis "
+"den skulle bevare den bestemte balancen som eksisterede før ændringen som "
+"blev påført af Internet. Og det er akkurat det vi bør forvente at "
+"indholdindustrien presser på for. Det er så amerikansk som det kan blive "
+"at anse det glade livet du allerede har som en rettighed, og se til "
+"retvæsenet for at beskytte det hvis det kommer noget for at ændre dette "
+"glade liv. Huseiere som bor i en oversvømmelseslette drysser ikke med at "
+"bede myndighederne om at genopbygge (og genopbygge på nyt) når en "
+"oversvømmelse (arkitektur) raderer væk deres ejendom (lov). Bønder drysser "
+"ikke med at bede om erstatning fra myndighederne når et virus (arkitektur) "
+"udsletter avlingen deres. Fagforeninger drysser ikke med at bede "
+"myndighederne om erstatning når import (marked) tager knækket på USAs "
+"stålindustri."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Thus, there's nothing wrong or surprising in the content industry's campaign "
+"to protect itself from the harmful consequences of a technological "
+"innovation. And I would be the last person to argue that the changing "
+"technology of the Internet has not had a profound effect on the content "
+"industry's way of doing business, or as John Seely Brown describes it, its "
+"<quote>architecture of revenue.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+"Det er dermed ikke noget galt eller overraskende i indholdindustrien "
+"kampagne for at beskytte sig selv mod de skadelige konsekvenserne af en "
+"teknologisk nyvinding. Jeg villes være den sidste personen til at hævde at "
+"den ændrede teknologien på Internet ikke har haft vidtrækkende effekt på "
+"indholdindustrien måde at gøre forretninger på, eller som John Seely Brown "
+"beskriver det, dens <quote>indtægtarkitektur.</quote>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "railroad industry"
+msgstr "jernbaneindustri"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "remote channel changers"
+msgstr "fjernkontrol for kanalbytte"
+
+#. f5
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"See Geoffrey Smith, <quote>Film vs. Digital: Can Kodak Build a Bridge?</"
+"quote> BusinessWeek online, 2 August 1999, available at <ulink url=\"http://"
+"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #23</ulink>. For a more recent analysis of "
+"Kodak's place in the market, see Chana R. Schoenberger, <quote>Can Kodak "
+"Make Up for Lost Moments?</quote> Forbes.com, 6 October 2003, available at "
+"<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #24</ulink>."
+msgstr ""
+"Se Geoffrey Smith, <quote>Film vs. Digital: Can Kodak Build a Bridge?</"
+"quote> BusinessWeek online, 2 . august 1999, tilgængeligt fra <ulink "
+"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #23</ulink>. For en nyere "
+"analyse af Kodaks plads i markedet, se Chana R. Schoenberger, <quote>Can "
+"Kodak Mage Up for Loset Moments?</quote> Forbes.com, 6 . oktober 2003, "
+"tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #24</"
+"ulink>."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"But just because a particular interest asks for government support, it "
+"doesn't follow that support should be granted. And just because technology "
+"has weakened a particular way of doing business, it doesn't follow that the "
+"government should intervene to support that old way of doing business. "
+"Kodak, for example, has lost perhaps as much as 20 percent of their "
+"traditional film market to the emerging technologies of digital cameras."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Does anyone believe the government "
+"should ban digital cameras just to support Kodak? Highways have weakened the "
+"freight business for railroads. Does anyone think we should ban trucks from "
+"roads <emphasis>for the purpose of</emphasis> protecting the railroads? "
+"Closer to the subject of this book, remote channel changers have weakened "
+"the <quote>stickiness</quote> of television advertising (if a boring "
+"commercial comes on the TV, the remote makes it easy to surf), and it may "
+"well be that this change has weakened the television advertising market. But "
+"does anyone believe we should regulate remotes to reinforce commercial "
+"television? (Maybe by limiting them to function only once a second, or to "
+"switch to only ten channels within an hour?)"
+msgstr ""
+"Men bare på grund af at en bestemt interesse beder om støtte fra "
+"myndighederne, så er det ikke en selvfølge at de bør få sådan støtte. Selv "
+"om teknologi har svækket en bestemt måde at drive forretninger, så er det "
+"ingen selvfølge at myndighederne bør gribe ind for at støtte den gamle måden "
+"at drive forretninger. Kodak, for eksempel, har mistet måske så meget som "
+"20 procent af sit traditionelle filmmarkeder til den fremvoksende "
+"teknologien digitalkamera. <placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Tror "
+"nogle at myndighederne bør bandlyse digitalkamera kun for at støtte Kodak? "
+"Motorveje har svækket fragt via jernbanen. Er det nogle som mener vi bør "
+"bandlyse vogntog fra vejene <emphasis>med det formål</emphasis> at beskytte "
+"jernbanen? Eller nærmere temaet i denne bog, så har trådløse kanalskiftere "
+"svækket hvor <quote>klebrig</quote> TV-reklamen er (hvis en kedelig reklame "
+"kommer på Tvtet, så gør fjernkontrollen det enkelt at bytte kanal), og det "
+"kan godt være at denne ændring har svækket markedet for TV-reklame. Men er "
+"det nogle som tror vi bør regulere fjernkontroller for at styrke kommercielt "
+"TV? (Måske ved at begrænse dem til at fungere kun en gang i sekundet, "
+"eller til at begrænse sig til ti kanalbytter i timen?)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "free market, technological changes in"
+msgstr "frie markeder, teknologiske ændringer i"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Brezhnev, Leonid"
+msgstr "Brezhnev, Leonid"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Gates, Bill"
+msgstr "Gades, Bill"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "market competition"
+msgstr "markedkonkurrence"
+
+#. f6
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Fred Warshofsky, <citetitle>The Patent Wars</citetitle> (New York: Wiley, "
+"1994), 170–71."
+msgstr ""
+"Fred Warshofsky, <citetitle>The Patent Wars</citetitle> (New York: Wiley, "
+"1994), 170–71 ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The obvious answer to these obviously rhetorical questions is no. In a free "
+"society, with a free market, supported by free enterprise and free trade, "
+"the government's role is not to support one way of doing business against "
+"others. Its role is not to pick winners and protect them against loss. If "
+"the government did this generally, then we would never have any progress. As "
+"Microsoft chairman Bill Gates wrote in 1991, in a memo criticizing software "
+"patents, <quote>established companies have an interest in excluding future "
+"competitors.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> And relative "
+"to a startup, established companies also have the means. (Think RCA and FM "
+"radio.) A world in which competitors with new ideas must fight not only the "
+"market but also the government is a world in which competitors with new "
+"ideas will not succeed. It is a world of stasis and increasingly "
+"concentrated stagnation. It is the Soviet Union under Brezhnev."
+msgstr ""
+"Det åbenbare svaret på disse åbenbaret retoriske spørgsmålene er nej. I et "
+"frit samfund, med et frit marked, støttet af frie markedaktører og fri "
+"handel, er ikke myndighedernes rolle at understøtte en bestemt måde at gøre "
+"forretninger mod andre måder. Deres rolle er ikke at vælge vindere, og "
+"beskytte dem mod tab. Hvis myndighederne gjorde dette generelt, så villes "
+"vi aldrig fået nogle fremgang. Bill Gades, styrelederen i Microsoft, skræv "
+"i 1991, i et notat som kritiserede programvarepatenter, at <quote>etablerede "
+"selskaber har interesse af at ekskludere fremtidige konkurrenter.</"
+"quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Og i forhold til et "
+"nystartet selskab har etablerede selskaber også andre virkemidler. (Tænk "
+"RCA og FM-radio.) En værdet hvor konkurrenter med nye idéer må sloges ikke "
+"bare mod markedet, men også mod myndighederne, er en værdet hvor "
+"konkurrenter med nye idéer ikke vil lykkes. Det er en værdet i "
+"stillbilledestand og øgende koncentreret stagnering. Det er Sovjetunionen "
+"under Brezhnev."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Thus, while it is understandable for industries threatened with new "
+"technologies that change the way they do business to look to the government "
+"for protection, it is the special duty of policy makers to guarantee that "
+"that protection not become a deterrent to progress. It is the duty of policy "
+"makers, in other words, to assure that the changes they create, in response "
+"to the request of those hurt by changing technology, are changes that "
+"preserve the incentives and opportunities for innovation and change."
+msgstr ""
+"Dermed, selv om det er forståeligt at brancher truede af ny teknologi som "
+"ændrer måden de gør forretninger på ser mod regeringen for beskyttelse, så "
+"er det en speciel pligt hos beslutningstakere at garantere at den "
+"beskyttelsen ikke blokerer fremgang. Det er med andre ord en pligt hos "
+"beslutningstagerne at sikre at ændringerne de skaber som svar til dem som "
+"bliver skadet af teknologiske ændringer, er ændringer som bevarer incentiver "
+"og muligheder for nyskabning og ændring."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "speech, freedom of"
+msgstr "talefrihed"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "constitutional guarantee of"
+msgstr "konstitusjonell garanti for"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"In the context of laws regulating speech—which include, obviously, "
+"copyright law—that duty is even stronger. When the industry "
+"complaining about changing technologies is asking Congress to respond in a "
+"way that burdens speech and creativity, policy makers should be especially "
+"wary of the request. It is always a bad deal for the government to get into "
+"the business of regulating speech markets. The risks and dangers of that "
+"game are precisely why our framers created the First Amendment to our "
+"Constitution: <quote>Congress shall make no law … abridging the "
+"freedom of speech.</quote> So when Congress is being asked to pass laws that "
+"would <quote>abridge</quote> the freedom of speech, it should ask— "
+"carefully—whether such regulation is justified."
+msgstr ""
+"I sammenhæng med håndflade som regulerer ytringer – hvilket åbenbaret "
+"inkluderer opphavsrettsloven – er pligten endnu stærkere. Når "
+"industrien klager over teknologier som ændrer sig, og beder Kongressen om at "
+"svare på en måde som belaster ytring og kreativitet, bør beslutningstakere "
+"være specielt skeptiske til forespørgslen. Det er altid en dårlig aftale "
+"for myndighederne at begynde at regulere ytringsmarkeder. Risiciene og "
+"fædrene med det spillet er spesifikt årsagen til at vores grundlovforsamling "
+"fortog første grundlovtillæg: <quote>Kongressen skal ikke vedtage nogen lov "
+"som … begrænser ytringsfriheden.</quote> Så når Kongressen bliver "
+"spurgt om at vedtage håndflade som villes <quote>begrænse</quote> "
+"ytringsfriheden, bør den vurdere – vældig omhyggeligt – "
+"hvorvidt sådan regulering er berettiget."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 140
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"My argument just now, however, has nothing to do with whether the changes "
+"that are being pushed by the copyright warriors are <quote>justified.</"
+"quote> My argument is about their effect. For before we get to the question "
+"of justification, a hard question that depends a great deal upon your "
+"values, we should first ask whether we understand the effect of the changes "
+"the content industry wants."
+msgstr ""
+"Mit argument akkurat nu har derimod ingenting med hvorvidt ændringerne som "
+"bliver fremmet af ophavsretkrigerene er <quote>berettiget.</quote> Mit "
+"argument er om ændringernes effekt. Før vi starter på spørgsmålet om "
+"berettigelse, et vanskeligt spørgsmål som i stor grad er afhængigt af vores "
+"værdier, så bør vi først spørge hvorvidt vi forstår effekten af ændringen "
+"som indholdindustrien ønsker."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Here's the metaphor that will capture the argument to follow."
+msgstr "Her følger metaforen som forklarer argumentet."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Müller, Paul Hermann"
+msgstr "Müller, Paul Hermann"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "DDT"
+msgstr "DDT"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "insecticide, environmental consequences of"
+msgstr "insektmiddel, miljøkonsekvenserne fra"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"In 1873, the chemical DDT was first synthesized. In 1948, Swiss chemist Paul "
+"Hermann Müller won the Nobel Prize for his work demonstrating the "
+"insecticidal properties of DDT. By the 1950s, the insecticide was widely "
+"used around the world to kill disease-carrying pests. It was also used to "
+"increase farm production."
+msgstr ""
+"I 1873 blev kemikaliummet DDT fremstillet første gang. I 1948 vandt den "
+"schweiziske kjemikeren Paul Hermann Müller nobelprisen for sit arbejde med "
+"at demonstrere de insektdrabende egenskaberne til DDT. I løbet af 1950-"
+"tallet blev insektmiddlet meget brugt rundt om i værdet for at dræbe "
+"sykdomsbærende skadedyr. Det blev også brugt til at øge "
+"landbrugproduktionen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"No one doubts that killing disease-carrying pests or increasing crop "
+"production is a good thing. No one doubts that the work of Müller was "
+"important and valuable and probably saved lives, possibly millions."
+msgstr ""
+"Ingen tvivler på at det er en god ting at dræbe sykdomsbærende skadedyr, "
+"eller at øge avlingene. Og ingen tvivler på at arbejdet til Müller var "
+"vigtigt og værdifuldt, og sikkert sparede liv, måske millioner af liv."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Carson, Rachel"
+msgstr "Carson, Rachel"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Silent Spring (Carson)"
+msgstr "Silent Spring (Carson)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "environmentalism"
+msgstr "miljøbevægelse"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"But in 1962, Rachel Carson published <citetitle>Silent Spring</citetitle>, "
+"which argued that DDT, whatever its primary benefits, was also having "
+"unintended environmental consequences. Birds were losing the ability to "
+"reproduce. Whole chains of the ecology were being destroyed."
+msgstr ""
+"Men i 1962 publicerede Rachel Carson <citetitle>Silent Spring</citetitle>, "
+"som hævdede at DDT, uanset dets primære fordele, også havde utilsigtede "
+"miljømessige konsekvenser. Fugle mistede evnen til at reproducere sig. "
+"Hele keder i økologien holdt på at blive ødelagt."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"No one set out to destroy the environment. Paul Müller certainly did not aim "
+"to harm any birds. But the effort to solve one set of problems produced "
+"another set which, in the view of some, was far worse than the problems that "
+"were originally attacked. Or more accurately, the problems DDT caused were "
+"worse than the problems it solved, at least when considering the other, more "
+"environmentally friendly ways to solve the problems that DDT was meant to "
+"solve."
+msgstr ""
+"Ingen gik ind for at ødelægge miljøet. Paul Müller havde ikke som mål at "
+"skade fugle. Men arbejdede med at løse et sæt med problemer fortog et nyt "
+"sæt som, efter nogles syner, var meget værre end de problemerne som "
+"oprindeligt blev angrebet. Eller for at være mere præcis, problemerne som "
+"DDT forårsagede var ondere end problemerne de løste, i hvert fald når man "
+"vurderer andre, mere miljøvennlige tilpasser at løse problemet som DDT var "
+"ment at løse."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Boyle, James"
+msgstr "Boyle, James"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "innovative freedom balanced with fair compensation in"
+msgstr "frihed til nyskabning balanceret med rimelig kompensation i"
+
+#. f7
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"See, for example, James Boyle, <quote>A Politics of Intellectual Property: "
+"Environmentalism for the Net?</quote> <citetitle>Duke Law Journal</"
+"citetitle> 47 (1997): 87."
+msgstr ""
+"Se for eksempel James Boyle, <quote>A Politics of Intellectual Property: "
+"Environmentalism for the Net?</quote> <citetitle>Dække Law Journal</"
+"citetitle> 47 (1997): 87 ."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 141
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"It is to this image precisely that Duke University law professor James Boyle "
+"appeals when he argues that we need an <quote>environmentalism</quote> for "
+"culture.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> His point, and the point I "
+"want to develop in the balance of this chapter, is not that the aims of "
+"copyright are flawed. Or that authors should not be paid for their work. Or "
+"that music should be given away <quote>for free.</quote> The point is that "
+"some of the ways in which we might protect authors will have unintended "
+"consequences for the cultural environment, much like DDT had for the natural "
+"environment. And just as criticism of DDT is not an endorsement of malaria "
+"or an attack on farmers, so, too, is criticism of one particular set of "
+"regulations protecting copyright not an endorsement of anarchy or an attack "
+"on authors. It is an environment of creativity that we seek, and we should "
+"be aware of our actions' effects on the environment."
+msgstr ""
+"Det er akkurat dette billede som juiceprofessor James Boyle ved Dække "
+"University appellerer til når han argumenterer med at vi behøver en "
+"<quote>miljøbevægelse</quote> for kulturen.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
+"id=\"0\"/> Hans pointe, og pointen når jeg argumenterer for et "
+"<quote>balanceret syn i dette kapitel,</quote> er for at vise til, ikke bare "
+"fordelene, men også ulempene, og at ophavsreten ikke har forkerte mål. "
+"Eller at forfattere ikke skal få betalt for sit arbejde, eller at musik bør "
+"gives væk <quote>gratis.</quote> Pointen er at nogle af måderne som vi kan "
+"bruge for at beskytte forfattere, vil have uventede konsekvenser for det "
+"kulturelle miljøet, ganske ligeligt sådan DDT havde det for det naturlige "
+"miljøet. Og på samme måde som kritik mod DDT ikke er at støtte malaria "
+"eller et angreb på bønder, så er heller ikke kritik af et bestemt set med "
+"reguleringer som beskytter ophavsreten en støtte til anarki eller et angreb "
+"på forfattere. Det vi søger er et kreativt miljø, og vi bør være "
+"opmærksomme på hvordan vores handlinger påvirker dette miljø."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"My argument, in the balance of this chapter, tries to map exactly this "
+"effect. No doubt the technology of the Internet has had a dramatic effect on "
+"the ability of copyright owners to protect their content. But there should "
+"also be little doubt that when you add together the changes in copyright law "
+"over time, plus the change in technology that the Internet is undergoing "
+"just now, the net effect of these changes will not be only that copyrighted "
+"work is effectively protected. Also, and generally missed, the net effect of "
+"this massive increase in protection will be devastating to the environment "
+"for creativity."
+msgstr ""
+"Mit argument for at vise til, og få frem et balanceret billede af fordele og "
+"ulemper i dette kapitel, er et forsøg på at kortlægge akkurat denne effekt. "
+" Det er ingen tvivl om at teknologien til Internet har haft dramatisk effekt "
+"på muligheden for ophavsretejerne til at beskytte sit indhold. Men det bør "
+"heller ikke være nogen tvivl om at når du slår sammen alle ændringerne i "
+"opphavsrettsloven over tid, plus den teknologiske ændringen som Internet "
+"gennemgår akkurat nu, vil netto effekt af disse ændringer ikke bare være "
+"at opphavsrettsvernede værk bliver effektivt beskyttet. I tillæg, og stort "
+"set overset, er netto effekt af denne massive øgningen i beskyttelse også "
+"vil være ødelæggende for kreativitetmiljøet."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"In a line: To kill a gnat, we are spraying DDT with consequences for free "
+"culture that will be far more devastating than that this gnat will be lost."
+msgstr ""
+"For at opsummere: For at dræbe en myg sprøjter vi DDT med konsekvenser for "
+"fri kultur som vil være meget mere ødelæggende end om denne myg blev borte."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Beginnings"
+msgstr "Ophav"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "on creative property"
+msgstr "om kreativ ejendom"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "copyright purpose established in"
+msgstr "ophavsretformål som er etableret i"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Progress Clause of"
+msgstr "Fremskridtbestemmelsen i"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "constitutional purpose of"
+msgstr "konstitusjonelt formål med"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "constitutional tradition on"
+msgstr "konstitusjonell tradition med"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Progress Clause"
+msgstr "Fremskridtbestemmelsen"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"America copied English copyright law. Actually, we copied and improved "
+"English copyright law. Our Constitution makes the purpose of <quote>creative "
+"property</quote> rights clear; its express limitations reinforce the English "
+"aim to avoid overly powerful publishers."
+msgstr ""
+"USA kopierede engelsk opphavsrettslov. Egentligt kopierede og forbedrede vi "
+"engelsk opphavsrettslov. Grunnloven vores gør formålet med <quote>kreativ "
+"ejendom</quote> helt klart; deres udtrykkelige begrænsninger forstærker det "
+"engelske mål om at undgå for mægtige utgivere."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "in constitutional Progress Clause"
+msgstr "i Grunnlovens Fremskridtbestemmelse"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The power to establish <quote>creative property</quote> rights is granted to "
+"Congress in a way that, for our Constitution, at least, is very odd. Article "
+"I, section 8, clause 8 of our Constitution states that:"
+msgstr ""
+"Myndigheden til at etablere <quote>kreative ejendoms</quote>-rettigheder "
+"gives til Kongressen på en måde som, i hvert fald for i forhold til vores "
+"Grundlov, er rigtigt usædvanligt. Artikel I, del 8, setningsdel 8 i vores "
+"grundlov lyde:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, "
+"by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right "
+"to their respective Writings and Discoveries."
+msgstr ""
+"Kongressen har myndighed til at fremme udviklingen af videnskab og nyttig "
+"kunst ved at sikre forfattere og oppfinnere, i et begrænset tidsrum, "
+"eksklusive rettigheder til sine respektive skrifter og oppdagelser."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"We can call this the <quote>Progress Clause,</quote> for notice what this "
+"clause does not say. It does not say Congress has the power to grant "
+"<quote>creative property rights.</quote> It says that Congress has the power "
+"<emphasis>to promote progress</emphasis>. The grant of power is its purpose, "
+"and its purpose is a public one, not the purpose of enriching publishers, "
+"nor even primarily the purpose of rewarding authors."
+msgstr ""
+"Vi kalder dette <quote>Fremskridt bestemmelsen,</quote> og læg mærke til "
+"hvad denne bestemmelse ikke siger. Den siger ikke at Kongressen har "
+"myndighed til at dele ud <quote>kreative ejendomretter.</quote> Den siger "
+"at Kongressen har myndighed til <emphasis>at fremme fremskridt</emphasis>. "
+"Tildeling af myndighed er dets formål, og dets formål er for fællesskabet. "
+"Formålet er ikke at berike utgivere, og formålet er heller ikke "
+"hovedsageligt at belønne forfattere."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "history of American"
+msgstr "historie om amerikansk"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The Progress Clause expressly limits the term of copyrights. As we saw in "
+"chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"founders\"/>, the "
+"English limited the term of copyright so as to assure that a few would not "
+"exercise disproportionate control over culture by exercising "
+"disproportionate control over publishing. We can assume the framers followed "
+"the English for a similar purpose. Indeed, unlike the English, the framers "
+"reinforced that objective, by requiring that copyrights extend <quote>to "
+"Authors</quote> only."
+msgstr ""
+"Fremskridtbestemmelsen begrænser udtrykkeligt varigheten for ophavsreten. "
+"Som vi så i kapitel <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" "
+"linkend=\"founders\"/>, begrænsede englænderne varigheten i ophavsreten for "
+"at sikre at nogle få ikke kunne udøve uforholdsmessig stor kontrol over "
+"kulturen ved at udøve uforholdsmessig kontrol over publisering. Vi kan "
+"antage at grundlovforfatterne tog efter England med et lignende formål. "
+"Faktisk forstærkede grundlovforfatterne, i modsætning til englænderne, dette "
+"formål ved at kræve at ophavsreten kun galdt <quote>forfattere.</quote>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Senate, U.S."
+msgstr "Senatet i USA"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "structural checks and balances of"
+msgstr "strukturelle kontrolmekanismer i"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "electoral college"
+msgstr "valgforsamling"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The design of the Progress Clause reflects something about the "
+"Constitution's design in general. To avoid a problem, the framers built "
+"structure. To prevent the concentrated power of publishers, they built a "
+"structure that kept copyrights away from publishers and kept them short. To "
+"prevent the concentrated power of a church, they banned the federal "
+"government from establishing a church. To prevent concentrating power in the "
+"federal government, they built structures to reinforce the power of the "
+"states—including the Senate, whose members were at the time selected "
+"by the states, and an electoral college, also selected by the states, to "
+"select the president. In each case, a <emphasis>structure</emphasis> built "
+"checks and balances into the constitutional frame, structured to prevent "
+"otherwise inevitable concentrations of power."
+msgstr ""
+"Udformningen af Fremskridtbestemmelsen reflekterer noget om Grunnlovens "
+"udformning generelt. For at undgå et problem byggede grundlovforfatterne en "
+"struktur. For at hindre at for meget magt samlede sig hos utgiverne, "
+"byggede de en struktur som holdt ophavsreten væk fra utgiverne og gjorde "
+"vernetiden kort. For at hindre at for meget magt samlede sig hos en kirke, "
+"forbød de føderale myndigheder at etablere en kirke. For at hindre at for "
+"meget magt samlede sig hos de føderale myndigheder bygget de strukturer som "
+"forstærkede magten til delstaterne – inkluderet i Senatet, hvis "
+"medlemmer på den tiden blev udpeget af delstaterne, og en valgforsamling, "
+"også udpeget af delstaterne, som valgte præsident. I hvert tilfælde, bygget "
+"de en <emphasis>struktur</emphasis> af kontrolmekanismer ind i den "
+"konstitusjonelle labben, struktureret for at hindre ellers uunngåelig "
+"maktkonsentrering."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"I doubt the framers would recognize the regulation we call <quote>copyright</"
+"quote> today. The scope of that regulation is far beyond anything they ever "
+"considered. To begin to understand what they did, we need to put our "
+"<quote>copyright</quote> in context: We need to see how it has changed in "
+"the 210 years since they first struck its design."
+msgstr ""
+"Jeg tvivler på at deltagerne i grundlovforsamlingen vil kende igen "
+"reguleringen vi kalder <quote>ophavsret</quote> i dag. Omfanget af den "
+"regulering går langt ud over alt de nogensinde vurderede. For at begynde "
+"at forstå hvad de gjorde behøver vi at sætte vores <quote>ophavsret</quote> "
+"i sammenhæng: Vi behøver at se hvordan den har ændret sig i løbet af de 210 "
+"årene som har gået siden de først afgjorde dens udformning."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 143
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Some of these changes come from the law: some in light of changes in "
+"technology, and some in light of changes in technology given a particular "
+"concentration of market power. In terms of our model, we started here:"
+msgstr ""
+"Nogle af disse ændringer kommer fra lovværket: nogle i lys af ændringer i "
+"teknologi og nogle i lys af ændringer i teknologi givet en bestemt "
+"konsentrering af markedmagt. Efter begreberne i vores model, startet vi her:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "We will end here:"
+msgstr "Vi kommer til at ende op her:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<graphic fileref=\"images/1442.svg\" align=\"center\" width=\"10em\"></"
+"graphic>"
+msgstr ""
+"<graphic fileref=\"images/nb/1442.svg\" align=\"center\" width=\"10em\"></"
+"graphic>"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 144
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Let me explain how."
+msgstr "Lad mig forklare hvordan ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Law: Duration"
+msgstr "Loven: Varighet"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Copyright Act (1790)"
+msgstr "Opphavsrettslov (1790)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "common law protections of"
+msgstr "retpraksisbeskyttelse af"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "balance of U.S. content in"
+msgstr "balance for indhold fra USA i"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Crosskey, William W."
+msgstr "Crosskey, William W."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"William W. Crosskey, <citetitle>Politics and the Constitution in the History "
+"of the United States</citetitle> (London: Cambridge University Press, 1953), "
+"vol. 1, 485–86: <quote>extinguish[ing], by plain implication of "
+"<quote>the supreme Law of the Land,</quote> <emphasis>the perpetual rights "
+"which authors had, or were supposed by some to have, under the Common Law</"
+"emphasis></quote> (emphasis added). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id="
+"\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"William W. Crosskey, <citetitle>Politics and the Constitution in the History "
+"of the United States</citetitle> (London: Cambridge University Press, 1953), "
+"vol. 1, 485–86: <quote>afskaffer, implisitt ved at være placeret i "
+"<quote>landets fremste lov,</quote> <emphasis>de evige rettigheder som "
+"forfattere havde, eller var antaget at have, som følge af retpraksis</"
+"emphasis></quote> (min utheving). [I USA bygger rettskjennelser som "
+"hovedregel på tidligere domme (prejudikat). Undtagelsen er når forholdet det "
+"er tvist om reguleres af Grunnloven (<quote>landets fremste lov</quote>). "
+"Dersom Grunnloven og et prejudikat eller en lokal lov er i konflikt med "
+"hinanden, går Grunnloven altid foran. o.a.] <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
+"id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"When the first Congress enacted laws to protect creative property, it faced "
+"the same uncertainty about the status of creative property that the English "
+"had confronted in 1774. Many states had passed laws protecting creative "
+"property, and some believed that these laws simply supplemented common law "
+"rights that already protected creative authorship.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> This meant that there was no guaranteed public "
+"domain in the United States in 1790. If copyrights were protected by the "
+"common law, then there was no simple way to know whether a work published in "
+"the United States was controlled or free. Just as in England, this lingering "
+"uncertainty would make it hard for publishers to rely upon a public domain "
+"to reprint and distribute works."
+msgstr ""
+"Da den første Kongressen vedtog loven for at beskytte kreativ ejendom, "
+"modarbejdede den de samme usikkerhetene rundt status for kreativ ejendom som "
+"englænderne havde blevet konfronteret med i 1774 . Flere delstater havde "
+"vedtaget håndflade som beskyttede kreativ ejendom, og nogle mente at disse "
+"love enkelt og fint var tillæg til retpraksisrettigheder som allerede "
+"beskyttede kreativt forfatterskab.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> "
+"Dette betød at det ikke var noget garanteret allemannseie i USA i 1790 . "
+"Hvis ophavsreten var beskyttet af retpraksis, så var det ingen enkel måde at "
+"vide hvorvidt et værk publiceret i USA var kontrolleret eller frit. "
+"Akkurat som i England villes denne vedvarende usikkerheten gøre det "
+"vanskeligt for utgivere at basere sig på allemannseiet når de ønskede at "
+"give ud på nyt og distribuere værk."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "federal vs. state"
+msgstr "føderal versus national"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"That uncertainty ended after Congress passed legislation granting "
+"copyrights. Because federal law overrides any contrary state law, federal "
+"protections for copyrighted works displaced any state law protections. Just "
+"as in England the Statute of Anne eventually meant that the copyrights for "
+"all English works expired, a federal statute meant that any state copyrights "
+"expired as well."
+msgstr ""
+"Denne usikkerheten tog slutning da Kongressen vedtog lovgiving som tildelte "
+"ophavrettigheder. Da føderal lov overstyrer enhver motstridende "
+"delstatslov, fortrængte den føderale beskyttelsen af opphavsrettsbeskyttede "
+"værker enhver beskyttelse fra delstatslover. På samme måde som Statute of "
+"Anne i England betød at ophavsretbeskyttelsen for alle engelske værker "
+"udløb, betød føderale vedtekter at alle delstatophavsreter også udløb."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"In 1790, Congress enacted the first copyright law. It created a federal "
+"copyright and secured that copyright for fourteen years. If the author was "
+"alive at the end of that fourteen years, then he could opt to renew the "
+"copyright for another fourteen years. If he did not renew the copyright, his "
+"work passed into the public domain."
+msgstr ""
+"I 1790 vedtog Kongressen den første opphavsrettsloven. Den oprettede en "
+"føderal ophavsret og sikrede ophavsreten i fjorten år. Hvis en forfatter "
+"var i live ved slutningen af disse fjorten årene, så kunne han vælge at "
+"fornye ophavsretbeskyttelsen for nye fjorten år. Hvis han ikke fornyede "
+"ophavsreten, så blev hans værk en del af allemannseien."
+
+#. f9
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Although 13,000 titles were published in the United States from 1790 to "
+"1799, only 556 copyright registrations were filed; John Tebbel, <citetitle>A "
+"History of Book Publishing in the United States</citetitle>, vol. 1, "
+"<citetitle>The Creation of an Industry, 1630–1865</citetitle> (New "
+"York: Bowker, 1972), 141. Of the 21,000 imprints recorded before 1790, only "
+"twelve were copyrighted under the 1790 act; William J. Maher, "
+"<citetitle>Copyright Term, Retrospective Extension and the Copyright Law of "
+"1790 in Historical Context</citetitle>, 7–10 (2002), available at "
+"<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #25</ulink>. Thus, the "
+"overwhelming majority of works fell immediately into the public domain. Even "
+"those works that were copyrighted fell into the public domain quickly, "
+"because the term of copyright was short. The initial term of copyright was "
+"fourteen years, with the option of renewal for an additional fourteen years. "
+"Copyright Act of May 31, 1790, §1, 1 stat. 124."
+msgstr ""
+"Selv om 13 000 titler blev publiceret i USA fra 1790 til 1799, blev kun det "
+"kun sendt ind 556 ophavsretmeldinger; John Tebbel, <citetitle>A History of "
+"Book Publishing in the United States</citetitle>, vol 1, <citetitle>The "
+"Creation of an Industry, 1630–1865</citetitle> (New York: Bowker, "
+"1972), 141 . Af 21 000 tryksakeer registreret føder 1790 var kun tolv "
+"opphavsrettsbeskyttet i henhold til 1790-loven; William J. Maher, "
+"<citetitle>Copyright Term, Retrospective Extension and the Copyright Law of "
+"1790 in Historical Context</citetitle>, 7–10 (2002), tilgængeligt fra "
+"<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #25</ulink>. Det betyder "
+"at det overvældende flertal af værk øjeblikkeligt henhørt i det fri. Selv "
+"de værkerne som blev opphavsrettsbeskyttet henhørt raskt i det fri, på grund "
+"af at vernetiden i ophavsreten var kort. Den oprindelige vernetiden i "
+"ophavsreten var fjorten år, med mulighed for forlængelse i yderstere fjorten "
+"år. Copyright Act af 31 . maj 1790, §1, 1 stat. 124 ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"While there were many works created in the United States in the first ten "
+"years of the Republic, only 5 percent of the works were actually registered "
+"under the federal copyright regime. Of all the work created in the United "
+"States both before 1790 and from 1790 through 1800, 95 percent immediately "
+"passed into the public domain; the balance would pass into the pubic domain "
+"within twenty-eight years at most, and more likely within fourteen years."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Selv om det blev skabt mange værker i USA i de første 10 årene til "
+"republikken, så blev kun 5 procent af værkerne registreret under det "
+"føderale ophavsretregimet. Af alle værk skabt i USA både før 1790 og fra "
+"1790 frem til 1800, så blev 95 procent øjeblikkelig allemannseie (public "
+"domain). Resten blev allemannseie efter maksimalt 20 år, og som oftest efter "
+"14 år.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 145
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This system of renewal was a crucial part of the American system of "
+"copyright. It assured that the maximum terms of copyright would be granted "
+"only for works where they were wanted. After the initial term of fourteen "
+"years, if it wasn't worth it to an author to renew his copyright, then it "
+"wasn't worth it to society to insist on the copyright, either."
+msgstr ""
+"Dette fornyelsessystemet var en afgørende del af det amerikanske systemet "
+"for ophavsret. Det sikrede at maksimal vernetid i ophavsreten bare blev "
+"givet til værk der det var ønsket. Efter den første perioden på fjorten år, "
+"hvis forfatteren ikke så værdien af at fornye sin ophavsret, var det heller "
+"ikke værd det for samfundet at håndhæve ophavsreten."
+
+#. f10
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Few copyright holders ever chose to renew their copyrights. For instance, of "
+"the 25,006 copyrights registered in 1883, only 894 were renewed in 1910. For "
+"a year-by-year analysis of copyright renewal rates, see Barbara A. Ringer, "
+"<quote>Study No. 31: Renewal of Copyright,</quote> <citetitle>Studies on "
+"Copyright</citetitle>, vol. 1 (New York: Practicing Law Institute, 1963), "
+"618. For a more recent and comprehensive analysis, see William M. Landes and "
+"Richard A. Posner, <quote>Indefinitely Renewable Copyright,</quote> "
+"<citetitle>University of Chicago Law Review</citetitle> 70 (2003): 471, "
+"498–501, and accompanying figures."
+msgstr ""
+"Få ophavsretindehavere valgte nogensinde at fornye sine ophavsreter. For "
+"eksempel af de 25 006 ophavsreter registert i 1883, blev kun 893 fornyet i "
+"1910 . For man år-for-år-analyse af opphavsrettsfornyingsrater, se Barbara "
+"A. Ringe, <quote>Study No. 31: Renewal of Copyright,</quote> "
+"<citetitle>Studies on Copyright</citetitle>, vol. 1 (New York: Practicing "
+"Law Institute, 1963), 618 . For en nyere og mere fuldstændig analyse, se "
+"William M. Landes og Richard A. Posner, <quote>Indefinitely Renewable "
+"Copyright,</quote> <citetitle>University of Chicago Law Review</citetitle> "
+"70 (2003): 471, 498–501, og tilhørende figurer."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Fourteen years may not seem long to us, but for the vast majority of "
+"copyright owners at that time, it was long enough: Only a small minority of "
+"them renewed their copyright after fourteen years; the balance allowed their "
+"work to pass into the public domain.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Fjorten år virker måske ikke længe for os, men for det store flertal af "
+"ophavsretindehavere på den tiden var den længe nok. Kun en lille minoritet "
+"blandt dem fornyede sin ophavsret efter fjorten år. Balancen tillod deres "
+"værk at henhøre i det fri.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. f11
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "See Ringer, ch. 9, n. 2."
+msgstr "Se Ringe, kap. 9, n. 2 ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Even today, this structure would make sense. Most creative work has an "
+"actual commercial life of just a couple of years. Most books fall out of "
+"print after one year.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> When that "
+"happens, the used books are traded free of copyright regulation. Thus the "
+"books are no longer <emphasis>effectively</emphasis> controlled by "
+"copyright. The only practical commercial use of the books at that time is to "
+"sell the books as used books; that use—because it does not involve "
+"publication—is effectively free."
+msgstr ""
+"Selv i dag giver denne struktur mening. De fleste kreative værker har et "
+"kommercielt liv som kun varer nogle få år. De fleste bøge er udsolgt fra "
+"forlaget efter et år.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Når det sker, "
+"købes og sælges de brugte bøgerne helt uden opphavsrettslige reguleringer. "
+"Dermed er bøgerne <emphasis>faktisk</emphasis> ikke længere kontrolleret af "
+"ophavsreten. Den eneste praktiske kommercielle brugen af bøgerne på dette "
+"stadium er at sælge bøgerne som brugte bøger. Denne brug – fordi den "
+"ikke involverer publisering – er effektivt uden begrænsninger."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "copyright terms extended by"
+msgstr "ophavsretens vernetid udvidede af"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "term extensions in"
+msgstr "vernetidsutvidelser i"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"In the first hundred years of the Republic, the term of copyright was "
+"changed once. In 1831, the term was increased from a maximum of 28 years to "
+"a maximum of 42 by increasing the initial term of copyright from 14 years to "
+"28 years. In the next fifty years of the Republic, the term increased once "
+"again. In 1909, Congress extended the renewal term of 14 years to 28 years, "
+"setting a maximum term of 56 years."
+msgstr ""
+"I de første hundrede årene af republikken, blev vernetiden for ophavsreten "
+"ændret en gang. I 1831 blev vernetiden øget fra maksimalt 28 år til "
+"maksimalt 42 år ved at øge den oprindelige vernetiden fra 14 til 28 år. I "
+"de næste halvtreds årene af republikken, blev vernetiden igen øget en gang. "
+"I 1909 udvidede Kongressen fornyingsvernetiden fra 14 til 28 år, og vedtog "
+"dermed en maksimal vernetid på 56 år."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "CTEA"
+msgstr "CTEA"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA) (1998)"
+msgstr "Sonny Bono udvidelse af opphavsrettsvernetid-loven (CTEA) (1998)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "future patents vs. future copyrights in"
+msgstr "fremtidige patenter versus fremtidige ophavrettigheder i"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Then, beginning in 1962, Congress started a practice that has defined "
+"copyright law since. Eleven times in the last forty years, Congress has "
+"extended the terms of existing copyrights; twice in those forty years, "
+"Congress extended the term of future copyrights. Initially, the extensions "
+"of existing copyrights were short, a mere one to two years. In 1976, "
+"Congress extended all existing copyrights by nineteen years. And in 1998, "
+"in the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act, Congress extended the term "
+"of existing and future copyrights by twenty years."
+msgstr ""
+"Så, fra og med 1962, startet Kongressen med den praksissen som har defineret "
+"opphavsrettsloven siden. Elleve gange de sidste fyrre årene har Kongressen "
+"udvidet vernetiden for eksisterende ophavsreter. To gange i løbet af disse "
+"fyrre årene udvidede Kongressen vernetiden for fremtidige ophavsreter. I "
+"starten var udvidelsen af eksisterende ophavsreter kort, kun et til to år. "
+"I 1976 udvidede Kongressen alle eksisterende ophavsreter med nitten år. Og "
+"i 1998 blev <quote>Sonny Bonos udvidelse af opphavsrettsvernetidsloven</"
+"quote> vedtaget som udvidede vernetiden for eksisterende og fremtidige "
+"ophavsreter med tyve år."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "in public domain"
+msgstr "i allemannseie (public domain)"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 146
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The effect of these extensions is simply to toll, or delay, the passing of "
+"works into the public domain. This latest extension means that the public "
+"domain will have been tolled for thirty-nine out of fifty-five years, or 70 "
+"percent of the time since 1962. Thus, in the twenty years after the Sonny "
+"Bono Act, while one million patents will pass into the public domain, zero "
+"copyrights will pass into the public domain by virtue of the expiration of a "
+"copyright term."
+msgstr ""
+"Effekten af disse udvidelser er ganske enkelt at fryse, eller forsinke, når "
+"værk henhører i det fri og bliver allemannseie. Denne sidste udvidelse "
+"betyder at allemannseie vil have været frosset i trettini af femtifem år, "
+"eller 70 procent af tiden siden 1962 . Dermed vil det i de første tyve "
+"årene efter Sonny Bono-loven, samtidig som en million patenter har blevet "
+"allemannseie, ikke være et eneste opphavsrettsbeskyttet værk som har henhørt "
+"i det fri på grund af udløb af vernetiden i ophavsreten."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The effect of these extensions has been exacerbated by another, little-"
+"noticed change in the copyright law. Remember I said that the framers "
+"established a two-part copyright regime, requiring a copyright owner to "
+"renew his copyright after an initial term. The requirement of renewal meant "
+"that works that no longer needed copyright protection would pass more "
+"quickly into the public domain. The works remaining under protection would "
+"be those that had some continuing commercial value."
+msgstr ""
+"Effekten af disse ændringer har blevet forværret af en anden ændring i "
+"opphavsrettsloven som få har lagt mærke til. Husk at jeg sagde at "
+"grundlovforfatterne etablerede et todelt ophavsretregime, som krævede at "
+"ophavsretindehaver fornyede sin ophavsret efter en innledende vernetid. "
+"Dette fornyingskravet betød at værk som ikke længere behøvede "
+"ophavsretbeskyttelse raskt vilde blive allemannseie. De tilbageværende "
+"beskyttede værk villes være de som havde en vis vedvarende kommerciel værdi."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "of natural authors vs. corporations"
+msgstr "til naturlige forfattere versus selskaber"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "corporations"
+msgstr "selskaber"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "copyright terms for"
+msgstr "opphavsrettsvernetid for"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The United States abandoned this sensible system in 1976. For all works "
+"created after 1978, there was only one copyright term—the maximum "
+"term. For <quote>natural</quote> authors, that term was life plus fifty "
+"years. For corporations, the term was seventy-five years. Then, in 1992, "
+"Congress abandoned the renewal requirement for all works created before "
+"1978. All works still under copyright would be accorded the maximum term "
+"then available. After the Sonny Bono Act, that term was ninety-five years."
+msgstr ""
+"USA forlod dette fornuftige system i 1976 . For alle værk skabt efter 1978 "
+"var det kun en vernetid – maksimal vernetid. For <quote>naturlige</"
+"quote> forfattere var vernetiden livslang plus halvtreds år. For selskaber "
+"var vernetiden syttifem år. Så, i 1992, fjernet Kongressen kravet om "
+"fornying for alle værk skabt før 1978 . Alle værk beskyttet af ophavsreten "
+"villes få tildelt maksimal vernetid. Efter Sonny Bonny-loven var vernetiden "
+"nittifem år."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This change meant that American law no longer had an automatic way to assure "
+"that works that were no longer exploited passed into the public domain. And "
+"indeed, after these changes, it is unclear whether it is even possible to "
+"put works into the public domain. The public domain is orphaned by these "
+"changes in copyright law. Despite the requirement that terms be "
+"<quote>limited,</quote> we have no evidence that anything will limit them."
+msgstr ""
+"Denne ændring betød at USAs lov ikke længere havde en automatisk måde at "
+"sikre at værker som ikke længere blev udnyttet blev allemannseie. Og ganske "
+"rigtigt, efter disse ændringer, er det uklart hvorvidt det i det hele taget "
+"er muligt at lade et værk blive allemannseie. Allemannseiet blev "
+"foreldreløst efter disse ændringer i opphavsrettsloven. På trods af kravet "
+"om af vernetiden skal være <quote>begrænset</quote>, så har vi ingen "
+"indikationer på at noget vil begrænse den."
+
+#. f12
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"These statistics are understated. Between the years 1910 and 1962 (the first "
+"year the renewal term was extended), the average term was never more than "
+"thirty-two years, and averaged thirty years. See Landes and Posner, "
+"<quote>Indefinitely Renewable Copyright,</quote> loc. cit."
+msgstr ""
+"Disse statistikker er undervurderet. Mellem årene 1910 og 1962 (det første "
+"året fornyingsvernetiden blev udvidet), var gennemsnitligt vernetid aldrig "
+"mere end trettito år, og gennemsnittet tredive år. Se Landes og Posner, "
+"<quote>Indefinitely Renewable Copyright,</quote> loc. cit."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The effect of these changes on the average duration of copyright is "
+"dramatic. In 1973, more than 85 percent of copyright owners failed to renew "
+"their copyright. That meant that the average term of copyright in 1973 was "
+"just 32.2 years. Because of the elimination of the renewal requirement, the "
+"average term of copyright is now the maximum term. In thirty years, then, "
+"the average term has tripled, from 32.2 years to 95 years.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Effekten af disse ændringer på den gennemsnitlige varigheten for ophavsreten "
+"er dramatisk. I 1973 unnlot mere end 85 procent af ophavsretindehaverne at "
+"fornye sin ophavsret. Det betyder at den gennemsnitlige vernetiden i 1973 "
+"var kun 32.2 år. På grund af fjerningen af kravet om fornying, er nu den "
+"gennemsnitlige vernetiden den maksimale vernetiden. På tredive år har "
+"dermed den gennemsnitlige vernetiden blevet tredoblet, fra 32.2 år til 95 "
+"år.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Law: Scope"
+msgstr "Loven: Omfang"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "scope of"
+msgstr "omfang for"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The <quote>scope</quote> of a copyright is the range of rights granted by "
+"the law. The scope of American copyright has changed dramatically. Those "
+"changes are not necessarily bad. But we should understand the extent of the "
+"changes if we're to keep this debate in context."
+msgstr ""
+"<quote>Omfanget</quote> for ophavsreten er den rækken af rettigheder tildelt "
+"gennem lovværket. Omfanget for USAs ophavsret har ændret sig dramatisk. "
+"Disse ændringer er ikke nødvendigvis dårlige, men vi bør forstå omfanget af "
+"ændringer hvis vi skal forholde os til sammenhængen i denne debat."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "historical shift in copyright coverage of"
+msgstr "historisk ændring i opphavsrettslig dækning af"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"In 1790, that scope was very narrow. Copyright covered only <quote>maps, "
+"charts, and books.</quote> That means it didn't cover, for example, music or "
+"architecture. More significantly, the right granted by a copyright gave the "
+"author the exclusive right to <quote>publish</quote> copyrighted works. That "
+"means someone else violated the copyright only if he republished the work "
+"without the copyright owner's permission. Finally, the right granted by a "
+"copyright was an exclusive right to that particular book. The right did not "
+"extend to what lawyers call <quote>derivative works.</quote> It would not, "
+"therefore, interfere with the right of someone other than the author to "
+"translate a copyrighted book, or to adapt the story to a different form "
+"(such as a drama based on a published book)."
+msgstr ""
+"I 1790 var omfanget rigtigt smalt. Ophavsreten dækkede kun <quote>kort, "
+"diagrammer og bøger.</quote> Det betyder at den ikke dækkede for eksempel "
+"musik og arkitektur. Vigtigere, ophavsreten tildelte forfatteren eksklusiv "
+"ret til at <quote>publicere</quote> opphavsrettsbeskyttede værk. Det "
+"betyder at anden kun brød ophavsreten hvis han gav ud værket på nyt uden "
+"ophavsretejeren tilladelse. Til slutning var privilegiet tildelt af "
+"opphavretten en eksklusiv ret for en bestemt bog. Privilegiet strakte sig "
+"ikke til det advokater kalder <quote>avledede værk.</quote> Det villes "
+"dermed ikke forstyrre retten til andre end forfatteren til at oversætte en "
+"opphavsrettsbeskyttet bog, eller til at tilpasse historie til en anden form "
+"(som et skuespil baseret på en publiceret bog)."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This, too, has changed dramatically. While the contours of copyright today "
+"are extremely hard to describe simply, in general terms, the right covers "
+"practically any creative work that is reduced to a tangible form. It covers "
+"music as well as architecture, drama as well as computer programs. It gives "
+"the copyright owner of that creative work not only the exclusive right to "
+"<quote>publish</quote> the work, but also the exclusive right of control "
+"over any <quote>copies</quote> of that work. And most significant for our "
+"purposes here, the right gives the copyright owner control over not only his "
+"or her particular work, but also any <quote>derivative work</quote> that "
+"might grow out of the original work. In this way, the right covers more "
+"creative work, protects the creative work more broadly, and protects works "
+"that are based in a significant way on the initial creative work."
+msgstr ""
+"Dette har også ændret sig dramatisk. Mens omridset af ophavsreten i dag er "
+"ekstremt vanskeligt at beskrive enkelt med generelle termer, så dækker "
+"retten praktisk talt ethvert kreativt værk som er reduceret til en "
+"håndgripelig form. Det dækker musik så vel som arkitektur, drama så vel som "
+"computerprogrammer. Det giver ophavsretejeren ikke bare den eksklusive "
+"retten til at <quote>publicere</quote> værket, men også eksklusiv ret til at "
+"kontrollere enhver <quote>kopi</quote> af dette værket. Og vigtigst for "
+"vores formål her, retten giver ophavsretejeren kontrol ikke bare over hans "
+"eller hendes eget værk, men også ethvert <quote>avledet værk</quote> som kan "
+"gro ud af det originale værket. På denne måde dækker retten flere kreative "
+"værker, beskytter det kreative værket bredere og beskytter værker som i "
+"hovedsag er baseret på det oprindelige kreative værket."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "marking of"
+msgstr "merking af"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "formalities"
+msgstr "formaliteter"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "registration requirement of"
+msgstr "registreringkrav for"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 148
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"At the same time that the scope of copyright has expanded, procedural "
+"limitations on the right have been relaxed. I've already described the "
+"complete removal of the renewal requirement in 1992. In addition to the "
+"renewal requirement, for most of the history of American copyright law, "
+"there was a requirement that a work be registered before it could receive "
+"the protection of a copyright. There was also a requirement that any "
+"copyrighted work be marked either with that famous © or the word "
+"<emphasis>copyright</emphasis>. And for most of the history of American "
+"copyright law, there was a requirement that works be deposited with the "
+"government before a copyright could be secured."
+msgstr ""
+"Mens omfanget af ophavsreten har udvidet sig, har prosessuelle "
+"begrænsninger i retten blevet slækket på. Jeg har allerede beskrevet den "
+"fuldstændige fjerningen af fornyelseskravet i 1992 . I tillæg til "
+"fornyelseskravet var det, i det meste af historie til USAs opphavsrettslov, "
+"et krav om at et værk måtte registreres før det kunne nyde godt af "
+"ophavsretbeskyttelsen. Det var også et krav om at ethvert "
+"opphavsrettsbeskyttet værk enten måtte mærkes med det berømte © eller ordet "
+"<emphasis>copyright</emphasis>. For størstedelen af historie til USAs "
+"opphavsrettslov var det også et krav at værket blev indleveret til "
+"myndighederne før en ophavsret kunne sikres."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The reason for the registration requirement was the sensible understanding "
+"that for most works, no copyright was required. Again, in the first ten "
+"years of the Republic, 95 percent of works eligible for copyright were never "
+"copyrighted. Thus, the rule reflected the norm: Most works apparently didn't "
+"need copyright, so registration narrowed the regulation of the law to the "
+"few that did. The same reasoning justified the requirement that a work be "
+"marked as copyrighted—that way it was easy to know whether a copyright "
+"was being claimed. The requirement that works be deposited was to assure "
+"that after the copyright expired, there would be a copy of the work "
+"somewhere so that it could be copied by others without locating the original "
+"author."
+msgstr ""
+"Årsagen til registreringkravet var den fornuftige forståelsen af at for de "
+"fleste værk var det ikke nødvendigt med ophavsretbeskyttelse. Igen, i de "
+"første ti årene af republikken blev 95 procent af værk som kunne modtaget "
+"beskyttelse aldrig opphavsrettsbeskyttet. Dermed reflekterede reglen "
+"normen: De fleste værk behøvede tydeligvis ikke ophavsretbeskyttelse, så "
+"registrering begrænsede lovreguleringen til de få som behøvede det. Den "
+"samme begrundelse begrundede kravet om at et værk måtte mærkes som "
+"opphavsrettsbeskyttet – sådan var det enkelt at vide hvorvidt nogle "
+"påberåbte sig ophavsretbeskyttelse. Kravet om at værket blev deponeret, var "
+"for at sikre at efter at vernetidens udløb, villes det eksistere et "
+"eksemplar af værket en eller anden plads sådan at det kunne kopieres af "
+"andre uden at spore op den oprindelige forfatteren."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "European"
+msgstr "europæisk"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"All of these <quote>formalities</quote> were abolished in the American "
+"system when we decided to follow European copyright law. There is no "
+"requirement that you register a work to get a copyright; the copyright now "
+"is automatic; the copyright exists whether or not you mark your work with a "
+"©; and the copyright exists whether or not you actually make a copy "
+"available for others to copy."
+msgstr ""
+"Alle disse <quote>formaliteter</quote> blev afskaffet i USAs system da vi "
+"bestemte os for at følge europæisk opphavsrettslov. Det er ikke længere "
+"krav om at du registrerer et værk for at få ophavsretbeskyttelse. "
+"Ophavsretbeskyttelsen er nu automatisk. Ophavsreten eksisterer uanset om du "
+"mærker dit værk med ©, og ophavsreten eksisterer uanset om du faktisk gør "
+"virket tilgængeligt for kopiering af andre."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Consider a practical example to understand the scope of these differences."
+msgstr ""
+"Lad os se på et praktisk eksempel for at forstå omfanget af disse forskelle."
+
+#. f13
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"See Thomas Bender and David Sampliner, <quote>Poets, Pirates, and the "
+"Creation of American Literature,</quote> 29 <citetitle>New York University "
+"Journal of International Law and Politics</citetitle> 255 (1997), and James "
+"Gilraeth, ed., Federal Copyright Records, 1790–1800 (U.S. G.P.O., "
+"1987)."
+msgstr ""
+"Se Thomas Binder og David Sampliner, <quote>Poets, Pirates, and the Creation "
+"of American Literature,</quote> 29 <citetitle>New York University Journal of "
+"International Law and Politics</citetitle> 255 (1997), og James Gilraeth, "
+"ed., Federal Copyright Records, 1790–1800 (U.S. G.P.O., 1987)."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"If, in 1790, you wrote a book and you were one of the 5 percent who actually "
+"copyrighted that book, then the copyright law protected you against another "
+"publisher's taking your book and republishing it without your permission. "
+"The aim of the act was to regulate publishers so as to prevent that kind of "
+"unfair competition. In 1790, there were 174 publishers in the United States."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The Copyright Act was thus a tiny "
+"regulation of a tiny proportion of a tiny part of the creative market in the "
+"United States—publishers."
+msgstr ""
+"Hvis du skrev en bog i 1790, og du var en af de fem procenterne som faktisk "
+"registrerede ophavsreten for den bogen, så villes opphavsrettsloven beskytte "
+"dig mod at andre utgivere tog din bog og publicerede den på nyt uden din "
+"tilladelse. Målet med loven var at regulere utgivere for derved at hindre "
+"denne type urimelig konkurrence. I 1790 var det 174 utgivere i USA."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Opphavsrettslovgivingen var dermed "
+" en lille regulering af en lille andel af en lille del af det kreative "
+"markedet i USA – utgivere."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 149
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The act left other creators totally unregulated. If I copied your poem by "
+"hand, over and over again, as a way to learn it by heart, my act was totally "
+"unregulated by the 1790 act. If I took your novel and made a play based upon "
+"it, or if I translated it or abridged it, none of those activities were "
+"regulated by the original copyright act. These creative activities remained "
+"free, while the activities of publishers were restrained."
+msgstr ""
+"Loven lod andre skabere være helt uregulert. Hvis jeg kopierede dit digt "
+"til rådighed, om og om igen, som en måde at lære det skikkeligt, var min "
+"handling helt uregulert ifølge 1790-loven. Hvis jeg tog din roman og fortog "
+"et skuespil baseret på den, hvis jeg oversatte den eller fortog man "
+"oppsummering af den, så var ingen af disse aktiviteter reguleret af den "
+"oprindelige opphavsrettsloven. Disse kreative aktiviteter forblev frie, "
+"mens aktiviteterne til utgiverne blev begrænset."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Today the story is very different: If you write a book, your book is "
+"automatically protected. Indeed, not just your book. Every e-mail, every "
+"note to your spouse, every doodle, <emphasis>every</emphasis> creative act "
+"that's reduced to a tangible form—all of this is automatically "
+"copyrighted. There is no need to register or mark your work. The protection "
+"follows the creation, not the steps you take to protect it."
+msgstr ""
+"I dag er historie vældig anderledes: Hvis du skriver en bog er din bog "
+"automatisk beskyttet. Faktisk gælder det ikke bare din bog. Enhver e-post, "
+"hver notat til din kære, hver krusedulle, <emphasis>hver eneste</emphasis> "
+"kreative handling som bliver reduceret til en håndgripelig form – alt "
+"dette er automatisk opphavsrettsbeskyttet. Det er intet behov for at "
+"registrere eller dit mærke værk. Beskyttelsen følger af det at skabe, ikke "
+"de steg du tager for at beskytte det."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"That protection gives you the right (subject to a narrow range of fair use "
+"exceptions) to control how others copy the work, whether they copy it to "
+"republish it or to share an excerpt."
+msgstr ""
+"Den beskyttelsen giver dig retten til (begrænset af et smalt spekter af "
+"undtagelse for rimeligt brug) at kontrollere hvordan andre kopierer værket, "
+"uanset om de kopierer for at videredistribuere det, eller for at dele et "
+"uddrag."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"That much is the obvious part. Any system of copyright would control "
+"competing publishing. But there's a second part to the copyright of today "
+"that is not at all obvious. This is the protection of <quote>derivative "
+"rights.</quote> If you write a book, no one can make a movie out of your "
+"book without permission. No one can translate it without permission. "
+"CliffsNotes can't make an abridgment unless permission is granted. All of "
+"these derivative uses of your original work are controlled by the copyright "
+"holder. The copyright, in other words, is now not just an exclusive right to "
+"your writings, but an exclusive right to your writings and a large "
+"proportion of the writings inspired by them."
+msgstr ""
+"Så langt er dette den åbenbare delen. Ethvert ophavsretsystem villes "
+"kontrollere konkurrerende publisering. Men det er en anden del af "
+"ophavsreten i dag som slet ikke er åpenbare. Dette er beskyttelsen af "
+"<quote>avledede værk.</quote> Hvis du skriver en bog, så kan ingen fortage "
+"en film baseret på bogen uden tilladelse. Ingen kan oversætte den uden "
+"tilladelse. CliffsNotes kan ikke fortage en oppsummering med mindre "
+"tilladelse er givet. Alle disse avledede brugsområderne af dit originale "
+"værker er kontrolleret af ophavsretindehaveren. Ophavsreten er med andre ord "
+"ikke bare en eksklusiv ret til dine skrifter, men en eksklusiv ret til dine "
+"skrifter, og en stor andel af skrifterne inspireret af dem."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"It is this derivative right that would seem most bizarre to our framers, "
+"though it has become second nature to us. Initially, this expansion was "
+"created to deal with obvious evasions of a narrower copyright. If I write a "
+"book, can you change one word and then claim a copyright in a new and "
+"different book? Obviously that would make a joke of the copyright, so the "
+"law was properly expanded to include those slight modifications as well as "
+"the verbatim original work."
+msgstr ""
+"Det er denne ret til avledede værker som villes synes mest sært for dem som "
+"fortog Grunnloven vores, selv om det har blevet helt naturligt for os. I "
+"udgangspunktet blev denne udvidelse fortaget for at håndtere de åbenbare "
+"unnvikelsene af en smalere ophavsret. Hvis jeg skriver en bog, kan du ændre "
+"et ord, og så ophøjede ophavsret til en ny og anderledes bog? Det villes "
+"åbenbaret gøre ophavsreten til en spøg, så loven blev udvidet på ordentligt "
+"vis til at inkludere sådanne små ændringer på samme måde som identiske "
+"originale værker."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Jonathan Zittrain, <quote>The Copyright Cage,</quote> <citetitle>Legal "
+"Affairs</citetitle>, July/August 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-"
+"culture.cc/notes/\">link #26</ulink>. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id="
+"\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Jonathan Zittrain, <quote>The Copyright Cage,</quote> <citetitle>Legal "
+"Affairs</citetitle>, juli/august 2003, tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://"
+"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #26</ulink>. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
+"id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"In preventing that joke, the law created an astonishing power within a free "
+"culture—at least, it's astonishing when you understand that the law "
+"applies not just to the commercial publisher but to anyone with a computer. "
+"I understand the wrong in duplicating and selling someone else's work. But "
+"whatever <emphasis>that</emphasis> wrong is, transforming someone else's "
+"work is a different wrong. Some view transformation as no wrong at all—"
+"they believe that our law, as the framers penned it, should not protect "
+"derivative rights at all.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Whether "
+"or not you go that far, it seems plain that whatever wrong is involved is "
+"fundamentally different from the wrong of direct piracy."
+msgstr ""
+"For at undgå at rettigheden blev en spøg, skabte loven en forbløffende magt "
+"inden fri kultur – det er i hvert fald forbløffende når du forstår at "
+"loven ikke bare gælder for den kommercielle utgiver, men for enhver med en "
+"computer. Jeg forstår at det er galt at duplikere og sælge andres værk. "
+"Men uanset hvor galt <emphasis>det</emphasis> er, omforming af andres værk "
+"er en anden type galt. Nogle ser ikke på omforminger som galt i det hele "
+"taget – de mener at vores lovværk, sådan grundlovforfatterne "
+"formulerede det, ikke skulle beskytte avledede værk i det hele taget."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Uanset om du går så langt eller "
+"ikke, så virker det klart at det som er galt med omforming, er fundamentalt "
+"forskelligt fra det som er galt med direkte piratvirksomhed."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Rubenfeld, Jeb"
+msgstr "Rubenfeld, Jeb"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Professor Rubenfeld has presented a powerful constitutional argument about "
+"the difference that copyright law should draw (from the perspective of the "
+"First Amendment) between mere <quote>copies</quote> and derivative works. "
+"See Jed Rubenfeld, <quote>The Freedom of Imagination: Copyright's "
+"Constitutionality,</quote> <citetitle>Yale Law Journal</citetitle> 112 "
+"(2002): 1–60 (see especially pp. 53–59). <placeholder type="
+"\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Professor Rubenfeld har præsenteret et kraftfullt konstitusjonelt argument "
+"om skillet som ophavsreten burde sætte (fra perspektivet til det første "
+"grundlovtillægget) mellem kun <quote>kopier</quote> og avledede værk. Se "
+"Jed Rubenfeld, <quote>The Freedom of Imagination: Copyright's "
+"Constitutionality,</quote> <citetitle>Yale Law Journal</citetitle> 112 (2002)"
+": 1–60 (se specielt siderne 53–59). <placeholder "
+"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Yet copyright law treats these two different wrongs in the same way. I can "
+"go to court and get an injunction against your pirating my book. I can go to "
+"court and get an injunction against your transformative use of my book."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> These two different uses of my "
+"creative work are treated the same."
+msgstr ""
+"Alligevel behandler opphavsrettsloven disse to forskellige forbudte "
+"handlingerne på samme måde. Jeg kan gå til domstolen at få en forføyning "
+"mod din piratkopiering af min bog. Jeg kan gå til domstolen at få en "
+"forføyning mod din omformende bruge af min bog.<placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Disse to forskellige brugsmåderne for mit "
+"kreative værker behandles ligeligt ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This again may seem right to you. If I wrote a book, then why should you be "
+"able to write a movie that takes my story and makes money from it without "
+"paying me or crediting me? Or if Disney creates a creature called "
+"<quote>Mickey Mouse,</quote> why should you be able to make Mickey Mouse "
+"toys and be the one to trade on the value that Disney originally created?"
+msgstr ""
+"Dette kan virke rigtig for dig. Hvis jeg skrev en bog, hvorfor skal du have "
+"mulighed til at fortage en film som tager min historie, og tjener penge fra "
+"den, uden at betale mig eller kreditere mig? Eller hvis Disney fortager en "
+"figur kaldt <quote>Mikke Mus,</quote> hvorfor skal du have mulighed til at "
+"fortage Mikke Mus-lege, og være den som tjener penge på værdien som Disney "
+"oprindeligt skabte."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"These are good arguments, and, in general, my point is not that the "
+"derivative right is unjustified. My aim just now is much narrower: simply to "
+"make clear that this expansion is a significant change from the rights "
+"originally granted."
+msgstr ""
+"Dette er gode argumenter, og generelt set er ikke mit pointe at sådanne "
+"deriverede rettigheder er grundløse. Mit mål akkurat nu er meget smalere: "
+"ganske enkelt at gøre det klart at denne udvidelse er en betydelig ændring "
+"fra de oprindeligt tildelte rettighederne."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Law and Architecture: Reach"
+msgstr "Lov og arkitektur: Rækkevidde"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "copies as core issue of"
+msgstr "kopier som kernetema for"
+
+#. f16
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This is a simplification of the law, but not much of one. The law certainly "
+"regulates more than <quote>copies</quote>—a public performance of a "
+"copyrighted song, for example, is regulated even though performance per se "
+"doesn't make a copy; 17 <citetitle>United States Code</citetitle>, section "
+"106(4). And it certainly sometimes doesn't regulate a <quote>copy</quote>; "
+"17 <citetitle>United States Code</citetitle>, section 112(a). But the "
+"presumption under the existing law (which regulates <quote>copies;</quote> "
+"17 <citetitle>United States Code</citetitle>, section 102) is that if there "
+"is a copy, there is a right."
+msgstr ""
+"Dette er man forenkling af loven, men ikke en særligt stor en. Loven "
+"regulerer helt klart mere end <quote>eksemplarer</quote> – en "
+"offentlig fremføring af en opphavsrettsbeskyttet sang er for eksempel "
+"reguleret selv om fremføringen i sig selv ikke fortager et eksemplar; 17 "
+"<citetitle>United States Code</citetitle>, del 106(4). Og det er helt klart "
+"at nogle gange regulerer det ikke et <quote>eksemplar</quote>; 17 "
+"<citetitle>United States Code</citetitle>, del 112(a). Men antagelsen under "
+"gældende lov (som regulerer <quote>eksemplarer</quote> 17 <citetitle>United "
+"States Code</citetitle>, del 102) er at hvis det er et eksemplar, så er det "
+"også en rettighed knyttet til det."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Whereas originally the law regulated only publishers, the change in "
+"copyright's scope means that the law today regulates publishers, users, and "
+"authors. It regulates them because all three are capable of making copies, "
+"and the core of the regulation of copyright law is copies.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Mens loven oprindeligt kun regulerede forleggere, så betyder ændringen i "
+"ophavsretens omfang at loven i dag regulerer forleggere, brugere og "
+"forfattere. Det regulerer dem på grund af at alle tre er i stand til at "
+"fortage kopier, og kernen til reguleringen i opphavsrettsloven er kopier."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "other property rights vs."
+msgstr "andre ejendom retter versus"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 151
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<quote>Copies.</quote> That certainly sounds like the obvious thing for "
+"<emphasis>copy</emphasis>right law to regulate. But as with Jack Valenti's "
+"argument at the start of this chapter, that <quote>creative property</quote> "
+"deserves the <quote>same rights</quote> as all other property, it is the "
+"<emphasis>obvious</emphasis> that we need to be most careful about. For "
+"while it may be obvious that in the world before the Internet, copies were "
+"the obvious trigger for copyright law, upon reflection, it should be obvious "
+"that in the world with the Internet, copies should <emphasis>not</emphasis> "
+"be the trigger for copyright law. More precisely, they should not "
+"<emphasis>always</emphasis> be the trigger for copyright law."
+msgstr ""
+"<quote>Kopier.</quote> Det høres helt klart ud som noget opphavsrettsloven "
+"åbenbaret regulerer. Men som med argumentet til Jack Valenti i starten af "
+"dette kapitlet, om <quote>at kreativ ejendom</quote> fortjener <quote>de "
+"samme rettigheder</quote> som al anden ejendom, så er det dette "
+"<emphasis>åbenbare</emphasis> vi må være mest forsigtigt/forsigtig med. For "
+"selv om det kan have været åbenbaret i værdet føder Internet, at "
+"eksemplarfremstilling var en åpenbare udløser for opphavsrettsloven, så bør "
+"det ved nærmere eftertanke være åbenbaret i værdet med Internet, så bør "
+"eksemplarfremstilling <emphasis>ikke</emphasis> aktivisere "
+"opphavsrettsloven. For at være præcis, bør de ikke <emphasis>altid</"
+"emphasis> aktivisere opphavsrettsloven."
+
+#. f17
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Thus, my argument is not that in each place that copyright law extends, we "
+"should repeal it. It is instead that we should have a good argument for its "
+"extending where it does, and should not determine its reach on the basis of "
+"arbitrary and automatic changes caused by technology."
+msgstr ""
+"Dermed er mit argument at for hvert sted der hen opphavsrettsloven udvides, "
+"så bør vi afvise det. Det er i stedet at vi bør have gode argumenter for "
+"dens udvidelse når det gøres, og bør ikke afgøre rækkevidden baseret på "
+"vilkårlige og automatiske ændringer forårsaget af teknologi."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This is perhaps the central claim of this book, so let me take this very "
+"slowly so that the point is not easily missed. My claim is that the Internet "
+"should at least force us to rethink the conditions under which the law of "
+"copyright automatically applies,<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> "
+"because it is clear that the current reach of copyright was never "
+"contemplated, much less chosen, by the legislators who enacted copyright law."
+msgstr ""
+"Dette er måske den centrale påstanden i denne bog, så lagde mig tage dette "
+"rigtigt stille sådan at man ikke går let glipp af pointen. Min påstand er "
+"at Internet i hvert fald bør tvinge os til at tænke gennem forholdene der "
+"hen opphavsrettsloven automatisk kommer til anvendelse,<placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> da det er klart at dagens rækkevidde for "
+"ophavsreten aldrig blev vurderet, og langt mindre valgt, af lovgiverne som "
+"vedtog opphavsrettsloven."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"We can see this point abstractly by beginning with this largely empty circle."
+msgstr ""
+"Vi kan se dette pointe helt abstrakt ved at starte med denne i hovedsag "
+"tomme cirkel."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<graphic fileref=\"images/1521.svg\" align=\"center\" width=\"10em\"></"
+"graphic>"
+msgstr ""
+"<graphic fileref=\"images/nb/1521.svg\" align=\"center\" width=\"10em\"></"
+"graphic>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "three types of uses of"
+msgstr "tre typer brugsmåder for"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "copyright applicability altered by technology of"
+msgstr "anvendelighet for ophavsret ændrede af teknologien til"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "copyright intent altered by"
+msgstr "ophavsretens hensigt ændrede af"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 152
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Think about a book in real space, and imagine this circle to represent all "
+"its potential <emphasis>uses</emphasis>. Most of these uses are unregulated "
+"by copyright law, because the uses don't create a copy. If you read a book, "
+"that act is not regulated by copyright law. If you give someone the book, "
+"that act is not regulated by copyright law. If you resell a book, that act "
+"is not regulated (copyright law expressly states that after the first sale "
+"of a book, the copyright owner can impose no further conditions on the "
+"disposition of the book). If you sleep on the book or use it to hold up a "
+"lamp or let your puppy chew it up, those acts are not regulated by copyright "
+"law, because those acts do not make a copy."
+msgstr ""
+"Tænk på en bog i den virkelige værdet, og forestill dig at denne cirkel "
+"repræsenterer alle potentielle <emphasis>brugsmåder</emphasis>. De fleste "
+"af disse brugsmåder er ikke reguleret af åndsverksloven, fordi brugen ikke "
+"skaber et eksemplar. Hvis du læser en bog, så er ikke den handlingen "
+"reguleret af åndsverkloven. Hvis du giver nogle bogen, så er ikke den "
+"handlingen reguleret af åndsverkloven. Hvis du sælger bogen brugt, så er "
+"ikke dette reguleret (åndsverksloven siger udtrykkeligt at efter det første "
+"salget af en bog kan ophavsretejeren ikke stille ytteligere betingelser til "
+"hvordan bogen håndteres). Hvis du sover på bogen eller bruger den til at "
+"holde oppe en lampe, eller lader din hvalp tygge den op, så er dette "
+"brugsmåder som ikke er reguleret af åndsverksloven, da de ikke fortager en "
+"kopi."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<graphic fileref=\"images/1531.png\" align=\"center\" width=\"10em\"></"
+"graphic>"
+msgstr ""
+"<graphic fileref=\"images/nb/1531.svg\" align=\"center\" width=\"10em\"></"
+"graphic>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Obviously, however, some uses of a copyrighted book are regulated by "
+"copyright law. Republishing the book, for example, makes a copy. It is "
+"therefore regulated by copyright law. Indeed, this particular use stands at "
+"the core of this circle of possible uses of a copyrighted work. It is the "
+"paradigmatic use properly regulated by copyright regulation (see diagram in "
+"figure <xref xrefstyle=\"template:%n\" linkend=\"fig-1541\"/>)."
+msgstr ""
+"Derimod er det åbenbaret at nogle brugsmåder af et opphavsrettsbeskyttet "
+"værk er reguleret af åndsverksloven. Å publicere bogen på nyt, for "
+"eksempel, fortager et eksemplar. Det er dermed reguleret af "
+"opphavsrettsloven. Faktisk står denne bestemmte brug i kernen af cirklen "
+"over mulig brug af et opphavsrettsbeskyttet værk. Det er den paradigmatiske "
+"brugen som er korrekt reguleret af opphavsrettsreguleringen (se diagram i "
+"figur <xref xrefstyle=\"template:%n\" linkend=\"fig-1541\"/>)."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<graphic fileref=\"images/1541.svg\" align=\"center\" width=\"10em\"></"
+"graphic>"
+msgstr ""
+"<graphic fileref=\"images/nb/1541.svg\" align=\"center\" width=\"10em\"></"
+"graphic>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Finally, there is a tiny sliver of otherwise regulated copying uses that "
+"remain unregulated because the law considers these <quote>fair uses.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+"Til slutning er det en tynd skive af ellers reguleret kopieringsbruk som "
+"forbliver uregulert på grund af at loven anser dette som <quote>rimelig brug."
+"</quote>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"These are uses that themselves involve copying, but which the law treats as "
+"unregulated because public policy demands that they remain unregulated. You "
+"are free to quote from this book, even in a review that is quite negative, "
+"without my permission, even though that quoting makes a copy. That copy "
+"would ordinarily give the copyright owner the exclusive right to say whether "
+"the copy is allowed or not, but the law denies the owner any exclusive right "
+"over such <quote>fair uses</quote> for public policy (and possibly First "
+"Amendment) reasons."
+msgstr ""
+"Dette er brugsmåder som selv involverer kopiering, men som loven håndterer "
+"som uregulert da samfundhensyn kræver at de forbliver uregulert. Du står "
+"frit til at citere fra denne bog, selv i en anmeldelse som er ganske "
+"negativ, uden min tilladelse, selv om sitering fortager en kopi. Den kopien "
+"villes normalt give ophavsretejeren eksklusiv ret til at sige hvorvidt "
+"kopien er tilladt eller ikke, men loven nægter ejeren enhver eksklusiv ret "
+"over sådan <quote>rimelig brug</quote> af samfundhensyn (og måske første "
+"grundlovtillæghensyn.)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<graphic fileref=\"images/1542.svg\" align=\"center\" width=\"10em\"></"
+"graphic>"
+msgstr ""
+"<graphic fileref=\"images/nb/1542.svg\" align=\"center\" width=\"10em\"></"
+"graphic>"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 154
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"In real space, then, the possible uses of a book are divided into three "
+"sorts: (1) unregulated uses, (2) regulated uses, and (3) regulated uses that "
+"are nonetheless deemed <quote>fair</quote> regardless of the copyright "
+"owner's views."
+msgstr ""
+"I den fysiske værdet er dermed muligt brug af en bog delt i tre typer: (1) "
+"uregulert brug, (2) reguleret brug og (3) reguleret brug som alligevel anses "
+"<quote>rimeligt</quote> uafhængigt af ophavsretejeren syn."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "on Internet"
+msgstr "på Internet"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Internet burdens on"
+msgstr "Internet-byrder på"
+
+#. f18
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"I don't mean <quote>nature</quote> in the sense that it couldn't be "
+"different, but rather that its present instantiation entails a copy. Optical "
+"networks need not make copies of content they transmit, and a digital "
+"network could be designed to delete anything it copies so that the same "
+"number of copies remain."
+msgstr ""
+"Jeg mener ikke <quote>natur</quote> i betydningen at det ikke kunne været "
+"anderledes, men heller at dagens nuværende tilstand indebærer en kopi. "
+"Optiske netværk behøver ikke fortage kopier af indhold de distribuerer, og "
+"et digitalt netværk kan fortages sådan at det sletter alt det kopierer sådan "
+"at det forbliver samme antal kopier."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Enter the Internet—a distributed, digital network where every use of a "
+"copyrighted work produces a copy.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> "
+"And because of this single, arbitrary feature of the design of a digital "
+"network, the scope of category 1 changes dramatically. Uses that before were "
+"presumptively unregulated are now presumptively regulated. No longer is "
+"there a set of presumptively unregulated uses that define a freedom "
+"associated with a copyrighted work. Instead, each use is now subject to the "
+"copyright, because each use also makes a copy—category 1 gets sucked "
+"into category 2. And those who would defend the unregulated uses of "
+"copyrighted work must look exclusively to category 3, fair uses, to bear the "
+"burden of this shift."
+msgstr ""
+"Så kom Internet – et distribueret, digitalt netværk hvor enhver bruge "
+"af et opphavsrettsbeskyttet værker producerer en kopi.<placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> På grund af denne ene, vilkårlige egenskaben i "
+"udformningen af digitale netværk, ændres dækningområdet for kategori 1 "
+"dramatisk. Bruk som tidligere blev antaget at ikke være reguleret er nu "
+"antaget at være reguleret. Det findes ikke længere et sæt med antaget "
+"uregulerte brugsområder som definerer friheder bylten til et "
+"opphavsrettsbeskyttet værk. I stedet er enhver bruge nu omfavnet af "
+"ophavsreten, fordi enhver bruge også fortager en kopi – kategori 1 "
+"bliver suget ind i kategori 2 . Og de som vil forsvare den uregulerte "
+"brugen af opphavsrettsbeskyttede værk må nu kun se til kategori 3, rimeligt "
+"brug, for at bære byrden af denne ændring."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 155
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"So let's be very specific to make this general point clear. Before the "
+"Internet, if you purchased a book and read it ten times, there would be no "
+"plausible <emphasis>copyright</emphasis>-related argument that the copyright "
+"owner could make to control that use of her book. Copyright law would have "
+"nothing to say about whether you read the book once, ten times, or every "
+"night before you went to bed. None of those instances of use—"
+"reading— could be regulated by copyright law because none of those "
+"uses produced a copy."
+msgstr ""
+"Så lad mig være vældig spesifikk for at gøre dette generelle pointe helt "
+"klart. Før Internet, hvis du købte en bog og læste den ti gange, så villes "
+"det ikke være noget troverdig <emphasis>ophavsrets</emphasis>-relateret "
+"argument som ophavsretejeren kunne bruge for at kontrollere brugen af sin "
+"bog. Opphavsrettsloven villes ikke have noget at sige om du læste bogen en "
+"gang, ti gange, eller hver nat føder du gik til sengs. Ingen af disse "
+"forekomster af brug – lesing – kunne blive reguleret af "
+"opphavsrettsloven fordi ingen af disse brugsmåder producerede et eksemplar."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "e-books"
+msgstr "e-bøger"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "technological developments and"
+msgstr "teknologisk udvikling og"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"But the same book as an e-book is effectively governed by a different set of "
+"rules. Now if the copyright owner says you may read the book only once or "
+"only once a month, then <emphasis>copyright law</emphasis> would aid the "
+"copyright owner in exercising this degree of control, because of the "
+"accidental feature of copyright law that triggers its application upon there "
+"being a copy. Now if you read the book ten times and the license says you "
+"may read it only five times, then whenever you read the book (or any portion "
+"of it) beyond the fifth time, you are making a copy of the book contrary to "
+"the copyright owner's wish."
+msgstr ""
+"Men samme bog som en e-bog styres effektivt set af et andet sæt med skrøner. "
+" Nu, hvis ophavsretindehaveren siger at du kun kan læse bogen en gang, eller "
+"kun en gang i måneden, så vil <emphasis>opphavsrettsloven</emphasis> hjælpe "
+"ophavsretindehaveren med at udøve en sådan grad af kontrol, på grund af den "
+"uheldige egenskaben til opphavsrettsloven som træder ind når det fortages en "
+"kopi. Nu, når du læser en bog ti gange, og brugvilkårene siger at du kun kan "
+"læse den fem gange, så vil du fortage en kopi i strid med "
+"ophavsretindehaveren ønske hver gang du læser bogen (eller deler af den) ud "
+"over den femte gangen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<graphic fileref=\"images/1551.svg\" align=\"center\" width=\"10em\"></"
+"graphic>"
+msgstr ""
+"<graphic fileref=\"images/nb/1551.svg\" align=\"center\" width=\"10em\"></"
+"graphic>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"There are some people who think this makes perfect sense. My aim just now is "
+"not to argue about whether it makes sense or not. My aim is only to make "
+"clear the change. Once you see this point, a few other points also become "
+"clear:"
+msgstr ""
+"Det er nogle folk som mener at dette giver fuldstændig mening. Mit mål "
+"akkurat nu er ikke at argumentere om hvorvidt dette giver mening eller "
+"ikke. Mit mål er kun at gøre det klart at dette er en ændring. Når du "
+"forstår dette pointe, bliver nogle andre pointer også forståelige:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"First, making category 1 disappear is not anything any policy maker ever "
+"intended. Congress did not think through the collapse of the presumptively "
+"unregulated uses of copyrighted works. There is no evidence at all that "
+"policy makers had this idea in mind when they allowed our policy here to "
+"shift. Unregulated uses were an important part of free culture before the "
+"Internet."
+msgstr ""
+"For det første, det at fjerne kategori 1 var ikke noget lovgiver nogensinde "
+"planlagde. Kongressen tænkte ikke gennem kollapsen i den antaget "
+"uregulerte brugen af opphavsrettsbeskyttede værk. Det findes ingen "
+"indikatorer i det hele taget at lovgiverne havde en sådan idé i tankene da "
+"de tillod et sådant skifte i vores politik her. Uregulert brug var en "
+"vigtig del af fri kultur føder Internet."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Second, this shift is especially troubling in the context of transformative "
+"uses of creative content. Again, we can all understand the wrong in "
+"commercial piracy. But the law now purports to regulate <emphasis>any</"
+"emphasis> transformation you make of creative work using a machine. "
+"<quote>Copy and paste</quote> and <quote>cut and paste</quote> become "
+"crimes. Tinkering with a story and releasing it to others exposes the "
+"tinkerer to at least a requirement of justification. However troubling the "
+"expansion with respect to copying a particular work, it is extraordinarily "
+"troubling with respect to transformative uses of creative work."
+msgstr ""
+"For det andre, dette skiftet er specielt bekymringsfullt i sammenhæng med "
+"omformende brug af kreativt indhold. Igen kan vi alle forstå at det er galt "
+"med kommerciel piratvirksomhed. Men loven giver nu indtryk af at regulere "
+"<emphasis>enhver</emphasis> omforming som du kan gøre med en maskine. "
+"<quote>Kopier og lim</quote>, og <quote>klip og klistr</quote> bliver "
+"kriminelle handlinger. Å rode med en historie og derefter give den ud til "
+"andre, kræver at den som roder, som et minimum kan begrunde det som er "
+"gjort. Uanset hvor bekymringsfull udvidelsen med hensyn til kopiering af et "
+"bestemt værk er, så er det vældig bekymringsfullt med hensyn til omformende "
+"brug af kreative værker."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "fair use vs."
+msgstr "rimeligt brug versus"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 156
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Third, this shift from category 1 to category 2 puts an extraordinary burden "
+"on category 3 (<quote>fair use</quote>) that fair use never before had to "
+"bear. If a copyright owner now tried to control how many times I could read "
+"a book on-line, the natural response would be to argue that this is a "
+"violation of my fair use rights. But there has never been any litigation "
+"about whether I have a fair use right to read, because before the Internet, "
+"reading did not trigger the application of copyright law and hence the need "
+"for a fair use defense. The right to read was effectively protected before "
+"because reading was not regulated."
+msgstr ""
+"For det tredje, giver dette skift fra kategori 1 til kategori 2 en "
+"ekstraordinær byrde på kategori 3 (<quote>rimelig brug</quote>) som rimelig "
+"brug aldrig før har måttet bære. Hvis en ophavsretindehaver nu forsøger at "
+"kontrollere hvor mange gange jeg kan læse en bog på nettet, så villes den "
+"naturlige responsen være at argumentere med at dette er i strid med min ret "
+"til rimelig brug. Men det har aldrig været nogle rettsaker om hvorvidt "
+"rimeligt brug gælder for min ret til at læse, da lesing før Internet ikke "
+"førte til at opphavsrettsloven kom til anvendelse, og det dermed heller "
+"ikke var behov for at argumentere med rimelig brug for at forsvare sig. "
+"Retten til at læse var effektivt beskyttet tidligere på grund af at lesing "
+"ikke var reguleret."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This point about fair use is totally ignored, even by advocates for free "
+"culture. We have been cornered into arguing that our rights depend upon fair "
+"use—never even addressing the earlier question about the expansion in "
+"effective regulation. A thin protection grounded in fair use makes sense "
+"when the vast majority of uses are <emphasis>unregulated</emphasis>. But "
+"when everything becomes presumptively regulated, then the protections of "
+"fair use are not enough."
+msgstr ""
+"Dette pointe om rimeligt brug er fuldstændig ignoreret, selv af talsmænd "
+"for fri kultur. Vi har havnet i et hjørne der vi må argumentere for at "
+"vores rettigheder er avhenging af rimeligt brug – og har aldrig "
+"adresseret det tidligere nævnte spørgsmålet om udvidelsen af effektiv "
+"regulering. En svag beskyttelse med udgangspunkt i rimelig brug giver "
+"mening når det store flertal af brugsområder <emphasis>ikke er reguleret</"
+"emphasis>. Men når alt bliver antaget at være reguleret, så bliver rimeligt "
+"brug-beskyttelsen ikke nok."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Video Pipeline"
+msgstr "Video Pipeline"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "trailer advertisements of"
+msgstr "filmtrailer-reklamerne til"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The case of Video Pipeline is a good example. Video Pipeline was in the "
+"business of making <quote>trailer</quote> advertisements for movies "
+"available to video stores. The video stores displayed the trailers as a way "
+"to sell videos. Video Pipeline got the trailers from the film distributors, "
+"put the trailers on tape, and sold the tapes to the retail stores."
+msgstr ""
+"Tilfældet Video Pipeline er et godt eksempel. Video Pipeline sin forretning "
+"var at gøre <quote>filmtrailere</quote> tilgængelige i videobutikker. "
+"Videobutikkerne viste frem trailerne for at få solgt film. Video Pipeline "
+"fik trailerne fra filmdistributørerne, puttede trailerne på kassettebånd, og "
+"solgte kassettebåndene til utsalgsstedene."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "browsing"
+msgstr "surfing"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The company did this for about fifteen years. Then, in 1997, it began to "
+"think about the Internet as another way to distribute these previews. The "
+"idea was to expand their <quote>selling by sampling</quote> technique by "
+"giving on-line stores the same ability to enable <quote>browsing.</quote> "
+"Just as in a bookstore you can read a few pages of a book before you buy the "
+"book, so, too, you would be able to sample a bit from the movie on-line "
+"before you bought it."
+msgstr ""
+"Selskabet gjorde dette i omtrent femten år. Så, i 1997, begyndte det at "
+"tænke på Internet som en anden måde for at distribuere disse "
+"forhåndsvisningene. Idéen var at udvide deres <quote>sælge ved at vise "
+"prøver</quote>-teknik ved at give online-butikker den samme mulighed til at "
+"muliggjøre <quote>surfing.</quote> Akkurat sådan som du i en boghandel kan "
+"læse nogle få sider af en bog føder du køber bogen, så villes du på samme "
+"måde også kunne tage en kig på en bidder af filmen på nettet før du købte "
+"den."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 157
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"In 1998, Video Pipeline informed Disney and other film distributors that it "
+"intended to distribute the trailers through the Internet (rather than "
+"sending the tapes) to distributors of their videos. Two years later, Disney "
+"told Video Pipeline to stop. The owner of Video Pipeline asked Disney to "
+"talk about the matter—he had built a business on distributing this "
+"content as a way to help sell Disney films; he had customers who depended "
+"upon his delivering this content. Disney would agree to talk only if Video "
+"Pipeline stopped the distribution immediately. Video Pipeline thought it "
+"was within their <quote>fair use</quote> rights to distribute the clips as "
+"they had. So they filed a lawsuit to ask the court to declare that these "
+"rights were in fact their rights."
+msgstr ""
+"I 1998 informerede Video Pipeline Disney og andre film distributører at de "
+"planlagde at distribuere trailere via Internet (i stedet for at sende "
+"kassettebånd) til distributører af jeres film. To år senere bad Disney "
+"Video Pipeline om at stoppe. Ejeren af Video Pipeline bad Disney om at de "
+"snakkede om sagen – han havde bygget op sin forretning for "
+"distribution af dette indholdet som en måde at hjælpe Disney at sælge film, "
+"og havde kunder som var afhængigt af at han leverede dette indhold. Disney "
+"villes kun gå med på at snakke med ham hvis Video Pipeline stoppede "
+"distributionen øjeblikkeligt. Video Pipeline mente det var indenfor deres "
+"rimeligt brug-rettigheder at distribuere klippene sådan de havde gjort. Så "
+"de leverede ind et søgsmål for at bede domstolene om at erklære at disse "
+"rettigheder faktisk var deres rettigheder."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "willful infringement findings in"
+msgstr "bevidst krenkelse-kjennelser i"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "willful infringement"
+msgstr "bevidst krenkelse"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Disney countersued—for $100 million in damages. Those damages were "
+"predicated upon a claim that Video Pipeline had <quote>willfully infringed</"
+"quote> on Disney's copyright. When a court makes a finding of willful "
+"infringement, it can award damages not on the basis of the actual harm to "
+"the copyright owner, but on the basis of an amount set in the statute. "
+"Because Video Pipeline had distributed seven hundred clips of Disney movies "
+"to enable video stores to sell copies of those movies, Disney was now suing "
+"Video Pipeline for $100 million."
+msgstr ""
+"Disney sendte ind motsøksmål – om 100 millioner dollar i "
+"skadeerstatning. Disse skader blev estimeret ud fra et krav om at Video "
+"Pipeline havde <quote>bevidst skældt</quote> Disneys ophavsret. Når en "
+"domstol konkluderer med bevidst krenkelse, så kan de tildele skader, ikke "
+"baseret på faktisk skade som ophavsretejeren har lidt, men baseret på et "
+"beløb fastsat i forskrift. På grund af at Video Pipeline havde distribueret "
+"syv hundrede klip fra Disneys film for at gøre det muligt for videobutikker "
+"at sælge eksemplarer af disse film, sagsøgte nu Disney Vide Pipeline for "
+"100 millioner dollar."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Disney has the right to control its property, of course. But the video "
+"stores that were selling Disney's films also had some sort of right to be "
+"able to sell the films that they had bought from Disney. Disney's claim in "
+"court was that the stores were allowed to sell the films and they were "
+"permitted to list the titles of the films they were selling, but they were "
+"not allowed to show clips of the films as a way of selling them without "
+"Disney's permission."
+msgstr ""
+"Disney har lov til at kontrollere sin ejendom, naturligvis. Men "
+"videobutikkerne som sælger filmene til Disney har også en slags ret til at "
+"være i stand til at sælge filmene de har købt fra Disney. Disneys påstand i "
+"retten var at butikkerne havde lov til at sælge filmene, og de havde lov til "
+"at liste op titlerne til filmene de solgte, men de havde ikke lov til at "
+"vise klip fra filmene for at kunne sælge dem, uden tilladelse fra Disney."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "first-sale doctrine"
+msgstr "førstesalgsdoktrinen"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Now, you might think this is a close case, and I think the courts would "
+"consider it a close case. My point here is to map the change that gives "
+"Disney this power. Before the Internet, Disney couldn't really control how "
+"people got access to their content. Once a video was in the marketplace, the "
+"<quote>first-sale doctrine</quote> would free the seller to use the video as "
+"he wished, including showing portions of it in order to engender sales of "
+"the entire movie video. But with the Internet, it becomes possible for "
+"Disney to centralize control over access to this content. Because each use "
+"of the Internet produces a copy, use on the Internet becomes subject to the "
+"copyright owner's control. The technology expands the scope of effective "
+"control, because the technology builds a copy into every transaction."
+msgstr ""
+"Du tænker måske nu at dette er en afgjort sag, og jeg tror domstolene også "
+"anser dette som en afgjort sag. mit Pointe her er at kortlægge ændringen "
+"som giver Disney denne magt. Før Internet kunne ikke Disney egentligt "
+"kontrollere hvordan folk fik tilgang til jeres indhold. Når en video var i "
+"markedet, villes <quote>førstesalgsdoktrinen</quote> gøre sælgeren fri til "
+"at bruge videoen som han ønsker, inkluderet at vise dele af den for at skabt "
+"salg af hele filmen. Men med Internet blev det muligt for Disney at "
+"centralisere kontrollen over tilgang til dette indhold. På grund af at hver "
+"brug over Internet fortager en kopi, bliver brug på Internet underlagt "
+"ophavsretejeren kontrol. Teknologien udvider omfanget af effektiv kontrol, "
+"på grund af at teknologien bygger en kopi ind i hver eneste transaktion."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Barnes & Noble"
+msgstr "Barnes & Noble"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 158
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"No doubt, a potential is not yet an abuse, and so the potential for control "
+"is not yet the abuse of control. Barnes & Noble has the right to say you "
+"can't touch a book in their store; property law gives them that right. But "
+"the market effectively protects against that abuse. If Barnes & Noble "
+"banned browsing, then consumers would choose other bookstores. Competition "
+"protects against the extremes. And it may well be (my argument so far does "
+"not even question this) that competition would prevent any similar danger "
+"when it comes to copyright. Sure, publishers exercising the rights that "
+"authors have assigned to them might try to regulate how many times you read "
+"a book, or try to stop you from sharing the book with anyone. But in a "
+"competitive market such as the book market, the dangers of this happening "
+"are quite slight."
+msgstr ""
+"Det er ingen tvivl, et potentiale er endnu ikke et misbrug, og dermed er "
+"potentialet for kontrol endnu ikke misbrug af kontrol. Barnes & Noble "
+"har lov til at sige at du ikke får tage på en bog i jeres butik. "
+"Ejendomretten giver dem denne rettighed. Men markedet beskytter effektivt "
+"mod sådant misbrug. Hvis de forbød at bladre i bøgerne, så villes "
+"forbrukerne vælge andre bokhandlere. Konkurrence beskytter mod "
+"yderpunkterne. Og det kan godt være (mit argument så langt stiller ikke "
+"en gang spørgsmål ved dette) at konkurrence villes hindre enhver lignende "
+"fare når det gælder ophavsret. Jodene, utgivere som udøver de rettigheder "
+"som forfattere har tildelt dem, kan forsøge at regulere hvor mange gange du "
+"kan læse en bog, eller forsøge at stoppe dig fra at dele en bog med andre. "
+"Men i et konkurranseutsatt marked sådan som bokmarkedet, er fædrene for at "
+"noget sådant sker vældig lille."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Again, my aim so far is simply to map the changes that this changed "
+"architecture enables. Enabling technology to enforce the control of "
+"copyright means that the control of copyright is no longer defined by "
+"balanced policy. The control of copyright is simply what private owners "
+"choose. In some contexts, at least, that fact is harmless. But in some "
+"contexts it is a recipe for disaster."
+msgstr ""
+"Igen, mit mål så langt er ganske enkelt at kortlægge ændringerne som denne "
+"ændrede arkitektur muliggjør. Å give teknologi mulighed til at håndhæve "
+"kontrollen over ophavsreten betyder at kontrollen over ophavsreten ikke "
+"længere er defineret af en balanceret politik. Kontrollen over ophavsreten "
+"er ganske enkelt det private ejere vælger. I hvert fald i nogle "
+"sammenhænge er dette faktum harmløst, men i andre sammenhænge er det "
+"oppskriften på katastrofe."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Architecture and Law: Force"
+msgstr "Arkitektur og lov: Magt"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The disappearance of unregulated uses would be change enough, but a second "
+"important change brought about by the Internet magnifies its significance. "
+"This second change does not affect the reach of copyright regulation; it "
+"affects how such regulation is enforced."
+msgstr ""
+"At uregulert brug forsvinder, burde være ændring nok, men en anden vigtig "
+"ændring forårsaget af Internet forstærker dens betydning. Denne anden "
+"ændring ændrer ikke rækkevidden til opphavsrettreguleringen. Den påvirker "
+"hvordan sådan regulering bliver håndhævet."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "technology as automatic enforcer of"
+msgstr "teknologi som automatisk håndhæver af"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "copyright enforcement controlled by"
+msgstr "opphavsrettshåndheving kontrolleret af"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"In the world before digital technology, it was generally the law that "
+"controlled whether and how someone was regulated by copyright law. The law, "
+"meaning a court, meaning a judge: In the end, it was a human, trained in the "
+"tradition of the law and cognizant of the balances that tradition embraced, "
+"who said whether and how the law would restrict your freedom."
+msgstr ""
+"I værdet føder digital teknologi var det generelt retvæsenet som "
+"kontrollerede hvorvidt og hvordan noget blev reguleret af åndsverkloven. "
+"Retvæsenet, i betydningen en domstol, i betydningen en domme. Til sidst var "
+"det et menneske, dresseret i traditionen til retvæsenet, og følsom for "
+"balancerne som denne tradition omfavnet, som sagde hvorvidt og hvordan "
+"loven skulle begrænse din frihed."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Casablanca"
+msgstr "Casablanca"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Marx Brothers"
+msgstr "Marx-brødrene"
+
+#. f19
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"See David Lange, <quote>Recognizing the Public Domain,</quote> "
+"<citetitle>Law and Contemporary Problems</citetitle> 44 (1981): 172–73."
+msgstr ""
+"Se David Lange, <quote>Recognizing the Public Domain,</quote> <citetitle>Law "
+"and Contemporary Problems</citetitle> 44 (1981): 172–73 ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"There's a famous story about a battle between the Marx Brothers and Warner "
+"Brothers. The Marxes intended to make a parody of <citetitle>Casablanca</"
+"citetitle>. Warner Brothers objected. They wrote a nasty letter to the "
+"Marxes, warning them that there would be serious legal consequences if they "
+"went forward with their plan.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Det er en berømt historie om en kamp mellem Marx-brødrene (the Marx "
+"Brothers) og Warner Brothers. Marx-brødrene planlagde at fortage en parodi "
+"af <citetitle>Casablanca</citetitle>. Warner Brothers protesterede. De "
+"skrev et ufint brev til Marx-brødrene og advarede dem om at det villes få "
+"seriøse juridiske konsekvenser hvis de gik videre med sin plan.<placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Ibid. See also Vaidhyanathan, "
+"<citetitle>Copyrights and Copywrongs</citetitle>, 1–3."
+msgstr ""
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Ibid. Se også Vaidhyanathan, "
+"<citetitle>Copyrights and Copywrongs</citetitle>, 1–3 ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This led the Marx Brothers to respond in kind. They warned Warner Brothers "
+"that the Marx Brothers <quote>were brothers long before you were.</"
+"quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The Marx Brothers therefore "
+"owned the word <citetitle>brothers</citetitle>, and if Warner Brothers "
+"insisted on trying to control <citetitle>Casablanca</citetitle>, then the "
+"Marx Brothers would insist on control over <citetitle>brothers</citetitle>."
+msgstr ""
+"Dette fik Marx-brødrene til at svare tilbage med samme mønt. De advarede "
+"Warner Brothers om at Marx-brødrene <quote>var brødre længe føder I var det."
+"</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Marx-brødrene ejede derfor "
+" ordet <citetitle>Brothers</citetitle>, og hvis Warner Brothers insisterede "
+"på at forsøge at kontrollere <citetitle>Casablanca</citetitle>, så villes "
+"Marx-brødrene insistere på kontrol over <citetitle>Brothers</citetitle>."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"An absurd and hollow threat, of course, because Warner Brothers, like the "
+"Marx Brothers, knew that no court would ever enforce such a silly claim. "
+"This extremism was irrelevant to the real freedoms anyone (including Warner "
+"Brothers) enjoyed."
+msgstr ""
+"Det var man absurd og hul trussel, selvfølgelig, fordi Warner Brothers, på "
+"samme måde som Marx-brødrene, vidste at ingen domstol nogensinde villes "
+"håndhæve et sådant dumt krav. Denne ekstremisme var irrelevant for de ægte "
+"friheder som alle (inkluderet Warner Brothers) nød godt af."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"On the Internet, however, there is no check on silly rules, because on the "
+"Internet, increasingly, rules are enforced not by a human but by a machine: "
+"Increasingly, the rules of copyright law, as interpreted by the copyright "
+"owner, get built into the technology that delivers copyrighted content. It "
+"is code, rather than law, that rules. And the problem with code regulations "
+"is that, unlike law, code has no shame. Code would not get the humor of the "
+"Marx Brothers. The consequence of that is not at all funny."
+msgstr ""
+"På Internet er det derimod ingen check mod tullede skrøner, fordi på "
+"Internet, i stadigt større grad, bliver ikke skrønerne håndhævet af folk, "
+"men af en maskine. I stadigt større grad bliver skrønerne i "
+"opphavsrettsloven, sådan de bliver tolket af ophavsretindehaveren, bygget "
+"ind i teknologien som leverer opphavsrettsbeskyttet indhold. Det er "
+"kildekoden, mere end domstolene, som bestemmer. Og problemet med "
+"kildekodebaserte reguleringer er at kildekode, i modsætning til domstolene, "
+"ikke ejer skam. Kildekode forstår ikke humoren til Marx-brødrene. "
+"Konsekvensen af det er overhovedet ikke morsomt."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Adobe eBook Reader"
+msgstr "Adobe eBook Reader"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Consider the life of my Adobe eBook Reader."
+msgstr "Lad os se på livet til min Adobe eBook Reader."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"An e-book is a book delivered in electronic form. An Adobe eBook is not a "
+"book that Adobe has published; Adobe simply produces the software that "
+"publishers use to deliver e-books. It provides the technology, and the "
+"publisher delivers the content by using the technology."
+msgstr ""
+"En e-bog er en bog leveret i elektronisk form. En Adobe eBook er ikke en "
+"bog som Adobe har publiceret. Adobe producerer kun programvaren som "
+"utgivere bruger til at levere e-bøger. Den bidrager med teknologien, og "
+"utgiveren leverer indholdet ved hjælp af teknologien."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<graphic fileref=\"images/example-adobe-ebook-reader.png\" align=\"center\" "
+"width=\"50%\"></graphic>"
+msgstr ""
+"<graphic fileref=\"images/example-adobe-ebook-reader.png\" align=\"center\" "
+"width=\"50%\"></graphic>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"In figure <xref xrefstyle=\"template:%n\" linkend=\"fig-example-adobe-ebook-"
+"reader\"/> is a picture of an old version of my Adobe eBook Reader."
+msgstr ""
+"I figur <xref xrefstyle=\"template:%n\" linkend=\"fig-example-adobe-ebook-"
+"reader\"/> er et billede af en ældre version af min Adobe eBook Reader."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 160
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"As you can see, I have a small collection of e-books within this e-book "
+"library. Some of these books reproduce content that is in the public domain: "
+"<citetitle>Middlemarch</citetitle>, for example, is in the public domain. "
+"Some of them reproduce content that is not in the public domain: My own book "
+"<citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle> is not yet within the public "
+"domain. Consider <citetitle>Middlemarch</citetitle> first. If you click on "
+"my e-book copy of <citetitle>Middlemarch</citetitle>, you'll see a fancy "
+"cover, and then a button at the bottom called Permissions."
+msgstr ""
+"Som du kan se, har jeg en lille samling med e-bøger i dette e-bog-"
+"biblioteket. Indholdet i nogle af disse bøge er allemannseie. For eksempel "
+"er <citetitle>Middlemarch</citetitle> har henhørt i det fri. Indholdet i "
+"nogle af de andre bøge er ikke allemannseie. Min egen bog <citetitle>The "
+"Future of Ideas</citetitle> er endnu ikke henhørt i det fri. Lad os se på "
+"<citetitle>Middlemarch</citetitle> først. Hvis du klikker på min e-bog-kopi "
+"af <citetitle>Middlemarch</citetitle>, så får du se et avanceret omslag og "
+"en knapp nederst ved navn Tilladelser."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"If you click on the Permissions button, you'll see a list of the permissions "
+"that the publisher purports to grant with this book."
+msgstr ""
+"Hvis du klikker på Tilladelser-knappen, så får du se en liste med "
+"tilladelser som utgiveren ønsker at tildele med denne bog."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<graphic fileref=\"images/1612.png\" align=\"center\" width=\"50%\"></"
+"graphic>"
+msgstr ""
+"<graphic fileref=\"images/1612.png\" align=\"center\" width=\"50%\"></"
+"graphic>"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 161
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"According to my eBook Reader, I have the permission to copy to the clipboard "
+"of the computer ten text selections every ten days. (So far, I've copied no "
+"text to the clipboard.) I also have the permission to print ten pages from "
+"the book every ten days. Lastly, I have the permission to use the Read Aloud "
+"button to hear <citetitle>Middlemarch</citetitle> read aloud through the "
+"computer."
+msgstr ""
+"I henhold til min eBook Reader, så har jeg tilladelse til at kopiere til "
+"utklippstavlen på min computer ti tekstudsnit hver tiende dag. (Så langt har "
+"jeg ikke kopieret noget tekst til utklippstavlen.) Jeg har også tilladelse "
+"til at skrive ud ti sider fra bogen hver tiende dag. Til sidst har jeg "
+"tilladelse til at bruge Læs Højt -knappen for at høre "
+"<citetitle>Middlemarch</citetitle> læst højt ved hjælp af computeren."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Aristotle"
+msgstr "Aristoteles"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<citetitle>Politics</citetitle>, (Aristotle)"
+msgstr "<citetitle>Politik</citetitle>, (Aristoteles)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Here's the e-book for another work in the public domain (including the "
+"translation): Aristotle's <citetitle>Politics</citetitle>."
+msgstr ""
+"Her er e-bogen for et andet allemannseid værk (inkluderet oversættelsen): "
+"Aristoteles <citetitle>Politik</citetitle>."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<graphic fileref=\"images/aristotele-ebook.png\" align=\"center\" width=\"50%"
+"\"></graphic>"
+msgstr ""
+"<graphic fileref=\"images/aristotele-ebook.png\" align=\"center\" width=\"50"
+"%\"></graphic>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"According to its permissions, no printing or copying is permitted at all. "
+"But fortunately, you can use the Read Aloud button to hear the book."
+msgstr ""
+"I henhold til deres tilladelser, er det absolut ikke tilladt med utskrift "
+"eller kopiering. Heldigvis kan man bruge Læs Højt -knappen for at høre "
+"bogen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<graphic fileref=\"images/1622.png\" align=\"center\" width=\"50%\"></"
+"graphic>"
+msgstr ""
+"<graphic fileref=\"images/1622.png\" align=\"center\" width=\"50%\"></"
+"graphic>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Future of Ideas, The (Lessig)"
+msgstr "Future of Ideas, The (Lessig)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Finally (and most embarrassingly), here are the permissions for the original "
+"e-book version of my last book, <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>:"
+msgstr ""
+"Til slutning (og mest pinligt), her er tilladelserne for den originale e-bog-"
+"versionen af min sidste bog, <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<graphic fileref=\"images/1631.png\" align=\"center\" width=\"50%\"></"
+"graphic>"
+msgstr ""
+"<graphic fileref=\"images/1631.png\" align=\"center\" width=\"50%\"></"
+"graphic>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "No copying, no printing, and don't you dare try to listen to this book!"
+msgstr ""
+"Ingen kopiering, ingen utskrift, og våg ikke at prøve at lytte til denne "
+"bog!"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "contracts"
+msgstr "kontrakter"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"In principle, a contract might impose a requirement on me. I might, for "
+"example, buy a book from you that includes a contract that says I will read "
+"it only three times, or that I promise to read it three times. But that "
+"obligation (and the limits for creating that obligation) would come from the "
+"contract, not from copyright law, and the obligations of contract would not "
+"necessarily pass to anyone who subsequently acquired the book. <placeholder "
+"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"I princippet kan en kontrakt pålægge mig et krav. Jeg kan for eksempel "
+"købe en bog fra dig der det følger med en kontrakt som siger at jeg kun skal "
+"læse den tre gange, eller at jeg lover at læse den tre gange. Men den "
+"forpligtelsen (og begrænsningerne for at skabe den forpligtelsen) villes "
+"komme fra kontrakten og ikke fra opphavsrettslovgiving, og forpligtelserne i "
+"kontrakten villes ikke nødvendigvis videreføres til alle som senere købte "
+"bogen. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Now, the Adobe eBook Reader calls these controls <quote>permissions</"
+"quote>— as if the publisher has the power to control how you use these "
+"works. For works under copyright, the copyright owner certainly does have "
+"the power—up to the limits of the copyright law. But for work not "
+"under copyright, there is no such copyright power.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> When my e-book of <citetitle>Middlemarch</citetitle> "
+"says I have the permission to copy only ten text selections into the memory "
+"every ten days, what that really means is that the eBook Reader has enabled "
+"the publisher to control how I use the book on my computer, far beyond the "
+"control that the law would enable."
+msgstr ""
+"I Adobe eBook Reader kaldes disse kontroller <quote>tilladelser</quote> "
+"– som om utgiver har myndighed til at kontrollere hvordan du bruger "
+"disse værker. For værk værnet af ophavsreten har ophavsretindehaveren helt "
+"klaret denne myndighed – indenfor begrænsningerne i opphavsrettsloven. "
+" Men for værk som ikke er værnet af ophavsreten er det ingen sådan "
+"opphavsrettslig myndighed.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Når min "
+"e-bog <citetitle>Middlemarch</citetitle> siger at jeg kun har tilladelse til "
+"at kopiere ti tekstudvalg ind i mindet hver tiende dag, så betyder dette "
+"egentligt at eBook Reader har gjort det muligt for utgiveren at kontrollere "
+"hvordan jeg bruger bogen på min computer, langt ud over kontrollen som "
+"lovgivingen villes gjort muligt."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The control comes instead from the code—from the technology within "
+"which the e-book <quote>lives.</quote> Though the e-book says that these are "
+"permissions, they are not the sort of <quote>permissions</quote> that most "
+"of us deal with. When a teenager gets <quote>permission</quote> to stay out "
+"till midnight, she knows (unless she's Cinderella) that she can stay out "
+"till 2 A.M., but will suffer a punishment if she's caught. But when the "
+"Adobe eBook Reader says I have the permission to make ten copies of the text "
+"into the computer's memory, that means that after I've made ten copies, the "
+"computer will not make any more. The same with the printing restrictions: "
+"After ten pages, the eBook Reader will not print any more pages. It's the "
+"same with the silly restriction that says that you can't use the Read Aloud "
+"button to read my book aloud—it's not that the company will sue you if "
+"you do; instead, if you push the Read Aloud button with my book, the machine "
+"simply won't read aloud."
+msgstr ""
+"Kontrollen kommer i stedet fra kildekoden – fra teknologien der hen e-"
+"bogen <quote>lever.</quote> Selv om e-bogen siger at disse er tilladelser, "
+"så er de ikke den type <quote>tilladelser</quote> som de fleste af os "
+"forholder os til. Når en teenager får <quote>tilladelse</quote> til at være "
+"ude til midnatt, så ved hun (med mindre hun er Askepott) at hun kan blive "
+"ude til 02:00, men vil blive straffet hvis hun bliver taget. Men når Adobe "
+"eBook Reader siger at jeg har tilladelse til at fortage ti kopier af teksten "
+"i mindet til computeren, så betyder det at efter at jeg har fortaget ti "
+"kopier, så vil ikke computeren fortage flere. Det samme gælder "
+"utskriftsbegrensningene: Efter ti sider vil ikke eBook Reader skrive ud "
+"flere sider. Det er det samme med den tullede begrænsningen som siger at du "
+"ikke kan bruge Læs Højt -knappen til at læse min bog højt – det er "
+"ikke at selskabet vil sagsøge dig hvis du gør det. I stedet er det at hvis "
+"du trykker på Læs Højt -knappen med min bog, så vil maskinen ganske enkelt "
+"ikke læse højt ."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 163
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"These are <emphasis>controls</emphasis>, not permissions. Imagine a world "
+"where the Marx Brothers sold word processing software that, when you tried "
+"to type <quote>Warner Brothers,</quote> erased <quote>Brothers</quote> from "
+"the sentence."
+msgstr ""
+"Dette er kontroller, ikke tilladelser. Forestill dig en værdet der hen Marx-"
+"brødrene solgte tekstbehandlingprogramvare der hen, hvis du forsøgte at "
+"skrive <quote>Warner Brothers,</quote> blev ordet <quote>Brothers</quote> "
+"fjernet fra sætningen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This is the future of copyright law: not so much copyright <emphasis>law</"
+"emphasis> as copyright <emphasis>code</emphasis>. The controls over access "
+"to content will not be controls that are ratified by courts; the controls "
+"over access to content will be controls that are coded by programmers. And "
+"whereas the controls that are built into the law are always to be checked by "
+"a judge, the controls that are built into the technology have no similar "
+"built-in check."
+msgstr ""
+"Dette er fremtiden for opphavsrettsloven. Ikke så meget "
+"ophavsrets<emphasis>lov</emphasis> som ophavsrets<emphasis>kildekode</"
+"emphasis>. Kontrollerne for tilgang til indhold vil ikke være kontrollerne "
+"som er bekræftet af domstolene. Kontrollerne over indholdet vil være "
+"kontrollerne som er skrevet af programmerere. Og der hen kontrollerne som "
+"er bygget ind i lovværket altid bliver tjekket af en domme, vil kontrollerne "
+"som er bygget ind i teknologien ikke have en tilsvarende innebygget check."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"How significant is this? Isn't it always possible to get around the controls "
+"built into the technology? Software used to be sold with technologies that "
+"limited the ability of users to copy the software, but those were trivial "
+"protections to defeat. Why won't it be trivial to defeat these protections "
+"as well?"
+msgstr ""
+"Hvor vigtigt er dette? Er det ikke altid muligt at komme rundt kontrollerne "
+"som er bygget ind i teknologien? Programvare blev tidligere solgt med "
+"teknologier som begrænsede muligheden for brugere til at kopiere "
+"programvaren, men disse var trivielle beskyttelser at overvinde. Hvorfor "
+"vil det ikke være trivielt at overvinde også disse beskyttelser?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"We've only scratched the surface of this story. Return to the Adobe eBook "
+"Reader."
+msgstr ""
+"Vi har kun såvidt berørt overfladen til denne historie. Lad os gå tilbage "
+"til Adobe eBook reader."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (Carroll)"
+msgstr "Alice i Eventyrland (Carroll)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "e-book restrictions on"
+msgstr "e-bog-begrænsninger på"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Early in the life of the Adobe eBook Reader, Adobe suffered a public "
+"relations nightmare. Among the books that you could download for free on the "
+"Adobe site was a copy of <citetitle>Alice's Adventures in Wonderland</"
+"citetitle>. This wonderful book is in the public domain. Yet when you "
+"clicked on Permissions for that book, you got the following report:"
+msgstr ""
+"Tidligt i eksistensen til Adobe eBook Reader, oplevede Adobe et "
+"markedsmessig mareridt. Blandt bøgerne du kunne laste ned gratis på Adobes "
+"netsted var en kopi af <citetitle>Alice i eventyrland</citetitle>. Denne "
+"vidunderlige bog er allemannseie. Alligevel fik du se følgende oversigt når "
+"du trykkede på Tilladelser for denne bog:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<graphic fileref=\"images/1641.png\" align=\"center\" width=\"50%\"></"
+"graphic>"
+msgstr ""
+"<graphic fileref=\"images/1641.png\" align=\"center\" width=\"50%\"></"
+"graphic>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Here was a public domain children's book that you were not allowed to copy, "
+"not allowed to lend, not allowed to give, and, as the <quote>permissions</"
+"quote> indicated, not allowed to <quote>read aloud</quote>!"
+msgstr ""
+"Her var man barnebok som var henhørt i det fri som du ikke fik lov til at "
+"kopiere, ikke lov til at låne væk, ikke lov til at give væk, og som "
+"<quote>tilladelserne</quote> indikerede, ikke fik lov til at <quote>læse "
+"højt </quote>!"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The public relations nightmare attached to that final permission. For the "
+"text did not say that you were not permitted to use the Read Aloud button; "
+"it said you did not have the permission to read the book aloud. That led "
+"some people to think that Adobe was restricting the right of parents, for "
+"example, to read the book to their children, which seemed, to say the least, "
+"absurd."
+msgstr ""
+"Det markedsmessige mareridtet var knyttet til den sidste tilladelsen. For "
+"teksten sagde ikke at du ikke fik lov til at bruge Læs Højt -knappen. Den "
+"sagde at du ikke havde tilladelse til at læse bogen højt. Dette fik nogle "
+"til at tro at Adobe lagde begrænsninger på retten som for eksempel forældre "
+"havde til at læse bogen højt for sine børn. Det var, for at si det mildt, "
+"absurd."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Adobe responded quickly that it was absurd to think that it was trying to "
+"restrict the right to read a book aloud. Obviously it was only restricting "
+"the ability to use the Read Aloud button to have the book read aloud. But "
+"the question Adobe never did answer is this: Would Adobe thus agree that a "
+"consumer was free to use software to hack around the restrictions built into "
+"the eBook Reader? If some company (call it Elcomsoft) developed a program to "
+"disable the technological protection built into an Adobe eBook so that a "
+"blind person, say, could use a computer to read the book aloud, would Adobe "
+"agree that such a use of an eBook Reader was fair? Adobe didn't answer "
+"because the answer, however absurd it might seem, is no."
+msgstr ""
+"Adobe svarede raskt at det var absurd at tro at de forsøgte at begrænse "
+"retten til at læse bogen højt. Selvsagt begrænsede de kun muligheden til at "
+"bruge Læs Højt -knappen for at få bogen til at blive læst op . Men "
+"spørgsmålet som Adobe aldrig besvarte er dette: Villes Adobe dermed godtage "
+"at man forbruger stod frit til at bruge software til at arbejde sig rundt "
+"begrensingen som var bygget ind i eBook Reader? Hvis et eller andet selskab "
+"(lagde os kalde det Elcomsoft) udviklede et program som koblede ud denne "
+"tekniske begrænsning som var bygget ind i Adobe eBook, sådan at en blind "
+"person kunne, lagde os si, bruge en computer til at læse bogen højt, villes "
+"Adobe acceptere at sådan bruge af en eBook Reader var rimelig? Adobe "
+"svarede ikke fordi svaret, uanset hvor absurd det høres ud, er nej."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The point is not to blame Adobe. Indeed, Adobe is among the most innovative "
+"companies developing strategies to balance open access to content with "
+"incentives for companies to innovate. But Adobe's technology enables "
+"control, and Adobe has an incentive to defend this control. That incentive "
+"is understandable, yet what it creates is often crazy."
+msgstr ""
+"Pointen er ikke at skylde på Adobe. Faktisk er Adobe blandt de mest "
+"nyskabende selskaberne som udvikler strategier for at balancere åben tilgang "
+"til indhold med incentiver for selskaber til at være nyskabende. Men Adobes "
+"teknologi muliggjør kontrol, og Adobe har et incentiv til at forsvare denne "
+"kontrol. Dette incentivet er forståeligt, selv om resultatet ofte er "
+"galskab."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"To see the point in a particularly absurd context, consider a favorite story "
+"of mine that makes the same point."
+msgstr ""
+"For at se dette pointe i man specielt absurd sammenhæng, lagde os se på en "
+"af mine favorithistorie som får frem det samme pointe."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Aibo robotic dog"
+msgstr "Aibo robothund"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "robotic dog"
+msgstr "robothund"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Aibo robotic dog produced by"
+msgstr "Aibo robothund produceret af"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Consider the robotic dog made by Sony named <quote>Aibo.</quote> The Aibo "
+"learns tricks, cuddles, and follows you around. It eats only electricity and "
+"that doesn't leave that much of a mess (at least in your house)."
+msgstr ""
+"Lad os se på robothunden fra Sony ved navn <quote>Aibo.</quote> Aiboen lærer "
+"trick, hygger og følger dig rundt. Den spiser kun elektricitet, og "
+"efterlader ikke så meget gris (i hvert fald ikke i huset)."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 165
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The Aibo is expensive and popular. Fans from around the world have set up "
+"clubs to trade stories. One fan in particular set up a Web site to enable "
+"information about the Aibo dog to be shared. This fan set up aibopet.com "
+"(and aibohack.com, but that resolves to the same site), and on that site he "
+"provided information about how to teach an Aibo to do tricks in addition to "
+"the ones Sony had taught it."
+msgstr ""
+"Aiboen er dyr og populær. Tilhængere over hele værdet har fortaget klubber "
+"for at udveksle historie. En bestemt tilhænger har sat op et netsted som "
+"fodrer det muligt at dele information om Aibo-hunden. Denne tilhænger satte "
+"op aibopet.com (og aibohack.com, men det ender op på samme net sted), og "
+"gav ud information på dette nettestedet om hvordan man kan lære en Aibo at "
+"gøre flere trick end de trickene som Sony havde lært den."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<quote>Teach</quote> here has a special meaning. Aibos are just cute "
+"computers. You teach a computer how to do something by programming it "
+"differently. So to say that aibopet.com was giving information about how to "
+"teach the dog to do new tricks is just to say that aibopet.com was giving "
+"information to users of the Aibo pet about how to hack their computer "
+"<quote>dog</quote> to make it do new tricks (thus, aibohack.com)."
+msgstr ""
+"<quote>Lære</quote> her har en speciel betydning. Aiboer er bare søde "
+"computere. Du lærer en computer hvordan den skal gøre noget nyt ved at "
+"programmere den anderledes. Det at sige at aibopet.com gav information om "
+"hvordan man kunne lære hunden nye trick er bare en måde at sige at aibopet."
+"com gav brugere af Aibo-kæledyret information om hvordan de skulle hacke sin "
+"data<quote>hund</quote> for at få den til at gøre nye trick (deraf aibohack."
+"com)."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "hacks"
+msgstr "hack"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"If you're not a programmer or don't know many programmers, the word "
+"<citetitle>hack</citetitle> has a particularly unfriendly connotation. "
+"Nonprogrammers hack bushes or weeds. Nonprogrammers in horror movies do even "
+"worse. But to programmers, or coders, as I call them, <citetitle>hack</"
+"citetitle> is a much more positive term. <citetitle>Hack</citetitle> just "
+"means code that enables the program to do something it wasn't originally "
+"intended or enabled to do. If you buy a new printer for an old computer, you "
+"might find the old computer doesn't run, or <quote>drive,</quote> the "
+"printer. If you discovered that, you'd later be happy to discover a hack on "
+"the Net by someone who has written a driver to enable the computer to drive "
+"the printer you just bought."
+msgstr ""
+"Hvis du ikke er man programmerer, eller ikke kender mange programmerere, så "
+"giver ordet <citetitle>hack</citetitle> specielt uvennlige associationer. "
+"Ikke-programmerere hakker buske/busker og ugress. Ikke-programmerere i "
+"skrækfilm gør meget ondere ting. Men for programmerere, eller kodere som "
+"jeg kalder dem, er ordet <citetitle>hack</citetitle> et meget mere positivt "
+"begreb. <citetitle>Hack</citetitle> betyder ganske enkelt kode som gør det "
+"muligt for et program at gøre noget det oprindeligt ikke var tiltænkt for, "
+"eller havde mulighed til at gøre. Hvis du køber en ny skriver til en gammel "
+"computer, så kan det hænde du opdager at den gamle computeren ikke kan "
+"håndtere skriveren. Hvis du opdager dette, så vil du senere blive "
+"solnedgang for at opdage et hack på nettet af nogle som har skrevet man "
+"<quote>driver</quote> som gør det muligt for computeren at håndtere "
+"skriveren du netop har købt."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Some hacks are easy. Some are unbelievably hard. Hackers as a community like "
+"to challenge themselves and others with increasingly difficult tasks. "
+"There's a certain respect that goes with the talent to hack well. There's a "
+"well-deserved respect that goes with the talent to hack ethically."
+msgstr ""
+"Nogle hack er enkle. Nogle er utroligt vanskelige. Hackere har som "
+"felleskap at de kanlide at udfordre sig selv og andre med stadigt "
+"vanskeligere opgaver. Det følger en vis respekt med talentet at kunne hacke "
+"godt. Det er en velfortjent respekt som følger talenter for etisk hacking."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The Aibo fan was displaying a bit of both when he hacked the program and "
+"offered to the world a bit of code that would enable the Aibo to dance jazz. "
+"The dog wasn't programmed to dance jazz. It was a clever bit of tinkering "
+"that turned the dog into a more talented creature than Sony had built."
+msgstr ""
+"Denne Aibo-tilhængeren demonstrerede lidt af begge dele da han hacket "
+"programmet, og lagde tilgængeligt for hele værdet en bidder kode som fik "
+"Aiboen til at danse jazz. Hunden var i udgangspunktet ikke programmeret til "
+"at kunne danse jazz. Det var utroligt smart fikling som gjorde hunden til "
+"en mere talentfull skabning end det Sony havde bygget."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 166
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"I've told this story in many contexts, both inside and outside the United "
+"States. Once I was asked by a puzzled member of the audience, is it "
+"permissible for a dog to dance jazz in the United States? We forget that "
+"stories about the backcountry still flow across much of the world. So let's "
+"just be clear before we continue: It's not a crime anywhere (anymore) to "
+"dance jazz. Nor is it a crime to teach your dog to dance jazz. Nor should it "
+"be a crime (though we don't have a lot to go on here) to teach your robot "
+"dog to dance jazz. Dancing jazz is a completely legal activity. One imagines "
+"that the owner of aibopet.com thought, <emphasis>What possible problem could "
+"there be with teaching a robot dog to dance?</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+"Jeg har fortalt denne historie i mange sammenhænge, både i og udenfor USA. "
+"En gang blev jeg spurgt af et forbløffet medlem af publikum om det er "
+"tilladt for en hund at danse jazz i USA. Vi glemmer at historie om landet "
+"der hen hjemme fortsat flyder rundt omkring i store dele af værdet. Så "
+"lagde os bare være helt klare før vi fortsætter: Det er ikke (længer) "
+"kriminelt noget sted at danse jazz. Det er ikke kriminelt at lære din hund "
+"at danse jazz. Og det bør heller ikke være kriminelt (selv om vi ikke har "
+"så meget at gå på her) at lære din robothund at danse jazz. Jazz-dansning "
+"er en fuldstændig lovlig aktivitet. Man kan se for sig at ejeren af aibopet."
+"com tænkte at <emphasis>Hvad i alle dage kan være galt med at lære en "
+"robothund at danse?</emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "government case against"
+msgstr "myndighetssak mod"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Let's put the dog to sleep for a minute, and turn to a pony show— not "
+"literally a pony show, but rather a paper that a Princeton academic named Ed "
+"Felten prepared for a conference. This Princeton academic is well known and "
+"respected. He was hired by the government in the Microsoft case to test "
+"Microsoft's claims about what could and could not be done with its own code. "
+"In that trial, he demonstrated both his brilliance and his coolness. Under "
+"heavy badgering by Microsoft lawyers, Ed Felten stood his ground. He was not "
+"about to be bullied into being silent about something he knew very well."
+msgstr ""
+"Lad os lagde den hunden sove et øjeblik, og skrue os mod et ponyshow – "
+"ikke bogstaveligt, men heller en artikel som akademikeren Ed Felten ved "
+"Princeton skrev til en konference. Denne Princeton-akademikeren er velkendt "
+"og respekteret. Han blev hyret ind af myndighederne i Microsoft-sagen for "
+"at teste påstanden fra Microsoft om hvad som kunne og ikke kunne gøres med "
+"deres egen kildekode. I rettsaken demonstrerede han både sin brillans og "
+"sin sinnsro. Under tunge slag fra Microsofts advokat holdt Ed Felten stand. "
+" Han lod sig ikke bølle til stilhed om noget som han kunne vældig godt."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Electronic Frontier Foundation"
+msgstr "Elektronisk Forpost-stiftelsen (EFF)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"See Pamela Samuelson, <quote>Anticircumvention Rules: Threat to Science,</"
+"quote> <citetitle>Science</citetitle> 293 (2001): 2028; Brendan I. Koerner, "
+"<quote>Play Dead: Sony Muzzles the Techies Who Teach a Robot Dog New Tricks,"
+"</quote> <citetitle>American Prospect</citetitle>, January 2002; "
+"<quote>Court Dismisses Computer Scientists' Challenge to DMCA,</quote> "
+"<citetitle>Intellectual Property Litigation Reporter</citetitle>, 11 "
+"December 2001; Bill Holland, <quote>Copyright Act Raising Free-Speech "
+"Concerns,</quote> <citetitle>Billboard</citetitle>, May 2001; Janelle Brown, "
+"<quote>Is the RIAA Running Scared?</quote> Salon.com, April 2001; Electronic "
+"Frontier Foundation, <quote>Frequently Asked Questions about "
+"<citetitle>Felten and USENIX</citetitle> v. <citetitle>RIAA</citetitle> "
+"Legal Case,</quote> available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/"
+"\">link #27</ulink>. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Se Pamela Samuelson, <quote>Anticircumvention Rules: Threat to Science,</"
+"quote> <citetitle>Science</citetitle> 293 (2001): 2028; Brendan I. Koerner, "
+"<quote>Play Dead: Sony Muzzles the Techies Who Teach a Robot Dog New Tricks,"
+"</quote> <citetitle>American Prospect</citetitle>, januar 2002; <quote>Court "
+"Dismisses Computer Scientists' Challenge to DMCA,</quote> "
+"<citetitle>Intellectual Property Litigation Reporter</citetitle>, 11 . "
+"december 2001; Bill Holland, <quote>Copyright Act Raising Free-Speech "
+"Concerns,</quote> <citetitle>Billboard</citetitle>, maj 2001; Janelle Brown, "
+"<quote>Is the RIAA Running Scared?</quote> Salon.com, april 2001; Electronic "
+"Frontier Foundation, <quote>Frequently Asked Questions about "
+"<citetitle>Felten and USENIX</citetitle> v. <citetitle>RIAA</citetitle> "
+"Legal Case,</quote> tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/"
+"notes/\">link #27</ulink>. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"But Felten's bravery was really tested in April 2001.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> He and a group of colleagues were working on a paper "
+"to be submitted at conference. The paper was intended to describe the "
+"weakness in an encryption system being developed by the Secure Digital Music "
+"Initiative as a technique to control the distribution of music."
+msgstr ""
+"Men Feltens mod blev virkeligt testet i april 2001 .<placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Han og en gruppe kollegaer arbejdede med en "
+"artikel som skulle sendes ind til en konference. Artiklen skulle beskrive "
+"svaghederne i et krypteringssystem som blev udviklet af Secure Digital Music "
+"Initiative (SDMI) som en teknik for at kontrollere distribution af musik."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The SDMI coalition had as its goal a technology to enable content owners to "
+"exercise much better control over their content than the Internet, as it "
+"originally stood, granted them. Using encryption, SDMI hoped to develop a "
+"standard that would allow the content owner to say <quote>this music cannot "
+"be copied,</quote> and have a computer respect that command. The technology "
+"was to be part of a <quote>trusted system</quote> of control that would get "
+"content owners to trust the system of the Internet much more."
+msgstr ""
+"SDMI-koalitionen havde som sit mål en teknologi som gjorde det muligt for "
+"indholdejere at udøve meget bedre kontrol over sit indhold end Internet, "
+"sådan det oprindeligt fungerer, gav dem. Ved at bruge kryptering håbede de "
+"at udvikle en standard som villes tillade indholdejere at sige <quote>denne "
+"musik kan ikke kopieres,</quote> og få en computeren til at respektere "
+"denne ordre. Teknologien skulle blive del af et <quote>tiltroet system</"
+"quote> for kontrol som villes få indholdejere til at stole meget mere på "
+"Internet-systemet."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"When SDMI thought it was close to a standard, it set up a competition. In "
+"exchange for providing contestants with the code to an SDMI-encrypted bit of "
+"content, contestants were to try to crack it and, if they did, report the "
+"problems to the consortium."
+msgstr ""
+"Når SDMI troede at de var nær ved at have klar en standard, så arrangerede "
+"de en konkurrence. I bytte for at give deltagerne tilgang til en bidder "
+"SDMI-krypteret indhold skulle deltagerne få forsøge at knække koden, og hvis "
+"de klarede det, rapportere problemet til konsortiet."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 167
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Felten and his team figured out the encryption system quickly. He and the "
+"team saw the weakness of this system as a type: Many encryption systems "
+"would suffer the same weakness, and Felten and his team thought it "
+"worthwhile to point this out to those who study encryption."
+msgstr ""
+"Felten og hans gruppe fandt raskt ud af krypteringssystemet. Han og gruppen "
+"så svagheden i dette system som en type fejl som mange krypteringssystemer "
+"villes lide under, og Felten og hans gruppe mente det var værd at påpege "
+"dette til dem som studerer kryptering."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Let's review just what Felten was doing. Again, this is the United States. "
+"We have a principle of free speech. We have this principle not just because "
+"it is the law, but also because it is a really great idea. A strongly "
+"protected tradition of free speech is likely to encourage a wide range of "
+"criticism. That criticism is likely, in turn, to improve the systems or "
+"people or ideas criticized."
+msgstr ""
+"Lad os vurdere nøjagtigt hvad Felten gjorde. Igen, dette er USA. Vi har et "
+"princip om ytringsfrihed. Vi har dette princip ikke bare på grund af at det "
+"er sådan loven er, men også fordi det er en virkeligt god idé. En stærkt "
+"beskyttet tradition for ytringsfrihed vil sandsynligvis opmuntre til et "
+"bredt spekter af kritik. Denne kritik vil sandsynligvis i sin tur forbedre "
+"systemet eller folkene eller idéene som bliver kritiseret."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"What Felten and his colleagues were doing was publishing a paper describing "
+"the weakness in a technology. They were not spreading free music, or "
+"building and deploying this technology. The paper was an academic essay, "
+"unintelligible to most people. But it clearly showed the weakness in the "
+"SDMI system, and why SDMI would not, as presently constituted, succeed."
+msgstr ""
+"Det Felten og hans kollegaer gjorde var at publicere en artikel som beskrev "
+"svagheden i en teknologi. De bredte ikke gratis musik, eller byggede og "
+"implementerede denne teknologi. Artiklen var en akademisk artikel, "
+"ulæseligt for folk flest. Men det viste klart svagheden i SDMI-systemet, og "
+"hvorfor SDMI ikke ville lykkes, sådan det var konstrueret i dag ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"What links these two, aibopet.com and Felten, is the letters they then "
+"received. Aibopet.com received a letter from Sony about the aibopet.com "
+"hack. Though a jazz-dancing dog is perfectly legal, Sony wrote:"
+msgstr ""
+"Det som kobler disse to, aibopet.com og Felten, er brevet de derefter "
+"modtog. Aibopet.com modtog et brev fra Sony om aibopet.com-hacket. Selv om "
+"en jazz-dansende hund er helt lovligt, skrev Sony:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Your site contains information providing the means to circumvent AIBO-ware's "
+"copy protection protocol constituting a violation of the anti-circumvention "
+"provisions of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act."
+msgstr ""
+"Dit netsted indeholder information som tilbyder midler for at omgå AIBO-"
+"programvarens kopibeskyttelseprotokol, og udgør et brud på anti-"
+"omgåelsesbestemmelsene i Opphavsrettslov for et Digitalt Århundrede (DMCA)."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"And though an academic paper describing the weakness in a system of "
+"encryption should also be perfectly legal, Felten received a letter from an "
+"RIAA lawyer that read:"
+msgstr ""
+"Og selv om en akademisk artikel som beskriver svagheden i et "
+"krypteringssystem også bør være helt lovligt, modtog Felten et brev fra "
+"advokaten til RIAA som lød:"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 168
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Any disclosure of information gained from participating in the Public "
+"Challenge would be outside the scope of activities permitted by the "
+"Agreement and could subject you and your research team to actions under the "
+"Digital Millennium Copyright Act (<quote>DMCA</quote>)."
+msgstr ""
+"Enhver offentliggjøring af information modtaget ved at angive i den "
+"Offentlige Udfordringen (Public Challenge) vil være udenfor labben af "
+"aktiviteter tilladt af Aftalen, og kan udsætte dig og din forskergruppe for "
+"reaktioner i henhold til Opphavsrettslov for et Digitalt Århundrede "
+"(<quote>DMCA</quote>)."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"In both cases, this weirdly Orwellian law was invoked to control the spread "
+"of information. The Digital Millennium Copyright Act made spreading such "
+"information an offense."
+msgstr ""
+"I begge tilfælde har denne sære Orwellske loven blevet taget i brug for at "
+"kontrollere spredning af information. Opphavsrettsloven for et digitalt "
+"århundrede (DMCA) gjorde spredning af sådan information til et brud på "
+"åndsverkloven."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The DMCA was enacted as a response to copyright owners' first fear about "
+"cyberspace. The fear was that copyright control was effectively dead; the "
+"response was to find technologies that might compensate. These new "
+"technologies would be copyright protection technologies— technologies "
+"to control the replication and distribution of copyrighted material. They "
+"were designed as <emphasis>code</emphasis> to modify the original "
+"<emphasis>code</emphasis> of the Internet, to reestablish some protection "
+"for copyright owners."
+msgstr ""
+"DMCA-en blev vedtaget som et svar på ophavsretejerne første frygt om "
+"kyberrommet. Frygten var at ophavsretkontrollen effektivt set var død, og "
+"svaret var at finde teknologier som kunne motvirke dette. Disse nye "
+"teknologier villes være opphavsrettsbeskyttelesesteknologier – "
+"teknologier for at kontrollere kopiering og distribution af "
+"opphavsrettsbeskyttet materiale. De blev udformet som <emphasis>kode</"
+"emphasis> for at ændre den oprindelige <emphasis>koden</emphasis> til "
+"Internet, for at genetablere i hvert fald noget beskyttelse for "
+"ophavsretejerne."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The DMCA was a bit of law intended to back up the protection of this code "
+"designed to protect copyrighted material. It was, we could say, "
+"<emphasis>legal code</emphasis> intended to buttress <emphasis>software "
+"code</emphasis> which itself was intended to support the <emphasis>legal "
+"code of copyright</emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+"DMCA-en var en bidder af loven ment for at give rygdækning til beskyttelsen "
+"af denne kode som blev udformet for at værne opphavsrettsbeskyttet "
+"materiale. Vi kan sige det var <emphasis>juridisk kode</emphasis> ment for "
+"at støtte op om <emphasis>programvarekode</emphasis> som igen var ment for "
+"at støtte op om den <emphasis>juridisk koden til ophavsreten</emphasis>."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"But the DMCA was not designed merely to protect copyrighted works to the "
+"extent copyright law protected them. Its protection, that is, did not end at "
+"the line that copyright law drew. The DMCA regulated devices that were "
+"designed to circumvent copyright protection measures. It was designed to ban "
+"those devices, whether or not the use of the copyrighted material made "
+"possible by that circumvention would have been a copyright violation."
+msgstr ""
+"Men DMCA-man blev ikke udformet til at kun beskytte opphavsrettsbeskyttete "
+"værk i den grad opphavsrettsloven beskyttet dem. Det vil sige, dens "
+"beskyttelse tog ikke slutning der opphavsrettslovens beskyttelse tog "
+"slutning. DMCA-en regulerede enheder som blev udformet for at omgå "
+"ophavsretbeskyttelsemekanismer. Den blev udformet til at forbyde disse "
+"enheder, uanset om brugen af opphavsrettsbeskyttet materiale som blev gjort "
+"muligt ved denne omgåelsen villes været brud på ophavsreten eller ikke."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 169
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Aibopet.com and Felten make the point. The Aibo hack circumvented a "
+"copyright protection system for the purpose of enabling the dog to dance "
+"jazz. That enablement no doubt involved the use of copyrighted material. But "
+"as aibopet.com's site was noncommercial, and the use did not enable "
+"subsequent copyright infringements, there's no doubt that aibopet.com's hack "
+"was fair use of Sony's copyrighted material. Yet fair use is not a defense "
+"to the DMCA. The question is not whether the use of the copyrighted material "
+"was a copyright violation. The question is whether a copyright protection "
+"system was circumvented."
+msgstr ""
+"Aibopet.com og Felten demonstrerer dette pointe. Aibo-hacket omgik et "
+"ophavsretbeskyttelsesystem med det formål at gøre det muligt for hunden at "
+"danse jazz. Å gøre dette muligt involverede uden tvivl brug af "
+"opphavsrettsbeskyttet materiale. Men efter som netstedet aibopet.com var "
+"ikke -kommercielt, og brugen ikke gjorde det muligt at gøre påfølgende "
+"ophavsretbrud, var det ingen tvivl om at hacket til aibopet.com var rimeligt "
+"brug af Sonys opphavsrettsbeskyttede materiale. Men rimeligt brug er ikke "
+"et forsvar mod DMCA-en. Spørgsmålet var ikke hvorvidt brugen af det "
+"opphavsrettsbeskyttede materiale var brud på ophavsreten. Spørgsmålet var "
+"hvorvidt et ophavsretbeskyttelsesystem var omgået."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The threat against Felten was more attenuated, but it followed the same line "
+"of reasoning. By publishing a paper describing how a copyright protection "
+"system could be circumvented, the RIAA lawyer suggested, Felten himself was "
+"distributing a circumvention technology. Thus, even though he was not "
+"himself infringing anyone's copyright, his academic paper was enabling "
+"others to infringe others' copyright."
+msgstr ""
+"Truslen mod Felten var mere dæmpet, men fulgte det samme ræsonnement. Ved "
+"at publicere en artikel som beskrev hvordan man kunne komme sig rundt et "
+"opphavsrettsbeskyttelsesystem, distribuerede Felten selv, ifølge RIAAs "
+"advokat, en teknologi for at omgå ophavsreten. Dermed, selv om han ikke "
+"selv brød nogles ophavsret, gjorde hans akademiske artikel det muligt for "
+"andre at bryde andres ophavsret."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Rogers, Fred"
+msgstr "Rogers, Fred"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Conrad, Paul"
+msgstr "Conrad, Paul"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The bizarreness of these arguments is captured in a cartoon drawn in 1981 by "
+"Paul Conrad. At that time, a court in California had held that the VCR could "
+"be banned because it was a copyright-infringing technology: It enabled "
+"consumers to copy films without the permission of the copyright owner. No "
+"doubt there were uses of the technology that were legal: Fred Rogers, aka "
+"<quote><citetitle>Mr. Rogers</citetitle>,</quote> for example, had testified "
+"in that case that he wanted people to feel free to tape Mr. Rogers' "
+"Neighborhood. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Særheten i disse argumenter blev taget på kornet i en vitsetegning fra 1981 "
+"af Paul Conrad. På den tiden afgjorde en domstol i California at man "
+"videoopptaker kunne forbydes på grund af at det var opphavsrettsbrytende "
+"teknologi. Det gav forbrukere mulighed til at kopiere film uden tilladelse "
+"fra ophavsretejeren. Det var ingen tvivl om at det fandtes lovlige "
+"brugsområder for denne teknologi: For eksempel havde Fred Rogers, kendt som "
+"<quote><citetitle>Herre Rogers</citetitle>,</quote> vidnet i sagen at han "
+"ønskede folk skulle stå frit til at tage op Mr. Rogers Neighborhood. "
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <citetitle>Sony Corporation of "
+"America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal City Studios, Inc</citetitle>., "
+"464 U.S. 417, 455 fn. 27 (1984). Rogers never changed his view about the "
+"VCR. See James Lardner, <citetitle>Fast Forward: Hollywood, the Japanese, "
+"and the Onslaught of the VCR</citetitle> (New York: W. W. Norton, 1987), "
+"270–71. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <citetitle>Sony Corporation of "
+"America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal City Studios, Inc.</citetitle>, "
+"464 U.S 417, 455 fn. 27 (1984). Rogers ændrede aldrig sit syner om "
+"videoopptakeren. Se James Lardner, <citetitle>Fast Forward: Hollywood, the "
+"Japanese, and the Onslaught of the VCR</citetitle> (New York: W. W. Norton, "
+"1987), 27071 . <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Some public stations, as well as commercial stations, program the "
+"<quote>Neighborhood</quote> at hours when some children cannot use it. I "
+"think that it's a real service to families to be able to record such "
+"programs and show them at appropriate times. I have always felt that with "
+"the advent of all of this new technology that allows people to tape the "
+"<quote>Neighborhood</quote> off-the-air, and I'm speaking for the "
+"<quote>Neighborhood</quote> because that's what I produce, that they then "
+"become much more active in the programming of their family's television "
+"life. Very frankly, I am opposed to people being programmed by others. My "
+"whole approach in broadcasting has always been <quote>You are an important "
+"person just the way you are. You can make healthy decisions.</quote> Maybe "
+"I'm going on too long, but I just feel that anything that allows a person to "
+"be more active in the control of his or her life, in a healthy way, is "
+"important.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Nogle allmennkringkastere, i tillæg til kommercielle stationer, lægger "
+"<quote>Neighborhood</quote> ind i sendeplanen på tidspunkt der hen nogle "
+"barn ikke kan se det. Jeg tror det er en virkelig tjeneste for familier at "
+"de er i stand til at tage op sådanne programmer, og vise dem på mere "
+"hensigtsmæssige tidspunkter. Jeg har altid følt det sådan med fremvæksten "
+"af al denne nye teknologi som gør det muligt for folk at tage op "
+"<quote>Neighborhood,</quote> og jeg snakker på vegne af <quote>Neighborhood</"
+"quote> for det er dette jeg producerer, at de dermed bliver mere aktivt "
+"involveret i at styre TV-livet til sin familie. For at være ærligt så er jeg "
+"imod at folk bliver styret af andre. min Hele tilnærmelse til kringkasting "
+"har altid været at <quote>Du er en vigtig person akkurat sådan du er. Du "
+"kan tage sunde afgørelser.</quote> Måske holder jeg på for længe, men jeg "
+"føler bare at alt som tillader en person at være mere aktiv i at "
+"kontrollere hans eller hendes liv, på en sund måde, er vigtigt.<placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 170
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Even though there were uses that were legal, because there were some uses "
+"that were illegal, the court held the companies producing the VCR "
+"responsible."
+msgstr ""
+"Selv om det fandtes brugsområder som var lovlige, på grund af at det var "
+"nogle brugsområder som var ulovlige, så holdt domstolen selskaberne som "
+"producerede videoopptakere ansvarlige."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This led Conrad to draw the cartoon in figure <xref xrefstyle=\"template:%n"
+"\" linkend=\"fig-1711-vcr-handgun-cartoonfig\"/>, which we can adopt to the "
+"DMCA. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Dette fik Conrad til at tegne vitsetegningen i figur <xref "
+"xrefstyle=\"template:%n\" linkend=\"fig-1711-vcr-handgun-cartoonfig\"/>, som "
+"vi også kan tage i brug for DMCA. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/"
+">"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "No argument I have can top this picture, but let me try to get close."
+msgstr ""
+"Intet argument jeg har kan overgå dette billede, men lagde mig forsøge at "
+"komme i nærheden."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"— On which item have the courts ruled that manufacturers and retailers "
+"be held responsible for having supplied the equipment?"
+msgstr ""
+" – For hvilken enhed har retvæsenet bedømt at producenter og "
+"forhandlere skal holdes ansvarligt/ansvarlig for at have forsynet udstyret?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<graphic fileref=\"images/vcr-comic.png\" align=\"center\" width=\"55%\"></"
+"graphic>"
+msgstr ""
+"<graphic fileref=\"images/vcr-comic.png\" align=\"center\" width=\"55%\"></"
+"graphic>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The anticircumvention provisions of the DMCA target copyright circumvention "
+"technologies. Circumvention technologies can be used for different ends. "
+"They can be used, for example, to enable massive pirating of copyrighted "
+"material—a bad end. Or they can be used to enable the use of "
+"particular copyrighted materials in ways that would be considered fair "
+"use—a good end."
+msgstr ""
+"Målet for antiomgåelsesbestemmelsene i DMCA-man er "
+"opphavsrettsomgåelsesteknologier. Omgåelsesteknologier kan bruges for andre "
+"formål. De kan for eksempel bruges til at muliggjøre massiver "
+"piratvirksomhed mod opphavsrettsbeskyttet materiale – et dårligt "
+"formål. Eller de kan bruges til at gøre brug af udvalgte "
+"opphavsrettsbeskyttede materiale muligt på måder som villes anses som "
+"rimeligt brug – et godt formål."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "handguns"
+msgstr "håndvåben"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 171
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"A handgun can be used to shoot a police officer or a child. Most would agree "
+"such a use is bad. Or a handgun can be used for target practice or to "
+"protect against an intruder. At least some would say that such a use would "
+"be good. It, too, is a technology that has both good and bad uses."
+msgstr ""
+"Et håndvåben kan bruges til at skyde en politimand eller et barn. De fleste "
+"vil være enigt/enig i at sådan brug er galt. Eller et håndvåben kan bruges "
+"til at skyde på blink, eller til at beskytte sig mod en inntrenger. I hvert "
+"fald nogle vil sige at sådan bruge er godt. Dette er også en teknologi "
+"som har gode og dårlige brugsområder."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The obvious point of Conrad's cartoon is the weirdness of a world where guns "
+"are legal, despite the harm they can do, while VCRs (and circumvention "
+"technologies) are illegal. Flash: <emphasis>No one ever died from copyright "
+"circumvention</emphasis>. Yet the law bans circumvention technologies "
+"absolutely, despite the potential that they might do some good, but permits "
+"guns, despite the obvious and tragic harm they do."
+msgstr ""
+"Det åbenbare pointen med vitsetegningen til Conrad er det mærkelige med en "
+"værdet hvor håndvåben er lovlige, på trods af skaden de gør, mens "
+"videospillere (og omgåelsesteknologier) er ulovlige. Mærk: <emphasis>Ingen "
+"har nogensinde død af omgåelse af ophavsreten.</emphasis> Alligevel "
+"forbyder loven omgåelsesteknologier fuldstændig, på trods af potentialet de "
+"har for at bidrage positivt, men tillader håndvåben, på trods den åbenbare "
+"og tragiske skaden de gør."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The Aibo and RIAA examples demonstrate how copyright owners are changing the "
+"balance that copyright law grants. Using code, copyright owners restrict "
+"fair use; using the DMCA, they punish those who would attempt to evade the "
+"restrictions on fair use that they impose through code. Technology becomes a "
+"means by which fair use can be erased; the law of the DMCA backs up that "
+"erasing."
+msgstr ""
+"Eksemplerne med Aibo og RIAA demonstrerer hvordan ophavsretejere ændrer "
+"balancen som ophavsreten giver. Ved hjælp af programkode begrænser "
+"ophavsretejerne rimeligt brug. Ved hjælp af DMCA straffer de dem som vil "
+"forsøge at omgå begrænsningerne på rimeligt brug som de kan påføre ved hjælp "
+"af programkode. Teknologi bliver formidlet som kan bruges til at fjerne "
+"rimeligt brug, og DMCA-loven giver rygdækning for det som bliver fjernet."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This is how <emphasis>code</emphasis> becomes <emphasis>law</emphasis>. The "
+"controls built into the technology of copy and access protection become "
+"rules the violation of which is also a violation of the law. In this way, "
+"the code extends the law—increasing its regulation, even if the "
+"subject it regulates (activities that would otherwise plainly constitute "
+"fair use) is beyond the reach of the law. Code becomes law; code extends the "
+"law; code thus extends the control that copyright owners effect—at "
+"least for those copyright holders with the lawyers who can write the nasty "
+"letters that Felten and aibopet.com received."
+msgstr ""
+"Det er sådan <emphasis>programkode</emphasis> bliver <emphasis>lovværk</"
+"emphasis>. Kontrollerne som er bygget ind i teknologien for beskyttelse mod "
+"kopiering og tilgang bliver skrøner, som hvis de brydes, også bliver et "
+"lovbrud. På denne måde udvider programkoden lovværket – udvider dets "
+"regulering, selv om subjektet den regulerer (aktiviteter som ellers helt "
+"klart villes været rimelig brug) er udenfor dækningområdet til loven. "
+"Programkode bliver lovværk. Programkode udvider lovværket og programkode "
+"udvider dermed effekten af kontrollen til ophavsretejerne – i hvert "
+"fald for de ophavsretindehaverne som har advokater som kan skrive sådanne "
+"ubehagelige breve som Felten og aibopet.com modtog."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"There is one final aspect of the interaction between architecture and law "
+"that contributes to the force of copyright's regulation. This is the ease "
+"with which infringements of the law can be detected. For contrary to the "
+"rhetoric common at the birth of cyberspace that on the Internet, no one "
+"knows you're a dog, increasingly, given changing technologies deployed on "
+"the Internet, it is easy to find the dog who committed a legal wrong. The "
+"technologies of the Internet are open to snoops as well as sharers, and the "
+"snoops are increasingly good at tracking down the identity of those who "
+"violate the rules."
+msgstr ""
+"Der er et sidste aspekter af samspillet mellem arkitektur og lovværk som "
+"bidrager til at styrke kraften/kræfter til opphavsrettsreguleringen. Dette "
+"er hvor enkelt sådanne brud på opphavsrettsloven kan opdages. For i "
+"modsætning til retorikken som var normalt da cyberspace blev skabt, om at på "
+"Internet ved ingen at du er en hund, så er det i stadig større grad på grund "
+"af ændrede teknologier som rulles ud på Internet, enkelt at finde hunden som "
+"har gjort noget juridisk galt. Teknologierne på Internet er åbent for både "
+"snushaner og de som vil dele, og snushanene bliver stadig bedre i at spore "
+"op identiteten til dem som bryder skrønerne."
+
+#. f24
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"For an early and prescient analysis, see Rebecca Tushnet, <quote>Legal "
+"Fictions, Copyright, Fan Fiction, and a New Common Law,</quote> "
+"<citetitle>Loyola of Los Angeles Entertainment Law Journal</citetitle> 17 "
+"(1997): 651."
+msgstr ""
+"For en tidlig og udsigende analyse, se Rebecca Tushnet, <quote>Legal "
+"Fictions, Copyright, Fan Fiction, and a New Common Law,</quote> "
+"<citetitle>Loyola of Los Angeles Entertainment Law Journal</citetitle> 17 "
+"(1997): 651 ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"For example, imagine you were part of a <citetitle>Star Trek</citetitle> fan "
+"club. You gathered every month to share trivia, and maybe to enact a kind of "
+"fan fiction about the show. One person would play Spock, another, Captain "
+"Kirk. The characters would begin with a plot from a real story, then simply "
+"continue it.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Se for eksempel for dig at du er del af en <citetitle>Star Track</"
+"citetitle>-fanklub. I samles hver måned for at dele trivia, og måske "
+"rollespille en slags tilhængerfantasi om showet. En person spiller Spock, "
+"en anden Kaptajn Kirk. Karaktererne villes starte med et plot fra en "
+"virkelig historie, og derefter ganske enkelt fortsætte historie.<placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Before the Internet, this was, in effect, a totally unregulated activity. "
+"No matter what happened inside your club room, you would never be interfered "
+"with by the copyright police. You were free in that space to do as you "
+"wished with this part of our culture. You were allowed to build on it as you "
+"wished without fear of legal control."
+msgstr ""
+"Før Internet var dette effektivt set en helt uregulert aktivitet. Uanset "
+"hvad som skete på innsiden i din egen klub, så villes du aldrig blive "
+"forstyrret af ophavsretpolitiet. Du var her fri til at gøre som du villes "
+"med denne del af vores kultur. Du havde lov til at bygge på den som du "
+"ønskede uden at frygte juridisk kontrol."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"But if you moved your club onto the Internet, and made it generally "
+"available for others to join, the story would be very different. Bots "
+"scouring the Net for trademark and copyright infringement would quickly find "
+"your site. Your posting of fan fiction, depending upon the ownership of the "
+"series that you're depicting, could well inspire a lawyer's threat. And "
+"ignoring the lawyer's threat would be extremely costly indeed. The law of "
+"copyright is extremely efficient. The penalties are severe, and the process "
+"is quick."
+msgstr ""
+"Men hvis du flyttede din klub til Internet, og gjorde den generelt "
+"tilgængeligt for andre at angive, så villes historie blive vældig "
+"forskelligt. Robotter som søger igennem nettet efter brud på varemærke og "
+"opphavsrettslovgivingen villes raskt finde netstedet dit. Dine «fanklub-"
+"værk» kunne gerne resultere i en advokattrussel, afhængigt af eierskapet "
+"til serierne som du publicerede. Og at ignorere en sådan advokattrussel "
+"kunne blive ekstremt kostoverskæg. Opphavsrettsloven er ekstremt effektiv. "
+"Straffene er alvorlige, og processen er affald."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This change in the effective force of the law is caused by a change in the "
+"ease with which the law can be enforced. That change too shifts the law's "
+"balance radically. It is as if your car transmitted the speed at which you "
+"traveled at every moment that you drove; that would be just one step before "
+"the state started issuing tickets based upon the data you transmitted. That "
+"is, in effect, what is happening here."
+msgstr ""
+"Denne ændring i den effektive magten til retvæsenet er forårsaget af en "
+"ændring i hvor enkelt lovværket kan håndhæves. Denne ændring flytter også "
+"retvæsenet balance radikalt. Det er som om din bil sendte ud hastigheden du "
+"kørte med på ethvert tidspunkt. Det villes bare være et skridt igen før "
+"staten begyndte at udstede fartsbøter baseret på informationen du sender ud. "
+" Det er effektivt set det som sker her ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Market: Concentration"
+msgstr "Marked: Konsentrering"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 173
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"So copyright's duration has increased dramatically—tripled in the past "
+"thirty years. And copyright's scope has increased as well—from "
+"regulating only publishers to now regulating just about everyone. And "
+"copyright's reach has changed, as every action becomes a copy and hence "
+"presumptively regulated. And as technologists find better ways to control "
+"the use of content, and as copyright is increasingly enforced through "
+"technology, copyright's force changes, too. Misuse is easier to find and "
+"easier to control. This regulation of the creative process, which began as a "
+"tiny regulation governing a tiny part of the market for creative work, has "
+"become the single most important regulator of creativity there is. It is a "
+"massive expansion in the scope of the government's control over innovation "
+"and creativity; it would be totally unrecognizable to those who gave birth "
+"to copyright's control."
+msgstr ""
+"Ophavsretens varighet har øget dramatisk – tredoblet sig de sidste "
+"tredive årene, og ophavsretens omfang har også øget – fra at kun "
+"regulere utgivere til at nå regulere omtrent alle. Og ophavsretens "
+"rækkevidde har ændret sig, efterhånden som hver handling fortager en kopi og "
+"dermed bliver antaget reguleret. Efterhånden som teknologer finder bedre "
+"måder at kontrollere brugen af indhold, og efterhånden som ophavsreten i "
+"stadigt større grad bliver kontrolleret gennem teknologi, ændres "
+"ophavsretens kraft også. Misbrug er enklere at finde og enklere at "
+"kontrollere. Denne reguleringen af den kreative processen, som startede som "
+"en lille myndighetsregulering af en lille del af markedet for kreative "
+"værker, har blevet den ene mest vigtige regulatoren for kreativitet som "
+"findes. Det er man massiv øgning i omfanget til myndighedens kontrol over "
+"nyskabning og kreativitet. Den villes være fuldstændigt ugenkendelig for "
+"dem som skabte ophavsretens kontrol."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Still, in my view, all of these changes would not matter much if it weren't "
+"for one more change that we must also consider. This is a change that is in "
+"some sense the most familiar, though its significance and scope are not well "
+"understood. It is the one that creates precisely the reason to be concerned "
+"about all the other changes I have described."
+msgstr ""
+"Alligevel villes, efter mit syner, ikke disse ændringer betyde så meget "
+"hvis det ikke var for endnu en ændring som vi også må tage hensyn til. Det "
+"er en ændring som på en måde er den vi er mest kendt med , selv om dens "
+"betydning og omfang ikke er godt forstået. Det er den som netop giver "
+"grund til at være bekymret over alle de andre ændringer jeg har beskrevet."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This is the change in the concentration and integration of the media. In "
+"the past twenty years, the nature of media ownership has undergone a radical "
+"alteration, caused by changes in legal rules governing the media. Before "
+"this change happened, the different forms of media were owned by separate "
+"media companies. Now, the media is increasingly owned by only a few "
+"companies. Indeed, after the changes that the FCC announced in June 2003, "
+"most expect that within a few years, we will live in a world where just "
+"three companies control more than 85 percent of the media."
+msgstr ""
+"Det gælder ændringen i konsentreringen og integrationen i medierne. I de "
+"sidste tyve årene, har egenskaberne til mediaeierskap gennemgået en radikal "
+"ændring, forårsaget af ændringer i juridiske skrøner som styrer medierne. "
+"Før denne ændring skete, var forskellige former for medierne ejet af "
+"forskellige mediumselskaber. Nu er medierne i stadig større grad ejet af "
+"kun nogle få selskaber. Faktisk, efter ændringerne som FCC annoncerede i "
+"juni 2003, forventer de fleste at inden nogle få år vi vil leve i en værdet "
+"der kun tre selskaber kontrollerer mere end 85 procent af medierne."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"These changes are of two sorts: the scope of concentration, and its nature."
+msgstr ""
+"Det er to typer ændringer her: omfanget af konsentrering, og dets egenskaber."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "BMG"
+msgstr "BMG"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "EMI"
+msgstr "EMI"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "McCain, John"
+msgstr "McCain, John"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Universal Music Group"
+msgstr "Universal Music Group"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Warner Music Group"
+msgstr "Warner Music Group"
+
+#. f25
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"FCC Oversight: Hearing Before the Senate Commerce, Science and "
+"Transportation Committee, 108th Cong., 1st sess. (22 May 2003) (statement "
+"of Senator John McCain)."
+msgstr ""
+"FCC-kontrol: Høring foran senatets komite for handel, videnskab og "
+"transport, 108 . samling, 1 øget. (22 . maj 2003) (udtalelse fra senator "
+"John McCain)."
+
+#. f26
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Lynette Holloway, <quote>Despite a Marketing Blitz, CD Sales Continue to "
+"Slide,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 23 December 2002."
+msgstr ""
+"Lynette Holloway, <quote>Despite a Marketing Blitz, CD Sadles Continue to "
+"Slide,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 23 . december 2002 ."
+
+#. f27
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Molly Ivins, <quote>Media Consolidation Must Be Stopped,</quote> "
+"<citetitle>Charleston Gazette</citetitle>, 31 May 2003."
+msgstr ""
+"Molly Ivins, <quote>Medierne Consolidation Must Bede Stopped,</quote> "
+"<citetitle>Charleston Gazette</citetitle>, 31 . maj 2003 ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Changes in scope are the easier ones to describe. As Senator John McCain "
+"summarized the data produced in the FCC's review of media ownership, "
+"<quote>five companies control 85 percent of our media sources.</"
+"quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The five recording labels of "
+"Universal Music Group, BMG, Sony Music Entertainment, Warner Music Group, "
+"and EMI control 84.8 percent of the U.S. music market.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> The <quote>five largest cable companies pipe "
+"programming to 74 percent of the cable subscribers nationwide.</"
+"quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Ændringer i omfang er blandt de enklere at beskrive. Som senator John "
+"McCain opsummerede i data produceret i FCCs gennemgang af medium-eierskap, "
+"<quote>fire selskaber kontrollerer 85 procent af vores mediumkilder.</"
+"quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> De fem pladeselskaberne "
+"Universal Music Group, BMG, Sony Music Entertainment, Warner Music Group, og "
+"EMI kontrollerer 84,8 procent af musikmarkedet i USA.<placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> De <quote>fem største kabelselskaberne "
+"formidler sendinger til 74 procent af kabel-TV-abonnenter over hele landet.</"
+"quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "ownership consolidation in"
+msgstr "eierskapskonsolideringer i"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 174
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The story with radio is even more dramatic. Before deregulation, the "
+"nation's largest radio broadcasting conglomerate owned fewer than seventy-"
+"five stations. Today <emphasis>one</emphasis> company owns more than 1,200 "
+"stations. During that period of consolidation, the total number of radio "
+"owners dropped by 34 percent. Today, in most markets, the two largest "
+"broadcasters control 74 percent of that market's revenues. Overall, just "
+"four companies control 90 percent of the nation's radio advertising revenues."
+msgstr ""
+"Radioens historie er endnu mere dramatisk. Før avreguleringen, ejede "
+"landets største konglomerat inden radiokringkasting mindre end syttifire "
+"stationer. I dag ejer <emphasis>et</emphasis> selskab mere end 1 200 "
+"stationer. I perioden med konsolideringer har det totale antal radioejere "
+"blevet reduceret med 34 procent. I dag, i de fleste markeder, kontrollerer "
+"de to største kringkasterne 74 procent af indkomsterne i dette marked. "
+"Totalt kontrollerer kun fire selskaber 90 procent af nationens "
+"annonseinntekter på radio."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "ownership consolidation of"
+msgstr "eierskapskonsolideringer af"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Newspaper ownership is becoming more concentrated as well. Today, there are "
+"six hundred fewer daily newspapers in the United States than there were "
+"eighty years ago, and ten companies control half of the nation's "
+"circulation. There are twenty major newspaper publishers in the United "
+"States. The top ten film studios receive 99 percent of all film revenue. The "
+"ten largest cable companies account for 85 percent of all cable revenue. "
+"This is a market far from the free press the framers sought to protect. "
+"Indeed, it is a market that is quite well protected— by the market."
+msgstr ""
+"Aviseierskap er også i færd med at blive mere koncentreret. I dag er det "
+"seks hundrede færre dagsaviser i USA end det var for firs år siden, og ti "
+"selskaber kontrollerer halvdelen af nationens avisdistribution. Det er tyve "
+"større avisutgivere i USA. De ti største filmstudierne modtager 99 procent "
+"af alle filmindtægter. De ti største kabel-TV-selskaberne står for 85 "
+"procent af al kabelindtægt. Dette er et marked langt fra den frie presset "
+"som grundlovforfatterne ønskede at beskytte. Faktisk, så er dette et marked "
+"som er vældig godt beskyttet – af markedet."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Fallows, James"
+msgstr "Fallows, James"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Concentration in size alone is one thing. The more invidious change is in "
+"the nature of that concentration. As author James Fallows put it in a recent "
+"article about Rupert Murdoch,"
+msgstr ""
+"Størrelseskonsentrering er en ting. En mere betenkelig ændring er i "
+"egenskaberne til denne konsentreringen. Som forfatter James Fallows "
+"formulerer det i en fersk artikel om Rupert Murdoch:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"James Fallows, <quote>The Age of Murdoch,</quote> <citetitle>Atlantic "
+"Monthly</citetitle> (September 2003): 89. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
+"id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"James Fallows, <quote>The Ærefrygt of Murdoch,</quote> <citetitle>Atlantic "
+"Monthly</citetitle> (September 2003): 89 . <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
+"id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Murdoch's companies now constitute a production system unmatched in its "
+"integration. They supply content—Fox movies … Fox TV shows "
+"… Fox-controlled sports broadcasts, plus newspapers and books. They "
+"sell the content to the public and to advertisers—in newspapers, on "
+"the broadcast network, on the cable channels. And they operate the physical "
+"distribution system through which the content reaches the customers. "
+"Murdoch's satellite systems now distribute News Corp. content in Europe and "
+"Asia; if Murdoch becomes DirecTV's largest single owner, that system will "
+"serve the same function in the United States.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
+"id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Murdochs selskaber udgør nu et produktionsystem uden lige når det gælder "
+"dets integration. De forsyner indhold – Fox-filmer … Fox TV-"
+"show … Fox-kontrollerede sportsendinger, plus aviser og bøger. De "
+"sælger indhold til offentligheten og til annoncører – i aviser, i "
+"kringkastingsnettet og på kabel-TV-kanaler. Og de opererer et fysisk "
+"distributionsystem som lader indholdet nu forbrukerne. Murdochs "
+"satellitsystem distribuerer nu News Corp.-indhold i Europa og Asien. Hvis "
+"Murdoch bliver største enkelteier i DirecTV, så vil dette systemet få samme "
+"funktion i USA.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The pattern with Murdoch is the pattern of modern media. Not just large "
+"companies owning many radio stations, but a few companies owning as many "
+"outlets of media as possible. A picture describes this pattern better than a "
+"thousand words could do:"
+msgstr ""
+"Mønsteret med Murdoch er mønsteret til moderne medier. Ikke bare at store "
+"selskaber ejer mange radiostationer, men nogle få selskaber som ejer så "
+"mange mediumkilder som muligt. Et billede beskriver bedre end tusind ord "
+"dette mønster:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<graphic fileref=\"images/pattern-modern-media-ownership.png\" align=\"center"
+"\" width=\"100%\"></graphic>"
+msgstr ""
+"<graphic fileref=\"images/pattern-modern-media-ownership.png\" "
+"align=\"center\" width=\"100%\"></graphic>"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 175
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Does this concentration matter? Will it affect what is made, or what is "
+"distributed? Or is it merely a more efficient way to produce and distribute "
+"content?"
+msgstr ""
+"Betyder denne konsentreringen noget? Påvirker det hvad som bliver fortaget, "
+"eller hvad som bliver distribueret? Eller er det bare en mere effektiv måde "
+"at producere og distribuere indhold?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"My view was that concentration wouldn't matter. I thought it was nothing "
+"more than a more efficient financial structure. But now, after reading and "
+"listening to a barrage of creators try to convince me to the contrary, I am "
+"beginning to change my mind."
+msgstr ""
+"Mit syner var at konsentreringen ikke betød noget. Jeg tænkte det ikke var "
+"noget mere end en mere effektiv finansiel struktur. Men nu, efter at have "
+"læst og hørt på en høj af skabere som prøver at overbevise mig om det "
+"modsatte, har jeg begyndt at ændre mening."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Here's a representative story that begins to suggest how this integration "
+"may matter."
+msgstr ""
+"Her er en repræsentativ historie som kan foreslå hvorfor denne "
+"integreringen er vigtig."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Lear, Norman"
+msgstr "Lear, Norman"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "All in the Family"
+msgstr "Al in the Family"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"In 1969, Norman Lear created a pilot for <citetitle>All in the Family</"
+"citetitle>. He took the pilot to ABC. The network didn't like it. It was too "
+"edgy, they told Lear. Make it again. Lear made a second pilot, more edgy "
+"than the first. ABC was exasperated. You're missing the point, they told "
+"Lear. We wanted less edgy, not more."
+msgstr ""
+"I 1969 fortog Norman Lear en pilot for <citetitle>Al in the Family</"
+"citetitle>. Han tog piloten til ABC, og netværket kunnelide det ikke. De "
+"sagde til Lear at den var for på kanten. Gør det på nyt. Lear fortog "
+"piloten på nyt, mere på kanten end den første. ABC blev fra sig. Du får "
+"ikke med dig pointen, fortalte de Lear. Vi vil have det mindre på kanten, "
+"ikke mere."
+
+#. f29
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Leonard Hill, <quote>The Axis of Access,</quote> remarks before Weidenbaum "
+"Center Forum, <quote>Entertainment Economics: The Movie Industry,</quote> "
+"St. Louis, Missouri, 3 April 2003 (transcript of prepared remarks available "
+"at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #28</ulink>; for the "
+"Lear story, not included in the prepared remarks, see <ulink url=\"http://"
+"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #29</ulink>)."
+msgstr ""
+"Leonard Hill, <quote>The Axis of Access,</quote> udtalelser ved Weidenbaum "
+"Center Forum, <quote>Entertainment Economics: The Movie Industry,</quote> "
+"St. Louis, Missouri, 3 . april 2003 (avskrift af forberedt udtalelse "
+"tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #28</"
+"ulink>; for Lear-historie som ikke er inkluderet i den forberedte "
+"udtalelsen, se <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #29</"
+"ulink>)."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Rather than comply, Lear simply took the show elsewhere. CBS was happy to "
+"have the series; ABC could not stop Lear from walking. The copyrights that "
+"Lear held assured an independence from network control.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"I stedet for at føje sig, tog Lear ganske enkelt sin serie til nogle andre. "
+"CBS var solnedgang for at have serierne, og ABC kunne ikke hindre Lear fra "
+"at gå til andre. Ophavsreten Lear havde sikret at han var uafhængighed af "
+"netværkkontrol.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 176
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The network did not control those copyrights because the law forbade the "
+"networks from controlling the content they syndicated. The law required a "
+"separation between the networks and the content producers; that separation "
+"would guarantee Lear freedom. And as late as 1992, because of these rules, "
+"the vast majority of prime time television—75 percent of it—was "
+"<quote>independent</quote> of the networks."
+msgstr ""
+"Netværket kontrollerede ikke disse ophavsreter fordi loven forbød "
+"netværkene at kontrollere indholdet de syndikerede. Loven krævede et skille "
+"mellem netværkene og indholdproducenterne. Den delingen garanterede Lear "
+"friheden. Og så sent som i 1992, på grund af disse skrøner, var majoriteten "
+"af kjernetids-TV – 75 procent – <quote>uafhængigt</quote> af "
+"netværkene."
+
+#. f30
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"NewsCorp./DirecTV Merger and Media Consolidation: Hearings on Media "
+"Ownership Before the Senate Commerce Committee, 108th Cong., 1st sess. "
+"(2003) (testimony of Gene Kimmelman on behalf of Consumers Union and the "
+"Consumer Federation of America), available at <ulink url=\"http://free-"
+"culture.cc/notes/\">link #30</ulink>. Kimmelman quotes Victoria Riskin, "
+"president of Writers Guild of America, West, in her Remarks at FCC En Banc "
+"Hearing, Richmond, Virginia, 27 February 2003."
+msgstr ""
+"NewsCorp./DirecTV Merger and Medierne Consolidation: Hearings on Medierne "
+"Ownership Before the Senate Commerce Committee, 108th Cong., 1st siddeplads. "
+"(2003) (vidneudsagn fra Gene Kimmelman på vegne af Consumers Union og the "
+"Consumer Federation of America), tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://free-"
+"culture.cc/notes/\">link #30</ulink>. Kimmelman citerer Victoria Riskin, "
+"præsident for Writers Guild of America, West, i sine kommentarer ved FCC En "
+"Banc Hearing, Richmond, Virginia, 27 . februar 2003 ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"In 1994, the FCC abandoned the rules that required this independence. After "
+"that change, the networks quickly changed the balance. In 1985, there were "
+"twenty-five independent television production studios; in 2002, only five "
+"independent television studios remained. <quote>In 1992, only 15 percent of "
+"new series were produced for a network by a company it controlled. Last "
+"year, the percentage of shows produced by controlled companies more than "
+"quintupled to 77 percent.</quote> <quote>In 1992, 16 new series were "
+"produced independently of conglomerate control, last year there was one.</"
+"quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In 2002, 75 percent of prime "
+"time television was owned by the networks that ran it. <quote>In the ten-"
+"year period between 1992 and 2002, the number of prime time television hours "
+"per week produced by network studios increased over 200%, whereas the number "
+"of prime time television hours per week produced by independent studios "
+"decreased 63%.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"I 1994 forlod FCC skrønerne som krævede denne uafhængighed. Efter denne "
+"ændring forandrede netværkene raskt balancen. I 1985 var det tjuefem "
+"uafhængige produktionstudioer for TV. I 2002 var det kun fem uafhængige TV-"
+"studioer igen. <quote>I 1992 blev kun 15 procent af nye serier produceret "
+"for et netværk holdet af et selskab netværket kontrollerede. I fjor var "
+"procentandelen show produceret af kontrollerede selskaber mere end "
+"firedoblet til 77 procent.</quote> <quote>I 1992 blev 16 nye serier "
+"produceret uafhængigt af konglomeratkontrol. I fjor var det kun en.</"
+"quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> I 2002 var 75 procent af "
+"kjernetids-TV ejet af netværket som sendte det. <quote>I årtiperioden mellem "
+"1992 og 2002 øgede antal timer per uge produceret af netværks-studioer med "
+"over 200 procent, mens antal timer per uge med kjernetids-TV produceret af "
+"uafhængige studioer blev reduceret med 63 procent.</quote><placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Today, another Norman Lear with another <citetitle>All in the Family</"
+"citetitle> would find that he had the choice either to make the show less "
+"edgy or to be fired: The content of any show developed for a network is "
+"increasingly owned by the network."
+msgstr ""
+"I dag villes en anden Norman Lear med en anden <citetitle>Al in the Family</"
+"citetitle> opdage at han har valget mellem at enten gøre serien mindre på "
+"kanten, eller få sparket. Indholdet i ethvert show udviklede for et netværk "
+"er i stadigt større grad ejet af netværket."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Diller, Barry"
+msgstr "Sniksnakke, Barry"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Moyers, Bill"
+msgstr "Moyers, Bill"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"While the number of channels has increased dramatically, the ownership of "
+"those channels has narrowed to an ever smaller and smaller few. As Barry "
+"Diller said to Bill Moyers,"
+msgstr ""
+"Mens antal kanaler har øget dramatisk, har eierskapet til disse kanaler "
+"snævrede ind fra få til stadigt færre. Som Barry Tuller sagde til Bill "
+"Moyers:"
+
+#. f32
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<quote>Barry Diller Takes on Media Deregulation,</quote> <citetitle>Now with "
+"Bill Moyers</citetitle>, Bill Moyers, 25 April 2003, edited transcript "
+"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #31</ulink>."
+msgstr ""
+"<quote>Barry Tuller Takes on Medierne Deregulation,</quote> <citetitle>Now "
+"with Bill Moyers</citetitle>, Bill Moyers, 25 . april 2003, redigeret "
+"avskrift tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
+"#31</ulink>."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Well, if you have companies that produce, that finance, that air on their "
+"channel and then distribute worldwide everything that goes through their "
+"controlled distribution system, then what you get is fewer and fewer actual "
+"voices participating in the process. [We u]sed to have dozens and dozens of "
+"thriving independent production companies producing television programs. Now "
+"you have less than a handful.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Vel, hvis du har selskaber som producerer, som finansierer, som udsender på "
+"sin egen kanal, og så distribuerer over hele værdet helt som går gennem "
+"jeres kontrollerede distributionsystem, så får du færre og færre faktiske "
+"stemmer som angiver i processen. Vi havde tidligere dusinvis med levende "
+"uafhængige produktionsselskaber som fortog Tv-programmer. Nu har vi mindre "
+"end en håndfuld.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "media concentration and"
+msgstr "mediekonsentrering og"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This narrowing has an effect on what is produced. The product of such large "
+"and concentrated networks is increasingly homogenous. Increasingly safe. "
+"Increasingly sterile. The product of news shows from networks like this is "
+"increasingly tailored to the message the network wants to convey. This is "
+"not the communist party, though from the inside, it must feel a bit like the "
+"communist party. No one can question without risk of consequence—not "
+"necessarily banishment to Siberia, but punishment nonetheless. Independent, "
+"critical, different views are quashed. This is not the environment for a "
+"democracy."
+msgstr ""
+"Denne innsnevringen har en effekt på det som bliver produceret. Produktet "
+"fra sådanne store og koncentrerede netværk er stadig mere ensrettet. "
+"Stadig mere trygt. Stadig mere sterilt. Produktet med nyhedsendinger fra "
+"sådanne netværk er i stadigt større grad skreddersydd med budskabet som "
+"netværket ønsker at formidle. Dette er ikke kommunistpartiet, selv om det "
+"nok fra innsiden må føles lidt som kommunistpartiet. Ingen kan stille "
+"spørgsmål uden at risikere konsekvenser – ikke nødvendigvis forvisning "
+"til Sibir, men likefullt straf. Uafhængige, kritiske, afvigende syner "
+"bliver skviset ud. Dette er ikke et miljø for demokrati."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Clark, Kim B."
+msgstr "Clark, Kim B."
+
+#. f33
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Clayton M. Christensen, <citetitle>The Innovator's Dilemma: The "
+"Revolutionary National Bestseller that Changed the Way We Do Business</"
+"citetitle> (Cambridge: Harvard Business School Press, 1997). Christensen "
+"acknowledges that the idea was first suggested by Dean Kim Clark. See Kim B. "
+"Clark, <quote>The Interaction of Design Hierarchies and Market Concepts in "
+"Technological Evolution,</quote> <citetitle>Research Policy</citetitle> 14 "
+"(1985): 235–51. For a more recent study, see Richard Foster and Sarah "
+"Kaplan, <citetitle>Creative Destruction: Why Companies That Are Built to "
+"Last Underperform the Market—and How to Successfully Transform Them</"
+"citetitle> (New York: Currency/Doubleday, 2001)."
+msgstr ""
+"Clayton M. Christensen, <citetitle>The Innovator's Dilemma: The "
+"Revolutionary National Bæstceller that Changed the Way We Do Business</"
+"citetitle> (Cambridge: Harvard Business School Press, 1997). Christensen "
+"anerkender at idéen blev først foreslået af Dean Kim Clark. Se Kim B. "
+"Clark, <quote>The Interaction of Design Hierarchies and Market Concepts in "
+"Technological Evolution,</quote> <citetitle>Research Policy</citetitle> 14 "
+"(1985): 235–51 . For en nyere undersøgelse, se Richard Foster og Sarah "
+"Kaplan, <citetitle>Creative Destruction: Why Companies That Are Built to "
+"Last Underperform the Market – and How to Successfully Tranform Them</"
+"citetitle> (New York: Currency/Doubleday, 2001)."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Economics itself offers a parallel that explains why this integration "
+"affects creativity. Clay Christensen has written about the "
+"<quote>Innovator's Dilemma</quote>: the fact that large traditional firms "
+"find it rational to ignore new, breakthrough technologies that compete with "
+"their core business. The same analysis could help explain why large, "
+"traditional media companies would find it rational to ignore new cultural "
+"trends.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Lumbering giants not only "
+"don't, but should not, sprint. Yet if the field is only open to the giants, "
+"there will be far too little sprinting. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id="
+"\"1\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Økonomifaget tilbyder selv en parallel som forklarer hvorfor denne "
+"integration påvirker kreativitet. Clay Christensen har skrevet om "
+"<quote>innovatørernes dilemma</quote>: faktummet at store traditionelle "
+"selskaber finder det rasjonelt at ignorerer nye, gjennombrytende teknologier "
+"som konkurrerer med deres kernevirksomhed. Den samme analyse kan bidrage "
+"til at forklare hvorfor traditionelle mediumselskaber finder det rasjonelt "
+"at ignorere nye kulturelle trender.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> "
+"Sovende giganter lader ikke bare være, men bør ikke løbe. Og alligevel, "
+"hvis banen kun er åben for giganterne, så vil det blive alt for lidt løping. "
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"I don't think we know enough about the economics of the media market to say "
+"with certainty what concentration and integration will do. The efficiencies "
+"are important, and the effect on culture is hard to measure."
+msgstr ""
+"Jeg tror ikke vi ved nok om økonomien i mediummarkedet til at sige med "
+"sikkerhed hvad konsentreringen og integrationen vil gøre. "
+"Effektivitetændringerne er vigtige, og effekten på kulturen er vanskeligt at "
+"male."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"But there is a quintessentially obvious example that does strongly suggest "
+"the concern."
+msgstr ""
+"Men det er et væsentligt og åbenbaret eksempel som stærkt foreslår denne "
+"bekymringen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"In addition to the copyright wars, we're in the middle of the drug wars. "
+"Government policy is strongly directed against the drug cartels; criminal "
+"and civil courts are filled with the consequences of this battle."
+msgstr ""
+"I tillæg til ophavsretkrigen, så er vi midt inde i narkotikakrigene. "
+"Myndighedernes politik er stærkt rettet mod narkotikakartellerne. Straf og "
+"civildomstolene er befolket op med konsekvenserne af denne kamp."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "criminal justice system"
+msgstr "kriminal-juridisk system"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 178
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Let me hereby disqualify myself from any possible appointment to any "
+"position in government by saying I believe this war is a profound mistake. I "
+"am not pro drugs. Indeed, I come from a family once wrecked by drugs—"
+"though the drugs that wrecked my family were all quite legal. I believe this "
+"war is a profound mistake because the collateral damage from it is so great "
+"as to make waging the war insane. When you add together the burdens on the "
+"criminal justice system, the desperation of generations of kids whose only "
+"real economic opportunities are as drug warriors, the queering of "
+"constitutional protections because of the constant surveillance this war "
+"requires, and, most profoundly, the total destruction of the legal systems "
+"of many South American nations because of the power of the local drug "
+"cartels, I find it impossible to believe that the marginal benefit in "
+"reduced drug consumption by Americans could possibly outweigh these costs."
+msgstr ""
+"Lad mig herved diskvalificere mig fra enhver muligt oppnevning til en "
+"hvilken som hilst stilling hos myndighederne ved at sige at jeg tror denne "
+"krig er en diger tabbe. Jeg er ikke for narkotika. Faktisk kommer jeg fra "
+"en familie som en gang havarerede på grund af narkotika – selv om al "
+"narkotikaen som havarerede min familie var helt lovligt. Jeg tror denne "
+"krig er man diger tabbe fordi den utilsigtede skaden fra den er så stor at "
+"at føre denne krig er galskab. Når du summerer byrden på det kriminal-"
+"juridiske systemet, desperationen for generationer af barn hvis eneste "
+"økonomiske mulighed er som narkotikakrige, ødeleggelsen af de "
+"grunnlovsfestede beskyttelserne på grund af den kontinuerlige overvåkningen "
+"denne krig kræver, og mest dybtgående, den totale ødeleggelsen af de "
+"juridiske systemerne i mange søramerikanske land på grund af magten de "
+"lokale narkotikakartellerne har. Jeg finder det umuligt at tro at den "
+"marginale fordelen i reduceret narkotikaforbrug hos amerikanerne på noget "
+"måde kan oppveie for disse omkostninger."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"You may not be convinced. That's fine. We live in a democracy, and it is "
+"through votes that we are to choose policy. But to do that, we depend "
+"fundamentally upon the press to help inform Americans about these issues."
+msgstr ""
+"Du er måske ikke overbevist. Det er helt fint. Vi lever i et demokrati, "
+"og det er gennem afstemning vi skal vælge politikken. Men for at gøre det "
+"er vi fundamentalt afhængigt af presset for at hjælpe til med at informere "
+"amerikanerne om disse temaer."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Nick and Norm anti-drug campaign"
+msgstr "Nick og Norm anti-narkotikakampagnen"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Beginning in 1998, the Office of National Drug Control Policy launched a "
+"media campaign as part of the <quote>war on drugs.</quote> The campaign "
+"produced scores of short film clips about issues related to illegal drugs. "
+"In one series (the Nick and Norm series) two men are in a bar, discussing "
+"the idea of legalizing drugs as a way to avoid some of the collateral damage "
+"from the war. One advances an argument in favor of drug legalization. The "
+"other responds in a powerful and effective way against the argument of the "
+"first. In the end, the first guy changes his mind (hey, it's television). "
+"The plug at the end is a damning attack on the pro-legalization campaign."
+msgstr ""
+"I 1998 lancerede kontoret for den nationale narkotikapolitikken en "
+"mediumkampagne som del af <quote>krigen mod narkotika.</quote> Kampagnen "
+"producerede en række korte filmklipp om temaer relateret til ulovlige "
+"rusmidler. I en af serierne (Nick og Norm-serien) er det to mænd i en bar "
+"som diskuterer idéen om at legalisere narkotika som en måde at undgå nogle "
+"af de utilsigtede skaderne fra krigen. Man fremmer et argument til fordel "
+"for at legalisere narkotika. Den anden responderer på en kraftig og "
+"effektiv måde mod argumentet til den første. Til slutning ændrer den første "
+"fyren mening (hei, det er TV). Plakaten på slutningen er et fordømmende "
+"angreb på pro-legaliseringskampanjen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Fair enough. It's a good ad. Not terribly misleading. It delivers its "
+"message well. It's a fair and reasonable message."
+msgstr ""
+"Rimeligt nok. Det er en god annonse. Ikke rigtigt forledende. Den leverer "
+"sit budskab godt. Det er et rimeligt og fornuftigt budskab."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"But let's say you think it is a wrong message, and you'd like to run a "
+"countercommercial. Say you want to run a series of ads that try to "
+"demonstrate the extraordinary collateral harm that comes from the drug war. "
+"Can you do it?"
+msgstr ""
+"Men lagde os si at du mener dette er et galt budskab, og du ønsker at køre "
+"en motkampanje. Lad os sige at du ønsker at sende en serie med "
+"reklameindslag som forsøger at vise den ekstraordinære utilsigtede skade som "
+"krigen mod narkotika fører til. Kan du gøre det?"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 179
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Well, obviously, these ads cost lots of money. Assume you raise the money. "
+"Assume a group of concerned citizens donates all the money in the world to "
+"help you get your message out. Can you be sure your message will be heard "
+"then?"
+msgstr ""
+"Naturligvis koster disse annonsene meget penge. Antag at du klarer at "
+"skaffe pengeene. Antag at en gruppe med bekymrede borgere donerer alle "
+"pengeene i værdet for at hjælpe dig med at få dit budskab ud. Kan du da "
+"være sikker på at dit budskab vil blive hørt?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "on television advertising bans"
+msgstr "om TV-reklame-bandlysning"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "controversy avoided by"
+msgstr "kontrovers undgået af"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Comcast"
+msgstr "Comcast"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Marijuana Policy Project"
+msgstr "Marihuana-politikprojektet"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "NBC"
+msgstr "NBC"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "WJOA"
+msgstr "WJOA"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "WRC"
+msgstr "WRC"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
+"id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type="
+"\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"4\"/> "
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"5\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
+"id=\"6\"/> The Marijuana Policy Project, in February 2003, sought to place "
+"ads that directly responded to the Nick and Norm series on stations within "
+"the Washington, D.C., area. Comcast rejected the ads as <quote>against "
+"[their] policy.</quote> The local NBC affiliate, WRC, rejected the ads "
+"without reviewing them. The local ABC affiliate, WJOA, originally agreed to "
+"run the ads and accepted payment to do so, but later decided not to run the "
+"ads and returned the collected fees. Interview with Neal Levine, 15 October "
+"2003. These restrictions are, of course, not limited to drug policy. See, "
+"for example, Nat Ives, <quote>On the Issue of an Iraq War, Advocacy Ads Meet "
+"with Rejection from TV Networks,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</"
+"citetitle>, 13 March 2003, C4. Outside of election-related air time there "
+"is very little that the FCC or the courts are willing to do to even the "
+"playing field. For a general overview, see Rhonda Brown, <quote>Ad Hoc "
+"Access: The Regulation of Editorial Advertising on Television and Radio,</"
+"quote> <citetitle>Yale Law and Policy Review</citetitle> 6 (1988): "
+"449–79, and for a more recent summary of the stance of the FCC and the "
+"courts, see <citetitle>Radio-Television News Directors Association</"
+"citetitle> v. <citetitle>FCC</citetitle>, 184 F. 3d 872 (D.C. Cir. 1999). "
+"Municipal authorities exercise the same authority as the networks. In a "
+"recent example from San Francisco, the San Francisco transit authority "
+"rejected an ad that criticized its Muni diesel buses. Phillip Matier and "
+"Andrew Ross, <quote>Antidiesel Group Fuming After Muni Rejects Ad,</quote> "
+"SFGate.com, 16 June 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/"
+"notes/\">link #32</ulink>. The ground was that the criticism was <quote>too "
+"controversial.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
+"id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder "
+"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"4\"/> "
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"5\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
+"id=\"6\"/> Marihuana-politikprojektet forsøgte i februar 2003 at få placeret "
+"reklameindslag som direkte svarede på Nick og Norm-serien på stationer i "
+"Washington D.C.-området. Comcast afviste indslagene som <quote>mod [deres] "
+"skrøner.</quote> Den lokale NBC-fillialen, WRC, afviste indslagene uden at "
+"kigge på dem. Den lokale ABC-fillialen, WJOA, gik oprindeligt med på at "
+"køre indslagene, og tog imod betaling for at gøre det, men bestemte sig "
+"senere for at ikke køre indslagene, og returnerede pengeene. Interview med "
+"Neal Levine, 15 . oktober 2003 . Disse begrænsninger er naturligvis ikke "
+"begrænset til narkotikapolitik. Se for eksempel Nat Ive, <quote>On the "
+"Issue of an Iraq War, Advocacy Ads Meet with Rejection from TV Networks,</"
+"quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 13 . marts 2003, C4 . Ud over "
+"valgkamprelatert sendetid er det rigtigt lidt som FCC eller domstolene er "
+"villigt til at gøre for at få give lige vilkår for alle. For en generel "
+"oversigt, se Rhonda Brown, <quote>Ad hoc Access: The Regulation of Editorial "
+"Advertising on Television and Radio,</quote> <citetitle>Yale Law and Policy "
+"Review</citetitle> 6 (1988): 449–79, og for man nylig oppdatering af "
+"positionen til FCC og domstolene, se <citetitle>Radio-Television News "
+"Directors Association</citetitle> v. <citetitle>FCC</citetitle>, 184 F. 3d "
+"872 (D.C. Cir. 1999). Kommunale administrationer udøver den samme autoritet "
+"som netværkene. I et nylig eksempel fra San Francisco, afviste kollektiv "
+"transportmyndighederne en reklame som kritiserede deres Muni diesel-busser. "
+"Phillip Matier og Andrew Ross, <quote>Antidiesel Group Fuming After Muni "
+"Rejects Ad,</quote> SFGate.com, 16 . juni 2003, tilgængeligt fra <ulink "
+"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #32</ulink>. Begrundelsen var at "
+"kritikken var <quote>for kontroversiel.</quote>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"No. You cannot. Television stations have a general policy of avoiding "
+"<quote>controversial</quote> ads. Ads sponsored by the government are deemed "
+"uncontroversial; ads disagreeing with the government are controversial. "
+"This selectivity might be thought inconsistent with the First Amendment, but "
+"the Supreme Court has held that stations have the right to choose what they "
+"run. Thus, the major channels of commercial media will refuse one side of a "
+"crucial debate the opportunity to present its case. And the courts will "
+"defend the rights of the stations to be this biased.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Nej, det kan du ikke. TV-stationer har en generel regel om at undgå "
+"<quote>kontroversielle</quote> reklameindslag. Indslag sponsoreret af "
+"myndighederne anses som ukontroversielle. Indslag som er uenigt/uenig med "
+"myndighederne er kontroversielle. Denne utvelgelsen kan måske tænkes at "
+"være i strid med det første grundlovtillægget, men Højesteret har afgjort at "
+"stationerne har ret til at vælge hvad de sender. Dermed vil de store "
+"kommercielle mediumkanalerne blokere muligheden som den ene siden af en "
+"vigtig debat har til at lægge frem sin sag. Og domstolene vil forsvare "
+"stationernes ret til at være så ensidigt.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
+"id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"I'd be happy to defend the networks' rights, as well—if we lived in a "
+"media market that was truly diverse. But concentration in the media throws "
+"that condition into doubt. If a handful of companies control access to the "
+"media, and that handful of companies gets to decide which political "
+"positions it will allow to be promoted on its channels, then in an obvious "
+"and important way, concentration matters. You might like the positions the "
+"handful of companies selects. But you should not like a world in which a "
+"mere few get to decide which issues the rest of us get to know about."
+msgstr ""
+"Jeg villes også med glæde forsvaret netværkenes rettigheder – hvis vi "
+"levede i et mediummarked som virkeligt var mangfoldig. Men konsentreringen "
+"i medierne får en til at tvivle på den forudsætningen. Hvis en håndfuld "
+"selskaber kontrollerer tilgangen til medierne, og denne lille gruppe "
+"selskaber får bestemme hvilke politiske holdninger den vil tillade at "
+"fremmes på sine kanaler, da er det på en åpenbar og vigtig måde klart at "
+"konsentrering betyder noget. Det måske du kanlide holdningerne som denne "
+"håndfulle gruppen med selskaber vælger, men du bør ikke lige så en værdet "
+"der et lille mindretal får bestemme hvilke sager resten af os får høre om."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Together"
+msgstr "Sammen"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"There is something innocent and obvious about the claim of the copyright "
+"warriors that the government should <quote>protect my property.</quote> In "
+"the abstract, it is obviously true and, ordinarily, totally harmless. No "
+"sane sort who is not an anarchist could disagree."
+msgstr ""
+"Det er noget uskyldigt og åbenbaret i kravet fra ophavsretkrigerene om at "
+"myndighederne bør <quote>beskytte min ejendom.</quote> Som abstrakter idé "
+"er det åbenbaret rigtigt, og sædvanligvis helt ufarlig. Ingen fornuftig "
+"person som ikke er anarkist vil være uenig."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 180
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"But when we see how dramatically this <quote>property</quote> has "
+"changed— when we recognize how it might now interact with both "
+"technology and markets to mean that the effective constraint on the liberty "
+"to cultivate our culture is dramatically different—the claim begins to "
+"seem less innocent and obvious. Given (1) the power of technology to "
+"supplement the law's control, and (2) the power of concentrated markets to "
+"weaken the opportunity for dissent, if strictly enforcing the massively "
+"expanded <quote>property</quote> rights granted by copyright fundamentally "
+"changes the freedom within this culture to cultivate and build upon our "
+"past, then we have to ask whether this property should be redefined."
+msgstr ""
+"Men når vi ser hvor dramatisk denne <quote>ejendom</quote> har ændret sig "
+"– når vi indser hvordan den, sådan den nu er knyttet til både "
+"teknologi og marked, betyder at de effektive begrænsningerne i friheden til "
+"at kultivere vores kultur er dramatisk forskelligt – begynder kravet "
+"at se mindre uskyldigt og åbenbaret ud. Givet (1) kraften/kræfter i "
+"teknologien til at supplere lovens kontrol, og (2) kraften/kræfter i "
+"indsnævrede markeder til at svække muligheden til at være uenigt/uenig, når "
+"strikt håndheving af den massivt udvidede <quote>ejendomretten</quote> "
+"innvilget af ophavsreten fundamentalt ændrer friheden i denne kultur til at "
+"kultivere og bygge på vores fortid, så må vi spørge os om denne ejendom bør "
+"omdefineres."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Not starkly. Or absolutely. My point is not that we should abolish copyright "
+"or go back to the eighteenth century. That would be a total mistake, "
+"disastrous for the most important creative enterprises within our culture "
+"today."
+msgstr ""
+"Ikke fjernes, og ikke fuldstændig. Mit pointe er ikke at vi bør afskaffe "
+"ophavsreten, eller gå tilbage til det attende århundrede. Det villes være "
+"et totalt fejlgreb, katastrofalt for størstedelen af de vigtigste kreative "
+"bedrifterne i vores kultur i dag."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"But there is a space between zero and one, Internet culture "
+"notwithstanding. And these massive shifts in the effective power of "
+"copyright regulation, tied to increased concentration of the content "
+"industry and resting in the hands of technology that will increasingly "
+"enable control over the use of culture, should drive us to consider whether "
+"another adjustment is called for. Not an adjustment that increases "
+"copyright's power. Not an adjustment that increases its term. Rather, an "
+"adjustment to restore the balance that has traditionally defined copyright's "
+"regulation—a weakening of that regulation, to strengthen creativity."
+msgstr ""
+"Men det er et område mellem nul og en, på trods af Internet-kultur. Og disse "
+"massive ændringerne i den effektive magten til opphavsrettsregulering, "
+"bylten til den øgende konsentreringen i indholdindustrien og hvilende i "
+"teknologiens hånd som i øgende grad kan kontrollere brugen af kultur, bør få "
+"os til at vurdere hvorvidt en anden justering er nødvendigt. Ikke en "
+"justering som øger ophavsretens magt. Ikke en justering som øger deres "
+"vernetid. I stedet en justering som genetablerer balancen som traditionelt "
+"har defineret ophavsretens regulering – en svekkelse af denne "
+"reguleringen for at styrke kreativiteten."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Copyright law has not been a rock of Gibraltar. It's not a set of constant "
+"commitments that, for some mysterious reason, teenagers and geeks now flout. "
+"Instead, copyright power has grown dramatically in a short period of time, "
+"as the technologies of distribution and creation have changed and as "
+"lobbyists have pushed for more control by copyright holders. Changes in the "
+"past in response to changes in technology suggest that we may well need "
+"similar changes in the future. And these changes have to be "
+"<emphasis>reductions</emphasis> in the scope of copyright, in response to "
+"the extraordinary increase in control that technology and the market enable."
+msgstr ""
+"Åndsverksloven har ikke været nogle uforanderlig naturlov, sikker og solid "
+"som Rock of Gibraltar. Den er ikke et sæt med konstante forpligtelser som "
+"teenagere og geeks (nørder) nu, af en eller anden mystisk overfladisk, giver "
+"blaffen i. I stedet har ophavsretens magt vokset dramatisk på kort tid, "
+"efterhånden som teknologi for distribution og skaping har ændret sig, og "
+"efterhånden som lobbyister har presset på for mere kontrol hos "
+"ophavsretindehaverne. Tidligere ændringer som respons på ændringerne i "
+"teknologi foreslår at vi godt kan behøve lignende ændringer i fremtiden. Og "
+"disse ændringer må være <emphasis>reduktion</emphasis> i omfanget til "
+"ophavsreten, som svar på den ekstraordinære øgningen i kontrol som teknologi "
+"og marked gør muligt."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 181
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"For the single point that is lost in this war on pirates is a point that we "
+"see only after surveying the range of these changes. When you add together "
+"the effect of changing law, concentrated markets, and changing technology, "
+"together they produce an astonishing conclusion: <emphasis>Never in our "
+"history have fewer had a legal right to control more of the development of "
+"our culture than now</emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+"For det enkeltpoenget som går tabt i denne krig mod pirater er et pointe som "
+"vi kun ser efter at have kortlagt alle disse ændringer. Når du slår sammen "
+"effekten af et ændret lovværk, koncentreret markedet og ændret teknologi, så "
+"kommer en til en forbløffende konklusion: <emphasis>Aldrig før i vores "
+"historie har så få haft juridisk ret til at kontrollere mere af udviklingen "
+"af vores kultur end nu</emphasis>."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Siva Vaidhyanathan captures a "
+"similar point in his <quote>four surrenders</quote> of copyright law in the "
+"digital age. See Vaidhyanathan, 159–60."
+msgstr ""
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Siva Vaidhyanathan fanger et "
+"lignende pointe i hans <quote>fire kapitulationer</quote> for åndsverkloven "
+"i den digitale tidsalder. Se Vaidhyanathan, 159–60 ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Not when copyrights were perpetual, for when copyrights were perpetual, they "
+"affected only that precise creative work. Not when only publishers had the "
+"tools to publish, for the market then was much more diverse. Not when there "
+"were only three television networks, for even then, newspapers, film "
+"studios, radio stations, and publishers were independent of the networks. "
+"<emphasis>Never</emphasis> has copyright protected such a wide range of "
+"rights, against as broad a range of actors, for a term that was remotely as "
+"long. This form of regulation—a tiny regulation of a tiny part of the "
+"creative energy of a nation at the founding—is now a massive "
+"regulation of the overall creative process. Law plus technology plus the "
+"market now interact to turn this historically benign regulation into the "
+"most significant regulation of culture that our free society has known."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Ikke da ophavsreten var evigvarende, for da ophavsret var evigvarende, "
+"påvirkede de kun det spesifikke kreative værket. Ikke da kun utgivere havde "
+"publiseringsutstyr, for markedet var da meget mere varieret. Ikke når det "
+"kun fandtes tre TV-netværk, for selv da var aviser, filmstudie, "
+"radiostationer og utgivere uafhængige af netværkene. <emphasis>Aldrig</"
+"emphasis> har ophavsreten beskyttet en så stor mængde af rettigheder, mod en "
+"så stor mængde af aktører, med en vernetid som var i nærheden af så lang. "
+"Denne form for regulering – en lille regulering af en lille del af den "
+"kreative energien til en nation i emning – er nu en massiv regulering "
+"af hele den kreative processen. Lovværker plus teknologi plus marked "
+"arbejder nu sammen for at gøre denne historisk ubetydelige regulering til "
+"den mest betydningsfulde reguleringen af kulturen som vores frie samfund har "
+"kendt.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>This has been</emphasis> a long chapter. Its point "
+"can now be briefly stated."
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>Dette har været</emphasis> et langt kapitel. Dets "
+"pointe kan nu formuleres ganske kort."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"At the start of this book, I distinguished between commercial and "
+"noncommercial culture. In the course of this chapter, I have distinguished "
+"between copying a work and transforming it. We can now combine these two "
+"distinctions and draw a clear map of the changes that copyright law has "
+"undergone. In 1790, the law looked like this:"
+msgstr ""
+"I starten af denne bog, pointerede jeg forskellen mellem kommerciel og ikke-"
+"kommerciel kultur. I løbet af dette kapitlet har jeg skilt mellem kopiering "
+"af et værk, og at omforme det. Vi kan nu kombinere disse to skillerne, og "
+"tegne et klart kort over ændringerne som opphavsrettsloven har gennemgået. "
+"I 1790, så loven sådan ud:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "PUBLISH"
+msgstr "Publicere"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "TRANSFORM"
+msgstr "Omforme"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Commercial"
+msgstr "Kommerciel"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "©"
+msgstr "©"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Free"
+msgstr "Fri"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Noncommercial"
+msgstr "Ikke-kommerciel"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 182
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The act of publishing a map, chart, and book was regulated by copyright law. "
+"Nothing else was. Transformations were free. And as copyright attached only "
+"with registration, and only those who intended to benefit commercially would "
+"register, copying through publishing of noncommercial work was also free."
+msgstr ""
+"Det at publicere et kort, diagram og bog var reguleret af opphavsrettsloven. "
+" Ingenting andet. Omforminger var frit frem. Og i og med at ophavsreten "
+"kun galdt ved registrering, og kun de som planlagde at have kommerciel nytte "
+"villes registrere, var kopiering gennem publisering af ikke-kommercielle "
+"værker også frit frem."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "By the end of the nineteenth century, the law had changed to this:"
+msgstr ""
+"På slutningen af det nittende århundrede havde loven blevet ændret til dette:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Derivative works were now regulated by copyright law—if published, "
+"which again, given the economics of publishing at the time, means if offered "
+"commercially. But noncommercial publishing and transformation were still "
+"essentially free."
+msgstr ""
+"Avledede værk var nu reguleret af opphavsrettsloven – hvis de var "
+"publiceret, som betød, givet økonomien til publisering på den tiden, at "
+"tilbyde den kommercielt. Men det var fortsat i hovedsag frit frem for ikke-"
+"kommerciel publisering og omforming."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"In 1909 the law changed to regulate copies, not publishing, and after this "
+"change, the scope of the law was tied to technology. As the technology of "
+"copying became more prevalent, the reach of the law expanded. Thus by 1975, "
+"as photocopying machines became more common, we could say the law began to "
+"look like this:"
+msgstr ""
+"I 1909 blev loven ændret til at regulere eksemplarer og ikke publisering, og "
+"efter denne ændring var omfanget af loven knyttet til teknologi. "
+"Efterhånden som teknologien for eksemplarfremstilling/kopiering blev mere "
+"udbredt, udvidede rækkevidden til loven sig. Dermed kan vi sige at i 1975, "
+"efterhånden som fotokopimaskiner blev mere normalt, begyndte loven at se "
+"sådan ud:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "COPY"
+msgstr "Kopiere"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "© / Free"
+msgstr "©/Fri"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The law was interpreted to reach noncommercial copying through, say, copy "
+"machines, but still much of copying outside of the commercial market "
+"remained free. But the consequence of the emergence of digital technologies, "
+"especially in the context of a digital network, means that the law now looks "
+"like this:"
+msgstr ""
+"Loven blev tolket til at nu ikke-kommerciel kopiering ved hjælp af, f.eks. "
+"kopimaskiner, men fortsat forblev meget af kopieringen udenom det "
+"kommercielle markedet fri. Men konsekvensen fra fremvæksten af digitale "
+"teknologier, specielt i sammenhæng med digitale netværk, betyder at loven nu "
+"ser sådan ud:"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 183
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Every realm is governed by copyright law, whereas before most creativity was "
+"not. The law now regulates the full range of creativity— commercial or "
+"not, transformative or not—with the same rules designed to regulate "
+"commercial publishers."
+msgstr ""
+"Hvert område er styret af åndsverksloven, mens størstedelen af kreativiteten "
+"ikke var styret af den tidligere. Loven regulerer nu hele omfanget af "
+"kreativiteten – kommerciel eller ikke, omformende eller ikke – "
+"med de samme skrøner som blev udformet for at regulere kommercielle utgivere."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Obviously, copyright law is not the enemy. The enemy is regulation that does "
+"no good. So the question that we should be asking just now is whether "
+"extending the regulations of copyright law into each of these domains "
+"actually does any good."
+msgstr ""
+"Åndsverkloven er åbenbaret ikke fjenden. Fjenden er regulering som ikke "
+"gør noget godt. Så spørgsmålet vi bør stille os akkurat nu er hvorvidt at "
+"udvide reguleringene i åndsverkloven ind i hver af disse områder faktisk gør "
+"noget godt."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"I have no doubt that it does good in regulating commercial copying. But I "
+"also have no doubt that it does more harm than good when regulating (as it "
+"regulates just now) noncommercial copying and, especially, noncommercial "
+"transformation. And increasingly, for the reasons sketched especially in "
+"chapters <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"recorders\"/> and "
+"<xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"transformers\"/>, one "
+"might well wonder whether it does more harm than good for commercial "
+"transformation. More commercial transformative work would be created if "
+"derivative rights were more sharply restricted."
+msgstr ""
+"Jeg er ikke i tvivl om at det er en god idé at regulere kommerciel "
+"kopiering. Men jeg har heller ingen tvivl om at det gør mere skade end "
+"gavn når man regulerer (sådan det reguleres akkurat nu) ikke-kommerciel "
+"kopiering, og specielt ikke-kommerciel omforming. Og i stadigt større grad, "
+"af årsager skitseret specielt i kapitlerne <xref xrefstyle=\"select: "
+"labelnumber\" linkend=\"recorders\"/> og <xref xrefstyle=\"select: "
+"labelnumber\" linkend=\"transformers\"/>, kan man godt undre på hvorvidt den "
+"gør mere skade end gavn for kommerciel omforming. Flere kommercielle "
+"omformede værker villes været skabt hvis avledede rettigheder var skarpere "
+"begrænset."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "legal realist movement"
+msgstr "juridiske realist-bevægelsen"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> It was the single most important "
+"contribution of the legal realist movement to demonstrate that all property "
+"rights are always crafted to balance public and private interests. See "
+"Thomas C. Grey, <quote>The Disintegration of Property,</quote> in "
+"<citetitle>Nomos XXII: Property</citetitle>, J. Roland Pennock and John W. "
+"Chapman, eds. (New York: New York University Press, 1980)."
+msgstr ""
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Det at demonstrere at alle "
+"ejendomrettigheder altid har været udformet for at balancere interesserne "
+"til fællesskabet og private, var det vigtigste enkeltbidrag fra den "
+"juridiske realist-bevægelsen. Se Thomas C. Grey, <quote>The Disintegration "
+"of Property,</quote> i <citetitle>Nomos XXII: Property</citetitle>, J. "
+"Roland Pennock og John W. Chapman, eds. (New York: New York University "
+"Press, 1980)."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The issue is therefore not simply whether copyright is property. Of course "
+"copyright is a kind of <quote>property,</quote> and of course, as with any "
+"property, the state ought to protect it. But first impressions "
+"notwithstanding, historically, this property right (as with all property "
+"rights<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>) has been crafted to "
+"balance the important need to give authors and artists incentives with the "
+"equally important need to assure access to creative work. This balance has "
+"always been struck in light of new technologies. And for almost half of our "
+"tradition, the <quote>copyright</quote> did not control <emphasis>at all</"
+"emphasis> the freedom of others to build upon or transform a creative work. "
+"American culture was born free, and for almost 180 years our country "
+"consistently protected a vibrant and rich free culture."
+msgstr ""
+"Temaet her er dermed ikke så enkelt som hvorvidt ophavsret er ejendom eller "
+"ikke. Selvfølgelig er ophavsret en type <quote>ejendom,</quote> og "
+"selvfølgelig, som med enhver ejendom, bør staten beskytte den. Men uanset "
+"førsteinntrykk, så har denne eiendomretten, historisk set (som med alle "
+"ejendomretter<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>) været udformet for "
+"at balancere det vigtige behovet at give forfattere og artister incentiver "
+"med det lige så vigtige behovet at sikre tilgang til kreative værker. Denne "
+"balance har altid blevet fundet i lys af nye teknologier. Og i næsten "
+"halve vores tradition kontrollerede ikke <quote>ophavsreten</quote> "
+"<emphasis>i det hele taget</emphasis> friheden andre havde til at bygge på "
+"og omforme et kreativt værk. USAs kultur blev født fri, og i næsten 180 år "
+"beskyttet vores land konsistent en pulserende og rig fri kultur."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 184
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"We achieved that free culture because our law respected important limits on "
+"the scope of the interests protected by <quote>property.</quote> The very "
+"birth of <quote>copyright</quote> as a statutory right recognized those "
+"limits, by granting copyright owners protection for a limited time only (the "
+"story of chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"founders"
+"\"/>). The tradition of <quote>fair use</quote> is animated by a similar "
+"concern that is increasingly under strain as the costs of exercising any "
+"fair use right become unavoidably high (the story of chapter <xref xrefstyle="
+"\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"recorders\"/>). Adding statutory rights "
+"where markets might stifle innovation is another familiar limit on the "
+"property right that copyright is (chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: "
+"labelnumber\" linkend=\"transformers\"/>). And granting archives and "
+"libraries a broad freedom to collect, claims of property notwithstanding, is "
+"a crucial part of guaranteeing the soul of a culture (chapter <xref "
+"xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"collectors\"/>). Free cultures, "
+"like free markets, are built with property. But the nature of the property "
+"that builds a free culture is very different from the extremist vision that "
+"dominates the debate today."
+msgstr ""
+"Vi opnåede den frie kulturen på grund af at vores lovværk respekterede "
+"vigtige begrænsninger i rækkevidden af interesserne beskyttede af "
+"<quote>ejendom.</quote> Selve fødslen til <quote>ophavsreten</quote> som en "
+"lovfæstet ret gjenkjente disse begrænsninger, ved at at give ophavsretejerne "
+"beskyttelse kun for en begrænset tidsperiode (historie i kapitel <xref "
+"xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"founders\"/>). Traditionen til "
+"<quote>rimeligt brug</quote> er drevet af en lignende bekymring som i "
+"stadigt større grad er under pres efterhånden som omkostningen ved at udøve "
+"en hvilken som helst rimelig brug bliver uunngåelig høj (historie i kapitel "
+"<xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"recorders\"/>). Å lægge "
+"til lovbestemmte rettigheder der hen markeder kan hæmme nyskabning er en "
+"anden kendt begrænsning på ejendomrettigheden som ophavsreten udgør (kapitel "
+"<xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"transformers\"/>). Og at "
+"tildele arkiver og biblioteker en bred frihed til at samle, uafhængigt af "
+"krav om ejendom, er en afgørende del af det at garantere sjelen til en "
+"kultur (kapitel <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" "
+"linkend=\"collectors\"/>). Fri kultur, på samme måde som frie markeder, er "
+"bygget på ejendom. Men naturen til ejendommen som bygger en fri kultur er "
+"vældig forskelligt fra den ekstremistvisionen som dominerer debatten i dag."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Free culture is increasingly the casualty in this war on piracy. In response "
+"to a real, if not yet quantified, threat that the technologies of the "
+"Internet present to twentieth-century business models for producing and "
+"distributing culture, the law and technology are being transformed in a way "
+"that will undermine our tradition of free culture. The property right that "
+"is copyright is no longer the balanced right that it was, or was intended to "
+"be. The property right that is copyright has become unbalanced, tilted "
+"toward an extreme. The opportunity to create and transform becomes weakened "
+"in a world in which creation requires permission and creativity must check "
+"with a lawyer."
+msgstr ""
+"Fri kultur er stadig større grad ofret i denne krig mod piratvirksomhed. "
+"Som respons på en reel, men endnu ikke kvantificeret trussel som "
+"teknologierne på Internet giver til det tyvende århundredets "
+"forretningsmodeller for produktion og distribution af kultur, har lovværk og "
+"teknologi blevet omformet på en sådan måde at det undergraver vores "
+"tradition for fri kultur. Ejendomretten som ophavsreten udgør, er ikke "
+"længere den balancerede rettigheden som det var, eller var ment at være. "
+"Ejendomretten som ophavsreten udgør har blevet ubalansert, med udslag mod et "
+"yderpunkt. Muligheden til at skabe og omforme bliver svækket i en værdet "
+"der det at skabe kræver tilladelse, og kreativitet må tjekke med en advokat."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><title>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Puzzles"
+msgstr "Nøtter"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Chapter Eleven: Chimera"
+msgstr "Kapitel elleve: Kimære"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "chimeras"
+msgstr "kimærer"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Wells, H. G."
+msgstr "Wells, H. G."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<quote>Country of the Blind, The</quote> (Wells)"
+msgstr "<quote>Country of the Blind, The</quote> (Wells)"
+
+#. f1.
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"H. G. Wells, <quote>The Country of the Blind</quote> (1904, 1911). See H. G. "
+"Wells, <citetitle>The Country of the Blind and Other Stories</citetitle>, "
+"Michael Sherborne, ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996)."
+msgstr ""
+"H. G. Wells, <quote>The Country of the Blind</quote> (1904, 1911). Se H. G. "
+"Wells, <citetitle>The Country of the Blind and Other Stories</citetitle>, "
+"Michael Sherborne, ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996)."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>In a well-known</emphasis> short story by H. G. "
+"Wells, a mountain climber named Nunez trips (literally, down an ice slope) "
+"into an unknown and isolated valley in the Peruvian Andes.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The valley is extraordinarily beautiful, with "
+"<quote>sweet water, pasture, an even climate, slopes of rich brown soil with "
+"tangles of a shrub that bore an excellent fruit.</quote> But the villagers "
+"are all blind. Nunez takes this as an opportunity. <quote>In the Country of "
+"the Blind,</quote> he tells himself, <quote>the One-Eyed Man is King.</"
+"quote> So he resolves to live with the villagers to explore life as a king."
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>I en velkendt</emphasis> novelle af H. G. Wells, "
+"snublet man fjellklatrer ved navn Nunez ned en is-skråning ind i en ukendt "
+"og isoleret dal i de Peruanske Andesbjergene.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
+"id=\"0\"/> Dalen er utroligt smuk, med <quote>friskt vand, beiteland, et "
+"jævnt klima og bage/bager med rig brun jord med virvar af buskads som bar "
+"man velsmakende frugt.</quote> Men landsbyboerne er alle blinde. Nunez ser "
+"dette som en mulighed. <quote>I de blindes rige,</quote> fortæller han sig "
+"selv, <quote>er den enøyde konge.</quote> Så han bestemmer sig for at slå "
+"sig ned hos landsbyboerne for at udforske livet som konge."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Things don't go quite as he planned. He tries to explain the idea of sight "
+"to the villagers. They don't understand. He tells them they are <quote>blind."
+"</quote> They don't have the word <citetitle>blind</citetitle>. They think "
+"he's just thick. Indeed, as they increasingly notice the things he can't do "
+"(hear the sound of grass being stepped on, for example), they increasingly "
+"try to control him. He, in turn, becomes increasingly frustrated. "
+"<quote><quote>You don't understand,</quote> he cried, in a voice that was "
+"meant to be great and resolute, and which broke. <quote>You are blind and I "
+"can see. Leave me alone!</quote></quote>"
+msgstr ""
+"Ting bliver ikke helt som han har planlagt. Han forsøger at forklare idéen "
+"om syner til landsbyboerne. De forstår ikke . Han fortæller dem at de er "
+"<quote>blind.</quote> De mangler et ord for <citetitle>blind</citetitle>. "
+"De tror han bare er træg. Efterhånden som de opdager tingene han ikke kan "
+"gøre (for eksempel høre lyden af græs som bliver trampet på), forsøger de "
+"mere og mere at kontrollere ham. Han bliver dermed mere og mere frustreret. "
+" <quote><quote>I forstår ikke ,</quote> skrålede han, i en stemme som var "
+"ment at være storslået og bestemt, og som skar ud. <quote>I er blinde og "
+"jeg kan se. Lad mig være i fred!</quote></quote>"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 187
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The villagers don't leave him alone. Nor do they see (so to speak) the "
+"virtue of his special power. Not even the ultimate target of his affection, "
+"a young woman who to him seems <quote>the most beautiful thing in the whole "
+"of creation,</quote> understands the beauty of sight. Nunez's description of "
+"what he sees <quote>seemed to her the most poetical of fancies, and she "
+"listened to his description of the stars and the mountains and her own sweet "
+"white-lit beauty as though it was a guilty indulgence.</quote> <quote>She "
+"did not believe,</quote> Wells tells us, and <quote>she could only half "
+"understand, but she was mysteriously delighted.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+"Landsbyboerne lod ham ikke være i fred. Og de ser (for at si det sådan) "
+"ikke det fine i hans specielle kræfter. Ikke engang det ultimate målet for "
+"hans hengivenhet, en ung kvinde som for ham synes <quote>den smukkeste "
+"tingen i hele skapelsen,</quote> forstår skjønnheten i at kunne se. Nunez "
+"sine beskrivelser af det han ser <quote>virket for hende at være de mest "
+"poetiske af fantasier, og hun hørte på hans beskrivelser af stjernerne og "
+"fjeldene og hendes egen søde hvid-lysnende skjønnhet som om det var en "
+"skyldigt/skyldig tilfredsstillelse .</quote> <quote>Hun troede ikke ,</"
+"quote> fortæller Wells os, og <quote>hun kunne bare halvvejs forstå, men "
+"hun var underligt glædet.</quote>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"When Nunez announces his desire to marry his <quote>mysteriously delighted</"
+"quote> love, the father and the village object. <quote>You see, my dear,</"
+"quote> her father instructs, <quote>he's an idiot. He has delusions. He "
+"can't do anything right.</quote> They take Nunez to the village doctor."
+msgstr ""
+"Når Nunez kundgør sit ønske om at gifte sig med sin <quote>underligt "
+"herlige</quote> kærlighed, protesterede faren og landsbyen. <quote>Du "
+"skønner, kære,</quote> instruerer hendes far, <quote>han er en idiot. Han "
+"har vrangforestillinger. Han kan ikke gøre noget rigtigt.</quote> De tager "
+"Nunez til landsbylægen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"After a careful examination, the doctor gives his opinion. <quote>His brain "
+"is affected,</quote> he reports."
+msgstr ""
+"Efter en omhyggelig undersøgelse giver sin læge vurdering. <quote>hans "
+"Hjerne er påvirket,</quote> rapporterer han."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<quote>What affects it?</quote> the father asks. <quote>Those queer things "
+"that are called the eyes … are diseased … in such a way as to "
+"affect his brain.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+"<quote>Hvad påvirker den?</quote> spørger faren. <quote>De sære tingene som "
+"kaldes øjnene … er sygelige … på en måde som påvirker hans "
+"hjerne.</quote>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The doctor continues: <quote>I think I may say with reasonable certainty "
+"that in order to cure him completely, all that we need to do is a simple and "
+"easy surgical operation—namely, to remove these irritant bodies [the "
+"eyes].</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+"Lægen fortsætter: <quote>Jeg tror jeg med rimelig sikkerhed kan sige at for "
+"at kunne helbrede ham er alt vi behøver at gøre en enkel og let kirurgisk "
+"operation – nemlig at fjerne disse irriterede organer [øjnene].</quote>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<quote>Thank Heaven for science!</quote> says the father to the doctor. They "
+"inform Nunez of this condition necessary for him to be allowed his bride. "
+"(You'll have to read the original to learn what happens in the end. I "
+"believe in free culture, but never in giving away the end of a story.)"
+msgstr ""
+"<quote>Tak Gud for videnskaben!</quote> siger faren til doktoren. De "
+"fortæller Nunez om dette krav som han må opfylde for at få sin brud. (Du "
+"får læse originalen for at lære hvordan historie ender. Jeg tror på fri "
+"kultur, men ikke på at afsløre hvordan en historie ender.)"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 188
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>It sometimes</emphasis> happens that the eggs of "
+"twins fuse in the mother's womb. That fusion produces a <quote>chimera.</"
+"quote> A chimera is a single creature with two sets of DNA. The DNA in the "
+"blood, for example, might be different from the DNA of the skin. This "
+"possibility is an underused plot for murder mysteries. <quote>But the DNA "
+"shows with 100 percent certainty that she was not the person whose blood was "
+"at the scene. …</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>Det sker</emphasis> nogle gange at æggene til "
+"tvillinger svejses sammen i morens livmor. Den sammensveisingen skaber en "
+"<quote>kimære.</quote> En kimære er en skabning med to sæt med DNA. DNA-et "
+"i blodet kan for eksempel være forskelligt fra DNA-et i huden. Denne "
+"mulighed er en for lidt brugt handling i mordmysterier. <quote>Men DNA-et "
+"viser med 100 procent sikkerhed at hendes blod ikke er det som var på "
+"åstedet. …</quote>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Before I had read about chimeras, I would have said they were impossible. A "
+"single person can't have two sets of DNA. The very idea of DNA is that it is "
+"the code of an individual. Yet in fact, not only can two individuals have "
+"the same set of DNA (identical twins), but one person can have two different "
+"sets of DNA (a chimera). Our understanding of a <quote>person</quote> should "
+"reflect this reality."
+msgstr ""
+"Før jeg havde læst om kimærer, så villes jeg have sagt at det var umuligt. "
+"En enkelt person kan ikke have to sæt med DNA. Selve idéen med DNA er at "
+"det er koden til et individ. Alligevel er det jo faktisk sådan at ikke bare "
+"kan to individer have samme set med DNA (identiske tvillinger), men en "
+"person kan have to forskellige set med DNA (en kimære). Vores forståelse af "
+"en <quote>person</quote> bør genspejle denne virkelighed."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The more I work to understand the current struggle over copyright and "
+"culture, which I've sometimes called unfairly, and sometimes not unfairly "
+"enough, <quote>the copyright wars,</quote> the more I think we're dealing "
+"with a chimera. For example, in the battle over the question <quote>What is "
+"p2p file sharing?</quote> both sides have it right, and both sides have it "
+"wrong. One side says, <quote>File sharing is just like two kids taping each "
+"others' records—the sort of thing we've been doing for the last thirty "
+"years without any question at all.</quote> That's true, at least in part. "
+"When I tell my best friend to try out a new CD that I've bought, but rather "
+"than just send the CD, I point him to my p2p server, that is, in all "
+"relevant respects, just like what every executive in every recording company "
+"no doubt did as a kid: sharing music."
+msgstr ""
+"Jo mere jeg arbejder for at forstå den nuværende <quote>ophavsretkrigen</"
+"quote> rundt ophavsret og kultur, som jeg både har kaldt uretfærdigt og ikke "
+"uretfærdigt nok, jo mere tænker jeg at det er man kimære vi snakker om. For "
+"eksempel i kampen om spørgsmålet <quote>Hvad er p2p-fildeling?</quote> har "
+"begge sider ret, og begge sider tager fejl. En side siger, <quote>fildeling "
+"er akkurat som om to unger tager op hinandens plader på bånd – "
+"akkurat sådan vi har gjort det de sidste tredive årene uden at nogle har "
+"stilet spørgsmål ved det i det hele taget.</quote> Det er rigtigt, i hvert "
+"fald delvis. Når jeg beder min bedste ven om at høre på en ny CD jeg har "
+"købt, og i stedet for at bare sende CD-en, så viser jeg han til min p2p-"
+"tjener, så er det på alle relevante måder akkurat det samme som enhver leder "
+"i ethvert pladeselskab uden tvivl gjorde som barn: deling af musik."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"But the description is also false in part. For when my p2p server is on a "
+"p2p network through which anyone can get access to my music, then sure, my "
+"friends can get access, but it stretches the meaning of <quote>friends</"
+"quote> beyond recognition to say <quote>my ten thousand best friends</quote> "
+"can get access. Whether or not sharing my music with my best friend is what "
+"<quote>we have always been allowed to do,</quote> we have not always been "
+"allowed to share music with <quote>our ten thousand best friends.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+"Men beskrivelsen er også delvis urigtig. For når min p2p-tjener er på et "
+"p2p-netværk der hen enhver kan få tilgang til min musik, så kan helt klart "
+"mine venner få tilgang, men det strækker betydningen af <quote>venner</"
+"quote> forbi bristepunktet når man siger <quote>mine ti tusind bedste "
+"venner</quote> kan få tilgang. Uanset om <quote>vi altid har haft lov til</"
+"quote> at dele min musik med min bedste venner, så har vi ikke altid haft "
+"lov til at dele musik med <quote>vores ti tusind bedste venner.</quote>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Likewise, when the other side says, <quote>File sharing is just like walking "
+"into a Tower Records and taking a CD off the shelf and walking out with it,</"
+"quote> that's true, at least in part. If, after Lyle Lovett (finally) "
+"releases a new album, rather than buying it, I go to Kazaa and find a free "
+"copy to take, that is very much like stealing a copy from Tower. "
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Tilsvarende, når den andre side siger, <quote>Fildeling er som at gå ind hos "
+"Tower Records at tage en CD fra hyllede og gå ud af butikken med den,</"
+"quote> så er det rigtigt, i hvert fald delvis. Hvis jeg, efter at Lyle "
+"Lovett (endeligt) gear ud et nyt album, i stedet for at købe den går på "
+"Kazaa og finder et gratis eksemplar jeg kan tage, så er det rigtigt ligeligt "
+"det at stjæle et eksemplar fra Tower.<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
+"id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 189
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"But it is not quite stealing from Tower. After all, when I take a CD from "
+"Tower Records, Tower has one less CD to sell. And when I take a CD from "
+"Tower Records, I get a bit of plastic and a cover, and something to show on "
+"my shelves. (And, while we're at it, we could also note that when I take a "
+"CD from Tower Records, the maximum fine that might be imposed on me, under "
+"California law, at least, is $1,000. According to the RIAA, by contrast, if "
+"I download a ten-song CD, I'm liable for $1,500,000 in damages.)"
+msgstr ""
+"Men det er ikke helt som at stjæle fra Tower. Trods alt har Tower Record "
+"en CD mindre de kan sælge når jeg tager en CD fra Tower. Når jeg tager en "
+"CD fra Tower Records, så får jeg en bidder plastic og et omslag, og noget at "
+"vise frem på mine hylde. (Og når vi først er i gang , bør vi også tage med "
+"at når jeg tager en CD fra Tower Records, så er den maksimale boden jeg kan "
+"pådrage mig, i hvert fald ifølge loven i California, 1 000 dollar. I følge "
+"RIAA kan jeg derimod, hvis jeg laster ned en CD med ti sange, blive "
+"ansvarligt/ansvarlig for 1 500 000 dollar i erstatning.)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The point is not that it is as neither side describes. The point is that it "
+"is both—both as the RIAA describes it and as Kazaa describes it. It is "
+"a chimera. And rather than simply denying what the other side asserts, we "
+"need to begin to think about how we should respond to this chimera. What "
+"rules should govern it?"
+msgstr ""
+"Pointen er ikke at beskrivelsen fra begge sider er fejl. Pointen er at "
+"begge sider har ret – både som RIAA beskriver det, og som Kazaa "
+"beskriver det. Det er en kimære. Og i stedet for at ganske enkelt benægte "
+"det den andre side hævder, så må vi begynde at tænke på hvordan vi kan svare "
+"på dette kimære. Hvilke skrøner bør styre det?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "ISPs (Internet service providers), user identities revealed by"
+msgstr "ISP-er (Internet-tilbydere), brugeridentiteter afsløret af"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Conyers, John, Jr."
+msgstr "Conyers, John, Jr."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Berman, Howard L."
+msgstr "Berman, Howard L."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> For an excellent summary, see the "
+"report prepared by GartnerG2 and the Berkman Center for Internet and Society "
+"at Harvard Law School, <quote>Copyright and Digital Media in a Post-Napster "
+"World,</quote> 27 June 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture."
+"cc/notes/\">link #33</ulink>. Reps. John Conyers Jr. (D-Mich.) and Howard L. "
+"Berman (D-Calif.) have introduced a bill that would treat unauthorized on-"
+"line copying as a felony offense with punishments ranging as high as five "
+"years imprisonment; see Jon Healey, <quote>House Bill Aims to Up Stakes on "
+"Piracy,</quote> <citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 17 July 2003, "
+"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #34</ulink>. "
+"Civil penalties are currently set at $150,000 per copied song. For a recent "
+"(and unsuccessful) legal challenge to the RIAA's demand that an ISP reveal "
+"the identity of a user accused of sharing more than 600 songs through a "
+"family computer, see <citetitle>RIAA</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Verizon "
+"Internet Services (In re. Verizon Internet Services)</citetitle>, 240 F. "
+"Supp. 2d 24 (D.D.C. 2003). Such a user could face liability ranging as high "
+"as $90 million. Such astronomical figures furnish the RIAA with a powerful "
+"arsenal in its prosecution of file sharers. Settlements ranging from $12,000 "
+"to $17,500 for four students accused of heavy file sharing on university "
+"networks must have seemed a mere pittance next to the $98 billion the RIAA "
+"could seek should the matter proceed to court. See Elizabeth Young, "
+"<quote>Downloading Could Lead to Fines,</quote> redandblack.com, August "
+"2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #35</"
+"ulink>. For an example of the RIAA's targeting of student file sharing, and "
+"of the subpoenas issued to universities to reveal student file-sharer "
+"identities, see James Collins, <quote>RIAA Steps Up Bid to Force BC, MIT to "
+"Name Students,</quote> <citetitle>Boston Globe</citetitle>, 8 August 2003, "
+"D3, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #36</"
+"ulink>. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type="
+"\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> For man udmærkede oppsummering, "
+"se rapporten fortaget af GartnerG2 og Berkman Center for Internet and "
+"Society at Harvard Law School, <quote>Copyright and Digital Medierne in a "
+"Post-Napster World,</quote> 27 . juni 2003, tilgængeligt ved <ulink "
+"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #33</ulink>. Repræsentanterne "
+"John Conyers Jr. (demokrat i Michigan) og Howard L. (demokrat i California) "
+"har introduceret et lovforslag som vil behandle uautorisert elektronisk "
+"kopiering som en strafferettslig forbrydelse med op til fem års "
+"fængselstraf; se Jon Healey <quote>House Bill Aims to Up Stages on Piracy,</"
+"quote> <citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 17 . juli 2003, "
+"tilgængeligt ved <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #34</"
+"ulink>. Nu er erstatningskravet 150 000 dollar per kopierede sang. Det blev "
+"lagt frem i en nylig (og mislykket) udfordring af et RIAA krav til en "
+"internetleverandør om at afsløre identiteten til en bruge som var anklaget "
+"for at have delt mere end 600 sange gennem familiens computer, se "
+"<citetitle>RIAA</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Verizon Internet Services (In re. "
+"Verizon Internet Services)</citetitle>, 240 F. Supp. 2d 24 (D.D.C. 2003). En "
+"sådan bruger kan være ansvarligt/ansvarlig for erstatningskrav op til 90 "
+"millioner dollar. Sådanne astronomisk store værdier giver RIAA et kraftigt "
+"arsenal til dens forfølgelse af fildelere. Fire studenter som er anklaget "
+"for massiv fildeling ved universitetnetværk har forliget for mellem 12 000 "
+"og 17 500 dollar, og dette må virke som man luselønn i forhold til de 98 "
+"millioner dollar RIAA kunne have krævet dersom sagen blev afgjort ved "
+"rettsak. Se Elizabeth Young, <quote>Downloading Could Lead to Fines,</quote> "
+"redandblack.com, august 2003, tilgængeligt ved <ulink url=\"http://free-"
+"culture.cc/notes/\">link #35</ulink>. For et eksempel på RIAAs målretter "
+"fildeling gjort af studenter, og stevningene de gav til universiteter for at "
+"få dem til at afsløre identiteten til fildelende studenter, se James "
+"Collins, <quote>RIAA Steps Up Bid to Force BC, MIT to Name Students,</quote> "
+"<citetitle>Boston Globe</citetitle>, 8 . august 2003, D3, tilgængeligt ved "
+"<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #36</ulink>.<placeholder "
+"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"We could respond by simply pretending that it is not a chimera. We could, "
+"with the RIAA, decide that every act of file sharing should be a felony. We "
+"could prosecute families for millions of dollars in damages just because "
+"file sharing occurred on a family computer. And we can get universities to "
+"monitor all computer traffic to make sure that no computer is used to commit "
+"this crime. These responses might be extreme, but each of them has either "
+"been proposed or actually implemented.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id="
+"\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Vi kunne svare ved at ganske enkelt lade som om det ikke er en kimære. Vi "
+"kunne, sammen med RIAA, bestemme at hver eneste fildeling bør være en "
+"forbrydelse. Vi kan straffeforfølge familier for millioner af dollar i "
+"skade kun på baggrund af at fildelingen skete på en af familiens computere. "
+"Og vi kan få universiteter til at overvåge al datatrafik for at sikre at "
+"ingen computer bliver brugt til at gennemføre denne forbrydelse. Disse svar "
+"er måske ekstreme, men hver af dem har enten blevet foreslået, eller er "
+"allerede gennemført.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Alternatively, we could respond to file sharing the way many kids act as "
+"though we've responded. We could totally legalize it. Let there be no "
+"copyright liability, either civil or criminal, for making copyrighted "
+"content available on the Net. Make file sharing like gossip: regulated, if "
+"at all, by social norms but not by law."
+msgstr ""
+"Alternativt kan vi svare på fildeling sådan mange unger opfører sig som om "
+"vi har svaret. Vi kan legalisere det fuldstændig. Fjern alt ansvar for "
+"brud på ophavsreten, både civilt og strafferettslig, når man gør "
+"opphavsrettsbeskyttet materiale tilgængeligt på nettet. Fodrer med fildeling "
+"som sladder: reguleret af sociale normer i stedet for med lov, hvis det er "
+"reguleret i det hele taget ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Either response is possible. I think either would be a mistake. Rather than "
+"embrace one of these two extremes, we should embrace something that "
+"recognizes the truth in both. And while I end this book with a sketch of a "
+"system that does just that, my aim in the next chapter is to show just how "
+"awful it would be for us to adopt the zero-tolerance extreme. I believe "
+"<emphasis>either</emphasis> extreme would be worse than a reasonable "
+"alternative. But I believe the zero-tolerance solution would be the worse "
+"of the two extremes."
+msgstr ""
+"Begge svarene er mulige. Jeg tror hver af dem villes være en tabbe. I "
+"stedet for at vælge en af disse to ekstremerne, så bør vi vælge noget som "
+"gjenkjenner sandheden i begge. Og selv om jeg afslutter denne bog med en "
+"skisse til et system som gør akkurat det, så er mit mål med næste kapitel "
+"at vise akkurat hvor grufullt det villes være for os om vi adopterer "
+"nultolerance-ekstremet. Jeg tror <emphasis>begge</emphasis> ekstremerne vil "
+"være ondere end et rimeligt alternativ. Men jeg tror nultolerance-løsningen "
+"vil være den ondeste af de to ekstremerne."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 190
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Yet zero tolerance is increasingly our government's policy. In the middle of "
+"the chaos that the Internet has created, an extraordinary land grab is "
+"occurring. The law and technology are being shifted to give content holders "
+"a kind of control over our culture that they have never had before. And in "
+"this extremism, many an opportunity for new innovation and new creativity "
+"will be lost."
+msgstr ""
+"Alligevel er nultolerance i stadig større vores grad myndigheders politik. "
+"Midt i dette kaos som Internet har skabt, finder et ekstraordinært "
+"ejendomtyveri fra fællesskabet sted. Retten og teknologien ændres til at "
+"give indholdindehaverne en type kontrol over vores kultur som de aldrig har "
+"haft før. Og i denne ekstremitet vil mange muligheder for nye oppfinnelser "
+"og ny kreativitet gå tabt."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"I'm not talking about the opportunities for kids to <quote>steal</quote> "
+"music. My focus instead is the commercial and cultural innovation that this "
+"war will also kill. We have never seen the power to innovate spread so "
+"broadly among our citizens, and we have just begun to see the innovation "
+"that this power will unleash. Yet the Internet has already seen the passing "
+"of one cycle of innovation around technologies to distribute content. The "
+"law is responsible for this passing. As the vice president for global public "
+"policy at one of these new innovators, eMusic.com, put it when criticizing "
+"the DMCA's added protection for copyrighted material,"
+msgstr ""
+"Jeg snakker ikke om muligheden for unger til at <quote>stjæle</quote> "
+"musik. Min fokus er i stedet på den kommercielle og kulturelle "
+"nyskabningen som denne krig også vil tage knækket på. Vi har aldrig før "
+"set muligheden til at skabe brede sig så bredt blandt vores borgere, og vi "
+"har bare så vidt begyndt at se nyskabningen som denne mulighed vil frigøre. "
+" Alligevel har Internet allerede set slutningen på en generation af "
+"nyskabning rundt teknologier for at distribuere indhold. Lovværket er "
+"ansvarligt/ansvarlig for at den forsvandt. Som vicepræsidenten for global "
+"offentlig politik hos en af disse nye oppfinnerne, eMusic.com, formulerede "
+"det da han kritiserede hvordan DMCA lagde til værn for "
+"opphavsrettsbeskyttet materiale."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"eMusic opposes music piracy. We are a distributor of copyrighted material, "
+"and we want to protect those rights."
+msgstr ""
+"eMusic er imod piratkopiering af musik. Vi er en distributør af "
+"opphavsrettsbeskyttet materiale, og vi ønsker at beskytte disse rettigheder."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"But building a technology fortress that locks in the clout of the major "
+"labels is by no means the only way to protect copyright interests, nor is it "
+"necessarily the best. It is simply too early to answer that question. Market "
+"forces operating naturally may very well produce a totally different "
+"industry model."
+msgstr ""
+"Men at bygge en teknologisk fæstning som låser ind interesserne til de store "
+"pladeselskaberne er ikke nødvendigvis den eneste måden at beskytte "
+"ophavsretinteresser, og heller ikke nødvendige den bedste. Det er ganske "
+"enkelt for tidligt at svare på det spørgsmålet. Markedkræfter som opererer "
+"frit kan godt give en helt anden industri model."
+
+#. f3.
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"WIPO and the DMCA One Year Later: Assessing Consumer Access to Digital "
+"Entertainment on the Internet and Other Media: Hearing Before the "
+"Subcommittee on Telecommunications, Trade, and Consumer Protection, House "
+"Committee on Commerce, 106th Cong. 29 (1999) (statement of Peter Harter, "
+"vice president, Global Public Policy and Standards, EMusic.com), available "
+"in LEXIS, Federal Document Clearing House Congressional Testimony File."
+msgstr ""
+"WIPO and the DMCA One Year Lader: Assessing Consumer Access to Digital "
+"Entertainment on the Internet and Other Medierne: Hearing Before the "
+"Subcommittee on Telecommunications, Trade, and Consumer Protection, House "
+"Committee on Commerce, 106th Cong. 29 (1999) (udtalelse fra Peter Harter, "
+"vicepræsident, Global Public Policy and Standards, EMusic.com), tilgængeligt "
+"i LEXIS, Federal Document Clearing House Congressional Testimony File."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This is a critical point. The choices that industry sectors make with "
+"respect to these systems will in many ways directly shape the market for "
+"digital media and the manner in which digital media are distributed. This in "
+"turn will directly influence the options that are available to consumers, "
+"both in terms of the ease with which they will be able to access digital "
+"media and the equipment that they will require to do so. Poor choices made "
+"this early in the game will retard the growth of this market, hurting "
+"everyone's interests.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Dette er et kritisk pointe. Valgene som industrisektorer gør relateret til "
+"disse systemer, vil på mange vis direkte forme markedet for digitale "
+"medierne, og hvordan digitale medier bliver distribueret. Dette påvirker så "
+" hvilke valg som er tilgængeligt for forbrukere, både når det gælder hvor "
+"enkelt de vil være i stand til at få tilgang til digitale medier, og "
+"udstyret som de vil kræve for at gøre dette. Dårlige valg som gøres tidligt "
+"i dette spil, vil hæmme væksten i dette marked, og skade alles interesser."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Vivendi Universal"
+msgstr "Vivendi Universal"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"In April 2001, eMusic.com was purchased by Vivendi Universal, one of "
+"<quote>the major labels.</quote> Its position on these matters has now "
+"changed. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"I april 2001 blev eMusic.com købt op af Vivendi Universal, et af <quote>de "
+"store pladeselskaberne.</quote> Selskabets holdning rundt disse temaer har "
+"nu ændret sig. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Reversing our tradition of tolerance now will not merely quash piracy. It "
+"will sacrifice values that are important to this culture, and will kill "
+"opportunities that could be extraordinarily valuable."
+msgstr ""
+"Å nu reversere vores tolerante tradition vil ikke bare knuse "
+"piratvirksomhed. Det vil ofre værdier som er vigtige for denne kultur, og "
+"det vil dræbe muligheder som kan være stort værdifulde."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Chapter Twelve: Harms"
+msgstr "Kapitel tolv: Skader"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>To fight</emphasis> <quote>piracy,</quote> to "
+"protect <quote>property,</quote> the content industry has launched a war. "
+"Lobbying and lots of campaign contributions have now brought the government "
+"into this war. As with any war, this one will have both direct and "
+"collateral damage. As with any war of prohibition, these damages will be "
+"suffered most by our own people."
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>Ved at bekæmpe</emphasis> <quote>piratvirksomhed</"
+"quote> for at beskytte <quote>ejendom</quote> har indholdindustrien erklæret "
+"krig. Lobbyvirksomhed og mange valgkampbidrag har nu afgået myndighederne "
+"ind i denne krig. Og som med enhver krig vil en både have direkte og "
+"utilsigtet skadevirkning. Og som med enhver forbudkrig, er det mest vores "
+"egen folk som lider under disse ødeleggelsene."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"My aim so far has been to describe the consequences of this war, in "
+"particular, the consequences for <quote>free culture.</quote> But my aim now "
+"is to extend this description of consequences into an argument. Is this war "
+"justified?"
+msgstr ""
+"Så langt har mit mål været at beskrive konsekvenserne af denne krig, og "
+"specielt konsekvenserne for <quote>fri kultur.</quote> Men nu er mit mål at "
+"udvide denne beskrivelse af konsekvenserne til et argument. Er dette en "
+"godt begrundet krig?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"In my view, it is not. There is no good reason why this time, for the first "
+"time, the law should defend the old against the new, just when the power of "
+"the property called <quote>intellectual property</quote> is at its greatest "
+"in our history."
+msgstr ""
+"Efter mit syner er den ikke det. Det er ingen god grund nu, for første "
+"gang, at loven burde forsvare det gamle mod det nye, akkurat når magten til "
+"ejendomretten som kaldes <quote>immateriell ejendom</quote> er større end "
+"den nogensinde har været i vores historie."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Yet <quote>common sense</quote> does not see it this way. Common sense is "
+"still on the side of the Causbys and the content industry. The extreme "
+"claims of control in the name of property still resonate; the uncritical "
+"rejection of <quote>piracy</quote> still has play."
+msgstr ""
+"Alligevel ser ikke <quote>sund fornuft</quote> det sådan. Sund fornuft er "
+"fortsat enig med Causbyene og indholdindustrien. Det ekstreme krav om "
+"kontrol som fremmes på vegne af ejendomret, accepteres fortsat . "
+"<quote>Piratvirksomhed</quote> afvises fortsat ukritisk."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 193
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"There will be many consequences of continuing this war. I want to describe "
+"just three. All three might be said to be unintended. I am quite confident "
+"the third is unintended. I'm less sure about the first two. The first two "
+"protect modern RCAs, but there is no Howard Armstrong in the wings to fight "
+"today's monopolists of culture."
+msgstr ""
+"Det vil være mange konsekvenser ved at fortsætte denne krig. Jeg ønsker at "
+"beskrive kun tre. Alle tre kan siges at være utilsigtet. Jeg er ganske "
+"sikker på at den tredje er utilsigtet, men jeg er mindre sikker om de første "
+"to. De første to beskytter de moderne RCA-ene, men det er ingen Howard "
+"Armstrong på flankerne for at sloges mod dagens kulturmonopolister."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Constraining Creators"
+msgstr "Læger/Lægge bånd på skaberne"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"In the next ten years we will see an explosion of digital technologies. "
+"These technologies will enable almost anyone to capture and share content. "
+"Capturing and sharing content, of course, is what humans have done since the "
+"dawn of man. It is how we learn and communicate. But capturing and sharing "
+"through digital technology is different. The fidelity and power are "
+"different. You could send an e-mail telling someone about a joke you saw on "
+"Comedy Central, or you could send the clip. You could write an essay about "
+"the inconsistencies in the arguments of the politician you most love to "
+"hate, or you could make a short film that puts statement against statement. "
+"You could write a poem to express your love, or you could weave together a "
+"string—a mash-up— of songs from your favorite artists in a "
+"collage and make it available on the Net."
+msgstr ""
+"I de næste ti årene vil vi se en eksplosion af digitale teknologier. Disse "
+"teknologier vil gøre det muligt for næsten hvem som helst at lagre og dele "
+"indhold. Å lagre og dele indhold er naturligvis det mennesker har gjort "
+"siden historie begyndelse. Det er sådan vi lærer og kommunikerer. Men "
+"lagring og deling ved hjælp af digital teknologi er anderledes . "
+"Gjengivelsen og styrken er forskellig. Du kunne sendt en e-post og fortalt "
+"nogle om en vits du så på Comedy Central, eller du kan sende selve klippet. "
+"Du kan skrive et indlæg om inkonsekvenser i argumenterne til en politiker "
+"som du elsker at hade, eller du kan fortage en kort film som sætter "
+"udtalelser mod hinanden. Du kan skrive et digt som udtrykker din kærlighed, "
+"eller du kan væve sammen en tråd – en nettfletting – af sange "
+"fra dine favoritartister i en slags fotomontage, og gøre den tilgængelig på "
+"nettet."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "digital sharing within"
+msgstr "digital deling inden"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This digital <quote>capturing and sharing</quote> is in part an extension of "
+"the capturing and sharing that has always been integral to our culture, and "
+"in part it is something new. It is continuous with the Kodak, but it "
+"explodes the boundaries of Kodak-like technologies. The technology of "
+"digital <quote>capturing and sharing</quote> promises a world of "
+"extraordinarily diverse creativity that can be easily and broadly shared. "
+"And as that creativity is applied to democracy, it will enable a broad range "
+"of citizens to use technology to express and criticize and contribute to the "
+"culture all around."
+msgstr ""
+"Denne digitale erobring og deling</quote> er delvis en udvidelse af den "
+"erobringen og delingen som altid har været en del af vores kultur, og delvis "
+"noget som er nyt. Det er fortsettelsen af Kodaken, men det sprænger "
+"grænserne for Kodak-lignende teknologier. Teknologien for digital "
+"<quote>erobring og deling</quote> lover os en værdet med ekstraordinær "
+"varieret kreativitet som kan blive enkelt og bredt delt. Og når denne "
+"kreativitet anvendes på demokratiet, vil den gøre muligt for et bredt "
+"spekter af borgere at bruge teknologien til at udtrykke og kritisere og "
+"bidrage til kulturen over det hele."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 194
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Technology has thus given us an opportunity to do something with culture "
+"that has only ever been possible for individuals in small groups, isolated "
+"from others. Think about an old man telling a story to a collection of "
+"neighbors in a small town. Now imagine that same storytelling extended "
+"across the globe."
+msgstr ""
+"Teknologien har dermed givet os en mulighed til at gøre noget med kultur "
+"som bare har været muligt for enkeltpersoner i små grupper, isoleret fra "
+"andre grupper. Forestill dig en gammel mand som fortæller en historie til en "
+"samling med naboer i en lille landsby. Forestill dig så den samme historie "
+"fortællingen udvidet til at nå over hele værdet."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Yet all this is possible only if the activity is presumptively legal. In the "
+"current regime of legal regulation, it is not. Forget file sharing for a "
+"moment. Think about your favorite amazing sites on the Net. Web sites that "
+"offer plot summaries from forgotten television shows; sites that catalog "
+"cartoons from the 1960s; sites that mix images and sound to criticize "
+"politicians or businesses; sites that gather newspaper articles on remote "
+"topics of science or culture. There is a vast amount of creative work spread "
+"across the Internet. But as the law is currently crafted, this work is "
+"presumptively illegal."
+msgstr ""
+"Alligevel er alt dette kun muligt hvis aktiviteten antages at være lovligt . "
+"I dagens juridiske reguleringsregime er det ikke det. Lad os glemme "
+"fildeling et øjeblik. Tænk på dine fantastiske favoritsteder på nettet. "
+"Netsteder som tilbyder oppsummeringer af handlingen for glemte TV-serier, "
+"steder som samler tegneserier fra 1960-tallet, steder som mikser billede og "
+"lyde for at kritisere politikere eller bedrifter, steder som samler "
+"avisartikler fra smale temaer om videnskab eller kultur. Det er store antal "
+"kreative værker bredt rundt om på Internet. Men sådan loven er sat sammen "
+"i dag er dirre værkerne antaget at være ulovligt."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "WorldCom"
+msgstr "WorldCom"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "doctors malpractice claims against"
+msgstr "lægers fejlbehandlinganklager mod"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"See Lynne W. Jeter, <citetitle>Disconnected: Deceit and Betrayal at "
+"WorldCom</citetitle> (Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, 2003), 176, 204; "
+"for details of the settlement, see MCI press release, <quote>MCI Wins U.S. "
+"District Court Approval for SEC Settlement</quote> (7 July 2003), available "
+"at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #37</ulink>. "
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Se Lune W. Jette, <citetitle>Disconnected: Deceit and Betrayal at WorldCom</"
+"citetitle> (Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, 2003), 176, 204; for "
+"detaljer om dette forlig, se pressemelding fra MCI, <quote>MCI Wins U.S. "
+"District Court Approval for SEC Koloni</quote> (7 . juli 2003), tilgængeligt "
+"fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #37</ulink>. "
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "tort reform"
+msgstr "erstatningretreform"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Bush, George W."
+msgstr "Bush, George W."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The bill, modeled after California's tort reform model, was passed in the "
+"House of Representatives but defeated in a Senate vote in July 2003. For an "
+"overview, see Tanya Albert, <quote>Measure Stalls in Senate: <quote>We'll Be "
+"Back,</quote> Say Tort Reformers,</quote> amednews.com, 28 July 2003, "
+"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #38</ulink>, "
+"and <quote>Senate Turns Back Malpractice Caps,</quote> CBSNews.com, 9 July "
+"2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #39</"
+"ulink>. President Bush has continued to urge tort reform in recent months. "
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
+"id=\"1\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Lovforslaget, som var modelleret efter Californias erstatningretreform-"
+"model, blev vedtaget i Repræsentanternes hus, men stoppet i Senatet i juli "
+"2003 . For en oversigt, se Tanya Albert, <quote>Measure Stalds in Senate: "
+"<quote>We'll Bede Back,</quote> Say Tørret Reformers,</quote> amednews.com, "
+"28 . juli 2003, tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/"
+"\">link #38</ulink>, og <quote>Senate Turns Back Malpractice Caps,</quote> "
+"CBSNews.com, 9 . juli 2003, tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://free-"
+"culture.cc/notes/\">link #39</ulink>. Præsident Bush har fortsat at "
+"argumentere for erstatningretreform de sidste månederne. <placeholder "
+"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"That presumption will increasingly chill creativity, as the examples of "
+"extreme penalties for vague infringements continue to proliferate. It is "
+"impossible to get a clear sense of what's allowed and what's not, and at the "
+"same time, the penalties for crossing the line are astonishingly harsh. The "
+"four students who were threatened by the RIAA (Jesse Jordan of chapter <xref "
+"xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"catalogs\"/> was just one) were "
+"threatened with a $98 billion lawsuit for building search engines that "
+"permitted songs to be copied. Yet World-Com—which defrauded investors "
+"of $11 billion, resulting in a loss to investors in market capitalization of "
+"over $200 billion—received a fine of a mere $750 million.<placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> And under legislation being pushed in Congress "
+"right now, a doctor who negligently removes the wrong leg in an operation "
+"would be liable for no more than $250,000 in damages for pain and suffering."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Can common sense recognize the "
+"absurdity in a world where the maximum fine for downloading two songs off "
+"the Internet is more than the fine for a doctor's negligently butchering a "
+"patient?"
+msgstr ""
+"Denne antagelsen vil i stadigt større grad køle ned kreativiteten, "
+"efterhånden som eksemplerne på ekstreme straffe for vage ophavsretbrud "
+"fortsætter at brede sig. Det er umuligt at få en klar forståelse for hvad "
+"som er tilladt og hvad som ikke er det, og samtidig er straffene for at "
+"krydse linjen forbløffende hårde. De fire studenterne som blev truet af "
+"RIAA (Jesse Jordan i kapitel <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" "
+"linkend=\"catalogs\"/> er bare en af dem), blev truet med et 98-milliarder "
+"dollar-søgsmål for at dagsværk søkemotorer som tillod sange at blive "
+"kopieret. Mens World-Com – som svindlede investorer for 11 milliarder "
+"dollar, og førte til et tab hos investorer i markedkapital på over 200 "
+"milliarder dollar – førte til en bod som kun var på 750 millioner "
+"dollar.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Og i henhold til lovgiving "
+"som fremmes i Kongressen akkurat nu, kan en læge som skjødesløst fjerner "
+"forkert fødder i en operation villes risikere ikke mere end 250 000 dollar "
+"i skadeerstatning for smerte og lidelse.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
+"id=\"1\"/> Kan sund fornuft kende igen det absurde i en værdet der hen den "
+"maksimale boden for at laste ned to sange fra Internet er højere end boden "
+"til en læge som skjødesløst slagter en patient?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "art, underground"
+msgstr "kunst, undergrunds"
+
+#. f3.
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"See Danit Lidor, <quote>Artists Just Wanna Be Free,</quote> "
+"<citetitle>Wired</citetitle>, 7 July 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://"
+"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #40</ulink>. For an overview of the "
+"exhibition, see <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #41</"
+"ulink>."
+msgstr ""
+"Se Danit Lidor, <quote>Artists Just Wanna Bede Free,</quote> "
+"<citetitle>Wired</citetitle>, 7 . juli 2003, tilgængeligt fra <ulink "
+"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #40</ulink>. For en oversigt over "
+"udstillingen, se <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #41</"
+"ulink>."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The consequence of this legal uncertainty, tied to these extremely high "
+"penalties, is that an extraordinary amount of creativity will either never "
+"be exercised, or never be exercised in the open. We drive this creative "
+"process underground by branding the modern-day Walt Disneys <quote>pirates.</"
+"quote> We make it impossible for businesses to rely upon a public domain, "
+"because the boundaries of the public domain are designed to be unclear. It "
+"never pays to do anything except pay for the right to create, and hence only "
+"those who can pay are allowed to create. As was the case in the Soviet "
+"Union, though for very different reasons, we will begin to see a world of "
+"underground art—not because the message is necessarily political, or "
+"because the subject is controversial, but because the very act of creating "
+"the art is legally fraught. Already, exhibits of <quote>illegal art</quote> "
+"tour the United States.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In what "
+"does their <quote>illegality</quote> consist? In the act of mixing the "
+"culture around us with an expression that is critical or reflective."
+msgstr ""
+"Konsekvensen af denne juridiske usikkerheten, sammen med disse ekstremt høje "
+"straffene, er at en ekstraordinær mængde kreativitet aldrig vil gennemføres, "
+"eller aldrig vil gennemføres åpnelyst. Vi tvinger denne kreative proces "
+"under markerne ved at hævde at de moderne Walt Disney-ene er <quote>pirater."
+"</quote> Vi gør det umuligt for bedrifter at basere sig på et allemannseie "
+"på grund af at grænserne for allemannseiet er fortaget for at være uklare. "
+"Det betaler sig aldrig at gøre noget andet end at betale for retten til at "
+"skabe, og dermed vil kun de som kan betale få lov til at skabe. Sådan det "
+"var tilfælde i Sovjetunionen, dog af helt andre årsager, så vil vi begynde "
+"at se en værdet af undergrundkunst – ikke fordi budskabet nødvendigvis "
+"er politisk, eller fordi temaet er kontroversielt, men på grund af at selve "
+"det at skabe denne kunst er juridisk skummelt. Udstillinger med "
+"<quote>ulovlig kunst</quote> har allerede været på turné i USA.<placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Hvad består deres <quote>ulovlighet</quote> i? "
+"I det at mikse kulturen rundt os med et udtryk som er kritisk eller "
+"eftertænksomt."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Part of the reason for this fear of illegality has to do with the changing "
+"law. I described that change in detail in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: "
+"labelnumber\" linkend=\"property-i\"/>. But an even bigger part has to do "
+"with the increasing ease with which infractions can be tracked. As users of "
+"file-sharing systems discovered in 2002, it is a trivial matter for "
+"copyright owners to get courts to order Internet service providers to reveal "
+"who has what content. It is as if your cassette tape player transmitted a "
+"list of the songs that you played in the privacy of your own home that "
+"anyone could tune into for whatever reason they chose."
+msgstr ""
+"En del af årsagen til denne frygt for ulovligheter har at gøre med ændringer "
+"i lovværket. Jeg beskrev ændringen i detalje i kapitel <xref "
+"xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"property-i\"/>. Men man endnu "
+"større del har at gøre med hvordan det bliver stadig enklere at spore op "
+"ophavsretbrud. Sådan brugerne af fildelingssystemer opdagede i 2002, er det "
+"en triviell sag for ophavsretejere at få domstolene til at beordre Internet-"
+"leverandører til at afsløre hvem som har hvilket indhold. Det er som om din "
+"kassettebåndspiller sender en liste med sange du har spillet i privatsfæren "
+"i dit eget hjem som enhver kan lytte på efter eget forgodtbefinnende."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Never in our history has a painter had to worry about whether his painting "
+"infringed on someone else's work; but the modern-day painter, using the "
+"tools of Photoshop, sharing content on the Web, must worry all the time. "
+"Images are all around, but the only safe images to use in the act of "
+"creation are those purchased from Corbis or another image farm. And in "
+"purchasing, censoring happens. There is a free market in pencils; we needn't "
+"worry about its effect on creativity. But there is a highly regulated, "
+"monopolized market in cultural icons; the right to cultivate and transform "
+"them is not similarly free."
+msgstr ""
+"Aldrig før i vores historie har en skabeloner behøvet at bekymre sig om hans "
+"maleri skælder nogle andres værk. Men en moderne maler, som bruger "
+"værktøjerne til Photoshop og deler indholdet på nettet, må bekymre sig for "
+"dette hele tiden. Billeder er over alt, men de eneste trygge billederne at "
+"bruge i skapelsesprosessen er de som er købt fra Corbis eller en anden af "
+"billedebutikkerne. Og i denne køb processen sker det sensurering. Det er "
+"et frit marked for blyanter. Vi behøver ikke bekymre os for dets effekt på "
+"kreativiteten. Men det er et strengt reguleret og monopoliseret marked for "
+"kulturelle ikoner, retten til at kultivere og ændre på dem er ikke "
+"tilsvarende frit."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Lawyers rarely see this because lawyers are rarely empirical. As I described "
+"in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"recorders\"/>, "
+"in response to the story about documentary filmmaker Jon Else, I have been "
+"lectured again and again by lawyers who insist Else's use was fair use, and "
+"hence I am wrong to say that the law regulates such a use."
+msgstr ""
+"Advokater ser sjælden dette på grund af at advokater sjældent er empiriske. "
+" Som jeg beskrev i kapitel <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" "
+"linkend=\"recorders\"/>, som respons på historie om dokumentarfilmskaber Jon "
+"Else, har jeg blevet belært gang på gang af advokater som insisterer på at "
+"Else brug var rimeligt brug, og at jeg derfor tog fejl når jeg sagde at "
+"loven regulerer sådan brug."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 196
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"But fair use in America simply means the right to hire a lawyer to defend "
+"your right to create. And as lawyers love to forget, our system for "
+"defending rights such as fair use is astonishingly bad—in practically "
+"every context, but especially here. It costs too much, it delivers too "
+"slowly, and what it delivers often has little connection to the justice "
+"underlying the claim. The legal system may be tolerable for the very rich. "
+"For everyone else, it is an embarrassment to a tradition that prides itself "
+"on the rule of law."
+msgstr ""
+"Men rimeligt brug i USA betyder bare at man har ret til at hyre ind en "
+"advokat til at forsvare din ret til at skabe. Og som advokater kanlide at "
+"glemme er vores system for at forsvare æns ret utroligt dårligt – i "
+"nær sagt enhver sammenhæng, men specielt her. Det koster for meget, det "
+"leverer for trægt, og det som bliver leveret har ofte lille tilknytning "
+"til retfærdigheden i det underliggende kravet. Retsystemet er måske "
+"tolererbart for de rigtigt rige. Men for alle andre er det pinligt for en "
+"tradition som ellers kanlide at være stolt af retsikkerheden."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Judges and lawyers can tell themselves that fair use provides adequate "
+"<quote>breathing room</quote> between regulation by the law and the access "
+"the law should allow. But it is a measure of how out of touch our legal "
+"system has become that anyone actually believes this. The rules that "
+"publishers impose upon writers, the rules that film distributors impose upon "
+"filmmakers, the rules that newspapers impose upon journalists— these "
+"are the real laws governing creativity. And these rules have little "
+"relationship to the <quote>law</quote> with which judges comfort themselves."
+msgstr ""
+"Dommere og advokater kan fortælle hinanden at rimeligt brug giver "
+"tilstrækkeligt <quote>pusterum</quote> mellem lovregulering og tilgangen som "
+"loven bør tillade. Men det viser hvor fjernt vores juridiske systemer har "
+"blevet at nogle faktisk kan tro dette. Skrønerne som utgivere pålægger "
+"forfattere, skrønerne som filmdistributører pålægger filmskabere, skrønerne "
+"som aviser pålægger journalister – dette er de virkelige lovene som "
+"styrer kreativitet. Og disse skrøner har lille til fælles med <quote>loven</"
+"quote> som dommerne trøster hinanden med."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"For in a world that threatens $150,000 for a single willful infringement of "
+"a copyright, and which demands tens of thousands of dollars to even defend "
+"against a copyright infringement claim, and which would never return to the "
+"wrongfully accused defendant anything of the costs she suffered to defend "
+"her right to speak—in that world, the astonishingly broad regulations "
+"that pass under the name <quote>copyright</quote> silence speech and "
+"creativity. And in that world, it takes a studied blindness for people to "
+"continue to believe they live in a culture that is free."
+msgstr ""
+"For i en værdet som truer med 150 000 dollar i erstatningskrav for et enkelt "
+"bevidst ophavsretbrud, og som kræver titusener af dollar bare for at "
+"forsvare sig mod en påstand om at have brudt ophavsreten, og som aldrig vil "
+"give dem som er feilaktig anklaget tilbage nogle af de omkostningerne hun "
+"blev påført for at forsvare sin ret til at udtale sig – i den værdet, "
+"knebler de utroligt vidtrækkende reguleringene som går under navnet "
+"<quote>ophavsret</quote> både tale og kreativitet. Og i den værdet kræves "
+"det en utstudert blindhet for at nogle fortsat skal tro at de lever i en fri "
+"kultur."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "As Jed Horovitz, the businessman behind Video Pipeline, said to me,"
+msgstr ""
+"Som Jed Horovitz, forretningsmanden som står bag Video Pipeline sagde til "
+"mig:"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 197
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"We're losing [creative] opportunities right and left. Creative people are "
+"being forced not to express themselves. Thoughts are not being expressed. "
+"And while a lot of stuff may [still] be created, it still won't get "
+"distributed. Even if the stuff gets made … you're not going to get it "
+"distributed in the mainstream media unless you've got a little note from a "
+"lawyer saying, <quote>This has been cleared.</quote> You're not even going "
+"to get it on PBS without that kind of permission. That's the point at which "
+"they control it."
+msgstr ""
+"Vi mister [kreative] muligheder over alt. Kreative folk bliver tvunget til "
+"at ikke udtrykke sig. Mange tanke kommer aldrig ned på papiret. Og mens en "
+"masse ting måske [fortsat] bliver skabt, så bliver de ikke distribueret. "
+"Selv om tingene bliver fortaget … så får du ikke distribueret det i "
+"de traditionelle medierne med mindre du har en lille lap fra en advokat som "
+"siger <quote>dette er blevet klareret.</quote> Du klarer ikke en gang at få "
+"det på PBS uden sådan tilladelse. Det er pointen med den type kontrol de har."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Constraining Innovators"
+msgstr "Læger/Lægge bånd på oppfinnere"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "innovation hampered by"
+msgstr "nyskabning hæmmede af"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "industry establishment opposed to"
+msgstr "etableret industri mod"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The story of the last section was a crunchy-lefty story—creativity "
+"quashed, artists who can't speak, yada yada yada. Maybe that doesn't get you "
+"going. Maybe you think there's enough weird art out there, and enough "
+"expression that is critical of what seems to be just about everything. And "
+"if you think that, you might think there's little in this story to worry you."
+msgstr ""
+"Historie i den sidste delen var en knasende venstreorientert historie "
+"– knust kreativitet, kunstnere får ikke udtrykke sig, bladre bladre "
+"bladre. Måske sådant ikke overbeviser dig. Måske du mener det findes nok "
+"sær kunst der ude, og nok udtryk som er kritiske til omtrent hvad som helst. "
+" Og hvis du tænker sådan , så mener du måske at det er lille i den historie "
+"du behøver at bekymre dig for."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"But there's an aspect of this story that is not lefty in any sense. Indeed, "
+"it is an aspect that could be written by the most extreme promarket "
+"ideologue. And if you're one of these sorts (and a special one at that, "
+"<xref xrefstyle=\"select: pagenumber\" linkend=\"innovators\"/> pages into a "
+"book like this), then you can see this other aspect by substituting "
+"<quote>free market</quote> every place I've spoken of <quote>free culture.</"
+"quote> The point is the same, even if the interests affecting culture are "
+"more fundamental."
+msgstr ""
+"Men det er et aspekt ved denne historie som overhovedet ikke er venstrevridd "
+"i det hele taget. Faktisk er det et aspekt som kunne været skrevet af den "
+"mest ekstreme ideologiske markedsforkjemper. Hvis du er en af disse (og en "
+"vældig speciel en, <xref xrefstyle=\"select: pagenumber\" "
+"linkend=\"innovators\"/> sider ind i en bog som denne), så kan du se dette "
+"aspekt ved at bytte ind <quote>frit marked</quote> hver gang jeg har snakket "
+"om <quote>fri kultur.</quote> Pointen er det samme, selv om interesserne som "
+"påvirker kultur er mere fundamentale."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The charge I've been making about the regulation of culture is the same "
+"charge free marketers make about regulating markets. Everyone, of course, "
+"concedes that some regulation of markets is necessary—at a minimum, we "
+"need rules of property and contract, and courts to enforce both. Likewise, "
+"in this culture debate, everyone concedes that at least some framework of "
+"copyright is also required. But both perspectives vehemently insist that "
+"just because some regulation is good, it doesn't follow that more regulation "
+"is better. And both perspectives are constantly attuned to the ways in which "
+"regulation simply enables the powerful industries of today to protect "
+"themselves against the competitors of tomorrow."
+msgstr ""
+"Argumenterne jeg har fremmet om regulering af kulturen er de samme som "
+"forkjempere af frie markeder fremmer om markedsregulering. Alle er enige om "
+"at en vis regulering af markederne er nødvendigt – som et minimum "
+"behøver vi skrøner om ejendom og kontrakter, og domstole til at håndhæve "
+"begge deler. På samme måde i denne kulturdebat er alle enige om at det "
+"trænges i hvert fald et vist ophavsretrammeværk. Men begge perspektiverne "
+"insisterer heftigt på at selv om noget regulering er godt, så gør ikke det "
+"at mere regulering er bedre. Og begge perspektiverne er konstant opmærksom "
+"på hvordan regulering ganske enkelt gør det muligt for dagens mægtige "
+"industrier at beskytte sig selv mod morgendagens konkurrenter."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Barry, Hank"
+msgstr "Barry, Hank"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "venture capitalists"
+msgstr "venturekapitalister"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 198
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This is the single most dramatic effect of the shift in regulatory strategy "
+"that I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend="
+"\"property-i\"/>. The consequence of this massive threat of liability tied "
+"to the murky boundaries of copyright law is that innovators who want to "
+"innovate in this space can safely innovate only if they have the sign-off "
+"from last generation's dominant industries. That lesson has been taught "
+"through a series of cases that were designed and executed to teach venture "
+"capitalists a lesson. That lesson—what former Napster CEO Hank Barry "
+"calls a <quote>nuclear pall</quote> that has fallen over the Valley—"
+"has been learned."
+msgstr ""
+"Dette er den ene mest dramatiske effekten fra skiftet i regelsætstrategi som "
+"jeg beskrev i kapitel <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" "
+"linkend=\"property-i\"/>. Konsekvensen af denne massive truslen om "
+"erstatningsansvar knyttede til de skumle grænserne til opphavsrettsloven er "
+"at oppfinnere som ønsker at skabe noget nyt inden dette betænket, kun trygt "
+"kan fortage noget nyt hvis de har accept fra sidste generations dominerende "
+"industrier. Den lektionen har blevet lært væk gennem en serie med sager som "
+"blev udformet og udført for at lære venturekapitalister man opremse. Leksen "
+"– som tidligere Napster-CEO Hank Barry kalder man <quote>kjernefysisk "
+"skygge</quote> som har bredt sig over Silicon Vally – har blevet lært."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Consider one example to make the point, a story whose beginning I told in "
+"<citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle> and which has progressed in a way "
+"that even I (pessimist extraordinaire) would never have predicted."
+msgstr ""
+"Her er et eksempel for at demonstrere dette pointe, en historie jeg fortalte "
+"starten af i <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>, og som har udviklet "
+"sig på en måde som selv ikke jeg (en ekstraordinær pessimist) kunne have "
+"spået."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "MP3.com"
+msgstr "MP3 .com"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "my.mp3.com"
+msgstr "my.mp3 .com"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Roberts, Michael"
+msgstr "Roberts, Michael"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"In 1997, Michael Roberts launched a company called MP3.com. MP3.com was "
+"keen to remake the music business. Their goal was not just to facilitate new "
+"ways to get access to content. Their goal was also to facilitate new ways to "
+"create content. Unlike the major labels, MP3.com offered creators a venue to "
+"distribute their creativity, without demanding an exclusive engagement from "
+"the creators."
+msgstr ""
+"I 1997 etablerede Michael Roberts et selskab ved navn MP3 .com. MP3 .com var "
+"ude efter at ændre musikbranchen. deres Mål var ikke bare at bidrage til "
+"nye måder at få tilgang til indhold. Målet var også at bidrage til nye "
+"måder at skabe indhold. Til forskel fra de store pladeselskaberne tilbød "
+"MP3 .com ophavpersonerne en arena for at distribuere sin kreativitet, uden "
+"at kræve et eksklusivt engagement fra ophavpersonerne."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "preference data on"
+msgstr "præference data på"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"To make this system work, however, MP3.com needed a reliable way to "
+"recommend music to its users. The idea behind this alternative was to "
+"leverage the revealed preferences of music listeners to recommend new "
+"artists. If you like Lyle Lovett, you're likely to enjoy Bonnie Raitt. And "
+"so on."
+msgstr ""
+"Men for at få dette system til at virke, behøvede MP3 .com en pålidelig måde "
+"at anbefale musik til sine brugere. Idéen bag dette alternativ var at "
+"udnytte musiklytterne eksponerede musikvalg for at anbefale nye artister. "
+"Hvis du kanlide Lyle Lovett, så vil du sikkert nyde Bonnie Raitt. Og så "
+"videre."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This idea required a simple way to gather data about user preferences. MP3."
+"com came up with an extraordinarily clever way to gather this preference "
+"data. In January 2000, the company launched a service called my.mp3.com. "
+"Using software provided by MP3.com, a user would sign into an account and "
+"then insert into her computer a CD. The software would identify the CD, and "
+"then give the user access to that content. So, for example, if you inserted "
+"a CD by Jill Sobule, then wherever you were—at work or at home—"
+"you could get access to that music once you signed into your account. The "
+"system was therefore a kind of music-lockbox."
+msgstr ""
+"Denne idéen krævede en enkel måde at samle ind data om hvad brugerne "
+"foretrekker. MP3 .com kom op med man vældig snedig måde at samle ind data "
+"om hvad brugerne foretrakk. Januar 2000 lancerede selskabet tjenesten my."
+"mp3 .com. Ved at bruge software fra MP3 .com loggede brugeren ind på en "
+"konto, og satte så en CD ind i sin computer. Programvaren villes kende igen "
+" CD-en, og så give brugeren tilgang til det indholdet. Dermed kunne du, "
+"hvis du f.eks. satte ind en CD af Jill Sobule, få tilgang til den musikken "
+"uanset hvor du var – på job eller hjemme – så snart du havde "
+"logget ind på konto. Systemet var dermed et slags låsbart musikskrin."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 199
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"No doubt some could use this system to illegally copy content. But that "
+"opportunity existed with or without MP3.com. The aim of the my.mp3.com "
+"service was to give users access to their own content, and as a by-product, "
+"by seeing the content they already owned, to discover the kind of content "
+"the users liked."
+msgstr ""
+"Det er ingen tvivl om at nogle kunne bruge dette system til at kopiere "
+"ulovligt indhold. Men den muligheden eksisterede både før og efter MP3 ."
+"com. Målet med my.mp3 .com-tjenesten var at give brugere tilgang til sit "
+"eget indhold, og som et biprodukt af at se hvad slags indhold brugerne "
+"allerede ejede, opdage hvad slags indhold brugerne kunnelide."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"To make this system function, however, MP3.com needed to copy 50,000 CDs to "
+"a server. (In principle, it could have been the user who uploaded the music, "
+"but that would have taken a great deal of time, and would have produced a "
+"product of questionable quality.) It therefore purchased 50,000 CDs from a "
+"store, and started the process of making copies of those CDs. Again, it "
+"would not serve the content from those copies to anyone except those who "
+"authenticated that they had a copy of the CD they wanted to access. So while "
+"this was 50,000 copies, it was 50,000 copies directed at giving customers "
+"something they had already bought."
+msgstr ""
+"Men for at få dette system til at fungere, måtte MP3 .com kopiere 50 000 CD-"
+"er til en tjener. (I princippet kunne det været brugerne som lastede op "
+"musikken, men det villes taget vældig meget tid, og det villes gjort at "
+"produktet havde tvilsom kvalitet.) Det købte derfor 50 000 CD-er fra en "
+"butik, og gik i gang med at kopiere disse CD-ene. Og nok en gang, "
+"selskabet villes ikke give ud indholdet fra disse kopier til nogle andre "
+"end de som kunne bekræfte at de allerede havde et eksemplar af CD-en de "
+"ønsket tilgang til. Så selv om dette var 50 000 kopier, så var det 50 000 "
+"kopier som blev tilbudt for at give kunder noget de allerede havde købt."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "distribution technology targeted in"
+msgstr "distributionteknologi mål for"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "outsize penalties of"
+msgstr "øgede straffe ved"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Nine days after MP3.com launched its service, the five major labels, headed "
+"by the RIAA, brought a lawsuit against MP3.com. MP3.com settled with four of "
+"the five. Nine months later, a federal judge found MP3.com to have been "
+"guilty of willful infringement with respect to the fifth. Applying the law "
+"as it is, the judge imposed a fine against MP3.com of $118 million. MP3.com "
+"then settled with the remaining plaintiff, Vivendi Universal, paying over "
+"$54 million. Vivendi purchased MP3.com just about a year later."
+msgstr ""
+"Ni dage efter at MP3 .com lancerede sin tjeneste, anlagde de fem store "
+"pladeselskaberne, under ledelse af RIAA, sag mod MP3 .com. MP3 .com indgik "
+"forlig med fire af de fem. Ni måneder senere afgjorde en føderal domme at "
+"MP3 .com havde været skyldigt/skyldig i, med hensigt, at have brudt "
+"ophavsreten når det galdt det femte. Ved at anvende loven sådan den er "
+"udformet nå, ilagde dommeren MP3 .com en bod på 118 millioner dollar. MP3 ."
+"com indgik så et forlig med den gjenstående sagsøger, Vivendi Universal, og "
+"betalte mere end 54 millioner dollar. Vivendi købte MP3 .com omtrent et år "
+"senere."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "That part of the story I have told before. Now consider its conclusion."
+msgstr "Den delen af historie har jeg fortalt før. Nu kommer konklusionen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"After Vivendi purchased MP3.com, Vivendi turned around and filed a "
+"malpractice lawsuit against the lawyers who had advised it that they had a "
+"good faith claim that the service they wanted to offer would be considered "
+"legal under copyright law. This lawsuit alleged that it should have been "
+"obvious that the courts would find this behavior illegal; therefore, this "
+"lawsuit sought to punish any lawyer who had dared to suggest that the law "
+"was less restrictive than the labels demanded."
+msgstr ""
+"Efter at Vivendi købte MP3 .com, skruede Vivendi sig rundt og sagsøgte, for "
+"pliktforsømmelse, de advokaterne som havde givet råd om at selskabet i god "
+"tro kunne hævde at tjenesten selskabet ønskede at tilbyde, villes blive "
+"anset som lovligt i henhold til ophavsreten. I dette søgsmål blev det "
+"hævdet at det burde have været åbenbaret at domstolene villes anse denne "
+"opførsel for ulovligt. Dermed forsøgte man med dette søgsmål at straffe "
+"enhver advokat som vågede at foreslå at loven var mindre restriktiv en "
+"pladeselskaberne krævede."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 200
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The clear purpose of this lawsuit (which was settled for an unspecified "
+"amount shortly after the story was no longer covered in the press) was to "
+"send an unequivocal message to lawyers advising clients in this space: It is "
+"not just your clients who might suffer if the content industry directs its "
+"guns against them. It is also you. So those of you who believe the law "
+"should be less restrictive should realize that such a view of the law will "
+"cost you and your firm dearly."
+msgstr ""
+"Den åbenbare hensigten med dette søgsmål (som blev afsluttet med et forlig "
+"for et uspesifisert beløb lige så efter at sagen ikke længere fik "
+"pressedækning), var at sende en melding, som ikke kan misforstås, til "
+"advokater som giver råd til klienter på dette område: Det er ikke bare dine "
+"klienter som får lide hvis indholdindustrien retter sine våben mod dem. Det "
+"får også du. Så de af jer som tror loven burde være mindre restriktiv, bør "
+"indse at et sådant syn på loven vil koste dig og dit firma dyrt."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "BMW"
+msgstr "BMW"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "cars, MP3 sound systems in"
+msgstr "biler, MP3-lydsystem i"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Hummer, John"
+msgstr "Hummer, John"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Hummer Winblad"
+msgstr "Hummer Winblad"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "MP3 players"
+msgstr "MP3-spillere"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "venture capital for"
+msgstr "venturekapital for"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Needleman, Rafe"
+msgstr "Needleman, Rafe"
+
+#. f4.
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"See Joseph Menn, <quote>Universal, EMI Sue Napster Investor,</quote> "
+"<citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 23 April 2003. For a parallel "
+"argument about the effects on innovation in the distribution of music, see "
+"Janelle Brown, <quote>The Music Revolution Will Not Be Digitized,</quote> "
+"Salon.com, 1 June 2001, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/"
+"notes/\">link #42</ulink>. See also Jon Healey, <quote>Online Music "
+"Services Besieged,</quote> <citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 28 May "
+"2001."
+msgstr ""
+"Se Joseph Mænd, <quote>Universal, EMI Sue Napster Investor,</quote> "
+"<citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 23 . april 2003 . For et "
+"parallelt argument om effekten på nyskabning i distributionen af musik, se "
+"Janelle Brown, <quote>The Music Revolution Will Not Bede Digitized,</quote> "
+"Salon.com, 1 . juni 2001, tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture."
+"cc/notes/\">link #42</ulink>. Se også Jon Healey, <quote>Online Music "
+"Services Besieged,</quote> <citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 28 . "
+"maj 2001 ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This strategy is not just limited to the lawyers. In April 2003, Universal "
+"and EMI brought a lawsuit against Hummer Winblad, the venture capital firm "
+"(VC) that had funded Napster at a certain stage of its development, its "
+"cofounder (John Hummer), and general partner (Hank Barry).<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The claim here, as well, was that the VC should have "
+"recognized the right of the content industry to control how the industry "
+"should develop. They should be held personally liable for funding a company "
+"whose business turned out to be beyond the law. Here again, the aim of the "
+"lawsuit is transparent: Any VC now recognizes that if you fund a company "
+"whose business is not approved of by the dinosaurs, you are at risk not just "
+"in the marketplace, but in the courtroom as well. Your investment buys you "
+"not only a company, it also buys you a lawsuit. So extreme has the "
+"environment become that even car manufacturers are afraid of technologies "
+"that touch content. In an article in <citetitle>Business 2.0</citetitle>, "
+"Rafe Needleman describes a discussion with BMW:"
+msgstr ""
+"Denne strategi er ikke begrænset kun til advokater. I april 2003 leverede "
+"Universal og EMI ind et søgsmål mod Hummer Winblad, venturekapitalfirmaet "
+"(VC) som havde finansieret Napster på et bestemt skridt i dets udvikling; "
+"dets medstifter (John Hummer) og dets generelle partner (Hank Berry)."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Påstanden her var også VC-man "
+"burde have forstået at indholdindustrien havde ret til at kontrollere "
+"hvordan industrien burde udvikle sig. De burde holdes personligt ansvarligt/"
+"ansvarlig for at have finansieret et selskab hvis forretningsmodell viste "
+"sig at være udenfor loven. Igen er formålet med søgsmålet gjennomsiktig. "
+"Enhver VC forstår nu at hvis du finansierer et selskab med en "
+"forretningsplan som ikke bliver godkendt af dinosaurerne, så tager du ikke "
+"bare risikoen i markedet, men køber også et søgsmål. Så ekstremt har "
+"miljøet blevet at selv bilprodusenter er bange for teknologi som berører "
+"indhold. I en artikel i <citetitle>Business 2.0</citetitle> beskriver Rafe "
+"Needleman en diskussion med BMW:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Rafe Needleman, <quote>Driving in Cars with MP3s,</quote> "
+"<citetitle>Business 2.0</citetitle>, 16 June 2003, available at <ulink url="
+"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #43</ulink>. I am grateful to Dr. "
+"Mohammad Al-Ubaydli for this example. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id="
+"\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Rafe Needleman, <quote>Driving in Cars with MP3s,</quote> "
+"<citetitle>Business 2.0</citetitle>, 16 . juni 2003, tilgængeligt via <ulink "
+"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #43</ulink>. Jeg er taknemmelig "
+"til Dr. Mohammad Avl-Ubaydli for dette eksempel. <placeholder "
+"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"I asked why, with all the storage capacity and computer power in the car, "
+"there was no way to play MP3 files. I was told that BMW engineers in Germany "
+"had rigged a new vehicle to play MP3s via the car's built-in sound system, "
+"but that the company's marketing and legal departments weren't comfortable "
+"with pushing this forward for release stateside. Even today, no new cars are "
+"sold in the United States with bona fide MP3 players. … <placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Jeg spurgte hvorfor det ikke fandtes, med al lagrings- og "
+"beregningskapasitet som findes i bilen, en måde at spille af MP3-filer. Jeg "
+"blev fortalt at BMW-ingeniører i Tyskland havde sat op et nyt køretøj til at "
+"spille MP3-er via bilens indbyggede musikanlæg, men at selskabets afdelinger "
+"for markedføring og juice ikke var komfortable med at lancere dette over "
+"hele landet. Selv i dag er det ingen nye biler solgt i USA med en "
+"fungerende MP3-spiller. … <placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This is the world of the mafia—filled with <quote>your money or your "
+"life</quote> offers, governed in the end not by courts but by the threats "
+"that the law empowers copyright holders to exercise. It is a system that "
+"will obviously and necessarily stifle new innovation. It is hard enough to "
+"start a company. It is impossibly hard if that company is constantly "
+"threatened by litigation."
+msgstr ""
+"Dette er værdet til mafiaen – befolket med <quote>penge eller livet</"
+"quote>-trusler, som ikke er reguleret af domstolene, men af trusler som "
+"loven giver rettighedindehaver mulighed til at komme med . Det er et system "
+"som åbenbaret og nødvendigvis vil kvæle ny innovation. Det er vanskeligt nok "
+"at starte et selskab. Det bliver helt umuligt hvis selskabet er stadig "
+"truet af søgsmål."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "transaction cost of"
+msgstr "transaksjonskonstnader fra"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "legal murkiness on"
+msgstr "juridisk uklarhet fra"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 201
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The point is not that businesses should have a right to start illegal "
+"enterprises. The point is the definition of <quote>illegal.</quote> The law "
+"is a mess of uncertainty. We have no good way to know how it should apply to "
+"new technologies. Yet by reversing our tradition of judicial deference, and "
+"by embracing the astonishingly high penalties that copyright law imposes, "
+"that uncertainty now yields a reality which is far more conservative than is "
+"right. If the law imposed the death penalty for parking tickets, we'd not "
+"only have fewer parking tickets, we'd also have much less driving. The same "
+"principle applies to innovation. If innovation is constantly checked by this "
+"uncertain and unlimited liability, we will have much less vibrant innovation "
+"and much less creativity."
+msgstr ""
+"Pointen er ikke at virksomheder skal have lov til at starte ulovlig "
+"aktivitet. Pointen er definitionen af <quote>ulovligt.</quote> Loven er et "
+"kaos af usikkerheter. Vi har ingen god måde at vide hvordan den bør "
+"anvendes på nye teknologier. Og alligevel, ved at reversere vores tradition "
+"for juridisk hensynsfullhet, og omfavne det forbløffende høje strafniveauet "
+"som pålægges af ophavsreten, giver denne usikkerheten nu en virkelighed som "
+"er meget mere konservativ end det som er rimeligt. Hvis loven pålagde "
+"dødsstraff for at parkere ulovligt, så villes vi ikke bare have færre "
+"ulovlige parkeringer, vi villes også have meget mindre kørsel. Det samme "
+"princip gælder for nyskabning. Hvis nyskabning stadig kontrolleres af dette "
+"usikre og ubegrænsede erstatningsansvaret, så vil vi have meget mindre "
+"levende nyskabning, og meget mindre kreativitet."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The point is directly parallel to the crunchy-lefty point about fair use. "
+"Whatever the <quote>real</quote> law is, realism about the effect of law in "
+"both contexts is the same. This wildly punitive system of regulation will "
+"systematically stifle creativity and innovation. It will protect some "
+"industries and some creators, but it will harm industry and creativity "
+"generally. Free market and free culture depend upon vibrant competition. "
+"Yet the effect of the law today is to stifle just this kind of competition. "
+"The effect is to produce an overregulated culture, just as the effect of too "
+"much control in the market is to produce an overregulated-regulated market."
+msgstr ""
+"Pointen er en direkte parallel til det knasende venstrevridde pointen om "
+"rimelig brug. Uanset hvor <quote>reel</quote> loven er, så er realisme om "
+"effekten af lovværket i begge sammenhænge tilsvarende. Dette vildt "
+"straffende reguleringssystemet vil systematisk kvæle kreativitet og "
+"nyskabning. Det vil beskytte nogle industrier og nogle skabere, mens det "
+"vil skade industri og kreativitet generelt. Frit marked og fri kultur er "
+"afhængigt af pulserende konkurrence. Alligevel er effekten af lovværket i "
+"dag at kvæle akkurat denne type konkurrence. Effekten er at fortage en "
+"overreguleret kultur, akkurat som effekten af for meget kontrol i markedet "
+"er at fortage et overreguleret reguleret marked."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 202
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The building of a permission culture, rather than a free culture, is the "
+"first important way in which the changes I have described will burden "
+"innovation. A permission culture means a lawyer's culture—a culture in "
+"which the ability to create requires a call to your lawyer. Again, I am not "
+"antilawyer, at least when they're kept in their proper place. I am certainly "
+"not antilaw. But our profession has lost the sense of its limits. And "
+"leaders in our profession have lost an appreciation of the high costs that "
+"our profession imposes upon others. The inefficiency of the law is an "
+"embarrassment to our tradition. And while I believe our profession should "
+"therefore do everything it can to make the law more efficient, it should at "
+"least do everything it can to limit the reach of the law where the law is "
+"not doing any good. The transaction costs buried within a permission culture "
+"are enough to bury a wide range of creativity. Someone needs to do a lot of "
+"justifying to justify that result."
+msgstr ""
+"Oppbyggingen af en tilladelsekultur, i stedet for en fri kultur, er den "
+"første vigtige måden der hen ændringerne jeg har beskrevet vil belaste "
+"nyskabning. En tilladelsekultur betyder en kultur med advokater – en "
+"kultur der hen evnen til at skabe kræver en samtale med din advokat. Igen, "
+"jeg er ikke mod advokater, i hvert fald når de holdes sig der de hører "
+"hjemme . Og jeg er absolut ikke mod lovværket. Men vores profession har "
+"tabt forståelse af dens begrænsning. og lederne i vores profession har "
+"mistet forståelsen for den høje vores omkostning profession påfører andre. "
+"Ineffektiviteten i vores retsystem stiller vores tradition i forlegenhet. "
+"Og mens jeg tror at vores profession derfor burde gøre alt de kan for at "
+"gøre retsystemet mere effektivt, bør den også i hvert fald gøre alt den kan "
+"for at begrænse rækkevidden til lovværket der hen lovværket ikke gør noget "
+"godt. Transaktionomkostningerne begravet i en tilladelsekultur er nok til "
+"at begrave et bredt spekter af kreativitet. Nogle behøver meget "
+"rettferdiggjøring for at begrunde det resultatet."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>The uncertainty</emphasis> of the law is one burden "
+"on innovation. There is a second burden that operates more directly. This is "
+"the effort by many in the content industry to use the law to directly "
+"regulate the technology of the Internet so that it better protects their "
+"content."
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>Usikkerheten</emphasis> i rettilstanden er en af "
+"byrderne som lægges på nyskabningen. Det er en anden byrde som virker mere "
+"direkte. Dette er effekten fra mange i indholdindustrien som bruger loven "
+"til at direkte regulere teknologien på Internet sådan at den beskytter deres "
+"indhold bedre."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The motivation for this response is obvious. The Internet enables the "
+"efficient spread of content. That efficiency is a feature of the Internet's "
+"design. But from the perspective of the content industry, this feature is a "
+"<quote>bug.</quote> The efficient spread of content means that content "
+"distributors have a harder time controlling the distribution of content. "
+"One obvious response to this efficiency is thus to make the Internet less "
+"efficient. If the Internet enables <quote>piracy,</quote> then, this "
+"response says, we should break the kneecaps of the Internet."
+msgstr ""
+"Motivationen for denne respons er åpenbar. Internet gør det muligt at "
+"effektivt brede indhold. Den effektiviteten er en egenskab med Internets "
+"udformning. Men fra perspektivet til indholdindustrien er denne egenskab en "
+"<quote>fejl.</quote> Den effektive spredningen af indhold betyder at "
+"indholddistributører får det vanskeligt med at kontrollere distributionen af "
+"indhold. En åpenbar respons til denne effektivitet er at gøre Internet "
+"mindre effektivt. Hvis Internet gør det muligt at drive med "
+"<quote>piratvirksomhed,</quote> så siger denne respons at vi bør knække "
+"kneskålene på Internet."
+
+#. f6.
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<quote>Copyright and Digital Media in a Post-Napster World,</quote> "
+"GartnerG2 and the Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard Law "
+"School (2003), 33–35, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/"
+"notes/\">link #44</ulink>."
+msgstr ""
+"<quote>Copyright and Digital Medierne in a Post-Napster World,</quote> "
+"GartnerG2 and the Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard Law "
+"School (2003), 33–35, tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://free-"
+"culture.cc/notes/\">link #44</ulink>."
+
+#. f7.
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "GartnerG2, 26–27."
+msgstr "GartnerG2, 26–27 ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The examples of this form of legislation are many. At the urging of the "
+"content industry, some in Congress have threatened legislation that would "
+"require computers to determine whether the content they access is protected "
+"or not, and to disable the spread of protected content.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Congress has already launched proceedings to explore "
+"a mandatory <quote>broadcast flag</quote> that would be required on any "
+"device capable of transmitting digital video (i.e., a computer), and that "
+"would disable the copying of any content that is marked with a broadcast "
+"flag. Other members of Congress have proposed immunizing content providers "
+"from liability for technology they might deploy that would hunt down "
+"copyright violators and disable their machines.<placeholder type=\"footnote"
+"\" id=\"1\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Det er mange eksempler på denne type lovgiving. På opfordring fra "
+"indholdindustrien har nogle i Kongressen truet med lovgiving som villes "
+"kræve at computere skulle afgøre om indhold de havde tilgang til var "
+"beskyttet eller ikke, og slå af muligheden for at brede beskyttet indhold."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Kongressen har allerede lanceret "
+"forslag om at udforske et påkrevd <quote>kringkastingsflagg</quote> som "
+"villes være påkrevd på enhver enhed som kan sende digital video (med andre "
+"ord, en computer), og som villes hindre kopiering af ethvert indhold som er "
+"mærket med kringkastingsflagget. Andre medlemmer af Kongressen har "
+"foreslået immunitet til indholdleverandører fra erstatning for teknologi som "
+"de kan tage i brug for at spore op de som bryder opphavsrettsen, og koble "
+"ud deres computere.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 203
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"In one sense, these solutions seem sensible. If the problem is the code, why "
+"not regulate the code to remove the problem. But any regulation of technical "
+"infrastructure will always be tuned to the particular technology of the day. "
+"It will impose significant burdens and costs on the technology, but will "
+"likely be eclipsed by advances around exactly those requirements."
+msgstr ""
+"På en måde virker disse løsninger fornuftige. Hvis problemet er koden, "
+"hvorfor ikke regulere koden for at fjerne problemet. Men enhver regulering "
+"af teknisk infrastruktur vil altid være stilet ind mod dagens aktuelle "
+"teknologi. Den vil påføre teknologien betydelige byrder og omkostninger, "
+"men vil mest sandsynligt blive overskygget af fremskridt når det gælder "
+"akkurat disse krav."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Intel"
+msgstr "Intel"
+
+#. f8.
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"See David McGuire, <quote>Tech Execs Square Off Over Piracy,</quote> "
+"Newsbytes, February 2002 (Entertainment)."
+msgstr ""
+"Se David McGuire, <quote>Tech Execs Square Off Over Piracy,</quote> "
+"Newsbytes, februar 2002 (Entertainment)."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"In March 2002, a broad coalition of technology companies, led by Intel, "
+"tried to get Congress to see the harm that such legislation would impose."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Their argument was obviously not "
+"that copyright should not be protected. Instead, they argued, any protection "
+"should not do more harm than good."
+msgstr ""
+"I marts 2002 forsøgte en bred koalition af teknologibedrifter, ledte af "
+"Intel, at få Kongressen til at se skaden sådan lovgiving villes føre til ."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> deres Argument var selvsagt ikke "
+"at ophavsret ikke skulle blive beskyttet. I stedet argumenterede de med at "
+"en beskyttelse ikke måtte gøre mere skade end gavn."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>There is one</emphasis> more obvious way in which "
+"this war has harmed innovation—again, a story that will be quite "
+"familiar to the free market crowd."
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>Det er en</emphasis> mere åpenbar måde som denne "
+"krig har skadet nyskabning – igen, en historie som vil være ganske "
+"familiær for dem som støtter det frie markedet."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Copyright may be property, but like all property, it is also a form of "
+"regulation. It is a regulation that benefits some and harms others. When "
+"done right, it benefits creators and harms leeches. When done wrong, it is "
+"regulation the powerful use to defeat competitors."
+msgstr ""
+"Ophavsret er måske ejendom, men som al ejendom er det også en form for "
+"regulering. Det er man regulering som giver fordele for nogle og skader for "
+"andre. Når det gøres rigtigt, giver det fordeler til skabere og skader til "
+"snyltere. Når det er gjort galt, er det regulering som de mægtige bruge til "
+"at beseire konkurrenter."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Digital Copyright (Litman)"
+msgstr "Digital Copyright (Litman)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Jessica Litman, <citetitle>Digital Copyright</citetitle> (Amherst, N.Y.: "
+"Prometheus Books, 2001). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> "
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Jessica Litman, <citetitle>Digital Copyright</citetitle> (Amherst, N.Y.: "
+"Prometheus Books, 2001). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> "
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend="
+"\"property-i\"/>, despite this feature of copyright as regulation, and "
+"subject to important qualifications outlined by Jessica Litman in her book "
+"<citetitle>Digital Copyright</citetitle>,<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id="
+"\"0\"/> overall this history of copyright is not bad. As chapter <xref "
+"xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"property-i\"/> details, when new "
+"technologies have come along, Congress has struck a balance to assure that "
+"the new is protected from the old. Compulsory, or statutory, licenses have "
+"been one part of that strategy. Free use (as in the case of the VCR) has "
+"been another."
+msgstr ""
+"Som jeg beskrev i kapitel <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" "
+"linkend=\"property-i\"/>, og på trods af denne egenskab af ophavsret som "
+"regulering, og når man tager hensyn til vigtige kvalifiseringer skitseret af "
+"Jessica Litman i hendes bog <citetitle>Digital Copyright</citetitle>,"
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>, så er i det store og hele "
+"historie til ophavsreten ikke ilde. Når nye teknologier dukker op , sådan "
+"kapitel <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"property-i\"/> "
+"fortæller mere om, har Kongressen fundet en balance for at sikre at det nye "
+"er beskyttet fra det gamle. Tvanglicenser eller lovbestemmte licenser har "
+"været del af denne strategi. Gratis brug (sådan tilfældet er for "
+"videoopptakeren) har været en anden."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"But that pattern of deference to new technologies has now changed with the "
+"rise of the Internet. Rather than striking a balance between the claims of a "
+"new technology and the legitimate rights of content creators, both the "
+"courts and Congress have imposed legal restrictions that will have the "
+"effect of smothering the new to benefit the old."
+msgstr ""
+"Men dette mønster med at beskytte nye teknologier har nu ændret sig med "
+"fremvæksten af Internet. I stedet for at finde en balance mellem kravene "
+"til ny teknologi og de legitime rettighederne til skabere af indhold, har "
+"både domstolene og Kongressen introduceret juridiske restriktioner som vil "
+"have som effekt at de kvæler det nye til fordel for det gamle."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "radio on"
+msgstr "radio på"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Grokster, Ltd."
+msgstr "Grokster, Ltd."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> The only circuit court exception "
+"is found in <citetitle>Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)</"
+"citetitle> v. <citetitle>Diamond Multimedia Systems</citetitle>, 180 F. 3d "
+"1072 (9th Cir. 1999). There the court of appeals for the Ninth Circuit "
+"reasoned that makers of a portable MP3 player were not liable for "
+"contributory copyright infringement for a device that is unable to record or "
+"redistribute music (a device whose only copying function is to render "
+"portable a music file already stored on a user's hard drive). At the "
+"district court level, the only exception is found in <citetitle>Metro-"
+"Goldwyn-Mayer Studios, Inc</citetitle>. v. <citetitle>Grokster, Ltd</"
+"citetitle>., 259 F. Supp. 2d 1029 (C.D. Cal., 2003), where the court found "
+"the link between the distributor and any given user's conduct too attenuated "
+"to make the distributor liable for contributory or vicarious infringement "
+"liability."
+msgstr ""
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Det eneste ankekredsundtagelsen "
+"findes i <citetitle>Foreningen for musikindustri i USA (RIAA)</citetitle> "
+"mod <citetitle>Diamond Multimedia Systems</citetitle>, 180 F. 3d 1072 (9th "
+"Cir. 1999). Der konkluderede den niende ankekreds med at de som fortog "
+"bærbare MP3-spillere, ikke var ansvarligt/ansvarlig for at bidrage til "
+"ophavsretbrud for en enhed som var ude af stand til at tage op eller "
+"videredistribuere musik (en enhed hvis eneste kopieringsfunksjon er at gøre "
+"en musikkfil som allerede befinder mig/befinder dig/befinder sig/befinder os/"
+"befinder jer på brugerens harddisk, flytbart). På regionsdomstolsnivå "
+"findes det eneste undtagelsen i <citetitle>Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios, Inc</"
+"citetitle>. mod <citetitle>Grokster, Ltd</citetitle>., 259 F. Supp. 2d 1029 "
+"(C.D. Cal., 2003), der domstolen fandt at koblingen mellem distributør og "
+"en hvilken som helst givet bruger for svagt til at gøre distributør "
+"ansvarligt/ansvarlig for medvirkende eller vikarierende erstatning for "
+"ophavsretbrud."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Tauzin, Billy"
+msgstr "Tauzin, Billy"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Hollings, Fritz"
+msgstr "Hollings, Fritz"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
+"id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type="
+"\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/> For example, in July 2002, Representative Howard "
+"Berman introduced the Peer-to-Peer Piracy Prevention Act (H.R. 5211), which "
+"would immunize copyright holders from liability for damage done to computers "
+"when the copyright holders use technology to stop copyright infringement. In "
+"August 2002, Representative Billy Tauzin introduced a bill to mandate that "
+"technologies capable of rebroadcasting digital copies of films broadcast on "
+"TV (i.e., computers) respect a <quote>broadcast flag</quote> that would "
+"disable copying of that content. And in March of the same year, Senator "
+"Fritz Hollings introduced the Consumer Broadband and Digital Television "
+"Promotion Act, which mandated copyright protection technology in all digital "
+"media devices. See GartnerG2, <quote>Copyright and Digital Media in a Post-"
+"Napster World,</quote> 27 June 2003, 33–34, available at <ulink url="
+"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #44</ulink>."
+msgstr ""
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
+"id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder "
+"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/> I juli 2002 introducerede for eksempel "
+"repræsentant Howard Berman <quote>Peer-to-Peer Piracy Prevention Act</quote> "
+"(H.R. 5211) som villes fritage ophavsretindehavere fra erstatningsansvar for "
+"skade gjort på computere når ophavsretindehaverne brugte teknologi til at "
+"stoppe ophavsretbrud. I august 2002 introducerede repræsentant Billy Tauzin "
+"et lovforslag som krævede at teknologier som var i stand til at videre-"
+"udsende digitale kopier af film udsendet/udsendt på TV (computere, med andre "
+"ord) måtte respektere et <quote>kringkastingsflagg</quote> som villes slå af "
+"muligheden til at kopiere indholdet. Og i marts samme år introducerede "
+"senator Fritz Hollings <quote>Consumer Broadband and Digital Television "
+"Promotion Act</quote> som krævede ophavsretbeskyttelseteknologi i alle "
+"digitale medium-enheder. Se GartnerG2, <quote>Copyright and Digital "
+"Medierne in a Post-Napster World,</quote> 27 . juni 2003, 33–34, "
+"tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #44</"
+"ulink>."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The response by the courts has been fairly universal.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It has been mirrored in the responses threatened and "
+"actually implemented by Congress. I won't catalog all of those responses "
+"here.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> But there is one example that "
+"captures the flavor of them all. This is the story of the demise of Internet "
+"radio."
+msgstr ""
+"Tilbakemeldingene fra domstolene har omtrent været det samme.<placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Det har været spejlet i responsen som "
+"Kongressen har truet med , og faktisk implementeret. Jeg vil ikke liste "
+"op alle tilbakemeldingene her.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Men "
+"det er et eksempel som indeholder essensen af dem alle. Dette er historie "
+"om utryddelsen af Internet-radio."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Monroe, Marilyn"
+msgstr "Monroe, Marilyn"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 204
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend="
+"\"pirates\"/>, when a radio station plays a song, the recording artist "
+"doesn't get paid for that <quote>radio performance</quote> unless he or she "
+"is also the composer. So, for example if Marilyn Monroe had recorded a "
+"version of <quote>Happy Birthday</quote>—to memorialize her famous "
+"performance before President Kennedy at Madison Square Garden— then "
+"whenever that recording was played on the radio, the current copyright "
+"owners of <quote>Happy Birthday</quote> would get some money, whereas "
+"Marilyn Monroe would not."
+msgstr ""
+"Som jeg beskrev i kapitel <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" "
+"linkend=\"pirates\"/>, når en radiostation spiller en sang, får ikke "
+"pladeartisten betaling for <quote>radioavspillingen</quote> med mindre han "
+"eller hun også er komponisten. Dermed, hvis for eksempel Marilyn Monroe "
+"havde spillet ind en version af <quote>Gratulerer med dagen</quote> – "
+"for at minde om hendes berømte forestilling foran præsident Kennedy ved "
+"Madison Square Gården – så vilde, hver gang pladen blev spillet på "
+"radio, den aktuelle ophavsretejeren af <quote>Gratulerer med dagen</quote> "
+"få lidt penge, mens Marilyn Monroe ikke villes få nogle."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The reasoning behind this balance struck by Congress makes some sense. The "
+"justification was that radio was a kind of advertising. The recording artist "
+"thus benefited because by playing her music, the radio station was making it "
+"more likely that her records would be purchased. Thus, the recording artist "
+"got something, even if only indirectly. Probably this reasoning had less to "
+"do with the result than with the power of radio stations: Their lobbyists "
+"were quite good at stopping any efforts to get Congress to require "
+"compensation to the recording artists."
+msgstr ""
+"Tanken bag denne balance som Kongressen fandt, giver lidt mening. "
+"Begrundelsen var at radio var en type annonsering. Pladeartisten får dermed "
+" fordel fra avspillingen af musikken, radiostationen gjorde det mere "
+"sandsynligt at nogle villes købe hendes plader. Dermed fik pladeartisten "
+"noget, selv om det kun er indirekte. Sandsynligvis har denne argumentation "
+"mindre at gøre med resultatet end magten til radiostationerne. Deres "
+"lobbyister var ganske gode til at stoppe enhver indsats som forsøgte at få "
+"Kongressen til at kræve kompensationen til pladeartisterne."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Enter Internet radio. Like regular radio, Internet radio is a technology to "
+"stream content from a broadcaster to a listener. The broadcast travels "
+"across the Internet, not across the ether of radio spectrum. Thus, I can "
+"<quote>tune in</quote> to an Internet radio station in Berlin while sitting "
+"in San Francisco, even though there's no way for me to tune in to a regular "
+"radio station much beyond the San Francisco metropolitan area."
+msgstr ""
+"Så kom Internet-radio. Som normal radio er Internet-radio en teknologi som "
+"sender indhold fra en udsender til en lytter. Kringkastingen farer over "
+"Internet, og ikke gennem radiospektret æter. Dermed kan jeg <quote>pejle "
+"mig ind til</quote> en Internet-radiostation i Berlin mens jeg sidder i San "
+"Francisco, selv om det ikke er muligt for mig at pejle mig ind på en normal "
+"radiostation på særligt større afstand end byområdet til San Francisco."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This feature of the architecture of Internet radio means that there are "
+"potentially an unlimited number of radio stations that a user could tune in "
+"to using her computer, whereas under the existing architecture for broadcast "
+"radio, there is an obvious limit to the number of broadcasters and clear "
+"broadcast frequencies. Internet radio could therefore be more competitive "
+"than regular radio; it could provide a wider range of selections. And "
+"because the potential audience for Internet radio is the whole world, niche "
+"stations could easily develop and market their content to a relatively large "
+"number of users worldwide. According to some estimates, more than eighty "
+"million users worldwide have tuned in to this new form of radio."
+msgstr ""
+"Denne egenskab i arkitekturen til Internet-radio betyder at det potentielt "
+"er et ubegrænset antal radiostationer som en bruge kan pejle sig ind på ved "
+"hjælp af sin computer, mens med den eksisterende arkitekturen for "
+"kringkastingsradio er det en åpenbar begrænsning når det gælder antal "
+"kringkastere og klare kringkastingsfrekvenser. Internet-radio kan dermed "
+"blive mere konkurranseutsatt end normal radio, den kan tilbyde et bredere "
+"spekter med valg. Og i og med at det potentielle publikummer for Internet-"
+"radio er hele værdet, kan nichestationer enkelt udvikle og markedsføre sit "
+"indhold til et relativt stort antal brugere over hele værdet. Ifølge nogle "
+"estimater har mere end firs millioner brugere over hele værdet koblet sig op "
+"til denne nye form for radio."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 205
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Internet radio is thus to radio what FM was to AM. It is an improvement "
+"potentially vastly more significant than the FM improvement over AM, since "
+"not only is the technology better, so, too, is the competition. Indeed, "
+"there is a direct parallel between the fight to establish FM radio and the "
+"fight to protect Internet radio. As one author describes Howard Armstrong's "
+"struggle to enable FM radio,"
+msgstr ""
+"Internet-radio er dermed for radio det FM var for AM. Det er man "
+"forbedring som med potentielt større betydning end FM-forbedringen havde for "
+"AM, siden ikke bare er teknologien bedre, men konkurrencen er også det. "
+"Faktisk er det en direkte parallel mellem kampen for at etablere FM-radio, "
+"og kampen for at beskytte Internet-radio. Som en forfatter beskrev Howard "
+"Armstrongs kamp for at muliggjøre FM-radio:"
+
+#. f12.
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Lessing, 239."
+msgstr "Lessing, 239 ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"An almost unlimited number of FM stations was possible in the shortwaves, "
+"thus ending the unnatural restrictions imposed on radio in the crowded "
+"longwaves. If FM were freely developed, the number of stations would be "
+"limited only by economics and competition rather than by technical "
+"restrictions. … Armstrong likened the situation that had grown up in "
+"radio to that following the invention of the printing press, when "
+"governments and ruling interests attempted to control this new instrument of "
+"mass communications by imposing restrictive licenses on it. This tyranny was "
+"broken only when it became possible for men freely to acquire printing "
+"presses and freely to run them. FM in this sense was as great an invention "
+"as the printing presses, for it gave radio the opportunity to strike off its "
+"shackles.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Det var muligt med næsten et ubegrænset antal FM-stationer på kortbølgerne, "
+"som dermed afsluttede de unaturlige begrænsningerne påført radio i de "
+"overbefolkede langbølgene. Hvis FM blev udviklet frit, villes antal "
+"stationer kun være begrænset af økonomi og konkurrence i stedet for tekniske "
+"begrænsninger. … Armstrong sammenlignede situationen som havde "
+"vokset frem med radio, med den som opstod efter oppfinnelsen af "
+"trykkepressen, da myndighederne og de styrende interesserne forsøgte at "
+"kontrollere dette nye instrument for massekommunikation ved at påføre den "
+"begrænsende licenser. Dette tyranni blev knust først efter at det blev "
+"muligt for folk at frit skaffe sig trykkepresser, og frit bruge dem. FM var "
+"på denne måde en lige så fantastisk oppfinnelse som trykkepressene, da det "
+"gav radio muligheden til at kvitte sig med linkene.<placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. f13.
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Ibid., 229."
+msgstr "Ibid., 229 ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This potential for FM radio was never realized—not because Armstrong "
+"was wrong about the technology, but because he underestimated the power of "
+"<quote>vested interests, habits, customs and legislation</quote><placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> to retard the growth of this competing "
+"technology."
+msgstr ""
+"Dette potentiale for FM-radio blev aldrig realiseret – ikke på grund "
+"af at Armstrong tog fejl af teknologien, men fordi han undervurderede "
+"kraften/kræfter i <quote>økonomiske interesser, vaner, sender og lovgiving</"
+"quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> i at hæmme væksten af denne "
+"konkurrerende teknologi."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Now the very same claim could be made about Internet radio. For again, there "
+"is no technical limitation that could restrict the number of Internet radio "
+"stations. The only restrictions on Internet radio are those imposed by the "
+"law. Copyright law is one such law. So the first question we should ask is, "
+"what copyright rules would govern Internet radio?"
+msgstr ""
+"Akkurat den samme påstand kan nu fremmes om Internet-radio. Også denne "
+"gang er det ingen tekniske begrænsninger som kan begrænse antallet Internet-"
+"radioer. Den eneste begrænsningen for Internet-radio er de som bliver "
+"pålagt af lovværket. Opphavsrettsloven er en sådan lov. Så det første "
+"spørgsmålet vi bør stille er, hvilke ophavretsregler bestemmer over Internet-"
+"radio?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "on radio"
+msgstr "om radio"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Internet radio hampered by"
+msgstr "Internet-radio hæmmede af"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "on Internet radio fees"
+msgstr "om Internet-radioafgifter"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 206
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"But here the power of the lobbyists is reversed. Internet radio is a new "
+"industry. The recording artists, on the other hand, have a very powerful "
+"lobby, the RIAA. Thus when Congress considered the phenomenon of Internet "
+"radio in 1995, the lobbyists had primed Congress to adopt a different rule "
+"for Internet radio than the rule that applies to terrestrial radio. While "
+"terrestrial radio does not have to pay our hypothetical Marilyn Monroe when "
+"it plays her hypothetical recording of <quote>Happy Birthday</quote> on the "
+"air, <emphasis>Internet radio does</emphasis>. Not only is the law not "
+"neutral toward Internet radio—the law actually burdens Internet radio "
+"more than it burdens terrestrial radio."
+msgstr ""
+"Men her er magten til lobbyistene modsat. Internet-radio er en ny industri. "
+"Pladeartisterne derimod har en vældig mægtig lobby, RIAA. Dermed havde "
+"lobbyistene forberedt Kongressen til at vedtage en anden regel for Internet-"
+"radio end skrønerne som gælder for landbasert radio, da de vurderede "
+"fænomenet Internet-radio i 1995 . Mens landbasert radio ikke må, hypotetisk, "
+"betale Marilyn Monroe når den, hypotetisk, spiller hendes optagelse af "
+"<quote>Gratulerer med dagen</quote> på luften, <emphasis>så må Internet-"
+"radio betale</emphasis>. Ikke bare er lovværket ikke nøytralt når det gælder "
+"Internet-radio – lovværket belaster Internet-radio meget mere end det "
+"belaster landbasert radio."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "CARP (Copyright Arbitration Royalty Panel)"
+msgstr "CARP (Panel for opphavsrettsroyaltyvoldgift)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This example was derived from fees set by the original Copyright Arbitration "
+"Royalty Panel (CARP) proceedings, and is drawn from an example offered by "
+"Professor William Fisher. Conference Proceedings, iLaw (Stanford), 3 July "
+"2003, on file with author. Professors Fisher and Zittrain submitted "
+"testimony in the CARP proceeding that was ultimately rejected. See Jonathan "
+"Zittrain, Digital Performance Right in Sound Recordings and Ephemeral "
+"Recordings, Docket No. 2000-9, CARP DTRA 1 and 2, available at <ulink url="
+"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #45</ulink>. For an excellent "
+"analysis making a similar point, see Randal C. Picker, <quote>Copyright as "
+"Entry Policy: The Case of Digital Distribution,</quote> <citetitle>Antitrust "
+"Bulletin</citetitle> (Summer/Fall 2002): 461: <quote>This was not confusion, "
+"these are just old-fashioned entry barriers. Analog radio stations are "
+"protected from digital entrants, reducing entry in radio and diversity. Yes, "
+"this is done in the name of getting royalties to copyright holders, but, "
+"absent the play of powerful interests, that could have been done in a media-"
+"neutral way.</quote> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder "
+"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Dette eksempel blev avledet fra afgifter fastsat i det oprindelige høringen "
+"i panelet for opphavsrettsroyaltyvoldgift (Copyright Arbitration Royalty "
+"Panel, CARP), og udledt fra et eksempel fremmet af professor William Fisher. "
+"Konferenceforedragsamling, iLaw (Stanford), 3 . juli 2003, arkiveret hos "
+"forfatteren. Professorerne Fisher og Zittrain vidnede i CARP-høringen som "
+"blev afvist til slutning. Se Johnathan Zittrain, Digital Performance right "
+"in Sound Recordings and Ephemerial Recordings, Docket No. 2000-9, CARP DTRA "
+"1 og 2, tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
+"#45</ulink>. For en udmærket analyse som fremmer et lignende argument, se "
+"Randal C. Picker, <quote>Copyright as Entry Policy: The Case of Digital "
+"Distribution,</quote> <citetitle>Antitrust Bulletin</citetitle> (Sommer/"
+"sommer 2002): 461: <quote>Dette var ikke forvirret, dette var gode gamle "
+"spærrer for nykommere. Analoge radiostationer beskyttes fra digitale "
+"nykommere, og nykommere og variation reduceres. Ja, dette gøres for at "
+"skaffe royalty-betaling til ophavsretindehavere, men, uden inngripen fra "
+"mægtige interesse kunne dette været gjort på en medierne-nøytral måde.</"
+"quote> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder "
+"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This financial burden is not slight. As Harvard law professor William Fisher "
+"estimates, if an Internet radio station distributed adfree popular music to "
+"(on average) ten thousand listeners, twenty-four hours a day, the total "
+"artist fees that radio station would owe would be over $1 million a year."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> A regular radio station "
+"broadcasting the same content would pay no equivalent fee."
+msgstr ""
+"Den finansielle belastningen er ikke ubetydelig. Sådan juiceprofessor "
+"William Fisher ved Harvard estimerede, hvis en Internet-radiostation "
+"distribuerede reklamefri populærmusik til (i gennemsnit) ti tusind lyttere, "
+"tjuefire timer i døgnet, så villes de totale utbetalingene til artister som "
+"denne radiostation villes skylde være over en million dollar i året."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> En radiostation som udsender det "
+"samme indhold villes ikke måtte betale et tilsvarende beløb."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The burden is not financial only. Under the original rules that were "
+"proposed, an Internet radio station (but not a terrestrial radio station) "
+"would have to collect the following data from <emphasis>every listening "
+"transaction</emphasis>:"
+msgstr ""
+"Byrden er ikke kun økonomisk. Ifølge det oprindelige forslag til skrøner, "
+"måtte man Internet-radiostation (men ikke en landbasert radiostation) samle "
+"ind følgende information for <emphasis>hver eneste lytter-transaktion</"
+"emphasis>:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "name of the service;"
+msgstr "navn på tjenesten"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "channel of the program (AM/FM stations use station ID);"
+msgstr "kanalen til programmet (AM/FM-stationer bruger stations-ID)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "type of program (archived/looped/live);"
+msgstr "type program (fra arkivet / i løkke / direkte)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "date of transmission;"
+msgstr "dato for sending"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "time of transmission;"
+msgstr "tidspunkt for sending"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "time zone of origination of transmission;"
+msgstr "tidssone til oprindelsen for sending"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"numeric designation of the place of the sound recording within the program;"
+msgstr "numerisk angivelse af placering for lydopptaket i programmet"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "duration of transmission (to nearest second);"
+msgstr "varigheten af sending (til nærmeste sekund)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "sound recording title;"
+msgstr "lydinnspillingstittel"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "ISRC code of the recording;"
+msgstr "ISRC-kode for optagelsen"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"release year of the album per copyright notice and in the case of "
+"compilation albums, the release year of the album and copy- right date of "
+"the track;"
+msgstr ""
+"utgivelsesår for albummet i henhold til opphavsrettsmerking, og i tilfælde "
+"samlealbum, utgivelsesår for albummet og ophavsretdato for sporet"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "featured recording artist;"
+msgstr "spillende pladeartist"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "retail album title;"
+msgstr "titel på album i butikker"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "recording label;"
+msgstr "pladeselskab"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "UPC code of the retail album;"
+msgstr "UPC-koden for albummet i butikker"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "catalog number;"
+msgstr "katalognummer"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "copyright owner information;"
+msgstr "information om ophavsretindehaver"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "musical genre of the channel or program (station format);"
+msgstr "musikgenre for kanal eller programmet (stationformat)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "name of the service or entity;"
+msgstr "navn på tjenesten eller selskab"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "channel or program;"
+msgstr "kanal eller program"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "date and time that the user logged in (in the user's time zone);"
+msgstr "dato og klokkeslæt da brugeren loggede på (i brugerens tidssone)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "date and time that the user logged out (in the user's time zone);"
+msgstr "dato og klokkeslæt da brugeren loggede ud (i brugerens tidssone)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "time zone where the signal was received (user);"
+msgstr "tidssone der hen signalet blev modtaget (bruge)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "unique user identifier;"
+msgstr "unik bruger-identifikator"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "the country in which the user received the transmissions."
+msgstr "landet til brugeren som modtog sendingerne"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The Librarian of Congress eventually suspended these reporting requirements, "
+"pending further study. And he also changed the original rates set by the "
+"arbitration panel charged with setting rates. But the basic difference "
+"between Internet radio and terrestrial radio remains: Internet radio has to "
+"pay a <emphasis>type of copyright fee</emphasis> that terrestrial radio does "
+"not."
+msgstr ""
+"Kongresbibliotekaren stoppede til slutning disse rapporteringskravene, i "
+"påvente af flere undersøgelser. Han ændrede også de oprindelige priserne "
+"sad af voldgiftspanelet som fik opgaven med at fastsætte priserne. Men den "
+"grundlæggende forskellen mellem Internet-radio og landbasert radio består: "
+"Internet-radio må betale <emphasis>en slags ophavsretafgift</emphasis> som "
+"landbasert radio slipper."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Why? What justifies this difference? Was there any study of the economic "
+"consequences from Internet radio that would justify these differences? Was "
+"the motive to protect artists against piracy?"
+msgstr ""
+"Hvorfor er det sådan? Hvad begrunder denne forskel? Blev det gjort nogle "
+"studier af de økonomiske konsekvenserne for Internet-radio som kan forsvare "
+"disse forskelle? Var motivet at beskytte kunstnere mod piratvirksomhed?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Real Networks"
+msgstr "Real Networks"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"In a rare bit of candor, one RIAA expert admitted what seemed obvious to "
+"everyone at the time. As Alex Alben, vice president for Public Policy at "
+"Real Networks, told me,"
+msgstr ""
+"I et sjældent oprigtigt øjeblik, indrømmet en RIAA-ekspert det som virkede "
+"åbenbaret for alle på den tiden. Dette fortalte Alex Alben, vicepræsident "
+"med ansvar for offentlig politik ved Real Networks, mig:"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 208
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The RIAA, which was representing the record labels, presented some testimony "
+"about what they thought a willing buyer would pay to a willing seller, and "
+"it was much higher. It was ten times higher than what radio stations pay to "
+"perform the same songs for the same period of time. And so the attorneys "
+"representing the webcasters asked the RIAA, … <quote>How do you come "
+"up with a rate that's so much higher? Why is it worth more than radio? "
+"Because here we have hundreds of thousands of webcasters who want to pay, "
+"and that should establish the market rate, and if you set the rate so high, "
+"you're going to drive the small webcasters out of business. …</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+"RIAA, som repræsenterede pladeselskaberne, præsenterede nogle vitnesbyrder "
+"om hvad de troede en villig køber villes betale til en villig sælger, og det "
+"var meget højere. Det var ti gange højere end det radiostationer betaler "
+"for at fremføre de samme sange i den samme tidsperiode. Så advokaterne som "
+"repræsenterede webcasterne spurgte RIAA, … <quote>Hvordan kommer du "
+"op med en afsæt som er så meget højere? Hvorfor er det værd mere end "
+"radio? Fordi her har vi hundredetusindvis af webcastere som ønsker at "
+"betale, og det villes etablere markedraten, og hvis du sætter den afsættet "
+"så højt , vil du tvinge de små webcasterne til at måtte give op . …</"
+"quote>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"And the RIAA experts said, <quote>Well, we don't really model this as an "
+"industry with thousands of webcasters, <emphasis>we think it should be an "
+"industry with, you know, five or seven big players who can pay a high rate "
+"and it's a stable, predictable market</emphasis>.</quote> (Emphasis added.)"
+msgstr ""
+"Og RIAA-eksperten svarede, <quote>Vel, vores model er ikke for en industri "
+"med tusindvis af webcastere. <emphasis>Vi tror det bør blive en industri "
+"med, du ved, fem eller syv store aktører som kan betale en høj afgift, og "
+"sådan få et stabilt og forutsigbart marked.</emphasis></quote> (min "
+"utheving.)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Translation: The aim is to use the law to eliminate competition, so that "
+"this platform of potentially immense competition, which would cause the "
+"diversity and range of content available to explode, would not cause pain to "
+"the dinosaurs of old. There is no one, on either the right or the left, who "
+"should endorse this use of the law. And yet there is practically no one, on "
+"either the right or the left, who is doing anything effective to prevent it."
+msgstr ""
+"Oversættelse: Målet er at bruge loven til at fjerne konkurrence, sådan at "
+"denne platform som potentielt muliggjør massiver konkurrence, og dermed "
+"fører til en eksplosion i mangfoldighed og omfang af tilgængeligt indhold, "
+"ikke forårsager smerte for ældre tiders dinosaurer. Ingen, hverken på højre "
+"eller venstresiden, burde bifalde denne brug af loven. Og alligevel er det "
+"praktisk talt ingen, hverken på højre eller venstresiden, som har gjort "
+"noget effektivt for at hindre det."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Corrupting Citizens"
+msgstr "Skader borgere"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Overregulation stifles creativity. It smothers innovation. It gives "
+"dinosaurs a veto over the future. It wastes the extraordinary opportunity "
+"for a democratic creativity that digital technology enables."
+msgstr ""
+"For meget regulering knebler kreativiteten. Den kvæler nyskabning. Den "
+"giver dinosaurer vetoret over fremtiden. Den kaster væk den ekstraordinære "
+"muligheden for en demokratisk kreativitet som digital teknologi gør muligt."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"In addition to these important harms, there is one more that was important "
+"to our forebears, but seems forgotten today. Overregulation corrupts "
+"citizens and weakens the rule of law."
+msgstr ""
+"I tillæg til disse vigtige skader, så er det en til som var vigtigt for "
+"vores forfædre, men som synes glemt i dag . For meget regulering skader "
+"borgerne, og svækker respekten for loven."
+
+#. f15.
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Mike Graziano and Lee Rainie, <quote>The Music Downloading Deluge,</quote> "
+"Pew Internet and American Life Project (24 April 2001), available at <ulink "
+"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #46</ulink>. The Pew Internet "
+"and American Life Project reported that 37 million Americans had downloaded "
+"music files from the Internet by early 2001."
+msgstr ""
+"Mike Graziano og Lee Rainie, <quote>The Music Downloading Deluge,</quote> "
+"Pew Internet and American Life Project (24 . april 2001), tilgængeligt fra "
+"<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #46</ulink>. The Pew "
+"Internet and American Life Project rapporterede at 37 millioner Amerikanere "
+"havde lastet ned musikkfiler fra Internet føder starten af 2001 ."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 209
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The war that is being waged today is a war of prohibition. As with every war "
+"of prohibition, it is targeted against the behavior of a very large number "
+"of citizens. According to <citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle>, 43 "
+"million Americans downloaded music in May 2002.<placeholder type=\"footnote"
+"\" id=\"0\"/> According to the RIAA, the behavior of those 43 million "
+"Americans is a felony. We thus have a set of rules that transform 20 percent "
+"of America into criminals. As the RIAA launches lawsuits against not only "
+"the Napsters and Kazaas of the world, but against students building search "
+"engines, and increasingly against ordinary users downloading content, the "
+"technologies for sharing will advance to further protect and hide illegal "
+"use. It is an arms race or a civil war, with the extremes of one side "
+"inviting a more extreme response by the other."
+msgstr ""
+"Krigen som føres i dag er en forbudkrig. Og som enhver forbudkrig, er den "
+"rettet mod opførslen til et rigtigt stort antal borgere. Ifølge "
+"<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle>, lastede 43 millioner amerikanere "
+"ned musik i maj 2002 .<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Ifølge RIAA "
+"gør opførslen til disse 43 millionerne amerikanere dem til forbrytere. Vi "
+"har dermed et sæt med skrøner som gør 20 procent af USA til kriminelle. "
+"Mens RIAA sagsøger ikke bare Napsterne og Kazaaene i værdet, men studenter "
+"som bygger søkemotorer, og i øgende grad normale brugere som laster ned "
+"indhold, vil teknologierne for deling blive udviklet til at beskytte og "
+"skjule ulovligt brug. Det er et våbenkapløb eller en borgerkrig, med "
+"ekstremer på den ene siden som inviterer til en mere ekstrem respons fra den "
+"andre."
+
+#. f16.
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Alex Pham, <quote>The Labels Strike Back: N.Y. Girl Settles RIAA Case,</"
+"quote> <citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 10 September 2003, Business."
+msgstr ""
+"Alex Pham, <quote>The Labels Strike Back: N.Y. Girl Koloniseres RIAA Case,</"
+"quote> <citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 10 . september 2003, "
+"Business."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The content industry's tactics exploit the failings of the American legal "
+"system. When the RIAA brought suit against Jesse Jordan, it knew that in "
+"Jordan it had found a scapegoat, not a defendant. The threat of having to "
+"pay either all the money in the world in damages ($15,000,000) or almost all "
+"the money in the world to defend against paying all the money in the world "
+"in damages ($250,000 in legal fees) led Jordan to choose to pay all the "
+"money he had in the world ($12,000) to make the suit go away. The same "
+"strategy animates the RIAA's suits against individual users. In September "
+"2003, the RIAA sued 261 individuals—including a twelve-year-old girl "
+"living in public housing and a seventy-year-old man who had no idea what "
+"file sharing was.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> As these "
+"scapegoats discovered, it will always cost more to defend against these "
+"suits than it would cost to simply settle. (The twelve year old, for "
+"example, like Jesse Jordan, paid her life savings of $2,000 to settle the "
+"case.) Our law is an awful system for defending rights. It is an "
+"embarrassment to our tradition. And the consequence of our law as it is, is "
+"that those with the power can use the law to quash any rights they oppose."
+msgstr ""
+"Indholdindustrien taktik udnytter fejlene i USAs juridiske systemer. Da RIAA "
+"sagsøgte Jesse Jordan, vidste de at Jordan var et offerlam, og ikke en som "
+"kunne forsvare sig. Truslen om at enten måtte betale alle pengeene i værdet "
+"i erstatning (15 000 000 dollar), eller næsten alle pengeene i værdet for at "
+"forsvare sig mod at betale alle pengeene i værdet i erstatning (250 000 "
+"dollar i advokatudgifter) fik Jordan til at vælge at betale alle pengeene "
+"han havde i værdet (12 000 dollar) for at blive kvit søgsmålet. Den samme "
+"strategi driver RIAAs søgsmål mod individuelle brugere. I september 2003 "
+"sagsøgte RIAA 261 individer – inkluderet en tolv år gammel pige som "
+"boede i en kommunal lejlighed, og en halvfjerds år gammel dame som ikke "
+"havde noget idé om hvad fildeling var.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
+"id=\"0\"/> Som disse offerlam opdagede, vil det altid koste mere at forsvare "
+"sig mod disse søgsmål end det vil koste at ganske enkelt indgå forlig. "
+"(Tolvårige, for eksempel, betalte på samme måde som Jesse Jordan, sine 2 000 "
+"dollar i sparepenger for at indgå forlig.) Vores retsystem er et grusomt "
+"system for dem som skal forsvare sine rettigheder. Det sætter vores "
+"tradition i forlegenhet. Og konsekvensen er at vores retsystem gør det "
+"muligt for dem med magt at udnytte domstolene til at knuse enhver rettighed "
+"de er imod."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "alcohol prohibition"
+msgstr "alkoholforbud"
+
+#. f17.
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Jeffrey A. Miron and Jeffrey Zwiebel, <quote>Alcohol Consumption During "
+"Prohibition,</quote> <citetitle>American Economic Review</citetitle> 81, no. "
+"2 (1991): 242."
+msgstr ""
+"Jeffrey A. Miron og Jeffrey Zwiebel, <quote>Alcohol Consumption During "
+"Prohibition,</quote> <citetitle>American Economic Review</citetitle> 81, no. "
+"2 (1991): 242 ."
+
+#. f18.
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"National Drug Control Policy: Hearing Before the House Government Reform "
+"Committee, 108th Cong., 1st sess. (5 March 2003) (statement of John P. "
+"Walters, director of National Drug Control Policy)."
+msgstr ""
+"National narkotikakontrolpolitik: Høring foran Kongressens komite for "
+"myndighedreform, 108 . Kongres, 1 . session. (5 . marts 2003) (udtalelse fra "
+"John P. Walters, direktør for National narkotikakontrolpolitik)."
+
+#. f19.
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"See James Andreoni, Brian Erard, and Jonathon Feinstein, <quote>Tax "
+"Compliance,</quote> <citetitle>Journal of Economic Literature</citetitle> 36 "
+"(1998): 818 (survey of compliance literature)."
+msgstr ""
+"Se James Andreoni, Brian Erard, og Jonathon Feinstein, <quote>Tax Compliance,"
+"</quote> <citetitle>Journal of Economic Literature</citetitle> 36 (1998): "
+"818 (oversigt over litteratur om brug i henhold til lovværket)."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Wars of prohibition are nothing new in America. This one is just something "
+"more extreme than anything we've seen before. We experimented with alcohol "
+"prohibition, at a time when the per capita consumption of alcohol was 1.5 "
+"gallons per capita per year. The war against drinking initially reduced that "
+"consumption to just 30 percent of its preprohibition levels, but by the end "
+"of prohibition, consumption was up to 70 percent of the preprohibition "
+"level. Americans were drinking just about as much, but now, a vast number "
+"were criminals.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> We have launched a "
+"war on drugs aimed at reducing the consumption of regulated narcotics that 7 "
+"percent (or 16 million) Americans now use.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id="
+"\"1\"/> That is a drop from the high (so to speak) in 1979 of 14 percent of "
+"the population. We regulate automobiles to the point where the vast majority "
+"of Americans violate the law every day. We run such a complex tax system "
+"that a majority of cash businesses regularly cheat.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> We pride ourselves on our <quote>free society,</"
+"quote> but an endless array of ordinary behavior is regulated within our "
+"society. And as a result, a huge proportion of Americans regularly violate "
+"at least some law."
+msgstr ""
+"Forbudkrige er ikke noget nyt i USA. Denne er bare noget mere ekstrem end "
+"nogle andet vi har set tidligere . Vi eksperimenterede med alkoholforbud, i "
+"en periode da alkoholforbrug pr. person var 5.7 lid pr. person pr. år. "
+"Krigen mod drikking reducerede i starten det forbruget til bare 30 procent "
+"af niveauet føder forbuddet blev introduceret, men på slutningen af "
+"forbudstiden var forbruget kommet op til 70 procent af oprindeligt niveau. "
+"Amerikanere drak akkurat lige så meget som før, men nu var en stor andel af "
+"dem kriminelle.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Vi har sat i gang "
+"en krig mod narkotika med mål om at reducere forbruget af kontrollerede "
+"rusmidler som 7 procent (eller 16 millioner) Amerikanere nu bruger."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Dette er en reduktion fra toppen i "
+"1979 med 14 procent af befolkningen. Vi regulerer biler til et niveau der "
+"det store flertal af amerikanere bryder loven hver dag. Vi har et så "
+"komplekst skatsystem at flertallet af kontantbaserte bedrifter narrer "
+"regelmæssigt.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> Vi er stolte over at "
+"leve i et <quote>frit samfund,</quote> men en endeløs række af normale "
+"opførsler er reguleret i vores samfund. Som et resultat bryder en stor "
+"andel af amerikanere regelmæssigt en eller anden lov."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "law schools"
+msgstr "Jusstudier"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This state of affairs is not without consequence. It is a particularly "
+"salient issue for teachers like me, whose job it is to teach law students "
+"about the importance of <quote>ethics.</quote> As my colleague Charlie "
+"Nesson told a class at Stanford, each year law schools admit thousands of "
+"students who have illegally downloaded music, illegally consumed alcohol and "
+"sometimes drugs, illegally worked without paying taxes, illegally driven "
+"cars. These are kids for whom behaving illegally is increasingly the norm. "
+"And then we, as law professors, are supposed to teach them how to behave "
+"ethically—how to say no to bribes, or keep client funds separate, or "
+"honor a demand to disclose a document that will mean that your case is over. "
+"Generations of Americans—more significantly in some parts of America "
+"than in others, but still, everywhere in America today—can't live "
+"their lives both normally and legally, since <quote>normally</quote> entails "
+"a certain degree of illegality."
+msgstr ""
+"Denne situation er ikke helt uden konsekvenser. Det er et specielt "
+"fremtrædende tema for lærere som mig, som har som job at lære juices-"
+"studenter om vigtigheden af <quote>etik.</quote> Som min kollega Charlie "
+"Nesson fortalte en klasse på Stanford, tager juicestudierne ind tusindvis af "
+"studenter hvert år som har lastet ned musik ulovligt, ulovligt brugt alkohol "
+"og nogle gange narkotika, arbejdede ulovligt uden at betale skat, og kørt "
+"ulovligt. Dette er unger der det at opføre sig i strid med loven i stadigt "
+"større grad er normen. Og så skal vi, som juiceprofessorer, lære dem at "
+"opføre sig etisk – hvordan si nej til bestikkelser, til at holde "
+"strengt skille mellem egen og klienters penge, eller støtte et krav om at "
+"udlevere et dokument som betyder at deres sag er over. Generationer af "
+"amerikanere – mere betydeligt i nogle deler af USA end andre, men "
+"likefullt over hele USA i dag – kan ikke leve sit liv både normalt og "
+"lovlydigt, siden <quote>normalt</quote> indebærer en vis grad af lovbrud."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The response to this general illegality is either to enforce the law more "
+"severely or to change the law. We, as a society, have to learn how to make "
+"that choice more rationally. Whether a law makes sense depends, in part, at "
+"least, upon whether the costs of the law, both intended and collateral, "
+"outweigh the benefits. If the costs, intended and collateral, do outweigh "
+"the benefits, then the law ought to be changed. Alternatively, if the costs "
+"of the existing system are much greater than the costs of an alternative, "
+"then we have a good reason to consider the alternative."
+msgstr ""
+"Svaret på denne generelle lovløsheten er enten at håndhæve lovværket "
+"strengere, eller at ændre loven. Vi som samfund må lære hvordan vi gør det "
+"valget mere rasjonelt. Hvorvidt en lov giver mening er afhængigt af, delvis "
+"i hvert fald, hvorvidt omkostningen til loven, både tiltænkt og utilsigtet, "
+"vejer mere end fordelene. Hvis omkostningen, tiltænkt og utilsigtet, vejer "
+"mere end fordelene, da bør loven ændres. Alternativt, hvis omkostningen til "
+"det eksisterende systemer er meget større end omkostningen til et "
+"alternativ, da har vi en god grund til at vurdere alternativet."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 211
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"My point is not the idiotic one: Just because people violate a law, we "
+"should therefore repeal it. Obviously, we could reduce murder statistics "
+"dramatically by legalizing murder on Wednesdays and Fridays. But that "
+"wouldn't make any sense, since murder is wrong every day of the week. A "
+"society is right to ban murder always and everywhere."
+msgstr ""
+"mit Pointe er ikke det idiotiske: Bare fordi folk bryder en lov bør vi "
+"afskaffe den. Vi kunne naturligvis reducere mordstatistikken dramatisk ved "
+"at gøre mord lovligt på onsdage og fredage. Men det giver overhovedet ikke "
+"mening, da mord er galt hver eneste dag i ugen. Et samfund gør ret i at "
+"altid bandlyse mord overalt."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"My point is instead one that democracies understood for generations, but "
+"that we recently have learned to forget. The rule of law depends upon people "
+"obeying the law. The more often, and more repeatedly, we as citizens "
+"experience violating the law, the less we respect the law. Obviously, in "
+"most cases, the important issue is the law, not respect for the law. I don't "
+"care whether the rapist respects the law or not; I want to catch and "
+"incarcerate the rapist. But I do care whether my students respect the law. "
+"And I do care if the rules of law sow increasing disrespect because of the "
+"extreme of regulation they impose. Twenty million Americans have come of "
+"age since the Internet introduced this different idea of <quote>sharing.</"
+"quote> We need to be able to call these twenty million Americans "
+"<quote>citizens,</quote> not <quote>felons.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+"mit Pointe er i stedet et som demokratier har forstået i generationer, men "
+"som vi nylig har lært at glemme. Respekt for loven er afhængig af at folk "
+"følger loven. Jo oftere og des flere gange vi som borgere erfarer at bryde "
+"loven, jo mindre respekterer vi loven. I de fleste tilfælde er åbenbaret det "
+"vigtige temaet loven, og ikke respekt for loven. Jeg generer mig ikke om en "
+"voldtektsmann respekterer loven eller ikke. Jeg ønsker at han fanges og "
+"bures inde . Men jeg generer mig om hvorvidt mine studenter respekterer "
+"loven. Og jeg generer mig hvis lovværket sår øgende respektmangel på grund "
+"af de ekstreme reguleringene de påfører. Tyve millioner amerikanere har "
+"vokset til siden Internet introducerede denne nye idéen om <quote>deling.</"
+"quote> Vi må være i stand til at kalde disse tyve millionerne amerikanere "
+"<quote>borgere,</quote> ikke <quote>forbrytere.</quote>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"When at least forty-three million citizens download content from the "
+"Internet, and when they use tools to combine that content in ways "
+"unauthorized by copyright holders, the first question we should be asking is "
+"not how best to involve the FBI. The first question should be whether this "
+"particular prohibition is really necessary in order to achieve the proper "
+"ends that copyright law serves. Is there another way to assure that artists "
+"get paid without transforming forty-three million Americans into felons? "
+"Does it make sense if there are other ways to assure that artists get paid "
+"without transforming America into a nation of felons?"
+msgstr ""
+"Når mindst førtitre millioner indbyggere laster ned indhold fra Internet, og "
+"når de bruger værktøj for at kombinere det indholdet på måder som ikke er "
+"autoriseret af ophavsretindehaverne, så er ikke det første spørgsmålet vi "
+"bør stille hvordan vi bedst involverer FBI. Det første spørgsmålet bør være "
+"hvorvidt dette spesifikke forbuddet virkeligt er nødvendigt for at opnå det "
+"fornuftige målet som ophavsreten sigter mod. Er det en anden måde at sikre "
+"at kunstnere får betalt uden at gøre førtitre millioner amerikanere til "
+"forbrytere? Gear det mening hvis det findes andre måder at sikre at "
+"kunstnere får betalt uden at gøre USA til en nation af forbrytere?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "This abstract point can be made more clear with a particular example."
+msgstr "Dette abstrakte pointen kan gøres klarere med et bestemt eksempel."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 212
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"We all own CDs. Many of us still own phonograph records. These pieces of "
+"plastic encode music that in a certain sense we have bought. The law "
+"protects our right to buy and sell that plastic: It is not a copyright "
+"infringement for me to sell all my classical records at a used record store "
+"and buy jazz records to replace them. That <quote>use</quote> of the "
+"recordings is free."
+msgstr ""
+"Vi ejer alle CD-er. Mange af os ejer fortsat musikplader. Disse "
+"plastikkbitene koder musik som vi i en vis forstand har købt. Retvæsenet "
+"beskytter vores ret til at købe og sælge denne plastic. Det er ikke at "
+"skælde ophavsreten hvis jeg sælger alle mine klassiske plader hos en "
+"bruktplatehandel, og køber jazzplader for at erstatte dem. Det er frit frem "
+"for denne <quote>brug</quote> af pladerne."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"But as the MP3 craze has demonstrated, there is another use of phonograph "
+"records that is effectively free. Because these recordings were made without "
+"copy-protection technologies, I am <quote>free</quote> to copy, or "
+"<quote>rip,</quote> music from my records onto a computer hard disk. Indeed, "
+"Apple Corporation went so far as to suggest that <quote>freedom</quote> was "
+"a right: In a series of commercials, Apple endorsed the <quote>Rip, Mix, "
+"Burn</quote> capacities of digital technologies."
+msgstr ""
+"Men som MP3-manien har demonstreret, er det en anden brug af musikplader som "
+"også effektivt set er frit frem. Da disse plader blev fortaget uden "
+"kopieringsbeskyttelsesteknologier, står jeg <quote>frit</quote> til at "
+"kopiere, eller <quote>rippe</quote> musik fra mine plader ind til en "
+"computerharddisk. Faktisk gik Apple Corporation så langt at de foreslog at "
+"denne <quote>frihed</quote> var en rettighed: I en serie reklamefilm gik "
+"Apple god for <quote>rip, miks, brænd</quote>-mulighederne til digitale "
+"teknologier."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Andromeda"
+msgstr "Andromeda"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "mix technology and"
+msgstr "mikseteknologi og"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This <quote>use</quote> of my records is certainly valuable. I have begun a "
+"large process at home of ripping all of my and my wife's CDs, and storing "
+"them in one archive. Then, using Apple's iTunes, or a wonderful program "
+"called Andromeda, we can build different play lists of our music: Bach, "
+"Baroque, Love Songs, Love Songs of Significant Others—the potential is "
+"endless. And by reducing the costs of mixing play lists, these technologies "
+"help build a creativity with play lists that is itself independently "
+"valuable. Compilations of songs are creative and meaningful in their own "
+"right."
+msgstr ""
+"Denne <quote>brug</quote> af mine plader er helt klart værdifuld. Jeg har "
+"begyndt en stor proces hjemme for at rippe (kopiere) alle mine og min kones "
+"CD-er, og lagrer dem i et arkiv. Dermed kan vi, ved hjælp af iTunes fra "
+"Apple, eller et praktfullt program ved navn Andromeda, bygge forskellige "
+"spillelister for vores musik: Bach, Barok, Kærlighedsange, Kærlighedsange "
+"til vores kære – potentialet er uendelig. Og ved at reducere "
+"omkostningen med at fortage spillelister, har dirre teknologierne hjulpet "
+"til med at bygge en kreativitet rundt spillelister som uafhængigt af dette "
+"er værdifuld i sig selv. Samlinger af sange er kreative og meningsfylte på "
+"egen hånd."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This use is enabled by unprotected media—either CDs or records. But "
+"unprotected media also enable file sharing. File sharing threatens (or so "
+"the content industry believes) the ability of creators to earn a fair return "
+"from their creativity. And thus, many are beginning to experiment with "
+"technologies to eliminate unprotected media. These technologies, for "
+"example, would enable CDs that could not be ripped. Or they might enable spy "
+"programs to identify ripped content on people's machines."
+msgstr ""
+"Denne brug er muliggjort af ubeskyttede medierne – enten CD-er eller "
+"plader. Men ubeskyttede medier muliggjør også fildeling. Fildeling truer "
+"(eller det tror i hvert fald indholdindustrien) muligheden skaberne har til "
+"en rimelig indkomst fra sin kreativitet. Og dermed begynder mange at "
+"eksperimentere med teknologier som fjerner ubeskyttede medier. Disse "
+"teknologier villes, for eksempel, gøre det muligt at CD-er ikke kan rippes. "
+" Eller de kan gøre det muligt for spionprogrammer at identificere rippet "
+"indhold på folks maskiner."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 213
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"If these technologies took off, then the building of large archives of your "
+"own music would become quite difficult. You might hang in hacker circles, "
+"and get technology to disable the technologies that protect the content. "
+"Trading in those technologies is illegal, but maybe that doesn't bother you "
+"much. In any case, for the vast majority of people, these protection "
+"technologies would effectively destroy the archiving use of CDs. The "
+"technology, in other words, would force us all back to the world where we "
+"either listened to music by manipulating pieces of plastic or were part of a "
+"massively complex <quote>digital rights management</quote> system."
+msgstr ""
+"Hvis disse teknologier tog af, så villes bygning af store arkiver med egen "
+"musik blive ganske vanskeligt. Du kan hænge i hacker-miljøer og få tage i "
+"teknologi som kobler ud teknologierne som beskytter indholdet. Å sælge og "
+"købe sådanne teknologier er forbudt, men måske det ikke generer dig så "
+"meget. Uanset vil dirre beskyttelseteknologierne for de fleste folk "
+"effektivt set ødelægge mulighed for at arkivere CD-er. Teknologien villes "
+"med andre ord tvinge os alle tilbage til en værdet der vi enten hører på "
+"musik ved at rode med plastbiter, eller er del af et stort komplekst "
+"<quote>digitalt rettighedstyringsystem.</quote>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"If the only way to assure that artists get paid were the elimination of the "
+"ability to freely move content, then these technologies to interfere with "
+"the freedom to move content would be justifiable. But what if there were "
+"another way to assure that artists are paid, without locking down any "
+"content? What if, in other words, a different system could assure "
+"compensation to artists while also preserving the freedom to move content "
+"easily?"
+msgstr ""
+"Hvis den eneste måden at sikre at kunstnere fik betalt var at fjerne al "
+"mulighed til at frit flytte indhold, så villes disse teknologier som griber "
+"ind i friheden til at flytte indhold kunne forsvares. Men hvad hvis det "
+"findes en anden måde at sikre at kunstnere fik betalt, uden at låse ned "
+"ethvert indhold? Med andre ord, hvad om et andet system kunne sikre "
+"kompensation til kunstnere som også beholdt friheden til at enkelt flytte "
+"indhold?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"My point just now is not to prove that there is such a system. I offer a "
+"version of such a system in the last chapter of this book. For now, the only "
+"point is the relatively uncontroversial one: If a different system achieved "
+"the same legitimate objectives that the existing copyright system achieved, "
+"but left consumers and creators much more free, then we'd have a very good "
+"reason to pursue this alternative—namely, freedom. The choice, in "
+"other words, would not be between property and piracy; the choice would be "
+"between different property systems and the freedoms each allowed."
+msgstr ""
+"Mit pointe nu er ikke at bevise at det eksisterer et sådant system. Jeg "
+"lægger frem en version af et sådant system i det sidste kapitlet i denne "
+"bog. Nu er det eneste pointen et relativt ukontroversielt et: Hvis et andet "
+"system opnåede samme legitime mål som det eksisterende ophavsretsystemet "
+"opnår, men gav forbrukere og skabere meget mere frihed, så villes vi have en "
+"vældig god grund til at forfølge dette alternativ – nemlig frihed. "
+"Valget, med andre ord, villes ikke være mellem proprietær eller "
+"piratvirksomhed. Valget villes være mellem forskellige proprietære systemer "
+"og frihederne hver af dem tillader."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"I believe there is a way to assure that artists are paid without turning "
+"forty-three million Americans into felons. But the salient feature of this "
+"alternative is that it would lead to a very different market for producing "
+"and distributing creativity. The dominant few, who today control the vast "
+"majority of the distribution of content in the world, would no longer "
+"exercise this extreme of control. Rather, they would go the way of the horse-"
+"drawn buggy."
+msgstr ""
+"Jeg tror det findes en måde at sikre at kunstnere får betalt uden at gøre "
+"forbrytere af førtitre millioner amerikanere. Men den fremtrædende "
+"egenskaben til dette alternativ er at det vil føre til et stort anderledes "
+"marked for at producere og distribuere kreativitet. De få dominerende "
+"aktørerne, som i dag kontrollerer det aller meste af distributionen af "
+"indhold i værdet, villes ikke længere udøve denne ekstreme kontrol. I "
+"stedet villes det gå med dem som med hestekjerrene."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Except that this generation's buggy manufacturers have already saddled "
+"Congress, and are riding the law to protect themselves against this new form "
+"of competition. For them the choice is between fortythree million Americans "
+"as criminals and their own survival."
+msgstr ""
+"Det er bare det at denne generations kærreproducenter allerede har salet op "
+"Kongressen og rider retvæsenet for at beskytte sig selv mod denne nye form "
+"for konkurrence. For dem er valget mellem førtitre millioner amerikanere "
+"som kriminelle og deres egen overlevelse."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 214
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"It is understandable why they choose as they do. It is not understandable "
+"why we as a democracy continue to choose as we do. Jack Valenti is charming; "
+"but not so charming as to justify giving up a tradition as deep and "
+"important as our tradition of free culture."
+msgstr ""
+"Det er forståeligt hvorfor de vælger som de gør. Det er ikke forståeligt "
+"hvorfor vi som demokrati fortsætter at vælge som vi gør. Jack Valenti er "
+"charmerende, men ikke så charmerende at det begrunder at give slip på en "
+"tradition så dyb og vigtigt som vores tradition for fri kultur."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>There's one more</emphasis> aspect to this "
+"corruption that is particularly important to civil liberties, and follows "
+"directly from any war of prohibition. As Electronic Frontier Foundation "
+"attorney Fred von Lohmann describes, this is the <quote>collateral damage</"
+"quote> that <quote>arises whenever you turn a very large percentage of the "
+"population into criminals.</quote> This is the collateral damage to civil "
+"liberties generally."
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>Det er et andet</emphasis> aspekt ved denne skade "
+"som er specielt vigtigt for borgerrettigheder, og som følger direkte fra "
+"enhver forbudkrig. Som advokat Fred von Lohmann i Elektronisk Forpost-"
+"stiftelsen beskriver det, dette er den <quote>utilsigtede skaden</quote> som "
+"<quote>opstår hver gang en gør en stor andel af befolkningen til kriminelle."
+"</quote> Dette er den utilsigtede skaden til borgerrettighederne generelt."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "von Lohmann, Fred"
+msgstr "håb Lohmann, Fred"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<quote>If you can treat someone as a putative lawbreaker,</quote> von "
+"Lohmann explains,"
+msgstr ""
+"<quote>Hvis du kan behandle nogle som en antaget lovbryter,</quote> "
+"forklarer von Lohmann:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"then all of a sudden a lot of basic civil liberty protections evaporate to "
+"one degree or another. … If you're a copyright infringer, how can you "
+"hope to have any privacy rights? If you're a copyright infringer, how can "
+"you hope to be secure against seizures of your computer? How can you hope to "
+"continue to receive Internet access? … Our sensibilities change as "
+"soon as we think, <quote>Oh, well, but that person's a criminal, a "
+"lawbreaker.</quote> Well, what this campaign against file sharing has done "
+"is turn a remarkable percentage of the American Internet-using population "
+"into <quote>lawbreakers.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+"Så afdamper pludseligt en række grundlæggende rettigheder for "
+"borgerbeskyttelse helt eller delvis. … Hvis du bryder ophavsreten, "
+"hvordan kan du håbe på ret til værn af privatsfæren? Hvis du bryder "
+"ophavsreten, hvordan kan du håbe at være tryg mod beslag af din computer? "
+"Hvordan kan du håbe på at fortsat have Internet-tilgang? … Vår "
+"følsomhet ændres så snart vi tænker, <quote>åh, vel, den personen er en "
+"kriminel, en lovbryter.</quote> Vel, det denne kampagne mod fildeling har "
+"gjort er at gøre en bemerkelsesverdig procentandel af USAs Internet-brugende "
+"befolkning til <quote>lovbrytere.</quote>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"And the consequence of this transformation of the American public into "
+"criminals is that it becomes trivial, as a matter of due process, to "
+"effectively erase much of the privacy most would presume."
+msgstr ""
+"Konsekvensen af denne transformeringen af det amerikanske folket til "
+"kriminelle er at det bliver trivielt, i tråd med god retpraksis, og "
+"effektivt set tage væk meget af personværnet som de fleste tager for givet."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Users of the Internet began to see this generally in 2003 as the RIAA "
+"launched its campaign to force Internet service providers to turn over the "
+"names of customers who the RIAA believed were violating copyright law. "
+"Verizon fought that demand and lost. With a simple request to a judge, and "
+"without any notice to the customer at all, the identity of an Internet user "
+"is revealed."
+msgstr ""
+"Brugere på Internet begyndte at se dette generelt i 2003 da RIAA lancerede "
+"sin kampagne for at tvinge Internet-leverandører til at overlevere navnene "
+"på kunderne som RIAA troede brød opphavsrettsloven. Verizon kæmpede mod "
+"dette krav og tabte. Men en enkel forespørgsel til en domme, og uden at "
+"give besked til kunden i det hele taget, bliver identiteten til en Internet-"
+"bruger afsløret."
+
+#. f20.
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"See Frank Ahrens, <quote>RIAA's Lawsuits Meet Surprised Targets; Single "
+"Mother in Calif., 12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. Among Defendants,</quote> "
+"<citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, 10 September 2003, E1; Chris Cobbs, "
+"<quote>Worried Parents Pull Plug on File <quote>Stealing</quote>; With the "
+"Music Industry Cracking Down on File Swapping, Parents are Yanking Software "
+"from Home PCs to Avoid Being Sued,</quote> <citetitle>Orlando Sentinel "
+"Tribune</citetitle>, 30 August 2003, C1; Jefferson Graham, <quote>Recording "
+"Industry Sues Parents,</quote> <citetitle>USA Today</citetitle>, 15 "
+"September 2003, 4D; John Schwartz, <quote>She Says She's No Music Pirate. No "
+"Snoop Fan, Either,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 25 "
+"September 2003, C1; Margo Varadi, <quote>Is Brianna a Criminal?</quote> "
+"<citetitle>Toronto Star</citetitle>, 18 September 2003, P7."
+msgstr ""
+"Se Frank Ahrens, <quote>RIAA's Lawsuits Meet Surprised Targets; Single "
+"Mother in Calif., 12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. Among Defendants,</quote> "
+"<citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, 10 . september 2003, E1; Chris "
+"Cobbs, <quote>Worried Parents Puld Plug on File <quote>Stealing</quote>; "
+"With the Music Industry Cracking Down on File Swapping, Parents are Yanking "
+"Software from Home Pcs to Avoid Being Sued,</quote> <citetitle>Orlando "
+"Sentinel Tribune</citetitle>, 30 . august 2003, C1; Jefferson Graham, "
+"<quote>Recording Industry Sues Parents,</quote> <citetitle>USA Today</"
+"citetitle>, 15 . september 2003, 4D; John Schwartz, <quote>She Says She's No "
+"Music Pirate. No Snoop Fan, Either,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</"
+"citetitle>, 25 . september 2003, C1; Margo Varadi, <quote>Is Brianna a "
+"Criminal?</quote> <citetitle>Toronto Star</citetitle>, 18 . september 2003, "
+"P7 ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The RIAA then expanded this campaign, by announcing a general strategy to "
+"sue individual users of the Internet who are alleged to have downloaded "
+"copyrighted music from file-sharing systems. But as we've seen, the "
+"potential damages from these suits are astronomical: If a family's computer "
+"is used to download a single CD's worth of music, the family could be liable "
+"for $2 million in damages. That didn't stop the RIAA from suing a number of "
+"these families, just as they had sued Jesse Jordan.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"RIAA udvidede så denne kampagne ved at annoncere en generel strategi om at "
+"sagsøge individuelle brugere af Internet som bliver anklaget for at have "
+"lastet ned opphavsrettsbeskyttet musik fra fildelingssystemer. Men som vi "
+"har set er de potentielle skaderne fra sådanne søgsmål astronomiske: Hvis en "
+"families computer bliver brugt til at laste ned musik tilsvarende en enkelt "
+"CD, så kan familien risikere at måtte betale 2 millioner dollar i "
+"erstatning. Dette stoppede ikke RIAA fra at sagsøge et antal af disse "
+"familier, på samme måde som de havde sagsøgt Jesse Jordan.<placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "recording industry tracking users of"
+msgstr "indspilningindustrien sporing af brugerne til"
+
+#. f21.
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"See <quote>Revealed: How RIAA Tracks Downloaders: Music Industry Discloses "
+"Some Methods Used,</quote> CNN.com, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-"
+"culture.cc/notes/\">link #47</ulink>."
+msgstr ""
+"Se Nick Brown, <quote>Fair Use No More?: Copyright in the Information "
+"Ærefrygt,</quote> tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/"
+"\">link #49</ulink>."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Even this understates the espionage that is being waged by the RIAA. A "
+"report from CNN late last summer described a strategy the RIAA had adopted "
+"to track Napster users.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Using a "
+"sophisticated hashing algorithm, the RIAA took what is in effect a "
+"fingerprint of every song in the Napster catalog. Any copy of one of those "
+"MP3s will have the same <quote>fingerprint.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+"Selv dette undervurderer spioneringen som bliver gennemført af RIAA. I en "
+"rapport fra CNN sent sidst sommer beskriver en strategi som RIAA har "
+"adopteret for at spore Napster-brugere.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
+"id=\"0\"/> Ved at bruge en sofistikert hashings-algoritme tog RIAA det som "
+"effektivt set er et fingeraftryk af hver eneste sang i Napster-katalogen. "
+"Enhver kopi af disse MP3-ene vil have samme <quote>fingeraftryk.</quote>"
+
+#. f22.
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"See Jeff Adler, <quote>Cambridge: On Campus, Pirates Are Not Penitent,</"
+"quote> <citetitle>Boston Globe</citetitle>, 18 May 2003, City Weekly, 1; "
+"Frank Ahrens, <quote>Four Students Sued over Music Sites; Industry Group "
+"Targets File Sharing at Colleges,</quote> <citetitle>Washington Post</"
+"citetitle>, 4 April 2003, E1; Elizabeth Armstrong, <quote>Students "
+"<quote>Rip, Mix, Burn</quote> at Their Own Risk,</quote> "
+"<citetitle>Christian Science Monitor</citetitle>, 2 September 2003, 20; "
+"Robert Becker and Angela Rozas, <quote>Music Pirate Hunt Turns to Loyola; "
+"Two Students Names Are Handed Over; Lawsuit Possible,</quote> "
+"<citetitle>Chicago Tribune</citetitle>, 16 July 2003, 1C; Beth Cox, "
+"<quote>RIAA Trains Antipiracy Guns on Universities,</quote> "
+"<citetitle>Internet News</citetitle>, 30 January 2003, available at <ulink "
+"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #48</ulink>; Benny Evangelista, "
+"<quote>Download Warning 101: Freshman Orientation This Fall to Include "
+"Record Industry Warnings Against File Sharing,</quote> <citetitle>San "
+"Francisco Chronicle</citetitle>, 11 August 2003, E11; <quote>Raid, Letters "
+"Are Weapons at Universities,</quote> <citetitle>USA Today</citetitle>, 26 "
+"September 2000, 3D."
+msgstr ""
+"Se Jeff Adler, <quote>Cambridge: On Campus, Pirates Are Not Penitent,</"
+"quote> <citetitle>Boston Globe</citetitle>, 18 . maj 2003, City Weekly, 1; "
+"Frank Ahrens, <quote>Four Students Sued over Music Sites; Industry Group "
+"Targets File Sharing at Colleges,</quote> <citetitle>Washington Post</"
+"citetitle>, 4 . april 2003, E1; Elizabeth Armstrong, <quote>Students "
+"<quote>Rids, Mix, Burn</quote> at Their Own Risiko,</quote> "
+"<citetitle>Christian Science Monitor</citetitle>, 2 . september 2003, 20; "
+"Robert Becker and Angela Rozas, <quote>Music Pirate Hunt Turns to Loyola; "
+"Two Students Names Are Handed Over; Lawsuit Possible,</quote> "
+"<citetitle>Chicago Tribune</citetitle>, 16 . juli 2003, 1C; Beth Cox, "
+"<quote>RIAA Trains Antipiracy Gun on Universities,</quote> "
+"<citetitle>Internet News</citetitle>, 30 . januar 2003, tilgængeligt fra "
+"<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #48</ulink>; Benny "
+"Evangelista, <quote>Download Warning 101: Freshman Orientation This Fall to "
+"Include Record Industry Warnings Against File Sharing,</quote> "
+"<citetitle>San Francisco Chronicle</citetitle>, 11 . august 2003, E11; "
+"<quote>Raid, Farvers Are Weapons at Universities,</quote> <citetitle>USA "
+"Today</citetitle>, 26 . september 2000, 3D."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"So imagine the following not-implausible scenario: Imagine a friend gives a "
+"CD to your daughter—a collection of songs just like the cassettes you "
+"used to make as a kid. You don't know, and neither does your daughter, where "
+"these songs came from. But she copies these songs onto her computer. She "
+"then takes her computer to college and connects it to a college network, and "
+"if the college network is <quote>cooperating</quote> with the RIAA's "
+"espionage, and she hasn't properly protected her content from the network "
+"(do you know how to do that yourself ?), then the RIAA will be able to "
+"identify your daughter as a <quote>criminal.</quote> And under the rules "
+"that universities are beginning to deploy,<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id="
+"\"0\"/> your daughter can lose the right to use the university's computer "
+"network. She can, in some cases, be expelled."
+msgstr ""
+"Så se for dig det følgende ikke usannsynlige scenariet: Tænk at en ven giver "
+"en CD til din datter – en samling med sange lig de kassettebåndene du "
+"fortog som barn. Hverken du eller din datter ved hvor disse sange kom fra . "
+" Men hun kopierer disse sange ind på sin computer, og tager så maskinen med "
+"sig til universitetet og kobler den på universitetnetværket. Hvis "
+"universitetnettet <quote>samarbejder</quote> med RIAAs spionering, og hun "
+"ikke har beskyttet sit indhold på rigtigt vis (ved du selv hvordan du gør "
+"dette?), så vil RIAA kunne identificere din datter som en <quote>kriminel.</"
+"quote> Og i henhold til de skrønerne som universiteter er i gang med at "
+"rulle ud,<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> så kan din datter miste "
+"retten til at bruge universitetets datanetværk. Hun kan i nogle tilfælde "
+"blive udvist."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 216
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Now, of course, she'll have the right to defend herself. You can hire a "
+"lawyer for her (at $300 per hour, if you're lucky), and she can plead that "
+"she didn't know anything about the source of the songs or that they came "
+"from Napster. And it may well be that the university believes her. But the "
+"university might not believe her. It might treat this <quote>contraband</"
+"quote> as presumptive of guilt. And as any number of college students have "
+"already learned, our presumptions about innocence disappear in the middle of "
+"wars of prohibition. This war is no different. Says von Lohmann,"
+msgstr ""
+"Nu har hun selvfølgelig ret til at forsvare sig selv. Du kan lede ind en "
+"advokat til hende (til 300 dollar per time, hvis du er heldig), og hun kan "
+"hævde at hun ikke vidste nogle ting om hvor sangene kom fra , eller at de "
+"kom fra Napster. Og det kan godt hænde at universitetet tror hende. Men "
+"det kan også godt hænde at universitetet ikke tror hende. Og som et antal "
+"universitetstudenter allerede har lært, forsvinder vores antagelse om at "
+"være uskyldigt indtil det modsatte er bevist når man er midt i en "
+"forbudkrig. Denne krig er ikke anderledes. Som håb Lohmann siger det:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"So when we're talking about numbers like forty to sixty million Americans "
+"that are essentially copyright infringers, you create a situation where the "
+"civil liberties of those people are very much in peril in a general matter. "
+"[I don't] think [there is any] analog where you could randomly choose any "
+"person off the street and be confident that they were committing an unlawful "
+"act that could put them on the hook for potential felony liability or "
+"hundreds of millions of dollars of civil liability. Certainly we all speed, "
+"but speeding isn't the kind of an act for which we routinely forfeit civil "
+"liberties. Some people use drugs, and I think that's the closest analog, "
+"[but] many have noted that the war against drugs has eroded all of our civil "
+"liberties because it's treated so many Americans as criminals. Well, I think "
+"it's fair to say that file sharing is an order of magnitude larger number of "
+"Americans than drug use. … If forty to sixty million Americans have "
+"become lawbreakers, then we're really on a slippery slope to lose a lot of "
+"civil liberties for all forty to sixty million of them."
+msgstr ""
+"Når vi snakker om tal som fyrre til tres millioner amerikanere som i "
+"essensen bryder ophavsreten, så skaber du en situation der hen "
+"borgerrettighederne til disse folk i praksis står i fare for at forsvinde. "
+"[Jeg] tror [ikke det findes nogle] tilsvarende tilfælde hvor du kan vælge en "
+"tilfældig person på gaden og være tryg på at de har brudt loven på en måde "
+"som gør at de risikerer straffedom, eller at måtte betale millioner af "
+"dollar i civil erstatning. Vi kører alle for hurtigt, men at køre for "
+"hurtigt er ikke den type handlinger hvor vi på rutine fratager folk "
+"borgerrettigheder. Nogle folk bruger narkotika, og jeg tror det er den "
+"nærmeste analogien, [men] mange har kommenteret at krigen mod narkotika har "
+"raderet væk alle vores borgerrettigheder på grund af at det behandler så "
+"mange amerikanere som kriminelle. Jeg tror det er rimeligt at sige at "
+"fildeling gælder en størrelseorden flere amerikanere end brug af narkotika. "
+"… Hvis fyrre til tres millioner amerikanere har blevet lovbrytere, "
+"da er vi på glatisen der hen borgerrettighederne for alle disse fyrre til "
+"tres personerne kan smutte væk."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"When forty to sixty million Americans are considered <quote>criminals</"
+"quote> under the law, and when the law could achieve the same "
+"objective— securing rights to authors—without these millions "
+"being considered <quote>criminals,</quote> who is the villain? Americans or "
+"the law? Which is American, a constant war on our own people or a concerted "
+"effort through our democracy to change our law?"
+msgstr ""
+"Når fyrre til tres millioner amerikanere ifølge retvæsenet anses som "
+"<quote>kriminelle,</quote> og når loven kunne opnå det samme mål – "
+"sikre rettigheder til forfattere – uden at disse millioner anses at "
+"være <quote>kriminelle,</quote> hvem er det da som er skurken? Amerikanerne "
+"eller loven? Hvad er amerikansk, en konstant krig mod vores eget folk, "
+"eller en fælles indsats i vores demokrati for at ændre vores lov?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><title>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Balances"
+msgstr "Maktfordeling"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>So here's</emphasis> the picture: You're standing at "
+"the side of the road. Your car is on fire. You are angry and upset because "
+"in part you helped start the fire. Now you don't know how to put it out. "
+"Next to you is a bucket, filled with gasoline. Obviously, gasoline won't put "
+"the fire out."
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>Så her</emphasis> er billedet: Du står på siden af "
+"vejen. din Bil står i brand. Du er sur og oprøret fordi du delvis bidrog til "
+"at starte branden. Nu ved du ikke hvordan du slukker den. Ved siden af dig "
+"er en bøtte, befolket med benzin. Benzin vil åbenbaret ikke slukke branden."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"As you ponder the mess, someone else comes along. In a panic, she grabs the "
+"bucket. Before you have a chance to tell her to stop—or before she "
+"understands just why she should stop—the bucket is in the air. The "
+"gasoline is about to hit the blazing car. And the fire that gasoline will "
+"ignite is about to ignite everything around."
+msgstr ""
+"Mens du tænker over situationen, kommer nogle andre forbi. I panik griber "
+"hun bøtten, og før du har haft chancen til at bede hende stoppe – "
+"eller før hun forstår hvorfor hun bør stoppe – er bøtten i svævede. "
+"Benzinen er på tur mod den brændende bilen, og branden, som benzinen kommer "
+"til at fyre op , vil straks sætte fyr på alt i omgivelserne."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>A war</emphasis> about copyright rages all "
+"around—and we're all focusing on the wrong thing. No doubt, current "
+"technologies threaten existing businesses. No doubt they may threaten "
+"artists. But technologies change. The industry and technologists have "
+"plenty of ways to use technology to protect themselves against the current "
+"threats of the Internet. This is a fire that if let alone would burn itself "
+"out."
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>En krig</emphasis> om ophavsret pågår over alt "
+"– og vi fokuserer alle på forkerte ting. Det er ingen tvivl om at "
+"dagens teknologier truer eksisterende virksomheder. Uden tvivl kan de true "
+"artister. Men teknologier ændrer sig. Industrien og teknologer har en "
+"række tilpasser at bruge teknologi til at beskytte dem selv mod dagens "
+"trusler på Internet. Dette er en brand som overladet til sig selv vil "
+"brænde ud."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 219
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Yet policy makers are not willing to leave this fire to itself. Primed with "
+"plenty of lobbyists' money, they are keen to intervene to eliminate the "
+"problem they perceive. But the problem they perceive is not the real threat "
+"this culture faces. For while we watch this small fire in the corner, there "
+"is a massive change in the way culture is made that is happening all around."
+msgstr ""
+"Alligevel er ikke beslutningstagere villigt til at lade denne brand i fred. "
+" Lod med masse penge fra lobbyister er de lystne på at gå imellem for at "
+"fjerne problemet sådan de opfatter det. Men problemet sådan de opfatter det "
+"er ikke den reelle truslen som vores kultur står med ansigtet mod. For "
+"mens vi ser på denne lille brand i hjørnet, er det en massiv ændring i "
+"hvordan kultur bliver skabt som foregår over alt. "
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Somehow we have to find a way to turn attention to this more important and "
+"fundamental issue. Somehow we have to find a way to avoid pouring gasoline "
+"onto this fire."
+msgstr ""
+"På en eller anden måde må vi klare at skrue opmærksomheden mod dette mere "
+"vigtige og fundamentale problemet. Vi må finde en måde at undgå at hælde "
+"benzin på denne brand."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"We have not found that way yet. Instead, we seem trapped in a simpler, "
+"binary view. However much many people push to frame this debate more "
+"broadly, it is the simple, binary view that remains. We rubberneck to look "
+"at the fire when we should be keeping our eyes on the road."
+msgstr ""
+"Vi har ikke fundet denne måde endnu. I stedet synes vi at være fanget i en "
+"enklere sort-hvidt-tenkning. Uanset hvor mange folk som presser på for at "
+"gøre labben for debatten lidt bredere, er det dette enkle sort-hvidt-synet "
+"som består. Vi kører stille forbi, og stirrer på branden når vi i stedet "
+"burde holde øjnene på vejen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This challenge has been my life these last few years. It has also been my "
+"failure. In the two chapters that follow, I describe one small brace of "
+"efforts, so far failed, to find a way to refocus this debate. We must "
+"understand these failures if we're to understand what success will require."
+msgstr ""
+"Denne udfordring har været mit liv de sidste årene. Det har også været min "
+"svipser. I de to næste kapitler, beskriver jeg en lille indsats, så langt "
+"uden succes, på at finde en måde at ændre fokus på denne debat. Vi må "
+"forstå disse mislykkede forsøg hvis vi skal forstå hvad som kræves for at "
+"lykkedes."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Chapter Thirteen: Eldred"
+msgstr "Kapitel tretten: Eldred"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Eldred, Eric"
+msgstr "Eldred, Eric"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Hawthorne, Nathaniel"
+msgstr "Hawthorne, Nathaniel"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>In 1995</emphasis>, a father was frustrated that his "
+"daughters didn't seem to like Hawthorne. No doubt there was more than one "
+"such father, but at least one did something about it. Eric Eldred, a retired "
+"computer programmer living in New Hampshire, decided to put Hawthorne on the "
+"Web. An electronic version, Eldred thought, with links to pictures and "
+"explanatory text, would make this nineteenth-century author's work come "
+"alive."
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>I 1995</emphasis> var en far frustreret over at hans "
+"døtre ikke syntes at kunnelide Hawthorne. Det eksisterede uden tvivl mere "
+"end en sådan far, men i hvert fald en gjorde noget med det. Eric Eldred, en "
+"pensioneret dataprogrammerer som boede i New Hampshire, bestemte sig for at "
+"putte Hawthorne på nettet. En elektronisk version, tænkte Eldred, med links "
+"til billeder og forklarende tekst, villes gøre denne nittenhundretallets "
+"forfatters værk mere levende."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "of public-domain literature"
+msgstr "af allemannseid litteratur"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "library of works derived from"
+msgstr "bibliotek af værk avledet fra"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"It didn't work—at least for his daughters. They didn't find Hawthorne "
+"any more interesting than before. But Eldred's experiment gave birth to a "
+"hobby, and his hobby begat a cause: Eldred would build a library of public "
+"domain works by scanning these works and making them available for free."
+msgstr ""
+"Det virkede ikke – i hvert fald ikke på hans døtre. De fandt ikke "
+"Hawthorne noget mere interessant end tidligere. Men Eldreds eksperiment gav "
+"ophavet til en hobby, og hans hobby gav ophav til et kald: Eldred villes "
+"fortage et bibliotek over værk i det fri ved at scanne disse og gøre dem "
+"gratis tilgængeligt."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 221
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Eldred's library was not simply a copy of certain public domain works, "
+"though even a copy would have been of great value to people across the world "
+"who can't get access to printed versions of these works. Instead, Eldred was "
+"producing derivative works from these public domain works. Just as Disney "
+"turned Grimm into stories more accessible to the twentieth century, Eldred "
+"transformed Hawthorne, and many others, into a form more accessible—"
+"technically accessible—today."
+msgstr ""
+"Biblioteket til Eldred var ikke bare en kopi af visse/vise værk i det fri, "
+"selv om en kopi villes været af stor værdi for folk rundt om i værdet som "
+"ikke kan få tilgang til papirudgaver af disse værker. I stedet fortog "
+"Eldred avledede værk fra disse allemannseide værkerne. På samme måde som "
+"Disney gjorde Grimm om til historie som var mere tilgængelige i det tyvende "
+"århundredet, gjorde Eldred om på Hawthorne og mange anden, til noget mere "
+"tilgængeligt – teknisk tilgængeligt – i dag."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Scarlet Letter, The (Hawthorne)"
+msgstr "Scarlet Letter, The (Hawthorne)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Eldred's freedom to do this with Hawthorne's work grew from the same source "
+"as Disney's. Hawthorne's <citetitle>Scarlet Letter</citetitle> had passed "
+"into the public domain in 1907. It was free for anyone to take without the "
+"permission of the Hawthorne estate or anyone else. Some, such as Dover Press "
+"and Penguin Classics, take works from the public domain and produce printed "
+"editions, which they sell in bookstores across the country. Others, such as "
+"Disney, take these stories and turn them into animated cartoons, sometimes "
+"successfully (<citetitle>Cinderella</citetitle>), sometimes not "
+"(<citetitle>The Hunchback of Notre Dame</citetitle>, <citetitle>Treasure "
+"Planet</citetitle>). These are all commercial publications of public domain "
+"works."
+msgstr ""
+"Eldreds frihed til at gøre dette med Hawthornes værk kom fra samme kilde som "
+"Disneys. Hawthornes <citetitle>Scarlet Farver</citetitle> havde henhørt i "
+"det fri i 1907 . Alle havde frihed til at tage det uden tilladelse fra boet "
+"efter Hawthorne eller nogle andre. Nogle, sådan som Dover Press og Penguin "
+"Classics, tager værk som er henhørt i det fri, og fortager papirudgaver som "
+"de sælger i boghandler rundt om i landet. Andre, sådan som Disney, tager "
+"disse historie og gør dem om til tegnefilmer. Nogle gange med succes "
+"(<citetitle>Askepott</citetitle>), og nogle gange uden (<citetitle>Ringeren "
+"i Notre Dame</citetitle>, <citetitle>Treasure Planede</citetitle>). Alle "
+"disse er kommercielle publiseringer af værk i det fri."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "pornography"
+msgstr "pornografi"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> There's a parallel here with "
+"pornography that is a bit hard to describe, but it's a strong one. One "
+"phenomenon that the Internet created was a world of noncommercial "
+"pornographers—people who were distributing porn but were not making "
+"money directly or indirectly from that distribution. Such a class didn't "
+"exist before the Internet came into being because the costs of distributing "
+"porn were so high. Yet this new class of distributors got special attention "
+"in the Supreme Court, when the Court struck down the Communications Decency "
+"Act of 1996. It was partly because of the burden on noncommercial speakers "
+"that the statute was found to exceed Congress's power. The same point could "
+"have been made about noncommercial publishers after the advent of the "
+"Internet. The Eric Eldreds of the world before the Internet were extremely "
+"few. Yet one would think it at least as important to protect the Eldreds of "
+"the world as to protect noncommercial pornographers."
+msgstr ""
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Det er en parallel her til "
+"pornografi som er lidt vanskeligt at beskrive, men som er rigtigt stærk. "
+"Et fænomen som Internet skabte var en værdet af ikke-kommerciel pornografi "
+"– folk som distribuerede porno men som ikke tjente penge direkte eller "
+"indirekte fra denne distribution. Noget sådant eksisterede ikke før Internet "
+"dukket op , på grund af at omkostningen med at distribuere porno var så "
+"høj. Alligevel fik denne nye klasse af distributører speciel opmærksomhed "
+"fra Højesteret, da retten slog ned på Anstændig Kommunikations-loven fra "
+"1996 . Det var delvis på grund af byrden på ikke-kommercielle talere at "
+"loven blev fundet at gå ud over Kongressens myndighed. Det samme pointe kan "
+"siges at gælde for ikke-kommercielle utgivere efter at Internet dukkede op . "
+" Alle Eric Eldred-ene i værdet føder Internettet var ekstremt få. Alligevel "
+"skulle en tro at det er mindst lige så vigtigt at beskytte alle Eldred-ene "
+"i værdet som det er at beskytte ikke -kommercielle pornografer."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The Internet created the possibility of noncommercial publications of public "
+"domain works. Eldred's is just one example. There are literally thousands of "
+"others. Hundreds of thousands from across the world have discovered this "
+"platform of expression and now use it to share works that are, by law, free "
+"for the taking. This has produced what we might call the "
+"<quote>noncommercial publishing industry,</quote> which before the Internet "
+"was limited to people with large egos or with political or social causes. "
+"But with the Internet, it includes a wide range of individuals and groups "
+"dedicated to spreading culture generally.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id="
+"\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Internet skabte muligheden for ikke-kommerciel publisering af værk i det "
+"fri. Eldreds publisering er bare et eksempel. Det findes bogstaveligt "
+"talt tusindvis andre. Hundredetusindvis rundt om i værdet har opdaget denne "
+"platform for at udtrykke sig, og bruge den til at dele værker som, i henhold "
+"til loven, kan tages frit. Dette har skabt det vi kan kalde den <quote>ikke-"
+"kommercielle forlagindustrien,</quote> hvilket føder Internet var begrænset "
+"til folk med store egoer, eller med politiske eller sociale kald. Men med "
+"Internet inkluderer det en lang række med individer og grupper som er "
+"dedikeret til at brede kultur generelt.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
+"id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Frost, Robert"
+msgstr "Frost, Robert"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "New Hampshire (Frost)"
+msgstr "New Hampshire (Frost)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"As I said, Eldred lives in New Hampshire. In 1998, Robert Frost's collection "
+"of poems <citetitle>New Hampshire</citetitle> was slated to pass into the "
+"public domain. Eldred wanted to post that collection in his free public "
+"library. But Congress got in the way. As I described in chapter <xref "
+"xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"property-i\"/>, in 1998, for the "
+"eleventh time in forty years, Congress extended the terms of existing "
+"copyrights—this time by twenty years. Eldred would not be free to add "
+"any works more recent than 1923 to his collection until 2019. Indeed, no "
+"copyrighted work would pass into the public domain until that year (and not "
+"even then, if Congress extends the term again). By contrast, in the same "
+"period, more than 1 million patents will pass into the public domain."
+msgstr ""
+"Som jeg sagde, bor Eldred i New Hapshire. I 1998 skulle digtsamlingen "
+"<citetitle>New Hampshire</citetitle> af Robert Frost henhøre i det fri. "
+"Eldred ønskede at publicere denne samling i sit frit og offentligt "
+"tilgængelige biblioteker. Men Kongressen kom i vejen. Som jeg beskrev i "
+"kapitel <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"property-i\"/>, "
+"udvidede Kongressen for ellevte gang på fyrre år, vernetiden for "
+"eksisterende ophavsreter – denne gang med tyve år. Eldred villes ikke "
+" stå frit til at lægge ind værk nyere end 1923 til sin samling før 2019 . "
+"Faktisk vil ikke et eneste opphavsrettsbeskyttet værk henhøre i det fri før "
+"det året (og ikke en gang da, hvis Kongressen udvider vernetiden igen). Som "
+"kontrast villes mere end en million patenter henhøre i det fri i samme "
+"periode."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Bono, Mary"
+msgstr "Bono, Mary"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Bono, Sonny"
+msgstr "Bono, Sonny"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "perpetual copyright term proposed by"
+msgstr "uendeligt opphavsrettsvernetid foreslet af"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
+"id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> The full text is: "
+"<quote>Sonny [Bono] wanted the term of copyright protection to last forever. "
+"I am informed by staff that such a change would violate the Constitution. I "
+"invite all of you to work with me to strengthen our copyright laws in all of "
+"the ways available to us. As you know, there is also Jack Valenti's proposal "
+"for a term to last forever less one day. Perhaps the Committee may look at "
+"that next Congress,</quote> 144 Cong. Rec. H9946, 9951-2 (October 7, 1998)."
+msgstr ""
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
+"id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> Hele teksten er: "
+"<quote>Sonny [Bono] ønskede at vernetiden i ophavsreten skulle vare evigt. "
+"Jeg er informeret af beskæftigede at en sådan ændring villes være i strid "
+"med Grunnloven. Jeg inviterer jer alle til at arbejde sammen med mig for at "
+"vores styrke opphavsrettslover på alle måder som er tilgængeligt for os. "
+"Som I ved, er det også et forslag fra Jack Valenti om en vernetid som varer "
+"evigt minus en dag. Måske komiteen kan se på i næste periode.</quote> 144 "
+"Kongr. Ref. H9946, 9951-2 (7 . oktober 1998)."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This was the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA), enacted in "
+"memory of the congressman and former musician Sonny Bono, who, his widow, "
+"Mary Bono, says, believed that <quote>copyrights should be forever.</"
+"quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Dette var Sonny Bono udvidelse af Loven om vernetiden for ophavsret (CTEA), "
+"lagt frem til minde om kongresrepræsentant og tidligere musiker Sonny Bony, "
+"som ifølge hans enke Mari Bony mente at <quote>ophavsreten bør vare evigt.</"
+"quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "felony punishment for infringement of"
+msgstr "forbryterstraff for krenkelse af"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "NET (No Electronic Theft) Act (1998)"
+msgstr "NET(Nejer til Elektronisk Tyveri)-loven (1998)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "No Electronic Theft (NET) Act (1998)"
+msgstr "Nej til Elektronisk Tyveri(NET)-loven (1998)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "felony punishments for"
+msgstr "forbryterstraff for"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Eldred decided to fight this law. He first resolved to fight it through "
+"civil disobedience. In a series of interviews, Eldred announced that he "
+"would publish as planned, CTEA notwithstanding. But because of a second law "
+"passed in 1998, the NET (No Electronic Theft) Act, his act of publishing "
+"would make Eldred a felon—whether or not anyone complained. This was a "
+"dangerous strategy for a disabled programmer to undertake."
+msgstr ""
+"Eldred bestemte sig for at sloges mod denne lov. Han valgte først at "
+"bekæmpe den gennem civil ulydighet. I en serie interviewer annoncerede "
+"Eldred at han kom til at publicere som planlagt, på trods af CTEA. Men på "
+"grund af en anden lov som blev vedtaget i 1998, NET-loven (Nej til "
+"Elektronisk Tyveri), så villes det at publicere gøre Eldred til en kriminel "
+"– uanset om nogle protesterer eller ikke. Dette var en farlig "
+"strategi at gennemføre for en handicappet programmerer."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "constitutional powers of"
+msgstr "konstitusjonell magt til"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Eldred case involvement of"
+msgstr "Eldred-sagen involvering til"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"It was here that I became involved in Eldred's battle. I was a "
+"constitutional scholar whose first passion was constitutional "
+"interpretation. And though constitutional law courses never focus upon the "
+"Progress Clause of the Constitution, it had always struck me as importantly "
+"different. As you know, the Constitution says,"
+msgstr ""
+"Det var her jeg blev involveret i Eldreds kamp. Jeg var en grundlovforsker "
+"hvis første lidenskab var grundlovtolkning. Og selv om grundlovkurserne "
+"aldrig fokuserer på <quote>Fremskridtbestemmelsen</quote> af Grunnloven, så "
+"har det altid slået mig at forskellen er vigtig. Som du ved siger "
+"Grunnloven følgende,"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science … by "
+"securing for limited Times to Authors … exclusive Right to their "
+"… Writings. …"
+msgstr ""
+"Kongressen har myndighed til at fremme udviklingen af videnskab… ved "
+"at sikre forfattere, i et begrænset tidsrum, … eksklusive rettigheder "
+"til sine … skrifter. …"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"As I've described, this clause is unique within the power-granting clause of "
+"Article I, section 8 of our Constitution. Every other clause granting power "
+"to Congress simply says Congress has the power to do something—for "
+"example, to regulate <quote>commerce among the several states</quote> or "
+"<quote>declare War.</quote> But here, the <quote>something</quote> is "
+"something quite specific—to <quote>promote … Progress</"
+"quote>—through means that are also specific— by <quote>securing</"
+"quote> <quote>exclusive Rights</quote> (i.e., copyrights) <quote>for limited "
+"Times.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+"Som jeg har beskrevet, er denne bestemmelse unik indenfor bestemmelserne som "
+"deler ud myndighed i artikel I, sektion 8, af Grunnloven vores. Alle de "
+"andre bestemmelser deler ud myndighed til Kongressen ved at ganske enkelt "
+"sige at Kongressen har myndighed til at gøre noget – for eksempel til "
+"at regulere <quote>handel mellem flere stater</quote> eller <quote>erklære "
+"krig.</quote> Men her er dette <quote>noget</quote> ganske spesifikt "
+"– at <quote>fremme udviklingen</quote> – gennem virkemidler som "
+"også er ganske spesifikke – ved at <quote>sikre</quote> "
+"<quote>eksklusive rettigheder</quote> (det vil sige ophavsreten) <quote>i et "
+"begrænset tidsrum.</quote>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Jaszi, Peter"
+msgstr "Jaszi, Peter"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 223
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"In the past forty years, Congress has gotten into the practice of extending "
+"existing terms of copyright protection. What puzzled me about this was, if "
+"Congress has the power to extend existing terms, then the Constitution's "
+"requirement that terms be <quote>limited</quote> will have no practical "
+"effect. If every time a copyright is about to expire, Congress has the power "
+"to extend its term, then Congress can achieve what the Constitution plainly "
+"forbids—perpetual terms <quote>on the installment plan,</quote> as "
+"Professor Peter Jaszi so nicely put it."
+msgstr ""
+"I de sidste fyrre årene har Kongressen lagt sig på en praksis med at udvide "
+"eksisterende vernetid i ophavsreten. Det som gav mig hodebry var at hvis "
+"Kongressen havde myndighed til at udvide eksisterende vernetid, da villes "
+"Grunnlovens krav om at vernetiden skulle være <quote>begrænset</quote>, ikke "
+"have nogle praktisk effekt. Hvis Kongressen havde myndighed til at udvide "
+"vernetiden, hver gang vernetiden holder på at gå ud, så kunne Kongressen "
+"opnå det Grunnloven tydelig forbyder – evigvarende vernetid <quote>på "
+"avbetaling,</quote> som professor Peter Jaszi så pænt formulerede det."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"As an academic, my first response was to hit the books. I remember sitting "
+"late at the office, scouring on-line databases for any serious consideration "
+"of the question. No one had ever challenged Congress's practice of extending "
+"existing terms. That failure may in part be why Congress seemed so "
+"untroubled in its habit. That, and the fact that the practice had become so "
+"lucrative for Congress. Congress knows that copyright owners will be willing "
+"to pay a great deal of money to see their copyright terms extended. And so "
+"Congress is quite happy to keep this gravy train going."
+msgstr ""
+"Som akademiker var min første reaktion at rette mig mod bøgerne. Jeg husker "
+"at jeg sad på kontoret en aften og søgte gennem netdatabaser efter enhver "
+"seriøs vurdering af spørgsmålet. Ingen havde nogensinde udfordret "
+"Kongressens praksis med at udvide eksisterende verneperioder. Den fejlen "
+"kan være dele af årsagen til at Kongressen virkede så ubekymret i sin "
+"praksis, det, og det faktum at denne praksis havde blevet så lukrativ for "
+"Kongressen. Kongressen ved at ophavsretejere vil være villigt til at betale "
+"meget penge for at se udvidelser i vernetiden for ophavsreten. Og dermed er "
+"Kongressen ganske fornøjet med at fortsat kunne få disse farve pige pengeene."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"For this is the core of the corruption in our present system of government. "
+"<quote>Corruption</quote> not in the sense that representatives are bribed. "
+"Rather, <quote>corruption</quote> in the sense that the system induces the "
+"beneficiaries of Congress's acts to raise and give money to Congress to "
+"induce it to act. There's only so much time; there's only so much Congress "
+"can do. Why not limit its actions to those things it must do—and those "
+"things that pay? Extending copyright terms pays."
+msgstr ""
+"For dette er kernen i korruptionen af vores nuværende styringsystem. "
+"<quote>Korruption</quote> ikke i den forstand at repræsentanter bliver "
+"bestukket, men i stedet <quote>korruption</quote> på den måden at systemet "
+"lægger op til at de som har fordele af det som gøres i Kongressen, skal "
+"skaffe og give penge til Kongressen for at lægge op til at bestemte ting "
+"bliver gjort. Det er begrænset med tid, og det er så meget Kongressen kan "
+"gøre. Hvorfor ikke begrænse det den gør til de tingene den må gøre – "
+"og de tingene som betaler sig? Å udvide vernetiden i ophavsreten betaler sig."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"If that's not obvious to you, consider the following: Say you're one of the "
+"very few lucky copyright owners whose copyright continues to make money one "
+"hundred years after it was created. The Estate of Robert Frost is a good "
+"example. Frost died in 1963. His poetry continues to be extraordinarily "
+"valuable. Thus the Robert Frost estate benefits greatly from any extension "
+"of copyright, since no publisher would pay the estate any money if the poems "
+"Frost wrote could be published by anyone for free."
+msgstr ""
+"Hvis det ikke er åbenbaret for dig, vurder følgende: Lad os sige at du er en "
+"af de heldige få ophavsretejerne hvis ophavsret fortsætter at skaffe penge "
+"et hundrede år efter at den blev tildelt. Boet efter Robert Frost er et "
+"godt eksempel. Frost døde i 1963 . Hans poesi fortsætter at være vældig "
+"værdifuld. Dermed har rettighetshaverne efter Robert Frost store fordele af "
+"en udvidelse af ophavsreten, siden ingen utgiver villes betale arvingerne "
+"penge hvis digtene Frost har skrevet kunne gives gratis ud af enhver."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"So imagine the Robert Frost estate is earning $100,000 a year from three of "
+"Frost's poems. And imagine the copyright for those poems is about to expire. "
+"You sit on the board of the Robert Frost estate. Your financial adviser "
+"comes to your board meeting with a very grim report:"
+msgstr ""
+"Tænk dig så at rettighetshaverne efter Robert Frost tjener 100 000 dollar "
+"hvert år fra tre af digtene til Frost. Og forestill dig så at disse digte "
+"snart henhører i det fri. Du sidder i styret for boet efter Robert Frost. "
+"Din økonomirådgiver kommer til styremødet med en rigtigt dyster rapport:"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 224
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<quote>Next year,</quote> the adviser announces, <quote>our copyrights in "
+"works A, B, and C will expire. That means that after next year, we will no "
+"longer be receiving the annual royalty check of $100,000 from the publishers "
+"of those works.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+"<quote>Næste år,</quote> kundgør rådgiveren, <quote>vil værkerne A, B og C "
+"henhøre i det fri. Det betyder at efter næste år vil vi ikke længere "
+"modtage den årlige vederlagchecken på 100 000 dollar fra utgiverne af disse "
+"værker.</quote>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<quote>There's a proposal in Congress, however,</quote> she continues, "
+"<quote>that could change this. A few congressmen are floating a bill to "
+"extend the terms of copyright by twenty years. That bill would be "
+"extraordinarily valuable to us. So we should hope this bill passes.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+"<quote>Men det er et forslag i Kongressen,</quote> fortsætter hun, "
+"<quote>som kan ændre dette. Nogle kongresrepræsentanter har lanceret et "
+"lovforslag om at udvide vernetiden i ophavsreten med tyve år. Det forslaget "
+"vil være ekstremt værdifuldt for os. Så vi bør håbe at den loven bliver "
+"vedtaget.</quote>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<quote>Hope?</quote> a fellow board member says. <quote>Can't we be doing "
+"something about it?</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+"<quote>Håbe?,</quote> siger en kollega i styret. <quote>Kan vi ikke gøre "
+"mere end det?</quote>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<quote>Well, obviously, yes,</quote> the adviser responds. <quote>We could "
+"contribute to the campaigns of a number of representatives to try to assure "
+"that they support the bill.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+"<quote>Vel, jo, selvfølgelig,</quote> svarer rådgiveren. <quote>Vi kan "
+"bidrage med valgkampstøtte til et antal repræsentanter for at forsøge at "
+"sikre at de vil støtte lovforslaget.</quote>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"You hate politics. You hate contributing to campaigns. So you want to know "
+"whether this disgusting practice is worth it. <quote>How much would we get "
+"if this extension were passed?</quote> you ask the adviser. <quote>How much "
+"is it worth?</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+"Du hader politik. Du hader at bidrage til valgkampagner. Så du ønsker at "
+"vide hvorvidt denne motbydelige praksissen er værd det. <quote>Hvor mange "
+"vil vi få hvis denne udvidelse bliver vedtaget?</quote> spørger du "
+"rådgiveren. <quote>Hvor mange er det værd?</quote>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<quote>Well,</quote> the adviser says, <quote>if you're confident that you "
+"will continue to get at least $100,000 a year from these copyrights, and you "
+"use the <quote>discount rate</quote> that we use to evaluate estate "
+"investments (6 percent), then this law would be worth $1,146,000 to the "
+"estate.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+"<quote>Vel,</quote> siger rådgiveren og fortsætter, <quote>hvis du er sikker "
+"på at du vil fortsætte at få mindst 100 000 dollar i året for disse "
+"ophavsreter, og du bruger samme <quote>diskonteringssats</quote> som vi "
+"bruger for at vurdere ejendominvesteringer (6 procent), så vil denne lov "
+"være værd 1 146 000 dollar for boet.</quote>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"You're a bit shocked by the number, but you quickly come to the correct "
+"conclusion:"
+msgstr ""
+"Du bliver lidt chockeret over tallet, men du kommer raskt frem til rigtig "
+"konklusion:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<quote>So you're saying it would be worth it for us to pay more than "
+"$1,000,000 in campaign contributions if we were confident those "
+"contributions would assure that the bill was passed?</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+"<quote>Så du siger at det vil være værd det for os at betale mere end "
+"1 000 000 dollar i valgkampbidrag hvis vi var trygge på at disse bidrag "
+"villes sikre at loven blev vedtaget?</quote>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<quote>Absolutely,</quote> the adviser responds. <quote>It is worth it to "
+"you to contribute up to the <quote>present value</quote> of the income you "
+"expect from these copyrights. Which for us means over $1,000,000.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+"<quote>Ultimatum,</quote> svarer rådgiveren. <quote>Det er værd det hvis du "
+"bidrager med op til dagens værdi af indkomsterne du forventer fra disse "
+"ophavsreter. Hvilket for os betyder over 1 000 000 dollar.</quote>"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 225
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"You quickly get the point—you as the member of the board and, I trust, "
+"you the reader. Each time copyrights are about to expire, every beneficiary "
+"in the position of the Robert Frost estate faces the same choice: If they "
+"can contribute to get a law passed to extend copyrights, they will benefit "
+"greatly from that extension. And so each time copyrights are about to "
+"expire, there is a massive amount of lobbying to get the copyright term "
+"extended."
+msgstr ""
+"Du tager raskt pointen – du som styremedlem samt, regner jeg med, du "
+"som læser. Hver gang ophavsreten holder på at løbe ud, har hver eneste "
+"mottaker i samme position som arvingerne efter Robert Frost det samme valg: "
+"Hvis de bidrager til at få en lov vedtaget som udvider ophavsreten, så vil "
+"de have stor nytte af den udvidelsen. Så hver eneste gang ophavsreten er i "
+"færd med at løbe ud, så er det en massiv lobbyvirksomhed for at få "
+"opphavsrettsvernetiden udvidet."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Thus a congressional perpetual motion machine: So long as legislation can be "
+"bought (albeit indirectly), there will be all the incentive in the world to "
+"buy further extensions of copyright."
+msgstr ""
+"Dermed har vi en kongressbasert evighedmaskine: Så længe lovgiving kan købes "
+"(rigtig nok indirekte), så vil det være alle incentiver i værdet for at købe "
+"yderstere udvidelser af ophavsreten."
+
+#. f3.
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Associated Press, <quote>Disney Lobbying for Copyright Extension No Mickey "
+"Mouse Effort; Congress OKs Bill Granting Creators 20 More Years,</quote> "
+"<citetitle>Chicago Tribune</citetitle>, 17 October 1998, 22."
+msgstr ""
+"Associated Press, <quote>Disney Lobbying for Copyright Extension No Mickey "
+"Mouse Effort; Congress OKs Bill Granting Creators 20 More Years,</quote> "
+"<citetitle>Chicago Tribune</citetitle>, 17 . oktober 1998, 22 ."
+
+#. f4.
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"See Nick Brown, <quote>Fair Use No More?: Copyright in the Information Age,</"
+"quote> available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #49</"
+"ulink>."
+msgstr ""
+"Se Nick Brown, <quote>Fair Use No More?: Copyright in the Information "
+"Ærefrygt,</quote> tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/"
+"\">link #49</ulink>."
+
+#. f5.
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Alan K. Ota, <quote>Disney in Washington: The Mouse That Roars,</quote> "
+"<citetitle>Congressional Quarterly This Week</citetitle>, 8 August 1990, "
+"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #50</ulink>."
+msgstr ""
+"Alan K. Ota, <quote>Disney in Washington: The Mouse That Roars,</quote> "
+"<citetitle>Congressional Quarterly This Week</citetitle>, 8 . august 1990, "
+"tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #50</"
+"ulink>."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"In the lobbying that led to the passage of the Sonny Bono Copyright Term "
+"Extension Act, this <quote>theory</quote> about incentives was proved real. "
+"Ten of the thirteen original sponsors of the act in the House received the "
+"maximum contribution from Disney's political action committee; in the "
+"Senate, eight of the twelve sponsors received contributions.<placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The RIAA and the MPAA are estimated to have "
+"spent over $1.5 million lobbying in the 1998 election cycle. They paid out "
+"more than $200,000 in campaign contributions.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
+"id=\"1\"/> Disney is estimated to have contributed more than $800,000 to "
+"reelection campaigns in the cycle.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"I lobbyvirksomheden som førte til at Sonny Bono udvidelse af Loven om "
+"vernetiden for ophavsret blev vedtaget, blev denne <quote>teori</quote> om "
+"incentiver bevist at være rigtigt. Ti af de tretten originale sponsorerne "
+"til loven i Overhuset modtog maksimale bidrag fra Disneys politiske "
+"handlingkomite. I Senatet modtog otte af de tolv sponsorerne bidrag."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> RIAA og MPAA er estimeret at have "
+"brugt mere end 1,5 millioner dollar til lobbyvirksomhed i 1998-valgperioden. "
+" De betalte ud mere end 200 000 dollar i kampagnebidrag.<placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Disney er estimeret at have bidraget med mere "
+"end 800 000 dollar i gjenvelgelseskampanjer den perioden.<placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>Constitutional law</emphasis> is not oblivious to "
+"the obvious. Or at least, it need not be. So when I was considering Eldred's "
+"complaint, this reality about the never-ending incentives to increase the "
+"copyright term was central to my thinking. In my view, a pragmatic court "
+"committed to interpreting and applying the Constitution of our framers would "
+"see that if Congress has the power to extend existing terms, then there "
+"would be no effective constitutional requirement that terms be "
+"<quote>limited.</quote> If they could extend it once, they would extend it "
+"again and again and again."
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>Forfatningret</emphasis> er ikke uvitende om det "
+"åbenbare. Eller det behøver ikke være det. Så da jeg vurderede klagen fra "
+"Eldred, så var denne virkelighed om de ubegrænsede incentivene for at øge "
+"opphavsrettsvernetiden central i min tenking. Efter min mening villes en "
+"pragmatisk domstol som var forpligtet til at tolke og anvende Grunnloven "
+"givet af vores grundlovforsamling, se at hvis Kongressen havde myndighed "
+"til at udvide eksisterende vernetid, så villes det ikke være noget "
+"grunnlovsmessig krav om at vernetiden skulle være <quote>begrænset.</quote> "
+"Hvis de kunne udvide den en gang, så kunne de udvide den igen og igen og "
+"igen."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 226
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"It was also my judgment that <emphasis>this</emphasis> Supreme Court would "
+"not allow Congress to extend existing terms. As anyone close to the Supreme "
+"Court's work knows, this Court has increasingly restricted the power of "
+"Congress when it has viewed Congress's actions as exceeding the power "
+"granted to it by the Constitution. Among constitutional scholars, the most "
+"famous example of this trend was the Supreme Court's decision in 1995 to "
+"strike down a law that banned the possession of guns near schools."
+msgstr ""
+"Det var også min vurdering at <emphasis>denne</emphasis> Højesteret ikke "
+"villes tillade Kongressen at udvide den eksisterende vernetiden. Som alle "
+"som kender Højesterets arbejde ved, har denne domstol i stadigt større grad "
+"begrænset magten til Kongressen når den har vurderet at Kongressens "
+"vedtagelse går ud over myndigheden tildelt dem i Grunnloven. Blandt "
+"grundlovforskere var det mest berømte eksemplet på denne trend afgørelsen "
+"fra Højesteret i 1995 om at slå ned på en lov som forbød besittelse af våben "
+"nær skoler."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "commerce, interstate"
+msgstr "handel, mellomstatlig"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "interstate commerce"
+msgstr "mellomstatlig handel"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Since 1937, the Supreme Court had interpreted Congress's granted powers very "
+"broadly; so, while the Constitution grants Congress the power to regulate "
+"only <quote>commerce among the several states</quote> (aka <quote>interstate "
+"commerce</quote>), the Supreme Court had interpreted that power to include "
+"the power to regulate any activity that merely affected interstate commerce."
+msgstr ""
+"Siden 1937 havde Højesteret tolket Kongressens tildelte myndighed vældig "
+"bredt. Så mens Grunnloven giver Kongressen myndighed til at kun regulere "
+"<quote>handel mellem stater</quote> (også kendt som <quote>mellomstatlig "
+"handel</quote>), så havde Højesteret tolket den myndigheden til at indeholde "
+"myndigheden til at regulere enhver aktivitet som kun berører mellomstatlig "
+"handel."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"As the economy grew, this standard increasingly meant that there was no "
+"limit to Congress's power to regulate, since just about every activity, when "
+"considered on a national scale, affects interstate commerce. A Constitution "
+"designed to limit Congress's power was instead interpreted to impose no "
+"limit."
+msgstr ""
+"Efterhånden som økonomien voksede, betød denne standard i stadigt større "
+"grad at det ikke var nogle grænser for Kongressens myndighed til at "
+"regulere, siden stort set hver eneste aktivitet, når man vurderede det på "
+"national skala, påvirker mellomstatlig handel. En grundlov udformede for at "
+"begrænse Kongressens myndighed blev i stedet tolket til at ikke have nogen "
+"grænse."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Rehnquist, William H."
+msgstr "Rehnquist, William H."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "United States v. Lopez"
+msgstr "USA mod Lopez"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The Supreme Court, under Chief Justice Rehnquist's command, changed that in "
+"<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>. The "
+"government had argued that possessing guns near schools affected interstate "
+"commerce. Guns near schools increase crime, crime lowers property values, "
+"and so on. In the oral argument, the Chief Justice asked the government "
+"whether there was any activity that would not affect interstate commerce "
+"under the reasoning the government advanced. The government said there was "
+"not; if Congress says an activity affects interstate commerce, then that "
+"activity affects interstate commerce. The Supreme Court, the government "
+"said, was not in the position to second-guess Congress."
+msgstr ""
+"Højesteret ændrede, under ledelse af højesteretsjustitiarius Rehnquist, det "
+"i <citetitle>United States</citetitle> mod <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>. "
+"Staten havde argumenteret med at at bære våben nær skoler påvirket "
+"mellomstatlig handel. Våben nær skoler øger kriminalitet, kriminalitet "
+"reducerede ejendomværdier, og så videre. I den mundtlige argumentationen "
+"spurgte høyesterettsjustitiariusen staten om det fandtes nogle aktivitet som "
+"ikke villes påvirke mellomstatlig handel i henhold til begrundelsen som "
+"staten fremførte. Staten sagde at det fandtes ikke . Hvis Kongressen sagde "
+"at en aktivitet påvirket mellomstatlig handel, så påvirkede den aktiviteten "
+"mellomstatlig handel. Staten sagde at Højesteret ikke var i position til at "
+"efterprøve Kongressen."
+
+#. f6.
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>, 514 U."
+"S. 549, 564 (1995)."
+msgstr ""
+"<citetitle>United States</citetitle> mod <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>, 514 U."
+"S. 549, 564 (1995)."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "United States v. Morrison"
+msgstr "USA mod Morrison"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Morrison</citetitle>, 529 "
+"U.S. 598 (2000). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"<citetitle>United States</citetitle> mod <citetitle>Morrison</citetitle>, "
+"529 U.S. 598 (2000). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<quote>We pause to consider the implications of the government's arguments,</"
+"quote> the Chief Justice wrote.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> If "
+"anything Congress says is interstate commerce must therefore be considered "
+"interstate commerce, then there would be no limit to Congress's power. The "
+"decision in <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> was reaffirmed five years later in "
+"<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Morrison</citetitle>."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"<quote>Vi tager en pause for at vurdere implikationerne fra regeringens "
+"argumenter,</quote> skræv høyesterettsjustitiariusen.<placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Hvis alt Kongressen siger er mellomstatlig "
+"handel dermed må anses at være mellomstatlig handel, så findes det ingen "
+"begrænsninger i Kongressens myndighed. Afgørelsen i <citetitle>Lopez</"
+"citetitle> blev bekræftet fire år senere i <citetitle>United States</"
+"citetitle> mod <citetitle>Morrison</citetitle>.<placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>"
+
+#. f8.
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"If it is a principle about enumerated powers, then the principle carries "
+"from one enumerated power to another. The animating point in the context of "
+"the Commerce Clause was that the interpretation offered by the government "
+"would allow the government unending power to regulate commerce—the "
+"limitation to interstate commerce notwithstanding. The same point is true in "
+"the context of the Copyright Clause. Here, too, the government's "
+"interpretation would allow the government unending power to regulate "
+"copyrights—the limitation to <quote>limited times</quote> "
+"notwithstanding."
+msgstr ""
+"Hvis det er et princip om opplistede kompetencer, så bør dette princippet "
+"kunne overføres fra en opplistet kompetence til den næste. Det "
+"utslagsgivende pointen når det galdt handelbestemmelsen, var at tolkningen "
+"staten kom med , villes give staten ubegrænset kompetence til at regulere "
+"handel – på trods af begrænsningen om mellomstatlig handel. Også i "
+"denne sammenehengen villes statens tolkning give staten ubegrænset "
+"kompetence til at regulere ophavsret – på trods af begrænsningen om "
+"<quote>et begrænset tidsrum.</quote>"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 227
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"If a principle were at work here, then it should apply to the Progress "
+"Clause as much as the Commerce Clause.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id="
+"\"0\"/> And if it is applied to the Progress Clause, the principle should "
+"yield the conclusion that Congress can't extend an existing term. If "
+"Congress could extend an existing term, then there would be no "
+"<quote>stopping point</quote> to Congress's power over terms, though the "
+"Constitution expressly states that there is such a limit. Thus, the same "
+"principle applied to the power to grant copyrights should entail that "
+"Congress is not allowed to extend the term of existing copyrights."
+msgstr ""
+"Hvis det er et princip som anvendes her , så bør det være lige så gyldigt "
+"for Fremskridtbestemmelsen som for Handelbestemmelsen.<placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Og hvis det anvendes på Fremskridtbestemmelsen, "
+"bør princippet føre til konklusionen at Kongressen ikke kan udvide en "
+"eksisterende vernetid. Hvis Kongressen kan udvide en eksisterende vernetid, "
+"så findes det intet <quote>endepunkt</quote> for Kongressens myndighed over "
+"vernetiden, selv om grundloven klart siger at det findes en sådan grænse. "
+"Dermed, hvis det samme princip anvendes på myndigheden til at dele ud "
+"ophavsreter, burde det gøre at Kongressen ikke får lov til at udvide "
+"vernetiden til eksisterende ophavsreter."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Supreme Court restraint on"
+msgstr "Højesteretbegrænsninger på"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis>If</emphasis>, that is, the principle announced in "
+"<citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> stood for a principle. Many believed the "
+"decision in <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> stood for politics—a "
+"conservative Supreme Court, which believed in states' rights, using its "
+"power over Congress to advance its own personal political preferences. But I "
+"rejected that view of the Supreme Court's decision. Indeed, shortly after "
+"the decision, I wrote an article demonstrating the <quote>fidelity</quote> "
+"in such an interpretation of the Constitution. The idea that the Supreme "
+"Court decides cases based upon its politics struck me as extraordinarily "
+"boring. I was not going to devote my life to teaching constitutional law if "
+"these nine Justices were going to be petty politicians."
+msgstr ""
+"Dette stemmer <emphasis>hvis</emphasis> princippet lagt frem i "
+"<citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> var et princip. Mange mente afgørelsen i "
+"<citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> var politisk – en konservativ Højesteret, "
+"som troede på staternes rettigheder, brugte sin myndighed over Kongressen "
+"til at fremme sine egen personlige politiske præferencer. Men jeg afviste "
+"det synet på afgørelsen fra Højesteret. Jeg havde til og med skrævet en "
+"artikel lige så efter afgørelsen som demonstrerede hvor <quote>trådte mod "
+"ophavet</quote> en sådan tolkning var mod Grunnloven. Idéen om at "
+"Højesteret afgjorde sager baseret på sin politiske overbevisning, slog mig "
+"som usædvanligt kedeligt. Jeg kom ikke til at dedikere mit liv til at lære "
+"væk forfatningret hvis disse ni dommerne kun skulle være smålige politikere."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>Now let's pause</emphasis> for a moment to make sure "
+"we understand what the argument in <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> was not "
+"about. By insisting on the Constitution's limits to copyright, obviously "
+"Eldred was not endorsing piracy. Indeed, in an obvious sense, he was "
+"fighting a kind of piracy—piracy of the public domain. When Robert "
+"Frost wrote his work and when Walt Disney created Mickey Mouse, the maximum "
+"copyright term was just fifty-six years. Because of interim changes, Frost "
+"and Disney had already enjoyed a seventy-five-year monopoly for their work. "
+"They had gotten the benefit of the bargain that the Constitution envisions: "
+"In exchange for a monopoly protected for fifty-six years, they created new "
+"work. But now these entities were using their power—expressed through "
+"the power of lobbyists' money—to get another twenty-year dollop of "
+"monopoly. That twenty-year dollop would be taken from the public domain. "
+"Eric Eldred was fighting a piracy that affects us all."
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>Lad os nu tage et øjebliks pause</emphasis> for at "
+"være sikker på at vi forstår hvad argumentet i <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> "
+"ikke handlede om. Ved at insistere på Grunnlovens begrænsning på "
+"ophavsreten, så gik selvsagt ikke Eldred god for piratvirksomhed. Faktisk "
+"sloges han, på en åpenbar måde, mod en slags piratvirksomhed – røving "
+"af allemannseiet. Da Robert Frost skrev sine værk, og når Walt Disney "
+"skabte Mikke Mus, så var den maksimale vernetiden bare femtiseks år. På "
+"grund af ændringer i mellemtiden har Forst og Disney allerede nyt godt af "
+"syttifem års monopol på sine værker. De har fået fordelen i aftalen som "
+"Grunnloven ser for sig: I bytte for et monopol beskyttede i femtiseks år, så "
+"skabte de nye værker. Men nu brugte disse aktører sin magt – udtrykt "
+"gennem strømmen af lobbyvirksomheden penge – til at få tyve års "
+"forlængelse af monopolet. Denne forlængelse vil blive taget fra "
+"allemannseiet. Eric Eldred sloges mod piratvirksomhed som påvirker os alle."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Nashville Songwriters Association"
+msgstr "Nashville sangforfatterforening"
+
+#. f9.
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Brief of the Nashville Songwriters Association, <citetitle>Eldred</"
+"citetitle> v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 537 U.S. 186 (2003) (No. "
+"01-618), n.10, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/"
+"\">link #51</ulink>."
+msgstr ""
+"Indlæg fra Nashville sangforfatterforening, <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> "
+"mod <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 537 U.S. 186 (2003) (No. 01-618), n."
+"10, tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #51</"
+"ulink>."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Some people view the public domain with contempt. In their brief before the "
+"Supreme Court, the Nashville Songwriters Association wrote that the public "
+"domain is nothing more than <quote>legal piracy.</quote><placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> But it is not piracy when the law allows it; and in "
+"our constitutional system, our law requires it. Some may not like the "
+"Constitution's requirements, but that doesn't make the Constitution a "
+"pirate's charter."
+msgstr ""
+"Nogle folk ser på allemannseiet med foragt. I indlægget de sendt til "
+"Højesteretten, skræv Nashville sangforfatterforening at allemannseiet ikke "
+"var noget andet end <quote>lovlig piratvirksomhed.</quote><placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Men det er ikke piratvirksomhed når loven "
+"tillader det. Og i vores konstituelle system kræver loven dette. Nogle kan "
+"måske lide ikke paragrafferne i Grunnloven vores, men det gør ikke "
+"Grunnloven til en piratkodeks."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"As we've seen, our constitutional system requires limits on copyright as a "
+"way to assure that copyright holders do not too heavily influence the "
+"development and distribution of our culture. Yet, as Eric Eldred discovered, "
+"we have set up a system that assures that copyright terms will be repeatedly "
+"extended, and extended, and extended. We have created the perfect storm for "
+"the public domain. Copyrights have not expired, and will not expire, so long "
+"as Congress is free to be bought to extend them again."
+msgstr ""
+"Som vi har set, kræver vores konstitusjonelle systemer begrænsninger på "
+"ophavsreten som en måde at sikre at ophavsretindehavere ikke får for stærk "
+"påvirking på udviklingen og distributionen af vores kultur. Alligevel, som "
+"Eric Eldred opdagede, har vi sat op et system som sikrer at "
+"opphavsrettsvernetiden igen vil blive udvidet, og udvidet, og udvidet. Vi "
+"har skabt den perfekte storm for allemannseiet. Ophavsreterne har ikke gået "
+"ud på dato, og vil aldrig gå ud på dato, så længe Kongressen står frit til "
+"at lade sig købe for at udvide dem igen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>It is valuable</emphasis> copyrights that are "
+"responsible for terms being extended. Mickey Mouse and <quote>Rhapsody in "
+"Blue.</quote> These works are too valuable for copyright owners to ignore. "
+"But the real harm to our society from copyright extensions is not that "
+"Mickey Mouse remains Disney's. Forget Mickey Mouse. Forget Robert Frost. "
+"Forget all the works from the 1920s and 1930s that have continuing "
+"commercial value. The real harm of term extension comes not from these "
+"famous works. The real harm is to the works that are not famous, not "
+"commercially exploited, and no longer available as a result."
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>Det er værdifuld</emphasis> ophavsret som er "
+"ansvarligt/ansvarlig for at verneperiodene bliver udvidet. Mikke Mus og "
+"<quote>Rhapsody in Blue.</quote> Disse værker er for værdifulde til at "
+"opphavsrettseierene kan ignorere dem. Men den reelle skaden fra "
+"ophavsretudvidelser for vores samfund er ikke at Mikke Mus forbliver "
+"Disneys. Glem Mikke Mus. Glem Robert Frost. Glem alle værk fra 1920-"
+"tallet og 1930-tallet som fortsat har kommerciel værdi. Den reelle skaden "
+"fra udvidelse af vernetiden kommer ikke fra disse berømte værker. Den "
+"reelle skaden er fra de værkerne som ikke er berømte, ikke kommercielt "
+"udnyttet, og dermed heller ikke længere tilgængeligt."
+
+#. f10.
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The figure of 2 percent is an extrapolation from the study by the "
+"Congressional Research Service, in light of the estimated renewal ranges. "
+"See Brief of Petitioners, <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> v. "
+"<citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 7, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-"
+"culture.cc/notes/\">link #52</ulink>."
+msgstr ""
+"Tallet 2 procent er en ekstrapolering fra en undersøgelse gjort af "
+"Kongressens forskningtjeneste, med baggrund i de estimerede "
+"fornyelsespennene. Se Brief of Petitioners, <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> "
+"mod <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 7, tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://"
+"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #52</ulink>."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"If you look at the work created in the first twenty years (1923 to 1942) "
+"affected by the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act, 2 percent of that "
+"work has any continuing commercial value. It was the copyright holders for "
+"that 2 percent who pushed the CTEA through. But the law and its effect were "
+"not limited to that 2 percent. The law extended the terms of copyright "
+"generally.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Hvis du ser på arbejder holdet i de første tyve årene (1923 til 1942) "
+"påvirkede af Sonny Bono udvidelse af Loven om vernetiden for ophavsret, så "
+"har 2 procent af disse værker fortsat kommercielle værdi. Det var "
+"ophavsretindehaverne for disse 2 procenterne som fik igennem CTEA. Men loven "
+"og dens effekt var ikke begrænset til disse 2 procenterne. Loven udvidede "
+"vernetiden til ophavsreten generelt.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 229
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Think practically about the consequence of this extension—practically, "
+"as a businessperson, and not as a lawyer eager for more legal work. In 1930, "
+"10,047 books were published. In 2000, 174 of those books were still in "
+"print. Let's say you were Brewster Kahle, and you wanted to make available "
+"to the world in your iArchive project the remaining 9,873. What would you "
+"have to do?"
+msgstr ""
+"Tænk praktisk over konsekvensen af denne udvidelse – praktisk som en "
+"forretningsmand, ikke som en advokat ivrigt efter mere juridisk arbejde. I "
+"1930 blev 10047 bøge publiceret. I 2000 var 174 af disse bøge fortsat "
+"tilgængeligt fra forlaget. Lad os antage at du var Brewster Kahle, og du "
+"ønsket at gøre de resterende 9873 tilgængeligt for værdet i dit iArkiv-"
+"projekt. Hvad villes du måtte gøre?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Well, first, you'd have to determine which of the 9,873 books were still "
+"under copyright. That requires going to a library (these data are not on-"
+"line) and paging through tomes of books, cross-checking the titles and "
+"authors of the 9,873 books with the copyright registration and renewal "
+"records for works published in 1930. That will produce a list of books still "
+"under copyright."
+msgstr ""
+"Vel, først må du finde ud hvilke af disse 9873 bøgene som fortsat er værnet "
+"af ophavsreten. Det kræver at du går til biblioteket (den informationen er "
+"ikke tilgængeligt på nettet) og bladrer igennem haller med bøger mens du "
+"kryds-tjekker titler og forfatterne af disse 9873 bøgene med "
+"ophavsretregistreringerne og fornyingsmeldingene for værk publiceret i 1930 "
+". Dette vil give en liste med bøger som fortsat er værnet af ophavsreten."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Then for the books still under copyright, you would need to locate the "
+"current copyright owners. How would you do that?"
+msgstr ""
+"Så, for bøgerne som fortsat er værnet af ophavsreten, må en finne de "
+"nuværende ophavsretejere. Hvordan vil du gøre det?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Most people think that there must be a list of these copyright owners "
+"somewhere. Practical people think this way. How could there be thousands and "
+"thousands of government monopolies without there being at least a list?"
+msgstr ""
+"De fleste folk tænker at det må være en liste over disse ophavsret ejerne en "
+"eller anden plads. Praktiske folk tænker sådan . Hvordan kan det være "
+"tusinder på tusinder af monopoler delt ud af myndighederne uden at det i "
+"hvert fald findes en liste?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"But there is no list. There may be a name from 1930, and then in 1959, of "
+"the person who registered the copyright. But just think practically about "
+"how impossibly difficult it would be to track down thousands of such "
+"records—especially since the person who registered is not necessarily "
+"the current owner. And we're just talking about 1930!"
+msgstr ""
+"Men det er ingen liste. Det kan være et navn fra 1930, og derefter i 1959, "
+"for personen som registrerede ophavsreten. Men bare tænkt rundt hvor "
+"utroligt vanskeligt det vil være at praktisk spore op tusindvis af sådanne "
+"arkivoppføringer – specielt siden personen som er registreret ikke "
+"nødvendigvis er den nuværende ejer. Og vi snakker kun om 1930!"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<quote>But there isn't a list of who owns property generally,</quote> the "
+"apologists for the system respond. <quote>Why should there be a list of "
+"copyright owners?</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+"<quote>Men det er ikke generelt en liste over hvem som ejer ejendom</quote> "
+"svarer forsvarerne af systemet. <quote>Hvorfor skulle det findes en liste "
+"over ophavsretejere?</quote>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Well, actually, if you think about it, there <emphasis>are</emphasis> plenty "
+"of lists of who owns what property. Think about deeds on houses, or titles "
+"to cars. And where there isn't a list, the code of real space is pretty "
+"good at suggesting who the owner of a bit of property is. (A swing set in "
+"your backyard is probably yours.) So formally or informally, we have a "
+"pretty good way to know who owns what tangible property."
+msgstr ""
+"Vel, egentligt, når du tænker på det, så <emphasis>findes</emphasis> det "
+"mange lister over hvem som ejer hvilken ejendom. Tænk på sammenføjninger "
+"for huse, eller hvem som ejer biler. Og der det ikke findes en liste, så er "
+"skrønerne for den virkelige værdet ganske dygtige til at foreslå hvem som "
+"ejer en bidder ejendom (en gynge placeret i bakhagen din er sandsynligvis "
+"din). Så både formelt og uformelt har vi en ganske god måde at vide hvem som "
+"ejer hvilken konkrede ejendom."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 230
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"So: You walk down a street and see a house. You can know who owns the house "
+"by looking it up in the courthouse registry. If you see a car, there is "
+"ordinarily a license plate that will link the owner to the car. If you see a "
+"bunch of children's toys sitting on the front lawn of a house, it's fairly "
+"easy to determine who owns the toys. And if you happen to see a baseball "
+"lying in a gutter on the side of the road, look around for a second for some "
+"kids playing ball. If you don't see any kids, then okay: Here's a bit of "
+"property whose owner we can't easily determine. It is the exception that "
+"proves the rule: that we ordinarily know quite well who owns what property."
+msgstr ""
+"Dermed: Du vandrer ned en gade og ser et huse. Du kan vide hvem som ejer "
+"huset ved at slå op i kommunehusets ejendomregister. Hvis du ser en bil, "
+"så er det normalt et bilskilt som vil knytte ejeren til bilen. Hvis du ser "
+"en høj med barnlæger som ligger på plænen forran et huse, så er det rimeligt "
+"enkelt at finde ud hvem som ejer lægerne. Og hvis du tilfældigvis ser en "
+"baseball som ligger i grøftede ved siden af vejen, så ser du dig rundt et "
+"øjeblik efter unger som spiller bal. Hvis du ikke ser nogle barn, så ok: "
+"her er det en bidder ejendom hvis ejer vi ikke enkelt kan spore op . Dette "
+"er undtagelsen som bekræfter reglen: at vi normalt ved rigtigt godt hvem som "
+"ejer hvilken ejendom."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Compare this story to intangible property. You go into a library. The "
+"library owns the books. But who owns the copyrights? As I've already "
+"described, there's no list of copyright owners. There are authors' names, of "
+"course, but their copyrights could have been assigned, or passed down in an "
+"estate like Grandma's old jewelry. To know who owns what, you would have to "
+"hire a private detective. The bottom line: The owner cannot easily be "
+"located. And in a regime like ours, in which it is a felony to use such "
+"property without the property owner's permission, the property isn't going "
+"to be used."
+msgstr ""
+"Sammenlign denne historie med immateriell ejendom. Du går ind i et "
+"bibliotek. Biblioteket ejer bøgerne. Men hvem ejer ophavsreten? Som jeg "
+"allerede har nævnt, så findes det ingen liste med ophavsretejere. Det er "
+"navnene til forfattere, naturligvis, men deres ophavsret kan have blevet "
+"overført, eller blevet arvet til et boer lig bedstemors gamle smykke. For "
+"at vide hvem som ejer hvad så må du hyre en privatdetektiv. Det man sidder "
+"igen med er at ejeren ikke enkelt kan findes. Og med et regime som vores, "
+"der det er en forbrydelse at bruge sådan ejendom uden tilladelse fra ejeren "
+"af ejendommen, så vil ejendommen ikke blive brugt."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The consequence with respect to old books is that they won't be digitized, "
+"and hence will simply rot away on shelves. But the consequence for other "
+"creative works is much more dire."
+msgstr ""
+"Konsekvensen for gamle bøger er at de ikke vil blive digitaliseret, og "
+"dermed ganske enkelt vil rådne væk på hylde. Men konsekvensen for andre "
+"kreative arbejder er meget mere alvorlig."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Agee, Michael"
+msgstr "Agee, Michael"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Hal Roach Studios"
+msgstr "Hal Roach Studios"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Laurel and Hardy Films"
+msgstr "Helan og Halvan-filmene"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Lucky Dog, The"
+msgstr "Lucky Dog, The"
+
+#. f11.
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"See David G. Savage, <quote>High Court Scene of Showdown on Copyright Law,</"
+"quote> <citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 6 October 2002; David "
+"Streitfeld, <quote>Classic Movies, Songs, Books at Stake; Supreme Court "
+"Hears Arguments Today on Striking Down Copyright Extension,</quote> "
+"<citetitle>Orlando Sentinel Tribune</citetitle>, 9 October 2002."
+msgstr ""
+"Se David G. Savage, <quote>High Court Scene of Showdown on Copyright Law,</"
+"quote> <citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 6 . oktober 2002, David "
+"Streitfeld, <quote>Classic Movies, Songs, Books at Stage; Supreme Court "
+"Hears Arguments Today on Striking Down Copyright Extension,</quote> "
+"<citetitle>Orlando Sentinel Tribune</citetitle>, 9 . oktober 2002 ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Consider the story of Michael Agee, chairman of Hal Roach Studios, which "
+"owns the copyrights for the Laurel and Hardy films. Agee is a direct "
+"beneficiary of the Bono Act. The Laurel and Hardy films were made between "
+"1921 and 1951. Only one of these films, <citetitle>The Lucky Dog</"
+"citetitle>, is currently out of copyright. But for the CTEA, films made "
+"after 1923 would have begun entering the public domain. Because Agee "
+"controls the exclusive rights for these popular films, he makes a great deal "
+"of money. According to one estimate, <quote>Roach has sold about 60,000 "
+"videocassettes and 50,000 DVDs of the duo's silent films.</"
+"quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Se på historie til Michael Agee, styreleder ved Haller Roach Studios, som "
+"ejer ophavsreterne for Helan- og Halvan-filmene. Agee har dermed direkte "
+"fordel af Bono-loven. Helan og Halvan-filmene blev fortaget mellem 1921 og "
+"1951 . Kun en af disse film, <citetitle>The Lucky Dog</citetitle>, har så "
+"langt henhørt i det fri. Men havde det ikke været for CTEA, villes filmer "
+"holdet efter 1923 begyndt at henhøre i det fri. Da Agee kontrollerer de "
+"eksklusive rettighederne for disse populære film, så tjener han en god del "
+"penge. Ifølge et estimat, <quote>har Roach solgt omtrent 60 000 "
+"videokassettebånd og 50 000 DVD-er af filmene til denne stumfilmduoen.</"
+"quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Yet Agee opposed the CTEA. His reasons demonstrate a rare virtue in this "
+"culture: selflessness. He argued in a brief before the Supreme Court that "
+"the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act will, if left standing, destroy "
+"a whole generation of American film."
+msgstr ""
+"Alligevel gik Agee mod CTEA. Hans begrundelse er en sjælden dyd i denne "
+"kultur: uselviskhet. Han argumenterede i sit indlæg foran Højesteretten at "
+"Sonny Bono udvidelse af Loven om vernetiden for ophavsret vil, hvis den blev "
+"stående, ødelægge en hel generation med amerikansk film."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 231
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"His argument is straightforward. A tiny fraction of this work has any "
+"continuing commercial value. The rest—to the extent it survives at "
+"all—sits in vaults gathering dust. It may be that some of this work "
+"not now commercially valuable will be deemed to be valuable by the owners of "
+"the vaults. For this to occur, however, the commercial benefit from the work "
+"must exceed the costs of making the work available for distribution."
+msgstr ""
+"hans Argument er enkelt. En lille brøkdel af disse værker har vedvarende "
+"kommerciel værdi. Resten – i den grad de overlever i det hele taget "
+"– ligger i et hvælv og samler støv. Det kan være at nogle af disse "
+"værker som nu ikke er kommercielt værdifulde, vil blive vurderet at være "
+"værdifulde af ejerne af hvælvene. For at det skal ske, må den kommercielle "
+"gevinsten fra værkerne overstige omkostningen med at gøre virket "
+"tilgængeligt for distribution."
+
+#. f12.
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Brief of Hal Roach Studios and Michael Agee as Amicus Curiae Supporting the "
+"Petitoners, <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</"
+"citetitle>, 537 U.S. 186 (2003) (No. 01- 618), 12. See also Brief of Amicus "
+"Curiae filed on behalf of Petitioners by the Internet Archive, "
+"<citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, available "
+"at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #53</ulink>."
+msgstr ""
+"Brief of Haller Roach Studios and Michael Agee as Amicus Curiae Supporting "
+"the Petitoners, <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</"
+"citetitle>, 537 U.S. 186 (2003) (No. 01- 618), 12 . Se også Brief of Amicus "
+"Curiae filed on behalf of Petitioners by the Internet Archive, "
+"<citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, "
+"tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #53</"
+"ulink>."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"We can't know the benefits, but we do know a lot about the costs. For most "
+"of the history of film, the costs of restoring film were very high; digital "
+"technology has lowered these costs substantially. While it cost more than "
+"$10,000 to restore a ninety-minute black-and-white film in 1993, it can now "
+"cost as little as $100 to digitize one hour of 8 mm film.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Vi kan ikke vide gevinsten, men vi ved meget om omkostningerne. For det "
+"meste af filmhistorie har omkostningen med at restaurere film været rigtigt "
+"høj. Digital teknologi har reduceret disse omkostninger betydeligt. Mens "
+"det i 1993 kostede mere end 10 000 dollar for at restaurere en "
+"nittiminutters sort-hvidt-film, så kan det nu koste så lidt som 100 dollar "
+"at digitalisere en times 8-millimeterfilm.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
+"id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Restoration technology is not the only cost, nor the most important. "
+"Lawyers, too, are a cost, and increasingly, a very important one. In "
+"addition to preserving the film, a distributor needs to secure the rights. "
+"And to secure the rights for a film that is under copyright, you need to "
+"locate the copyright owner."
+msgstr ""
+"Restaureringteknologien er ikke den eneste omkostningen, og heller ikke den "
+"vigtigste. Advokater er også en omkostning, og i stadigt større grad, en "
+"rigtigt vigtig del. I tillæg til at bevare filmen, så må en distributør "
+"sikre sig rettighederne. Og for at sikre sig rettighederne til en film som "
+"er værnet af ophavsreten, så må du finde ophavsretejeren."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Or more accurately, <emphasis>owners</emphasis>. As we've seen, there isn't "
+"only a single copyright associated with a film; there are many. There isn't "
+"a single person whom you can contact about those copyrights; there are as "
+"many as can hold the rights, which turns out to be an extremely large "
+"number. Thus the costs of clearing the rights to these films is "
+"exceptionally high."
+msgstr ""
+"Eller for at være mere præcis, <emphasis>ejere</emphasis>. Som vi har set "
+"er det ikke bare en enkelt ophavsret tilknyttet en film. Det er mange. Det "
+"er ikke en enkelt person som du kan kontakte om disse ophavsreter. Det er "
+"lige så mange som det er ophavsreter knyttet til den, hvilket viser sig at "
+"være et ekstremt højt antal. Dermed bliver omkostningen med at klarere "
+"rettighederne for disse film eksepsjonelt høj."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<quote>But can't you just restore the film, distribute it, and then pay the "
+"copyright owner when she shows up?</quote> Sure, if you want to commit a "
+"felony. And even if you're not worried about committing a felony, when she "
+"does show up, she'll have the right to sue you for all the profits you have "
+"made. So, if you're successful, you can be fairly confident you'll be "
+"getting a call from someone's lawyer. And if you're not successful, you "
+"won't make enough to cover the costs of your own lawyer. Either way, you "
+"have to talk to a lawyer. And as is too often the case, saying you have to "
+"talk to a lawyer is the same as saying you won't make any money."
+msgstr ""
+"<quote>Men kan du ikke bare restaurere filmen, distribuere den, og så betale "
+"ophavsretejeren når hun dukker op ?</quote> Jovisst, hvis du ønsker at gøre "
+"dig selv til kriminel. Og selv om du ikke er bekymret over at begå en "
+"forbrydelse, så vil hun når hun dukker op , have ret til at sagsøge dig for "
+"al fortjeneste du har haft. Så hvis du lykkes, så kan du være rimeligt "
+"sikker på at du får besøg fra nogen advokat. Og hvis du ikke lykkes, så vil "
+"du ikke have tjent nok til at dække omkostningen for din egen advokat. "
+"Uanset vil du være nødt til at snakke med en advokat. Og det at sige at du "
+"må snakke med en advokat er ofte det samme som at sige at du ikke vil tjene "
+"nogle penge."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 232
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"For some films, the benefit of releasing the film may well exceed these "
+"costs. But for the vast majority of them, there is no way the benefit would "
+"outweigh the legal costs. Thus, for the vast majority of old films, Agee "
+"argued, the film will not be restored and distributed until the copyright "
+"expires."
+msgstr ""
+"For nogle film kan det hænde gevinsten fra at give ud filmen vil overskride "
+"disse omkostninger. Men for de aller fleste af dem er det ingen mulighed "
+"for at gevinsten vil oppveie de juridiske omkostningerne. Dermed vil de "
+"aller fleste gamle film, argumenterede Agee, ikke blive restaureret og "
+"distribueret føder ophavsreten løber ud."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"But by the time the copyright for these films expires, the film will have "
+"expired. These films were produced on nitrate-based stock, and nitrate stock "
+"dissolves over time. They will be gone, and the metal canisters in which "
+"they are now stored will be filled with nothing more than dust."
+msgstr ""
+"Men inden ophavsreten for disse film er utløpt, vil filmen have gået tabt. "
+"Disse film blev produceret på nitratbaserte filmruller, og nitratfilm går i "
+"opløsning over tid. De vil være borte, og metalæskerne der de nu bliver "
+"lagret vil kun indeholde støv."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>Of all the</emphasis> creative work produced by "
+"humans anywhere, a tiny fraction has continuing commercial value. For that "
+"tiny fraction, the copyright is a crucially important legal device. For that "
+"tiny fraction, the copyright creates incentives to produce and distribute "
+"the creative work. For that tiny fraction, the copyright acts as an "
+"<quote>engine of free expression.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>Af alle de</emphasis> kreative værker produceret af "
+"mennesker i værdet, så er det kun en lille brøkdel som fortsætter at have "
+"kommerciel værdi. For denne lille brøkdel er ophavsreten et vigtigt og "
+"kritisk juridisk virkemiddel. For denne lille brøkdel skaber ophavsreten "
+"incentiver til at producere og distribuere kreativt arbejde. For denne "
+"lille brøkdel fungerer ophavsret som en <quote>kraftkraft for udtrykfrihed.</"
+"quote>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"But even for that tiny fraction, the actual time during which the creative "
+"work has a commercial life is extremely short. As I've indicated, most books "
+"go out of print within one year. The same is true of music and film. "
+"Commercial culture is sharklike. It must keep moving. And when a creative "
+"work falls out of favor with the commercial distributors, the commercial "
+"life ends."
+msgstr ""
+"Men selv for denne lille brøkdel, så er den reelle tiden som det kreative "
+"værket har et kommercielt liv ekstremt kort. Som jeg insinuerede tidligere "
+"bliver de fleste bøge udsolgt fra forlaget inden et år. Det samme er "
+"tilfældet for musik og film. Kommerciel kultur er som et rovdyr. Den må "
+"fortsætte at bevæge sig. Og når et kreativt værk ikke længere får "
+"goodwillen fra en kommerciel distributør, så tager dens kommercielle epoke "
+"slutning."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Yet that doesn't mean the life of the creative work ends. We don't keep "
+"libraries of books in order to compete with Barnes & Noble, and we don't "
+"have archives of films because we expect people to choose between spending "
+"Friday night watching new movies and spending Friday night watching a 1930 "
+"news documentary. The noncommercial life of culture is important and "
+"valuable—for entertainment but also, and more importantly, for "
+"knowledge. To understand who we are, and where we came from, and how we have "
+"made the mistakes that we have, we need to have access to this history."
+msgstr ""
+"Alligevel betyder ikke dette at livet til det kreative værket er over. Vi "
+"har ikke biblioteker for at konkurrere med Barnes & Noble, og vi har "
+"ikke filmarkiver fordi vi forventer at folk skal vælge mellem at tilbringe "
+"fredagsaftenen med at se nye film, eller tilbringe fredagsaftenen med at se "
+"en nyhetsdokumentar fra 1930 . Det ikke-kommercielle epoken til kulturen er "
+"vigtigt og værdifuldt – som underholdning men også, og vigtigere, for "
+"kundskab. For at forstå hvem vi er, hvor vi kom fra og hvordan vi gjorde "
+"de fejl vi har gjort, så må vi have tilgang til denne historie."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 233
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Copyrights in this context do not drive an engine of free expression. In "
+"this context, there is no need for an exclusive right. Copyrights in this "
+"context do no good."
+msgstr ""
+"Ophavsreten i denne sammenhæng udgør ikke en kraftkraft for udtrykfrihed. "
+"I denne sammenhæng er det ikke behov for en eksklusiv rettighed. "
+"Ophavsreten i denne sammenhæng bidrager ikke positivt."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Yet, for most of our history, they also did little harm. For most of our "
+"history, when a work ended its commercial life, there was no "
+"<emphasis>copyright-related use</emphasis> that would be inhibited by an "
+"exclusive right. When a book went out of print, you could not buy it from a "
+"publisher. But you could still buy it from a used book store, and when a "
+"used book store sells it, in America, at least, there is no need to pay the "
+"copyright owner anything. Thus, the ordinary use of a book after its "
+"commercial life ended was a use that was independent of copyright law."
+msgstr ""
+"Men for det meste af vores historie gjorde den lille skade. For det meste "
+"af vores historie, når den kommercielle epoken til et værk tog slutning, så "
+"var det ikke noget <emphasis>opphavsrettsrelatert brug</emphasis> som villes "
+"blive blokeret af en eksklusiv ret. Når en bog blev udsolgt fra forlaget, "
+"så kunne du ikke købe det fra et forlag. Men du kunne fortsat købe den fra "
+"en bruktbokhandel. Og når man bruktbokhandel sælger den, i hvert fald i "
+"USA, så er det ikke nødvendigt at betale noget til ophavsretejeren. Dermed "
+"var den normale brugen af en bog efter at den kommercielle epoken tog "
+"slutning, en brug som var uafhængigt af opphavsrettslov."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The same was effectively true of film. Because the costs of restoring a "
+"film—the real economic costs, not the lawyer costs—were so high, "
+"it was never at all feasible to preserve or restore film. Like the remains "
+"of a great dinner, when it's over, it's over. Once a film passed out of its "
+"commercial life, it may have been archived for a bit, but that was the end "
+"of its life so long as the market didn't have more to offer."
+msgstr ""
+"Det samme var praktisk set tilfælde også for film. På grund af at "
+"omkostningerne med at restaurere en film – de egentlige økonomiske "
+"omkostningerne, ikke advokatomkostningerne – var så høje, så var det "
+"aldrig praktisk muligt at opbevare, eller restaurere film. Omtrent som med "
+"resterne efter en flot middag, når den er over, så er den over. Når den "
+"kommercielle epoken til en film var over, så kan den have blevet arkiveret "
+"en stund, men det var slutningen på filmens liv så længe markedet ikke havde "
+"noget mere at tilbyde."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"In other words, though copyright has been relatively short for most of our "
+"history, long copyrights wouldn't have mattered for the works that lost "
+"their commercial value. Long copyrights for these works would not have "
+"interfered with anything."
+msgstr ""
+"Med andre ord, selv om ophavsretbeskyttelsen har været relativt kort for det "
+"meste af vores historie, så villes ikke lang ophavsretbeskyttelse gjort "
+"noget forskel for arbejder som har mistet sin kommercielle værdi. Lang "
+"ophavsretbeskyttelse for disse værker villes ikke kommet i vejen for noget."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "But this situation has now changed."
+msgstr "Men denne situation er nu ændret."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"One crucially important consequence of the emergence of digital technologies "
+"is to enable the archive that Brewster Kahle dreams of. Digital "
+"technologies now make it possible to preserve and give access to all sorts "
+"of knowledge. Once a book goes out of print, we can now imagine digitizing "
+"it and making it available to everyone, forever. Once a film goes out of "
+"distribution, we could digitize it and make it available to everyone, "
+"forever. Digital technologies give new life to copyrighted material after it "
+"passes out of its commercial life. It is now possible to preserve and assure "
+"universal access to this knowledge and culture, whereas before it was not."
+msgstr ""
+"En rigtigt vigtig konsekvens af fremvæksten af digitale teknologier er at "
+"muliggjøre arkivet som Brewster Kahle drømmer om. Digitale teknologier gør "
+"det nu muligt at opbevare og give tilgang til alle typer kundskab. Når en "
+"bog er udsolgt fra forlaget, så kan vi forestille os at digitalisere den og "
+"gøre den tilgængeligt for alle, til evig tid. Når en film ikke længere er "
+"tilgængeligt fra distributør, kan vi digitalisere den og gøre den "
+"tilgængelig for alle, til evig tid. Digitale teknologier giver nyt liv til "
+"opphavsrettsbeskyttet materiale efter at den kommercielle epoke er over. "
+"Det er nu muligt at opbevare og sikre universell tilgang til denne kundskab "
+"og kulturen, mens det tidligere ikke var muligt."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 234
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"And now copyright law does get in the way. Every step of producing this "
+"digital archive of our culture infringes on the exclusive right of "
+"copyright. To digitize a book is to copy it. To do that requires permission "
+"of the copyright owner. The same with music, film, or any other aspect of "
+"our culture protected by copyright. The effort to make these things "
+"available to history, or to researchers, or to those who just want to "
+"explore, is now inhibited by a set of rules that were written for a "
+"radically different context."
+msgstr ""
+"Men nu kommer opphavsrettsloven i vejen. Hvert steg som trænges for at "
+"producere dette digitale arkiv over vores kultur skælder den eksklusive "
+"retten i ophavsreten. Å digitalisere en bog er at kopiere den. For at gøre "
+"det må man have tilladelse fra ophavsretejeren. Det samme gælder musik, "
+"film og ethvert andet aspekt af vores kultur som er beskyttet af "
+"ophavsreten. Indsatsen som trænges for at gøre disse ting tilgængeligt for "
+"fremtiden, eller til forskere, eller for dem som bare ønsker at udforske "
+"den, er nu hindret af det set med skrøner som blev skrevet for en radikalt "
+"anden sammenhæng."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Here is the core of the harm that comes from extending terms: Now that "
+"technology enables us to rebuild the library of Alexandria, the law gets in "
+"the way. And it doesn't get in the way for any useful <emphasis>copyright</"
+"emphasis> purpose, for the purpose of copyright is to enable the commercial "
+"market that spreads culture. No, we are talking about culture after it has "
+"lived its commercial life. In this context, copyright is serving no purpose "
+"<emphasis>at all</emphasis> related to the spread of knowledge. In this "
+"context, copyright is not an engine of free expression. Copyright is a brake."
+msgstr ""
+"Her er kernen i den skaden som kommer fra at udvide verneperiodene: Nu som "
+"teknologi gør det muligt for os at genopbygge biblioteket i Alexandria, "
+"kommer loven i vejen. Og den kommer ikke i vejen på grund af et nyttig "
+"<emphasis>ophavsrets</emphasis>formål, som jo er at gøre det muligt for det "
+"kommercielle markedet at brede kultur. Nej, vi snakker om kultur efter at "
+"den har levet sin kommercielle epoke. I denne sammenhæng har ikke "
+"ophavsreten noget formål <emphasis>i det hele taget</emphasis>, relateret "
+"til spredning af kundskab. I denne sammenhæng er ikke ophavsret en "
+"kraftkraft for udtrykfrihed. Ophavsret er en bremseklods."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"You may well ask, <quote>But if digital technologies lower the costs for "
+"Brewster Kahle, then they will lower the costs for Random House, too. So "
+"won't Random House do as well as Brewster Kahle in spreading culture widely?"
+"</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+"Du kan godt spørge, <quote>Men hvis digitale teknologier reducerer "
+"omkostningen for Brewster Kahle, så reducerer de også omkostningerne for "
+"Random House (USAs største bokforlag). Vil ikke Random House da brede "
+"kultur lige så vidt som Brewster Kahle?</quote>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Maybe. Someday. But there is absolutely no evidence to suggest that "
+"publishers would be as complete as libraries. If Barnes & Noble offered "
+"to lend books from its stores for a low price, would that eliminate the need "
+"for libraries? Only if you think that the only role of a library is to serve "
+"what <quote>the market</quote> would demand. But if you think the role of a "
+"library is bigger than this—if you think its role is to archive "
+"culture, whether there's a demand for any particular bit of that culture or "
+"not—then we can't count on the commercial market to do our library "
+"work for us."
+msgstr ""
+"Muligt det. En eller anden dag. Men det findes intet som tyder på at "
+"utgivere vil blive lige så komplette som biblioteker. Hvis Barnes & "
+"Noble tilbød udlåning af bøger fra sine dagsværker til en lavere pris, "
+"villes det eliminere behovet for biblioteker? Kun hvis du mener at den "
+"eneste rollen et bibliotek skal tjene, er den <quote>markedet</quote> "
+"efterspørger. Men hvis du mener bibliotekrollen er større en dette – "
+"hvis du mener dets rolle er at arkivere kultur, uafhængigt af om det er en "
+"efterspørgsel efter en bestemt bid af den kulturen eller ikke – da kan "
+"vi ikke basere os på at det kommercielle markedet vil gøre bibliotekjobbet "
+"for os."
+
+#. f13.
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Jason Schultz, <quote>The Myth of the 1976 Copyright <quote>Chaos</quote> "
+"Theory,</quote> 20 December 2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-"
+"culture.cc/notes/\">link #54</ulink>."
+msgstr ""
+"Jason Schultz, <quote>The Myth of the 1976 Copyright <quote>Chaos</quote> "
+"Theory,</quote> 20 . december 2002, tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://"
+"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #54</ulink>."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"I would be the first to agree that it should do as much as it can: We should "
+"rely upon the market as much as possible to spread and enable culture. My "
+"message is absolutely not antimarket. But where we see the market is not "
+"doing the job, then we should allow nonmarket forces the freedom to fill the "
+"gaps. As one researcher calculated for American culture, 94 percent of the "
+"films, books, and music produced between 1923 and 1946 is not commercially "
+"available. However much you love the commercial market, if access is a "
+"value, then 6 percent is a failure to provide that value.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Jeg er blandt de første til at være enigt/enig i at markedet skal gøre så "
+"meget som det kan: Vi bør basere os på markedet så meget som muligt for at "
+"brede og gøre kultur muligt. Mit budskab er absolut ikke imod markedet. "
+"Men der vi ser at markedet ikke gør jobbet bør vi tillade kræfter udenfor "
+"markedet friheden til at befolke hulerne. Man forsker beregnet for "
+"amerikansk kultur at 94 procent af film, bøger og musik produceret mellem "
+"1923 og 1946, ikke er kommercielt tilgængeligt. Uanset hvor mange du elsker "
+"markedet, så er 6 procent en svigt hvis tilgang er et måleparameter."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>In January 1999</emphasis>, we filed a lawsuit on "
+"Eric Eldred's behalf in federal district court in Washington, D.C., asking "
+"the court to declare the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act "
+"unconstitutional. The two central claims that we made were (1) that "
+"extending existing terms violated the Constitution's <quote>limited Times</"
+"quote> requirement, and (2) that extending terms by another twenty years "
+"violated the First Amendment."
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>I januar 1999</emphasis> anlagde vi sag på vegne af "
+"Eric Eldred ved den føderale regiondomstolen i Washington, D.C., og bad "
+"retten om at erklære Sonny Bono udvidelse af Loven om vernetiden for "
+"ophavsret i strid med Grunnloven. De to centrale påstandene vi kom med var "
+"(1) at at udvide eksisterende vernetid, var i strid med Grunnlovens krav om "
+"<quote>et begrænset tidsrum,</quote> og (2) at at udvide vernetiden med tyve "
+"nye år, var i strid med første grundlovtillæg."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The district court dismissed our claims without even hearing an argument. A "
+"panel of the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit also dismissed our "
+"claims, though after hearing an extensive argument. But that decision at "
+"least had a dissent, by one of the most conservative judges on that court. "
+"That dissent gave our claims life."
+msgstr ""
+"Regiondomstolen afviste vores krav uden en gang at høre på noget "
+"argumentation. Et kammer i ankedomstolen for D.C.-kredsen afviste også "
+"vores krav, denne gang efter at have hørt en omfattende argumentation. Men "
+"den afgørelsen havde i det mindste en dissens, fra en af de mest "
+"konservative dommerne i den domstolen. Denne dissens gav liv til vores krav."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Judge David Sentelle said the CTEA violated the requirement that copyrights "
+"be for <quote>limited Times</quote> only. His argument was as elegant as it "
+"was simple: If Congress can extend existing terms, then there is no "
+"<quote>stopping point</quote> to Congress's power under the Copyright "
+"Clause. The power to extend existing terms means Congress is not required to "
+"grant terms that are <quote>limited.</quote> Thus, Judge Sentelle argued, "
+"the court had to interpret the term <quote>limited Times</quote> to give it "
+"meaning. And the best interpretation, Judge Sentelle argued, would be to "
+"deny Congress the power to extend existing terms."
+msgstr ""
+"Dommer David Sentelle sagde at CTEA kun brød med kravet om at ophavsret "
+"skal gives for <quote>et begrænset tidsrum.</quote> Hans argument var lige "
+"så elegant som det var enkelt. Hvis Kongressen kan udvide eksisterende "
+"vernetid, så findes det ikke noget <quote>endepunkt</quote> for Kongressens "
+"myndighed ifølge ophavsretbestemmelsen. Myndigheden til at udvide "
+"vernetiden betyder at Kongressen ikke er nødt til at dele ud vernetider som "
+"er <quote>begrænset.</quote> Dermed argumenterede domme Sentelle at retten "
+"måtte tolke begrebet <quote>begrænset tidsrum</quote> for at det skulle have "
+"mening. Og domme Sentelle argumenterede at den bedste tolkningen villes "
+"være at nægte Kongressen myndighed til at udvide eksisterende vernetid."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"We asked the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit as a whole to hear the "
+"case. Cases are ordinarily heard in panels of three, except for important "
+"cases or cases that raise issues specific to the circuit as a whole, where "
+"the court will sit <quote>en banc</quote> to hear the case."
+msgstr ""
+"Vi spurgte ankedomstolen for D.C. ankekredsen i sin helhed om at tage op "
+"sagen. Sager tages normalt op i et kammer med tre deltagere, med undtagelse "
+"af vigtige sager, eller sager som tager op tema som er spesifikt for kredsen "
+"som helhed, der domstolen vil samles <quote>i plenum</quote> for at tage op "
+"sagen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Tatel, David"
+msgstr "Tatel, David"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 236
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The Court of Appeals rejected our request to hear the case en banc. This "
+"time, Judge Sentelle was joined by the most liberal member of the D.C. "
+"Circuit, Judge David Tatel. Both the most conservative and the most liberal "
+"judges in the D.C. Circuit believed Congress had overstepped its bounds."
+msgstr ""
+"Ankedomstolen afviste forår anmodning om at tage op sagen i plenum. Denne "
+"gang fik domme Sentelle følge af det mest liberale medlemmet af ankekredsen "
+"i D.C., domme David Tatel. Både den mest konservative og den mest liberale "
+"dommerne i ankekredsen i D.C. mente kongressen havde gået over sine grænser."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"It was here that most expected <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> v. "
+"<citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle> would die, for the Supreme Court rarely "
+"reviews any decision by a court of appeals. (It hears about one hundred "
+"cases a year, out of more than five thousand appeals.) And it practically "
+"never reviews a decision that upholds a statute when no other court has yet "
+"reviewed the statute."
+msgstr ""
+"Det var her de fleste forventet at <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> mod "
+"<citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle> villes dø, for Højesteret tager sjælden op "
+"en afgørelse gjort af en ankedomstol. (Den tager op omtrent hundrede sager "
+"i året, ud af mere end fem tusind suk.) Og den revurderer praktisk talt "
+"aldrig en afgørelse som opretholder en regel når ingen anden domstol så "
+"langt har revurderet reglen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"But in February 2002, the Supreme Court surprised the world by granting our "
+"petition to review the D.C. Circuit opinion. Argument was set for October of "
+"2002. The summer would be spent writing briefs and preparing for argument."
+msgstr ""
+"Men i februar 2002 overrasket Højesteret værdet ved at innvilge vores "
+"forespørgsel om at tage op igen afgørelsen fra D.C.-kredsen. "
+"Argumentationen blev fastsat til oktober 2002 . Sommeren blev tilbrakt med "
+"at skrive indlæg og forberede os på argumentationen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>It is over</emphasis> a year later as I write these "
+"words. It is still astonishingly hard. If you know anything at all about "
+"this story, you know that we lost the appeal. And if you know something more "
+"than just the minimum, you probably think there was no way this case could "
+"have been won. After our defeat, I received literally thousands of missives "
+"by well-wishers and supporters, thanking me for my work on behalf of this "
+"noble but doomed cause. And none from this pile was more significant to me "
+"than the e-mail from my client, Eric Eldred."
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>Det er mere</emphasis> end et år senere når jeg "
+"skriver disse ord. Det er fortsat utroligt vanskeligt. Hvis du ved noget "
+"om denne historie, så ved du at vi tabte sukket. Og hvis du ved noget mere "
+"end bare lidt, så tror du sikkert at det var ingen måde at vinde denne sag "
+"på. Efter vores nederlag fik jeg bogstaveligt talt tusindvis af hilsner fra "
+"støttespillere og folk som villes ønske mig lykke til, som takkede mig for "
+"min indsats på vegne af denne noble, men fortabte sag. Og ingen fra denne "
+"bunke var vigtigere for mig end e-posten fra min klient, Eric Eldred."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"But my client and these friends were wrong. This case could have been won. "
+"It should have been won. And no matter how hard I try to retell this story "
+"to myself, I can never escape believing that my own mistake lost it."
+msgstr ""
+"Men min klient, og disse venner tog fejl. Denne sag kunne været vundet. Den "
+"burde have været vundet. Og uanset hvor hårdt jeg prøver at fortælle den "
+"historie til mig selv, kan jeg aldrig slippe fra troen på at det er min fejl "
+"at vi ikke vandt."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Steward, Geoffrey"
+msgstr "Steward, Geoffrey"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Jones, Day, Reavis and Pogue (Jones Day)"
+msgstr "Jones, Day, Reavis og Pogue (Jones Day)"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 237
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>The mistake</emphasis> was made early, though it "
+"became obvious only at the very end. Our case had been supported from the "
+"very beginning by an extraordinary lawyer, Geoffrey Stewart, and by the law "
+"firm he had moved to, Jones, Day, Reavis and Pogue. Jones Day took a great "
+"deal of heat from its copyright-protectionist clients for supporting us. "
+"They ignored this pressure (something that few law firms today would ever "
+"do), and throughout the case, they gave it everything they could."
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>Fejlen</emphasis> blev gjort tidlig, skønnet det "
+"blev først åbenbaret på slutningen. vores Sag havde haft støtte hos en "
+"ekstraordinær advokat, Geoffrey Stewart, helt fra starten, og hos "
+"advokatfirmaet han havde flyttet til, Jones, Day, Reavis og Pogue. Jones Day "
+"modtog meget pres fra sine opphavsrettsbeskyttende klienter på grund af sin "
+"støtte til os. De ignorerede dette presset (noget rigtigt få advokatfirmaer "
+"nogensinde ville gøre), og gav alt de havde gennem hele sagen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Ayer, Don"
+msgstr "Ayer, Don"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Bromberg, Dan"
+msgstr "Brombjerg, Dan"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"There were three key lawyers on the case from Jones Day. Geoff Stewart was "
+"the first, but then Dan Bromberg and Don Ayer became quite involved. "
+"Bromberg and Ayer in particular had a common view about how this case would "
+"be won: We would only win, they repeatedly told me, if we could make the "
+"issue seem <quote>important</quote> to the Supreme Court. It had to seem as "
+"if dramatic harm were being done to free speech and free culture; otherwise, "
+"they would never vote against <quote>the most powerful media companies in "
+"the world.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+"Det var tre vigtige advokater på sagen fra Jones Day. Geoff Stewart var den "
+"første, men siden blev Dan Brombjerg og Don Ayer ganske involveret. "
+"Brombjerg og Ayer specielt, havde en fælles opfattelse om hvordan denne sag "
+"villes blive vundet: vi villes bare vinde, fortalte de gentagne gange til "
+"mig, hvis vi fik problemet til at virke <quote>vigtigt</quote> for "
+"Højesteret. Det måtte synes som om dramatisk skade blev gjort på "
+"ytringsfriheden og fri kultur, ellers villes de aldrig stemme mod <quote>de "
+"mægtigste mediaselskapene i værdet.</quote>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"I hate this view of the law. Of course I thought the Sonny Bono Act was a "
+"dramatic harm to free speech and free culture. Of course I still think it "
+"is. But the idea that the Supreme Court decides the law based on how "
+"important they believe the issues are is just wrong. It might be "
+"<quote>right</quote> as in <quote>true,</quote> I thought, but it is "
+"<quote>wrong</quote> as in <quote>it just shouldn't be that way.</quote> As "
+"I believed that any faithful interpretation of what the framers of our "
+"Constitution did would yield the conclusion that the CTEA was "
+"unconstitutional, and as I believed that any faithful interpretation of what "
+"the First Amendment means would yield the conclusion that the power to "
+"extend existing copyright terms is unconstitutional, I was not persuaded "
+"that we had to sell our case like soap. Just as a law that bans the "
+"swastika is unconstitutional not because the Court likes Nazis but because "
+"such a law would violate the Constitution, so too, in my view, would the "
+"Court decide whether Congress's law was constitutional based on the "
+"Constitution, not based on whether they liked the values that the framers "
+"put in the Constitution."
+msgstr ""
+"Jeg hader dette syn på retvæsenet. Selvfølgelig mente jeg at Sonny Bono-"
+"loven udgjorde en dramatisk skade på ytringsfriheden og fri kultur. Det "
+"mener jeg stadig. Men idéen om at Højesteret afgør rettilstanden, baseret "
+"på hvor vigtigt de mener problemerne er, bliver bare galt. Det er måske "
+"<quote>rigtigt</quote> i betydningen <quote>sandt,</quote> mente jeg, men "
+"det er <quote>galt</quote> som i <quote>det burde ikke være sådan .</quote> "
+" Eftersom jeg troede at enhver trofast tolkning af det vores "
+"grundlovforfattere gjorde, villes føre til konklusionen om at CTIA var i "
+"strid med Grunnloven, og eftersom jeg troede at enhver trofast tolkning af "
+"hvad første grundlovtillæg mener, villes føre til konklusionen om at "
+"myndigheden til at udvide opphavsrettslovens vernetid er i strid med "
+"Grunnloven, var jeg ikke overbevist om at vi måtte sælge vores sag som sæbe. "
+" På samme måde som loven som forbød solkorset var i strid med Grunnloven, "
+"ikke fordi domstolene kanlide nazister men fordi en sådan lov villes være i "
+"strid med Grunnloven, så villes også , efter mit syner, domstolene bestemme "
+"hvorvidt Kongressens lov var i tråd med Grunnloven baseret på Grunnloven, "
+"ikke baseret på om de kunnelide værdierne som grundlovforfatterne skrev ind "
+"i Grunnloven."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"In any case, I thought, the Court must already see the danger and the harm "
+"caused by this sort of law. Why else would they grant review? There was no "
+"reason to hear the case in the Supreme Court if they weren't convinced that "
+"this regulation was harmful. So in my view, we didn't need to persuade them "
+"that this law was bad, we needed to show why it was unconstitutional."
+msgstr ""
+"Jeg tænkte uanset at domstolen allerede må se fædrene og skaderne forårsaget "
+"af denne type lov. Hvorfor skulle de ellers gå med på at tage op sagen? "
+"Det var ingen grund til at tage op sagen i Højesteret hvis de ikke var "
+"overbevist om at dette lovværk var skadeligt/skadelig. Dermed var det efter "
+"mit syner ikke nødvendigt at overbevise den om at denne lov var ilde . Vi "
+"behøvede at vise dem hvorfor den var forfatningsstridig."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 238
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"There was one way, however, in which I felt politics would matter and in "
+"which I thought a response was appropriate. I was convinced that the Court "
+"would not hear our arguments if it thought these were just the arguments of "
+"a group of lefty loons. This Supreme Court was not about to launch into a "
+"new field of judicial review if it seemed that this field of review was "
+"simply the preference of a small political minority. Although my focus in "
+"the case was not to demonstrate how bad the Sonny Bono Act was but to "
+"demonstrate that it was unconstitutional, my hope was to make this argument "
+"against a background of briefs that covered the full range of political "
+"views. To show that this claim against the CTEA was grounded in "
+"<emphasis>law</emphasis> and not politics, then, we tried to gather the "
+"widest range of credible critics—credible not because they were rich "
+"and famous, but because they, in the aggregate, demonstrated that this law "
+"was unconstitutional regardless of one's politics."
+msgstr ""
+"Det var derimod en måde der jeg følte at politik villes betyde noget, og "
+"hvor jeg tænkte en appel var hensigtsmæssigt. Jeg var overbevist om at "
+"domstolen ikke villes høre på vores argumenter hvis den mente at de bare var "
+"argumenter fra en gruppe med venstrevridde gærninger. Denne Højesteret kom "
+"ikke til at falde ind i et nyt juridisk vurderingfelt hvis det virkede som "
+"om dette felt kun var interessant for en lille politisk minoritet. Selv om "
+"mit fokus i sagen ikke var at demonstrere hvor ilde Sonny Bono-loven var, "
+"men at demonstrere at den var i strid med Grunnloven, så var det mit håb at "
+"argumentere for dette mod en baggrund af indlæg som dækkede hele spektret af "
+"politiske ståsteder. For at vise at denne påstand mod CTEA var funderet i "
+"<emphasis>lovværket</emphasis> og ikke i politikken, forsøgte vi derfor at "
+"samle den videste rækken af troverdige kritikere – ikke troverdige "
+"fordi de var rige og berømte, men fordi de, samlede set, demonstrerede at "
+"denne lov var i strid med Grunnloven uafhængigt af ens politiske syner."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Eagle Forum"
+msgstr "Ørneforumet"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Schlafly, Phyllis"
+msgstr "Schlafly, Phyllis"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The first step happened all by itself. Phyllis Schlafly's organization, "
+"Eagle Forum, had been an opponent of the CTEA from the very beginning. Mrs. "
+"Schlafly viewed the CTEA as a sellout by Congress. In November 1998, she "
+"wrote a stinging editorial attacking the Republican Congress for allowing "
+"the law to pass. As she wrote, <quote>Do you sometimes wonder why bills that "
+"create a financial windfall to narrow special interests slide easily through "
+"the intricate legislative process, while bills that benefit the general "
+"public seem to get bogged down?</quote> The answer, as the editorial "
+"documented, was the power of money. Schlafly enumerated Disney's "
+"contributions to the key players on the committees. It was money, not "
+"justice, that gave Mickey Mouse twenty more years in Disney's control, "
+"Schlafly argued."
+msgstr ""
+"Det første skridtet skete helt af sig selv. Organisationen til Phyllis "
+"Schlafly, Ørneforumet, havde været modstande af CTEA helt fra begyndelsen. "
+"Frue Schlafly så på CTEA som at Kongressen havde solgt sig. Hun skrev en "
+"skarp leder i november 1998 som angreb den republikanske Kongressen for at "
+"tillade at loven blev vedtaget. Der skrev hun <quote>Du lurer nogle gange "
+"på hvorfor lovforslag som skaber finansiel medvind til smale særinteresser, "
+"glider så enkelt gennem den intrikate lovgivende processen, mens lovforslag "
+"som giver fordele til allmennheten generelt ser ud til at stoppe op ?</"
+"quote> Svaret, sådan lederartiklen dokumenterede, er pengeenes magt. "
+"Schlafly listede op bidrag fra Disney til centrale aktører i komiteerne. "
+"Det var penge, ikke retfærdighed, som gav Disney kontrol over Mikke Mus i "
+"tyve år ekstra, hævdet Schlafly."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"In the Court of Appeals, Eagle Forum was eager to file a brief supporting "
+"our position. Their brief made the argument that became the core claim in "
+"the Supreme Court: If Congress can extend the term of existing copyrights, "
+"there is no limit to Congress's power to set terms. That strong "
+"conservative argument persuaded a strong conservative judge, Judge Sentelle."
+msgstr ""
+"I ankedomstolen var Ørneforumet ivrigt efter at sende ind et indlæg som "
+"støttede vores position. Deres indlæg kom med argumentet som blev "
+"kernekravet i Højesteret: Hvis Kongressen kunne udvide vernetiden i "
+"ophavsreten, så fandtes det ingen begrænsninger i Kongressens myndighed til "
+"at fastsætte vernetider. Dette stærkt konservative argumentet overbeviste "
+"en stærk og konservativ dommer, Domme Sentelle."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 239
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"In the Supreme Court, the briefs on our side were about as diverse as it "
+"gets. They included an extraordinary historical brief by the Free Software "
+"Foundation (home of the GNU project that made GNU/Linux possible). They "
+"included a powerful brief about the costs of uncertainty by Intel. There "
+"were two law professors' briefs, one by copyright scholars and one by First "
+"Amendment scholars. There was an exhaustive and uncontroverted brief by the "
+"world's experts in the history of the Progress Clause. And of course, there "
+"was a new brief by Eagle Forum, repeating and strengthening its arguments."
+msgstr ""
+"I Højesteret var indlæggene som støttede vores side så forskellige som de "
+"kunne blive. De inkluderede et ekstraordinært historisk indlæg fra Free "
+"Software Foundation (ophavet til GNU-projektet som gjorde GNU/Linux muligt). "
+" De inkluderede et stærkt indlæg fra Intel om omkostningene ved usikkerhet. "
+"Det var indlæg fra to juiceprofessorer, et fra en opphavsrettsakademiker, og "
+"et fra Første grundlovtillæg-akademikere. Det var et udtømmende og "
+"uomtvistet indlæg fra værdets ekspert på historie til "
+"Fremskridtbestemmelsen. Og naturligvis var det et indlæg fra Ørneforumet, "
+"som gentog og styrkede sit argument."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "American Association of Law Libraries"
+msgstr "Amerikansk forening for juices-biblioteker"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "National Writers Union"
+msgstr "National skribentunion"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Those briefs framed a legal argument. Then to support the legal argument, "
+"there were a number of powerful briefs by libraries and archives, including "
+"the Internet Archive, the American Association of Law Libraries, and the "
+"National Writers Union."
+msgstr ""
+"Disse indlæg fremmede et juridisk argument. Og til støtte for det juridiske "
+"argumentet var det en række stærke indlæg fra biblioteker og arkiver, "
+"inkluderet Internet-arkivet, den amerikanske forening for juices-biblioteker "
+"og den nationale skribentunionen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"But two briefs captured the policy argument best. One made the argument I've "
+"already described: A brief by Hal Roach Studios argued that unless the law "
+"was struck, a whole generation of American film would disappear. The other "
+"made the economic argument absolutely clear."
+msgstr ""
+"Men to indlæg formidlede argumentet om klog politik bedst. Et støttet "
+"argumentet jeg allerede har beskrevet: Et indlæg fra Haller Roach Studios "
+"argumenterede med at med mindre loven blev droppet, villes en hel generation "
+"amerikansk film forsvinde. Det andre gjorde det økonomiske argumentet helt "
+"klart."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Akerlof, George"
+msgstr "Akerlof, George"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Arrow, Kenneth"
+msgstr "Arrow, Kenneth"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Buchanan, James"
+msgstr "Buchanan, James"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Coase, Ronald"
+msgstr "Coase, Ronald"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Friedman, Milton"
+msgstr "Friedman, Milton"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This economists' brief was signed by seventeen economists, including five "
+"Nobel Prize winners, including Ronald Coase, James Buchanan, Milton "
+"Friedman, Kenneth Arrow, and George Akerlof. The economists, as the list of "
+"Nobel winners demonstrates, spanned the political spectrum. Their "
+"conclusions were powerful: There was no plausible claim that extending the "
+"terms of existing copyrights would do anything to increase incentives to "
+"create. Such extensions were nothing more than <quote>rent-seeking</"
+"quote>—the fancy term economists use to describe special-interest "
+"legislation gone wild."
+msgstr ""
+"Indlægget fra økonomerne var underskrevet af sytten økonomer, deraf fem "
+"nobelprisvindere, inkluderet Ronald Coase, James Buchanan, Milton Friedman, "
+"Kenneth Arrow, og George Akerlof. Økonomerne, sådan listen med "
+"nobelprisvindere demonstrerer, bredte sig over hele det politiske spektrum. "
+"Deres konklusion var stærk: Det fandtes ingen troverdig påstand om at at "
+"udvide vernetiden for eksisterende ophavsret, villes øge incentivene for at "
+"skabe. Sådan udvidelse var intet mere end at <quote>tilkarringsvirksomhet</"
+"quote> (på engelsk <quote>rent-seeking</quote>) – det fancy begrebet "
+"økonomer bruger for at beskrive særinteresselovgivning på vildspor."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Fried, Charles"
+msgstr "Fried, Charles"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Morrison, Alan"
+msgstr "Morrison, Alan"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Public Citizen"
+msgstr "Public Citizen"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Reagan, Ronald"
+msgstr "Reagan, Ronald"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 240
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The same effort at balance was reflected in the legal team we gathered to "
+"write our briefs in the case. The Jones Day lawyers had been with us from "
+"the start. But when the case got to the Supreme Court, we added three "
+"lawyers to help us frame this argument to this Court: Alan Morrison, a "
+"lawyer from Public Citizen, a Washington group that had made constitutional "
+"history with a series of seminal victories in the Supreme Court defending "
+"individual rights; my colleague and dean, Kathleen Sullivan, who had argued "
+"many cases in the Court, and who had advised us early on about a First "
+"Amendment strategy; and finally, former solicitor general Charles Fried."
+msgstr ""
+"Den samme balancerede fremstilling blev reflekteret i den juridiske gruppen "
+"vi samlet for at forfatte vores indlæg i sagen. Advokaterne fra Jones Day "
+"havde været med os fra starten. Men da sagen kom til Højesteret, lagde vi "
+"til tre advokater for at hjælpe os at forme dette argument til domstolen. "
+"Den ene var Alan Morrison, en advokat fra Washington-grupperingen Public "
+"Citizen, en gruppe som havde fortaget konstitusjonell historie med en række "
+"banebrytende sejre i Højesteret som forsvarede individuelle rettigheder. "
+"Den anden var min kollega og fakultetleder, Kathleen Sullivan, som havde "
+"lagt frem mange sager for domstolen, og som tidligt havde givet os råd om en "
+"Første grundlovtillægstrategi. Til sidst, tidligere regeringsadvokat "
+"Charles Fried."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Commerce Clause of"
+msgstr "Handelbestemmelsen i"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Fried was a special victory for our side. Every other former solicitor "
+"general was hired by the other side to defend Congress's power to give media "
+"companies the special favor of extended copyright terms. Fried was the only "
+"one who turned down that lucrative assignment to stand up for something he "
+"believed in. He had been Ronald Reagan's chief lawyer in the Supreme Court. "
+"He had helped craft the line of cases that limited Congress's power in the "
+"context of the Commerce Clause. And while he had argued many positions in "
+"the Supreme Court that I personally disagreed with, his joining the cause "
+"was a vote of confidence in our argument."
+msgstr ""
+"Fried var en speciel sejr for vores side. Alle de andre tidligere "
+"regeringsadvokater var hyret ind af den andre side for at forsvare "
+"Kongressens ret til at give mediaselskaper den specielle gunsten med "
+"udvidede opphavsrettsvernetid. Fried var den eneste som havde takket nej "
+"til den lukrative opgaven for at stå for noget han troede på. Han havde "
+"været Ronald Reagens bossadvokat i Højesteret. Han havde bidraget med at "
+"formulere den rækken af sager som havde begrænset Kongressens myndighed i "
+"forbindelse med Handels-bestemmelsen. Og selv om han havde argumenteret "
+"mange positioner i Højesteret som jeg personligt var uenigt/uenig i, var det "
+"at han blev med i sagen et tillitsvotum for vores argumenter."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The government, in defending the statute, had its collection of friends, as "
+"well. Significantly, however, none of these <quote>friends</quote> included "
+"historians or economists. The briefs on the other side of the case were "
+"written exclusively by major media companies, congressmen, and copyright "
+"holders."
+msgstr ""
+"Regeringen havde, i sit forsvar af lovendringen, også sin egen samling "
+"venner. Det er værd at mærke sig at ingen af disse <quote>venner</quote> "
+"inkluderede historikere eller økonomer. Indlæggene på den andre side af "
+"sagen var skrevet eksklusivt af store mediumselskaber, kongresmedlemmer og "
+"ophavsretindehavere."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The media companies were not surprising. They had the most to gain from the "
+"law. The congressmen were not surprising either—they were defending "
+"their power and, indirectly, the gravy train of contributions such power "
+"induced. And of course it was not surprising that the copyright holders "
+"would defend the idea that they should continue to have the right to control "
+"who did what with content they wanted to control."
+msgstr ""
+"Mediumselskaberne overraskede ikke . De havde mest at tjene på loven. "
+"Kongresmedlemmerne var heller ikke overraskende – de forsvarede sin "
+"magt og, indirekte, de farvepige pengeene som denne magt førte til. Og det "
+"var naturligvis ikke overraskende at ophavsretindehaverne villes forsvare "
+"idéen om at de skulle fortsætte at have retten til at kontrollere hvem som "
+"gjorde hvad med indhold de ønskede at kontrollere."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Gershwin, George"
+msgstr "Gershwin, George"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Porgy and Bess"
+msgstr "Porgy and Bess"
+
+#. f14.
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Brief of Amici Dr. Seuss Enterprise et al., <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> v. "
+"<citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 537 U.S. (2003) (No. 01-618), 19."
+msgstr ""
+"Indlæg fra Amici Dr. Seuss Enterprise et avl., <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> "
+"v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 537 U.S. (2003) (No. 01-618), 19 ."
+
+#. f15.
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Dinitia Smith, <quote>Immortal Words, Immortal Royalties? Even Mickey Mouse "
+"Joins the Fray,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 28 March "
+"1998, B7."
+msgstr ""
+"Dinitia Smith, <quote>Immortal Words, Immortal Royaltyer? Even Mickey Mouse "
+"Joins the Fray,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 28 . marts "
+"1998, B7 ."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 241
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Dr. Seuss's representatives, for example, argued that it was better for the "
+"Dr. Seuss estate to control what happened to Dr. Seuss's work— better "
+"than allowing it to fall into the public domain—because if this "
+"creativity were in the public domain, then people could use it to "
+"<quote>glorify drugs or to create pornography.</quote><placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> That was also the motive of the Gershwin estate, "
+"which defended its <quote>protection</quote> of the work of George Gershwin. "
+"They refuse, for example, to license <citetitle>Porgy and Bess</citetitle> "
+"to anyone who refuses to use African Americans in the cast.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> That's their view of how this part of American "
+"culture should be controlled, and they wanted this law to help them effect "
+"that control."
+msgstr ""
+"Repræsentanter for Dr. Seuss argumenterede for eksempel med at det var "
+"bedre at rettighetshaverne efter Dr. Seuss kontrollerede hvad som skete med "
+"værkerne til Dr. Seuss – bedre end at lade de henhøre i det fri "
+"– på grund af at hvis dette kreative arbejdet var allemannseie, så "
+"villes folk bruge det til at <quote>forherlige narkotika og skabe pornografi."
+"</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Dette var også motivet "
+"til rettighetshaverne efter Gershwin, som forsvarede sin <quote>beskyttelse</"
+"quote> af værkerne til George Gershwin. De afviste for eksempel at "
+"licensiere ud <citetitle>Porgy and Bess</citetitle> til enhver som nægtede "
+"at bruge afrikansk-amerikanere i rollelisten.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
+"id=\"1\"/> Det var deres syner på hvordan denne del af amerikansk kultur "
+"burde blive kontrolleret, og de ønskede hjælp fra denne lov til at "
+"effektuere denne kontrol."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This argument made clear a theme that is rarely noticed in this debate. "
+"When Congress decides to extend the term of existing copyrights, Congress is "
+"making a choice about which speakers it will favor. Famous and beloved "
+"copyright owners, such as the Gershwin estate and Dr. Seuss, come to "
+"Congress and say, <quote>Give us twenty years to control the speech about "
+"these icons of American culture. We'll do better with them than anyone else."
+"</quote> Congress of course likes to reward the popular and famous by giving "
+"them what they want. But when Congress gives people an exclusive right to "
+"speak in a certain way, that's just what the First Amendment is "
+"traditionally meant to block."
+msgstr ""
+"Dette argument gjorde klart et tema som sjælden bliver lagt mærke til i "
+"denne debat. Når Kongressen beslutter at forlænge vernetiden til "
+"eksisterende ophavsreter, så gør Kongressen et valg om hvilke stemmer de "
+"giver fordele. Berømte og elskede ophavsretejere, sådan som Gershwin-boet "
+"og Dr. Seuss, kommer til Kongressen og siger <quote>Give os tyve år ekstra "
+"til at kontrollere ytringene om disse Amerikanske kultur-ikonerne. Vi "
+"kommer til at gøre en bedre job end nogle andre.</quote> Kongressen kan "
+"naturligvis lide at belønne de populære og berømte ved at give dem det de "
+"ønsker. Men når Kongressen giver folk en eksklusiv ret til at snakke på en "
+"bestemt måde, så er det akkurat det Første grundlovtillæg traditionelt er "
+"ment at blokere."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"We argued as much in a final brief. Not only would upholding the CTEA mean "
+"that there was no limit to the power of Congress to extend copyrights—"
+"extensions that would further concentrate the market; it would also mean "
+"that there was no limit to Congress's power to play favorites, through "
+"copyright, with who has the right to speak."
+msgstr ""
+"Vi hævdede det samme i et afsluttende indlæg. Ikke bare villes det at "
+"opretholde CTEA betyde at det ikke fandtes nogle grænse for Kongressens "
+"myndighed til at udvide vernetiden – udvidelser som yderstere villes "
+"snævre ind markedet. Det villes også betyde at det ikke var nogle "
+"begrænsninger i Kongressens mulighed til at favorisere enkeltaktører, ved "
+"hjælp af ophavsreten, og styre hvem som havde lov til at ytre sig."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>Between February</emphasis> and October, there was "
+"little I did beyond preparing for this case. Early on, as I said, I set the "
+"strategy."
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>Mellem februar</emphasis> og oktober gjorde jeg lidt "
+"andet end at forberede mig for denne sag. Som jeg nævnede tidligere , "
+"bestemte jeg strategien tidligt."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Kennedy, Anthony"
+msgstr "Kennedy, Anthony"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "O'Connor, Sandra Day"
+msgstr "O'Connor, Sandra Day"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Thomas, Clarence"
+msgstr "Thomas, Clarence"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Scalia, Antonin"
+msgstr "Scalia, Antonin"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "congressional actions restrained by"
+msgstr "Kongressens handlinger begrænsede af"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "factions of"
+msgstr "fraktioner i"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The Supreme Court was divided into two important camps. One camp we called "
+"<quote>the Conservatives.</quote> The other we called <quote>the Rest.</"
+"quote> The Conservatives included Chief Justice Rehnquist, Justice O'Connor, "
+"Justice Scalia, Justice Kennedy, and Justice Thomas. These five had been the "
+"most consistent in limiting Congress's power. They were the five who had "
+"supported the <citetitle>Lopez/Morrison</citetitle> line of cases that said "
+"that an enumerated power had to be interpreted to assure that Congress's "
+"powers had limits."
+msgstr ""
+"Højesteretten var delt i to vigtige grupper. En gruppe kaldte vi <quote>de "
+"konservative.</quote> Den andre kaldte vi <quote>resten.</quote> De "
+"konservative inkluderede højesteretsjustitiarius Rehnquist, domme O'Connor, "
+"domme Scalia, domme Kennedy og domme Thomas. Disse fem havde været mest "
+"konsistente i at begrænse Kongressens magt. Disse var de fem som havde "
+"støttet <citetitle>Lopez/Morrison</citetitle>-rækken af sager som sagde at "
+"en opplistet kompetence måtte tolkes sådan at den sikrede at Kongressens "
+"kompetence havde begrænsninger."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Breyer, Stephen"
+msgstr "Breyer, Stephen"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Ginsburg, Ruth Bader"
+msgstr "Ginsburg, Ruth Bader"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 242
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The Rest were the four Justices who had strongly opposed limits on "
+"Congress's power. These four—Justice Stevens, Justice Souter, Justice "
+"Ginsburg, and Justice Breyer—had repeatedly argued that the "
+"Constitution gives Congress broad discretion to decide how best to implement "
+"its powers. In case after case, these justices had argued that the Court's "
+"role should be one of deference. Though the votes of these four justices "
+"were the votes that I personally had most consistently agreed with, they "
+"were also the votes that we were least likely to get."
+msgstr ""
+"Resten var de fire dommerne som stærkt modsatte sig at begrænse Kongressens "
+"myndighed. Disse fire – domme Stevens, domme Souter, domme Ginsburg "
+"og domme Breyer – havde gentagne gange argumenteret med at Grunnloven "
+"giver Kongressen vældig bredt skøn til at bestemme hvordan den skal bedst "
+"bruge sin myndighed. I sag efter sag havde dirre dommerne argumenteret at "
+"domstolens rolle skulle være at overlade denne vurdering til andre. Selv om "
+"voteringen til disse fire dommerne var voteringene jeg personligt havde "
+"været mest konsekvent enigt/enig med, så var de også stemmerne det var "
+"mindst sandsynligt at vi villes få."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"In particular, the least likely was Justice Ginsburg's. In addition to her "
+"general view about deference to Congress (except where issues of gender are "
+"involved), she had been particularly deferential in the context of "
+"intellectual property protections. She and her daughter (an excellent and "
+"well-known intellectual property scholar) were cut from the same "
+"intellectual property cloth. We expected she would agree with the writings "
+"of her daughter: that Congress had the power in this context to do as it "
+"wished, even if what Congress wished made little sense."
+msgstr ""
+"Specielt lille sandsynligt var stemmen til domme Ginsburg. I tillæg til "
+"hendes generelle syner om at overlade vurderingen til Kongressen (undtagen "
+"der hen tema om køn var involveret), så havde hun været specielt klar på at "
+"overlade vurderingen til Kongressen i forbindelse med beskyttelse af "
+"intellektuell ejendom. Hun og hendes datter (en glimrende og velkendt "
+"akademiker inden immateriell ejendom) var to avlen af samme immaterielle "
+"ejendomstykke. Vi forventede at hun villes være enig med skrifterne til "
+"datteren: at Kongressen havde myndighed i denne sammenhæng til at gøre som "
+"den ønskede, selv om det Kongressen ønskede ikke gav mening."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Close behind Justice Ginsburg were two justices whom we also viewed as "
+"unlikely allies, though possible surprises. Justice Souter strongly favored "
+"deference to Congress, as did Justice Breyer. But both were also very "
+"sensitive to free speech concerns. And as we strongly believed, there was a "
+"very important free speech argument against these retrospective extensions."
+msgstr ""
+"Tæt bag domme Ginsburg var to dommere som vi også så på som usannsynlige "
+"allierede, men vi kunne blive overrasket. Domme Souter favoriserede stærkt "
+"at lade Kongressen bestemme, og det samme gjorde domme Breyer. Men begge "
+"var også vældig følsomme for ytringsfrihetsbekymringer. Og vi troede "
+"stærkt at det var vigtige ytringsfrihedargumenter mod disse tilbakevirkende "
+"udvidelserne."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The only vote we could be confident about was that of Justice Stevens. "
+"History will record Justice Stevens as one of the greatest judges on this "
+"Court. His votes are consistently eclectic, which just means that no simple "
+"ideology explains where he will stand. But he had consistently argued for "
+"limits in the context of intellectual property generally. We were fairly "
+"confident he would recognize limits here."
+msgstr ""
+"Den eneste stemmen vi kunne være tryg på var den til domme Stevens. "
+"Historie viser at domme Stevens er en af de største dommerne i denne "
+"domstol. Hans stemmer har været konsistent eklektisk, hvilket bare betyder "
+"at ikke nogle enkel ideologi forklarer hvordan han vil stille sig. Men han "
+"havde konsistent argumenteret for begrænsninger i sammenhæng med immateriell "
+"ejendom generelt. Vi var rimeligt sikre på at han villes kende igen "
+"begrænsningerne her."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This analysis of <quote>the Rest</quote> showed most clearly where our focus "
+"had to be: on the Conservatives. To win this case, we had to crack open "
+"these five and get at least a majority to go our way. Thus, the single "
+"overriding argument that animated our claim rested on the Conservatives' "
+"most important jurisprudential innovation—the argument that Judge "
+"Sentelle had relied upon in the Court of Appeals, that Congress's power must "
+"be interpreted so that its enumerated powers have limits."
+msgstr ""
+"Denne analyse af <quote>resten</quote> viste tydeligst hvor forår fokus "
+"måtte være: på de konservative. For at vinde denne sag måtte vi fortage en "
+"sprække mellem disse fem, og få i hvert fald et flertal over på vores lave. "
+"Dermed blev det ene overstyrende argument som gav liv til vores påstand "
+"hvilende på de konservatives vigtigste rettsvitenskapelige nyskabning "
+"– argumentet som domme Sentelle havde baseret sig på i ankedomstolen, "
+"at Kongressens kompetence måtte tolkes sådan at kompetencerne som var listet "
+"op havde begrænsninger."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 243
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This then was the core of our strategy—a strategy for which I am "
+"responsible. We would get the Court to see that just as with the "
+"<citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> case, under the government's argument here, "
+"Congress would always have unlimited power to extend existing terms. If "
+"anything was plain about Congress's power under the Progress Clause, it was "
+"that this power was supposed to be <quote>limited.</quote> Our aim would be "
+"to get the Court to reconcile <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> with "
+"<citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>: If Congress's power to regulate commerce was "
+"limited, then so, too, must Congress's power to regulate copyright be "
+"limited."
+msgstr ""
+"Dette var dermed kernen i vores strategi – en strategi som jeg er "
+"ansvarlig for. Vi villes få retten til at se at akkurat som i "
+"<citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>-sagen, så villes Kongressen ifølge regeringens "
+"argumentation altid have ubegrænset magt til at udvide eksisterende "
+"vernetider. Hvis noget var klart om Kongressens magt i henhold til "
+"Fremskridtbestemmelsen, så var det at magten var ment at være "
+"<quote>begrænset.</quote> Vår målsetting villes være at få retten til at "
+"forene <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> med <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>: Hvis "
+"Kongressens myndighed til at regulere handel var begrænset, så måtte også "
+"Kongressens myndighed til at regulere ophavsreten være begrænset."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>The argument</emphasis> on the government's side "
+"came down to this: Congress has done it before. It should be allowed to do "
+"it again. The government claimed that from the very beginning, Congress has "
+"been extending the term of existing copyrights. So, the government argued, "
+"the Court should not now say that practice is unconstitutional."
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>Argumentet</emphasis> på regeringens side kogte ned "
+"til dette: Kongressen har gjort det før, og bør få lov til at gøre det igen. "
+" Regeringen hævdede at helt fra starten har Kongressen udvidet vernetiden "
+"til eksisterende ophavsret. Derfor, argumenterede regeringen, burde ikke "
+"domstolen nu sige at praksissen var forfatningsstridig."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"There was some truth to the government's claim, but not much. We certainly "
+"agreed that Congress had extended existing terms in 1831 and in 1909. And of "
+"course, in 1962, Congress began extending existing terms regularly—"
+"eleven times in forty years."
+msgstr ""
+"Det var noget sandt i regeringens påstand, men ikke meget. Vi var helt "
+"klart enigt/enig i at Kongressen havde udvidet verntiden i 1831 og i 1909 . "
+"Og selvfølgelig i 1962, da Kongressen begyndte at regelmæssigt udvide "
+"eksisterende vernetid – elleve gange på fyrre år."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"But this <quote>consistency</quote> should be kept in perspective. Congress "
+"extended existing terms once in the first hundred years of the Republic. It "
+"then extended existing terms once again in the next fifty. Those rare "
+"extensions are in contrast to the now regular practice of extending existing "
+"terms. Whatever restraint Congress had had in the past, that restraint was "
+"now gone. Congress was now in a cycle of extensions; there was no reason to "
+"expect that cycle would end. This Court had not hesitated to intervene where "
+"Congress was in a similar cycle of extension. There was no reason it "
+"couldn't intervene here."
+msgstr ""
+"Men denne <quote>konsistens</quote> bør man se på i perspektiv. Kongressen "
+"udvidede gældende vernetid en gang de første hundrede årene af republikken. "
+"Derefter udvidede de den gældende vernetid endnu en gang i løbet af de næste "
+"halvtreds. Disse sjældne udvidelser står i kontrast til dagens praksis om "
+"at regelmæssigt udvide gældende vernetid. Uanset hvad slags selvbeherskelse "
+"Kongressen havde tidligere , så er denne selvbeherskelsen nu borte. "
+"Kongressen var nu i en cyklus med udvidelser, og det var ingen grund til at "
+"forvente at denne cyklus kom til at tage slutning. Denne domstol havde ikke "
+" drysset med at gribe ind når Kongressen var i lignende udvidelses-"
+"cyklusser. Det var ingen grund til at de ikke kunne gribe ind her."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 244
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>Oral argument</emphasis> was scheduled for the first "
+"week in October. I arrived in D.C. two weeks before the argument. During "
+"those two weeks, I was repeatedly <quote>mooted</quote> by lawyers who had "
+"volunteered to help in the case. Such <quote>moots</quote> are basically "
+"practice rounds, where wannabe justices fire questions at wannabe winners."
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>Mundtlig argumentation</emphasis> var fastsat til "
+"første uge i oktober. Jeg ankom D.C. to uger føder dette. I løbet af disse "
+"to ugerne blev jeg gang på gang <quote>drillet</quote> af advokater som "
+"havde meldt sig frivilligt til at hjælpe til i sagen. Sådanne "
+"<quote>opponeringsøkter</quote> er i essensen øvelserunder hvor de som vil "
+"være dommere fyrer af spørgsmål mod de som vil vinde."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"I was convinced that to win, I had to keep the Court focused on a single "
+"point: that if this extension is permitted, then there is no limit to the "
+"power to set terms. Going with the government would mean that terms would be "
+"effectively unlimited; going with us would give Congress a clear line to "
+"follow: Don't extend existing terms. The moots were an effective practice; I "
+"found ways to take every question back to this central idea."
+msgstr ""
+"Jeg var overbevist om at for at vinne, måtte jeg holde domstolen fokuseret "
+"på et enkelt pointe: hvis denne udvidelse blev accepteret, så villes det "
+"ikke være nogle grænser for myndigheden til at vedtage vernetider. Å være "
+"enigt/enig med regeringen villes betyde at vernetider effektivt set vilde "
+"være ubegrænset. Å være enigt/enig med os villes give Kongressen en klar "
+"linje at følge: Ikke udvid eksisterende vernetider. Opponeringsøktene var "
+"effektiv træning. Jeg fandt tilpasser at bringe hvert eneste spørgsmål "
+"tilbage til den centrale idéen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"One moot was before the lawyers at Jones Day. Don Ayer was the skeptic. He "
+"had served in the Reagan Justice Department with Solicitor General Charles "
+"Fried. He had argued many cases before the Supreme Court. And in his review "
+"of the moot, he let his concern speak:"
+msgstr ""
+"En opponeringsøkt var foran advokaterne hos Jones Day. Pusl Ayer var "
+"skeptikeren. Han havde tjenestegjort i Justitsdepartementet under Reagen "
+"med regeringsadvokat Charles Fried. Han havde præsenteret mange sager foran "
+"Højesteret. Og i sin oppsummering af opponeringsøkten kom han med sin "
+"bekymring:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<quote>I'm just afraid that unless they really see the harm, they won't be "
+"willing to upset this practice that the government says has been a "
+"consistent practice for two hundred years. You have to make them see the "
+"harm—passionately get them to see the harm. For if they don't see "
+"that, then we haven't any chance of winning.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+"<quote>Jeg er bare bange for at med mindre de virkeligt ser skaden, så vil "
+"de ikke være villige til at bryde denne praksis som regeringen siger har "
+"været konsistent praksis i to hundrede år. Du må få dem til at se skaden "
+"– eftertrykkeligt få dem til at se skaden. Hvis de ikke ser den, så "
+"har vi ingen chance til at vinde.</quote>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"He may have argued many cases before this Court, I thought, but he didn't "
+"understand its soul. As a clerk, I had seen the Justices do the right "
+"thing—not because of politics but because it was right. As a law "
+"professor, I had spent my life teaching my students that this Court does the "
+"right thing—not because of politics but because it is right. As I "
+"listened to Ayer's plea for passion in pressing politics, I understood his "
+"point, and I rejected it. Our argument was right. That was enough. Let the "
+"politicians learn to see that it was also good."
+msgstr ""
+"Han havde måske lagt frem mange sager foran denne domstol, tænkte jeg, men "
+"han havde ikke forstået deres sjel. Som en funktionær havde jeg set "
+"dommerne gøre det rigtige – ikke på grund af politik, men fordi det "
+"var rigtigt. Som en juiceprofessor havde jeg brugt livet på at lære mine "
+"studenter at denne domstol gør det som er rigtigt – ikke på grund af "
+"politik, men fordi det var rigtigt. Mens jeg hørte på Ayers lidenskabelige "
+"bøn om politisk pres, forstod jeg hans pointe, og jeg forkastede det. Vores "
+"argument var rigtigt. Det var nok . Lagde politikerne lære at det også var "
+"godt ."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 245
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>The night before</emphasis> the argument, a line of "
+"people began to form in front of the Supreme Court. The case had become a "
+"focus of the press and of the movement to free culture. Hundreds stood in "
+"line for the chance to see the proceedings. Scores spent the night on the "
+"Supreme Court steps so that they would be assured a seat."
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>Natten føder</emphasis> argumentationen begyndte en "
+"kø af folk at dukke op foran Højesteret. Sagen havde fået opmærksomhed fra "
+"presset og Fri kultur-bevægelsen. Hundredevis stod på række for at få en "
+"chance til at se forhandlingen. Flokkevis tilbrakte natten på trappen til "
+"Højesteret for at sikre sig et sæde."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Not everyone has to wait in line. People who know the Justices can ask for "
+"seats they control. (I asked Justice Scalia's chambers for seats for my "
+"parents, for example.) Members of the Supreme Court bar can get a seat in a "
+"special section reserved for them. And senators and congressmen have a "
+"special place where they get to sit, too. And finally, of course, the press "
+"has a gallery, as do clerks working for the Justices on the Court. As we "
+"entered that morning, there was no place that was not taken. This was an "
+"argument about intellectual property law, yet the halls were filled. As I "
+"walked in to take my seat at the front of the Court, I saw my parents "
+"sitting on the left. As I sat down at the table, I saw Jack Valenti sitting "
+"in the special section ordinarily reserved for family of the Justices."
+msgstr ""
+"Alle måtte ikke vente i kø. Folk som kender dommerne kan bede om pladser "
+"de kontrollerer. (Jeg bad domme Scalias kontor om plads til mine forældre, "
+"for eksempel.) Medlemmer med møderet i Højesteret kan bede om en plads i en "
+"speciel del forbeholdt dem. Og senatorer og kongresmedlemmer har en speciel "
+"plads der de også kan sidde. Og til slutning har naturligvis presset et "
+"galleri på samme måde som kontorpersonel som arbejder for dommerne i "
+"domstolen. Da vi ankom den morgenen, var det ingen pladser som var ledigt. "
+"Dette var en diskussion om immaterialrett, og alligevel var hallerne helt "
+"fulde. Da jeg gik ind for at tage min plads foran domstolen, så jeg mine "
+"forældre siddende på venstre side. Da jeg satte mig ned ved bordet, så jeg "
+"Jack Valenti siddende i den specielle delen normalt forbeholdt familien til "
+"dommerne."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"When the Chief Justice called me to begin my argument, I began where I "
+"intended to stay: on the question of the limits on Congress's power. This "
+"was a case about enumerated powers, I said, and whether those enumerated "
+"powers had any limit."
+msgstr ""
+"Da høyesterettsjustitiariusen bad mig om at starte på min argumentation, "
+"begyndte jeg der jeg planlagde at holde mig: ved spørgsmålet om "
+"begrænsningerne i Kongressens magt. Dette var en sag om de opplistede "
+"kompetencerne, sagde jeg, og hvorvidt disse opplistede kompetencerne har "
+"grænser."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Justice O'Connor stopped me within one minute of my opening. The history "
+"was bothering her."
+msgstr ""
+"Domme O'Connor stoppede mig før det jeg var kommet et minut ind i "
+"åbningforedraget mit. Historie plagede hende."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"justice o'connor: Congress has extended the term so often through the years, "
+"and if you are right, don't we run the risk of upsetting previous extensions "
+"of time? I mean, this seems to be a practice that began with the very first "
+"act."
+msgstr ""
+"Dommer O'Connor: Kongressen har gennem tiden udvidet vernetiden så mange "
+"gange. Hvis du har ret , risikerer vi ikke at forstyrre tidligere "
+"udvidelser af vernetiden? Jeg mener, dette virker at være en praksis som "
+"startede med den aller første lovendringen?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"She was quite willing to concede <quote>that this flies directly in the face "
+"of what the framers had in mind.</quote> But my response again and again was "
+"to emphasize limits on Congress's power."
+msgstr ""
+"Hun var ganske villig til at indrømme <quote>at dette går ret i synet på "
+"det grundlovforfatterne havde i tankene.</quote> Men min respons igen og "
+"igen var at understrege begrænsningerne i Kongressens myndighed."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 246
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"mr. lessig: Well, if it flies in the face of what the framers had in mind, "
+"then the question is, is there a way of interpreting their words that gives "
+"effect to what they had in mind, and the answer is yes."
+msgstr ""
+"Herre Lessig: Vel, hvis det går ret i synet på det grundlovforfatterne havde "
+"i tankene så er spørgsmålet, er det en måde at tolke deres ord som giver "
+"effekten de havde i tankene, og svaret er jaer."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"There were two points in this argument when I should have seen where the "
+"Court was going. The first was a question by Justice Kennedy, who observed,"
+msgstr ""
+"Det var to pointer i dette argument der jeg burde have set hvor retten var "
+"på vej. Det første var et spørgsmål fra domme Kennedy, som observerede:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"justice kennedy: Well, I suppose implicit in the argument that the '76 act, "
+"too, should have been declared void, and that we might leave it alone "
+"because of the disruption, is that for all these years the act has impeded "
+"progress in science and the useful arts. I just don't see any empirical "
+"evidence for that."
+msgstr ""
+"Dommer Kennedy: Vel, jeg antager at det er implisitt i argumentet at "
+"ændringen fra 1976 også bør blive kendt ugyldigt, og at vi kan lade den være "
+"for at undgå forstyrrelsen, er at i alle disse år som loven har hæmmet "
+"fremgang i videnskab og nyttige kunstarter, så ser jeg intet empirisk bevis "
+"for dette."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Here follows my clear mistake. Like a professor correcting a student, I "
+"answered,"
+msgstr ""
+"Her følger min åbenbare fejl. Som en professor som korrigerer en student, "
+"svarede jeg:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"mr. lessig: Justice, we are not making an empirical claim at all. Nothing "
+"in our Copyright Clause claim hangs upon the empirical assertion about "
+"impeding progress. Our only argument is this is a structural limit necessary "
+"to assure that what would be an effectively perpetual term not be permitted "
+"under the copyright laws."
+msgstr ""
+"Herre Lessig: Domme, det er ikke en empirisk påstand i det hele taget. "
+"Ingenting i påstanden om vores ophavsretbestemmelse baserer sig på den "
+"empiriske antagelsen om at hindre fremgang. Vores eneste argument er at "
+"dette er en strukturell begrænsning som er nødvendigt for at sikre at det "
+"som i praksis villes være en evigvarende vernetid ikke bliver tilladt i "
+"opphavsrettsloven."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"That was a correct answer, but it wasn't the right answer. The right answer "
+"was instead that there was an obvious and profound harm. Any number of "
+"briefs had been written about it. He wanted to hear it. And here was the "
+"place Don Ayer's advice should have mattered. This was a softball; my answer "
+"was a swing and a miss."
+msgstr ""
+"Det var et rigtigt svar, men det var ikke det rigtige svaret. Det rigtige "
+"svaret var i stedet at skaden var åpenbar og dyptgripende. En række indlæg "
+"var blevet skrevet om den. Han ønskede at høre det. Og det var her rådet "
+"fra Don Ayer burde have haft betydning. Dette var en farve pasning, og mit "
+"svar bummet fuldstændig ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The second came from the Chief, for whom the whole case had been crafted. "
+"For the Chief Justice had crafted the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> ruling, "
+"and we hoped that he would see this case as its second cousin."
+msgstr ""
+"Det andre kom fra høyesterettsjustitiariusen, som hele sagen havde blevet "
+"udformet for. For høyesterettsjustitiariusen havde udformet "
+"<citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>-afgørelsen og vi håbet at han villes se at "
+"denne sag var deres tremenning."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 247
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"It was clear a second into his question that he wasn't at all sympathetic. "
+"To him, we were a bunch of anarchists. As he asked:"
+msgstr ""
+"Det var klart allerede et sekund ind i hans spørgsmål at han overhovedet "
+"ikke havde sympati med os. For ham var vi en gruppe med anarkister. Han "
+"spurgte derefter :"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"chief justice: Well, but you want more than that. You want the right to copy "
+"verbatim other people's books, don't you?"
+msgstr ""
+"Højesteretsjustitiarius: Vel, men du ønsker mere end det. Du ønsker at have "
+"lov til at ordrett kopiere andre folks bøger, gør du ikke?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"mr. lessig: We want the right to copy verbatim works that should be in the "
+"public domain and would be in the public domain but for a statute that "
+"cannot be justified under ordinary First Amendment analysis or under a "
+"proper reading of the limits built into the Copyright Clause."
+msgstr ""
+"Herre Lessig: Vi ønsker retten til at ordrett kopiere værk som bør være "
+"allemannseie, og villes været allemannseie havde det ikke været for man "
+"lovpraksis som ikke kan begrundes med normal analyse af det første "
+"grundlovtillæg, eller med korrekt lesning af begrænsningerne som er bygget "
+"ind i ophavsretbestemmelsen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Olson, Theodore B."
+msgstr "Olson, Theodore B."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Things went better for us when the government gave its argument; for now the "
+"Court picked up on the core of our claim. As Justice Scalia asked Solicitor "
+"General Olson,"
+msgstr ""
+"Ting gik bedre for os da regeringen præsenterede sit åbningforedrag. For nu "
+"tog retten tag i kernen i vores påstande. Domme Scalia spurgte "
+"regeringsadvokat Olson:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"justice scalia: You say that the functional equivalent of an unlimited time "
+"would be a violation [of the Constitution], but that's precisely the "
+"argument that's being made by petitioners here, that a limited time which is "
+"extendable is the functional equivalent of an unlimited time."
+msgstr ""
+"Domme Scalia: Du siger at den funksjonelle ækvivalenten til en ubegrænset "
+"vernetid villes være i strid [med Grunnloven], men det er jo nøjagtigt det "
+"argumentet som fremmes af saksøkerne her, at man begrænsede vernetid som er "
+"utvidbar er den funksjonelle ækvivalenten til en ubegrænset vernetid."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"When Olson was finished, it was my turn to give a closing rebuttal. Olson's "
+"flailing had revived my anger. But my anger still was directed to the "
+"academic, not the practical. The government was arguing as if this were the "
+"first case ever to consider limits on Congress's Copyright and Patent Clause "
+"power. Ever the professor and not the advocate, I closed by pointing out the "
+"long history of the Court imposing limits on Congress's power in the name of "
+"the Copyright and Patent Clause— indeed, the very first case striking "
+"a law of Congress as exceeding a specific enumerated power was based upon "
+"the Copyright and Patent Clause. All true. But it wasn't going to move the "
+"Court to my side."
+msgstr ""
+"Da Olson var færdigt, var det min tur til at give et afsluttende motinnlegg. "
+" Olsons overhøvling havde vækket mit sind. Men mit sind var fortsat rettet "
+"mod det akademiske, ikke det praktiske. Regeringen argumenterede som om "
+"dette var den første gang nogensinde domstolene vurderede at begrænse "
+"Kongressens myndighed over ophavsret og patenter. Som altid som en "
+"professor og ikke en talsmand, afsluttede jeg med at pege på domstolens "
+"lange historie med at introducere begrænsninger i Kongressens myndighed over "
+"ophavsret og patentbestemmelsen i Grunnloven – faktisk var det første "
+"tilfældet der hen en lov fra Kongressen blev fundet at gå ud over en "
+"spesifikk opplistet kompetence baseret på ophavsret og patentbestemmelsen. "
+"Helt sandt, men det kom ikke til at vinde domstolen over på min side."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 248
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>As I left</emphasis> the court that day, I knew "
+"there were a hundred points I wished I could remake. There were a hundred "
+"questions I wished I had answered differently. But one way of thinking about "
+"this case left me optimistic."
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>Da jeg afgik</emphasis> fra retten den dagen, vidste "
+"jeg det var hundredevis af ting jeg skulle ønske jeg havde gjort på nyt. "
+"Det var hundredevis af spørgsmål jeg skulle ønske jeg havde svaret "
+"anderledes . Men en måde at tænke på denne sag gjorde mig optimistisk."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The government had been asked over and over again, what is the limit? Over "
+"and over again, it had answered there is no limit. This was precisely the "
+"answer I wanted the Court to hear. For I could not imagine how the Court "
+"could understand that the government believed Congress's power was unlimited "
+"under the terms of the Copyright Clause, and sustain the government's "
+"argument. The solicitor general had made my argument for me. No matter how "
+"often I tried, I could not understand how the Court could find that "
+"Congress's power under the Commerce Clause was limited, but under the "
+"Copyright Clause, unlimited. In those rare moments when I let myself believe "
+"that we may have prevailed, it was because I felt this Court—in "
+"particular, the Conservatives—would feel itself constrained by the "
+"rule of law that it had established elsewhere."
+msgstr ""
+"Regeringen havde blevet spurgt om og om igen, hvor er grænsen? Og igen og "
+"igen havde den svaret at det var ingen grænse. Det var netop svaret jeg "
+"ønsket at retten skulle høre. For jeg kunne ikke forestille mig hvordan "
+"retten kunne forstå at regeringen mente Kongressens myndighed var ubegrænset "
+"under betingelsene i opphavsrettbestemmelsen, og opretholde regeringens "
+"argument. Regeringsadvokaten havde fremmet mit argument for mig. Uanset "
+"hvor mange jeg forsøgte, kunne jeg ikke forstå hvordan retten kunne komme "
+"til at Kongressens myndighed ifølge handelbestemmelsen var begrænset mens "
+"den under ophavsretbestemmelsen var ubegrænset. I de sjældne øjeblikke der "
+"jeg lod mig selv tro at vi havde nået frem, var det på grund af at jeg "
+"oplevede at denne domstol – specielt de konservative – villes se "
+"at de selv blev ramt af begrænsningerne af den retpraksis den allerede havde "
+"etableret."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>The morning</emphasis> of January 15, 2003, I was "
+"five minutes late to the office and missed the 7:00 A.M. call from the "
+"Supreme Court clerk. Listening to the message, I could tell in an instant "
+"that she had bad news to report.The Supreme Court had affirmed the decision "
+"of the Court of Appeals. Seven justices had voted in the majority. There "
+"were two dissents."
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>På morgenen</emphasis> 15 . januar 2003 var jeg fem "
+"minutter for sent til kontoret, og gik glipp af 07:00-oppringingen fra "
+"retskriveren i Højesteret. Jeg forstod øjeblikkeligt, bare ved at høre på "
+"meldingen på telefonsvareren, at hun kom med dårlige nyheder. Højesteretten "
+"havde bekræftet afgørelsen fra ankedomstolen. Syv dommere havde udgjort "
+"flertallet, og det var to dissenser."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"A few seconds later, the opinions arrived by e-mail. I took the phone off "
+"the hook, posted an announcement to our blog, and sat down to see where I "
+"had been wrong in my reasoning."
+msgstr ""
+"Nogle få sekunder senere ankom domsavsigelsen via e-post. Jeg tog "
+"telefonrøret af krogen, lagde ud en kunngjøring på bloggen forår, og satte "
+"mig så ned for at se hvor jeg havde taget fejl i min argumentation."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"My <emphasis>reasoning</emphasis>. Here was a case that pitted all the money "
+"in the world against <emphasis>reasoning</emphasis>. And here was the last "
+"naïve law professor, scouring the pages, looking for reasoning."
+msgstr ""
+"Min <emphasis>argumentation</emphasis>. Her var en sag som satsede al "
+"værdets penge på at <emphasis>argumentation</emphasis> villes tabe. Og her "
+"sad den sidste naive juiceprofessoren og trawlede gennem siderne på jagt "
+"efter argumentation."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"I first scoured the opinion, looking for how the Court would distinguish the "
+"principle in this case from the principle in <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>. "
+"The argument was nowhere to be found. The case was not even cited. The "
+"argument that was the core argument of our case did not even appear in the "
+"Court's opinion."
+msgstr ""
+"Først trawlede jeg domsavsigelsen for at finne hvordan domstolen villes "
+"skille princippet i denne sag fra princippet i <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>. "
+" Jeg fandt ikke argumentet noget sted. Sagen var ikke en gang citeret. "
+"Argumentet som var kerneargumentet i vores sag var ikke en gang til "
+"præsentere i domstolens domsavsigelsen."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 249
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Justice Ginsburg simply ignored the enumerated powers argument. Consistent "
+"with her view that Congress's power was not limited generally, she had found "
+"Congress's power not limited here."
+msgstr ""
+"Domme Ginsburg ignorerede ganske enkelt argumentet om opplistede "
+"kompetencer. Konsistent med hendes syner om at Kongressens magt ikke var "
+"begrænset generelt, havde hun konkluderet med at Kongressens myndighed ikke "
+"var begrænset her ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Her opinion was perfectly reasonable—for her, and for Justice Souter. "
+"Neither believes in <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>. It would be too much to "
+"expect them to write an opinion that recognized, much less explained, the "
+"doctrine they had worked so hard to defeat."
+msgstr ""
+"Hendes betenkning var helt rimeligt – for hende og for domme Souter. "
+"Ingen af dem tror på <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>. Det villes være for "
+"meget at forvente at de skulle skrive en rettsbetenkning som anerkendte, "
+"langt mindre forklarede, den doktrinen som de havde arbejdet så hårdt for "
+"at bekæmpe."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"But as I realized what had happened, I couldn't quite believe what I was "
+"reading. I had said there was no way this Court could reconcile limited "
+"powers with the Commerce Clause and unlimited powers with the Progress "
+"Clause. It had never even occurred to me that they could reconcile the two "
+"simply <emphasis>by not addressing the argument</emphasis>. There was no "
+"inconsistency because they would not talk about the two together. There was "
+"therefore no principle that followed from the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> "
+"case: In that context, Congress's power would be limited, but in this "
+"context it would not."
+msgstr ""
+"Men efterhånden som jeg indså hvad som havde sket, så kunne jeg ikke helt "
+"tro det jeg læste. Jeg havde sagt at det ikke var muligt for domstolen at "
+"forene begrænset myndighed for Handelbestemmelsen og ubegrænset myndighed "
+"for Fremskridtbestemmelsen. Det havde aldrig slået mig at de kunne forene "
+"disse to ved at ganske enkelt at <emphasis>ikke tage hensyn til argumentet</"
+"emphasis>. Det skabte ikke inkonsistens ganske enkelt fordi de lod være at "
+"omtale de to sammen. Det var dermed ikke noget princip som fulgte fra "
+"<citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>-sagen: I den sammenhængen var Kongressens "
+"myndighed begrænset, men i denne sammenhæng var den ikke begrænset."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Yet by what right did they get to choose which of the framers' values they "
+"would respect? By what right did they—the silent five—get to "
+"select the part of the Constitution they would enforce based on the values "
+"they thought important? We were right back to the argument that I said I "
+"hated at the start: I had failed to convince them that the issue here was "
+"important, and I had failed to recognize that however much I might hate a "
+"system in which the Court gets to pick the constitutional values that it "
+"will respect, that is the system we have."
+msgstr ""
+"Alligevel, med hvilken ret får de vælge hvilke af grundlovforfatterne "
+"værdier de skulle respektere? Med hvilken ret fik de – de tause fem "
+"– vælge hvilken del af Grunnloven de villes håndhæve baseret på "
+"værdierne de mente var vigtige? Vi var helt tilbage til det argumentet som "
+"jeg sagde jeg hadede i starten: Jeg havde fejlet i at overbevise dem om at "
+"problemet her var vigtigt, og jeg havde fejlet i at indse at uanset hvor "
+"mange jeg hader et system der domstolen kan vælge hvilke konstitusjonelle "
+"værdier den vil respektere, så er det systemet vi har."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Justices Breyer and Stevens wrote very strong dissents. Stevens's opinion "
+"was crafted internal to the law: He argued that the tradition of "
+"intellectual property law should not support this unjustified extension of "
+"terms. He based his argument on a parallel analysis that had governed in the "
+"context of patents (so had we). But the rest of the Court discounted the "
+"parallel—without explaining how the very same words in the Progress "
+"Clause could come to mean totally different things depending upon whether "
+"the words were about patents or copyrights. The Court let Justice Stevens's "
+"charge go unanswered."
+msgstr ""
+"Dommerne Breyer og Stevens skræv vældig stærke dissenser. Stevens betenkning "
+"var udformet baseret på lovværket: Han argumenterede med at traditionen til "
+"immateriallretten ikke burde støtte denne uberettigede udvidelsen af "
+"vernetiden. Han baserede sit argument på en parallel analyse som havde "
+"styret i patentsammenhæng (sådan vi gjorde). Men resten af domstolen "
+"afviste denne parallel – uden at forklare hvordan nøjagtigt de samme "
+"ord i Fremskridtbestemmelsen kunne betyde noget helt andet afhængigt af "
+"hvorvidt de handlet om patenter eller ophavsret. Domstolen lod domme "
+"Stevens anklage stå ubesvaret."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 250
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Justice Breyer's opinion, perhaps the best opinion he has ever written, was "
+"external to the Constitution. He argued that the term of copyrights has "
+"become so long as to be effectively unlimited. We had said that under the "
+"current term, a copyright gave an author 99.8 percent of the value of a "
+"perpetual term. Breyer said we were wrong, that the actual number was "
+"99.9997 percent of a perpetual term. Either way, the point was clear: If the "
+"Constitution said a term had to be <quote>limited,</quote> and the existing "
+"term was so long as to be effectively unlimited, then it was "
+"unconstitutional."
+msgstr ""
+"Domme Breyers betenkning, måske den bedste betenkningen han nogensinde har "
+"skrevet, var uafhængigt af Grunnloven. Han argumenterede med at vernetiden "
+"i ophavsreten havde blevet så lang at den effektivt set var ubegrænset. Vi "
+"havde sagt at under de nuværende vilkårene gav ophavsreten en forfatter 99,"
+"8 procent af værdien til en uendelig vernetid. Breyer sagde vi tog fejl, at "
+"det faktiske tallet var 99,9997 procent af en uendelig vernetid. Uanset var "
+"pointen klart: Hvis Grunnloven sagde at vernetiden måtte være "
+"<quote>begrænset,</quote> og den eksisterende vernetiden var så lang at den "
+"i praksis var ubegrænset, så var den grunnlovstridig."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"These two justices understood all the arguments we had made. But because "
+"neither believed in the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> case, neither was "
+"willing to push it as a reason to reject this extension. The case was "
+"decided without anyone having addressed the argument that we had carried "
+"from Judge Sentelle. It was <citetitle>Hamlet</citetitle> without the Prince."
+msgstr ""
+"Disse to dommerne forstod alle argumenterne vi havde kommet med . Men fordi "
+"ingen af dem troede på <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>-sagen, var ingen af dem "
+"villigt til at bruge den som en grund til at afvise denne udvidelse. Sagen "
+"var afgjort uden at nogle tog tag i argumentet vi havde taget med fra domme "
+"Sentelle. Det var <citetitle>Hamlet</citetitle> uden prinsen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>Defeat brings depression</emphasis>. They say it is "
+"a sign of health when depression gives way to anger. My anger came quickly, "
+"but it didn't cure the depression. This anger was of two sorts."
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>Tab giver depression</emphasis>. De siger det er et "
+"sunnhetstegn når depression må vige for vrede. Mit vrede kom raskt, men det "
+"kurerede ikke depressionen. Sindet gik i to retninger."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "originalism"
+msgstr "orginalisme"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"It was first anger with the five <quote>Conservatives.</quote> It would have "
+"been one thing for them to have explained why the principle of "
+"<citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> didn't apply in this case. That wouldn't have "
+"been a very convincing argument, I don't believe, having read it made by "
+"others, and having tried to make it myself. But it at least would have been "
+"an act of integrity. These justices in particular have repeatedly said that "
+"the proper mode of interpreting the Constitution is <quote>originalism</"
+"quote>—to first understand the framers' text, interpreted in their "
+"context, in light of the structure of the Constitution. That method had "
+"produced <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> and many other <quote>originalist</"
+"quote> rulings. Where was their <quote>originalism</quote> now?"
+msgstr ""
+"Det var først vrede mod de fem <quote>Konservative.</quote> Det villes "
+"været en ting om de havde forklaret hvorfor princippet i <citetitle>Lopez</"
+"citetitle> ikke skulle anvendes i dette tilfælde. Jeg tror ikke det villes "
+"ikke været et rigtigt overbevisende argument, efter at have læst det "
+"fremmet af andre, og forsøgt at fremføre det selv. Men det villes i hvert "
+"fald været en handling med integritet. Specielt disse dommere havde gentagne "
+"gange sagt at den rigtige måden at tolke Grunnloven på var "
+"<quote>originalisme</quote> – at først forstå grundlovforfatterne "
+"tekst, tolket i deres sammenhæng, i lys af strukturen i Grunnloven. Den "
+"metoden havde ført til <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> og mange andre "
+"<quote>originalistiske</quote> afgørelser. Hvor var deres "
+"<quote>originalisme</quote> nu?"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 251
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Here, they had joined an opinion that never once tried to explain what the "
+"framers had meant by crafting the Progress Clause as they did; they joined "
+"an opinion that never once tried to explain how the structure of that clause "
+"would affect the interpretation of Congress's power. And they joined an "
+"opinion that didn't even try to explain why this grant of power could be "
+"unlimited, whereas the Commerce Clause would be limited. In short, they had "
+"joined an opinion that did not apply to, and was inconsistent with, their "
+"own method for interpreting the Constitution. This opinion may well have "
+"yielded a result that they liked. It did not produce a reason that was "
+"consistent with their own principles."
+msgstr ""
+"Her havde de samlet sig om en betenkning som ikke en eneste gang forsøgte at "
+"forklare hvad grundlovforfatterne havde ment ved at udforme "
+"Fremskridtbestemmelsen sådan de gjorde. De blev med på en betenkning som "
+"aldrig forsøgte at forklare hvordan strukturerne til denne bestemmelse "
+"villes påvirke tolkningen af Kongressens myndighed. Og de blev med på en "
+"betenkning som ikke engang forsøger at forklare hvorfor denne tildeling af "
+"myndighed kunne være ubegrænset, mens Handelbestemmelsen villes være "
+"begrænset. Kort sagt, de havde blevet med på en betenkning som galdt for, "
+"og var inkonsistent med, deres egen metode for at tolke Grunnloven. Denne "
+"betenkningen gav måske et resultat som de kunnelide. Men den gav ikke en "
+"begrundelse som var konsistent med deres egen principper."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"My anger with the Conservatives quickly yielded to anger with myself. For I "
+"had let a view of the law that I liked interfere with a view of the law as "
+"it is."
+msgstr ""
+"Mit vrede mod de konservative gav raskt efter for sindet mod mig selv. For "
+"jeg havde ladet en holdning til loven som jeg kunnelide forstyrre en "
+"holdning til loven sådan den er."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Most lawyers, and most law professors, have little patience for idealism "
+"about courts in general and this Supreme Court in particular. Most have a "
+"much more pragmatic view. When Don Ayer said that this case would be won "
+"based on whether I could convince the Justices that the framers' values were "
+"important, I fought the idea, because I didn't want to believe that that is "
+"how this Court decides. I insisted on arguing this case as if it were a "
+"simple application of a set of principles. I had an argument that followed "
+"in logic. I didn't need to waste my time showing it should also follow in "
+"popularity."
+msgstr ""
+"De fleste advokater, og de fleste jussprofessesorer, har lille tålmodighet "
+"for idealisme om domstolene generelt, og denne Højesteret specielt. De "
+"fleste har et mere pragmatisk syner. Da Don Ayer sagde at denne sag villes "
+"vindes baseret på om jeg kunne overbevise dommerne om at grundlovforfatterne "
+"værdier var vigtige, kæmpede jeg mod idéen, fordi jeg ikke ønskede at tro at "
+"dette var hvordan denne domstol tog afgørelser. Jeg insisterede på at "
+"argumentere for denne sag som om det var man enkel anvendelse af et sæt med "
+"principper. Jeg havde et argument som fulgte af logikken. Jeg behøvede ikke "
+" at kaste væk min tid ved at vise at det også burde følge af folkmeningen."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 252
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"As I read back over the transcript from that argument in October, I can see "
+"a hundred places where the answers could have taken the conversation in "
+"different directions, where the truth about the harm that this unchecked "
+"power will cause could have been made clear to this Court. Justice Kennedy "
+"in good faith wanted to be shown. I, idiotically, corrected his question. "
+"Justice Souter in good faith wanted to be shown the First Amendment harms. "
+"I, like a math teacher, reframed the question to make the logical point. I "
+"had shown them how they could strike this law of Congress if they wanted to. "
+"There were a hundred places where I could have helped them want to, yet my "
+"stubbornness, my refusal to give in, stopped me. I have stood before "
+"hundreds of audiences trying to persuade; I have used passion in that effort "
+"to persuade; but I refused to stand before this audience and try to persuade "
+"with the passion I had used elsewhere. It was not the basis on which a court "
+"should decide the issue."
+msgstr ""
+"Når jeg igen læser igennem avskriften fra argumentationen i oktober, ser jeg "
+"hundredevis af pladser hvor svarene kunne have taget samtalen i andre "
+"retninger, hvor sandheden om skaden som denne ukontrollerte myndigheden vil "
+"forårsage kunne været klargjort for domstolen. Dommer Kennedy ønskede i god "
+"tro at blive vist dette. Jeg, idiotisk nok, korrigerede hans spørgsmål. "
+"Domme Souter villes i god tro blive vist skaderne relateret til Første "
+"grundlovtillæg. Jeg, som en måttelærer, omrammet spørgsmålet for at lægge "
+"frem det logisk pointen. Jeg havde vist dem hvordan de kunne slå ned på "
+"denne lov hvis de ønskede det. Det var hundredevis af steder hvor jeg kunne "
+"have hjulpet dem til at ønske det, men min vrangvilje, det at jeg aldrig gav "
+"mig, hindrede mig. Jeg havde stået foran hundredevis af publikum og forsøgt "
+"at overtale dem. Jeg havde brugt lidenskab i mit forsøg på at overtale, men "
+"jeg nægtede at stå foran dette publikum og forsøge at overtale dem med den "
+"lidenskaben jeg havde brugt andre steder. Det var ikke på et sådant "
+"grundlag en domstol burde afgøre denne sag."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Would it have been different if I had argued it differently? Would it have "
+"been different if Don Ayer had argued it? Or Charles Fried? Or Kathleen "
+"Sullivan?"
+msgstr ""
+"Villes det gået anderledes hvis jeg havde argumenteret lidt forskelligt? "
+"Villes det have gået anderledes hvis Don Ayer havde argumenteret? Eller "
+"Charles Fried? Eller Kathleen Sullivan?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"My friends huddled around me to insist it would not. The Court was not "
+"ready, my friends insisted. This was a loss that was destined. It would take "
+"a great deal more to show our society why our framers were right. And when "
+"we do that, we will be able to show that Court."
+msgstr ""
+"Mine venner samlede sig rundt mig for at insistere på at det villes det "
+"ikke. Domstolen var ikke klar, insisterede mine venner. Det var et tab "
+"bestemt af skæbnen. Det villes kræve meget mere for at visse/vise vores "
+"samfund hvorfor grundlovforsamlingen havde ret . Og når vi gør dette, så "
+"vil vi være i stand til at vise det til denne domstol."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Maybe, but I doubt it. These Justices have no financial interest in doing "
+"anything except the right thing. They are not lobbied. They have little "
+"reason to resist doing right. I can't help but think that if I had stepped "
+"down from this pretty picture of dispassionate justice, I could have "
+"persuaded."
+msgstr ""
+"Muligt det, men jeg tvivler. Disse dommere havde ingen økonomiske "
+"interesser i at gøre noget andet end det som var rigtigt. De bliver ikke "
+"udsat for lobbyvirksomhed. De har lille interesse i og undgå at gøre det "
+"som er rigtigt. Jeg klarer ikke lade være at tænke at om jeg havde givet "
+"slip på mit pæne billede af juicen uden følelser, så havde jeg overbevist "
+"dem."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"And even if I couldn't, then that doesn't excuse what happened in January. "
+"For at the start of this case, one of America's leading intellectual "
+"property professors stated publicly that my bringing this case was a "
+"mistake. <quote>The Court is not ready,</quote> Peter Jaszi said; this issue "
+"should not be raised until it is."
+msgstr ""
+"Men selv om jeg ikke kunne det, så undskylder dette ikke det som skete i "
+"januar. For i starten af denne sag havde en af USAs ledende professorer "
+"inden immaterialretten udtalt offentligt at jeg gjorde en fejl ved at fremme "
+"denne sag. <quote>Domstolen er ikke klar</quote>, havde Peter Jaszi sagt, "
+"og fulgte op med <quote>dette tema bør ikke tages op før den er det.</"
+"quote>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"After the argument and after the decision, Peter said to me, and publicly, "
+"that he was wrong. But if indeed that Court could not have been persuaded, "
+"then that is all the evidence that's needed to know that here again Peter "
+"was right. Either I was not ready to argue this case in a way that would do "
+"some good or they were not ready to hear this case in a way that would do "
+"some good. Either way, the decision to bring this case—a decision I "
+"had made four years before—was wrong."
+msgstr ""
+"Efter argumentationen og efter afgørelsen sagde Peter til mig, og "
+"offentligt, at han tog fejl. Men hvis domstolen faktisk ikke kunne blive "
+"overbevist, så er det alt bevis som trænges for at vide at her havde Peter "
+"nok en gang ret. Enten var ikke jeg klar til at argumentere for denne sag "
+"på en måde som villes bidrage positivt, eller så var de ikke klare for at "
+"tage op denne sag på en måde som villes bidrage positivt. Uanset var "
+"afgørelsen om at fremme denne sag – en afgørelse jeg havde taget fire "
+"år tidligere – fejl."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 253
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>While the reaction</emphasis> to the Sonny Bono Act "
+"itself was almost unanimously negative, the reaction to the Court's decision "
+"was mixed. No one, at least in the press, tried to say that extending the "
+"term of copyright was a good idea. We had won that battle over ideas. Where "
+"the decision was praised, it was praised by papers that had been skeptical "
+"of the Court's activism in other cases. Deference was a good thing, even if "
+"it left standing a silly law. But where the decision was attacked, it was "
+"attacked because it left standing a silly and harmful law. <citetitle>The "
+"New York Times</citetitle> wrote in its editorial,"
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>Mens reaktionen</emphasis> på Sonny Bono-loven selv "
+"var næsten enstemmigt negativ, så var reaktionen på domstolens afgørelse "
+"blandet. Ikke en eneste, i hvert fald i presset, forsøgte at sige at det "
+"var en god idé at udvide vernetiden i ophavsreten. Vi havde vundet kampen "
+"om idéen. Afgørelsen fik støtte fra aviser som havde været skeptisk til "
+"domstolens aktivisme i andre sager. Å holde hånd fra var en god ting, selv "
+"om den lod en dum lov blive stående. Men der afgørelsen blev angrebet, så "
+"blev den angrebet på grund af at den lod en dum og skadelig lov blive "
+"stående. <citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle> skræv i sin leder:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"In effect, the Supreme Court's decision makes it likely that we are seeing "
+"the beginning of the end of public domain and the birth of copyright "
+"perpetuity. The public domain has been a grand experiment, one that should "
+"not be allowed to die. The ability to draw freely on the entire creative "
+"output of humanity is one of the reasons we live in a time of such fruitful "
+"creative ferment."
+msgstr ""
+"Effekten er at beslutningen i Højesteret gør det sandsynligt at vi ser "
+"starten på slutningen for allemannseie, og fødslen til evig ophavsret. "
+"Allemannseie har været et storslået eksperiment, som ikke bør få lov til at "
+"dø. Evnen til at frit udnytte hele den kreative produktionen til "
+"menneskeheden er en af grunderne til at vi lever i en tid med så "
+"frugtoverskæg kreativt vækstmiljø."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Bolling, Ruben"
+msgstr "Bolling, Ruben"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The best responses were in the cartoons. There was a gaggle of hilarious "
+"images—of Mickey in jail and the like. The best, from my view of the "
+"case, was Ruben Bolling's, reproduced in figure <xref xrefstyle=\"template:%n"
+"\" linkend=\"fig-18\"/>. The <quote>powerful and wealthy</quote> line is a "
+"bit unfair. But the punch in the face felt exactly like that. <placeholder "
+"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"De bedste responserne dukkede op i tegneserierne. Det var en høj rigtigt "
+"morsomme tegninger – af Mikke i fængsel og dets lige så. Det bedste "
+"fra mit ståsted i sagen, var fra Ruben Bolling, gengivet i figur <xref "
+"xrefstyle=\"template:%n\" linkend=\"fig-18\"/>. Tekstlinjen om "
+"<quote>mægtig og rig</quote> er lidt uretfærdig. Men slaget i ansigtet "
+"føltes akkurat sådan ud.<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<graphic fileref=\"images/tom-the-dancing-bug.png\" align=\"center\" width="
+"\"100%\"></graphic> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"<graphic fileref=\"images/tom-the-dancing-bug.png\" align=\"center\" "
+"width=\"100%\"></graphic> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The image that will always stick in my head is that evoked by the quote from "
+"<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle>. That <quote>grand experiment</"
+"quote> we call the <quote>public domain</quote> is over? When I can make "
+"light of it, I think, <quote>Honey, I shrunk the Constitution.</quote> But I "
+"can rarely make light of it. We had in our Constitution a commitment to free "
+"culture. In the case that I fathered, the Supreme Court effectively "
+"renounced that commitment. A better lawyer would have made them see "
+"differently."
+msgstr ""
+"Billedet som for altid står inde i mit hoved er det som blev udløst af et "
+"citat fra <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>. At <quote>det store "
+"eksperimentet</quote> vi kalder <quote>allemannseie</quote> er over? Når "
+"jeg kan tage farve på det, så tænker jeg <quote>Kære, jeg krympede "
+"Grunnloven.</quote> Men jeg klarer sjælden at tage let på det. Vi havde "
+"i Grunnloven vores en forpligtelse til at frigøre kultur. I den sagen som "
+"jeg havde ansvar for, gav Højesteret effektivt afkald på den forpligtelsen. "
+"En bedre advokat villes fået dem til at se anderledes på det."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Chapter Fourteen: Eldred II"
+msgstr "Kapitel fjorten: Eldred II"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>The day</emphasis> <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> was "
+"decided, fate would have it that I was to travel to Washington, D.C. (The "
+"day the rehearing petition in <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> was denied—"
+"meaning the case was really finally over—fate would have it that I was "
+"giving a speech to technologists at Disney World.) This was a particularly "
+"long flight to my least favorite city. The drive into the city from Dulles "
+"was delayed because of traffic, so I opened up my computer and wrote an op-"
+"ed piece."
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>Dagen</emphasis> <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> blev "
+"afgjort, villes skæbnen at jeg skulle rejse til Washington, D.C. (Dagen da "
+"en forespørgsel om ny høring for <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> blev afslået "
+"– som betød at sagen endeligt var færdigt – skæbnen gjorde at "
+"jeg holdt en tale til teknologer ved Disney World.) Dette var en specielt "
+"lang flytur til den byen jeg sætter mindst pris på. Trafik forsinkede "
+"køreturen fra Forkæles lufthavn til byen, så jeg åbnede min computeren og "
+"skrev en kronik."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"It was an act of contrition. During the whole of the flight from San "
+"Francisco to Washington, I had heard over and over again in my head the same "
+"advice from Don Ayer: You need to make them see why it is important. And "
+"alternating with that command was the question of Justice Kennedy: "
+"<quote>For all these years the act has impeded progress in science and the "
+"useful arts. I just don't see any empirical evidence for that.</quote> And "
+"so, having failed in the argument of constitutional principle, finally, I "
+"turned to an argument of politics."
+msgstr ""
+"Jeg havde dårlig samvittighed. Gennem hele flyturen fra San Francisco til "
+"Washington havde jeg i mit indre ører hørt om og om igen det samme råd fra "
+"Don Ayer: Du må få dem til at forstå hvorfor dette er vigtigt. Og "
+"indimellem dette rådet var spørgsmålet fra domme Kennedy: <quote>I alle "
+"disse år som loven har hæmmet fremgang i videnskab og nyttige kunstarter, så "
+"ser jeg intet empirisk bevis for dette.</quote> Og dermed, efter at have "
+"fejlet i at argumentere med konstitusjonelle principper, forsøgte jeg at "
+"argumentere politisk."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 256
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle> published the piece. In it, I "
+"proposed a simple fix: Fifty years after a work has been published, the "
+"copyright owner would be required to register the work and pay a small fee. "
+"If he paid the fee, he got the benefit of the full term of copyright. If he "
+"did not, the work passed into the public domain."
+msgstr ""
+"<citetitle>New York Times</citetitle> publicerede kronikken. I den foreslog "
+"jeg en enkel fiks: Halvtreds år efter at et værk har blevet publiceret, bør "
+"ophavsretejeren være nødt til at registrere virket og betale en lille "
+"afgift. Hvis han betalte afgiften, fik han fordelene af hele "
+"opphavsrettsvernetiden. Hvis han ikke gjorde det, blev virket allemannseie."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"We called this the Eldred Act, but that was just to give it a name. Eric "
+"Eldred was kind enough to let his name be used once again, but as he said "
+"early on, it won't get passed unless it has another name."
+msgstr ""
+"Vi kaldte dette Eldred-loven, men det var kun for at give det et navn. Eric "
+"Eldred var snild nok til at lade sit navn bruges nok en gang, men han sagde "
+"tidig at den ikke villes blive vedtaget med mindre den fik et andet navn."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Or another two names. For depending upon your perspective, this is either "
+"the <quote>Public Domain Enhancement Act</quote> or the <quote>Copyright "
+"Term Deregulation Act.</quote> Either way, the essence of the idea is clear "
+"and obvious: Remove copyright where it is doing nothing except blocking "
+"access and the spread of knowledge. Leave it for as long as Congress allows "
+"for those works where its worth is at least $1. But for everything else, let "
+"the content go."
+msgstr ""
+"Eller to andre navn. For afhængigt af synsvinkel, så er dette enten "
+"<quote>Forbedring af allemannseieloven</quote> eller <quote>Avregulering af "
+"opphavsrettsvernetidsloven.</quote> Uanset er essensen i idéen klar og "
+"tydelig: Fjern ophavsreten der den ikke gør noget andet end at blokere for "
+"tilgang og spredning af kundskab. Lad den eksistere så længe som "
+"Kongressen tillader det for de værk der værdien er mindst en dollar. For "
+"alt andet, slip indholdet fri."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Forbes, Steve"
+msgstr "Forbes, Steve"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Democratic Party"
+msgstr "Demokratiske partier, det"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Republican Party"
+msgstr "Repulikanske parti, det"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The reaction to this idea was amazingly strong. Steve Forbes endorsed it in "
+"an editorial. I received an avalanche of e-mail and letters expressing "
+"support. When you focus the issue on lost creativity, people can see the "
+"copyright system makes no sense. As a good Republican might say, here "
+"government regulation is simply getting in the way of innovation and "
+"creativity. And as a good Democrat might say, here the government is "
+"blocking access and the spread of knowledge for no good reason. Indeed, "
+"there is no real difference between Democrats and Republicans on this issue. "
+"Anyone can recognize the stupid harm of the present system."
+msgstr ""
+"Reaktionen på denne idéen var utroligt stærk. Steve Forbes gik god for den "
+"i en leder, og jeg modtog et skred af støttende e-post og brev. Når man "
+"fokuserer temaet på tabt kreativitet, så ser folk at ophavsretsystemet ikke "
+"giver mening. En god republikaner kunne sige at her kommer ganske enkelt "
+"myndighetsregulering i vejen for nyskabning og kreativitet. Og en god "
+"demokrat kunne sige at her blokerer myndighederne uden god overfladisk "
+"tilgang til og spredning af kundskab. Det er faktisk ingen reel forskel "
+"mellem demokrater og republikanere rundt dette tema. Enhver kan gjenkjenne "
+"de idiotiske skaderne som dagens ordning giver."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Indeed, many recognized the obvious benefit of the registration "
+"requirement. For one of the hardest things about the current system for "
+"people who want to license content is that there is no obvious place to look "
+"for the current copyright owners. Since registration is not required, since "
+"marking content is not required, since no formality at all is required, it "
+"is often impossibly hard to locate copyright owners to ask permission to use "
+"or license their work. This system would lower these costs, by establishing "
+"at least one registry where copyright owners could be identified."
+msgstr ""
+"Faktisk ser mange de åbenbare fordelene med registreringkravet. For en af "
+"de vanskeligste/vanskeligeste tingene med dagens system for folk som ønsker "
+"at licensiere indhold er at det ikke er nogle åpenbare plads at slå op "
+"gældende ophavsretejere. Siden registrering ikke er påkrevd, så blokeres "
+"ofte fremgangen på at spore op ophavsretejere for at bede om tilladelse til "
+"at bruge eller licensiere deres værker. Dette system villes reduceret "
+"sådanne omkostninger ved at etablere et register hvor opphavsrettseierene i "
+"ihvertfald kan identificeres."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Berlin Act (1908)"
+msgstr "Berlinvedtaket (1908)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Berne Convention (1908)"
+msgstr "Bern-konventionen (1908)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "German copyright law"
+msgstr "Tysk åndsverklov"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Until the 1908 Berlin Act of the "
+"Berne Convention, national copyright legislation sometimes made protection "
+"depend upon compliance with formalities such as registration, deposit, and "
+"affixation of notice of the author's claim of copyright. However, starting "
+"with the 1908 act, every text of the Convention has provided that <quote>the "
+"enjoyment and the exercise</quote> of rights guaranteed by the Convention "
+"<quote>shall not be subject to any formality.</quote> The prohibition "
+"against formalities is presently embodied in Article 5(2) of the Paris Text "
+"of the Berne Convention. Many countries continue to impose some form of "
+"deposit or registration requirement, albeit not as a condition of copyright. "
+"French law, for example, requires the deposit of copies of works in national "
+"repositories, principally the National Museum. Copies of books published in "
+"the United Kingdom must be deposited in the British Library. The German "
+"Copyright Act provides for a Registrar of Authors where the author's true "
+"name can be filed in the case of anonymous or pseudonymous works. Paul "
+"Goldstein, <citetitle>International Intellectual Property Law, Cases and "
+"Materials</citetitle> (New York: Foundation Press, 2001), 153–54."
+msgstr ""
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>Før Berlin-revideringen af "
+"Bernkonvensjonen i 1908, så hændte det at national opphavsrettslov gjorde "
+"beskyttelsen afhængig af formaliteter som registrering, deponering og "
+"merking af at forfatteren gjorde krav på kopibeskyttelse. Derimod har alle "
+"revisioner efter 1908 forudsat at <quote>Nytelsen og udøvelsen</quote> af "
+"rettigheder garanteret af konventionen <quote>er ikke betinget af at nogle "
+"formalitet iakttas.</quote> Forbuddet mod formaliteter findes i dag som "
+"paragraf 5(2) af Bernkonvensjonen – Paristeksten. Mange lande "
+"fortsætter at kræve en eller anden form for deponering eller registrering, "
+"men ikke som et krav til ophavsret. Fransk lov, for eksempel, kræver et "
+"eksemplardepositum til nationale oppbevaringsteder, hovedsageligt "
+"Nasjonalmuseet. Kopier af bøger publiceret i Storbritannia må deponeres til "
+"det Britiske Biblioteket. Den tyske opphavsrettsloven sørger for et "
+"forfatterregister der hen forfatterens officielle navne kan blive befolket "
+"ind for anonyme og pseudonyme værk. Paul Goldstein, <citetitle>International "
+"Intellectual Property Law, Cases and Materials</citetitle> (New York: "
+"Foundation Press, 2001), 153–54 ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend="
+"\"property-i\"/>, formalities in copyright law were removed in 1976, when "
+"Congress followed the Europeans by abandoning any formal requirement before "
+"a copyright is granted.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The "
+"Europeans are said to view copyright as a <quote>natural right.</quote> "
+"Natural rights don't need forms to exist. Traditions, like the Anglo-"
+"American tradition that required copyright owners to follow form if their "
+"rights were to be protected, did not, the Europeans thought, properly "
+"respect the dignity of the author. My right as a creator turns on my "
+"creativity, not upon the special favor of the government."
+msgstr ""
+"Som jeg beskrev i kapitel <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" "
+"linkend=\"property-i\"/> blev formaliteter fjernet fra opphavsrettsloven i "
+"1976, da kongressen fulgte efter europeerne i at afskaffe alle formelle krav "
+"før ophavsreten blev innvilget.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> "
+"Europeerne siges at anse ophavsret som en <quote>naturlig rettighed.</quote> "
+" Naturlige rettigheder behøver ingen formaliteter for at eksistere. "
+"Angloamerikanske, og liggende, traditioner har krævet at ophavsretejere må "
+"følge visse/vise formaliteter for at deres rettigheder skal blive beskyttet, "
+"mens europeerne mente at sådant ikke tilstrækkeligt respekterede "
+"forfatterens værdighed. Mine rettigheder som skaber stammer fra min "
+"kreativitet, og er ikke noget som deles ud af myndighederne."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"That's great rhetoric. It sounds wonderfully romantic. But it is absurd "
+"copyright policy. It is absurd especially for authors, because a world "
+"without formalities harms the creator. The ability to spread <quote>Walt "
+"Disney creativity</quote> is destroyed when there is no simple way to know "
+"what's protected and what's not."
+msgstr ""
+"Det er flot retorik, og det høres vidunderligt romantisk ud. Men det er "
+"absurd ophavsretpolitik. Det er absurd specielt for forfattere, fordi en "
+"værdet uden formaliteter skader den som skaber. Muligheden til at brede "
+"<quote>Walt Disney-kreativitet</quote> forsvinder når det ikke er nogle "
+"enkel måde at vide hvad som er beskyttet, og hvad som ikke er det."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The fight against formalities achieved its first real victory in Berlin in "
+"1908. International copyright lawyers amended the Berne Convention in 1908, "
+"to require copyright terms of life plus fifty years, as well as the "
+"abolition of copyright formalities. The formalities were hated because the "
+"stories of inadvertent loss were increasingly common. It was as if a Charles "
+"Dickens character ran all copyright offices, and the failure to dot an "
+"<citetitle>i</citetitle> or cross a <citetitle>t</citetitle> resulted in the "
+"loss of widows' only income."
+msgstr ""
+"Kampen mod formaliteter opnåede sin første virkelige sejer i Berlin i 1908 . "
+" Internationale ophavsretadvokater fik på plads et tillæg i Bernkonvensjonen "
+"i 1908 som krævede opphavsrettsvernetid ud forfatterens liv plus halvtreds "
+"år, i tillæg til at afskaffe ophavsretformaliteter. Formaliteterne var "
+"hadet på grund af historie om utilsigtet tab som blev mere og mere normale. "
+"Det var som om en karakter fra Charles Dickens drev alle "
+"ophavsretkontorerne, og det at glemme at sætte prikken over en <citetitle>i</"
+"citetitle> eller glemme at strege gennem en <citetitle>t</citetitle> førte "
+"til at en enke mistede sin eneste indtægt."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"These complaints were real and sensible. And the strictness of the "
+"formalities, especially in the United States, was absurd. The law should "
+"always have ways of forgiving innocent mistakes. There is no reason "
+"copyright law couldn't, as well. Rather than abandoning formalities totally, "
+"the response in Berlin should have been to embrace a more equitable system "
+"of registration."
+msgstr ""
+"Disse klager var reelle og fornuftige. Og det var absurd hvor strengt "
+"formaliteterne blev håndhævet, specielt i USA. Loven bør altid have måder "
+"at tilgive uskyldige fejl. Det er ingen grund til at ikke også "
+"åndsverksloven skulle kunne det. I stedet for at droppe formaliteter helt, "
+"så burde responsen i Berlin været at omfavne et mere rettverdig "
+"registreringsystem."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Even that would have been resisted, however, because registration in the "
+"nineteenth and twentieth centuries was still expensive. It was also a "
+"hassle. The abolishment of formalities promised not only to save the "
+"starving widows, but also to lighten an unnecessary regulatory burden "
+"imposed upon creators."
+msgstr ""
+"Selv det villes fået modstand, på grund af at registrering fortsat var "
+"kostoverskæg og plagsomt i det nittende og tyvende århundredet. Avviklingen "
+"af formaliteter lovede ikke bare at redde sultende enker, men også det at "
+"reducere en unødvendig regulatorirsk belastning som var påtvunget skabere."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 258
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"In addition to the practical complaint of authors in 1908, there was a moral "
+"claim as well. There was no reason that creative property should be a second-"
+"class form of property. If a carpenter builds a table, his rights over the "
+"table don't depend upon filing a form with the government. He has a "
+"property right over the table <quote>naturally,</quote> and he can assert "
+"that right against anyone who would steal the table, whether or not he has "
+"informed the government of his ownership of the table."
+msgstr ""
+"I tillæg til de praktiske klagerne fra forfatterne i 1908, så fandtes det "
+"også moralske innsigelser. Det var ingen grund til at kreative "
+"ejendomrettigheder skulle være en annenrangs type ejendom. Hvis en snedker "
+"fortager et bord, så er ikke hans rettigheder over dette bordet afhængigt "
+"af at han sender ind et skema til myndighederne. Han har en "
+"<quote>naturgivet</quote> ejendomret til bordet, og kan hævde denne ret mod "
+"enhver som forsøger at stjæle bordet, uanset om han har informeret "
+"myndighederne om sit eierskap til bordet."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This argument is correct, but its implications are misleading. For the "
+"argument in favor of formalities does not depend upon creative property "
+"being second-class property. The argument in favor of formalities turns upon "
+"the special problems that creative property presents. The law of "
+"formalities responds to the special physics of creative property, to assure "
+"that it can be efficiently and fairly spread."
+msgstr ""
+"Dette argument er rigtigt, men dets implikationer er misvisende. For "
+"argumenter i favør af formaliteter er ikke afhængigt af at kreativ ejendom "
+"er annenrangs ejendom. Argumentet i favør af formaliteter kredse rundt de "
+"specielle problemerne som kreativ ejendom giver os. Loven om formaliteter er "
+"et resultat af de specielle fysiske egenskaberne til kreativ ejendom, for at "
+"sikre at den kan bredes effektivt og retfærdigt."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"No one thinks, for example, that land is second-class property just because "
+"you have to register a deed with a court if your sale of land is to be "
+"effective. And few would think a car is second-class property just because "
+"you must register the car with the state and tag it with a license. In both "
+"of those cases, everyone sees that there is an important reason to secure "
+"registration—both because it makes the markets more efficient and "
+"because it better secures the rights of the owner. Without a registration "
+"system for land, landowners would perpetually have to guard their property. "
+"With registration, they can simply point the police to a deed. Without a "
+"registration system for cars, auto theft would be much easier. With a "
+"registration system, the thief has a high burden to sell a stolen car. A "
+"slight burden is placed on the property owner, but those burdens produce a "
+"much better system of protection for property generally."
+msgstr ""
+"For eksempel er det ingen som mener at landområder er annenrangs ejendom kun "
+"fordi du må tinglyse et skøde hvis dit salg af land skal få effekt. Og få "
+"mener at en bil er annenklasses ejendom bare på grund af at du må registrere "
+"bilen hos Biltilsynet, og mærke den med et bilskilt. I begge disse tilfælde "
+"ser alle at det er vigtige grunder til at kræve registrering – både på "
+"grund af at det gør markedet mere effektivt, og på grund af at det bedre "
+"sikrer rettighederne til ejeren. Uden et registreringsystem for landområder "
+"måtte landejere hele tiden vogte sin ejendom. Med registrering kan de "
+"ganske enkelt vise politiet et skøde. Uden et registreringsystem for biler "
+"villes biltyveri være meget enklere. Med et registreringsystem bliver det "
+"meget vanskeligere for tyven at få solgt den stjålne bilen. En lille byrde "
+"bliver lagt på ejendomejeren, men disse byrder giver et generelt sæt meget "
+"bedre system for at beskytte ejendom."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"It is similarly special physics that makes formalities important in "
+"copyright law. Unlike a carpenter's table, there's nothing in nature that "
+"makes it relatively obvious who might own a particular bit of creative "
+"property. A recording of Lyle Lovett's latest album can exist in a billion "
+"places without anything necessarily linking it back to a particular owner. "
+"And like a car, there's no way to buy and sell creative property with "
+"confidence unless there is some simple way to authenticate who is the author "
+"and what rights he has. Simple transactions are destroyed in a world without "
+"formalities. Complex, expensive, <emphasis>lawyer</emphasis> transactions "
+"take their place. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Det er lignende specielle fysiske egenskaber som gør formaliteter vigtigt i "
+"opphavsrettslovgiving. I modsætning til en snedkers bord, er det ingenting "
+"i naturen som gør det relativt åbenbaret hvem som kan eje en bestemt bid af "
+"kreativ ejendom. Et optagelse af Lyle Lovetts sidste album kan eksistere en "
+"milliard steder uden at noget nødvendigvis peger det tilbage til en bestemt "
+"ejer. Og på samme måde som en bil, er det ingen måde at være tryg ved køb "
+"og salg af kreativ ejendom med mindre det findes en enkel måde at bekræfte "
+"hvem som er skaberen, og hvilke rettigheder han har. Enkle transaktioner "
+"bliver umulige i en værdet uden formaliteter. Komplicerede, dyre, "
+"<emphasis>advokat</emphasis>-transaktioner træder ind i stedet. <placeholder "
+"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This was the understanding of the problem with the Sonny Bono Act that we "
+"tried to demonstrate to the Court. This was the part it didn't <quote>get.</"
+"quote> Because we live in a system without formalities, there is no way "
+"easily to build upon or use culture from our past. If copyright terms were, "
+"as Justice Story said they would be, <quote>short,</quote> then this "
+"wouldn't matter much. For fourteen years, under the framers' system, a work "
+"would be presumptively controlled. After fourteen years, it would be "
+"presumptively uncontrolled."
+msgstr ""
+"Dette var forståelsen af problemet med Sonny Bono-loven som vi forsøgte at "
+"demonstrere for retten. Dette var den delen som den ikke <quote>skønnede.</"
+"quote> Fordi vi lever i et system uden formaliteter, så er det ikke nogle "
+"enkel måde at bygge på, eller bruge kulturen fra vores fortid. Hvis "
+"vernetiden i ophavsreten var, sådan domme Story sagde den villes være, "
+"<quote>kort,</quote> da villes ikke dette betyde stort . I fjorten år, "
+"ifølge systemet til de som skrev grundloven, villes et værk kunne antages at "
+"være kontrolleret. Efter fjorten år kunne man antage at det ikke var "
+"kontrolleret."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"But now that copyrights can be just about a century long, the inability to "
+"know what is protected and what is not protected becomes a huge and obvious "
+"burden on the creative process. If the only way a library can offer an "
+"Internet exhibit about the New Deal is to hire a lawyer to clear the rights "
+"to every image and sound, then the copyright system is burdening creativity "
+"in a way that has never been seen before <emphasis>because there are no "
+"formalities</emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+"Men nu når ophavsreten kan vare næsten et århundrede, så er den manglende "
+"evnen til at vide hvad som er beskyttet og hvad som ikke er beskyttet "
+"blevet en stor og åpenbare byrde på den kreative processen. Hvis den eneste "
+"måden et bibliotek kan lægge frem en Internet-udstilling om New Deal, er ved "
+"at hyre ind en advokat til at klarere rettighederne til hvert eneste billede "
+"og hver eneste lydinnspilling, så belaster ophavsretsystemet kreativiteten "
+"på en måde som aldrig før er observeret, <emphasis>fordi det ikke findes "
+"nogle formaliteter</emphasis>."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The Eldred Act was designed to respond to exactly this problem. If it is "
+"worth $1 to you, then register your work and you can get the longer term. "
+"Others will know how to contact you and, therefore, how to get your "
+"permission if they want to use your work. And you will get the benefit of an "
+"extended copyright term."
+msgstr ""
+"Eldred-loven var udformet for at svare på akkurat dette problem. Hvis det er "
+"værd en dollar for dig, så registrer virket dit, og du kan få længere "
+"vernetid. Andre vil vide hvordan de skal kontakte dig, og dermed hvordan de "
+"kan få din tilladelse hvis de ønsker at bruge dit værk. Og du vil få "
+"fordelen af en udvidet opphavsrettslig vernetid."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"If it isn't worth it to you to register to get the benefit of an extended "
+"term, then it shouldn't be worth it for the government to defend your "
+"monopoly over that work either. The work should pass into the public domain "
+"where anyone can copy it, or build archives with it, or create a movie based "
+"on it. It should become free if it is not worth $1 to you."
+msgstr ""
+"Hvis det ikke er værd det for dig at registrere værket for at få fordelene "
+"af en udvidede vernetid, så bør det heller ikke være værd det for "
+"myndighederne at forsvare dit monopol over det samme værk. Værket bør blive "
+"allemannseie sådan at enhver kan kopiere det, eller fortage arkiver med det, "
+"eller fortage en film baseret på det. Det bør frigøres hvis det ikke er "
+"værd en dollar for dig."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Some worry about the burden on authors. Won't the burden of registering the "
+"work mean that the $1 is really misleading? Isn't the hassle worth more than "
+"$1? Isn't that the real problem with registration?"
+msgstr ""
+"Nogle bekymrer sig over byrden på forfattere. Fodrer ikke byrden med at "
+"registrere værket at beløbet 1 dollar egentligt er misvisende? Er ikke "
+"ekstraarbejdeet værd mere end 1 dollar? Er ikke dette det virkelige "
+"problemet med registrering?"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 260
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"It is. The hassle is terrible. The system that exists now is awful. I "
+"completely agree that the Copyright Office has done a terrible job (no doubt "
+"because they are terribly funded) in enabling simple and cheap "
+"registrations. Any real solution to the problem of formalities must address "
+"the real problem of <emphasis>governments</emphasis> standing at the core of "
+"any system of formalities. In this book, I offer such a solution. That "
+"solution essentially remakes the Copyright Office. For now, assume it was "
+"Amazon that ran the registration system. Assume it was one-click "
+"registration. The Eldred Act would propose a simple, one-click registration "
+"fifty years after a work was published. Based upon historical data, that "
+"system would move up to 98 percent of commercial work, commercial work that "
+"no longer had a commercial life, into the public domain within fifty years. "
+"What do you think?"
+msgstr ""
+"Det stemmer. Ekstraarbejdeet er forfærdeligt. Systemet som findes nu er "
+"grufullt. Jeg er helt enigt/enig i at ophavsretkontoret har gjort en "
+"forfærdelig job (uden tvivl på grund af at de har forfærdeligt dårligt "
+"finansiering) i at gøre registrering enkelt og billigt. En skikkelig "
+"løsning på problemet med formaliteter må adressere det egentlige problemet "
+"med <emphasis>myndigheder</emphasis> som befinder mig/befinder dig/befinder "
+"sig/befinder os/befinder jer i kernen af ethvert system med formaliteter. I "
+"denne bog lægger jeg frem en sådan løsning. Løsningen gør i essensen om på "
+"ophavsretkontoret. Forestill dig at registrering kun kræver et klik. "
+"Eldred-loven foreslog en enkel, ettklikks-registrering, halvtreds år efter "
+"at et værker var publiceret. Baseret på historiske data villes dette system "
+"få op mod 98 procent af kommercielle værker, kommercielle værker som ikke "
+"længere har et kommercielt liv, til at blive allemannseie efter halvtreds "
+"år. Hvad tror du?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>When Steve Forbes</emphasis> endorsed the idea, some "
+"in Washington began to pay attention. Many people contacted me pointing to "
+"representatives who might be willing to introduce the Eldred Act. And I had "
+"a few who directly suggested that they might be willing to take the first "
+"step."
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>Da Steve Forbes</emphasis> støttede idéen, begyndte "
+"enkelte i Washington at følge med . Mange kontaktede mig med tips til "
+"repræsentanter som kan være villigt til at introducere en Eldred-lov, og jeg "
+"havde nogle få som foreslog direkte at de kan være villige til at tage det "
+"første skridtet."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Lofgren, Zoe"
+msgstr "Lofgren, Zoe"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"One representative, Zoe Lofgren of California, went so far as to get the "
+"bill drafted. The draft solved any problem with international law. It "
+"imposed the simplest requirement upon copyright owners possible. In May "
+"2003, it looked as if the bill would be introduced. On May 16, I posted on "
+"the Eldred Act blog, <quote>we are close.</quote> There was a general "
+"reaction in the blog community that something good might happen here."
+msgstr ""
+"En repræsentant, Zoe Lofgren fra California, gik så langt som at få "
+"lovforslaget udarbejdet. Udkastet løste nogle problemer med international "
+"lov. Det pålagde de enklest mulige forudsætninger på indehaverne af "
+"ophavsreter. I maj 2003 så det ud som om loven kom til at blive "
+"introduceret. 16 . maj postede jeg på Eldred Act-bloggen, <quote>vi er nær ."
+"</quote> Det opstod en generel reaktion i blog-samfundet om at noget godt "
+"kunne ske her ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Eldred Act opposed by"
+msgstr "Eldred-loven modarbejdede af"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"But at this stage, the lobbyists began to intervene. Jack Valenti and the "
+"MPAA general counsel came to the congresswoman's office to give the view of "
+"the MPAA. Aided by his lawyer, as Valenti told me, Valenti informed the "
+"congresswoman that the MPAA would oppose the Eldred Act. The reasons are "
+"embarrassingly thin. More importantly, their thinness shows something clear "
+"about what this debate is really about."
+msgstr ""
+"Men på dette stadium begyndte lobbyister at bryde ind. Jack Valenti og "
+"MPAAs bossjurist kom til kongresrepræsentantens kontor for at give MPAAs "
+"syner på sagen. Vejledte af sin advokat, sådan Valenti har fortalte mig, "
+"informerede Valenti kongresrepræsentanten om at MPAA villes modsætte sig "
+"Eldred-loven. Begrundelsen var pinligt knap. Endnu vigtigere er det at "
+"deres knaphed viser noget klart om hvad denne debat egentligt handler om."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 261
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The MPAA argued first that Congress had <quote>firmly rejected the central "
+"concept in the proposed bill</quote>—that copyrights be renewed. That "
+"was true, but irrelevant, as Congress's <quote>firm rejection</quote> had "
+"occurred long before the Internet made subsequent uses much more likely. "
+"Second, they argued that the proposal would harm poor copyright owners—"
+"apparently those who could not afford the $1 fee. Third, they argued that "
+"Congress had determined that extending a copyright term would encourage "
+"restoration work. Maybe in the case of the small percentage of work covered "
+"by copyright law that is still commercially valuable, but again this was "
+"irrelevant, as the proposal would not cut off the extended term unless the "
+"$1 fee was not paid. Fourth, the MPAA argued that the bill would impose "
+"<quote>enormous</quote> costs, since a registration system is not free. True "
+"enough, but those costs are certainly less than the costs of clearing the "
+"rights for a copyright whose owner is not known. Fifth, they worried about "
+"the risks if the copyright to a story underlying a film were to pass into "
+"the public domain. But what risk is that? If it is in the public domain, "
+"then the film is a valid derivative use."
+msgstr ""
+"MPAAs første argument var at Kongressen <quote>bestemt havde afvist det "
+"centrale konceptet i lovforslaget</quote> – om at ophavsreter skal "
+"fornyes. Det er rigtigt, men irrelevant, efter som Kongressen "
+"<quote>bestemt havde afvist</quote> dette længe føder Internet gjorde "
+"påfølgende brug meget mere sandsynligt. Det andre argument var at forslaget "
+"villes skade fattige ophavsretejere – tilsyneladende de som ikke har "
+"råd til en afgift på en dollar. Det tredje argumentet var at Kongressen "
+"havde konkluderet med at at udvide vernetiden i ophavsreten, villes "
+"opmuntre til at restaurere værk. Det kan stemme for den lille "
+"procentandelen værk værnede af åndsverkloven, og som fortsat er kommercielt "
+"værdifulde. Men dette er også irrelevant, eftersom forslaget ikke villes "
+"fjerne den udvidede vernetiden med mindre afgiften på en dollar ikke blev "
+"betalt. Det fjerde argumentet fra MPAA var at forslaget villes påføre "
+"<quote>enorme</quote> omkostninger, eftersom et registreringsystem ikke er "
+"gratis. Sandt nok, men disse omkostninger er helt klart lavere end "
+"omkostningerne med at klarere rettigheder for en ophavsret der ejeren er "
+"ukendt. Det femte argumentet var at de var bekymret over risikoen hvis "
+"ophavsreten til en historie som lå til grund for en film skulle blive "
+"allemannseie. Men hvad slags risiko er dette? Hvis den er allemannseie, så "
+"er filmen gyldig avledet brug."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Finally, the MPAA argued that existing law enabled copyright owners to do "
+"this if they wanted. But the whole point is that there are thousands of "
+"copyright owners who don't even know they have a copyright to give. Whether "
+"they are free to give away their copyright or not—a controversial "
+"claim in any case—unless they know about a copyright, they're not "
+"likely to."
+msgstr ""
+"Til slutning hævdet MPAA at eksisterende lovværk gjorde det muligt for "
+"ophavsretejere at gøre dette hvis de ønskede det. Men hele pointen er at "
+"det er tusindvis af ophavsretejere som ikke engang ved at de har en "
+"ophavsret at give væk. Hvorvidt de står frit til at give væk ophavsreten "
+"eller ikke – som i og for sig er en kontroversiel påstand – så "
+"med mindre de ved om en ophavsret, så er det lille sandsynligt at de vil "
+"gøre det."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>At the beginning</emphasis> of this book, I told two "
+"stories about the law reacting to changes in technology. In the one, common "
+"sense prevailed. In the other, common sense was delayed. The difference "
+"between the two stories was the power of the opposition—the power of "
+"the side that fought to defend the status quo. In both cases, a new "
+"technology threatened old interests. But in only one case did those "
+"interest's have the power to protect themselves against this new competitive "
+"threat."
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>I begyndelsen</emphasis> af denne bog fortalte jeg "
+"to historie om hvordan loven reagerede på ændringer i teknologien. I den "
+"ene vandt sund fornuft frem. I den andre blev sund fornuft forsinket. "
+"Forskellen mellem de to historie er styrken til oppositionen – styrken "
+"til den siden som sloges for at forsvare status quo. I begge tilfældene "
+"truede ny teknologi gamle interesser. Men i kun et af tilfældene havde "
+"dirre interesserne nok magt til at beskytte sig mod denne nye "
+"konkurransemessige truslen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"I used these two cases as a way to frame the war that this book has been "
+"about. For here, too, a new technology is forcing the law to react. And "
+"here, too, we should ask, is the law following or resisting common sense? If "
+"common sense supports the law, what explains this common sense?"
+msgstr ""
+"Jeg brugte disse to tilfældene som en måde at ramme ind krigen som denne bog "
+"har handlet om. For her er det også en ny teknologi som tvinger loven til "
+"at reagere. Og her bør vi også spørge, er loven i tråd med, eller i strid "
+"med, sund fornuft. Hvis sund fornuft støtter loven, hvad forklarer denne "
+"sunde fornuft?"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 262
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"When the issue is piracy, it is right for the law to back the copyright "
+"owners. The commercial piracy that I described is wrong and harmful, and the "
+"law should work to eliminate it. When the issue is p2p sharing, it is easy "
+"to understand why the law backs the owners still: Much of this sharing is "
+"wrong, even if much is harmless. When the issue is copyright terms for the "
+"Mickey Mouses of the world, it is possible still to understand why the law "
+"favors Hollywood: Most people don't recognize the reasons for limiting "
+"copyright terms; it is thus still possible to see good faith within the "
+"resistance."
+msgstr ""
+"Når problemet er piratvirksomhed, så er det rigtigt at loven støtter "
+"ophavsretejerne. Den kommercielle piratvirksomheden som jeg har beskrevet "
+"er urigtigt og skadeligt/skadelig, og loven bør arbejde for at eliminere "
+"den. Når problemet er p2p-deling, så er det enkelt at forstå hvorfor loven "
+"fortsat støtter ejerne. Meget af denne delingen er urigtig, selv om meget er "
+"harmløst. Når problemet er opphavsrettsvernetiden for Mikke Mus-ene i "
+"værdet, så er det fortsat muligt at forstå hvorfor loven favoriserer "
+"Hollywood: De fleste kender ikke igen grunder til at begrænse vernetiden "
+"for ophavsreten. Det er dermed fortsat muligt at se god tro i modstanden."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Kelly, Kevin"
+msgstr "Kelly, Kevin"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"But when the copyright owners oppose a proposal such as the Eldred Act, "
+"then, finally, there is an example that lays bare the naked selfinterest "
+"driving this war. This act would free an extraordinary range of content that "
+"is otherwise unused. It wouldn't interfere with any copyright owner's desire "
+"to exercise continued control over his content. It would simply liberate "
+"what Kevin Kelly calls the <quote>Dark Content</quote> that fills archives "
+"around the world. So when the warriors oppose a change like this, we should "
+"ask one simple question:"
+msgstr ""
+"Men når ophavsretejere modsætter sig et forslag som Eldred-loven, så er det "
+"endeligt et eksempel som eksponerer den nøgne egeninteressen som holder "
+"denne krig i gang. Dette lovforslag villes frigøre en ekstraordinær serie "
+"med indhold som ellers villes forblive ubrukt. Det villes ikke forstyrre "
+"nogen ophavsretejer trang til at udøve fortsat kontrol over sit indhold. "
+"Det villes ganske enkelt frigøre det som Kevin Kelly kalder det "
+"<quote>mørke indhold</quote> som befolker arkiverne rundt om i værdet. Så "
+"når krigerene modsætter sig en sådan ændring, så bør vi stille et enkelt "
+"spørgsmål:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "What does this industry really want?"
+msgstr "Hvad ønsker denne industri egentlig?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"With very little effort, the warriors could protect their content. So the "
+"effort to block something like the Eldred Act is not really about protecting "
+"<emphasis>their</emphasis> content. The effort to block the Eldred Act is an "
+"effort to assure that nothing more passes into the public domain. It is "
+"another step to assure that the public domain will never compete, that there "
+"will be no use of content that is not commercially controlled, and that "
+"there will be no commercial use of content that doesn't require "
+"<emphasis>their</emphasis> permission first."
+msgstr ""
+"Med vældig lille indsats kunne krigerene beskytte sit indhold. Så indsatsen "
+"for at blokere noget tilsvarende Eldred-loven er ikke egentlig om at "
+"beskytte <emphasis>deres</emphasis> indhold. Indsatsen for at blokere "
+"Eldred-loven er en indsats for at sikre at ingenting nyt bliver "
+"allemannseie. Det er et nyt skridt for at sikre at allemannseiet aldrig vil "
+"konkurrere, at det ikke vil være noget brug af indhold som ikke er "
+"kommercielt kontrolleret, og at det ikke vil være noget kommerciel brug af "
+"indhold som ikke først kræver <emphasis>deres</emphasis> tilladelse."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The opposition to the Eldred Act reveals how extreme the other side is. The "
+"most powerful and sexy and well loved of lobbies really has as its aim not "
+"the protection of <quote>property</quote> but the rejection of a tradition. "
+"Their aim is not simply to protect what is theirs. <emphasis>Their aim is to "
+"assure that all there is is what is theirs</emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+"Modstanden mod Eldred-loven afslører hvor ekstrem den andre side er. Den "
+"mægtigste, sexy og højt elskede af lobbyvirksomhederne har som mål ikke at "
+"beskytte <quote>ejendom</quote>, men at blive hvidt en tradition. Deres mål "
+"er ikke bare at beskytte det som er deres. <emphasis>Deres mål er at sikre "
+"at alt som findes er det som er deres.</emphasis>"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 263
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"It is not hard to understand why the warriors take this view. It is not hard "
+"to see why it would benefit them if the competition of the public domain "
+"tied to the Internet could somehow be quashed. Just as RCA feared the "
+"competition of FM, they fear the competition of a public domain connected to "
+"a public that now has the means to create with it and to share its own "
+"creation."
+msgstr ""
+"Det er ikke vanskeligt at forstå hvorfor krigerene har dette syn. Det er "
+"ikke vanskeligt at se hvordan det vil give dem fordele hvis konkurrencen "
+"fra allemannseiet bylten til Internet på en eller manden måde kunne knuses. "
+"På samme måde som RCA frygtede konkurrencen fra FM, frygter de konkurrencen "
+"fra allemannseiet bylten til en befolkning som nu har mulighed til at skabe "
+"med den, og dele sine egen værk."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"What is hard to understand is why the public takes this view. It is as if "
+"the law made airplanes trespassers. The MPAA stands with the Causbys and "
+"demands that their remote and useless property rights be respected, so that "
+"these remote and forgotten copyright holders might block the progress of "
+"others."
+msgstr ""
+"Det som er vanskeligt at forstå er hvorfor folket har dette syn. Det er som "
+"om loven gjorde at flymaskiner tog sig ind på anden mands ejendom. MPAA "
+"står side om side med Causbyene og kræver at deres fjerne og ubrukelige "
+"ejerrettigheder bliver respekteret, sådan at disse fjerne og glemmte "
+"ophavsretindehaverne kan blokere fremgangen til andre."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"All this seems to follow easily from this untroubled acceptance of the "
+"<quote>property</quote> in intellectual property. Common sense supports it, "
+"and so long as it does, the assaults will rain down upon the technologies of "
+"the Internet. The consequence will be an increasing <quote>permission "
+"society.</quote> The past can be cultivated only if you can identify the "
+"owner and gain permission to build upon his work. The future will be "
+"controlled by this dead (and often unfindable) hand of the past."
+msgstr ""
+"Alt dette ser ud til at let følge fra at ukritisk acceptere <quote>ejendoms</"
+"quote>bidden af immateriell ejendom. Sund fornuft støtter det, og så længe "
+"den gør det vil teknologierne på Internet være under angreb. Konsekvenserne "
+"vil være mere og mere et <quote>tilladelsesamfund.</quote> Fortiden kan kun "
+" kultiveres hvis du kan finde ejeren og bede om tilladelse til at bygge på "
+"hans værker. Fremtiden vil blive kontrolleret af denne døde (og ofte "
+"bortfalne) hånd fra fortiden."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Conclusion"
+msgstr "Konklusion"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Africa, medications for HIV patients in"
+msgstr "Afrika, medisinering for HIV-patienter i"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "AIDS medications"
+msgstr "AIDS-mediciner"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "antiretroviral drugs"
+msgstr "antiretrovirale lægemiddel"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "developing countries, foreign patent costs in"
+msgstr "udviklingsland, udenlandske patentomkostninger i"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "drugs"
+msgstr "lægemidler"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "pharmaceutical"
+msgstr "farmasøytisk"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "HIV/AIDS therapies"
+msgstr "HIV/AIDS-behandlinger"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>There are more</emphasis> than 35 million people "
+"with the AIDS virus worldwide. Twenty-five million of them live in sub-"
+"Saharan Africa. Seventeen million have already died. Seventeen million "
+"Africans is proportional percentage-wise to seven million Americans. More "
+"importantly, it is seventeen million Africans."
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>Det er mere</emphasis> end trettifem millioner "
+"mennesker over hele værdet med AIDS-virusset. Tjuefem millioner af dem bor i "
+"Afrika syd for Sahara. Sytten millioner har allerede død. Sytten "
+"millioner afrikanere er procentvis proporsjonalt med syv millioner "
+"amerikanere. Vigtigere er det at dette er 17 millioner afrikanere."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"There is no cure for AIDS, but there are drugs to slow its progression. "
+"These antiretroviral therapies are still experimental, but they have already "
+"had a dramatic effect. In the United States, AIDS patients who regularly "
+"take a cocktail of these drugs increase their life expectancy by ten to "
+"twenty years. For some, the drugs make the disease almost invisible."
+msgstr ""
+"Det findes ingen kur for AIDS, men det findes lægemidler som kan hæmme "
+"sygdommens udvikling. Disse antiretrovirale terapierne er fortsat "
+"eksperimentelle, men de har haft en dramatisk effekt allerede. I USA øger "
+"levealderen til AIDS-patienter, som regelmæssigt tager en cocktail af disse "
+"lægemidler, med ti til tyve år. For nogle gør lægemidlerne sygdommen næsten "
+"usynlig."
+
+#. f1.
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, <quote>Final Report: Integrating "
+"Intellectual Property Rights and Development Policy</quote> (London, 2002), "
+"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #55</ulink>. "
+"According to a World Health Organization press release issued 9 July 2002, "
+"only 230,000 of the 6 million who need drugs in the developing world receive "
+"them—and half of them are in Brazil."
+msgstr ""
+"Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, <quote>Final Report: Integrating "
+"Intellectual Property Rights and Development Policy</quote> (London, 2002), "
+"tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #55</"
+"ulink>. Ifølge en pressemelding fra værdets sundhedsorganisation sendt ud 9 "
+". juli 2002, modtager kun 230 000 af de 6 millioner som behøver lægemidler "
+"i udviklingsland pengeene de behøver – og halvdelen af dem er i Brasil."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"These drugs are expensive. When they were first introduced in the United "
+"States, they cost between $10,000 and $15,000 per person per year. Today, "
+"some cost $25,000 per year. At these prices, of course, no African nation "
+"can afford the drugs for the vast majority of its population: $15,000 is "
+"thirty times the per capita gross national product of Zimbabwe. At these "
+"prices, the drugs are totally unavailable.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id="
+"\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Disse lægemidler er dyre. Da de først blev introduceret i USA, kostet de "
+"mellem 10 000 og 15 000 dollar per person hvert år. I dag koster nogle af "
+"dem 25 000 dollar per år. Med sådanne priser har, selvfølgelig, ingen "
+"afrikansk stat råd til lægemidlerne for det store flertal af sine "
+"indbyggere: 15 000 dollar er tredive gange brutto nationalprodukt per "
+"indbygger i Zimbabwe. Med sådanne priser er disse lægemidlerne fuldstændig "
+"utilgjengelig.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "on pharmaceuticals"
+msgstr "om lægemidler"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "pharmaceutical patents"
+msgstr "farmasøytiske patenter"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 265
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"These prices are not high because the ingredients of the drugs are "
+"expensive. These prices are high because the drugs are protected by patents. "
+"The drug companies that produced these life-saving mixes enjoy at least a "
+"twenty-year monopoly for their inventions. They use that monopoly power to "
+"extract the most they can from the market. That power is in turn used to "
+"keep the prices high."
+msgstr ""
+"Disse priser er ikke høje fordi ingredienserne til lægemidlerne er dyre. "
+"Disse priser er høje fordi lægemidlerne er beskyttet af patenter. "
+"Farmaciselskaberne som producerer disse livreddende blandingerne nyder "
+"mindst tyve års monopol på sine oppfinnelser. De bruger denne monopol "
+"magten til at hente ud så meget de kan fra markedet. Ved hjælp af denne "
+"magt holder de priserne høje."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"There are many who are skeptical of patents, especially drug patents. I am "
+"not. Indeed, of all the areas of research that might be supported by "
+"patents, drug research is, in my view, the clearest case where patents are "
+"needed. The patent gives the drug company some assurance that if it is "
+"successful in inventing a new drug to treat a disease, it will be able to "
+"earn back its investment and more. This is socially an extremely valuable "
+"incentive. I am the last person who would argue that the law should abolish "
+"it, at least without other changes."
+msgstr ""
+"Det er mange som er skeptiske til patenter, specielt patenter på lægemiddel. "
+"Det er ikke jeg. Faktisk af alle forskningområder som kan være støttet af "
+"patenter, er forskning på lægemidler, efter min mening, det klareste "
+"tilfælde der patenter er nødvendigt. Patenter giver et farmasøytisk firma en "
+"vis forsikring om at hvis det lykkes i at finde op et nyt medikament som kan "
+"behandle en sygdom, vil det kunne tjene tilbage investeringen, og vel så "
+"det. Dette er socialt set et ekstremt værdifuldt incentiv. Jeg er den sidste "
+"personen som vil argumentere for at loven skal afskaffe dette, i det mindste "
+"uden andre ændringer."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"But it is one thing to support patents, even drug patents. It is another "
+"thing to determine how best to deal with a crisis. And as African leaders "
+"began to recognize the devastation that AIDS was bringing, they started "
+"looking for ways to import HIV treatments at costs significantly below the "
+"market price."
+msgstr ""
+"Men det er en ting at støtte patenter, selv patenter på lægemidler. Det er "
+"en anden ting at afgøre hvordan en bedst skal håndtere en krise. Og i det "
+"afrikanske ledere begyndte at erkende ødeleggelsen AIDS bragte, begyndte de "
+"at se efter måder at importere HIV-mediciner til omkostninger betydeligt "
+"lavere end markedspris."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "international law"
+msgstr "international lov"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "parallel importation"
+msgstr "parallelimport"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "South Africa, Republic of, pharmaceutical imports by"
+msgstr "Syd-Afrika, Republikken, farmasøytisk import til"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Braithwaite, John"
+msgstr "Braithwaite, John"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism: "
+"Who Owns the Knowledge Economy?</citetitle> (New York: The New Press, 2003), "
+"37. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm"
+"\" id=\"1\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Se Peter Drahos og John Braithwaite, Information Feudalism: <citetitle>Who "
+"Owns the Knowledge Economy?</citetitle> (New York: The New Press, 2003), 37 "
+". <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder "
+"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"In 1997, South Africa tried one tack. It passed a law to allow the "
+"importation of patented medicines that had been produced or sold in another "
+"nation's market with the consent of the patent owner. For example, if the "
+"drug was sold in India, it could be imported into Africa from India. This is "
+"called <quote>parallel importation,</quote> and it is generally permitted "
+"under international trade law and is specifically permitted within the "
+"European Union.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"I 1997 forsøgte Syd-Afrika sig på en tilnærmelse. Landet vedtog en lov som "
+"tillod import af patenterede lægemidler som havde blevet produceret og solgt "
+"i en anden nations marked med godkendelse fra patentejeren. For eksempel, "
+"hvis lægemidler var solgt i India, så kunne de blive importeret ind til "
+"Afrika fra India. Dette kaldes <quote>parallelimport</quote> og er stort "
+"set tilladt i international handelbestemmelser, og spesifikt tilladt indad "
+"den europæiske unionen.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "United States Trade Representative (USTR)"
+msgstr "USAs handelrepresentant (USTR)"
+
+#. f3.
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent "
+"Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a "
+"Report Prepared for the World Intellectual Property Organization</citetitle> "
+"(Washington, D.C., 2000), 14, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture."
+"cc/notes/\">link #56</ulink>. For a firsthand account of the struggle over "
+"South Africa, see Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Criminal Justice, Drug "
+"Policy, and Human Resources, House Committee on Government Reform, H. Rep., "
+"1st sess., Ser. No. 106-126 (22 July 1999), 150–57 (statement of James "
+"Love)."
+msgstr ""
+"International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent "
+"Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a "
+"Report Prepared for the World Intellectual Property Organization</citetitle> "
+"(Washington, D.C., 2000), 14, tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://free-"
+"culture.cc/notes/\">link #56</ulink>. For en førstehånds beskrivelse af "
+"kampen om Syd-Afrika, se Høring foran underkomiteen for kriminalomsorg, "
+"medikamentregelsæt og menneskelige ressourcer, House Committee on Government "
+"Reform, H. Rep., 1 . øget., Ser. No. 106-126 (22 . juli 1999), 150–57 "
+"(udtalelse fra James Håndflade)."
+
+#. f4.
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent "
+"Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a "
+"Report Prepared for the World Intellectual Property Organization</citetitle> "
+"(Washington, D.C., 2000), 15."
+msgstr ""
+"International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent "
+"Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a "
+"Report Prepared for the World Intellectual Property Organization</citetitle> "
+"(Washington, D.C., 2000), 15 ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"However, the United States government opposed the bill. Indeed, more than "
+"opposed. As the International Intellectual Property Association "
+"characterized it, <quote>The U.S. government pressured South Africa … "
+"not to permit compulsory licensing or parallel imports.</quote><placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Through the Office of the United States Trade "
+"Representative, the government asked South Africa to change the law—"
+"and to add pressure to that request, in 1998, the USTR listed South Africa "
+"for possible trade sanctions. That same year, more than forty "
+"pharmaceutical companies began proceedings in the South African courts to "
+"challenge the government's actions. The United States was then joined by "
+"other governments from the EU. Their claim, and the claim of the "
+"pharmaceutical companies, was that South Africa was violating its "
+"obligations under international law by discriminating against a particular "
+"kind of patent— pharmaceutical patents. The demand of these "
+"governments, with the United States in the lead, was that South Africa "
+"respect these patents as it respects any other patent, regardless of any "
+"effect on the treatment of AIDS within South Africa.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Men USA var imod lovendringen. Og de nøjede sig ikke med at være imod. Som "
+"International Intellectual Property Association karakteriserede det, "
+"<quote>Myndighederne i USA pressede Syd-Afrika … til at ikke tillade "
+"tvungen lisensiering eller parallelimport.</quote><placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Gennem kontoret til USAs handelrepræsentant "
+"(USTR), bad myndighederne Syd-Afrika om at ændre loven – og for at "
+"lægge pres bag den forespørgslen, listede USTR i 1998 op Syd-Afrika som et "
+"land som burde vurderes for handelrestriktioner. Samme år gik mere end "
+"fyrre farmaciselskaber til retten for at udfordre myndighedernes handlinger. "
+"USA fik selskab af andre myndigheder fra EU. Deres påstand, og påstanden "
+"til farmaciselskaberne, var at Syd-Afrika brød sine internationale "
+"forpligtelser ved at diskriminere mod en bestemt type patenter – "
+"farmasøytiske patenter. Kravet fra disse myndigheder, med USA i spissen, "
+"var at Syd-Afrika skulle respektere disse patenter på samme måde som alle "
+"andre patenter, uafhængigt af eventuel effekt på behandlingen af AIDS i Syd-"
+"Afrika.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"We should place the intervention by the United States in context. No doubt "
+"patents are not the most important reason that Africans don't have access to "
+"drugs. Poverty and the total absence of an effective health care "
+"infrastructure matter more. But whether patents are the most important "
+"reason or not, the price of drugs has an effect on their demand, and patents "
+"affect price. And so, whether massive or marginal, there was an effect from "
+"our government's intervention to stop the flow of medications into Africa."
+msgstr ""
+"Vi bør sætte USAs indblanding i sammenhæng. Det er ingen tvivl om at "
+"patenter ikke er den vigtigste årsagen til at afrikanere ikke har tilgang "
+"til lægemidler. Fattigdom og den totale mangel på effektivt helbredvæsen "
+"betyder mere. Men uanset om patenter er den vigtigste grunden eller ikke, så "
+"har prisen på lægemidler en effekt på efterspørgslen, og patenter påvirker "
+"prisen. Så uanset hvor stor eller lille effekten var, så havde det effekt "
+"når vores myndigheder greb ind for at stoppe strømmen af lægemidler til "
+"Afrika."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"By stopping the flow of HIV treatment into Africa, the United States "
+"government was not saving drugs for United States citizens. This is not "
+"like wheat (if they eat it, we can't); instead, the flow that the United "
+"States intervened to stop was, in effect, a flow of knowledge: information "
+"about how to take chemicals that exist within Africa, and turn those "
+"chemicals into drugs that would save 15 to 30 million lives."
+msgstr ""
+"Ved at stoppe strømmen af HIV-behandlinger til Afrika, sikret ikke "
+"myndighederne i USA lægemidler til USAs borgere. Dette er ikke som hvede "
+"(hvis de spiser det, så kan ikke vi spise det). Det som USA i praksis "
+"intervenerede for at stoppe, var strømmen af kundskab: Information om "
+"hvordan man kan tage kemikaliummer som findes i Afrika, og gøre disse kemi "
+"kaliummene om til lægemidler som kan redde 15 til 30 millioner liv."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Nor was the intervention by the United States going to protect the profits "
+"of United States drug companies—at least, not substantially. It was "
+"not as if these countries were in the position to buy the drugs for the "
+"prices the drug companies were charging. Again, the Africans are wildly too "
+"poor to afford these drugs at the offered prices. Stopping the parallel "
+"import of these drugs would not substantially increase the sales by U.S. "
+"companies."
+msgstr ""
+"Indblandingen fra USA villes heller ikke beskytte fortjenesten til "
+"lægemiddelselskaberne i USA – i hvert fald ikke betydeligt. Det var "
+"jo ikke sådan at disse lande havde mulighed til at købe lægemidlerne til de "
+"priserne som lægemiddelselskaberne forlangte. Igen var afrikanerne for "
+"fattige til at have råd til disse lægemidler til de tilbudte priserne. Å "
+"blokere for parallelimport af disse lægemidler villes ikke øge salget til "
+"de amerikanske selskaberne betydeligt."
+
+#. f5.
+#. PAGE BREAK 333
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"See Sabin Russell, <quote>New Crusade to Lower AIDS Drug Costs: Africa's "
+"Needs at Odds with Firms' Profit Motive,</quote> <citetitle>San Francisco "
+"Chronicle</citetitle>, 24 May 1999, A1, available at <ulink url=\"http://"
+"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #57</ulink> (<quote>compulsory licenses and "
+"gray markets pose a threat to the entire system of intellectual property "
+"protection</quote>); Robert Weissman, <quote>AIDS and Developing Countries: "
+"Democratizing Access to Essential Medicines,</quote> <citetitle>Foreign "
+"Policy in Focus</citetitle> 4:23 (August 1999), available at <ulink url="
+"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #58</ulink> (describing U.S. policy); "
+"John A. Harrelson, <quote>TRIPS, Pharmaceutical Patents, and the HIV/AIDS "
+"Crisis: Finding the Proper Balance Between Intellectual Property Rights and "
+"Compassion, a Synopsis,</quote> <citetitle>Widener Law Symposium Journal</"
+"citetitle> (Spring 2001): 175."
+msgstr ""
+"Se Sabin Russel, <quote>New Crusade to Lower AIDS Drug Costs: Africa's Needs "
+"at Odds with Firms' Profit Motive,</quote> <citetitle>San Francisco "
+"Chronicle</citetitle>, 24 . maj 1999, A1, tilgængeligt fra <ulink "
+"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #57</ulink> (<quote>tvanglicenser "
+"og gråmarkeder udgør en trussel for hele systemet for beskyttelse af "
+"immateriell ejendom</quote>); Robert Weissman, <quote>AIDS and Developing "
+"Countries: Democratizing Access to Essential Medicines,</quote> "
+"<citetitle>Foreign Policy in Focus</citetitle> 4:23 (august 1999), "
+"tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #58</"
+"ulink> (beskriver USAs policy); John A. Harrelson, <quote>TRIPS, "
+"Pharmaceutical Patents, ånd the HIV/AIDS Crisis: Finding the Proper Balance "
+"Between Intellectual Property Rights and Compassion, a Synopsis,</quote> "
+"<citetitle>Widener Law Symposium Journal</citetitle> (foråret 2001): 175 ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Instead, the argument in favor of restricting this flow of information, "
+"which was needed to save the lives of millions, was an argument about the "
+"sanctity of property.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It was "
+"because <quote>intellectual property</quote> would be violated that these "
+"drugs should not flow into Africa. It was a principle about the importance "
+"of <quote>intellectual property</quote> that led these government actors to "
+"intervene against the South African response to AIDS."
+msgstr ""
+"I stedet var argumentet til fordel for restriktioner på denne flow af "
+"information, som var nødvendigt for at bange millioner af liv, et argument "
+"om ejendoms ukrenkelighet.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Det var "
+"på grund af at <quote>intellektuell ejendom</quote> villes blive skældt, at "
+"disse lægemidler ikke skulle strømme ind til Afrika. Det var princippet om "
+"vigtigheden af <quote>intellektuell ejendom</quote> som fik dirre "
+"myndighedaktørerne til at innblande sig mod Syd-Afrikas modtiltag mod AIDS."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Now just step back for a moment. There will be a time thirty years from now "
+"when our children look back at us and ask, how could we have let this "
+"happen? How could we allow a policy to be pursued whose direct cost would be "
+"to speed the death of 15 to 30 million Africans, and whose only real benefit "
+"would be to uphold the <quote>sanctity</quote> of an idea? What possible "
+"justification could there ever be for a policy that results in so many "
+"deaths? What exactly is the insanity that would allow so many to die for "
+"such an abstraction?"
+msgstr ""
+"Lad os tage et skridt tilbage for et øjeblik. En gang om tredive år vil "
+"vores barn se tilbage på os og spørge, hvordan kunne vi lade dette ske? "
+"Hvordan kunne vi tillade at gennemføre en politik hvis direkte omkostning "
+"var at få 15 til 30 millioner afrikanere til at dø raskere, og hvis eneste "
+"virkelige fordel var at opretholde <quote>ukrenkeligheten</quote> til en "
+"idé? Hvad slags berettigelse kan nogensinde eksistere for en politik som "
+"resulterer i så mange døde? Hvad slags galskab er det egentligt som "
+"tillader at så mange dør for en sådan abstraktion?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "in pharmaceutical industry"
+msgstr "i farmasøytisk industri"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Some blame the drug companies. I don't. They are corporations. Their "
+"managers are ordered by law to make money for the corporation. They push a "
+"certain patent policy not because of ideals, but because it is the policy "
+"that makes them the most money. And it only makes them the most money "
+"because of a certain corruption within our political system— a "
+"corruption the drug companies are certainly not responsible for."
+msgstr ""
+"Nogle skylder på farmaciselskaberne. Det gør ikke jeg. De er selskaber, "
+"og deres ledere er lovpålagtt at tjene penge for sit selskabet. De presser "
+"på for en bestemt patentpolitik, ikke på grund af idealer, men fordi det er "
+"dette som gør at de tjener mest penge. Og dette gør kun at de tjener mest "
+"penge på grund af en slags korruption i vores politiske systemer – en "
+"korruption som farmaciselskaberne helt klart ikke er ansvarlige for."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The corruption is our own politicians' failure of integrity. For the drug "
+"companies would love—they say, and I believe them—to sell their "
+"drugs as cheaply as they can to countries in Africa and elsewhere. There "
+"are issues they'd have to resolve to make sure the drugs didn't get back "
+"into the United States, but those are mere problems of technology. They "
+"could be overcome."
+msgstr ""
+"Denne korruption er vores egen politikeres manglende integritet. For "
+"lægemiddelproducenterne villes elske – siger de selv, og jeg tror dem "
+"– at sælge sine lægemidler så billigt som de kan til land i Afrika og "
+"andre steder. Det er udfordringer de må løse for at sikre at lægemidlerne "
+"ikke kommer tilbage til USA. Men disse er bare teknologiske udfordring, og "
+"sådanne kan bekæmpes."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "of drug patents"
+msgstr "af lægemiddelpatenter"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 268
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"A different problem, however, could not be overcome. This is the fear of the "
+"grandstanding politician who would call the presidents of the drug companies "
+"before a Senate or House hearing, and ask, <quote>How is it you can sell "
+"this HIV drug in Africa for only $1 a pill, but the same drug would cost an "
+"American $1,500?</quote> Because there is no <quote>sound bite</quote> "
+"answer to that question, its effect would be to induce regulation of prices "
+"in America. The drug companies thus avoid this spiral by avoiding the first "
+"step. They reinforce the idea that property should be sacred. They adopt a "
+"rational strategy in an irrational context, with the unintended consequence "
+"that perhaps millions die. And that rational strategy thus becomes framed in "
+"terms of this ideal—the sanctity of an idea called <quote>intellectual "
+"property.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+"Et andet problem kan derimod ikke løses. Det er frygten for at en politiker "
+"som skal vise sig, og kalder ind lederne hos lægemiddelproducenterne til "
+"høring i Senatet eller repræsentanternes hus og spørger, <quote>hvordan har "
+"det sig at du kan sælge HIV-medicinen i Afrika for bare 1 dollar per pille, "
+"mens samme pille koster en amerikaner 1 500 dollar?</quote> Da det ikke "
+"findes et <quote>hurtigt svar</quote> på det spørgsmålet, villes effekten "
+"blive regulering af priser i Amerika. Lægemiddelproducenterne undgår dermed "
+" denne spiral ved at sikre at det første skridtet ikke tages. De forstærker "
+"idéen om at ejerrettigheder skal være ukrenkelige. De lægger sig på en "
+"rasjonell strategi i en irrasjonell omgivelse, med den utilsigtede "
+"konsekvens at måske millioner dør. Og den rasjonelle strategien rammes "
+"dermed ind ved hjælp af dette ideal – ukrenkeligheten til en idé som "
+"kaldes <quote>immaterielle rettigheder.</quote>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"So when the common sense of your child confronts you, what will you say? "
+"When the common sense of a generation finally revolts against what we have "
+"done, how will we justify what we have done? What is the argument?"
+msgstr ""
+"Så når du bliver konfronteret med dit barns sunde fornuft, hvad vil du sige? "
+" Når den sunde fornuften hos en generation endeligt gør oprør mod hvad vi "
+"har gjort, hvordan vil vi begrunde det? Hvad er argumentet?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"A sensible patent policy could endorse and strongly support the patent "
+"system without having to reach everyone everywhere in exactly the same way. "
+"Just as a sensible copyright policy could endorse and strongly support a "
+"copyright system without having to regulate the spread of culture perfectly "
+"and forever, a sensible patent policy could endorse and strongly support a "
+"patent system without having to block the spread of drugs to a country not "
+"rich enough to afford market prices in any case. A sensible policy, in other "
+"words, could be a balanced policy. For most of our history, both copyright "
+"and patent policies were balanced in just this sense."
+msgstr ""
+"En fornuftig patentpolitik kunne gå god for, og give stærk støtte til "
+"patentsystemet uden at måtte nu alle overalt på nøjagtigt samme måde. På "
+"samme måde som en fornuftig ophavsretpolitik kunne gå god for, og give stærk "
+"støtte til et ophavsretsystem uden at måtte regulere spredningen af kultur "
+"perfekt og for altid. En fornuftig patentpolitik kunne gå god for, og give "
+"stærk støtte til et patentsystem uden at måtte blokere spredning af "
+"lægemidler til et land som uanset ikke er rigt nok til at have råd til "
+"markedsprisen. En fornuftig politik kan man dermed sige kunne være en "
+"balanceret politik. I det meste af vores historie har både ophavsret og "
+"patentpolitikken i denne forstand været balanceret."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"But we as a culture have lost this sense of balance. We have lost the "
+"critical eye that helps us see the difference between truth and extremism. "
+"A certain property fundamentalism, having no connection to our tradition, "
+"now reigns in this culture—bizarrely, and with consequences more grave "
+"to the spread of ideas and culture than almost any other single policy "
+"decision that we as a democracy will make."
+msgstr ""
+"Men vi som kultur har mistet denne følelse for balance. Vi har mistet det "
+"kritiske blikket som hjælper os til at se forskellen mellem sandhed og "
+"ekstremisme. En slags ejendomfundamentalisme, uden grundlag i vores "
+"tradition, hersker nu i vores kultur – sært, og med konsekvenser mere "
+"alvorligt for spredningen af idéer og kultur end næsten enhver anden "
+"politisk enkeltavgjørelse vi som demokrati kan fatte."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 269
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>A simple idea</emphasis> blinds us, and under the "
+"cover of darkness, much happens that most of us would reject if any of us "
+"looked. So uncritically do we accept the idea of property in ideas that we "
+"don't even notice how monstrous it is to deny ideas to a people who are "
+"dying without them. So uncritically do we accept the idea of property in "
+"culture that we don't even question when the control of that property "
+"removes our ability, as a people, to develop our culture democratically. "
+"Blindness becomes our common sense. And the challenge for anyone who would "
+"reclaim the right to cultivate our culture is to find a way to make this "
+"common sense open its eyes."
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>En enkel idé</emphasis> blender os, og under dække "
+"af mørket sker meget som de fleste af os villes afvist hvis vi havde fulgt "
+"med . Så ukritisk accepterer vi idéen om eierskap til idéer at vi ikke "
+"engang lægger mærke til hvor forfærdeligt det er at nægte tilgang til idéer "
+"for et folk som dør uden dem. Så ukritisk accepterer vi idéen om ejendom "
+"til kulturen at vi ikke engang stiller spørgsmål ved når kontrollen over "
+"denne ejendom fjerner vores evne, som folk, til at udvikle vores kultur "
+"demokratisk. Blindhet bliver vores sunde fornuft, og udfordringen for "
+"enhver som vil gjenvinne retten til at dyrke vores kultur er at finde en "
+"måde at få denne sunde fornuft til at åbne sine øjne."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"So far, common sense sleeps. There is no revolt. Common sense does not yet "
+"see what there could be to revolt about. The extremism that now dominates "
+"this debate fits with ideas that seem natural, and that fit is reinforced by "
+"the RCAs of our day. They wage a frantic war to fight <quote>piracy,</quote> "
+"and devastate a culture for creativity. They defend the idea of "
+"<quote>creative property,</quote> while transforming real creators into "
+"modern-day sharecroppers. They are insulted by the idea that rights should "
+"be balanced, even though each of the major players in this content war was "
+"itself a beneficiary of a more balanced ideal. The hypocrisy reeks. Yet in a "
+"city like Washington, hypocrisy is not even noticed. Powerful lobbies, "
+"complex issues, and MTV attention spans produce the <quote>perfect storm</"
+"quote> for free culture."
+msgstr ""
+"Hidtil sover sund fornuft. Det er intet oprør. Sund fornuft ser endnu "
+"ikke hvad det er at gøre oprør mod. Ekstremismen som nu dominerer denne "
+"debat, ræsonnerer med idéer som virker naturlige, og resonansen er "
+"forstærket af vores moderne RCA-er. De fører en panisk krig for at bekæmpe "
+"<quote>piratvirksomhed</quote>, og knuser en kultur som tilrettelægger for "
+"kreativitet i kryssilden. De forsvarer idéen om <quote>kreativt eierskap,</"
+"quote> mens de ændrer ægte skabere til moderne leilendinger. De bliver "
+"fornærmet af idéen om at rettigheder bør være balancerede, selv om hver af "
+"hovedaktørerne i denne indhold krigen selv havde fordeler af et mere "
+"balanceret ideal. Hykleriet råder. Men i en by som Washington bliver ikke "
+"hykleriet en gang lagt mærke til. Mægtige lobbyvirksomheder, komplicerede "
+"problemer, og MTV-opmærksomhedspænd giver en <quote>perfekt storm</quote> "
+"for fri kultur."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "academic journals"
+msgstr "akademiske tidsskrifter"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "biomedical research"
+msgstr "biomedisinsk forskning"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "international organization on issues of"
+msgstr "international organisation for sager om"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "IBM"
+msgstr "IBM"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "PLoS (Public Library of Science)"
+msgstr "PLoS (Offentlige Videnskabbiblioteket, det)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Public Library of Science (PLoS)"
+msgstr "Offentlige Videnskabbiblioteket, det (PLoS)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "public projects in"
+msgstr "offentlige projekter i"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "single nucleotied polymorphisms (SNPs)"
+msgstr "enkeltnukleotidforskjeller (SNPs)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Wellcome Trust"
+msgstr "Wellcome Fond"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)"
+msgstr "Værdets ophavsretorganisation (WIPO)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "World Wide Web"
+msgstr "World Wide Web"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Global Positioning System"
+msgstr "Globalt posisjoneringssystem"
+
+#. f6.
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Jonathan Krim, <quote>The Quiet War over Open-Source,</quote> "
+"<citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, August 2003, E1, available at <ulink "
+"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #59</ulink>; William New, "
+"<quote>Global Group's Shift on <quote>Open Source</quote> Meeting Spurs Stir,"
+"</quote> <citetitle>National Journal's Technology Daily</citetitle>, 19 "
+"August 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
+"#60</ulink>; William New, <quote>U.S. Official Opposes <quote>Open Source</"
+"quote> Talks at WIPO,</quote> <citetitle>National Journal's Technology "
+"Daily</citetitle>, 19 August 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-"
+"culture.cc/notes/\">link #61</ulink>."
+msgstr ""
+"Jonathan Krim, <quote>The Quiet War over Open-Source,</quote> "
+"<citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, august 2003, E1, tilgængeligt fra "
+"<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #59</ulink>; William New, "
+"<quote>Global Group's Shift on <quote>Open Source</quote> Meeting Spurs Stir,"
+"</quote> <citetitle>National Journal's Technology Daily</citetitle>, 19 . "
+"august 2003, tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/"
+"\">link #60</ulink>; William New, <quote>U.S. Official Opposes <quote>Open "
+"Source</quote> Talks at WIPO,</quote> <citetitle>National Journal's "
+"Technology Daily</citetitle>, 19 . august 2003, tilgængeligt fra <ulink "
+"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #61</ulink>."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 270
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>In August 2003</emphasis>, a fight broke out in the "
+"United States about a decision by the World Intellectual Property "
+"Organization to cancel a meeting.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> "
+"At the request of a wide range of interests, WIPO had decided to hold a "
+"meeting to discuss <quote>open and collaborative projects to create public "
+"goods.</quote> These are projects that have been successful in producing "
+"public goods without relying exclusively upon a proprietary use of "
+"intellectual property. Examples include the Internet and the World Wide Web, "
+"both of which were developed on the basis of protocols in the public domain. "
+"It included an emerging trend to support open academic journals, including "
+"the Public Library of Science project that I describe in chapter <xref "
+"xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"c-afterword\"/>. It included a "
+"project to develop single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), which are thought "
+"to have great significance in biomedical research. (That nonprofit project "
+"comprised a consortium of the Wellcome Trust and pharmaceutical and "
+"technological companies, including Amersham Biosciences, AstraZeneca, "
+"Aventis, Bayer, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hoffmann-La Roche, Glaxo-SmithKline, "
+"IBM, Motorola, Novartis, Pfizer, and Searle.) It included the Global "
+"Positioning System, which Ronald Reagan set free in the early 1980s. And it "
+"included <quote>open source and free software.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>I august 2003</emphasis> brød en kamp ud i USA om en "
+"afgørelse fra Værdets ophavsretorganisation (WIPO) om at aflyse et møde."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> På forespørgsel fra en lang række "
+"interessenter havde WIPO bestemt at afholde et møde for at diskutere "
+"<quote>åbne og samarbejdende projekter for at skabte goder for fællesskabet."
+"</quote> Disse projekter havde sluttes i at producere goder for "
+"fællesskabet uden at basere sig eksklusivt på brugen af proprietære "
+"immaterielle rettigheder. Eksempler inkluderer Internet og verdensveven, "
+"begge udviklede på grundlag af protokoller i allemannseie. Agendaen "
+"inkluderede den begyndende trend for at støtte åbne akademiske tidsskrifter "
+"blandt andet Public Library of Science-projektet som jeg beskriver i kapitel "
+"<xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"c-afterword\"/>.Den "
+"inkluderede et projekt for at udvikle enkeltnukleotidforskjeller (SNPs), som "
+"er antaget at få stor betydning i biomedisinsk forskning. (Dette ikke-"
+"kommercielle projektet bestod af et konsortium af Wellcome Fond og "
+"farmasøytiske og teknologiske selskaber, inkluderet Amersham Biosciences, "
+"AstraZeneca, Aventis, Bayer, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hoffmann-Lagde Roche, "
+"Glaxo-SmithKline, IBM, Motorola, Novartis, Pfizer, og Searle.) Den "
+"inkluderede Globalt positionsystem (GPS) som Ronald Reagen frigjorde tidligt "
+" på 1980-tallet. Og den inkluderede <quote>åben kildekode og fri software.</"
+"quote>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The aim of the meeting was to consider this wide range of projects from one "
+"common perspective: that none of these projects relied upon intellectual "
+"property extremism. Instead, in all of them, intellectual property was "
+"balanced by agreements to keep access open or to impose limitations on the "
+"way in which proprietary claims might be used."
+msgstr ""
+"Formålet med mødet var at vurdere denne række af projekter fra et fælles "
+"perspektiv: at ingen af disse projekter havde som grundlag immateriell "
+"ekstremisme. I stedet, hos alle disse, blev immaterielle rettigheder "
+"balanceret med aftaler om at holde tilgang åben, eller for at lægge "
+"begrænsninger på hvordan proprietære krav kan blive brugt."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "in international debate on intellectual property"
+msgstr "i international debat om immateriell ejendom"
+
+#. f7.
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"I should disclose that I was one of the people who asked WIPO for the "
+"meeting."
+msgstr "Jeg bør nævne at jeg var en af folkene som bad WIPO om dette møde."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"From the perspective of this book, then, the conference was ideal."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The projects within its scope "
+"included both commercial and noncommercial work. They primarily involved "
+"science, but from many perspectives. And WIPO was an ideal venue for this "
+"discussion, since WIPO is the preeminent international body dealing with "
+"intellectual property issues."
+msgstr ""
+"Dermed var, i forhold til perspektivet i denne bog, denne konference ideell."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Projekterne indenfor temaet var "
+"både kommercielle og ikke-kommercielle værker. De involverede i hovedsag "
+"videnskaben, men fra mange perspektiver. Og WIPO var et ideelt sted for "
+"denne diskussion, siden WIPO var den fremstående internationale aktør som "
+"drev med immaterielle rettighedspørgsmål."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS)"
+msgstr "Verdentopmødet om informationsamfundet (WSIS)"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 271
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Indeed, I was once publicly scolded for not recognizing this fact about "
+"WIPO. In February 2003, I delivered a keynote address to a preparatory "
+"conference for the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS). At a "
+"press conference before the address, I was asked what I would say. I "
+"responded that I would be talking a little about the importance of balance "
+"in intellectual property for the development of an information society. The "
+"moderator for the event then promptly interrupted to inform me and the "
+"assembled reporters that no question about intellectual property would be "
+"discussed by WSIS, since those questions were the exclusive domain of WIPO. "
+"In the talk that I had prepared, I had actually made the issue of "
+"intellectual property relatively minor. But after this astonishing "
+"statement, I made intellectual property the sole focus of my talk. There was "
+"no way to talk about an <quote>Information Society</quote> unless one also "
+"talked about the range of information and culture that would be free. My "
+"talk did not make my immoderate moderator very happy. And she was no doubt "
+"correct that the scope of intellectual property protections was ordinarily "
+"the stuff of WIPO. But in my view, there couldn't be too much of a "
+"conversation about how much intellectual property is needed, since in my "
+"view, the very idea of balance in intellectual property had been lost."
+msgstr ""
+"Faktisk fik jeg en gang offentlig kæft for at ikke anerkende dette faktum om "
+"WIPO. I februar 2003 holdt jeg et innledende foredrag på en forberedende "
+"konference for Verdentopmødet om informationsamfundet (WSIS). På en "
+"pressekonference føder indlægget, blev jeg spurgt hvad jeg skulle snakke om. "
+" Jeg svarede at jeg skulle snakke lidt om vigtigheden af balance rundt "
+"immaterielle værdier for udviklingen af informationsamfundet. Ordstyreren "
+"på arrangementet afbrød mig da brat for at informere mig og journalisterne "
+"til stede at ingen spørgsmål rundt immaterielle værdier villes blive "
+"diskuteret af WSIS, da sådanne spørgsmål kun skulle diskuteres i WIPO. I "
+"indlægget jeg havde forberedt var temaet om immaterielle værdier en "
+"forholdsvis lille del af det hele. Men efter denne forbløffende udtalelse, "
+"gjorde jeg immaterielle værdier til hovedfokus for mit indlæg. Det var ikke "
+" muligt at snakke om et <quote>informationsamfund</quote> uden at man også "
+"snakkede om andelen af information og kultur som ikke er værnet af "
+"ophavsreten. Mit indlæg gjorde ikke min overivrige moderator rigtigt "
+"solnedgang. Og hun havde uden tvivl ret i at omfanget til værn af "
+"immaterielle rettigheder normalt hørte ind under WIPO. Men efter mit syner, "
+"kunne det ikke blive for meget diskussion om hvor mange immaterielle "
+"rettigheder som trænges, siden efter mit syner, havde selve idéen om en "
+"balance rundt immaterielle rettigheder gået tabt."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"So whether or not WSIS can discuss balance in intellectual property, I had "
+"thought it was taken for granted that WIPO could and should. And thus the "
+"meeting about <quote>open and collaborative projects to create public goods</"
+"quote> seemed perfectly appropriate within the WIPO agenda."
+msgstr ""
+"Så uanset om WSIS kan diskutere balance i intellektuell ejendom eller ikke, "
+"så havde jeg troet det var taget for givet at WIPO kunne og burde. Og "
+"dermed virkede mødet om <quote>åbne og samarbejdende projekter for at skabte "
+"fællesgoder</quote> at passe perfekt for WIPOs agenda."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Apple Corporation"
+msgstr "Apple Corporation"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "on free software"
+msgstr "om fri software"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"But there is one project within that list that is highly controversial, at "
+"least among lobbyists. That project is <quote>open source and free software."
+"</quote> Microsoft in particular is wary of discussion of the subject. From "
+"its perspective, a conference to discuss open source and free software would "
+"be like a conference to discuss Apple's operating system. Both open source "
+"and free software compete with Microsoft's software. And internationally, "
+"many governments have begun to explore requirements that they use open "
+"source or free software, rather than <quote>proprietary software,</quote> "
+"for their own internal uses."
+msgstr ""
+"Men det er et projekt i listen som er vældig kontroversielt, i hvert fald "
+"blandt lobbyistene. Dette projekt er <quote>åben kildekode og fri software.</"
+"quote> Microsoft specielt er skeptisk til diskussion om emnet. Fra deres "
+"perspektiv, villes en konference for at diskutere åben kildekode og fri "
+"software være som en konference for at diskutere Apples operativsystem. "
+"Både åben kildekode og fri software konkurrerer med Microsofts programvare. "
+"Og internationalt har mange myndigheder begyndt at udforske krav om at de "
+"skal bruge åben kildekode eller fri software, i stedet for <quote>proprietær "
+"software,</quote> til sine egen interne behov."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<quote>copyleft</quote> licenses"
+msgstr "<quote>copyleft</quote>-licenser"
+
+#. f8.
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Microsoft's position about free and open source software is more "
+"sophisticated. As it has repeatedly asserted, it has no problem with "
+"<quote>open source</quote> software or software in the public domain. "
+"Microsoft's principal opposition is to <quote>free software</quote> licensed "
+"under a <quote>copyleft</quote> license, meaning a license that requires the "
+"licensee to adopt the same terms on any derivative work. See Bradford L. "
+"Smith, <quote>The Future of Software: Enabling the Marketplace to Decide,</"
+"quote> <citetitle>Government Policy Toward Open Source Software</citetitle> "
+"(Washington, D.C.: AEI-Brookings Joint Center for Regulatory Studies, "
+"American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 2002), 69, "
+"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #62</ulink>. "
+"See also Craig Mundie, Microsoft senior vice president, <citetitle>The "
+"Commercial Software Model</citetitle>, discussion at New York University "
+"Stern School of Business (3 May 2001), available at <ulink url=\"http://free-"
+"culture.cc/notes/\">link #63</ulink>."
+msgstr ""
+"Microsofts position om åben kildekode og fri software er mere sofistikert. "
+"De har flere gange forklaret at de har ikke noget problem med software som "
+"er <quote>åben kildekode</quote>, eller software som er allemannseie. "
+"Microsofts principielle modstand er mod <quote>fri software</quote> "
+"licensieret med en <quote>copyleft</quote>-licens, som betyder at licensen "
+"kræver at de som licensierer skal adoptere samme vilkår for ethvert avledet "
+"værk. Se Bradford L. Smith, <quote>The Future of Software: Enabling the "
+"Marketplace to Decide,</quote> <citetitle>Government Policy Toward Open "
+"Source Software</citetitle> (Washington, D.C.: AEI-Brookings Joint Center "
+"for Regulatory Studies, American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy "
+"Research, 2002), 69, tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/"
+"notes/\">link #62</ulink>. Se også Craig Mundie, Microsoft senior vice "
+"præsident, <citetitle>The Commercial Software Model</citetitle>, diskussion "
+"ved New York University Stern School of Business (3 . maj 2001), "
+"tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #63</"
+"ulink>."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"I don't mean to enter that debate here. It is important only to make clear "
+"that the distinction is not between commercial and noncommercial software. "
+"There are many important companies that depend fundamentally upon open "
+"source and free software, IBM being the most prominent. IBM is increasingly "
+"shifting its focus to the GNU/Linux operating system, the most famous bit of "
+"<quote>free software</quote>—and IBM is emphatically a commercial "
+"entity. Thus, to support <quote>open source and free software</quote> is not "
+"to oppose commercial entities. It is, instead, to support a mode of software "
+"development that is different from Microsoft's.<placeholder type=\"footnote"
+"\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Jeg mener ikke at gå ind i den debatten her. Det er vigtigt kun for at "
+"gøre det klart at skillet ikke er mellem kommerciel og ikke-kommerciel "
+"software. Det er mange vigtige selskaber som er fundamentalt afhængigt af "
+"fri software, der IBM er den mest fremtrædende. IBM har i stadigt større "
+"grad skiftet sit fokus til GNU/Linux-operativsystemet, den mest berømte "
+"bidden af <quote>fri software</quote> – og IBM er helt klart en "
+"kommerciel aktør. Dermed er det at støtte <quote>fri software</quote> ikke "
+"at modsætte sig kommercielle aktører. Det er i stedet at støtte en måde at "
+"drive programvareudvikling som er forskelligt fra Microsofts.<placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "General Public License (GPL)"
+msgstr "General Public License (GPL)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "GPL (General Public License)"
+msgstr "GPL (General Public License)"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 272
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"More important for our purposes, to support <quote>open source and free "
+"software</quote> is not to oppose copyright. <quote>Open source and free "
+"software</quote> is not software in the public domain. Instead, like "
+"Microsoft's software, the copyright owners of free and open source software "
+"insist quite strongly that the terms of their software license be respected "
+"by adopters of free and open source software. The terms of that license are "
+"no doubt different from the terms of a proprietary software license. Free "
+"software licensed under the General Public License (GPL), for example, "
+"requires that the source code for the software be made available by anyone "
+"who modifies and redistributes the software. But that requirement is "
+"effective only if copyright governs software. If copyright did not govern "
+"software, then free software could not impose the same kind of requirements "
+"on its adopters. It thus depends upon copyright law just as Microsoft does."
+msgstr ""
+"Mere vigtigt for vores formål, er at at støtte <quote>åben kildekode og fri "
+"software</quote>, ikke er at modsætte sig ophavsret. <quote>Åben kildekode "
+"og fri software</quote> er ikke software uden opphavsrettslig værn. I "
+"stedet, på samme måde som software fra Microsoft, insisterer "
+"ophavsretindehaverne af fri software ganske stærkt på at vilkårene i deres "
+"programvarelicens bliver respekteret af de som tager i brug fri software. "
+"Vilkårene i den licensen er uden tvivl forskelligt fra vilkårene i en "
+"proprietær programvarelicens. For eksempel kræver fri software licensieret "
+"med General Public License (GPL), at kildekoden for software gøres "
+"tilgængeligt af alle som ændrer og videredistribuerer programvaren. Men "
+"dette krav er kun effektivt hvis ophavsret råder over software. Hvis "
+"ophavsreten ikke råder over software, så kunne ikke fri software pålægge "
+"sådanne krav på de som tager i brug programvaren. Den er dermed lige så "
+"afhængig af åndsverksloven som Microsoft."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Krim, Jonathan"
+msgstr "Krim, Jonathan"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "WIPO meeting opposed by"
+msgstr "WIPO-møde modarbejdede af"
+
+#. f9.
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Krim, <quote>The Quiet War over Open-Source,</quote> available at <ulink url="
+"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #64</ulink>."
+msgstr ""
+"Krim, <quote>The Quiet War over Open-Source,</quote> tilgængeligt fra <ulink "
+"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #64</ulink>."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"It is therefore understandable that as a proprietary software developer, "
+"Microsoft would oppose this WIPO meeting, and understandable that it would "
+"use its lobbyists to get the United States government to oppose it, as well. "
+"And indeed, that is just what was reported to have happened. According to "
+"Jonathan Krim of the <citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, Microsoft's "
+"lobbyists succeeded in getting the United States government to veto the "
+"meeting.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> And without U.S. backing, "
+"the meeting was canceled."
+msgstr ""
+"Det er dermed forståeligt at Microsoft, som udviklere af proprietær "
+"software, gik imod et sådant WIPO-møde, og lige så fuldt forståeligt at de "
+"bruger sine lobbyister til at få USAs myndigheder til at gå imod mødet. Og "
+"ganske rigtigt, det er akkurat dette som ifølge rapporter havde sket. I "
+"følge Jonathan Krim i <citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, lykkedes "
+"Microsofts lobbyister i at få USAs myndigheder til at lægge ned veto mod et "
+"sådant møde.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Og uden støtte fra USA "
+"blev mødet aflyst."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"I don't blame Microsoft for doing what it can to advance its own interests, "
+"consistent with the law. And lobbying governments is plainly consistent with "
+"the law. There was nothing surprising about its lobbying here, and nothing "
+"terribly surprising about the most powerful software producer in the United "
+"States having succeeded in its lobbying efforts."
+msgstr ""
+"Jeg klandrer ikke Microsoft for at gøre det de kan for at fremme sine egen "
+"interesser i overensstemmelse med loven. Og lobbyvirksomhed mod "
+"myndighederne er åbenbaret i overensstemmelse med loven. Deres "
+"lobbyvirksomhed er ikke overraskende i dette tilfælde, og der hen er ikke "
+"ikke rigtigt overraskende at den mægtigste programvareproducenten i USA har "
+"sluttes med sin lobbyvirksomhed."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Boland, Lois"
+msgstr "Boland, Lois"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Patent and Trademark Office, U.S."
+msgstr "USAs patent og varemærkekontor (Patent and Trademark Office)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"What was surprising was the United States government's reason for opposing "
+"the meeting. Again, as reported by Krim, Lois Boland, acting director of "
+"international relations for the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, explained "
+"that <quote>open-source software runs counter to the mission of WIPO, which "
+"is to promote intellectual-property rights.</quote> She is quoted as saying, "
+"<quote>To hold a meeting which has as its purpose to disclaim or waive such "
+"rights seems to us to be contrary to the goals of WIPO.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+"Det som var overraskende var USAs regerings begrundelse for at være imod "
+"mødet. Igen, citeret af Krim, forklarede Lois Boland, direktør for "
+"internationale forbindelser ved USAs patent og varemærkekontor, at "
+"<quote>software med åben kildekode går imod formålet til WIPO, som er at "
+"fremme immaterielle rettigheder.</quote> Hun skal ifølge citatet have sagt, "
+"<quote>Å holde et møde som har som formål at fraskrive sig eller frafalle "
+"sådanne rettigheder synes for os at være i strid med formålene til WIPO.</"
+"quote>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "These statements are astonishing on a number of levels."
+msgstr "Disse udsagn er forbløffende på flere niveauer."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"First, they are just flat wrong. As I described, most open source and free "
+"software relies fundamentally upon the intellectual property right called "
+"<quote>copyright</quote>. Without it, restrictions imposed by those "
+"licenses wouldn't work. Thus, to say it <quote>runs counter</quote> to the "
+"mission of promoting intellectual property rights reveals an extraordinary "
+"gap in understanding—the sort of mistake that is excusable in a first-"
+"year law student, but an embarrassment from a high government official "
+"dealing with intellectual property issues."
+msgstr ""
+"For det første er de ganske enkelt ikke rigtige. Som jeg beskrev, er det "
+"meste af åben kildekode og fri software fundamentalt afhængigt af den "
+"immaterielle retten kaldt <quote>ophavsret.</quote> Uden den vil "
+"begrænsningerne defineret af disse licenser ikke fungere. Dermed er det at "
+"sige at de <quote>går imod</quote> formålet om at fremme immaterielle "
+"rettigheder at afsløre en ekstraordinær mangel på forståelse – den "
+"type fejl som er tilgivelig hos en førsteårs jusstudent, men pinligt fra en "
+"højt placeret stattjenestemand som håndterer udfordringer rundt immaterielle "
+"rettigheder."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "generic drugs"
+msgstr "generiske lægemidler"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Second, who ever said that WIPO's exclusive aim was to <quote>promote</"
+"quote> intellectual property maximally? As I had been scolded at the "
+"preparatory conference of WSIS, WIPO is to consider not only how best to "
+"protect intellectual property, but also what the best balance of "
+"intellectual property is. As every economist and lawyer knows, the hard "
+"question in intellectual property law is to find that balance. But that "
+"there should be limits is, I had thought, uncontested. One wants to ask Ms. "
+"Boland, are generic drugs (drugs based on drugs whose patent has expired) "
+"contrary to the WIPO mission? Does the public domain weaken intellectual "
+"property? Would it have been better if the protocols of the Internet had "
+"been patented?"
+msgstr ""
+"For det andre, hvem har nogensinde hævdet at WIPOs eksklusive mål var at "
+"<quote>fremme</quote> immaterielle rettigheder maksimalt? Som jeg fik kæft "
+"for på den forberedende konferencen til WSIS, skal WIPO vurdere, ikke bare "
+"hvordan bedst beskytte immaterielle rettigheder, men også hvad som er den "
+"bedste balancen rundt immaterielle rettigheder. Som enhver økonom og "
+"advokat ved, er det vanskelige spørgsmålet i immateriell rettighedjuice at "
+"finde den balancen. Men at det skulle være en grænse, troede jeg, var "
+"ubestridt. Man ønsker at spørge Frue Boland om hvorvidt generiske "
+"lægemiddel (lægemidler baseret på lægemidler med patenter som er utløpt) er "
+"i strid med WIPOs opgave? Svækker allemannseie immaterielle rettigheder? "
+"Villes det været bedre om Internets protokoller havde været patenteret?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Third, even if one believed that the purpose of WIPO was to maximize "
+"intellectual property rights, in our tradition, intellectual property rights "
+"are held by individuals and corporations. They get to decide what to do with "
+"those rights because, again, they are <emphasis>their</emphasis> rights. If "
+"they want to <quote>waive</quote> or <quote>disclaim</quote> their rights, "
+"that is, within our tradition, totally appropriate. When Bill Gates gives "
+"away more than $20 billion to do good in the world, that is not inconsistent "
+"with the objectives of the property system. That is, on the contrary, just "
+"what a property system is supposed to be about: giving individuals the right "
+"to decide what to do with <emphasis>their</emphasis> property."
+msgstr ""
+"For det tredje, selv om man tror at formålet med WIPO var at maksimere "
+"immaterielle rettigheder, så indehaves immaterielle rettigheder, i vores "
+"tradition, af individer og selskaber. De får bestemme hvad som skal gøres "
+"med disse rettigheder, igen fordi det er <emphasis>de</emphasis> som ejer "
+"rettighederne. Hvis de ønsker at <quote>frafalle</quote> eller <quote>frasi</"
+"quote> sig sine rettigheder, så er det helt efter bogen i vores tradition. "
+"Når Bill Gates gear væk mere end 20 milliarder dollar til gode formål, så er "
+"ikke det uforenelig med målene til ejendomsystemet. Det er heller tvært i "
+"mod, akkurat hvad ejendomsystemet er ment at opnå, at individer har retten "
+"til at bestemme hvad de vil gøre med <emphasis>sin</emphasis> ejendom."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 274
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"When Ms. Boland says that there is something wrong with a meeting "
+"<quote>which has as its purpose to disclaim or waive such rights,</quote> "
+"she's saying that WIPO has an interest in interfering with the choices of "
+"the individuals who own intellectual property rights. That somehow, WIPO's "
+"objective should be to stop an individual from <quote>waiving</quote> or "
+"<quote>disclaiming</quote> an intellectual property right. That the interest "
+"of WIPO is not just that intellectual property rights be maximized, but that "
+"they also should be exercised in the most extreme and restrictive way "
+"possible."
+msgstr ""
+"Når Frue Boland siger at det er noget galt med et møde <quote>som har som "
+"sit formål at fraskrive eller frafalle sådanne rettigheder,</quote> så siger "
+"hun at WIPO har en interesse i at påvirke valgene til enkeltpersoner som "
+"ejer immaterielle rettigheder. At på en eller anden måde bør WIPOs opgave "
+"være at stoppe individer fra at <quote>fraskrive</quote> eller "
+"<quote>frafalle</quote> sig sine immaterielle rettigheder. At interessen "
+"til WIPO ikke bare er maksimale immaterielle rettigheder, men også at de "
+"skal udøves på den mest ekstreme og restriktivt mulige måden."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "feudal system"
+msgstr "føydalsystem"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "feudal system of"
+msgstr "føydalsystem for"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"There is a history of just such a property system that is well known in the "
+"Anglo-American tradition. It is called <quote>feudalism.</quote> Under "
+"feudalism, not only was property held by a relatively small number of "
+"individuals and entities. And not only were the rights that ran with that "
+"property powerful and extensive. But the feudal system had a strong interest "
+"in assuring that property holders within that system not weaken feudalism by "
+"liberating people or property within their control to the free market. "
+"Feudalism depended upon maximum control and concentration. It fought any "
+"freedom that might interfere with that control."
+msgstr ""
+"Det er en historie om akkurat et sådant eierskapssystem som er velkendt i "
+"den anglo-amerikanske tradition. Det kaldes <quote>feudalisme.</quote> "
+"Under feudalismen var ejendomme ikke bare kontrolleret af et relativt lille "
+"antal individer og aktører. Men det føydale systemet havde en stærk "
+"interesse i at sikre at landejere i systemet ikke svækkede feudalismen ved "
+"at frigøre folkene og ejendommene som de kontrollerede til det frie "
+"markedet. Feudalismen var afhængig af maksimal kontrol og konsentrering. "
+"Det sloges mod enhver frihed som kunne forstyrre denne kontrol."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"See Drahos with Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism</citetitle>, "
+"210–20. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Se Drahos with Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism</citetitle>, "
+"210–20 . <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"As Peter Drahos and John Braithwaite relate, this is precisely the choice we "
+"are now making about intellectual property.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id="
+"\"0\"/> We will have an information society. That much is certain. Our only "
+"choice now is whether that information society will be <emphasis>free</"
+"emphasis> or <emphasis>feudal</emphasis>. The trend is toward the feudal."
+msgstr ""
+"Som Peter Drahos og John Braithwaite beskriver, dette er nøjagtigt det "
+"valget vi nu gør om immaterielle rettigheder.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
+"id=\"0\"/> Vi kommer til at få et informationsamfund. Så meget er sikkert. "
+"Vores eneste valg nu er hvorvidt dette information samfundet skal være "
+"<emphasis>frit</emphasis> eller <emphasis>føydalt</emphasis>. Trenden er "
+"mod det føydale."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"When this battle broke, I blogged it. A spirited debate within the comment "
+"section ensued. Ms. Boland had a number of supporters who tried to show why "
+"her comments made sense. But there was one comment that was particularly "
+"depressing for me. An anonymous poster wrote,"
+msgstr ""
+"Da denne kamp brød ud, bloggede jeg om dette. En heftig debat brød ud i "
+"kommentarfeltet. Frue Boland havde en række støttespillere som forsøgte at "
+"vise hvorfor hendes kommentarer gav mening. Men det var specielt en "
+"kommentar som gjorde mig trist. En anonym kommentator skrev:"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 275
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"George, you misunderstand Lessig: He's only talking about the world as it "
+"should be (<quote>the goal of WIPO, and the goal of any government, should "
+"be to promote the right balance of intellectual property rights, not simply "
+"to promote intellectual property rights</quote>), not as it is. If we were "
+"talking about the world as it is, then of course Boland didn't say anything "
+"wrong. But in the world as Lessig would have it, then of course she did. "
+"Always pay attention to the distinction between Lessig's world and ours."
+msgstr ""
+"George, du misforstår Lessig: Han snakker bare om værdet sådan den burde "
+"være (<quote>målet til WIPO, og målet til enhver regering, bør være at "
+"fremme den rigtige balancen for immaterielle rettigheder, ikke bare at "
+"fremme immaterielle rettigheder</quote>), ikke som den er. Hvis vi snakkede "
+"om værdet sådan den er, så har naturligvis Boland ikke sagt noget galt. "
+"Men i værdet sådan Lessig vil at den skal være, er det åbenbaret at hun har "
+"sagt noget galt. Man må altid være opmærksom på forskellen mellem Lessigs "
+"og vores verden."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"I missed the irony the first time I read it. I read it quickly and thought "
+"the poster was supporting the idea that seeking balance was what our "
+"government should be doing. (Of course, my criticism of Ms. Boland was not "
+"about whether she was seeking balance or not; my criticism was that her "
+"comments betrayed a first-year law student's mistake. I have no illusion "
+"about the extremism of our government, whether Republican or Democrat. My "
+"only illusion apparently is about whether our government should speak the "
+"truth or not.)"
+msgstr ""
+"Jeg gik glipp af ironien først gangen jeg læste den. Jeg læste den raskt, og "
+"troede forfatteren støttet idéen om at det vores myndigheder burde gøre, var "
+"at søge balance. (Min kritik af Frue Boland, selvfølgelig, var ikke om "
+"hvorvidt hun søgte balance eller ikke; min kritik var at hendes kommentarer "
+"afslørede en fejl kun en førsteårs jusstudent burde kunne gøre. Jeg har "
+"ingen illusioner når det gælder ekstremismen hos vores myndigheder, uanset "
+"om de er republikanere eller demokrater. Min eneste tilsyneladende illusion "
+"er hvorvidt vores myndigheder bør snakke sandt eller ikke.)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Obviously, however, the poster was not supporting that idea. Instead, the "
+"poster was ridiculing the very idea that in the real world, the <quote>goal</"
+"quote> of a government should be <quote>to promote the right balance</quote> "
+"of intellectual property. That was obviously silly to him. And it obviously "
+"betrayed, he believed, my own silly utopianism. <quote>Typical for an "
+"academic,</quote> the poster might well have continued."
+msgstr ""
+"Det var derimod åbenbaret at den som postede meldingen ikke støttet idéen. "
+"I stedet latterliggjorde forfatteren selve idéen om at i den virkelig værdet "
+"skulle <quote>målet</quote> til myndighederne være <quote>at fremme den "
+"rigtige balance</quote> for immaterielle rettigheder. Det var åbenbaret "
+"tåbeligt for ham. Og det afslørede åbenbaret, troede han, min egen tåbelige "
+"utopisme. <quote>Typisk for man akademiker,</quote> kunne forfatteren lige "
+"så gerne have fortsat ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"I understand criticism of academic utopianism. I think utopianism is silly, "
+"too, and I'd be the first to poke fun at the absurdly unrealistic ideals of "
+"academics throughout history (and not just in our own country's history)."
+msgstr ""
+"Jeg forstår kritikken af akademisk utopisme. Jeg mener også at utopisme er "
+"tåbeligt, og jeg vil være blandt de første til at gøre nar af de absurde "
+"urealistiske idealer til akademikere gennem historie (og ikke bare i vores "
+"eget lands historie)."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"But when it has become silly to suppose that the role of our government "
+"should be to <quote>seek balance,</quote> then count me with the silly, for "
+"that means that this has become quite serious indeed. If it should be "
+"obvious to everyone that the government does not seek balance, that the "
+"government is simply the tool of the most powerful lobbyists, that the idea "
+"of holding the government to a different standard is absurd, that the idea "
+"of demanding of the government that it speak truth and not lies is just "
+"naïve, then who have we, the most powerful democracy in the world, "
+"become?"
+msgstr ""
+"Men når det har blevet dumt at antage at rollen til vores myndigheder bør "
+"være at <quote>opnå balance,</quote> da kan du regne mig blandt de dumme, "
+"for det betyder at dette faktisk har blevet ganske seriøst. Hvis det bør "
+"være åbenbaret for alle at myndighederne ikke søger at opnå balance, at "
+"myndighederne ganske enkelt er et værktøj for de mægtigste lobbyistene, at "
+"idéen om at forvente bedre af myndighederne er absurd, at idéen om at kræve "
+"at myndighederne snakker sandt og ikke lyver bare er naiv, hvad har da vi, "
+"det mægtigste demokratiet i værdet, blevet?"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 276
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"It might be crazy to expect a high government official to speak the truth. "
+"It might be crazy to believe that government policy will be something more "
+"than the handmaiden of the most powerful interests. It might be crazy to "
+"argue that we should preserve a tradition that has been part of our "
+"tradition for most of our history—free culture."
+msgstr ""
+"Det kan være galskab at forvente at en mægtig myndighedperson skal sige "
+"sandheden. Det kan være galskab at tro at myndighedernes politik skal gøre "
+"mere end at tjene de mektigstes interesser. Det kan være galskab at "
+"argumentere for at bevare en tradition som har været en del af vores "
+"tradition for størstedelen af vores historie – fri kultur."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "If this is crazy, then let there be more crazies. Soon."
+msgstr "Hvis dette er galskab, så lagde det blive flere gærninger. Snart."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Turner, Ted"
+msgstr "Turner, Ted"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>There are moments</emphasis> of hope in this "
+"struggle. And moments that surprise. When the FCC was considering relaxing "
+"ownership rules, which would thereby further increase the concentration in "
+"media ownership, an extraordinary bipartisan coalition formed to fight this "
+"change. For perhaps the first time in history, interests as diverse as the "
+"NRA, the ACLU, Moveon.org, William Safire, Ted Turner, and CodePink Women "
+"for Peace organized to oppose this change in FCC policy. An astonishing "
+"700,000 letters were sent to the FCC, demanding more hearings and a "
+"different result."
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>Det findes øjeblik</emphasis> af håb i denne kamp. "
+"Og øjeblik som overrasker. Da FCC vurderede mindre strenge eierskapsregler, "
+"som villes yderstere koncentrere medieeierskap, dannede det sig en en "
+"ekstraordinær koalition på tværs af partierne for at bekæmpe ændringen. For "
+"måske første gang i historie organiserede interesser så forskellige som NRA, "
+"ACLU, moveon.stjæle, William Safire, Ted Gymnasticerer og Codepink Women for "
+"Piece sig for at protestere på denne ændring i FCC-skrønerne. Så mange som "
+"700 000 brev blev sendt til FCC med krav om flere høringer og et andet "
+"resultat."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This activism did not stop the FCC, but soon after, a broad coalition in the "
+"Senate voted to reverse the FCC decision. The hostile hearings leading up to "
+"that vote revealed just how powerful this movement had become. There was no "
+"substantial support for the FCC's decision, and there was broad and "
+"sustained support for fighting further concentration in the media."
+msgstr ""
+"Disse protester stoppede ikke FCC, men lige så efter stemte en bred "
+"koalition i Senatet for at reversere afgørelsen i FCC. De fiendtlige "
+"høringerne som ledte til afstemningen afslørede hvor mægtigt denne "
+"bevægelse havde blevet. Det var ingen betydningsfuld støtte for FCCs "
+"afgørelse, mens det var bred og vedvarende støtte for at bekæmpe yderstere "
+"konsentrering i medierne."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"But even this movement misses an important piece of the puzzle. Largeness "
+"as such is not bad. Freedom is not threatened just because some become very "
+"rich, or because there are only a handful of big players. The poor quality "
+"of Big Macs or Quarter Pounders does not mean that you can't get a good "
+"hamburger from somewhere else."
+msgstr ""
+"Men selv denne bevægelse går glipp af en vigtig brikke i puslespillet. Å "
+"være stor er ikke ilde i sig selv. Frihed er ikke truet bare på grund af "
+"at nogle bliver rigtigt rig, eller på grund af at det bare er en håndfuld "
+"store aktører. Den dårlige kvaliteten til Big Macs eller Quartar Punders "
+"betyder ikke at du ikke kan få en god hamburger andre steder."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The danger in media concentration comes not from the concentration, but "
+"instead from the feudalism that this concentration, tied to the change in "
+"copyright, produces. It is not just that there are a few powerful companies "
+"that control an ever expanding slice of the media. It is that this "
+"concentration can call upon an equally bloated range of rights—"
+"property rights of a historically extreme form—that makes their "
+"bigness bad."
+msgstr ""
+"Faren med mediekonsentrering kommer ikke fra selve konsentreringen, men "
+"kommer fra feudalismen som denne konsentreringen fører til når den kobles "
+"til ændringer i ophavsreten. Det er ikke kun det at nogle mægtige selskaber "
+"styrer en stadig voksende andel af medierne. Det er det at denne "
+"konsentreringen kan påberåbe man lige så oppsvulmet række rettigheder "
+"– ejendomrettigheder i en historisk ekstrem form – som gør "
+"størrelsen ilde."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"It is therefore significant that so many would rally to demand competition "
+"and increased diversity. Still, if the rally is understood as being about "
+"bigness alone, it is not terribly surprising. We Americans have a long "
+"history of fighting <quote>big,</quote> wisely or not. That we could be "
+"motivated to fight <quote>big</quote> again is not something new."
+msgstr ""
+"Det er derfor betydningsfuldt at så mange vil kæmpe for at kræve "
+"konkurrence og øget mangfoldighed. Alligevel, hvis kampagnen opfattes som om "
+"den kun omhandler størrelse, så er ikke det rigtigt overraskende. Vi "
+"amerikanere har en lang historie med at slås mod <quote>stort,</quote> klogt "
+"eller ikke. At vi kan være motiveret til at slås mod <quote>det store</"
+"quote>, er igen ikke noget nyt."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"It would be something new, and something very important, if an equal number "
+"could be rallied to fight the increasing extremism built within the idea of "
+"<quote>intellectual property.</quote> Not because balance is alien to our "
+"tradition; indeed, as I've argued, balance is our tradition. But because the "
+"muscle to think critically about the scope of anything called "
+"<quote>property</quote> is not well exercised within this tradition anymore."
+msgstr ""
+"Det villes været noget nyt, og noget rigtigt vigtigt, hvis lige så mange kan "
+"være med på en kampagne for at bekæmpe øgende ekstremisme byggede ind i "
+"idéen om <quote>intellektuell ejendom.</quote> Ikke fordi balance er "
+"fremmed for vores tradition. Jeg argumenterer for at balance er vores "
+"tradition. Men fordi evnen til at tænke kritisk på omfanget af alt som "
+"kaldes <quote>ejendom</quote> ikke længere er godt dresseret i denne "
+"tradition."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"If we were Achilles, this would be our heel. This would be the place of our "
+"tragedy."
+msgstr ""
+"Hvis vi var Akilles, så villes dette været vores hæl. Dette villes være "
+"stedet for vores tragedie."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Dylan, Bob"
+msgstr "Dylan, Bob"
+
+#. f11.
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"John Borland, <quote>RIAA Sues 261 File Swappers,</quote> CNET News.com, "
+"September 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/"
+"\">link #65</ulink>; Paul R. La Monica, <quote>Music Industry Sues Swappers,"
+"</quote> CNN/Money, 8 September 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-"
+"culture.cc/notes/\">link #66</ulink>; Soni Sangha and Phyllis Furman with "
+"Robert Gearty, <quote>Sued for a Song, N.Y.C. 12-Yr-Old Among 261 Cited as "
+"Sharers,</quote> <citetitle>New York Daily News</citetitle>, 9 September "
+"2003, 3; Frank Ahrens, <quote>RIAA's Lawsuits Meet Surprised Targets; Single "
+"Mother in Calif., 12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. Among Defendants,</quote> "
+"<citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, 10 September 2003, E1; Katie Dean, "
+"<quote>Schoolgirl Settles with RIAA,</quote> <citetitle>Wired News</"
+"citetitle>, 10 September 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture."
+"cc/notes/\">link #67</ulink>."
+msgstr ""
+"John Borland, <quote>RIAA Sues 261 File Swappers,</quote> CNET News.com, "
+"september 2003, tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/"
+"\">link #65</ulink>; Paul R. Lad Monica, <quote>Music Industry Sues Swappers,"
+"</quote> CNN/Money, 8 . september 2003, tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://"
+"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #66</ulink>; Soni Sangha og Phyllis Furman "
+"sammen med Robert Gearty, <quote>Sued for a Song, N.Y.C. 12-Myldere-Old "
+"Among 261 Cited as Sharers,</quote> <citetitle>New York Daily News</"
+"citetitle>, 9 . september 2003, 3; Frank Ahrens, <quote>RIAA's Lawsuits Meet "
+"Surprised Targets; Single Mother in Calif., 12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. Among "
+"Defendants,</quote> <citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, 10 . september "
+"2003, E1; Katie Dean, <quote>Schoolgirl Koloniseres with RIAA,</quote> "
+"<citetitle>Wired News</citetitle>, 10 . september 2003, tilgængeligt fra "
+"<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #67</ulink>."
+
+#. f12.
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Jon Wiederhorn, <quote>Eminem Gets Sued … by a Little Old Lady,</"
+"quote> mtv.com, 17 September 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-"
+"culture.cc/notes/\">link #68</ulink>."
+msgstr ""
+"Jon Wiederhorn, <quote>Eminem Gets Sued … by a Little Old Lady,</"
+"quote> mtv.com, 17 . september 2003, tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://"
+"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #68</ulink>."
+
+#. f13.
+#. PAGE BREAK 334
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Kenji Hall, Associated Press, <quote>Japanese Book May Be Inspiration for "
+"Dylan Songs,</quote> Kansascity.com, 9 July 2003, available at <ulink url="
+"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #69</ulink>."
+msgstr ""
+"Kenji Hall, Associated Press, <quote>Japanese Book May Bede Inspiration for "
+"Dylan Songs,</quote> Kansascity.com, 9 . juli 2003, tilgængeligt fra <ulink "
+"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #69</ulink>."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>As I write</emphasis> these final words, the news is "
+"filled with stories about the RIAA lawsuits against almost three hundred "
+"individuals.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Eminem has just been "
+"sued for <quote>sampling</quote> someone else's music.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> The story about Bob Dylan <quote>stealing</quote> "
+"from a Japanese author has just finished making the rounds.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> An insider from Hollywood—who insists he must "
+"remain anonymous—reports <quote>an amazing conversation with these "
+"studio guys. They've got extraordinary [old] content that they'd love to use "
+"but can't because they can't begin to clear the rights. They've got scores "
+"of kids who could do amazing things with the content, but it would take "
+"scores of lawyers to clean it first.</quote> Congressmen are talking about "
+"deputizing computer viruses to bring down computers thought to violate the "
+"law. Universities are threatening expulsion for kids who use a computer to "
+"share content."
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>Mens jeg skriver</emphasis> disse afsluttende ord, "
+"er nyhederne befolket med historie om at RIAA sagsøger næsten tre hundrede "
+"individer.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Eminem har netop "
+"blevet sagsøgt for at have <quote>samplet</quote> nogle andres musik."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Historie om hvordan Bob Dylan har "
+"<quote>stjålet</quote> fra en japansk forfatter har netop gået værdet over."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> En på innsiden i Hollywood "
+"– som insisterer på at han må forblive anonym – rapporterer "
+"<quote>en utrolig samtale med disse studio folkene. De har fantastisk "
+"[gammelt] indhold som de villes elske at bruge, men det kan de ikke på grund "
+"af at de først må klarere rettighederne. De har høje med ungdomme som kunne "
+"gøre fantastiske ting med indholdet, men det vil først kræve høje med "
+"advokater for at klarere det først.</quote> Kongresrepræsentanter snakker "
+"om at give datavirus politimyndighed for at tage ned computere som antages "
+"at bryde loven. Universiteter truer med at udvise ungdomme som bruger en "
+"computer for at dele indhold."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "BBC"
+msgstr "BBC"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Brazil, free culture in"
+msgstr "Brasil, fri kultur i"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Creative Commons"
+msgstr "Creative Commons"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Gil, Gilberto"
+msgstr "Gil, Gilberto"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "public creative archive in"
+msgstr "offentligt kreativt arkiv i"
+
+#. f14.
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<quote>BBC Plans to Open Up Its Archive to the Public,</quote> BBC press "
+"release, 24 August 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/"
+"notes/\">link #70</ulink>."
+msgstr ""
+"<quote>BBC Plans to Open Up Its Archive to the Public,</quote> pressemelding "
+"fra BBC, 24 . august 2003, tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://free-"
+"culture.cc/notes/\">link #70</ulink>."
+
+#. f15.
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<quote>Creative Commons and Brazil,</quote> Creative Commons Weblog, 6 "
+"August 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
+"#71</ulink>."
+msgstr ""
+"<quote>Creative Commons and Brazil,</quote> Creative Commons Weblog, 6 . "
+"august 2003, tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/"
+"\">link #71</ulink>."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 278
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Yet on the other side of the Atlantic, the BBC has just announced that it "
+"will build a <quote>Creative Archive,</quote> from which British citizens "
+"can download BBC content, and rip, mix, and burn it.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> And in Brazil, the culture minister, Gilberto Gil, "
+"himself a folk hero of Brazilian music, has joined with Creative Commons to "
+"release content and free licenses in that Latin American country."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> I've told a dark story. The truth "
+"is more mixed. A technology has given us a new freedom. Slowly, some begin "
+"to understand that this freedom need not mean anarchy. We can carry a free "
+"culture into the twenty-first century, without artists losing and without "
+"the potential of digital technology being destroyed. It will take some "
+"thought, and more importantly, it will take some will to transform the RCAs "
+"of our day into the Causbys."
+msgstr ""
+"Imens, på anden siden af Atlanteren, har BBC netop annonceret at de vil "
+"bygge op et <quote>kreativt arkiv</quote> der hen britiske borgere kan laste "
+"ned BBC-indhold, og rippe, mikse og brænde det.<placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Og i Brasil har kulturministeren, Gilberto Gil, "
+"i sig selv en folkehelt i brasiliansk musik, slået sig sammen med Creative "
+"Commons for at give ud indhold og frie licenser i dette latinamerikanske "
+"landede.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Jeg har fortalt en mørk "
+"historie. Sandheden er mere blandet. En teknologi har givet os mere "
+"frihed. Stille begynder nogle at forstå at denne frihed behøver ikke at "
+"betyde anarki. Vi kan få med os fri kultur ind i det tjueførste århundrede, "
+"uden at artister taber, og uden at potentialet for digital teknologi bliver "
+"knust. Det vil kræve omtanke, og vigtigere, det vil kræve at nogle omformer "
+"RCA-ene af i dag til Causbyere."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 279
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Common sense must revolt. It must act to free culture. Soon, if this "
+"potential is ever to be realized."
+msgstr ""
+"Sund fornuft må gøre oprør. Den må reagere for at frigøre kulturen. Og "
+"snart, hvis dette potentiale nogensinde skal blive realiseret."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Afterword"
+msgstr "Efterord"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "voluntary reform efforts on"
+msgstr "frivillig reformindsats rundt"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 280
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>At least some</emphasis> who have read this far will "
+"agree with me that something must be done to change where we are heading. "
+"The balance of this book maps what might be done."
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>I hvert fald</emphasis> nogle af de som har læst "
+"helt herhen vil være enig med mig om at noget må gøres for at ændre "
+"retningen vi holder. Balancen i denne bog kortlægger hvad som kan gøres."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"I divide this map into two parts: that which anyone can do now, and that "
+"which requires the help of lawmakers. If there is one lesson that we can "
+"draw from the history of remaking common sense, it is that it requires "
+"remaking how many people think about the very same issue."
+msgstr ""
+"Jeg deler dette kort i to dele: det som enhver kan gøre nu , og det som "
+"kræver hjælp fra lovgiverne. Hvis det er en lærdom vi kan trække fra "
+"historie om at ændre på sund fornuft, så er det at det kræver at ændre "
+"hvordan mange mennesker tænker på den aktuelle sagen. "
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"That means this movement must begin in the streets. It must recruit a "
+"significant number of parents, teachers, librarians, creators, authors, "
+"musicians, filmmakers, scientists—all to tell this story in their own "
+"words, and to tell their neighbors why this battle is so important."
+msgstr ""
+"Det betyder at denne bevægelse må starte i gaderne. Det må rekrutteres et "
+"signifikant antal forældre, lærere, bibliotekarer, skabere, forfattere, "
+"musikere, filmskabere, forskere – som alle må fortælle denne historie "
+"med sine egen ord, og som kan fortælle sine naboer hvorfor denne kamp er så "
+"vigtig."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Once this movement has its effect in the streets, it has some hope of having "
+"an effect in Washington. We are still a democracy. What people think "
+"matters. Not as much as it should, at least when an RCA stands opposed, but "
+"still, it matters. And thus, in the second part below, I sketch changes that "
+"Congress could make to better secure a free culture."
+msgstr ""
+"Når denne bevægelse har haft sin effekt i gaderne, så er det et vidst håb om "
+"at det kan have effekt i Washington. Vi er fortsat et demokrati. Hvad folk "
+"mener betyder noget. Ikke så meget som det burde, i hvert fald når man RCA "
+"står imod, men alligevel, det betyder noget. Og dermed vil jeg skitsere, i "
+"den andre del som her følger, ændringer som Kongressen kunne gøre for at "
+"bedre sikre en fri kultur."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Us, now"
+msgstr "Os, nu"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>Common sense</emphasis> is with the copyright "
+"warriors because the debate so far has been framed at the extremes—as "
+"a grand either/or: either property or anarchy, either total control or "
+"artists won't be paid. If that really is the choice, then the warriors "
+"should win."
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>Sund fornuft</emphasis> er på samme side som "
+"ophavsretkrigerene på grund af at debatten så langt har været ramt ind "
+"rundt yderpunkterne – som en stor enten/eller: enten ejendom eller "
+"anarki, enten total kontrol, eller så får ikke kunstnerne betalt. Hvis "
+"dette virkeligt var valget så burde krigerene vinde."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The mistake here is the error of the excluded middle. There are extremes in "
+"this debate, but the extremes are not all that there is. There are those who "
+"believe in maximal copyright—<quote>All Rights Reserved</quote>— "
+"and those who reject copyright—<quote>No Rights Reserved.</quote> The "
+"<quote>All Rights Reserved</quote> sorts believe that you should ask "
+"permission before you <quote>use</quote> a copyrighted work in any way. The "
+"<quote>No Rights Reserved</quote> sorts believe you should be able to do "
+"with content as you wish, regardless of whether you have permission or not."
+msgstr ""
+"Tabben her er fejlen med at udelukke den gyldne middelvej. Det er "
+"yderpunkter i denne debat, men yderpunkterne er ikke det hele. Det er de "
+"som tror på maksimal ophavsret – <quote>Alle rettigheder forbeholdt</"
+"quote> – og de som afviser ophavsret – <quote>Ingen rettigheder "
+"forbeholdt.</quote> <quote>Alle rettigheder forbeholdt</quote>-typen mener "
+"du bør søge om tilladelse føder du <quote>bruger</quote> et "
+"opphavsrettsbeskyttet værk på noget måde. <quote>Ingen rettigheder "
+"forbeholdt</quote>-typen mener du bør kunne gøre med indhold som du selv "
+"ønsker uafhængigt af om du har tilladelse eller ikke."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "initial free character of"
+msgstr "oprindelige frie egenskaber ved"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 282
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"When the Internet was first born, its initial architecture effectively "
+"tilted in the <quote>no rights reserved</quote> direction. Content could be "
+"copied perfectly and cheaply; rights could not easily be controlled. Thus, "
+"regardless of anyone's desire, the effective regime of copyright under the "
+"original design of the Internet was <quote>no rights reserved.</quote> "
+"Content was <quote>taken</quote> regardless of the rights. Any rights were "
+"effectively unprotected."
+msgstr ""
+"Da Internet først opstod havde det en arkitektur som i praksis ikke lagde op "
+"til håndheving af ophavrettigheder. Indhold kunne kopieres billigt og uden "
+"kvalitetstap og rettigheder kunne ikke enkelt kontrolleres. Dermed var, "
+"uafhængigt af hvad nogle ønskede, det effektive regimet for ophavsret under "
+"den originale udformningen af Internet <quote>ingen rettigheder forbeholdt.</"
+"quote> Indhold blev <quote>taget</quote> uafhængigt af rettighederne. Alle "
+"rettigheder var effektivt ubeskyttet."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This initial character produced a reaction (opposite, but not quite equal) "
+"by copyright owners. That reaction has been the topic of this book. Through "
+"legislation, litigation, and changes to the network's design, copyright "
+"holders have been able to change the essential character of the environment "
+"of the original Internet. If the original architecture made the effective "
+"default <quote>no rights reserved,</quote> the future architecture will make "
+"the effective default <quote>all rights reserved.</quote> The architecture "
+"and law that surround the Internet's design will increasingly produce an "
+"environment where all use of content requires permission. The <quote>cut "
+"and paste</quote> world that defines the Internet today will become a "
+"<quote>get permission to cut and paste</quote> world that is a creator's "
+"nightmare."
+msgstr ""
+"Denne oprindelige egenskab gav en reaktion (i modsat retning, men ikke helt "
+"lig) fra ophavsretejerne. Den reaktionen har været tema for denne bog. "
+"Gennem lovgiving, søgsmål og ændringer i netværkets udformning har "
+"ophavsretindehaverne været i stand til at ændre den grundlegende egenskaben "
+"til omgivelsen for det originale Internet. Hvis den oprindelige "
+"arkitekturen giver et effektivt udgangspunkt med <quote>ingen rettigheder "
+"forbeholdt,</quote> så vil fremtidens arkitektur gøre det effektive "
+"udgangspunktet til <quote>alle rettigheder forbeholdt.</quote> Arkitekturen "
+"og loven som omgiver Internets udformning vil i stadigt større grad give en "
+"omgivelse hvor al bruge af indhold kræver tilladelse. <quote>Klip og "
+"klistr</quote>-værdet som definerer Internet i dag vil blive man <quote>skaf "
+"tilladelse til at klippe og lime</quote>-værdet som er en skabers mareridt."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"What's needed is a way to say something in the middle—neither "
+"<quote>all rights reserved</quote> nor <quote>no rights reserved</quote> but "
+"<quote>some rights reserved</quote>— and thus a way to respect "
+"copyrights but enable creators to free content as they see fit. In other "
+"words, we need a way to restore a set of freedoms that we could just take "
+"for granted before."
+msgstr ""
+"Det som trænges er en måde at sige noget midt imellem – hverken "
+"<quote>alle rettigheder forbeholdt</quote> eller <quote>ingen rettigheder "
+"forbeholdt</quote>, men <quote>nogle rettigheder forbeholdt</quote> – "
+"og dermed en måde at respektere ophavsreter mens man gør det muligt for "
+"skaberne at frigøre indhold når de ønsker det. Med andre ord, vi behøver en "
+"måde at genindføre sættet med friheder som vi kunne tage for givet tidligere."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Rebuilding Freedoms Previously Presumed: Examples"
+msgstr "Gjenoppbygging af tidligere antagne friheder: Eksempler"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "restoration efforts on previous aspects of"
+msgstr "restaureringindsatser på tidligere facetter af"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "privacy rights"
+msgstr "personværnrettigheder"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"If you step back from the battle I've been describing here, you will "
+"recognize this problem from other contexts. Think about privacy. Before the "
+"Internet, most of us didn't have to worry much about data about our lives "
+"that we broadcast to the world. If you walked into a bookstore and browsed "
+"through some of the works of Karl Marx, you didn't need to worry about "
+"explaining your browsing habits to your neighbors or boss. The "
+"<quote>privacy</quote> of your browsing habits was assured."
+msgstr ""
+"Hvis du træder tilbage fra slaget jeg har beskrevet her , så vil du kende "
+"igen dette problem fra andre omgivelser. Tænk på personværn. Før Internet "
+"behøvede de fleste af os ikke at bekymre os over hvor mange data om vores "
+"liv som vi udsendede/udsendte til værdet. Hvis du gik ind i man boghandler "
+"og kiggede på værkerne til Karl Marx, så behøvede du ikke bekymre dig for at "
+"måtte forklare hvad du bladrede i for dine naboer eller din boss. "
+"<quote>Privatsfæren</quote> rundt hvad du bladrede i var sikret."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "What made it assured?"
+msgstr "Hvad gjorde at det var sikret?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Well, if we think in terms of the modalities I described in chapter <xref "
+"xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"property-i\"/>, your privacy was "
+"assured because of an inefficient architecture for gathering data and hence "
+"a market constraint (cost) on anyone who wanted to gather that data. If you "
+"were a suspected spy for North Korea, working for the CIA, no doubt your "
+"privacy would not be assured. But that's because the CIA would (we hope) "
+"find it valuable enough to spend the thousands required to track you. But "
+"for most of us (again, we can hope), spying doesn't pay. The highly "
+"inefficient architecture of real space means we all enjoy a fairly robust "
+"amount of privacy. That privacy is guaranteed to us by friction. Not by law "
+"(there is no law protecting <quote>privacy</quote> in public places), and in "
+"many places, not by norms (snooping and gossip are just fun), but instead, "
+"by the costs that friction imposes on anyone who would want to spy."
+msgstr ""
+"Vel, hvis vi tænker på begreberne til modaliteterne jeg beskrev i kapitel "
+"<xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"property-i\"/>, så var dit "
+"privatliv sikret på grund af en ineffektiv arkitektur for innsamling af "
+"data, og dermed en markedbegrensning (omkostning) for enhver som ønskede at "
+"samle disse data. Hvis du var en mistænkt spion for Nord-Korea som "
+"arbejdede for CIA, så villes uden dit tvivl privatliv ikke være sikret. Men "
+"det er på grund af at CIA villes (fure vi håbe) finne det værdifuldt nok at "
+"bruge de titusenvis af kronerne som trængtes for at spore dig. Men for folk "
+"flest (igen så kan vi håbe) lønnede det sig ikke at spionere på os. Denne "
+"højst ineffektive arkitekturen til den virkelige værdet betyder at de fleste "
+"af os kan nyde en rimelig robust mængde privatliv. Dette privatliv er "
+"garanteret os på grund af friktion. Ikke fra lovværket (det er ingen lov "
+"som beskytter <quote>privatlivet</quote> i det offentlige rom), og mange "
+"pladser ikke af normer (kikking og sladder er bare hyggelige), men i stedet "
+"fra omkostningerne som friktion påfører enhver som ønsker at spionere."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Amazon"
+msgstr "Amazon"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "cookies, Internet"
+msgstr "informationkapsler, Internet"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "privacy protection on"
+msgstr "personværnbeskyttelse på"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Enter the Internet, where the cost of tracking browsing in particular has "
+"become quite tiny. If you're a customer at Amazon, then as you browse the "
+"pages, Amazon collects the data about what you've looked at. You know this "
+"because at the side of the page, there's a list of <quote>recently viewed</"
+"quote> pages. Now, because of the architecture of the Net and the function "
+"of cookies on the Net, it is easier to collect the data than not. The "
+"friction has disappeared, and hence any <quote>privacy</quote> protected by "
+"the friction disappears, too."
+msgstr ""
+"Så kommer Internet, hvor omkostningen med at spore, særligt det som bliver "
+"bladret i, har blevet stort lille. Hvis du er en kunde af Amazon, så vil "
+"Amazon samle information om hvad du har set på mens du bladrer på siden "
+"jeres. Du ved dette på grund af at det i en spalte på siden vises en liste "
+"med <quote>nylig viste</quote> sider. På grund af arkitekturen til nettet, "
+"og hvordan informationkapsler fungerer på nettet, så er det enklere at samle "
+"ind disse data end at lade være. Friktionen har forsvundet, og dermed "
+"forsvinder også ethvert <quote>privatliv</quote> som var beskyttet af denne "
+"friktion."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "privacy rights in use of"
+msgstr "personværnrettigheder i brug af"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Amazon, of course, is not the problem. But we might begin to worry about "
+"libraries. If you're one of those crazy lefties who thinks that people "
+"should have the <quote>right</quote> to browse in a library without the "
+"government knowing which books you look at (I'm one of those lefties, too), "
+"then this change in the technology of monitoring might concern you. If it "
+"becomes simple to gather and sort who does what in electronic spaces, then "
+"the friction-induced privacy of yesterday disappears."
+msgstr ""
+"Amazon er naturligvis ikke problemet. Men vi kan begynde at bekymre os for "
+"biblioteker. Hvis du er en af disse sprø venstrevridde som mener at folk "
+"bør have <quote>retten</quote> til at besøge et bibliotek, uden at "
+"myndighederne får vide hvilke bøge du ser på (jeg er også en af disse "
+"venstrevridde), da kan det hænde denne ændring i teknologien for overvåkning "
+"angår dig. Hvis det bliver enkelt at samle ind og sortere hvem som gør hvad "
+"i det elektroniske rom, så forsvinder det friksjonsinduserte privatliv fra "
+"tidligere tider."
+
+#. f1.
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"See, for example, Marc Rotenberg, <quote>Fair Information Practices and the "
+"Architecture of Privacy (What Larry Doesn't Get),</quote> "
+"<citetitle>Stanford Technology Law Review</citetitle> 1 (2001): par. "
+"6–18, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
+"#72</ulink> (describing examples in which technology defines privacy "
+"policy). See also Jeffrey Rosen, <citetitle>The Naked Crowd: Reclaiming "
+"Security and Freedom in an Anxious Age</citetitle> (New York: Random House, "
+"2004) (mapping tradeoffs between technology and privacy)."
+msgstr ""
+"Se for eksempel Marc Rotenberg, <quote>Fair Information Practices and the "
+"Architecture of Privacy (What Larry Doesn't Get),</quote> "
+"<citetitle>Stanford Technology Law Review</citetitle> 1 (2001): par. 6–"
+"18, tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #72</"
+"ulink> (beskriver eksempler der teknologi definerer skrøner rundt "
+"privatliv). Se også Jeffrey Rosen, <citetitle>The Naked Crowd: Reclaiming "
+"Security and Freedom in an Anxious Ærefrygt</citetitle> (New York: Random "
+"House, 2004) (kortlægger avveininger mellem teknologi og personværn)."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 284
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"It is this reality that explains the push of many to define <quote>privacy</"
+"quote> on the Internet. It is the recognition that technology can remove "
+"what friction before gave us that leads many to push for laws to do what "
+"friction did.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> And whether you're in "
+"favor of those laws or not, it is the pattern that is important here. We "
+"must take affirmative steps to secure a kind of freedom that was passively "
+"provided before. A change in technology now forces those who believe in "
+"privacy to affirmatively act where, before, privacy was given by default."
+msgstr ""
+"Det er denne virkelighed som forklarer at mange gør en indsats for at "
+"definere <quote>privatliv</quote> på Internet. Det er erkjennelsen om at "
+"teknologi kan fjerne det friktion før gav os, som får mange til at bede om "
+"håndflade som gør det friktionen gjorde.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
+"id=\"0\"/> Og uanset om du er for eller imod disse love, så er det mønsteret "
+"som er det vigtige her. Vi må tage eksplisitte skridt for at sikre en slags "
+"frihed som var passivt sikret tidligere . En ændring i teknologi tvinger nu "
+" de som tror på privatlivets fred til at gøre eksplisitte handlinger der hen "
+"hvor privatliv tidligere var givet som udgangspunkt."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Data General"
+msgstr "Data General"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"A similar story could be told about the birth of the free software movement. "
+"When computers with software were first made available commercially, the "
+"software—both the source code and the binaries— was free. You "
+"couldn't run a program written for a Data General machine on an IBM machine, "
+"so Data General and IBM didn't care much about controlling their software."
+msgstr ""
+"En lignende historie kan fortælles om stiftelsen af Fri programvare-"
+"bevægelsen. Da computere med software først blev gjort kommercielt "
+"tilgængeligt, var programvaren – både kildekoden og programmerne "
+"– frit tilgængeligt. Du kunne ikke køre et program skrævet for en "
+"Data General-maskine på en IBM-maskine, så Data General og IBM generede sig "
+"ikke meget om at kontrollere sin programvare."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Stallman, Richard"
+msgstr "Stallman, Richard"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"That was the world Richard Stallman was born into, and while he was a "
+"researcher at MIT, he grew to love the community that developed when one was "
+"free to explore and tinker with the software that ran on machines. Being a "
+"smart sort himself, and a talented programmer, Stallman grew to depend upon "
+"the freedom to add to or modify other people's work."
+msgstr ""
+"Dette var værdet Richard Stallman blev født ind i, og som forsker ved MIT "
+"lærte han at elske samfundet som udviklede sig når man var fri til at "
+"udforske og rode med programvaren som kørte på computere. Som en af de "
+"smarte typerne, i tillæg til at være en dygtig programmerer, begyndte "
+"Stallman at basere sig på friheden han havde til bygge på eller ændre på "
+"andres værk."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"In an academic setting, at least, that's not a terribly radical idea. In a "
+"math department, anyone would be free to tinker with a proof that someone "
+"offered. If you thought you had a better way to prove a theorem, you could "
+"take what someone else did and change it. In a classics department, if you "
+"believed a colleague's translation of a recently discovered text was flawed, "
+"you were free to improve it. Thus, to Stallman, it seemed obvious that you "
+"should be free to tinker with and improve the code that ran a machine. This, "
+"too, was knowledge. Why shouldn't it be open for criticism like anything "
+"else?"
+msgstr ""
+"I hvert fald i akademierne er ikke dette en rigtigt radikal idé. Ved et "
+"matematisk institut villes enhver have friheden til at rode med et bevis som "
+"nogle andre lagde frem. Hvis du troede du havde en bedre måde at bevise et "
+"teorem, så kunne du tage det nogle andre havde gjort og ændre det. Ved et "
+"institut for klassisk historie, hvis du mente en kollegas oversættelse af en "
+"nylig opdaget tekst havde fejl, så havde du friheden til at forbedre den. "
+"Dermed, for Stallman, virket det åbenbaret at du burde stå frit til at rode "
+"med , og forbedre koden som kørte på en maskine. Også dette var kundskab. "
+"Hvorfor skulle det ikke være åbent for kritik på samme måde som alt andet?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "proprietary code"
+msgstr "proprietær kode"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"No one answered that question. Instead, the architecture of revenue for "
+"computing changed. As it became possible to import programs from one system "
+"to another, it became economically attractive (at least in the view of some) "
+"to hide the code of your program. So, too, as companies started selling "
+"peripherals for mainframe systems. If I could just take your printer driver "
+"and copy it, then that would make it easier for me to sell a printer to the "
+"market than it was for you."
+msgstr ""
+"Ingen svarede på det spørgsmålet. I stedet ændrede arkitekturen for "
+"indkomster i dataværdet sig. Efterhånden som det blev muligt at importere "
+"programmer fra et system til et andet, så blev det økonomisk attraktivt (i "
+"hvert fald efter nogles syner) at skjule koden til programmet man fortaget. "
+"I tillæg begyndte selskaber at sælge ekstrautstyr til stormaskiner. Hvis "
+"jeg bare kunne tage din printerdriver og kopiere den, så villes det gøre det "
+"enklere for mig end det var for dig at sælge man printer i markedet."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 285
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Thus, the practice of proprietary code began to spread, and by the early "
+"1980s, Stallman found himself surrounded by proprietary code. The world of "
+"free software had been erased by a change in the economics of computing. And "
+"as he believed, if he did nothing about it, then the freedom to change and "
+"share software would be fundamentally weakened."
+msgstr ""
+"Dermed begyndte praksissen med proprietær kode at brede sig, og tidligt på "
+"1980-tallet fandt Stallman at han var omringet af proprietær kode. Værdet af "
+"fri software havde blevet fjernet af en ændring i økonomien rundt "
+"databehandling. Og han troede at hvis han ikke gjorde noget med dette, så "
+"villes friheden til at ændre og dele software blive fundamentalt svækket."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Torvalds, Linus"
+msgstr "Torvalds, Linus"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Therefore, in 1984, Stallman began a project to build a free operating "
+"system, so that at least a strain of free software would survive. That was "
+"the birth of the GNU project, into which Linus Torvalds's <quote>Linux</"
+"quote> kernel was added to produce the GNU/Linux operating system. "
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
+"id=\"1\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Derfor, i 1984, startet Staldmand på et projekt for at bygge et frit "
+"operativsystem, sådan i hvert fald en flik af fri software skulle overleve. "
+"Dette var starten på GNU-projektet, som <quote>Linux</quote>-kernen til "
+"Linus Torvalds senere blev lagt til i for at producere GNU/Linux-"
+"operativsystemet. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder "
+"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Stallman's technique was to use copyright law to build a world of software "
+"that must be kept free. Software licensed under the Free Software "
+"Foundation's GPL cannot be modified and distributed unless the source code "
+"for that software is made available as well. Thus, anyone building upon "
+"GPL'd software would have to make their buildings free as well. This would "
+"assure, Stallman believed, that an ecology of code would develop that "
+"remained free for others to build upon. His fundamental goal was freedom; "
+"innovative creative code was a byproduct."
+msgstr ""
+"Stallmans teknik var at bruge åndsverksloven til at bygge en værdet af "
+"software som må forblive fri. Programvare licensieret med GPL fra Free "
+"Software Foundation kan ikke ændres og distribueres uden at kildekoden for "
+"den ændrede programvaren også bliver gjort tilgængeligt. Dermed må enhver "
+"som bygger på software licensieret med GPL også frigøre sit bygværk. Dette "
+"troede Stallman vilde sikre at et det udviklede sig et miljø af kode som "
+"forblev frit for andre at bygge på. Hans fundamentale mål var frihed. "
+"Nyskabende kreativ kode var et biprodukt."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Stallman was thus doing for software what privacy advocates now do for "
+"privacy. He was seeking a way to rebuild a kind of freedom that was taken "
+"for granted before. Through the affirmative use of licenses that bind "
+"copyrighted code, Stallman was affirmatively reclaiming a space where free "
+"software would survive. He was actively protecting what before had been "
+"passively guaranteed."
+msgstr ""
+"Stallman gjorde dermed for software det personvernforkjempere nu gør for "
+"privatsfæren. Han søgte efter en måde at genopbygge den type frihed som før "
+"var taget for givet. Gennem aktiv brug af licenser som gælder for "
+"opphavsrettsbeskyttet kildekode, gjenerobret Stallman en arena der hen fri "
+"software villes overleve. Han beskyttede aktivt det som før havde været "
+"passivt garanteret."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "scientific journals"
+msgstr "videnskabelige tidsskrifter"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Finally, consider a very recent example that more directly resonates with "
+"the story of this book. This is the shift in the way academic and scientific "
+"journals are produced."
+msgstr ""
+"Til slutning, lagde os se på et rigtigt nyt eksempel som ræsonnerer mere "
+"direkte med historie i denne bog. Dette er overgangen for hvordan "
+"akademiske og videnskabelige tidsskrifter bliver produceret."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Lexis and Westlaw"
+msgstr "Lexis and Westlaw"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "journals in"
+msgstr "tidsskrifter i"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "access to opinions of"
+msgstr "tilgang til domstolsavgjørelser fra"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 286
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"As digital technologies develop, it is becoming obvious to many that "
+"printing thousands of copies of journals every month and sending them to "
+"libraries is perhaps not the most efficient way to distribute knowledge. "
+"Instead, journals are increasingly becoming electronic, and libraries and "
+"their users are given access to these electronic journals through password-"
+"protected sites. Something similar to this has been happening in law for "
+"almost thirty years: Lexis and Westlaw have had electronic versions of case "
+"reports available to subscribers to their service. Although a Supreme Court "
+"opinion is not copyrighted, and anyone is free to go to a library and read "
+"it, Lexis and Westlaw are also free to charge users for the privilege of "
+"gaining access to that Supreme Court opinion through their respective "
+"services."
+msgstr ""
+"Efterhånden som teknologien udviklede sig, bliver det åbenbaret for mange at "
+"at skrive ud tusindvis af kopier af tidsskrifter hver måned, og sende dem "
+"til biblioteker måske ikke er den mest effektive måden at brede kundskab på. "
+" I stedet bliver tidsskrifter mere og mere elektroniske, og biblioteker og "
+"deres brugere gives tilgang til disse elektroniske tidsskrifter gennem "
+"passordbeskyttede netsteder. Noget lignende har sket inden justitssektoren "
+"i næsten tredive år: Lexis og Westlaw har haft elektroniske versioner af "
+"domstolafgørelser tilgængeligt for sine tjenesteabonnenter. Selv om man "
+"høyesterettsdom ikke er opphavsrettsbeskyttet, og enhver står frit til at gå "
+"til et bibliotek og læse den, så står Lexis og Westlaw også frit til at "
+"kræve betaling fra sine brugerne for at give tilgang til den samme "
+"høyesterettsdommen gennem deres respektive tjenester."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "access fees for material in"
+msgstr "tilgangafgifter for materiale i"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "license system for rebuilding of"
+msgstr "licenssystemet for gjenoppbygging af"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"There's nothing wrong in general with this, and indeed, the ability to "
+"charge for access to even public domain materials is a good incentive for "
+"people to develop new and innovative ways to spread knowledge. The law has "
+"agreed, which is why Lexis and Westlaw have been allowed to flourish. And if "
+"there's nothing wrong with selling the public domain, then there could be "
+"nothing wrong, in principle, with selling access to material that is not in "
+"the public domain."
+msgstr ""
+"Det er stort set ingenting galt med dette, og muligheden til at tage betalt "
+"for tilgang selv for allemannseid materiale er helt klaret et godt incentiv "
+"for folk til at udvikle nye og nyskabende måder for at brede kundskab. "
+"Retpraksis har været enig, hvilket er det som gør at Lexis og Westlaw har "
+"fået lov til at blomstre. Og hvis det ikke er noget galt med at sælge det "
+"som er allemannseie, så bør det i princippet ikke være noget galt i at sælge "
+"tilgang til materiale som ikke er allemannseie."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"But what if the only way to get access to social and scientific data was "
+"through proprietary services? What if no one had the ability to browse this "
+"data except by paying for a subscription?"
+msgstr ""
+"Men hvad hvis den eneste måden at få tilgang til sociale og videnskabelige "
+"data var gennem proprietære tjenester? Hvad hvis ingen havde muligheden til "
+"at bladre igennem disse datasæt uden at betale for et abonnement?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"As many are beginning to notice, this is increasingly the reality with "
+"scientific journals. When these journals were distributed in paper form, "
+"libraries could make the journals available to anyone who had access to the "
+"library. Thus, patients with cancer could become cancer experts because the "
+"library gave them access. Or patients trying to understand the risks of a "
+"certain treatment could research those risks by reading all available "
+"articles about that treatment. This freedom was therefore a function of the "
+"institution of libraries (norms) and the technology of paper journals "
+"(architecture)—namely, that it was very hard to control access to a "
+"paper journal."
+msgstr ""
+"Som flere begynder at opdage, er dette stadig oftere virkeligheden med "
+"videnskabelige tidsskrifter. Da disse tidsskrifter blev distribueret i "
+"papirudgaven, kunne bibliotekerne gøre tidsskrifterne tilgængeligt for "
+"enhver som havde tilgang til biblioteket. Dermed kunne patienter med kræft "
+"blive kræfteksperter på grund af at biblioteket gav dem tilgang. Eller "
+"patienter som forsøgte at forstå risikoen med en bestemt behandling, kunne "
+"forske på disse risici ved at læse alle tilgængelige artikler om den "
+"behandlingen. Denne frihed var dermed et resultat af hvordan biblioteker "
+"fungerede (normer) og teknologien til papirtidsskrifter (arkitektur) – "
+"nemlig at det var rigtigt vanskeligt at kontrollere tilgang til et "
+"papirtidsskrift."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"As journals become electronic, however, the publishers are demanding that "
+"libraries not give the general public access to the journals. This means "
+"that the freedoms provided by print journals in public libraries begin to "
+"disappear. Thus, as with privacy and with software, a changing technology "
+"and market shrink a freedom taken for granted before."
+msgstr ""
+"Efterhånden som tidsskrifter bliver elektroniske, kræver derimod utgiverne "
+"at bibliotekerne ikke giver alle tilgang til tidsskrifterne. Dette betyder "
+"at frihederne som papirtidsskrifter gav i offentlige biblioteker, begynder "
+"at forsvinde. Dermed, på samme måde som med personværn og software, krymper "
+"ændringer i teknologien og markedet en frihed som vi tog for givet tidligere."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 287
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This shrinking freedom has led many to take affirmative steps to restore the "
+"freedom that has been lost. The Public Library of Science (PLoS), for "
+"example, is a nonprofit corporation dedicated to making scientific research "
+"available to anyone with a Web connection. Authors of scientific work submit "
+"that work to the Public Library of Science. That work is then subject to "
+"peer review. If accepted, the work is then deposited in a public, electronic "
+"archive and made permanently available for free. PLoS also sells a print "
+"version of its work, but the copyright for the print journal does not "
+"inhibit the right of anyone to redistribute the work for free."
+msgstr ""
+"Denne reducerede frihed har fået mange til at tage aktive skridt for at "
+"genetablere friheden som har gået tabt. Et eksempel er Det Offentlige "
+"Videnskabbiblioteket (PLoS), som er et ikke-kommercielt selskab dedikeret "
+"til at gøre videnskabelig forskning tilgængeligt til alle som har en "
+"netforbindelse. Forfattere af videnskabelige værker laster sit værk op til "
+"Det Offentlige Videnskabbiblioteket. Dette virkede går så igennem "
+"fagfællevurdering. Hvis det bliver accepteret, så bliver virket lagret i et "
+"offentligt, elektronisk arkiv, og gjort gratis og permanent tilgængeligt. "
+"PLoS sælger også trykkede udgaver af værkerne, men ophavsreten til "
+"papirtidsskrifterne fratager ingen retten til at frit videredistribuere "
+"værket."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This is one of many such efforts to restore a freedom taken for granted "
+"before, but now threatened by changing technology and markets. There's no "
+"doubt that this alternative competes with the traditional publishers and "
+"their efforts to make money from the exclusive distribution of content. But "
+"competition in our tradition is presumptively a good—especially when "
+"it helps spread knowledge and science."
+msgstr ""
+"Dette er en af mange sådanne indsatser for at genetablere en frihed som "
+"tidligere blev taget for givet, men som nu er truet af ændringer i teknologi "
+"og marked. Det er ingen tvivl om at dette alternativ konkurrerer med de "
+"traditionelle forlagene og deres indsats for at tjene penge på den "
+"eksklusive distributionen af indhold. Men konkurrence antages i vores "
+"tradition for at være godt – specielt når det bidrager til at brede "
+"kundskab og videnskab."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Rebuilding Free Culture: One Idea"
+msgstr "Gjenoppbygging af fri kultur: En idé"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The same strategy could be applied to culture, as a response to the "
+"increasing control effected through law and technology."
+msgstr ""
+"Den samme strategi kan bruges på kultur, som et svar på den øgende "
+"kontrollen som gennemføres gennem lov og teknologi."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Stanford University"
+msgstr "Stanford University"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Enter the Creative Commons. The Creative Commons is a nonprofit corporation "
+"established in Massachusetts, but with its home at Stanford University. Its "
+"aim is to build a layer of <emphasis>reasonable</emphasis> copyright on top "
+"of the extremes that now reign. It does this by making it easy for people to "
+"build upon other people's work, by making it simple for creators to express "
+"the freedom for others to take and build upon their work. Simple tags, tied "
+"to human-readable descriptions, tied to bulletproof licenses, make this "
+"possible."
+msgstr ""
+"Her kommer Creative Commons ind. Creative Commons er et ikke-kommercielt "
+"selskab etableret i Massachusetts, men med sit hjem ved Stanford University. "
+" Selskabets mål er at bygge et hold af <emphasis>fornuftig</emphasis> "
+"ophavsret på toppen af det ekstreme som nu regerer. Det gør dette ved at "
+"gøre det enkelt for folk at bygge på andre folks værk, ved at gøre det "
+"enkelt for skabere at udtrykke friheden for andre til at tage og bygge på "
+"deres værker. Dette gøres muligt med enkle marker, knyttede til "
+"menneskelesbare beskrivelser, som igen er knyttet til vandtæte licenser."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 288
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis>Simple</emphasis>—which means without a middleman, or "
+"without a lawyer. By developing a free set of licenses that people can "
+"attach to their content, Creative Commons aims to mark a range of content "
+"that can easily, and reliably, be built upon. These tags are then linked to "
+"machine-readable versions of the license that enable computers automatically "
+"to identify content that can easily be shared. These three expressions "
+"together—a legal license, a human-readable description, and machine-"
+"readable tags—constitute a Creative Commons license. A Creative "
+"Commons license constitutes a grant of freedom to anyone who accesses the "
+"license, and more importantly, an expression of the ideal that the person "
+"associated with the license believes in something different than the "
+"<quote>All</quote> or <quote>No</quote> extremes. Content is marked with the "
+"CC mark, which does not mean that copyright is waived, but that certain "
+"freedoms are given."
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis>Enkelt</emphasis> – som betyder uden en mellommann, eller "
+"uden en advokat. Ved at udvikle et frit sæt med licenser som folk kan "
+"knytte til sit indhold, sigter Creative Commons at mærke en mængde indhold "
+"som enkelt og pålideligt kan bygges på. Disse mærker er så lænket til "
+"maskinlesbare versioner af licensen som gør det muligt for computere at "
+"automatisk identificere indhold som enkelt kan deles. Denne samling af tre "
+"udtryk – en juridisk licens, en menneskelesbar beskrivelse og et "
+"maskinlesbart mærke – udgør en Creative Commons-licens. En Creative "
+"Commons-licens udgør man tildeling af frihed til enhver som har tilgang til "
+"licensen. Og vigtigere, et udtryk for at personen som bruger licensen tror "
+"på noget andet end <quote>Alle</quote>- eller <quote>Ingen</quote>-"
+"ytterkantene. Indhold mærket med CC-mærket betyder ikke at man har sagt "
+"fra sig ophavsreten, men derimod at enkelte friheder er givet væk."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"These freedoms are beyond the freedoms promised by fair use. Their precise "
+"contours depend upon the choices the creator makes. The creator can choose a "
+"license that permits any use, so long as attribution is given. She can "
+"choose a license that permits only noncommercial use. She can choose a "
+"license that permits any use so long as the same freedoms are given to other "
+"uses (<quote>share and share alike</quote>). Or any use so long as no "
+"derivative use is made. Or any use at all within developing nations. Or any "
+"sampling use, so long as full copies are not made. Or lastly, any "
+"educational use."
+msgstr ""
+"Disse friheder går ud over friheden som loves af rimeligt brug. Frihedernes "
+"præcise omrids er avhenging af valgene som skaberen gør. Skaberen kan vælge "
+"en licens som tillader enhver bruge, så længe ophavpersonen navngis. Hun "
+"kan vælge en licens som kun tillader ikke -kommerciel brug. Hun kan vælge "
+"en licens som tillader enhver bruge så længe de samme friheder gives videre "
+"til andre brugere (<quote>del, og del på lige vilkår</quote>). Eller enhver "
+"bruge så længe ingen bearbeidelse bliver gjort. Eller enhver bruge i "
+"udviklingsland. Eller enhver bruge som <quote>smagsprøve,</quote> så længe "
+"det ikke fortages komplette kopier. Og til slutning, enhver bruge til "
+"oplæring."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"These choices thus establish a range of freedoms beyond the default of "
+"copyright law. They also enable freedoms that go beyond traditional fair "
+"use. And most importantly, they express these freedoms in a way that "
+"subsequent users can use and rely upon without the need to hire a lawyer. "
+"Creative Commons thus aims to build a layer of content, governed by a layer "
+"of reasonable copyright law, that others can build upon. Voluntary choice of "
+"individuals and creators will make this content available. And that content "
+"will in turn enable us to rebuild a public domain."
+msgstr ""
+"Disse valg etablerer dermed en række friheder som går ud over "
+"åndsverkslovens udgangspunkt. De muliggjør også friheder som går ud over "
+"traditionel rimeligt brug. Og det vigtigste er at de udtrykker disse "
+"friheder på en måde som de påfølgende brugerne kan bruge og basere sig på "
+"uden at hyre ind en advokat. Creative Commons sigter dermed mod at bygge "
+"et hold af indhold, styrt af et hold af fornuftigt åndsverkslov, som andre "
+"kan bygge på. Frivilligt valg fra individer og skabere vil gøre dette "
+"indhold tilgængeligt. Og dette indhold vil så gøre det muligt for os at "
+"genetablere allemannseiet."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Garlick, Mia"
+msgstr "Garlick, Mia"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 289
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This is just one project among many within the Creative Commons. And of "
+"course, Creative Commons is not the only organization pursuing such "
+"freedoms. But the point that distinguishes the Creative Commons from many is "
+"that we are not interested only in talking about a public domain or in "
+"getting legislators to help build a public domain. Our aim is to build a "
+"movement of consumers and producers of content (<quote>content conducers,</"
+"quote> as attorney Mia Garlick calls them) who help build the public domain "
+"and, by their work, demonstrate the importance of the public domain to other "
+"creativity."
+msgstr ""
+"Dette er bare et af mange projekter inden Creative Commons. Og Creative "
+"Commons er naturligvis ikke den eneste organisationen som bidrager til "
+"sådanne friheder. Men det som skiller Creative Commons fra mange andre er "
+"at vi er ikke bare interesseret i at snakke om et allemannseie, eller i at "
+"få lovgiverne til at bidrage til at bygge et allemannseie. Vores mål er at "
+"bygge en bevægelse af forbrugere og producenter af indhold "
+"(<quote>innholdskondusenter,</quote> som advokat Mia Garlick kalder dem) som "
+"hjælper til at bygge allemannseie og demonstrerer med sine egen værker hvor "
+"vigtigt allemannseiet er for anden kreativitet."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The aim is not to fight the <quote>All Rights Reserved</quote> sorts. The "
+"aim is to complement them. The problems that the law creates for us as a "
+"culture are produced by insane and unintended consequences of laws written "
+"centuries ago, applied to a technology that only Jefferson could have "
+"imagined. The rules may well have made sense against a background of "
+"technologies from centuries ago, but they do not make sense against the "
+"background of digital technologies. New rules—with different freedoms, "
+"expressed in ways so that humans without lawyers can use them—are "
+"needed. Creative Commons gives people a way effectively to begin to build "
+"those rules."
+msgstr ""
+"Målet er ikke at sloges mod <quote>alle rettigheder forbeholdt</quote>-"
+"folkene. Målet er at udfylde dem. Problemerne som loven skaber for os som "
+"kultur, er skabt af sprø og utilsigtede konsekvenser af håndflade skrævet "
+"for flere århundreder siden, anvendt på en teknologi som kun Jefferson kunne "
+"have forestilt sig. Skrønerne kan godt at givet mening da baggrunden var "
+"teknologierne som var tilgængeligt for hundredevis af år siden, men de giver "
+"ikke mening når baggrunden er digitale teknologier. Nye skrøner – "
+"med andre friheder, udtrykkt sådan at mennesker uden advokater kan bruge dem "
+"– trænges. Creative Commons giver folk en effektiv måde at begynde at "
+"fortage disse skrøner."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Why would creators participate in giving up total control? Some participate "
+"to better spread their content. Cory Doctorow, for example, is a science "
+"fiction author. His first novel, <citetitle>Down and Out in the Magic "
+"Kingdom</citetitle>, was released on-line and for free, under a Creative "
+"Commons license, on the same day that it went on sale in bookstores."
+msgstr ""
+"Hvorfor ønsker skabere at angive i at give slip på total kontrol? Nogle "
+"angiver for at øge spredningen af sit indhold. Et eksempel er Cory Doctorow "
+"som er man science fiction-forfatter. Hans første roman, <citetitle>Down "
+"and Out in the Magic Kingdom</citetitle>, blev sluppet gratis på nettet med "
+"en Creative Commons-licens, samme dag som den blev lagt ud for salg i "
+"boghandler."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Why would a publisher ever agree to this? I suspect his publisher reasoned "
+"like this: There are two groups of people out there: (1) those who will buy "
+"Cory's book whether or not it's on the Internet, and (2) those who may never "
+"hear of Cory's book, if it isn't made available for free on the Internet. "
+"Some part of (1) will download Cory's book instead of buying it. Call them "
+"bad-(1)s. Some part of (2) will download Cory's book, like it, and then "
+"decide to buy it. Call them (2)-goods. If there are more (2)-goods than bad-"
+"(1)s, the strategy of releasing Cory's book free on-line will probably "
+"<emphasis>increase</emphasis> sales of Cory's book."
+msgstr ""
+"Hvorfor ville en utgiver nogensinde gå med på dette? Jeg mistænker at hans "
+"utgiver tænkte som dette: Det er to grupper af mennesker der ude: (1) de som "
+"vil købe Corys bog uanset om den er på Internet eller ikke, og (2) de som "
+"måske aldrig hører om Corys bog hvis den ikke bliver gjort tilgængeligt "
+"gratis på Internet. En del af (1) vil laste ned Corys bog i stedet for at "
+"købe den. Vi kan kalde dem slemme-(1). En del af (2) vil laste ned Corys "
+"bog, lige så den, og derefter bestemme sig for at købe den. Vi kan kalde "
+"dem gode(2). Hvis det er flere gode(2) end det er slemme-(1), så vil "
+"strategien med at give ud Corys bog gratis på nettet sikkert <emphasis>øge</"
+"emphasis> salget af Corys bog."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Indeed, the experience of his publisher clearly supports that conclusion. "
+"The book's first printing was exhausted months before the publisher had "
+"expected. This first novel of a science fiction author was a total success."
+msgstr ""
+"Faktisk støtter erfaringerne fra hans utgiver helt klart denne konklusion. "
+"Førsteutgaven af bogen var udsolgt flere måneder tidligere end utgiveren "
+"havde forventet. Denne første roman til en science fiction-forfatter var en "
+"total succes."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Free for All (Wayner)"
+msgstr "Free for Al (Wayner)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Wayner, Peter"
+msgstr "Wayner, Peter"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 290
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The idea that free content might increase the value of nonfree content was "
+"confirmed by the experience of another author. Peter Wayner, who wrote a "
+"book about the free software movement titled <citetitle>Free for All</"
+"citetitle>, made an electronic version of his book free on-line under a "
+"Creative Commons license after the book went out of print. He then monitored "
+"used book store prices for the book. As predicted, as the number of "
+"downloads increased, the used book price for his book increased, as well."
+msgstr ""
+"Idéen om at gratis indhold kan øge værdien for ikke-gratis indhold, blev "
+"bekræftet af et eksperiment gennemført af en anden forfatter. Peter Wayner, "
+"som skrev en bog om Fri programvare-bevægelsen med titlen <citetitle>Free "
+"For Al</citetitle>, gjorde en elektronisk udgave af bogen gratis "
+"tilgængeligt på nettet med en Creative Commons-licens efter at bogen var "
+"udsolgt fra forlaget. Han fulgte derefter med på prisen for bogen i "
+"bruktbokhandler. Som udsigt, efterhånden som antal nedlastinger steg, steg "
+"også brugtprisen på bogen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Leaphart, Walter"
+msgstr "Leaphart, Walter"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Public Enemy"
+msgstr "Public Enemy"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "rap music"
+msgstr "opstød-musik"
+
+#. f2.
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<citetitle>Willful Infringement: A Report from the Front Lines of the Real "
+"Culture Wars</citetitle> (2003), produced by Jed Horovitz, directed by Greg "
+"Hittelman, a Fiat Lucre production, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-"
+"culture.cc/notes/\">link #72</ulink>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citetitle>Willful Infringement: A Report from the Front Lines of the Real "
+"Culture Wars</citetitle> (2003), produceret af Jed Horovitz, instrueret af "
+"Greg Hittelman, en produktion af Fiat Lucre, tilgængeligt fra <ulink "
+"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #72</ulink>."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"These are examples of using the Commons to better spread proprietary "
+"content. I believe that is a wonderful and common use of the Commons. There "
+"are others who use Creative Commons licenses for other reasons. Many who use "
+"the <quote>sampling license</quote> do so because anything else would be "
+"hypocritical. The sampling license says that others are free, for commercial "
+"or noncommercial purposes, to sample content from the licensed work; they "
+"are just not free to make full copies of the licensed work available to "
+"others. This is consistent with their own art—they, too, sample from "
+"others. Because the <emphasis>legal</emphasis> costs of sampling are so high "
+"(Walter Leaphart, manager of the rap group Public Enemy, which was born "
+"sampling the music of others, has stated that he does not <quote>allow</"
+"quote> Public Enemy to sample anymore, because the legal costs are so "
+"high<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>), these artists release into "
+"the creative environment content that others can build upon, so that their "
+"form of creativity might grow."
+msgstr ""
+"Dette er eksempler på brug af Creative Commons for at bedre brede "
+"proprietært indhold. Jeg mener at dette er en nydelig og almindelig brug af "
+"allemannseie. Det er andre som bruger Creative Commons-licenser af andre "
+"grunde. Mange som bruger <quote>sampling-licensen</quote> gør det på grund "
+"af at alt andet villes være hyklerisk. Sampling-licensen siger at andre "
+"står frit til, for kommercielle eller ikke-kommercielle formål, at bruge "
+"bidder af indhold fra det licensierede værket. De har bare ikke friheden "
+"til at gøre hele indholdet tilgængeligt for andre. På grund af at den "
+"<emphasis>juridiske</emphasis> omkostningen med sampling er så høj (Walter "
+"Leaphart, manager for ræb-gruppen Public Enemy, som blev skabt ved at sample "
+"musikken til andre, har udtalt at han ikke <quote>tillader</quote> Public "
+"Enemy at sample mere, på grund af at den juridiske omkostningen er så "
+"høj<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>), slipper disse artister "
+"indhold ud i det kreative miljøet som andre kan bygge videre på, sådan at "
+"deres form for kreativitet kan vokse."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Finally, there are many who mark their content with a Creative Commons "
+"license just because they want to express to others the importance of "
+"balance in this debate. If you just go along with the system as it is, you "
+"are effectively saying you believe in the <quote>All Rights Reserved</quote> "
+"model. Good for you, but many do not. Many believe that however appropriate "
+"that rule is for Hollywood and freaks, it is not an appropriate description "
+"of how most creators view the rights associated with their content. The "
+"Creative Commons license expresses this notion of <quote>Some Rights "
+"Reserved,</quote> and gives many the chance to say it to others."
+msgstr ""
+"Til slutning er det mange som mærker sit indhold med en Creative Commons-"
+"licens kun fordi de ønsker at udtrykke til anden hvor vigtigt de synes "
+"balance er i denne debat. Hvis du bare accepterer systemet sådan det er, så "
+"siger du faktisk at du tror på <quote>alle rettigheder forbeholdt</quote>-"
+"modellen. Fint for dig, men mange gør ikke det. Mange tror at uanset hvor "
+"rigtigt den reglen er for Hollywood og særlinge, så er den ikke en rigtig "
+"beskrivelse af hvordan de fleste skaberne ser på rettighederne knyttet til "
+"sit indhold. Creative Commons-licensen udtrykker begrebet <quote>nogle "
+"rettigheder forbeholdt,</quote> og giver mange muligheden til at sige det "
+"til andre."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 291
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"In the first six months of the Creative Commons experiment, over 1 million "
+"objects were licensed with these free-culture licenses. The next step is "
+"partnerships with middleware content providers to help them build into their "
+"technologies simple ways for users to mark their content with Creative "
+"Commons freedoms. Then the next step is to watch and celebrate creators who "
+"build content based upon content set free."
+msgstr ""
+"I de første seks månederne af Creative Commons-eksperimentet, blev over en "
+"million objekter licensieret med disse fri kultur-licenserne. Næste skridt "
+"er partnerskap med mellomvaretilbyderne af indhold for at hjælpe dem at "
+"bygge enkle måder ind i teknologierne de fortager, sådan at brugerne kan "
+"mærke indholdet med friheden givet med Creative Commons. Derefter er næste "
+"skridt at holde øje med, og fejre skaberne som fortager nyt indhold baseret "
+"på frigjort indhold."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"These are first steps to rebuilding a public domain. They are not mere "
+"arguments; they are action. Building a public domain is the first step to "
+"showing people how important that domain is to creativity and innovation. "
+"Creative Commons relies upon voluntary steps to achieve this rebuilding. "
+"They will lead to a world in which more than voluntary steps are possible."
+msgstr ""
+"Dette er de første skridtene for at genopbygge et allemannseie. De er ikke "
+"kun argumenter, de er handlinger. Å bygge allemannseiet er første skridt "
+"for at visse/vise folk hvor vigtigt dette er for kreativitet og nyskabning. "
+"Creative Commons baserer sig på frivillige skridt for at få til denne "
+"gjenoppbyggingen. De vil føre til en værdet hvor mere end frivillige skridt "
+"er muligt."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Creative Commons is just one example of voluntary efforts by individuals and "
+"creators to change the mix of rights that now govern the creative field. The "
+"project does not compete with copyright; it complements it. Its aim is not "
+"to defeat the rights of authors, but to make it easier for authors and "
+"creators to exercise their rights more flexibly and cheaply. That "
+"difference, we believe, will enable creativity to spread more easily."
+msgstr ""
+"Creative Commons er bare et eksempel på frivillig indsats fra "
+"enkeltpersoner og skabere for at ændre blandingen af rettigheder som nu "
+"styrer det kreative området. Projektet konkurrerer ikke med ophavsreten. "
+"Den udfylder den. Dets mål er ikke at bekæmpe rettighederne til "
+"forfatterne, men at gøre det enklere for forfattere og skabere at udøve sine "
+"rettigheder mere fleksibelt og billigere. Den forskellen, tror vi, vil gøre "
+"det muligt for kreativiteten at brede sig lettere."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Them, soon"
+msgstr "Dem, snart"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>We will</emphasis> not reclaim a free culture by "
+"individual action alone. It will also take important reforms of laws. We "
+"have a long way to go before the politicians will listen to these ideas and "
+"implement these reforms. But that also means that we have time to build "
+"awareness around the changes that we need."
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role='strong'>Vi vil</emphasis> ikke vinde tilbage en fri kultur "
+"kun ved individuelle handlinger. Det trænges også vigtige lovreformer. Vi "
+"har en lang vej at gå før politikerne vil lytte til disse idéene, og "
+"implementere disse reformer. Men det betyder også at vi har tid til at "
+"bygge op bevidstheden rundt ændringerne som trænges."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"In this chapter, I outline five kinds of changes: four that are general, and "
+"one that's specific to the most heated battle of the day, music. Each is a "
+"step, not an end. But any of these steps would carry us a long way to our "
+"end."
+msgstr ""
+"I dette kapitel skitserer jeg fem typer ændringer: fire som er generelle og "
+"en som er spesifikk for den mest ophedede kampen for tiden, musik. Hver af "
+"dem er et skridt, ikke et mål. Men hver af disse skridt vil føre os et godt "
+"stykke mod vores mål."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "1. More Formalities"
+msgstr "1 . Flere formaliteter"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"If you buy a house, you have to record the sale in a deed. If you buy land "
+"upon which to build a house, you have to record the purchase in a deed. If "
+"you buy a car, you get a bill of sale and register the car. If you buy an "
+"airplane ticket, it has your name on it."
+msgstr ""
+"Hvis du køber et huse, så må du registrere salget i et skøde. Hvis du køber "
+"ejendom for at bygge et huse, så må du registrere købet i et skøde. Hvis du "
+"køber en bil så får du en ejerskiftemelding og registrerer bilen. Hvis du "
+"køber en flybillet, så har den dit navn på den."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 293
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"These are all formalities associated with property. They are requirements "
+"that we all must bear if we want our property to be protected."
+msgstr ""
+"Disse er alle formaliteter knyttet til ejendom. De er krav som vi alle må "
+"forholde os til hvis vi ønsker at vores ejendom skal blive beskyttet."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"In contrast, under current copyright law, you automatically get a copyright, "
+"regardless of whether you comply with any formality. You don't have to "
+"register. You don't even have to mark your content. The default is control, "
+"and <quote>formalities</quote> are banished."
+msgstr ""
+"Dette står i kontrast til gældende åndsverkslov, der du automatisk får "
+"ophavsret uafhængigt af om du overholder nogle formaliteter eller ikke. Du "
+"behøver ikke at registrere den. Du behøver ikke en gang mærke dit "
+"indhold. Udgangspunktet er kontrol, og <quote>formaliteter</quote> er "
+"bandlyst."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Why?"
+msgstr "Hvorfor?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"As I suggested in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend="
+"\"property-i\"/>, the motivation to abolish formalities was a good one. In "
+"the world before digital technologies, formalities imposed a burden on "
+"copyright holders without much benefit. Thus, it was progress when the law "
+"relaxed the formal requirements that a copyright owner must bear to protect "
+"and secure his work. Those formalities were getting in the way."
+msgstr ""
+"Som jeg foreslog i kapitel <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" "
+"linkend=\"property-i\"/>, var motivationen for at afskaffe formaliteterne "
+"god. I værdet føder digitale teknologier, lagde formaliteterne en byrde på "
+"ophavsretindehaverne uden at det gav nævneværdige fordele. Dermed var det "
+"en fremgang da loven slækkede op på de formelle kravene som ophavsretejeren "
+"måtte opfylde for at beskytte og sikre sit værk. Disse formaliteter kom i "
+"vejen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"But the Internet changes all this. Formalities today need not be a burden. "
+"Rather, the world without formalities is the world that burdens creativity. "
+"Today, there is no simple way to know who owns what, or with whom one must "
+"deal in order to use or build upon the creative work of others. There are no "
+"records, there is no system to trace— there is no simple way to know "
+"how to get permission. Yet given the massive increase in the scope of "
+"copyright's rule, getting permission is a necessary step for any work that "
+"builds upon our past. And thus, the <emphasis>lack</emphasis> of formalities "
+"forces many into silence where they otherwise could speak."
+msgstr ""
+"Men Internet ændrer alt dette. Formaliteter behøver i dag ikke være en "
+"byrde. I stedet er det sådan at en værdet uden formaliteter, er en værdet "
+"som hæmmer kreativiteten. I dag er det ingen enkel måde at vide hvem som "
+"ejer hvad , og hvem man må gøre aftale med for at kunne bruge eller bygge på "
+"det kreative værket til andre. Det er intet register, og det er intet "
+"system for at spore – det er ingen enkel måde at vide hvordan man får "
+"tilladelse. Og alligevel er det, givet den massive øgningen i omfanget for "
+"ophavsretens skrøner, et nødvendigt skridt at få tilladelse for ethvert værk "
+"som baserer sig på vores fortid. Og dermed tvinger <emphasis>fraværet</"
+"emphasis> af formaliteter mange til at være stille der de ellers villes talt."
+
+#. f1.
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The proposal I am advancing here would apply to American works only. "
+"Obviously, I believe it would be beneficial for the same idea to be adopted "
+"by other countries as well."
+msgstr ""
+"Forslaget jeg fremmer her vilde kun gælde for amerikanske værker. Jeg tror "
+"naturligvis at det villes være en fordel om samme idé blev adopteret også "
+"af andre land."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The law should therefore change this requirement<placeholder type=\"footnote"
+"\" id=\"0\"/>—but it should not change it by going back to the old, "
+"broken system. We should require formalities, but we should establish a "
+"system that will create the incentives to minimize the burden of these "
+"formalities."
+msgstr ""
+"Loven burde derfor ændre dette krav<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/"
+"> – men den bør ikke ændres ved at gå tilbage til det gamle ødelagte "
+"systemet. Vi bør kræve formaliteter, men vi bør etablere et system som vil "
+"skabe incentivene for at minimere byrden disse formaliteter påfører."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The important formalities are three: marking copyrighted work, registering "
+"copyrights, and renewing the claim to copyright. Traditionally, the first of "
+"these three was something the copyright owner did; the second two were "
+"something the government did. But a revised system of formalities would "
+"banish the government from the process, except for the sole purpose of "
+"approving standards developed by others."
+msgstr ""
+"Det er tre vigtige formaliteter: mærke opphavsrettsbeskyttede værk, "
+"registrere ophavsret, og fornye krav om ophavsret. Traditionelt var den "
+"første af disse tre noget ophavsretindehaveren gjorde, og de anden to var "
+"noget myndighederne gjorde. Men et revideret system med formaliteter bør "
+"fjerne myndighederne fra processen, med undtagelse af det ene formålet med "
+"at godkende standarder udviklet af andre."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Registration and renewal"
+msgstr "Registrering og fornying"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Under the old system, a copyright owner had to file a registration with the "
+"Copyright Office to register or renew a copyright. When filing that "
+"registration, the copyright owner paid a fee. As with most government "
+"agencies, the Copyright Office had little incentive to minimize the burden "
+"of registration; it also had little incentive to minimize the fee. And as "
+"the Copyright Office is not a main target of government policymaking, the "
+"office has historically been terribly underfunded. Thus, when people who "
+"know something about the process hear this idea about formalities, their "
+"first reaction is panic—nothing could be worse than forcing people to "
+"deal with the mess that is the Copyright Office."
+msgstr ""
+"I det gamle systemet måtte en ophavsretejer sende ind en registrering til "
+"ophavsretkontoret for at registrere eller fornye ophavsreten. Når man "
+"sendte ind registreringen, måtte ophavsretejeren betale en afgift. Som med "
+"de fleste offentlige kontorer havde ophavsretkontoret lidt incentiv til at "
+"minimere belastningen som registreringen gav. Det havde også lidt incentiv "
+"til at minimere afgiften. Og eftersom ophavsretkontoret ikke var et "
+"hovedmål for regeringens politik, har kontoret historisk været rigtigt "
+"underfinansiert. Dermed, når folk som kender til processen hører denne "
+"idéen om formaliteter, så er deres første reaktion panik – ingenting "
+"kan være værre end at tvinge folk at forholde sig til det virvaret som "
+"hedder ophavsretkontoret."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Yet it is always astonishing to me that we, who come from a tradition of "
+"extraordinary innovation in governmental design, can no longer think "
+"innovatively about how governmental functions can be designed. Just because "
+"there is a public purpose to a government role, it doesn't follow that the "
+"government must actually administer the role. Instead, we should be creating "
+"incentives for private parties to serve the public, subject to standards "
+"that the government sets."
+msgstr ""
+"Alligevel har det altid overrasket mig at vi, som kommer fra en tradition "
+"med ekstraordinær nyskabning inden myndighedudformning, ikke længere kan "
+"være nyskabende om hvordan myndighedfunktioner kan udformes. Det at det er "
+"et offentligt formål i en styringrolle, betyder ikke at myndighederne er de "
+"eneste som kan administrere rollen. I stedet burde vi skabe incentiver for "
+"at private aktører tilbyder tjenesten til offentligheten, ifølge standarder "
+"som myndighederne definerer."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "domain names"
+msgstr "domenenavn"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "domain name registration on"
+msgstr "domenenavnregistrering på"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Web sites, domain name registration of"
+msgstr "Netsteder, domenenavnregistrering af"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"In the context of registration, one obvious model is the Internet. There "
+"are at least 32 million Web sites registered around the world. Domain name "
+"owners for these Web sites have to pay a fee to keep their registration "
+"alive. In the main top-level domains (.com, .org, .net), there is a central "
+"registry. The actual registrations are, however, performed by many competing "
+"registrars. That competition drives the cost of registering down, and more "
+"importantly, it drives the ease with which registration occurs up."
+msgstr ""
+"I en registreringsammenhæng er Internet en oplagt model. Det findes mindst "
+"32 millioner netsteder registreret rundt om i værdet. Ejere af domenenavnene "
+"til disse net stederne må betale en afgift for at beholde sin registrering. "
+"For de vigtigste topniveau-domenene (.com, .stjæle, .net) er det et centralt "
+"register. Selve registreringerne er derimod gennemført af mange "
+"konkurrerende registrarer. Denne konkurrence presser ned "
+"registreringomkostningerne, og endnu vigtigere så bidrager dette til at gøre "
+"hver enkelt registrering enklere."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 295
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"We should adopt a similar model for the registration and renewal of "
+"copyrights. The Copyright Office may well serve as the central registry, but "
+"it should not be in the registrar business. Instead, it should establish a "
+"database, and a set of standards for registrars. It should approve "
+"registrars that meet its standards. Those registrars would then compete with "
+"one another to deliver the cheapest and simplest systems for registering and "
+"renewing copyrights. That competition would substantially lower the burden "
+"of this formality—while producing a database of registrations that "
+"would facilitate the licensing of content."
+msgstr ""
+"Vi burde tage i brug en lignende model for registrering og fornying af "
+"ophavsreter. Ophavsretkontoret kan godt fungere som det centrale "
+"registeret, men de burde ikke drive registrarvirksomhet. I stedet burde "
+"det etablere en database, og et sæt med standarder for registrarer. Det bør "
+"godkende registrarer som følger disse standarder. Disse registrarene villes "
+"dermed konkurrere med hinanden om at levere det billigste og enkleste "
+"systemet for at registrere og fornye ophavsreter. Denne konkurrence villes "
+"reducere betydeligt belastningen som denne formalitet giver – mens det "
+"giver en database over registreringer som kan forenkle lisensiering af "
+"indhold."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Marking"
+msgstr "Merking"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"It used to be that the failure to include a copyright notice on a creative "
+"work meant that the copyright was forfeited. That was a harsh punishment for "
+"failing to comply with a regulatory rule—akin to imposing the death "
+"penalty for a parking ticket in the world of creative rights. Here again, "
+"there is no reason that a marking requirement needs to be enforced in this "
+"way. And more importantly, there is no reason a marking requirement needs to "
+"be enforced uniformly across all media."
+msgstr ""
+"Det at ikke mærke kreative værker med ophavsretinformation førte tidligere "
+"til at man mistede ophavsreten. Det var en rigtig streng straf for at ikke "
+"overholde en regulatorisk regel – omtrent som at dømme nogle til "
+"dødsstraff for at have parkeret ulovlig i den kreative rettighedværdet. Her "
+"er det heller ikke nogle grund til at markeringkravene behøver at blive "
+"håndhævet på denne måde. Og vigtigere er at det ikke er nogle grund til at "
+"merkingskravene behøver at håndhæves ligeligt på tværs af alle medier."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The aim of marking is to signal to the public that this work is copyrighted "
+"and that the author wants to enforce his rights. The mark also makes it easy "
+"to locate a copyright owner to secure permission to use the work."
+msgstr ""
+"Målet med merkingen er at signalere til offentligheten at dette værket er "
+"opphavsrettsbeskyttet, og at forfatteren ønsker at håndhæve sine "
+"rettigheder. Mærkede gør det også enkelt at spore op en ophavsretejer for at "
+"skaffe tilladelse til at bruge værket."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"One of the problems the copyright system confronted early on was that "
+"different copyrighted works had to be differently marked. It wasn't clear "
+"how or where a statue was to be marked, or a record, or a film. A new "
+"marking requirement could solve these problems by recognizing the "
+"differences in media, and by allowing the system of marking to evolve as "
+"technologies enable it to. The system could enable a special signal from the "
+"failure to mark—not the loss of the copyright, but the loss of the "
+"right to punish someone for failing to get permission first."
+msgstr ""
+"Et af problemerne som ophavsretsystemet konfronterede tidligt var at "
+"forskellige opphavsrettsbeskyttede værk måtte markeres forskelligt. Det var "
+"ikke klart hvordan og hvor en statue skulle mærkes, eller en plade, eller "
+"en film. Et nyt merkingskrav kan løse disse problemer ved at anerkende "
+"forskellene i medierne, og ved at tillade merkingssystemet til at udvikle "
+"sig efterhånden som teknologien muliggjør det. Systemet kan muliggjøre/"
+"aktivere et specielt signal når man ikke mærker – ikke at miste "
+"ophavsreten, men at miste retten til at straffe nogle for at ikke have "
+"skaffet sig tilladelse først."
+
+#. f2.
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"There would be a complication with derivative works that I have not solved "
+"here. In my view, the law of derivatives creates a more complicated system "
+"than is justified by the marginal incentive it creates."
+msgstr ""
+"En komplicerende faktor er avledede værker, og den har jeg ikke løst her . "
+"Efter mit syner skaber loven rundt avledede værker et mere kompliceret "
+"system end det som kan begrundes ud fra de marginale incentivene dette giver."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 296
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Let's start with the last point. If a copyright owner allows his work to be "
+"published without a copyright notice, the consequence of that failure need "
+"not be that the copyright is lost. The consequence could instead be that "
+"anyone has the right to use this work, until the copyright owner complains "
+"and demonstrates that it is his work and he doesn't give permission."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The meaning of an unmarked work "
+"would therefore be <quote>use unless someone complains.</quote> If someone "
+"does complain, then the obligation would be to stop using the work in any "
+"new work from then on though no penalty would attach for existing uses. "
+"This would create a strong incentive for copyright owners to mark their work."
+msgstr ""
+"Lad os starte med det sidste pointen. Hvis en ophavsretindehaver tillader "
+"at hans værk bliver publiceret uden opphavsrettsmerking, så behøver ikke "
+"konsekvensen være at ophavsreten er tabt. Konsekvensen kan i stedet være "
+"at enhver da har ret til at bruge dette værk indtil ophavsretindehaveren "
+"klager og demonstrerer at det er hans værker, og at han ikke giver "
+"tilladelse.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Forståelsen af et "
+"umerket værk villes dermed være <quote>brug såfremt ingen klager.</quote> "
+"Hvis nogle klager, så er forpligtelsen at man må slutte at bruge værket i "
+"ethvert nyt værk fra da af, selv om det ikke er nogle strafreaktion knyttet "
+"til eksisterende brug. Dette vil skabe et stærkt incentiv for "
+"ophavsretejere til at mærke sine værker."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"That in turn raises the question about how work should best be marked. Here "
+"again, the system needs to adjust as the technologies evolve. The best way "
+"to ensure that the system evolves is to limit the Copyright Office's role to "
+"that of approving standards for marking content that have been crafted "
+"elsewhere."
+msgstr ""
+"Dette i sin tur rejser spørgsmålet om hvordan et værk bedst bør mærkes. Her "
+"må systemet igen justeres efterhånden som teknologierne udvikler sig. Den "
+"bedste måden at sikre at systemet udvikler sig, er at begrænse "
+"ophavsretkontoret rolle til at godkende standarder for at mærke indhold som "
+"har været udviklet af andre."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "copyright marking of"
+msgstr "opphavsrettsmerking af"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"For example, if a recording industry association devises a method for "
+"marking CDs, it would propose that to the Copyright Office. The Copyright "
+"Office would hold a hearing, at which other proposals could be made. The "
+"Copyright Office would then select the proposal that it judged preferable, "
+"and it would base that choice <emphasis>solely</emphasis> upon the "
+"consideration of which method could best be integrated into the registration "
+"and renewal system. We would not count on the government to innovate; but we "
+"would count on the government to keep the product of innovation in line with "
+"its other important functions."
+msgstr ""
+"For eksempel, hvis en pladeindustriforening kommer op med en metode for at "
+"mærke CD-er, så villes den foreslå dette til ophavsretkontoret. "
+"Ophavsretkontoret villes så holde en høring, hvor andre forslag kunne "
+"lægges frem. Ophavsretkontoret villes så vælge det forslaget som det "
+"vurderede som det bedste, og det villes basere valget <emphasis>udelukkende</"
+"emphasis> på vurderingen om hvilken metode som bedst kunne integreres ind i "
+"registrering og fornyingssystemet. Vi villes ikke basere os på at "
+"myndighederne fortog noget nyt, men vi villes basere os på at myndighederne "
+"sikrede de nye produkterne på linje med dets andre vigtige funktioner."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Finally, marking content clearly would simplify registration requirements. "
+"If photographs were marked by author and year, there would be little reason "
+"not to allow a photographer to reregister, for example, all photographs "
+"taken in a particular year in one quick step. The aim of the formality is "
+"not to burden the creator; the system itself should be kept as simple as "
+"possible."
+msgstr ""
+"Til slutning vil klart markeret indhold gøre registreringkravene enklere. "
+"Hvis fotografier var mærket med forfatter og år, så villes det være lille "
+"grund til at ikke tillade en fotograf til at fornye for eksempel alle "
+"fotografier taget i et bestemt år, samtidig. Målet med formaliteten er ikke "
+" at belaste skaberne. Systemet selv bør holdes så enkelt som muligt."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The objective of formalities is to make things clear. The existing system "
+"does nothing to make things clear. Indeed, it seems designed to make things "
+"unclear."
+msgstr ""
+"Formålet med formaliteter er at gøre ting mere klart. Det eksisterende "
+"systemet gør ingenting for at gøre ting mere klart. Det virker heller som "
+"om det er udformet for at gøre ting mindre klart."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"If formalities such as registration were reinstated, one of the most "
+"difficult aspects of relying upon the public domain would be removed. It "
+"would be simple to identify what content is presumptively free; it would be "
+"simple to identify who controls the rights for a particular kind of content; "
+"it would be simple to assert those rights, and to renew that assertion at "
+"the appropriate time."
+msgstr ""
+"Hvis formaliteter sådan som registrering blev genindført, så villes en af de "
+"mest vanskelige siderne med at stole på allemannseie blive fjernet. Det "
+"villes blive enkelt at identificere hvilket indhold som kan antages at være "
+"frit tilgængeligt. Det villes være enkelt at identificere hvem som "
+"kontrollerer rettighederne for et bestemt type indhold. Det villes være "
+"enkelt at hævde disse rettigheder, og at fornye denne hevden på rigtigt "
+"tidspunkt."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "2. Shorter Terms"
+msgstr "2 . Kortere vernetid"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The term of copyright has gone from fourteen years to ninety-five years for "
+"corporate authors, and life of the author plus seventy years for natural "
+"authors."
+msgstr ""
+"Vernetiden i ophavsreten har gået fra fjorten år til nittifem år der selskab "
+"har forfatterskabet, og livstiden til forfatteren plus halvfjerds år for "
+"individuelle forfattere."
+
+#. f3.
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<quote>A Radical Rethink,</quote> <citetitle>Economist</citetitle>, 366:8308 "
+"(25 January 2003): 15, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/"
+"notes/\">link #74</ulink>."
+msgstr ""
+"<quote>A Radical Rethink,</quote> <citetitle>Economist</citetitle>, 366:8308 "
+"(25 . januar 2003): 15, tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/"
+"notes/\">link #74</ulink>."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"In <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>, I proposed a seventy-five-"
+"year term, granted in five-year increments with a requirement of renewal "
+"every five years. That seemed radical enough at the time. But after we lost "
+"<citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, the "
+"proposals became even more radical. <citetitle>The Economist</citetitle> "
+"endorsed a proposal for a fourteen-year copyright term.<placeholder type="
+"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Others have proposed tying the term to the term for "
+"patents."
+msgstr ""
+"I <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle> foreslog jeg syttifemårs "
+"vernetid, tildelt i femårsbolker med et krav om at fornye hvert femte år. "
+"Dette virkede radikalt nok på den tiden. Men efter at vi tabte "
+"<citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> mod <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, blev "
+"forslaget endnu mere radikalt. <citetitle>The Economist</citetitle> "
+"anbefalede et forslag om fjorten års vernetid.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
+"id=\"0\"/> Andre har foreslået at knytte vernetiden til vernetiden for "
+"patenter."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"I agree with those who believe that we need a radical change in copyright's "
+"term. But whether fourteen years or seventy-five, there are four principles "
+"that are important to keep in mind about copyright terms."
+msgstr ""
+"Jeg er enigt/enig med dem som tror vi behøver en radikal ændring i "
+"ophavsretens levetid. Men hvorvidt den er fjorten år eller syttifem, så er "
+"det fire principper som det er vigtigt at tænke på når det gælder varigheten "
+"til ophavsreten."
+
+#. (1)
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis>Keep it short:</emphasis> The term should be as long as necessary "
+"to give incentives to create, but no longer. If it were tied to very strong "
+"protections for authors (so authors were able to reclaim rights from "
+"publishers), rights to the same work (not derivative works) might be "
+"extended further. The key is not to tie the work up with legal regulations "
+"when it no longer benefits an author."
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis>Hold den kort:</emphasis> Længden bør være så lang at den giver "
+"nødvendigt incentiv til at skabe, men ikke længere. Hvis den er knyttet op "
+"til stort stærk beskyttelse for forfattere (sådan at forfattere er i stand "
+"til at få tilbage rettigheder fra utgiverne), så kan rettigheder til samme "
+"værk (ikke avledede værk) blive yderstere udvidet. Nøglen er at ikke binde "
+"værk op med juridiske reguleringer når det ikke længere giver fordele til en "
+"forfatter."
+
+#. (2)
+#. PAGE BREAK 298
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis>Keep it simple:</emphasis> The line between the public domain and "
+"protected content must be kept clear. Lawyers like the fuzziness of "
+"<quote>fair use,</quote> and the distinction between <quote>ideas</quote> "
+"and <quote>expression.</quote> That kind of law gives them lots of work. But "
+"our framers had a simpler idea in mind: protected versus unprotected. The "
+"value of short terms is that there is little need to build exceptions into "
+"copyright when the term itself is kept short. A clear and active "
+"<quote>lawyer-free zone</quote> makes the complexities of <quote>fair use</"
+"quote> and <quote>idea/expression</quote> less necessary to navigate."
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis>Gør det enkelt:</emphasis> Skillelinjen mellem værk uden "
+"opphavsrettslig værn, og indhold som er beskyttet må forblive klart. "
+"Advokater kanlide uklarheten som <quote>rimeligt brug</quote> og forskellen "
+"mellem <quote>idéer</quote> og <quote>udtryk</quote> har. Denne type "
+"lovværk giver dem en masse arbejde. Men de som skrev Grunnloven havde en "
+"enklere idé: værnet eller ikke værnede. Værdien af korte vernetider er at "
+"det er lidt behov for at bygge ind undtagelse i ophavsreten når vernetiden "
+"holdes kort. En klar og aktiv <quote>advokatfri zone</quote> gør "
+"kompleksiteten af <quote>rimelig brug</quote> og <quote>idé/udtryk</quote> "
+"mindre nødvendigt at håndtere."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "veterans' pensions"
+msgstr "krigsveteranpensioner"
+
+#. f4.
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Department of Veterans Affairs, Veteran's Application for Compensation and/"
+"or Pension, VA Form 21-526 (OMB Approved No. 2900-0001), available at <ulink "
+"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #75</ulink>."
+msgstr ""
+"Department of Veterans Affairs, Veteran's Application for Compensation and/"
+"el Pension, VA Form 21-526 (OMB Approved No. 2900-0001), tilgængeligt fra "
+"<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #75</ulink>."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis>Keep it alive:</emphasis> Copyright should have to be renewed. "
+"Especially if the maximum term is long, the copyright owner should be "
+"required to signal periodically that he wants the protection continued. This "
+"need not be an onerous burden, but there is no reason this monopoly "
+"protection has to be granted for free. On average, it takes ninety minutes "
+"for a veteran to apply for a pension.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/"
+"> If we make veterans suffer that burden, I don't see why we couldn't "
+"require authors to spend ten minutes every fifty years to file a single form."
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis>Gør det aktivt:</emphasis> Man bør være nødt til at fornye "
+"ophavsretbeskyttelsen. Specielt hvis den maksimale varigheten er lang, så "
+"bør ophavsretejeren være nødt til at signalere regelmæssigt at han ønsker at "
+"beskyttelsen fortsætter. Dette behøver ikke være en enorm belastning, men "
+"det er ingen grund til at denne monopol beskyttelsen må deles ud gratis. I "
+"snit tager det halvfems minutter for en krigsveteran at søge om pension."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Hvis vi belaster veteraner med så "
+"meget, så ser jeg ikke hvorfor vi ikke kan kræve at forfattere bruger ti "
+"minutter hvert halvtredsindstyvende år for at befolke ud et enkelt skema."
+
+#. (4)
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis>Keep it prospective:</emphasis> Whatever the term of copyright "
+"should be, the clearest lesson that economists teach is that a term once "
+"given should not be extended. It might have been a mistake in 1923 for the "
+"law to offer authors only a fifty-six-year term. I don't think so, but it's "
+"possible. If it was a mistake, then the consequence was that we got fewer "
+"authors to create in 1923 than we otherwise would have. But we can't correct "
+"that mistake today by increasing the term. No matter what we do today, we "
+"will not increase the number of authors who wrote in 1923. Of course, we can "
+"increase the reward that those who write now get (or alternatively, increase "
+"the copyright burden that smothers many works that are today invisible). But "
+"increasing their reward will not increase their creativity in 1923. What's "
+"not done is not done, and there's nothing we can do about that now."
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis>Gør det for fremtiden:</emphasis> Uanset hvad længden på "
+"vernetiden i ophavsreten bør være, så er den klareste lærdommen økonomierne "
+"kan lære os er at en levetid når den er givet, aldrig bør blive udvidet. "
+"Det kan have været en tabbe i 1923 at loven kun tilbød forfattere en "
+"varighet på femtisyv år. Jeg tror ikke det, men det er muligt. Hvis det "
+"var man tabbe, så var konsekvensen at vi fik færre forfattere som skrev i "
+"1923 end vi ellers villes haft. Men vi kan ikke korrigere den fejlen i dag "
+"ved at udvide vernetiden. Uanset hvad vi gør i dag , så kan vi ikke øge "
+"antallet forfattere som skrev i 1923 . Vi kan naturligvis øge belønningen "
+"for dem som skriver nu (eller alternativt, øge ophavsretbyrden som kvæler "
+"mange værker som i dag er usynlige. Men at øge deres belønning vil ikke "
+"øge deres kreativitet i 1923 . Det som ikke blev gjort blev ikke gjort, og "
+"det er ingenting vi kan gøre med det nu."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"These changes together should produce an <emphasis>average</emphasis> "
+"copyright term that is much shorter than the current term. Until 1976, the "
+"average term was just 32.2 years. We should be aiming for the same."
+msgstr ""
+"Disse ændringer vil sammen give en <emphasis>gennemsnitlig</emphasis> "
+"opphavsrettslig vernetid som er meget kortere end den gældende vernetiden. "
+"Frem til 1976 var gennemsnitligt vernetid kun 32.2 år. Vores mål bør være "
+"det samme."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"No doubt the extremists will call these ideas <quote>radical.</quote> (After "
+"all, I call them <quote>extremists.</quote>) But again, the term I "
+"recommended was longer than the term under Richard Nixon. How "
+"<quote>radical</quote> can it be to ask for a more generous copyright law "
+"than Richard Nixon presided over?"
+msgstr ""
+"Uden tvivl vil ekstremisterne kalde disse idéene <quote>radikale.</quote> "
+"(Trods alt, så kalder jeg dem <quote>ekstremister.</quote>) Men igen, "
+"vernetiden jeg anbefalede var længere end vernetiden under Richard Nixon. "
+"Hvor <quote>radikalt</quote> kan det være at bede om en mere sjenerøs "
+"ophavrettighed end da Richard Nixon var præsident?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "3. Free Use Vs. Fair Use"
+msgstr "3 . Fri brug versus rimeligt brug"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"As I observed at the beginning of this book, property law originally granted "
+"property owners the right to control their property from the ground to the "
+"heavens. The airplane came along. The scope of property rights quickly "
+"changed. There was no fuss, no constitutional challenge. It made no sense "
+"anymore to grant that much control, given the emergence of that new "
+"technology."
+msgstr ""
+"Som jeg observerede i starten af denne bog, gav ejendomretten oprindeligt "
+"landejere retten til at kontrollere sin ejendom fra markerne og helt op til "
+"himlen. Så kom flymaskiner, og omfanget af ejendomretter blev raskt ændret. "
+" Det var intet opstyr, ingen konstituell udfordring. Det gav ikke mening "
+"længere at give væk så meget kontrol, givet fremvæksten af denne nye "
+"teknologi."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Our Constitution gives Congress the power to give authors <quote>exclusive "
+"right</quote> to <quote>their writings.</quote> Congress has given authors "
+"an exclusive right to <quote>their writings</quote> plus any derivative "
+"writings (made by others) that are sufficiently close to the author's "
+"original work. Thus, if I write a book, and you base a movie on that book, I "
+"have the power to deny you the right to release that movie, even though that "
+"movie is not <quote>my writing.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+"Vores Grundlov giver Kongressen myndighed til at tildele forfattere "
+"<quote>eksklusive ret</quote> til <quote>deres skrifter.</quote> Kongressen "
+"har givet forfattere en eksklusiv ret til <quote>deres skrifter</quote> plus "
+"alle avledede skrifter (holdet af andre) som er tilstrækkeligt nær "
+"forfatterens oprindelige værker. Dermed, hvis jeg skriver en bog, og du "
+"baserer en film på den bogen, så har jeg myndighed til at nægte dig at give "
+"ud den filmen, selv om den filmen ikke er <quote>min skrifter.</quote>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Kaplan, Benjamin"
+msgstr "Kaplan, Benjamin"
+
+#. f5.
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Benjamin Kaplan, <citetitle>An Unhurried View of Copyright</citetitle> (New "
+"York: Columbia University Press, 1967), 32."
+msgstr ""
+"Benjamin Kaplan, <citetitle>An Unhurried View of Copyright</citetitle> (New "
+"York: Columbia University Press, 1967), 32 ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Congress granted the beginnings of this right in 1870, when it expanded the "
+"exclusive right of copyright to include a right to control translations and "
+"dramatizations of a work.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The "
+"courts have expanded it slowly through judicial interpretation ever since. "
+"This expansion has been commented upon by one of the law's greatest judges, "
+"Judge Benjamin Kaplan."
+msgstr ""
+"Kongressen støttede ophavet til denne ret i 1870, da den udvidede den "
+"eksklusive retten i ophavsreten til at indeholde retten til at kontrollere "
+"oversættelser og dramatiseringer af et værk.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
+"id=\"0\"/> Domstolene har udvidet denne stille gennem lovfortolkninger siden "
+"da. Denne udvidelse har været kommenteret af en af juiceværdet bedste "
+"dommere, domme Benjamin Kaplan."
+
+#. f6.
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Ibid., 56."
+msgstr "Ibid., 56 ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"So inured have we become to the extension of the monopoly to a large range "
+"of so-called derivative works, that we no longer sense the oddity of "
+"accepting such an enlargement of copyright while yet intoning the "
+"abracadabra of idea and expression.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Vi har blevet så tiltusket til udvidelsen af monopolet til en lang række "
+"med såkaldte avledede værker at vi ikke længere ser hvor mærkeligt det er "
+"at acceptere en sådan udvidelse af ophavsreten, mens vi nynner på "
+"abrakadabraen rundt idéer og udtryk.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"I think it's time to recognize that there are airplanes in this field and "
+"the expansiveness of these rights of derivative use no longer make sense. "
+"More precisely, they don't make sense for the period of time that a "
+"copyright runs. And they don't make sense as an amorphous grant. Consider "
+"each limitation in turn."
+msgstr ""
+"Jeg tror det er på tide at anerkende at det er flymaskiner på dette "
+"betænket, og at udvidelser af rettigheder for avledede værk ikke længere "
+"giver mening. Mere præcist giver de ikke mening for hele verneperioden til "
+"ophavsreten. Og de giver ikke mening som tildeling uden begrænsning. Lad "
+"os vurdere hver begrænsning for sig."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis>Term:</emphasis> If Congress wants to grant a derivative right, "
+"then that right should be for a much shorter term. It makes sense to protect "
+"John Grisham's right to sell the movie rights to his latest novel (or at "
+"least I'm willing to assume it does); but it does not make sense for that "
+"right to run for the same term as the underlying copyright. The derivative "
+"right could be important in inducing creativity; it is not important long "
+"after the creative work is done. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis>Vernetid:</emphasis> Hvis Kongressen ønsker at tildele avledede "
+"rettigheder, da bør den rettigheden have meget kortere vernetid. Det giver "
+"mening at beskytte John Grishams ret til at sælge filmrettighederne til hans "
+"sidste roman (eller i det mindste er jeg villig til at antage at det giver "
+"mening), men det giver ikke mening at denne rettighed skal vare lige så "
+"længe som vernetiden til den underliggende ophavsreten. Den avledede "
+"rettigheden kan være vigtig for at bidrage til kreativitet, men den er ikke "
+"vigtigt længe efter at det kreative værket er færdigt. <placeholder "
+"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis>Scope:</emphasis> Likewise should the scope of derivative rights "
+"be narrowed. Again, there are some cases in which derivative rights are "
+"important. Those should be specified. But the law should draw clear lines "
+"around regulated and unregulated uses of copyrighted material. When all "
+"<quote>reuse</quote> of creative material was within the control of "
+"businesses, perhaps it made sense to require lawyers to negotiate the lines. "
+"It no longer makes sense for lawyers to negotiate the lines. Think about all "
+"the creative possibilities that digital technologies enable; now imagine "
+"pouring molasses into the machines. That's what this general requirement of "
+"permission does to the creative process. Smothers it."
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis>Omfang:</emphasis> På samme måde bør omfanget for avledede værk "
+"snævres ind. Her igen er det nogle tilfælde der avledede rettigheder er "
+"vigtige. Disse bør specificeres. Men loven bør skille klart mellem "
+"reguleret og uregulert brug af opphavsrettsbeskyttet materiale. Da al "
+"<quote>genbrug</quote> af kreativt materiale var kontrolleret af bedrifter, "
+"så gav det måske mening at kræve advokater for at forhandle om hvor grænsen "
+"gik. Det giver ikke længere mening at lade advokater forhandle om hvor "
+"grænserne går. Tænk på alle de kreative mulighederne som digitale "
+"teknologier muliggjør. Forestill dig så at hælde sirup ind i maskinerne. "
+"Det er hvad dette generelle krav om tilladelse gør med den kreative "
+"processen. Det kvæler den."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This was the point that Alben made when describing the making of the Clint "
+"Eastwood CD. While it makes sense to require negotiation for foreseeable "
+"derivative rights—turning a book into a movie, or a poem into a "
+"musical score—it doesn't make sense to require negotiation for the "
+"unforeseeable. Here, a statutory right would make much more sense."
+msgstr ""
+"Dette var pointen som Alben kom med da han beskrev hvordan han fortog Clint "
+"Eastwood-CD-en. Mens det giver mening at kræve forhandlinger for "
+"overskuelige avledede rettigheder – at fortage en film af en bog, "
+"eller et noteark af et digt – så giver det ikke mening at kræve "
+"forhandlinger for det uforutsigbare. Her giver en lovfæstet ret mere mening."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Goldstein, Paul"
+msgstr "Goldstein, Paul"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Paul Goldstein, <citetitle>Copyright's Highway: From Gutenberg to the "
+"Celestial Jukebox</citetitle> (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), "
+"187–216. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Paul Goldstein, <citetitle>Copyright's Highway: From Gutenberg to the "
+"Celestial Jukebox</citetitle> (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), "
+"187–216 . <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"In each of these cases, the law should mark the uses that are protected, and "
+"the presumption should be that other uses are not protected. This is the "
+"reverse of the recommendation of my colleague Paul Goldstein.<placeholder "
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> His view is that the law should be written so "
+"that expanded protections follow expanded uses."
+msgstr ""
+"I hver af disse tilfælde burde loven markere hvilke brugsområder som er "
+"beskyttet, og en bør så kunne antage at andre brugsområder ikke er "
+"beskyttet. Dette er det modsatte af anbefalingen fra min kollega Paul "
+"Goldstein.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Hans syner er at loven "
+"bør skrives sådan at beskyttelsen udvides når brugsområderne udvides."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Goldstein's analysis would make perfect sense if the cost of the legal "
+"system were small. But as we are currently seeing in the context of the "
+"Internet, the uncertainty about the scope of protection, and the incentives "
+"to protect existing architectures of revenue, combined with a strong "
+"copyright, weaken the process of innovation."
+msgstr ""
+"Analysen til Goldstein giver absolut mening hvis omkostningerne ved dette "
+"ret systemet var lave. Men som vi nu ser i sammenhæng med Internet, giver "
+"usikkerhet rundt omfanget af beskyttelse, og incentivet til at beskytte den "
+"eksisterende arkitektur for indkomster kombineret med en stærk ophavsret, en "
+"svækket nyskabningproces."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 301
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The law could remedy this problem either by removing protection beyond the "
+"part explicitly drawn or by granting reuse rights upon certain statutory "
+"conditions. Either way, the effect would be to free a great deal of culture "
+"to others to cultivate. And under a statutory rights regime, that reuse "
+"would earn artists more income."
+msgstr ""
+"Loven kan motvirke dette problem enten ved at fjerne beskyttelsen ud over de "
+"delene som er eksplisitt nævnt, eller ved at tillade genbrugretter på visse/"
+"vise lovbestemte betingelser. For hver af disse alternativer villes "
+"effekten være at frigøre en stor del af kulturen sådan at andre kan få den "
+"til at vokse. Og under et lovbestemmt rettighedregime, så villes sådan "
+"genbrug give kunstnerne flere indkomster."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "4. Liberate the Music—Again"
+msgstr "4 . Frigør musikken – igen"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The battle that got this whole war going was about music, so it wouldn't be "
+"fair to end this book without addressing the issue that is, to most people, "
+"most pressing—music. There is no other policy issue that better "
+"teaches the lessons of this book than the battles around the sharing of "
+"music."
+msgstr ""
+"Slaget som startede hele denne krig var om musik, så det villes ikke være "
+"rimeligt at afslutte denne bog uden at tage op problemet som er mest "
+"presserende for de fleste – musik. Det er ingen andre policy-tema som "
+"bedre forklarer hvad man kan lære i denne bog end slagene om deling af musik."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The appeal of file-sharing music was the crack cocaine of the Internet's "
+"growth. It drove demand for access to the Internet more powerfully than any "
+"other single application. It was the Internet's killer app—possibly in "
+"two senses of that word. It no doubt was the application that drove demand "
+"for bandwidth. It may well be the application that drives demand for "
+"regulations that in the end kill innovation on the network."
+msgstr ""
+"Appellen til fildeling var det som satte fart i Internets vækst. Det drev "
+"behovet for tilgang til Internet kraftigere end noget andet "
+"enkeltbruksområde. Det var Internets <quote>killer app</quote> – "
+"måske i to betydninger af ordet. Det var uden tvivl det brugsområdet som "
+"drev efterspørgslen efter båndbredde. Det kan godt ende op med at være "
+"brugsområdet som driver igennem krav om reguleringer som til slutning dræber "
+"nyskabning på nettet."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The aim of copyright, with respect to content in general and music in "
+"particular, is to create the incentives for music to be composed, performed, "
+"and, most importantly, spread. The law does this by giving an exclusive "
+"right to a composer to control public performances of his work, and to a "
+"performing artist to control copies of her performance."
+msgstr ""
+"Målet med ophavsret, både generelt og for musik specielt, er at skabe "
+"incentiver for at komponere, fremføre og aller vigtigst, brede, musik. "
+"Loven gør dette ved at give en eksklusiv ret til en komponist til at "
+"kontrollere offentlige fremføringer af sit værker, og til en udøvende artist "
+"til at kontrollere eksemplarer af sine fremføringer."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"File-sharing networks complicate this model by enabling the spread of "
+"content for which the performer has not been paid. But of course, that's not "
+"all the file-sharing networks do. As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle="
+"\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"piracy\"/>, they enable four different "
+"kinds of sharing:"
+msgstr ""
+"Fildelingsnettverk komplicerer denne model ved at gøre det muligt at brede "
+"indhold uden at udøveren har fået betalt. Men dette er naturligvis ikke "
+"alt et fildelingsnettverk gør. Som jeg beskrev i kapitel <xref "
+"xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"piracy\"/>, så muliggjør de fire "
+"forskellige former for deling:"
+
+#. A.
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"There are some who are using sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing "
+"CDs."
+msgstr ""
+"Det er nogle som bruger delingsnettverk som erstatning for at købe CD-er."
+
+#. B.
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"There are also some who are using sharing networks to sample, on the way to "
+"purchasing CDs."
+msgstr ""
+"Det er også nogle som bruger delingsnettverk for at prøvelytte, mens de "
+"vurderer hvad slags CD-er de vil købe."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 302
+#. C.
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content "
+"that is no longer sold but is still under copyright or that would have been "
+"too cumbersome to buy off the Net."
+msgstr ""
+"Det er mange som bruger fildelingsnettverk for at få tilgang til indhold som "
+"ikke længere er i salg, men fortsat er værnet af ophavsret, eller som villes "
+"have været alt for vanskeligt at få købt via nettet."
+
+#. D.
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content "
+"that is not copyrighted or to get access that the copyright owner plainly "
+"endorses."
+msgstr ""
+"Det er mange som bruger fildelingsnettverk for at få tilgang til indhold som "
+"ikke er opphavsrettsbeskyttet, eller for at få tilgang som "
+"ophavsretindehaveren åbenbaret går god for."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Any reform of the law needs to keep these different uses in focus. It must "
+"avoid burdening type D even if it aims to eliminate type A. The eagerness "
+"with which the law aims to eliminate type A, moreover, should depend upon "
+"the magnitude of type B. As with VCRs, if the net effect of sharing is "
+"actually not very harmful, the need for regulation is significantly weakened."
+msgstr ""
+"Enhver reform af loven må have dirre forskellige brugsområderne i fokus. "
+"Den må undgå at belaste type-D-deling selv om den tager sigte på at fjerne "
+"type A. Hvor ivrigt loven søger at fjerne type-A-deling, bør videre være "
+"afhængigt af størrelsen på type-B-deling. Som med videospillere, hvis "
+"nettoeffekten af deling ikke er specielt skadelig, så er behovet for "
+"regulering betydeligt svækket."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"As I said in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"piracy"
+"\"/>, the actual harm caused by sharing is controversial. For the purposes "
+"of this chapter, however, I assume the harm is real. I assume, in other "
+"words, that type A sharing is significantly greater than type B, and is the "
+"dominant use of sharing networks."
+msgstr ""
+"Som jeg sagde i kapitel <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" "
+"linkend=\"piracy\"/>, er det kontroversielt om delingen forårsager skade. "
+"Men i dette kapitel vil jeg antage at skaden er reel. Jeg antager, med "
+"andre ord, at type-A-deling er betydeligt større end type-B, og er den "
+"dominerende brugen af delingsnettverk."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Nonetheless, there is a crucial fact about the current technological context "
+"that we must keep in mind if we are to understand how the law should respond."
+msgstr ""
+"Uanset, det er et afgørende faktum om den gældende teknologiske sammenhængen "
+"som vi må huske på hvis vi skal forstå hvordan loven bør reagere."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Today, file sharing is addictive. In ten years, it won't be. It is addictive "
+"today because it is the easiest way to gain access to a broad range of "
+"content. It won't be the easiest way to get access to a broad range of "
+"content in ten years. Today, access to the Internet is cumbersome and "
+"slow—we in the United States are lucky to have broadband service at "
+"1.5 MBs, and very rarely do we get service at that speed both up and down. "
+"Although wireless access is growing, most of us still get access across "
+"wires. Most only gain access through a machine with a keyboard. The idea of "
+"the always on, always connected Internet is mainly just an idea."
+msgstr ""
+"I dag er fildeling vanedannende. Om ti år vil det ikke være det. Det er "
+"avhengighetsskapende i dag på grund af at det er den enkleste måden at få "
+"tilgang til et bredt spekter af indhold. Det vil ikke være den enkleste "
+"måden at få tilgang til et bredt spekter af indhold om ti år. I dag er "
+"tilgang til Internet knotete og trægt – vi i USA er heldige hvis vi "
+"har en bredbåndstjeneste med 1,5 MB/s, og vældig sjælden får vi tjenesten "
+"med den hastigheden både op og ned. Selv om trådløs tilgang vokser, må de "
+"fleste af os få tilgang via kabler. De fleste får kun tilgang via en "
+"maskine med et tastatur. Idéen om at altid være tilkoblet Internet er i "
+"hovedsag bare en idé."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 303
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"But it will become a reality, and that means the way we get access to the "
+"Internet today is a technology in transition. Policy makers should not make "
+"policy on the basis of technology in transition. They should make policy on "
+"the basis of where the technology is going. The question should not be, how "
+"should the law regulate sharing in this world? The question should be, what "
+"law will we require when the network becomes the network it is clearly "
+"becoming? That network is one in which every machine with electricity is "
+"essentially on the Net; where everywhere you are—except maybe the "
+"desert or the Rockies—you can instantaneously be connected to the "
+"Internet. Imagine the Internet as ubiquitous as the best cell-phone service, "
+"where with the flip of a device, you are connected."
+msgstr ""
+"Men det vil blive en realitet, og det betyder at måden vi får tilgang til "
+"Internet på i dag, er en teknologi i ændring. Beslutningstakere bør ikke "
+"fortage skrøner baseret på teknologi i ændring. De bør fortage skrøner "
+"baseret på hvor teknologien er på vej. Spørgsmålet bør ikke være om "
+"hvordan loven skal regulere delingen sådan værdet er nu . Spørgsmålet bør "
+"være, hvad slags lov vil vi behøve når netværket bliver det netværket helt "
+"klart er på vej mod. Det netværket er et hvor enhver maskine som bruger "
+"strøm i essensen er på nettet. Uanset hvor du er – måske med "
+"undtagelse af i ørkenen og fjerntliggende fjeldpartier – kan du "
+"umiddelbart blive koblet til Internet. Forestill dig Internet så "
+"allstedsnærværende som den bedste mobiltelefontjenesten, hvor du er "
+"tilkoblet med et enkelt tryk på en bryder."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "cell phones, music streamed over"
+msgstr "mobiltelefoner, musik streamet viede"
+
+#. f8.
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"See, for example, <quote>Music Media Watch,</quote> The J@pan Inc. "
+"Newsletter, 3 April 2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/"
+"notes/\">link #76</ulink>."
+msgstr ""
+"For eksempel, se, <quote>Music Medierne Watch,</quote> The J@pan Inc. "
+"Newsletter, 3 April 2002, tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture."
+"cc/notes/\">link #76</ulink>."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"In that world, it will be extremely easy to connect to services that give "
+"you access to content on the fly—such as Internet radio, content that "
+"is streamed to the user when the user demands. Here, then, is the critical "
+"point: When it is <emphasis>extremely</emphasis> easy to connect to services "
+"that give access to content, it will be <emphasis>easier</emphasis> to "
+"connect to services that give you access to content than it will be to "
+"download and store content <emphasis>on the many devices you will have for "
+"playing content</emphasis>. It will be easier, in other words, to subscribe "
+"than it will be to be a database manager, as everyone in the download-"
+"sharing world of Napster-like technologies essentially is. Content services "
+"will compete with content sharing, even if the services charge money for the "
+"content they give access to. Already cell-phone services in Japan offer "
+"music (for a fee) streamed over cell phones (enhanced with plugs for "
+"headphones). The Japanese are paying for this content even though "
+"<quote>free</quote> content is available in the form of MP3s across the Web."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"I den værdet vil det være ekstremt enkelt at koble sig til en tjeneste som "
+"giver dig direkte tilgang til indhold – sådan som Internet-radio, "
+"indhold som strømmes til brugeren når brugeren ønsker det. Her er dermed "
+"det kritiske pointen: Når det er <emphasis>ekstremt</emphasis> enkelt at "
+"koble sig til tjenester som giver tilgang til indhold, så vil det være "
+"<emphasis>enklere</emphasis> at koble sig til tjenester som giver dig "
+"tilgang til indhold end det vil være at laste ned og lagre indhold "
+"<emphasis>på de mange enhederne som du vil have for at vise frem indhold</"
+"emphasis>. Det vil med andre ord være enklere at abonnere end det vil være "
+"at være en databaseadministrator, hvilket enhver er i <quote>en last ned og "
+"del</quote>-værdet som Napster-lignende teknologier i essensen er. "
+"Indholdtjenester vil konkurrere med innholdsdeling, selv om tjenesterne "
+"kræver penge for indholdet de giver tilgang til. Mobiltelefontjenester i "
+"Japan tilbyder allerede musik (mod et gebyr) strømmede via mobiltelefoner "
+"(forbedret med stik for øretelefoner). Japanerne betaler for dette indhold "
+"selv om <quote>gratis</quote> indhold er tilgængeligt i form af MP3er via "
+"nettet.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 304
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This point about the future is meant to suggest a perspective on the "
+"present: It is emphatically temporary. The <quote>problem</quote> with file "
+"sharing—to the extent there is a real problem—is a problem that "
+"will increasingly disappear as it becomes easier to connect to the "
+"Internet. And thus it is an extraordinary mistake for policy makers today "
+"to be <quote>solving</quote> this problem in light of a technology that will "
+"be gone tomorrow. The question should not be how to regulate the Internet "
+"to eliminate file sharing (the Net will evolve that problem away). The "
+"question instead should be how to assure that artists get paid, during this "
+"transition between twentieth-century models for doing business and twenty-"
+"first-century technologies."
+msgstr ""
+"Dette pointe om fremtiden er med at foreslå et perspektiv om nåtiden: Det er "
+"eftertrykkeligt midlertidigt. <quote>Problemet</quote> med fildeling "
+"– i den grad det er et reelt problem – er et problem som mere og "
+"mere vil forsvinde efterhånden som det bliver enklere at koble sig på "
+"Internet. Og dermed er det en stor fejl for beslutningstakere i dag at "
+"<quote>løse</quote> dette problem baseret på en teknologi som vil være borte "
+"i morgen. Spørgsmålet bør ikke være hvordan regulere Internet for at "
+"fjerne fildeling (nettet vil udvikle sig sådan at det problemet bliver "
+"borte). Spørgsmålet bør i stedet være hvordan man sikrer at kunstnere får "
+"betalt, gennem denne overgang fra forretningsmodellene i det tyvende "
+"århundrede og til teknologierne i det tjueførste århundrede."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The answer begins with recognizing that there are different <quote>problems</"
+"quote> here to solve. Let's start with type D content—uncopyrighted "
+"content or copyrighted content that the artist wants shared. The "
+"<quote>problem</quote> with this content is to make sure that the technology "
+"that would enable this kind of sharing is not rendered illegal. You can "
+"think of it this way: Pay phones are used to deliver ransom demands, no "
+"doubt. But there are many who need to use pay phones who have nothing to do "
+"with ransoms. It would be wrong to ban pay phones in order to eliminate "
+"kidnapping."
+msgstr ""
+"Svaret begynder med at erkende at det er forskellige <quote>problemer</"
+"quote> at løse her . Lad os starte med type-D-indhold – ikke "
+"opphavsrettsbeskyttet indhold, eller opphavsrettsbeskyttet indhold som "
+"kunstneren ønsker at få delt. <quote>Problemet</quote> med dette indhold er "
+"at sikre at teknologien som muliggjør denne type deling ikke bliver gjort "
+"ulovligt. Tænk på det sådan: telefondåser kan uden tvivl bruges til at "
+"levere krav om løsepenger. Men det er mange som behøver at bruge "
+"telefondåser som ikke har noget med løsepenger at gøre. Det villes være "
+"galt at forbyde telefondåser for at eliminere kidnapping."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Type C content raises a different <quote>problem.</quote> This is content "
+"that was, at one time, published and is no longer available. It may be "
+"unavailable because the artist is no longer valuable enough for the record "
+"label he signed with to carry his work. Or it may be unavailable because the "
+"work is forgotten. Either way, the aim of the law should be to facilitate "
+"the access to this content, ideally in a way that returns something to the "
+"artist."
+msgstr ""
+"Type-C-indhold rejser et andet <quote>problem.</quote> Dette er indhold som "
+"var publiceret, en gang i tiden, og ikke længere er tilgængeligt. Det kan "
+"være utilgjengelig fordi kunstneren ikke længere er værdifuld nok for "
+"pladeselskabet han har signeret med til at de vil formidle hans værker. "
+"Eller det kan være utilgjengelig fordi værket er glemt. Uanset bør målet "
+"til loven være at muliggjøre tilgang til dette indhold, ideelt set på en "
+"måde som giver noget tilbage til kunstneren."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Again, the model here is the used book store. Once a book goes out of print, "
+"it may still be available in libraries and used book stores. But libraries "
+"and used book stores don't pay the copyright owner when someone reads or "
+"buys an out-of-print book. That makes total sense, of course, since any "
+"other system would be so burdensome as to eliminate the possibility of used "
+"book stores' existing. But from the author's perspective, this "
+"<quote>sharing</quote> of his content without his being compensated is less "
+"than ideal."
+msgstr ""
+"Igen, her er modellen bruktbokhandelen. Efter at en bog er udsolgt fra "
+"forlaget, så kan den fortsat være tilgængeligt fra biblioteker og "
+"bruktbokhandler. Men biblioteker og bruktbokhandler betaler ikke "
+"ophavsretejeren når nogle læser eller køber en bog som er udsolgt fra "
+"forlaget. Dette giver absolut mening, selvfølgelig, siden ethvert andet "
+"system villes være så tungvint at det villes gøre det umuligt for "
+"bruktbokhandler at eksistere. Men fra forfatterens synsvinkel er denne "
+"<quote>delingen</quote> af hans indhold uden at han får kompensation ikke "
+"helt ideell."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The model of used book stores suggests that the law could simply deem out-of-"
+"print music fair game. If the publisher does not make copies of the music "
+"available for sale, then commercial and noncommercial providers would be "
+"free, under this rule, to <quote>share</quote> that content, even though the "
+"sharing involved making a copy. The copy here would be incidental to the "
+"trade; in a context where commercial publishing has ended, trading music "
+"should be as free as trading books."
+msgstr ""
+"Modellen for bruktbokhandler insinuerer at loven ganske enkelt kan anse "
+"udsolgt-fra-forlaget-musik for frit vildt. Hvis utgiveren ikke gør udgaver "
+"af musikken tilgængeligt for salg, så villes kommercielle og ikke-"
+"kommercielle tilbydere stå frit, under denne regel, til at <quote>dele</"
+"quote> det indholdet, selv om delingen involverede at fortage en kopi. "
+"Kopien her villes være teknisk detalje for at gennemføre handlen. I en "
+"sammenhæng der hen kommerciel publisering er afsluttet, så burde friheden "
+"til at handle med musik være lig den som gælder for bøger."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 305
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Alternatively, the law could create a statutory license that would ensure "
+"that artists get something from the trade of their work. For example, if the "
+"law set a low statutory rate for the commercial sharing of content that was "
+"not offered for sale by a commercial publisher, and if that rate were "
+"automatically transferred to a trust for the benefit of the artist, then "
+"businesses could develop around the idea of trading this content, and "
+"artists would benefit from this trade."
+msgstr ""
+"Alternativt kan loven oprette en lovbestemmt licens som villes sørge for at "
+"kunstnere får noget fra handlen med deres værker. For eksempel, hvis loven "
+"satte en lav lovbestemmt afsæt for kommerciel deling af indhold som ikke "
+"blev tilbudt for salg fra en kommerciel utgiver, og hvis denne rate "
+"automatisk blev overført til en tiltroet tredjedel til fordel for "
+"kunstneren, så kunne selskaber udvikle sig rundt idéen om handel med dette "
+"indhold mens kunstneren villes have fordel af denne handel."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This system would also create an incentive for publishers to keep works "
+"available commercially. Works that are available commercially would not be "
+"subject to this license. Thus, publishers could protect the right to charge "
+"whatever they want for content if they kept the work commercially available. "
+"But if they don't keep it available, and instead, the computer hard disks of "
+"fans around the world keep it alive, then any royalty owed for such copying "
+"should be much less than the amount owed a commercial publisher."
+msgstr ""
+"Dette system villes også skabe et incentiv for utgivere at lade værk "
+"forblive kommercielt tilgængeligt. Værk som er kommercielt tilgængeligt "
+"villes ikke blive underlagt denne licens. Dermed kan utgiverne beskytte "
+"retten til at tage betalt hvilket som hilst beløb for indhold hvis de holdt "
+"det kommercielt tilgængeligt. Men hvis de ikke holdt det tilgængeligt, og "
+"det i stedet var harddiskerne/harddiskene til tilhængere rundt omkring i "
+"værdet som holdt det i live, da burde enhver licensbetaling for sådan "
+"kopiering være meget mindre end det man sædvanligvis villes skylde en "
+"kommerciel utgiver."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The hard case is content of types A and B, and again, this case is hard only "
+"because the extent of the problem will change over time, as the technologies "
+"for gaining access to content change. The law's solution should be as "
+"flexible as the problem is, understanding that we are in the middle of a "
+"radical transformation in the technology for delivering and accessing "
+"content."
+msgstr ""
+"De vanskelige tilfældene er indhold af type A og B. Og igen, disse tilfælde "
+"er kun vanskelig fordi udstrækningen af problemet vil ændre sig over tid, "
+"efterhånden som teknologier for at få tilgang til indhold ændrer sig. "
+"Lovens løsning bør derfor være lige så fleksibelt som problemet er, og "
+"forstå at vi er midt i en radikal ændring i teknologi for levering og "
+"tilgang til indhold."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"So here's a solution that will at first seem very strange to both sides in "
+"this war, but which upon reflection, I suggest, should make some sense."
+msgstr ""
+"Så her er en løsning som i første omgang kan virke rigtigt underligt for "
+"begge sider i denne krig, men som jeg tror vil give mere mening når man får "
+"tænkt sig om."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Stripped of the rhetoric about the sanctity of property, the basic claim of "
+"the content industry is this: A new technology (the Internet) has harmed a "
+"set of rights that secure copyright. If those rights are to be protected, "
+"then the content industry should be compensated for that harm. Just as the "
+"technology of tobacco harmed the health of millions of Americans, or the "
+"technology of asbestos caused grave illness to thousands of miners, so, too, "
+"has the technology of digital networks harmed the interests of the content "
+"industry."
+msgstr ""
+"Når retorikken om ukrenkeligheten til ejendom er fjernet, er de "
+"grundlæggende påstanden til indholdindustrien denne: En ny teknologi "
+"(Internet) har skadet et sæt med rettigheder som sikrer ophavsreten. Hvis "
+"disse rettigheder skal blive beskyttet, så bør indholdindustrien kompenseres "
+"for denne skade. På samme måde som tobakksteknologien skadede helbredet til "
+"millioner af amerikanere, eller asbestteknologien forårsaget alvorlig sygdom "
+"hos tusindvis af gruvearbeidere, så har den digitale netværkteknologien "
+"skadet interesserne til indholdindustrien."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 306
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"I love the Internet, and so I don't like likening it to tobacco or "
+"asbestos. But the analogy is a fair one from the perspective of the law. "
+"And it suggests a fair response: Rather than seeking to destroy the "
+"Internet, or the p2p technologies that are currently harming content "
+"providers on the Internet, we should find a relatively simple way to "
+"compensate those who are harmed."
+msgstr ""
+"Jeg elsker Internet, så jeg kan ikke lide at sammenligne det med tobak eller "
+"asbest. Men analogien er rimelig når man ser det fra lovens perspektiv. Og "
+"det foreslår en rimelig respons: I stedet for at forsøge at ødelægge "
+"Internet eller p2p-teknologien som i dag skader indholdleverandører på "
+"Internet, så bør vi finde en relativt enkel måde at kompensere de som bliver "
+"skadelidende."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Promises to Keep (Fisher)"
+msgstr "Promises to Keep (Fisher)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Fisher, William"
+msgstr "Fisher, William"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> William Fisher, "
+"<citetitle>Digital Music: Problems and Possibilities</citetitle> (last "
+"revised: 10 October 2000), available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/"
+"notes/\">link #77</ulink>; William Fisher, <citetitle>Promises to Keep: "
+"Technology, Law, and the Future of Entertainment</citetitle> (forthcoming) "
+"(Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004), ch. 6, available at <ulink url="
+"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #78</ulink>. Professor Netanel has "
+"proposed a related idea that would exempt noncommercial sharing from the "
+"reach of copyright and would establish compensation to artists to balance "
+"any loss. See Neil Weinstock Netanel, <quote>Impose a Noncommercial Use Levy "
+"to Allow Free P2P File Sharing,</quote> available at <ulink url=\"http://"
+"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #79</ulink>. For other proposals, see Lawrence "
+"Lessig, <quote>Who's Holding Back Broadband?</quote> <citetitle>Washington "
+"Post</citetitle>, 8 January 2002, A17; Philip S. Corwin on behalf of Sharman "
+"Networks, A Letter to Senator Joseph R. Biden, Jr., Chairman of the Senate "
+"Foreign Relations Committee, 26 February 2002, available at <ulink url="
+"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #80</ulink>; Serguei Osokine, "
+"<citetitle>A Quick Case for Intellectual Property Use Fee (IPUF)</"
+"citetitle>, 3 March 2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/"
+"notes/\">link #81</ulink>; Jefferson Graham, <quote>Kazaa, Verizon Propose "
+"to Pay Artists Directly,</quote> <citetitle>USA Today</citetitle>, 13 May "
+"2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #82</"
+"ulink>; Steven M. Cherry, <quote>Getting Copyright Right,</quote> IEEE "
+"Spectrum Online, 1 July 2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture."
+"cc/notes/\">link #83</ulink>; Declan McCullagh, <quote>Verizon's Copyright "
+"Campaign,</quote> CNET News.com, 27 August 2002, available at <ulink url="
+"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #84</ulink>. Fisher's proposal is "
+"very similar to Richard Stallman's proposal for DAT. Unlike Fisher's, "
+"Stallman's proposal would not pay artists directly proportionally, though "
+"more popular artists would get more than the less popular. As is typical "
+"with Stallman, his proposal predates the current debate by about a decade. "
+"See <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #85</ulink>. "
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
+"id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> William Fisher, "
+"<citetitle>Digital Music: Problems and Possibilities</citetitle> (sidst "
+"revideret: 10 . oktober 2000), tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://free-"
+"culture.cc/notes/\">link #77</ulink>; William Fisher, <citetitle>Promises to "
+"Keep: Technology, Law, and the Future of Entertainment</citetitle> (kommer) "
+"(Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004), kap. 6, tilgængeligt fra <ulink "
+"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #78</ulink>. Professor Netanel "
+"har foreslået en relateret idé som villes gøre at ophavsreten ikke gælder "
+"ikke -kommerciel deling fra og villes etablere kompensation til kunstnere "
+"for at balancere eventuelle tab. Se Neil Weinstock Netanel, <quote>Impose a "
+"Noncommercial Use Levy to Allow Free P2P File Sharing,</quote> tilgængeligt "
+"fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #79</ulink>. For andre "
+"forslag, se Lawrence Lessig, <quote>Who's Holding Back Broadband?</quote> "
+"<citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, 8 . januar 2002, A17; Philip S. "
+"Corwin på vegne af Sharman Networks, Et brev til Senator Joseph R. Biden, "
+"Jr., leder i the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, 26 . februar. 2002, "
+"tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #80</"
+"ulink>; Serguei Osokine, <citetitle>A Quick Case for Intellectual Property "
+"Use Fee (IPUF)</citetitle>, 3 . marts 2002, tilgængeligt fra <ulink "
+"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #81</ulink>; Jefferson Graham, "
+"<quote>Kazaa, Verizon Propose to Pay Artists Directly,</quote> "
+"<citetitle>USA Today</citetitle>, 13 . maj 2002, tilgængeligt fra <ulink "
+"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #82</ulink>; Steven M. Cherry, "
+"<quote>Getting Copyright Right,</quote> IEEE Spectrum Online, 1 . juli 2002, "
+"tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #83</"
+"ulink>; Declan McCullagh, <quote>Verizon's Copyright Campaign,</quote> CNET "
+"News.com, 27 . august 2002, tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://free-"
+"culture.cc/notes/\">link #84</ulink>. Forslaget fra Fisher er ganske "
+"kunnetlide forslaget til Richard Stallman når det gælder DAT. I modsætning "
+"til Fishers forslag, villes Staldmand forslag ikke betale kunstnere "
+"proporsjonalt, selv om mere populære artister villes få mere betalt end "
+"mindre populære. Sådan det er typisk med Stallman, lagde han frem sit "
+"forslag omtrent ti år føder dagens debat. Se <ulink url=\"http://free-"
+"culture.cc/notes/\">link #85</ulink>. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
+"id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder "
+"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The idea would be a modification of a proposal that has been floated by "
+"Harvard law professor William Fisher.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/"
+"> Fisher suggests a very clever way around the current impasse of the "
+"Internet. Under his plan, all content capable of digital transmission would "
+"(1) be marked with a digital watermark (don't worry about how easy it is to "
+"evade these marks; as you'll see, there's no incentive to evade them). Once "
+"the content is marked, then entrepreneurs would develop (2) systems to "
+"monitor how many items of each content were distributed. On the basis of "
+"those numbers, then (3) artists would be compensated. The compensation would "
+"be paid for by (4) an appropriate tax."
+msgstr ""
+"Idéen er baseret på et forslag lanceret af juiceprofessor William Fisher ved "
+"Harvard.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Fisher foreslår en rigtigt "
+"lumsk måde rundt den pågående stillingkrigen på Internet. Ifølge hans plan "
+"villes alt indhold som kan sendes digitalt (1) være markeret med et digitalt "
+"vandmærke (ikke bekymre dig over hvor enkelt det villes være at undgå disse "
+"mærker, som du vil se er det ikke noget incentiv for at undgå dem). Når "
+"indholdet er mærket, så villes entreprenører udvikle (2) systemer for at "
+"registrere hvor mange enheder af hvert indhold som blev distribueret. På "
+"grundlag af disse tal villes så (3) kunstnerne blive kompenseret. "
+"Kompensationen kunne blive finansieret med (4) en passende skat."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Fisher's proposal is careful and comprehensive. It raises a million "
+"questions, most of which he answers well in his upcoming book, "
+"<citetitle>Promises to Keep</citetitle>. The modification that I would make "
+"is relatively simple: Fisher imagines his proposal replacing the existing "
+"copyright system. I imagine it complementing the existing system. The aim "
+"of the proposal would be to facilitate compensation to the extent that harm "
+"could be shown. This compensation would be temporary, aimed at facilitating "
+"a transition between regimes. And it would require renewal after a period of "
+"years. If it continues to make sense to facilitate free exchange of content, "
+"supported through a taxation system, then it can be continued. If this form "
+"of protection is no longer necessary, then the system could lapse into the "
+"old system of controlling access."
+msgstr ""
+"Forslaget til Fisher er grundigt og omfattende. Det rejser en million "
+"spørgsmål, de fleste af dem godt besvart i hans kommende bog, "
+"<citetitle>Promises to Keep</citetitle>. Ændringerne jeg vil gøre er "
+"relativt enkle: Fisher ser for sig at hans forslag erstatter det "
+"eksisterende ophavsretsystemet. Jeg ser for mig at det vil udfylde det "
+"eksisterende systemet. Målet med forslaget vil være at gøre det enklere at "
+"give kompensation i den grad skade kan påvises. Denne kompensation villes "
+"være midlertidig, med målsetning om at gøre overgangen lettere mellem to "
+"regimer. Og det villes kræve fornying efter en periode på nogle år. Hvis "
+"det fortsat giver mening at forenkle gratis udveksling af indhold gennem et "
+"skatsystem, så kan det videreføres. Hvis denne form for beskyttelse ikke "
+"længere er nødvendig, så kan systemet foldes ind i det gamle systemet for at "
+"kontrollere tilgang."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "semiotic democracy"
+msgstr "semiotisk demokrati"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "semiotic"
+msgstr "semiotisk"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 307
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Fisher would balk at the idea of allowing the system to lapse. His aim is "
+"not just to ensure that artists are paid, but also to ensure that the system "
+"supports the widest range of <quote>semiotic democracy</quote> possible. But "
+"the aims of semiotic democracy would be satisfied if the other changes I "
+"described were accomplished—in particular, the limits on derivative "
+"uses. A system that simply charges for access would not greatly burden "
+"semiotic democracy if there were few limitations on what one was allowed to "
+"do with the content itself."
+msgstr ""
+"Fisher villes steile over idéen om at tillade systemet til at henhøre væk. "
+"Hans mål er ikke bare at sikre at kunstnerne bliver betalt, men også at "
+"sikre at systemet støtter størst muligt omfang af <quote>semiotisk "
+"demokrati</quote>. Men målet om semiotisk demokrati kan opfyldes hvis de "
+"andre ændringer jeg beskriver kommer på plads – specielt begrænsninger "
+"på avledet brug. Et system som ganske enkelt tager imod betaling for "
+"tilgang vil ikke belaste semiotisk demokrati rigtigt hvis det var få "
+"begrænsninger på hvad man får lov til at gøre med selve indholdet."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "MusicStore"
+msgstr "MusicStore"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "prices of"
+msgstr "priser på"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"No doubt it would be difficult to calculate the proper measure of "
+"<quote>harm</quote> to an industry. But the difficulty of making that "
+"calculation would be outweighed by the benefit of facilitating innovation. "
+"This background system to compensate would also not need to interfere with "
+"innovative proposals such as Apple's MusicStore. As experts predicted when "
+"Apple launched the MusicStore, it could beat <quote>free</quote> by being "
+"easier than free is. This has proven correct: Apple has sold millions of "
+"songs at even the very high price of 99 cents a song. (At 99 cents, the cost "
+"is the equivalent of a per-song CD price, though the labels have none of the "
+"costs of a CD to pay.) Apple's move was countered by Real Networks, offering "
+"music at just 79 cents a song. And no doubt there will be a great deal of "
+"competition to offer and sell music on-line."
+msgstr ""
+"Uden tvivl vil det være vanskeligt at male nøjagtigt <quote>skaden</quote> "
+"på en industri. Men vanskeligheden i at beregne dette vil vejes op af "
+"fordelen ved at tilrettelægge for nyskabning. Dette baggrund systemet for at "
+"kompensere villes heller ikke behøve at forstyrre nyskabende forslag som "
+"Apples MusicStore. Som eksperter udsigte da Apple lancerede sin MusicStore, "
+"så kan den slå <quote>gratis</quote> ved at være enklere end det som gratis "
+"er. Dette har vist sig at være rigtig: Apple har solgt millioner af sange "
+"til selv den rigtigt høje prisen 99 cent per sang (til 99 cent er "
+"omkostningen tilsvarende prisen per sang på en CD, selv om pladeselskaberne "
+"ikke må betale nogle af omkostningerne knyttede til CD-produktion). Apples "
+"lansering blev modarbejdet af Real Networks, som tilbød musik til kun 79 "
+"cent per sang. Og uden tvivl vil det blive meget konkurrence rundt at "
+"tilbyde og at sælge musik på nettet."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "cable vs. broadcast"
+msgstr "kabel-TV versus kringkasting"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "luxury theatres vs. video piracy in"
+msgstr "luksusbiografer mod video-piratvirksomhed i"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This competition has already occurred against the background of <quote>free</"
+"quote> music from p2p systems. As the sellers of cable television have known "
+"for thirty years, and the sellers of bottled water for much more than that, "
+"there is nothing impossible at all about <quote>competing with free.</quote> "
+"Indeed, if anything, the competition spurs the competitors to offer new and "
+"better products. This is precisely what the competitive market was to be "
+"about. Thus in Singapore, though piracy is rampant, movie theaters are often "
+"luxurious—with <quote>first class</quote> seats, and meals served "
+"while you watch a movie—as they struggle and succeed in finding ways "
+"to compete with <quote>free.</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+"Denne konkurrence er allerede på plads mod baggrunden med <quote>gratis</"
+"quote> musik fra p2p-systemer. Sådan sælgerne af kabel-TV har vidst i "
+"tredive år, og de som sælger vand på flaske endnu længere, så er det slet "
+"ikke umuligt at <quote>konkurrere med gratis.</quote> Faktisk vil "
+"konkurrencen om ikke andet inspirere til at tilbyde nye og bedre produkter. "
+"Det er nøjagtigt det et konkurrencedygtigt marked skulle handle om. Dermed "
+"har en i Singapore, hvor piratkopiering er udbredt, ofte luksuriøse "
+"kinosaler – med <quote>førsteklasses</quote> sæter, og måltider "
+"serveret mens du ser på en film – mens de kæmper og lykkes i at finde "
+"en måde at konkurrere med <quote>gratis.</quote>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This regime of competition, with a backstop to assure that artists don't "
+"lose, would facilitate a great deal of innovation in the delivery of "
+"content. That competition would continue to shrink type A sharing. It would "
+"inspire an extraordinary range of new innovators—ones who would have a "
+"right to the content, and would no longer fear the uncertain and "
+"barbarically severe punishments of the law."
+msgstr ""
+"Dette konkurrence regimet, med en sikringmekanisme for at sikre at kunstnere "
+"ikke taber, villes bidrage meget til nyskabning inden levering af indhold. "
+"Konkurrencen villes fortsætte at reducere type-A-deling. Det villes "
+"inspirere en ekstraordinær række af nye innovatører – som villes have "
+"retten til at bruge indhold, og ikke længere frygte usikre og barbariskt "
+"strenge straffer fra loven."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "In summary, then, my proposal is this:"
+msgstr "Opsummeret, så er dette mit forslag:"
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 308
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The Internet is in transition. We should not be regulating a technology in "
+"transition. We should instead be regulating to minimize the harm to "
+"interests affected by this technological change, while enabling, and "
+"encouraging, the most efficient technology we can create."
+msgstr ""
+"Internet er i ændring. Vi bør ikke regulere en teknologi i ændring. Vi bør "
+"i stedet regulere for at minimere skaden påført interesser som er berørt af "
+"denne teknologiske ændringen, samtidig som vi muliggjør, og opmuntrer, den "
+"mest effektive teknologien vi kan fortage."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "We can minimize that harm while maximizing the benefit to innovation by"
+msgstr ""
+"Vi kan minimere skaden, og samtidig maksimere fordelen med innovation ved at"
+
+#. 1.
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "guaranteeing the right to engage in type D sharing;"
+msgstr "garantere retten til at engagere sig i type-D-deling"
+
+#. 2.
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"permitting noncommercial type C sharing without liability, and commercial "
+"type C sharing at a low and fixed rate set by statute;"
+msgstr ""
+"tillade ikke -kommerciel type-C-deling uden erstatningsansvar, og kommerciel "
+"type-C-deling med en lav og lovfæstet pris"
+
+#. 3.
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"while in this transition, taxing and compensating for type A sharing, to the "
+"extent actual harm is demonstrated."
+msgstr ""
+"mens denne overgang pågår, beskatte og kompensere for type-A-deling, i den "
+"grad faktisk skade kan påvises."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"But what if <quote>piracy</quote> doesn't disappear? What if there is a "
+"competitive market providing content at a low cost, but a significant number "
+"of consumers continue to <quote>take</quote> content for nothing? Should the "
+"law do something then?"
+msgstr ""
+"Men hvad om <quote>piratvirksomheden</quote> ikke forsvinder? Hvad om det "
+"findes et konkurranseutsatt marked som tilbyder indhold til en lav "
+"omkostning, men et signifikant antal af forbrukere fortsætter at "
+"<quote>tage</quote> indhold uden at betale? Burde loven gøre noget da?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Yes, it should. But, again, what it should do depends upon how the facts "
+"develop. These changes may not eliminate type A sharing. But the real issue "
+"is not whether it eliminates sharing in the abstract. The real issue is its "
+"effect on the market. Is it better (a) to have a technology that is 95 "
+"percent secure and produces a market of size <citetitle>x</citetitle>, or "
+"(b) to have a technology that is 50 percent secure but produces a market of "
+"five times <citetitle>x</citetitle>? Less secure might produce more "
+"unauthorized sharing, but it is likely to also produce a much bigger market "
+"in authorized sharing. The most important thing is to assure artists' "
+"compensation without breaking the Internet. Once that's assured, then it may "
+"well be appropriate to find ways to track down the petty pirates."
+msgstr ""
+"Ja, det bør den. Men, nok en gang, hvad den bør gøre afhænger hvordan "
+"realiteterne udvikler sig. Disse ændringer fjerner måske ikke al type-A-"
+"deling. Men det virkelige spørmålet er ikke om de eliminerer deling i "
+"abstrakt betydning. Det virkelige spørgsmålet er hvilken effekt det har på "
+"markedet. Er det bedre (a) at have en teknologi som er 95 procent sikker, "
+"og giver et marked af størrelse <citetitle>x</citetitle>, eller (b) at have "
+"en teknologi som er 50 procent sikker, og som giver et marked som er fem "
+"gange større end <citetitle>x</citetitle>? Mindre sikker kan give mere "
+"uautorisert deling, men det vil sandsynligvis også give et meget større "
+"marked for autoriseret deling. Det vigtigste er at sikre kunstneres "
+"kompensation uden at ødelægge Internet. Når det er på plads, kan det hænde "
+"det er rigtigt at finde måder at spore op de smålige piraterne."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 309
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"But we're a long way away from whittling the problem down to this subset of "
+"type A sharers. And our focus until we're there should not be on finding "
+"ways to break the Internet. Our focus until we're there should be on how to "
+"make sure the artists are paid, while protecting the space for innovation "
+"and creativity that the Internet is."
+msgstr ""
+"Men vi er langt fra at reducere problemet ned til dette delsettet af type-A-"
+"slette. Og vores fokus indtil vi er der hen, bør ikke være at finde måder "
+"at ødelægge Internet. Vores fokus indtil vi er der hen, bør være hvordan vi "
+"sikrer at artister får betalt, mens vi beskytter det stedet for nyskabning "
+"og kreativitet som Internet er."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "5. Fire Lots of Lawyers"
+msgstr "5 . Spark en masse advokater"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"I'm a lawyer. I make lawyers for a living. I believe in the law. I believe "
+"in the law of copyright. Indeed, I have devoted my life to working in law, "
+"not because there are big bucks at the end but because there are ideals at "
+"the end that I would love to live."
+msgstr ""
+"Jeg er en advokat. Jeg lever af at uddanne advokater. Jeg tror på "
+"retvæsenet. Jeg tror på åndsverksloven. Jeg har faktisk viet livet til at "
+"arbejde med loven, ikke fordi det er meget penge at tjene, men fordi det "
+"indebærer idealer som jeg elsker at leve op til."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Yet much of this book has been a criticism of lawyers, or the role lawyers "
+"have played in this debate. The law speaks to ideals, but it is my view that "
+"our profession has become too attuned to the client. And in a world where "
+"the rich clients have one strong view, the unwillingness of the profession "
+"to question or counter that one strong view queers the law."
+msgstr ""
+"Alligevel har meget af denne bog været kritik af advokater, eller rollen "
+"advokater har spillet i denne debat. Loven taler om idealer, mens det er "
+"min opfattelse at arbejdegruppen vores er blevet for bylten til klienten. "
+"Og i en værdet der rige klienter har stærke synspunkter, vil uviljen hos "
+"vores arbejdegruppe til at stille spørgsmål med, eller protestere mod dette "
+"stærke syn, ødelægge loven."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Nimmer, Melville"
+msgstr "Nimmer, Melville"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Supreme Court challenge of"
+msgstr "Højesterets udfordring af"
+
+#. f10.
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Lawrence Lessig, <quote>Copyright's First Amendment</quote> (Melville B. "
+"Nimmer Memorial Lecture), <citetitle>UCLA Law Review</citetitle> 48 (2001): "
+"1057, 1069–70."
+msgstr ""
+"Lawrence Lessig, <quote>Copyright's First Amendment</quote> (Melville B. "
+"Nimmer Memorial Lecture), <citetitle>UCLA law Review</citetitle> 48 (2001): "
+"1057, 1069–70 ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The evidence of this bending is compelling. I'm attacked as a "
+"<quote>radical</quote> by many within the profession, yet the positions that "
+"I am advocating are precisely the positions of some of the most moderate and "
+"significant figures in the history of this branch of the law. Many, for "
+"example, thought crazy the challenge that we brought to the Copyright Term "
+"Extension Act. Yet just thirty years ago, the dominant scholar and "
+"practitioner in the field of copyright, Melville Nimmer, thought it obvious."
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Beviserne for denne udvikling er overbevisende. Jeg er angrebet som en "
+"<quote>radikaler</quote> af mange indenfor dette arbejdet, og alligevel er "
+"meningerne jeg argumenterer for nøjagtigt de meningerne til mange af de mest "
+"moderate og betydningsfulde personerne i historie til denne del af "
+"lovværket. Mange troede for eksempel at vores udfordring til lovforslaget "
+"om at udvide ophavsretens vernetid var galskab. Mens for bare tredive år "
+"siden mente den dominerende forelæser og udøver i ophavsretfeltet, Melville "
+"Nimmer, at den var åpenbar.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"However, my criticism of the role that lawyers have played in this debate is "
+"not just about a professional bias. It is more importantly about our failure "
+"to actually reckon the costs of the law."
+msgstr ""
+"Min kritik af rollen som advokater har spillet i denne debat handler "
+"imidlertid ikke bare om en professionel skjevhet. Det handler endnu mere "
+"om vores manglende evne til at faktisk tage ind over os hvad loven koster."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"A good example is the work of Professor Stan Liebowitz. Liebowitz is to be "
+"commended for his careful review of data about infringement, leading him to "
+"question his own publicly stated position—twice. He initially "
+"predicted that downloading would substantially harm the industry. He then "
+"revised his view in light of the data, and he has since revised his view "
+"again. Compare Stan J. Liebowitz, <citetitle>Rethinking the Network "
+"Economy: The True Forces That Drive the Digital Marketplace</citetitle> (New "
+"York: Amacom, 2002), (reviewing his original view but expressing skepticism) "
+"with Stan J. Liebowitz, <quote>Will MP3s Annihilate the Record Industry?</"
+"quote> working paper, June 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-"
+"culture.cc/notes/\">link #86</ulink>. Liebowitz's careful analysis is "
+"extremely valuable in estimating the effect of file-sharing technology. In "
+"my view, however, he underestimates the costs of the legal system. See, for "
+"example, <citetitle>Rethinking</citetitle>, 174–76. <placeholder type="
+"\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Et godt eksempel er arbejdet til professor Stan Liebowitz. Liebowitz bør få "
+"ros for sin omhyggeligt gennemgang af data om ophavsretbrud, som fik ham til "
+"at stille spørgsmål med sin egen udtalte position – to gange. I "
+"starten forudsagde han at nedlasting vilde påføre industrien væsentlig "
+"skade. Han ændrede så sit syner i lys af dataene, og han har siden ændret "
+"sit syner på nyt. Sammenlign Stan J. Liebowitz, <citetitle>Rethinking the "
+"Network Economy: The True Forces That Drive the Digital Marketplace</"
+"citetitle> (New York: Amacom, 2002), (gik igennem hans originale syner men "
+"udtrykte skepsis) med Stan J. Liebowitz, <quote>Will MP3s Annihilate the "
+"Record Industry?</quote> artikeludkast, juni 2003, tilgængeligt fra <ulink "
+"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #86</ulink>. Den omhyggelige "
+"analysen til Liebowitz er ekstremt værdifuld i sin estimering af effekten af "
+"fildelingsteknologi. Efter mit syner underestimerer han for øvrigt "
+"omkostningen til det juridiske systemer. Se, for eksempel, "
+"<citetitle>Rethinking</citetitle>, 174–76 . <placeholder "
+"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Economists are supposed to be good at reckoning costs and benefits. But "
+"more often than not, economists, with no clue about how the legal system "
+"actually functions, simply assume that the transaction costs of the legal "
+"system are slight.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> They see a "
+"system that has been around for hundreds of years, and they assume it works "
+"the way their elementary school civics class taught them it works."
+msgstr ""
+"Økonomer er forventet at være gode til at forstå udgifter og indkomster. "
+"Men som oftest antager økonomerne uden peiling på hvordan det juridiske "
+"systemet egentligt fungerer, at transaktionomkostningen i det juridiske "
+"systemet er lav.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> De ser et system "
+"som har eksisteret i hundredevis af år, og de antager at det fungerer sådan "
+"grundskolens samfundsfagundervisning lærte dem at det fungerer."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 310
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"But the legal system doesn't work. Or more accurately, it doesn't work for "
+"anyone except those with the most resources. Not because the system is "
+"corrupt. I don't think our legal system (at the federal level, at least) is "
+"at all corrupt. I mean simply because the costs of our legal system are so "
+"astonishingly high that justice can practically never be done."
+msgstr ""
+"Men det juridiske systemet fungerer ikke . Eller for at være mere nøjagtigt, "
+"det fungerer kun for de med mest ressourcer. Det er ikke fordi systemet "
+"er korrupt. Jeg tror overhovedet ikke vores juridisk system (på føderalt "
+"niveau, i hvert fald) er korrupt. Jeg mener ganske enkelt at på grund af at "
+"omkostningerne med vores juridiske systemet er så hårrejsende højt, vil man "
+"praktisk talt aldrig opnå retfærdighed."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"These costs distort free culture in many ways. A lawyer's time is billed at "
+"the largest firms at more than $400 per hour. How much time should such a "
+"lawyer spend reading cases carefully, or researching obscure strands of "
+"authority? The answer is the increasing reality: very little. The law "
+"depended upon the careful articulation and development of doctrine, but the "
+"careful articulation and development of legal doctrine depends upon careful "
+"work. Yet that careful work costs too much, except in the most high-profile "
+"and costly cases."
+msgstr ""
+"Disse omkostninger forstyrrer fri kultur på mange vis. En advokats tid "
+"faktureres hos de største firmaerne for mere end 400 dollar pr. time. Hvor "
+"mange tid bør en sådan advokat bruge på at læse sagerne omhyggelige, eller "
+"undersøge obskure retkilder. Svaret er i øgende grad: vældig lidt. Juicen "
+"er afhængig af omhyggelige formulering og udvikling af doktrin, men "
+"omhyggelige formulering og udvikling af doktrin er afhængig af nøjagtigt "
+"arbejde. Men nøjagtigt arbejde koster for meget, bortset fra i de mest "
+"høyprofilerte og kostbare sagerne."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The costliness and clumsiness and randomness of this system mock our "
+"tradition. And lawyers, as well as academics, should consider it their duty "
+"to change the way the law works—or better, to change the law so that "
+"it works. It is wrong that the system works well only for the top 1 percent "
+"of the clients. It could be made radically more efficient, and inexpensive, "
+"and hence radically more just."
+msgstr ""
+"Kostbarheten, klumsetheten og tilfeldigheten til dette system håner vores "
+"tradition. Og advokater, såvel som akademikere, bør se det som sin pligt at "
+"ændre hvordan loven praktiseres – eller bedre, ændre loven sådan at "
+"den fungerer. Det er galt at systemet fungerer godt bare for den øverste 1-"
+"procenten af klienterne. Det kan gøres radikalt mere effektivt, og billigt, "
+"og dermed radikalt mere retfærdigt."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"But until that reform is complete, we as a society should keep the law away "
+"from areas that we know it will only harm. And that is precisely what the "
+"law will too often do if too much of our culture is left to its review."
+msgstr ""
+"Men indtil en sådan reform er gennemført, bør vi som samfund holde håndflade "
+"fra områder der vi ved den bare vil skade. Og det er netop det loven alt "
+"for ofte vil gøre hvis for meget af vores kultur er lovreguleret."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Think about the amazing things your kid could do or make with digital "
+"technology—the film, the music, the Web page, the blog. Or think about "
+"the amazing things your community could facilitate with digital "
+"technology—a wiki, a barn raising, activism to change something. "
+"Think about all those creative things, and then imagine cold molasses poured "
+"onto the machines. This is what any regime that requires permission "
+"produces. Again, this is the reality of Brezhnev's Russia."
+msgstr ""
+"Tænk på de fantastiske dit ting barn kan gøre eller fortage med digital "
+"teknologi – filmen, musikken, websiden, bloggen. Eller tænk på de "
+"fantastiske dit ting fællesskab kunne få til med digital teknologi – "
+"en wiki, oppsetting af lade, kampagne til at ændre noget. Tænk på alle de "
+"kreative tingene, og tænk derefter på kold sirup helt ind i maskinerne. "
+"Dette er hvad ethvert regime som kræver tilladelser fører til. Dette er "
+"virkeligheden sådan den var i Brezhnevs Rusland."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 311
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The law should regulate in certain areas of culture—but it should "
+"regulate culture only where that regulation does good. Yet lawyers rarely "
+"test their power, or the power they promote, against this simple pragmatic "
+"question: <quote>Will it do good?</quote> When challenged about the "
+"expanding reach of the law, the lawyer answers, <quote>Why not?</quote>"
+msgstr ""
+"Loven bør regulere i visse/vise områder af kulturen – men det bør "
+"regulere kultur bare der hen reguleringen bidrager positivt. Alligevel "
+"tester advokater sjældent sin kraft, eller kraften/kræfter som de fremmer, "
+"mod dette enkle pragmatisk spørgsmålet: <quote>vil det bidrage positivt?</"
+"quote> Når de bliver udfordret om den udvidede rækkevidden til loven, er "
+"advokat-svaret, <quote>Hvorfor ikke?</quote>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"We should ask, <quote>Why?</quote> Show me why your regulation of culture is "
+"needed. Show me how it does good. And until you can show me both, keep your "
+"lawyers away."
+msgstr ""
+"Vi burde spørge: <quote>Hvorfor?</quote> Vis mig hvorfor din regulering af "
+"kultur er nødvendig, og vis mig hvordan reguleringen bidrager positivt. Før "
+"du kan vise mig begge, holde din advokater fra."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Notes"
+msgstr "Notater"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Throughout this text, there are references to links on the World Wide Web. "
+"As anyone who has tried to use the Web knows, these links can be highly "
+"unstable. I have tried to remedy the instability by redirecting readers to "
+"the original source through the Web site associated with this book. For each "
+"link below, you can go to <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes\"/> and "
+"locate the original source by clicking on the number after the # sign. If "
+"the original link remains alive, you will be redirected to that link. If the "
+"original link has disappeared, you will be redirected to an appropriate "
+"reference for the material."
+msgstr ""
+"I denne tekst er det referencer til lænker på verdensveven. Og som alle som "
+"har forsøgt at bruge nettet ved, så vil dirre linkene være stort ustabile. "
+"Jeg har forsøgt at motvirke denne ustabiliteten ved at omdirigere læsere til "
+"den originale kilden gennem en netside som hører til denne bog. For hver "
+"lænke under, så kan du gå til <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes\"/> "
+"og finde den originale kilden ved at klikke på nummeret efter #-tegnet. "
+"Hvis den originale lænken fortsat er i live, så vil du blive omdirigeret til "
+"den lænken. Hvis den originale lænken har forsvundet, så vil du blive "
+"omdirigeret til en passende reference til materialet."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Acknowledgments"
+msgstr "Tak til"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This book is the product of a long and as yet unsuccessful struggle that "
+"began when I read of Eric Eldred's war to keep books free. Eldred's work "
+"helped launch a movement, the free culture movement, and it is to him that "
+"this book is dedicated."
+msgstr ""
+"Denne bog er produktet af en lang, og så langt , mislykket kamp som begyndte "
+"da jeg læste om Eric Eldreds krig for at sørge for at bøge forblev frie. "
+"Eldreds indsats bidrog til at lancere en bevægelse, Fri kultur-bevægelsen, "
+"og denne bog er dedikeret ham."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"I received guidance in various places from friends and academics, including "
+"Glenn Brown, Peter DiCola, Jennifer Mnookin, Richard Posner, Mark Rose, and "
+"Kathleen Sullivan. And I received correction and guidance from many amazing "
+"students at Stanford Law School and Stanford University. They included "
+"Andrew B. Coan, John Eden, James P. Fellers, Christopher Guzelian, Erica "
+"Goldberg, Robert Hallman, Andrew Harris, Matthew Kahn, Brian Link, Ohad "
+"Mayblum, Alina Ng, and Erica Platt. I am particularly grateful to Catherine "
+"Crump and Harry Surden, who helped direct their research, and to Laura "
+"Lynch, who brilliantly managed the army that they assembled, and provided "
+"her own critical eye on much of this."
+msgstr ""
+"Jeg fik vejledning på forskellige steder fra venner og akademikere, "
+"inkluderet Glenn Brown, Peter DiCola, Jennifer Mnookin, Richard Posner, Mark "
+"Rose og Kathleen Sullivan. Og jeg fik korrektioner og vejledning fra mange "
+"fantastiske studenter ved Stanford Law School og Stanford University. Det "
+"inkluderer Andrew B. Coan, John Eden, James P. Pelses, Christopher Guzelian, "
+"Erica Goldberg, Robert Hallman, Andrew Harris, Matthew Kahn, Brian-Link, "
+"Ohad Mayblum, Alina Ng og Erica Plat. Jeg er særligt taknemmeligt overfor "
+"Catherine Crump og Harry Surden, som hjalp til med at styre deres forskning "
+"og til Laura Lynch, som brilliant håndterede hæren de samlede, samt bidrog "
+"med sit eget kritiske blikke på meget af dette."
+
+#. PAGE BREAK 337
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Yuko Noguchi helped me to understand the laws of Japan as well as its "
+"culture. I am thankful to her, and to the many in Japan who helped me "
+"prepare this book: Joi Ito, Takayuki Matsutani, Naoto Misaki, Michihiro "
+"Sasaki, Hiromichi Tanaka, Hiroo Yamagata, and Yoshihiro Yonezawa. I am "
+"thankful as well as to Professor Nobuhiro Nakayama, and the Tokyo University "
+"Business Law Center, for giving me the chance to spend time in Japan, and to "
+"Tadashi Shiraishi and Kiyokazu Yamagami for their generous help while I was "
+"there."
+msgstr ""
+"Yuko Noguchi hjalp mig at forstå lovene i Japan, så vel som Japans kultur. "
+"Jeg er hende taknemmeligt, og til de mange andre i Japan som hjalp mig med "
+"forundersøkelsene til denne bog: Joi Ito, Takayuki Matsutani, Naoto Misaki, "
+"Michihiro Sasaki, Hiromichi Tanaka, Hiroo Yamagata og Yoshihiro Yonezawa. "
+"Jeg er også taknemmeligt overfor professor Nobuhiro Nakayama og Tokyo "
+"University Business Law Center, som gav mig muligheden til at bruge tid i "
+"Japan, og Tadashi Shiraishi og Kiyokazu Yamagami for deres generøse hjælp "
+"mens jeg var der hen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"These are the traditional sorts of help that academics regularly draw upon. "
+"But in addition to them, the Internet has made it possible to receive advice "
+"and correction from many whom I have never even met. Among those who have "
+"responded with extremely helpful advice to requests on my blog about the "
+"book are Dr. Mohammad Al-Ubaydli, David Gerstein, and Peter DiMauro, as well "
+"as a long list of those who had specific ideas about ways to develop my "
+"argument. They included Richard Bondi, Steven Cherry, David Coe, Nik "
+"Cubrilovic, Bob Devine, Charles Eicher, Thomas Guida, Elihu M. Gerson, "
+"Jeremy Hunsinger, Vaughn Iverson, John Karabaic, Jeff Keltner, James "
+"Lindenschmidt, K. L. Mann, Mark Manning, Nora McCauley, Jeffrey McHugh, Evan "
+"McMullen, Fred Norton, John Pormann, Pedro A. D. Rezende, Shabbir Safdar, "
+"Saul Schleimer, Clay Shirky, Adam Shostack, Kragen Sitaker, Chris Smith, "
+"Bruce Steinberg, Andrzej Jan Taramina, Sean Walsh, Matt Wasserman, Miljenko "
+"Williams, <quote>Wink,</quote> Roger Wood, <quote>Ximmbo da Jazz,</quote> "
+"and Richard Yanco. (I apologize if I have missed anyone; with computers come "
+"glitches, and a crash of my e-mail system meant I lost a bunch of great "
+"replies.)"
+msgstr ""
+"Dette er de traditionelle former for hjælp som akademikere regelmæssigt "
+"trækker på. Men i tillæg til dem, har Internet gjort det muligt at modtage "
+"råd og korrigering fra mange som jeg har aldrig modarbejdet. Blandt de som "
+"har svaret med stort nyttige råd efter forespørgsler om bogen på bloggen min "
+"er Dr. Muhammed Avl-Ubaydli, David Gerstein og Peter Dimauro, i tillæg en "
+"lang liste med dem som havde spesifikke idéer om måder at udvikle mine "
+"argumenter på. De inkluderede Richard Bondi, Steven Cherry, David Coe, Nik "
+"Cubrilovic, Bob Devine, Charles Eicher, Thomas Guidet, Elihu M. Gerson, "
+"Jeremy Hunsinger, Vaughn Iverson, John Karabaic, Jeff Keltner, James "
+"Lindenschmidt, K. L. Mand, Mark Manning, Nora McCauley, Jeffrey McHugh, Evan "
+"McMullen, Fred Norton, John Pormann, Pedro A. D. Rezende, Shabbir Safdar, "
+"Saul Schleimer, Clay Shirky, Adam Shostack, Kraven Sitaker, Chris Smith, "
+"Bruce Steinberg, Andrzej Jan Tareminen, Sean Walsh, Matt Wasserman, Miljenko "
+"Williams, <quote>Wink,</quote> Roger Wood, <quote>Ximmbo da Jazz,</quote> og "
+"Richard Yanco. (jeg beklager hvis jeg gik glipp af nogle, med computere "
+"kommer fejl, og en styrt i e-postsystemet mit gjorde at jeg mistede en høj "
+"med flotte svar.)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Richard Stallman and Michael Carroll each read the whole book in draft, and "
+"each provided extremely helpful correction and advice. Michael helped me to "
+"see more clearly the significance of the regulation of derivitive works. And "
+"Richard corrected an embarrassingly large number of errors. While my work is "
+"in part inspired by Stallman's, he does not agree with me in important "
+"places throughout this book."
+msgstr ""
+"Richard Stallman og Michael Carroll har begge læst udkast til hele bogen, og "
+"hver af dem har bidraget med stort nyttige korrektioner og råd. Michael "
+"hjalp mig at se mere tydelig betydningen af regulering for avledede værk. "
+"Og Richard korrigerede en pinligt stor mængde fejl. Selv om mit arbejde er "
+"delvis inspireret af Stallmans, er han ikke enigt/enig med mig på "
+"væsentlige steder i denne bog."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Finally, and forever, I am thankful to Bettina, who has always insisted that "
+"there would be unending happiness away from these battles, and who has "
+"always been right. This slow learner is, as ever, grateful for her perpetual "
+"patience and love."
+msgstr ""
+"Til slutning, og for evigt, er jeg Bettina taknemmeligt, som altid har "
+"insisteret på at det villes være endeløs lykke borte fra disse kampe, og som "
+"altid har haft ret . Denne træge elev er som altid taknemmeligt for hendes "
+"evigvarende tålmodighet og kærlighed."
+
+#. type: Attribute 'href' of: <book><xi:include>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "freeculture-about-edition-en.xml"
+msgstr "freeculture-about-edition-nb.xml"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Free culture: How big media uses technology and the law to lock down culture "
+"and control creativity / Lawrence Lessig."
+msgstr ""
+"Fri kultur: Hvordan store mediumaktører bruger teknologi og retvæsenet til "
+"at begrænse kulturen og kontrollere kreativiteten / Lawrence Lessig."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Copyright © 2004 Lawrence Lessig. Some rights reserved."
+msgstr ""
+"Opphavsrettbeskyttet © 2004 Lawrence Lessig. Nogle rettigheder forbeholdt."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/\"/>"
+msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/\"/>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Published in 2015. First published 2004 by The Penguin Press."
+msgstr "Udgivet i 2015 . Udgivet første gang i 2004 af The Penguin Press."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"This English and Norwegian Bokmål edition was published by Petter "
+"Reinholdtsen with help from many volunteers."
+msgstr ""
+"Denne udgave på engelsk og bogmål er udgivet af Petter Reinholdtsen med "
+"hjælp fra mange frivillige."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Typeset with <ulink url=\"http://dblatex.sourceforge.net\">dblatex</ulink> "
+"using the font Crimson Text."
+msgstr ""
+"Typesatt ved hjælp af <ulink url=\"http://dblatex.sourceforge.net\">dblatex</"
+"ulink> med skriftsnittet Crimson Text."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Excerpt from an editorial titled <quote>The Coming of Copyright Perpetuity,</"
+"quote> <citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle>, January 16, 2003. "
+"Copyright © 2003 by The New York Times Co. Reprinted with permission."
+msgstr ""
+"Uddrag fra lederartikel <quote>The Coming of Copyright Perpetuity,</quote> "
+"<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle>, 16 . januar 2003 . "
+"Opphavsrettsbeskyttet © 2003 The New York Times Co. Gengivet med tilladelse."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Cartoon in figure <xref xrefstyle=\"template:%n\" linkend=\"fig-1711-vcr-"
+"handgun-cartoonfig\"/> by Paul Conrad, copyright Tribune Media Services, "
+"Inc. All rights reserved. Reprinted with permission."
+msgstr ""
+"Vitsetegningen i figur <xref xrefstyle=\"template:%n\" linkend=\"fig-1711-"
+"vcr-handgun-cartoonfig\"/> er fortaget af Paul Conrad. Ophavsreten tilhører "
+"Tribune Medierne Services, Inc. Alle rettigheder forbeholdt. Gengivet med "
+"tilladelse."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Diagram in figure <xref xrefstyle=\"template:%n\" linkend=\"fig-1761-pattern-"
+"modern-media-ownership\"/> courtesy of the office of FCC Commissioner, "
+"Michael J. Copps."
+msgstr ""
+"Diagrammet i figur <xref xrefstyle=\"template:%n\" linkend=\"fig-1761-"
+"pattern-modern-media-ownership\"/> kommer fra kontoret til FCC-"
+"kommissionæren, Michael J. Copps."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Cover created by Petter Reinholdtsen using inkscape."
+msgstr "Omslag er fortaget af Petter Reinholdtsen ved hjælp af inkscape."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The quotes on the cover came from <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/jacket/"
+"\"/>."
+msgstr ""
+"Citaterne på omslaget blev hentet fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/"
+"jacket/\"/>."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Portrait on the cover was created 2013 by ActuaLitté and licensed under a "
+"Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 license. It was downloaded from "
+"<ulink url=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File"
+"%3ALawrence_Lessig_(11014343366)_(cropped).jpg\"/>."
+msgstr ""
+"Portrættet på omslaget blev fortaget i 2013 af ActuaLitté og licensieret med "
+"en Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0-licens. Det blev lastet ned "
+"fra <ulink url=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ALawrence_Lessig_"
+"(11014343366)_(cropped).jpg\"/>."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Classifications:"
+msgstr "Klassifiseringer:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "(Dewey) 306.4, 306.40973, 306.46, 341.7582, 343.7309/9"
+msgstr "(Dewey) 306.4, 306.40973, 306.46, 341.7582, 343.7309/9 "
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "(UDK) 347.78"
+msgstr "(UDK) 347.78 "
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "(US Library of Congress) KF2979.L47 2004"
+msgstr "(USAs kongresbibliotek) KF2979 .L47 2004 "
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "(ACM CRCS) K.4.1"
+msgstr "(ACM CRCS) K.4.1 "
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Printing was sponsed by NUUG Foundation, <ulink url=\"http://www."
+"nuugfoundation.no/\"/>."
+msgstr ""
+"Trykking blev sponsoreret af NUUG Foundation, <ulink url=\"http://www."
+"nuugfoundation.no/\"/>."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Includes index."
+msgstr "Inkluderer register."
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The Docbook source is available from <ulink url=\"https://github.com/"
+"petterreinholdtsen/free-culture-lessig\"/>. Please report any issues with "
+"the book there."
+msgstr ""
+"Docbook-kildekoden er tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"https://github.com/"
+"petterreinholdtsen/free-culture-lessig\"/>. Rapporter ethvert problem med "
+"bogen derhen."
+
+#. type: Attribute 'fileref' of: <book><colophon><para><informalfigure><graphic>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "images/cc.svg"
+msgstr "images/cc.svg"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Format / MIME-type"
+msgstr "Format / MIME-type"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "ISBN"
+msgstr "ISBN"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "US Trade edition from lulu.com"
+msgstr "US Trade-udgave fra lulu.com"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "978-82-690182-0-2"
+msgstr "978-82-690182-3-3 "
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "application/pdf"
+msgstr "application/pdf"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "978-82-690182-1-9"
+msgstr "978-82-690182-4-0 "
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "application/epub+zip"
+msgstr "application/epub+zip"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "978-82-690182-2-6"
+msgstr "978-82-690182-5-7 "
+
+#. type: Content of: <chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Lawrence Lessig"
+msgstr "Lawrence Lessig"
+
+#. type: Content of: <chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<quote><citetitle>Free Culture</citetitle> is an entertaining and important "
+"look at the past and future of the cold war between the media industry and "
+"new technologies.</quote> — <emphasis>Marc Andreessen, cofounder of "
+"Netscape</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+"<quote><citetitle>Fri kultur</citetitle> er en adspredende og vigtig kig på "
+"fortid og fremtid for den kolde krigen mellem mediaindustrien og nye "
+"teknologier.</quote> – <emphasis>Marc Andreessen, medstifter af "
+"Netscape</emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<quote><citetitle>Free Culture</citetitle> goes beyond illuminating the "
+"catastrophe to our culture of increasing regulation to show examples of how "
+"we can make a different future. These new-style heroes and examples are "
+"rooted in the traditions of the founding fathers in ways that seem obvious "
+"after reading this book. Recommended reading to those trying to unravel the "
+"shrill hype around <quote>intellectual property.</quote></quote> — "
+"<emphasis>Brewster Kahle, founder of the Internet Archive</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+"<quote><citetitle>Fri kultur</citetitle> går videre fra at sætte fokus på "
+"katastrofen øgende regulering er for vores kultur, og viser eksempler på "
+"hvordan vi kan skabe en anderledes fremtid. Denne nye type helte og "
+"eksempler er funderet i traditionen til grundlovforfatterne på en måde som "
+"virker oplagtt/oplagt efter at man har læst denne bog. Anbefales læst af "
+"dem som forsøger at se forbi de høylydte overdrivelsene som omgiver "
+"<quote>intellektuell ejendom.</quote></quote> – <emphasis>Brewster "
+"Kahle, stifter af Internet-arkivet</emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<quote>America needs a national conversation about the way in which so-"
+"called <quote>intellectual property rights</quote> have come to dominate the "
+"rights of scholars, researchers, and everyday citizens. A copyright cartel, "
+"bidding for absolute control over digital worlds, music, and movies, now has "
+"a veto over technological innovation and has halted most contributions to "
+"the public domain from which so many have benefited. The patent system has "
+"spun out of control, giving enormous power to entrenched interests, and even "
+"trademarks are being misused. Lawrence Lessig's book is essential reading "
+"for anyone who want to join this conversation. He explains how technology "
+"and the law are robbing us of the public domain; but for all his educated "
+"pessimism, Professor Lessig offers some solutions, too, because he "
+"recognizes that technology can be the catalyst for freedom. If you care "
+"about the future of innovation, read this book.</quote> — "
+"<emphasis>Dan Gillmor, author of <citetitle>We the media</citetitle>, an "
+"book on the collision of media and technology</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+"<quote>USA behøver en national diskussion om hvordan det som kaldes "
+"<quote>intellektuelle ejendomretter</quote> har endt op med at dominere "
+"rettighederne til akademikere, forskere og helt normale borgere. Et "
+"ophavsretkartel, som ønsker total kontrol over de digitale verdener, musik "
+"og film, har nu vetoret over teknologiske nyvindinger, og har stoppet de "
+"fleste bidragene til allemannseiet som så mange har haft nytte af. "
+"Patentsystemet har kommet ud af kontrol, og giver enorm magt til de "
+"interesser som har befestet sig. Selv varemærker bliver misbrugt. Lawrence "
+"Lessigs bog bør læses af alle som ønsker at angive i denne diskussion. Han "
+"forklarer hvordan teknologi og retvæsenet røver allemannseiet fra os. Men "
+"på trods af sin godt funderede pessimisme tilbyder professor Lessig også "
+"nogle løsninger, da han forstår at teknologi også kan være en katalysator "
+"for frihed. Hvis du generer dig om fremtiden til nyskabning, læs denne bog.</"
+"quote> – <emphasis>Dan Gillmor, forfatter af <citetitle>We the "
+"medierne</citetitle>, en bog om sammenstøtet mellem medierne og teknologi</"
+"emphasis>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Published by Petter Reinholdtsen."
+msgstr "Udgivet af Petter Reinholdtsen."
+
+#. type: Content of: <chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Photo: ActuaLitté CC BY-SA 2.0 from Wikimedia"
+msgstr "Foto: ActuaLitté CC BY-SAGDE 2.0 fra Wikimedia"
projects / text-free-culture-lessig.git / commitdiff